RecordID

CaseGUID

Original CaseID

CreationDate

DataOriginationDate

Country

NearestCity

DistrictOrProvince

Latitude

OrigLatitude

OrigLongitude

Longitude

OrigElevationInMeters

ElevationInMeters

LandUseIndustrial

LandUseAgricultural

LandUseBusinessAndResidential

LandUseMining

LandUseMiningType

LandUseOther

GeologicSetting

HydrologicSetting

SoilMechanicsProperties

ResourcesWithdrawnWater

QuantityOfWaterWithdrawnCubicMeters

ResourcesWithdrawnOil

QuantityOfOilWithdrawnCubicMeters

ResourcesWithdrawnGas

QuantityOfGasWithdrawnCubicMeters

ResourcesWithdrawnCoal

QuantityOfCoalWithdrawnCubicMeters

ResourcesWithdrawnOther

QuantityOfOtherWithdrawnCubicMeters

OrigQuantityOfResourcesWithdrawnInCubicMeters

OrigWithdrawnYearsFrom

WithdrawnYearsFrom

OrigWithdrawnYearsTo

WithdrawnYearsTo

OrigSubsidenceStarted

SubsidenceStarted

OrigSubsidenceFirstReported

SubsidenceFirstReported

SubsidenceState

OrigSubsidenceStoppedDate

SubsidenceStoppedDate

OrigAreaOfSubsidenceInKM2

AreaOfSubsidenceInKilometersSqrd

OrigMaximumSubsidenceInMeters

MaximumSubsidenceInMeters

OrigAverageSubsidenceInMeters

AverageSubsidenceInMeters

OrigMaximumSubsidenceRateInCM

MaximumSubsidenceRateInCentimeters

OrigYearOfMaximumSubsidenceRate

YearOfMaximumSubsidenceRate

FluidWithdrawalWater

FluidWithdrawalOil

FluidWithdrawalGas

FluidWithdrawalBrine

FluidWithdrawalGeothermal

FluidWithdrawalOther

ApplicationOfWater

DewateringOfOrganicSoils

LoadingByEngineeringStructures

Mining

SolutionOfSubsurfaceMaterials

KarstCollapse

GeologicLoading

TectonicDeformation

VolcanicActivity

DamageLevel

DamageDescription

DamageToBuildings

DamageToOtherStructures

DamageToPipelines

DamageToAirports

DamageToHighways

DamageToRailroads

DamageToDikesLeveesAndFloodWalls

DamageToCanalsAndRiverSystems

DamageToDrains

DamageToOther

OrigCostEstimateOfDamage

CostEstimateOfDamageInUSDollars

Countermeasures

CountermeasuresDescription

CountermeasureConstruction

OrigCountermeasuresCostEstimate

CountermeasuresCostEstimateInUSDollars

OrigPredictedFutureSubsidenceInMeters

PredictedFutureSubsidenceInMeters

OrigPredictedFutureSubsidenceExtentInKM2

PredictedFutureSubsidenceExtentInKilometersSqrd

OrigPredictedFutureSubsidenceRateInCM

PredictedFutureSubsidenceRateInCentimeters

MonitoredContinuously

MonitoredPeriodically

MonitoredOther

SubsidenceRecordedByInstrument

SubsidenceReported

OrigSubsidenceReportedAccuracyInCM

SubsidenceReportedAccuracyInCentimeters

InstrumentationDescription

28c6c598-3217-46ce-9726-c0cfd3034c1b

45678901

12/13/2006 12:00:00 AM

Multiple locations throughout State of Alabama

Alabama

True

Limestone, dolomite, marble

hematite where mines are interconnected with carbo

Carbonate terrane where bedrock is overlain by residuum or other unconsolidated deposits

Carbonate terrane. Most collapses due to water withdrawals occur in lowland areas where water table was previously located above the top of bedrock. Collapses due to construction occur in various settings.

