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Introduction I I Italian Renaissance education: an historiographical perspective I2 2 The elementary school curriculum in medieval and Renaissance Italy: traditional methods and developing texts 34 Doctores puerorum 34 Tabula, carta, salterium 36 lanua 44 lanua: its origins and early character 45 lanua's early prevalence in Italy 48 Other early manuscripts of lanua: the character and development of the text before the fifteenth century 50 The later development of lanua 55 3 The secondary grammar curriculum 64 The ancient and medieval background 64 The twelfth century and the invention of secondary grammar 69 The thirteenth century and the emergence of a distinctive Italian approach 82 The fourteenth century and the rise of the vernacular 98 The fifteenth century: an era of failed reform 124 Conclusion '17 4 Latin authors in medieval and Renaissance Italian schools: the story of a canon I73 Major and minor authors 173 The Dark Ages: decline and renaissance of the classics 174 The tenth and eleventh centuries: the ascendant classics 179 The twelfth century: the classical apogee 185 The thirteenth century: revolution The fourteenth century: counter-revolution The fifteenth century: tenacious traditions and new fashions The minor authors Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy The Latin classics Lucan, Claudian, Seneca the Tragedian Valerius Maximus, Statius and Horace Ovid, Persius,Juvenal, Terence, Vergil and Sallust Cicero The late fifteenth century and the triumph of humanism Conclusion 5 Reading Latin authors in medieval and Renaissance Italian schools Glossing between the lines: the struggling pupil The role of the vernacular Word order Interlinear Latin synonyms Grammatical analysis Glossing in the margins: the triumph of philology over morality Rhetorical figures Grammar Mnemonic verses Geography History Mythology Paraphrase Authorities Introductory philosophy Introductory rhetorical analysis Introductory and accompanying material Probationespennae, drawings and colophons Accessus Metric analysis Sententiae Allegory School glosses and learned commentaries: tradition and adaptation in reading Boethius's Consolation 6 Rhetoric and style in the school grammar syllabus The secondary syllabus as an integrated curriculum Grammar and rhetoric Rhetoric and style in the Italian grammar syllabus before the Renaissance: the force of tradition Rhetoric and style in the grammar curriculum during the fifteenth century: innovation triumphant Conclusion Appendix I BL Harley 2653: the earliest known manuscript of Ianua Appendix II - A handlist of manuscripts of Ianua Appendix III Manuscripts of Tebaldo's Regule Appendix IV Handlist of manuscripts of school authors produced in Italy and now found in Florentine libraries Appendix V Theoretical grammar manuscripts in Florentine libraries examined and included or eliminated as Italian school grammars Appendix VI Authorities cited explicitly in manuscripts of major school authors in Florentine libraries Bibliography Index of manuscripts General index