Varied

True

False

Limestone, dolomite, marble

Varies

1920

37 metres

True

False

True

False

severe

Collapses or subsidence have occurred beneath streeets, parking lots, railroads, sewer and water mains, office buildings, warehouses, major highways, homes, municipal waterworks, ponds, sewage lagoons, high capacity water wells, manned and unmanned vehicles, animals, and people.

True

False

True

One area greater than 2 million, single sinkhole w

True

In some instances, impermeable drains have been installed to remove surface water from active areas to reduce the occurrence of collapses.

Bridging of railroads and highways has been necessary at some sites. Also planned along one area where a new Interstate highway will be constructed is the removal of unconsolidated deposits near bedrock.

False

True

False

Depending on need during the various investigations, water levels were monitored and extensive test drilling was required. One geophysical investigation (portatble refraction seismograph) was made. Primary emphasis was placed on remote sensing with the use of thermal imagery and various files types. Many overflights, some repetitive, have been acquired for numerous active areas.

658ef975-6258-49a3-a297-78cecfcb48ba

23456789

10/29/2001 12:00:00 AM

Casa Grande, Arizona

Arizona

32.75

32 degrees 45 minutes N

111 degrees 45 minutes W

-111.75

rnages from 460 meters to 375 meters (mean: 420 m

False

True

False

Basin and Range geologic province: steep mountains of volcanic, igneous, or metamorphic rocks bracketing broad, alluvial basins containing over 575 meters of unconsolidated alluvium and lacustrine deposits of Tertiary age

Unconsolidated alluvium stores large volumes of ground water--upper 170 meters are silty sands and gravels underlain by silt, clay and evaporites. Water levels measured in 1983 show a decline of 100 to 160 meters (from initial levels - 1914) mainly in response to pumping for irrigation of crops.

Most of the aquifer compaction occurs in the middle fine-grained unit (silts and clay size playa deposits) in response to large-scale ground water depletion.

True

False

1914

01/01/1914

1985

test

FIRST DETECTED IN 1948

01/01/1948

1948

DECREASING RATE

APPROX. 1670 SQ KM

4.4 METERS

1 METER

15 CENTIMETERS/YEAR

1965

True

False

moderate

earth fissures and differential land subsidence has resulted in damage to both land and engineering structures.

True

False

Damage resulting from land subsidence and resultant earth fissures estimated to be millions of dollars; however, detailed cost estimates are not available.

True

Countermeasurements to reduce land subsidence include the importation of additional surface water supplies from the Colorado River via the Central Arizona Project aqueduct system.

Overexcavation of aqueducts and canal systems have been necessary to counteract the effects of land subsidence. Steel reinforced concrete used for aqueduct construction in areas of earth-fissure hazards.

2.6 meters

1,500 square kilometers

0 to 5 centimeters/year

False

True

False

2 to 3 centimeters/year

Vertical extensometers are being used to monitor aquifer compaction and water level change at four sites. Land subsidence is monitored periodic vertical control surveys.

d45a537e-a859-4509-b08f-b8906f75f17d

89012345

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Phoenix

Arizona

33 degrees

112 degrees

112

300-500 meters above sea level

True

False

extraction from 30-600 meters, alluvial sand, gravel, and compressible silt and clay, caliche (Tertiary basin fill)

Alluvial Tertiary (post Miocene) basin fill

Compressible clay and silt layers with intercalated sand and gravel layers

True

False

275340000

21,180,000 /year

1952

01/01/1952

1964

test

1948-1965

01/01/1948

1969

Continuing at increasing rate

800

0.2

13 centimeters/yr

1981

True

False

unknown

moderate

True

False

True

False

True

water wells

estimated to be $2,000,000 and possible upwards in the Phoenix metropolitan area

True

1980 Arizona Groundwater Code supposed to limit and reduce groundwater withdrawals in overdraft areas.

setback zones Reinforced utility and pavements Redesign of canal systems Redesign of sewer and drainage systems

1000

20 /year

False

True

Frequency 1-10 years

True

False

Approximately 1 centimeter/year

Standard land survey equipment used by City of Phoenix, City of Scottsdale Engineering Departments, United States National Geodetic Survey, U.S. Geological Survey

24921abd-15e0-4b92-80b2-0b4bb7fa1ed1

90123456

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Tucson

Arizona

31.5

31 degrees, 30 minutes - 32 degrees 45 minutes N

111 degrees 15 minutes - 110 degrees 30 minutes W

-111.25

762 metres

True

Copper

Alluvial basin in Basin-and-Range physiographic province less than or equal to 1,500 foot depth (457.2m)

alluvial aquifer system confined/unconfined

layered silty clays and mudstones extensometer data derived compressibilities S*ke 1.0-5.3 x 10 (minus 3 power) s*kv= 2x10 (minus 3 power) - 2.1 x 10 (minus 2 power)

True

False

Estimated net withdrawal from aquifer system storage 4,192.2 hm cubed/46 years = 91.13 hm cubed/year

1940

01/01/1940

1986

test

Unknown, probably after 1940

01/01/1940

1988 (1940-1980 data)

Steady

Unknown

0.1524 metres

Unknown

0.38 centimeters/year

1940-1980

True

False

unknown

none known

False

none

none claimed

False

none

3.658 meters (2025)

approximately 1/4 of basin in United States

approximately 9.6 centimeters/year

True

daily values of extensometers every few years at GPS sites

False

True

0.0305 centimeter/year

Seven Extensometers and Array of GPS landmarks plus periodic first order leveling along Interstate highway 10

e243d026-1bc0-4319-9db1-2a0bc41f6cc9

87654321

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Tucson

Arizona

32 degrees 00 minutes to 32 degrees 45 minutes Nor

111 degrees 30 minutes to 111 degrees 00 minutes W

-111.5

610 metres above sea level

False

True

False

Retired Agriculture for Water Rights

Alluvial basin in basin-and-range physiographic province less than or equal to 1000 foot depth (304.8 metres)

Alluvial aquifer system confined/unconfine

Layered silty clays to mudstones. Extensometer data derived compressibilities: Elastic storage - 5.7x10 to minus 4 power to 1.0 x 10 to minus 3 power virgin storage = 2 to 2.3 x 10 to minus 3 power

True

False

Estimated net withdrawal from aquifer system storage approximately equal to 4,192.2 hectare meters cubed/44 years = 95.28 hectare metres cubed/year

1940

01/01/1940

1984

test

unknown, probably after 1940

01/01/1940

1988 (1940-1980 data)

Steady rate

0.3353 metres

unknown

0.84 centimeter/year

1940-1980

True

False

True

False

unknown

None known

False

None

None claimed

False

None

4.481 meters (2025)

Approximately 1/3 of basin approximately equal 448.7 kilometers squared

Approximately less than or equal to 0.11 meter/year to 11 centimeters/year

True

Daily values at extensometers; every few years at GPS sites

False

True

Accuracy of 0.0305 centimeter/year

Extensomerters and array of GPS landmarks plus periodic 1st order releveling along Intersate highway 10

64e5c024-0539-4797-b340-7b9532be346d

98765432

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Phoenix

Arizona

32.75

32 degrees 45 minutes W

111 degrees 45 minutes N

-111.75

300-750 metres above sea level

False

True

False

Extraction from about 80 to 700 meters below land surface, 700-1000 meters of permeable silty sand and gravel underlain by 600 meters or more of silt and clay.

Maximum water-level decline (1923-1967)approximately equal to 60-70 meters owing to removal of ground water from storage.

None reported; clay in fine-grained fraction of aquifer is dominantly montmorillonite.

True

False

2.9 kilometers cubed

1965

01/01/1965

1975

test

Unknown; subsidence started 1936

01/01/1936

1962

Increasing rate

2.30 metres

0.7 metres

17.1 centimeters/year

1952-1964

True

False

True

False

True

False

moderate

Subsidence and associated earth fissures damage irrigation systems, highways and railroads

False

True

False

True

False

True

False

Addition of ballast to rail lines, repair of irrigation ditches, releveling of irrigated fields

True

Frequency 2 to 10 years

True

False

1st order leveling - frequency 2 to 10 years - 3 compaction recorders

56945251-1122-468e-8745-cd16276db848

76543210

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Casa Grande

Arizona

32.75

32 degrees 45 minutes N, 33 degrees 05 minutes N

111 degrees 50 minutes W, 112 degrees 10 minutes W

-111.833333

400 meters above sea level

True

False

Natural desert

Most water is produced from valley fill deposits which consist of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand, gravel, silt, and clay at depths of less than 1200 feet below land surface.

At least 3 mappable subsurface units are present, but generally are hydrologically connected. Artesian conditions occur locally.

Soils described in "Geologic Setting" (above). Thickness exceeds 1200 feet in most of the area.

True

False

A total of 4.7x10(10th power) cubic meters has been withdrawn from the Lower Santa Cruz area of which the Stanfield part make up about 40% of the developed agricultural area

1915

01/01/1915

1977

test

First measured 1951

01/01/1951

1969

Continued at varying rate

700

3.6 meters

0.5 meters

13 centimeters/year

1949-77

True

False

moderate

Damage consists of the collapse of well casings; earth fissures have damaged irrigated fields and have made a sewage treatment plant inoperable.

False

True

False

Irrigated fields & wells

No estimate known

False

N/A

Not estimated

800 square kilometers

5-10 centimeter/year

False

Monitored irregularly

False

Field surveys using precise levels have measured changes in bench mark elevations over varying time periods. No ongoing monitoring program exists.

32338e90-0cfe-4d95-854d-ec9751a3dbc6

S6K8Q4S9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Raniganj

Burdwan (W. Bengal)

False

True

False

True

surface brook

Coal seam - 7.8 meters thick, 1 in 25 dip and 70 meters depth

False

True

33,370 per year

July 10, 1968

07/10/1968

November 28, 1968

test

April 16, 1969

04/16/1969

April 16, 1969

April 22, 1970

0.153 meters (maximum)

13.3

1969-70

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

Monthly or 1.5 monthly

False

Correlation of underground workings with the surface was done with the help of a 6-second theodolite (accuracy 1 in 50,000). Vertical ground movements were measured with precise levelling instrument and staff, (Sensitivity of level tube - 2 centimeters, Accuracy - 0.0125 millimeters). Horizontal ground movements were measured with a steel band graduated in millimeters, stretched to a tension of 10 kilograms. The measurements were corrected for temperature, sag and slope. (Accuracy - 0.5 millimeters).

6f76cadf-2bf3-4d19-a72f-ce84e3f30e0b

I2A4G0I5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Okeechobee

Florida

26.733333

26 degrees 44 minutes N

80 degrees 46 minutes E

80.766667

3.55

False

True

False

Water table lowered one meter in organic deposits

Simple phreatic water table

organic soil, not applicable

True

False

Average of 23 centimeters per year over area

1919

01/01/1919

1977

test

Circa 1914

01/01/1914

Approximately 1920

Steady

2590

1.98 meters

1.68 meters

20 centimeters per year

1914

True

False

True

False

moderate

Fifty percent of the arable organic soil profile has been lost.

False

True

one hundred to two hundred million dollars

True

Storing water in conservation areas and maintaining as high of a water table as feasible in the agricultural areas.

Dykes, levees, locks, canals, sluice and related water control measures

1.0 meters

2590 kilometers squared

2.54 centimeters/year

False

True

False

Levelling surveys at 0.1 centimeter per year

Standard surveying equipment used to check surface elevations every five years.

66dcebac-dc36-444d-b93a-60aff8da85a8

D0V2B8D3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Casa Grande

Arizona

33 degrees 00 minutes W 32 degrees 35 minutes W

111 degrees 25 minutes N111 degrees 45 minutes N

-111.416667

480 meters above sea level

True

False

natural desert

Most water is produced from valley-fill deposits consisting of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand, gravel, silt and clay at depths of less than 1200 feet below land surface.

At least 3 mappable subsurface units are present but generally are hydrologically connected. Artesian conditions occur locally.

Soils described in "Geologic Setting" (above). Thickness exceeds 1200 feet in most of the area.

True

False

A total of 4.7X10(10th power) cubic meters has been withdrawn from the Lower Santa Cruz area of which the Eloy-Picacho part makes up about 40% of the developed agricultural area

1915

01/01/1915

1977

test

First measured 1935

01/01/1935

1962

Continueing at varying rate

1000

3.8

2 .0

1960-61

True

False

moderate

Damage consists of the collapse of well casings, differential subsidence across an Interstate highway and railroad, earth fissures and erosion across pipelines.

False

True

False

Wells

No estimate known.

False

not estimated

1200 km squared

5 to 15 centimeters per year

False

Irregularly

False

Field surveys using precise levels have measured changes in bench mark elevations over varying time periods. No ongoing monitoring program exists.

ed1e0f27-2bda-4940-91ab-76c45cca1aa7

R5J7O3R8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Phoenix

Arizona

33.416667

33 degrees 25 minutesN, 33 degrees 40 minutes N

112 degrees 20 minutes W, 112 degrees 30 minutes W

-111.333333

350 meters

True

False

salt extraction by brine evaporation

Most water is produced from valley fill deposits consisting of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand, gravel, silt and clay at depths of less than 1200 feet below land surface.

At least 3 mappable subsurface units are present, but generally are hydrologically connected. Artesian conditons occur locally.

Soils described in "Geologic Setting" (above). Thickness exceeds 1200 feet in most of the area.

True

False

Salt

A total of 9.1x10 to tenth power has been withdrawn from the Salt River Valley area of which the part west of Phoenix makes up about 60% of the developed agricultural area.

1915

01/01/1915

1977

test

unknown

1969

Continuing at varying rate

400

over 1 meter

0.5 meters

5 centimeters/year

1948-67

True

False

True

False

True

False

moderate

Well casing failure by compressive rupture. Pump house damage at well, diffential subsidence requires minor maintenance of roads and irrigation laterals.

True

False

Wells

None known

False

Not available

Not Available.

Not estimated.

600 square kilometers

5 centimeters/year

False

Irregularly

False

Not available

7b08c764-3d20-4a32-baf6-a577442bf74e

U7M8R5U9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Mesa

Arizona

33.083333

33 degrees 5 minutes N, 33 degrees 30 minutes N

111 degrees 25 minutes W, 111 degrees 50 minutes W

-111.416667

425

True

False

natural desert

Most water is produced from valley fill deposits consisting of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sand, gravel, silt, and clay at depths of less than 1200 feet below land surface

At least 3 mappable subsurface units are present, but are generally hydrologically connected. Artesian conditons occur locally.

Soils described in "Geologic Setting" (above). Thickness exceeds 1200 feet in most of the area.

True

False

A total of 9.1X10 (tenth power) cubic meters has been withdrawn from the Salt River Valley area of which part east of Mesa makes up about 40 percent of the developed agricultural area.

1915

01/01/1915

1977

test

Unknown

1969

Continuing at varying rate

600

1.5

0.3

1948-67, 1970-75

True

False

light

Damage consists of differential subsidence across concrete lined irrigation ditches, earth fissures in developed land and across roads.

True

False

True

False

Unknown

False

None

Not estimated

800 square kilometers

5-10 centimeters per year

False

Irregularly

False

Field surveys using precise levels have measured changes in bench mark elevations over varying time periods. Monitoring of elevations along future freeway and along a major aqueduct is underway.

7d71da30-6571-4909-aa7d-7af29f3ec37e

E0W2B8D3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Gadsen

Arizona

False

True

False

May 18, 1940

05/18/1940

False

True

False

moderate

Local changes in levels in Yuma Valley reported following May 18, 1940 Imperial fault earthquake. Changes of about one foot on levee near Gadsden. Some fields in valley tilted enough to require relevelling but locations and amount of settling are not known. Caused by liquefaction and resultant differential settling. Subsidence from other causes not known to have occurred in Yuma area.

True

False

True

False

a262c5fa-d3ce-4606-a7fa-3c7c11335310

G1Y3E9G4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Stockton

California

38 degrees, 00 minutes North

121 degrees, 30 minutes West

-121.5

8 meters below sea level

False

True

False

Some residential, pipelines, highways, electric transmission lines, recreation

Mainly deltaic peat and other organic soils underlain by mineral soils.

Below sea level and saturated

The organic soils have very low bearing capacities. The fibrous peats readily transmit water.

True

False

True

False

early nineteen hundreds

01/01/1900

unknown

Decreasing

7.6

False

True

False

True

False

moderate

True

False

Unknown millions of dollars

True

Change in farming practices, stopped burning peat fields, installed windbreaks

Increased height of levees, repaired transmission lines, imported soil to fill in around wooden footings, build houses and other structures on pilings above high water levels

up to 20

one thousand

2.5 to 5

True

False

True

False

1 centimeter per year

2 deep extensometers, 4 shallow extensometers, a Global Positioning System (GPS) surveying network

b17e180b-dbb6-4bf9-a8ef-c781cd0ff04c

V7N9S5V0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Sacramento-Stockton-Antioch

California

38.083333

38 degrees, 5 minutes North

121 degrees, 34 minutes West

-121.566667

0 to plus 2 meters, -6.4 meters below sea level

False

True

False

recreational

Holocene estuary of Sacramento, San Joaquin River filled with peaty desposits; up to over 16 meters of peat and associated channel and flood plain alluvium

Highly compressed peaty sediments and water-saturated, fine grained mineral alluvium of low shear strength, and susceptible to liquefaction

True

False

True

False

peat, agricultural drainage

approximately at beginning of 20th century

01/01/1900

1920s

continuing at same rate (?)

1310

6.4

11.7

1980s

False

True

False

severe

Frequent levee breaks and inundation of delta islands, damages to a railroad, flooding of housing, crops and livestock losses.

True

False

No exact data available. Flood losses on 11 of 28 islands inundated from 1969 to 1983 amounted to $177 million. An intrusion of salty water due to future major flooding will jeopardize $7 1/2 billion/ year agriculture/industry in the San Joaquin Valley.

False

Partial arresting of subsidence will require a strict control of ground-water levels which will interfere with established agricultural development.

The only action taken was periodic rehabilitation levees and drainage of flooded areas. The only action taken was periodic rehabilitation levees and drainage of flooded areas.

locally over 5 meters

1310 plus or minus (extent of organic soils)

variable

False

True

visual observation

True

False

Occasional leveling and field sampling of subsidence features

83322d87-8970-4882-b72a-988a3d7081eb

B9T1Z7B2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Sacramento

Sacramento Valley

38 degrees 00 minutes North

121 degrees 0 minutes West

-121

between 0 and 100 meters above

False

True

False

Flood plain and alluvial sediments, 1 thousand meters at deepest

Major river (Sacramento) traverses length of Scramento Valley. Aquifers are confined or semi-confined locally by clay deposits most wells are less than 3.00 meters deep; majority are also less than 150 meters

testing in progress

True

False

not well quantified, perhaps 2 x 10 (ninth power) meters cubed/year

between 1950 and 1970

01/01/1950

1970

Steady

10,000

1.25

7 centimeters/year, average for 6 years

between 1973-1979

True

False

moderate

Well casing has sheared, twisted. Additional areas have been flooded because of less freeboard.

False

True

False

True

wells

None made

False

Wells have to be repaired or new wells constructed.

1 meter, if countermeasures re made

will not be more extensive

5 (maximum)

True

False

True

False

Soil consolidation extensometer installed to 1000 feet, Stevens Type F chart recorder, LVDT digital transducer, dial gauge and 4 piezometers at one location within study area.

83a04c95-87b5-45bd-80e6-c1f9ac5667df

A9S0X7Z1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

San Jacinto

California

33.75

33 degrees 45 minutes North

117 degrees 00 minutes West

-117

460

True

False

Alluviated structural graben valley in active San Jacinto fault zone. Valley comprises 780 kilometers squared of relatively flat flood plain, surrounded by mountains and hills. Northwest-trending faults bound valley on east and west. Pumping overdraft has caused water-level declines from 7 meters above land surface to 60 meters below. Active tectonic downfaulting continues at a rate of about 0.6 millimeters per year; subsidence due to pumping averages about 12 millimeters per year.

San Jacinto River, which flows northwestly through the valley, is the source of not only most of the fluvial detritus that has filled the sinking graben trough through Cenzoic time, but also, most of the recharge to the extensive ground-water reservoir of the valley. Annual recharge occurs primarily along the river plain on the east side of the valley. In areas of heaviest pumping west of the river, overdraft continues. Maximum head declines are about 70 metres.

Interbedded sands, silts and clays, with characteristic hydrologic properties dominate the ground-water basins. Intercalated fine grained interbeds are the principall compacting layers that result in land subsidence.

True

False

500

1945

01/01/1945

1975

test

1940s

01/01/1940

1960

Steady

10+

0.4

1938-56 (average)

True

False

True

False

moderate

Subsidence due to tectonism and ground-water pumping has caused offsets in major pipeline, necessitating the installation of a flxible joint in the line. Also, large surface reservoir has been tilted. Other damage slight.

False

True

False

$50,000

False

Recharge experimentation has recharged some areas, but had little effect in areas of maximum subsidence.

True

False

0.2

Single conventional USGS "free-pipe" extensometer, with companion water-level recorder. Lines of bench marks across valley for periodic releveling.

ad2eae61-a13d-4fb4-90cc-bf59b2afc0f0

X8P9V6X1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

San Jose, California

Santa Clara Valley

37.25

37 degrees 15 minutes North

121 degrees 45 minutes West

-121.75

0-100

True

False

The water-bearing deposits that constitute the alluvial fill in the valley are unconsolidated to semicondolidated, and consist of layers, lenses, or channel deposits of gravel, sand, silt, or clay. The clay percentage increases from San Jose to San Fancisco Bay. The deposits are tapped by many hundreds of water wells to depths ranging from 150 to 360 meters.

From San Francisco Bay south to San Jose in the central two-thirds of the valley, ground water below a depth of about 60 meters is generally confined by overlying fine-grained sediments. This confined aquifer system is at least 250 meters thick and may be thicker. It is the fine-grained clayey aquitards or interbeds in this system that have compacted to cause the subsidence of the land surface.

The clay layers are moderately compactible, the average compression index C for 20 samples from the confined aquifer system tested in a one-dimensional consolidometer was 24.

True

False

Maximum 5-year average of 228 hectometers cubed in 1960-1965 has decreased to 185 hectometers cubed in 1970-1975.

1918

01/01/1918

1932

Stopped

1974

650

1.4

1962

True

False

severe

Several hundred water wells have been destroyed or damaged by compaction of the deposits which has compressed and ruptured the well casings. Subsidence and warping of stream channels and change of gradients has caused flooding. Salt pond dikes have required repair and raising as the south end of San Francisco Bay has sunk 1 to 3 meters.

False

True

wells

Repair or replacement of damaged water wells about $5 million. Levee construction and repair on stream channels and south of Bay: $10 million by County. Maintenance and repair of salt-pond dikes, extending around San Fracisco Bay: cost not known.

True

Several detention reservoirs were built 1935-40 to store flood waters which could then be released slowly down the stream channels to produce maximum recharge and reduce waste to the Bay. About 1950 some municipalities began buying water from San Francisco. In 1965, imports began from Central Valley though a state aqueduct. Imports in 1975 were 187 hectometers cubed of which about 50 hectometers cubed were diverted to stream channels to recharge the ground-water reservoir.

The State South Bay Aqueduct was built primarily to supply addiriional water to Santa Clara County, just as the detention reservoirs were in the late 1930s.

1-2

500

6 (maximum)

True

False

0.3

Bench-mark net established in 1932-33 has been releveled intermittently 12 times between 1934 and 1967 by the National Geodetic Suvey. Also, in 1960, the United States Geological Survey established depth bench marks in two core holes 305 meters deep, and in five other wells. These 7 extensometers have been operated continuously for 15 years; the compaction measured in the two wells 305 meters deep is about equal to the subsidence of the land surface.

c136c314-716d-474e-bb50-a8d8ce6ebabd

Y8Q0V6Y1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Fresno-Bakersfield

California

35-37 degrees

118 degrees 45 minutes to 121 degrees West

-118.75

50-270 meters

False

True

False

Extensive alluviated structural valley, 400 kilometers long and about 60 kilometers wide, constituting the southern two-thirds of Californias Great Valley. Alluvial and lacustrine deposits contain frest ground water to depths of 100 to 1200 meters. Thousands of water wells to depths of 100 to 1000 meters caused severe overdraft of ground-water basin. Oil and gas extractions from Tertiary sands are dominantly on the valleys western and southern margins. Hydrocompaction occcurs in isolated patches on western and southern flanks of valley but is reported separately.

Major streams supply most of the irrigation needs of the eastern half of the valley. Thousands of large irrigation wells throughout the western half have caused severe ground-water overdraft. This produced inordinately high pumping lifts and widespread subsidence. Importation of surface water began in 1950, and by 1972 had replaced much of the pumpage in areas of heaviest overdraft. Since 1972, artesian pressures have recovered toward presubsidence levels, and subsidence has stopped in part of the area.

Alluvial deposits are typical sands, silts, and clays. Subsidence is caused by compaction of principally the fine-grained interbeds of the aquifer system. Hydrocompactible deposits are low density, low moisture mudflow type fan deposits.

True

False

3700 hectometers cubed in 1940 to 12,700 hectocmeters cubed in 1960.

1926

01/01/1926

1940

Decreasing

1974

13,500

1.5

1956-7

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

One-half the entire valley is affected by subsidence, with maximum subsidence of 9 meters. Total volume of subsidence through 1970 was 19,200 hectometers cubed. Damage restricted largely to failures of thousands of irrigation well casings and to altered gradients to major canals, drains, and streams.

False

True

well casings

20 to 30 million dollars

True

Importation of much of irrigation demands for subsidence areas has caused water levels to recover sharply toward pre-pumping levels. Subsidence has virtually stopped in much of the valley.

Levees along canals through subsidence areas have been raised, and ditches have been necessarily been repaired or replaced.

1 to 3 meters

2,000

3 to 15

True

False

0.3 centimeters

Dozen conventional United States Geological Survey extensometers, with corresponding water-level recorders. Extensive network of bench marks throughout subsidence areas, for periodic releveling surveys.

971c251f-adc5-4590-935a-72b56e57922d

C0V2A8C3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Sacramento Valley

California

38.5

38 degrees 30 minutes to 40 degrees 0 minutes

121 degrees 15 minutes to 122 degrees 30 minutes W

-121.25

10 to 50

False

True

False

Relatively flat elongated alluviated structural valley, comprising the northern third of Californias Great Valley. Semiconsolidated Tertiary sedimentary rocks form the foothills that border the valley, and underlie the ground-water basin at shallow depth. Extensive ground-water pumping, from unconsolidated alluvial aquifers to 300 meters, have produced several areas of 200-400 kilometers squared with up to 30 meters of water-level decline and known subsidence where bench-mark control is available.

Sacramento River and its tributaries traverse the length of the valley and provide the irrigation demands and ground-water recharge for most of the valley. In areas of heaviest pumping, usually situated on the west side of the valley where surface water is of limited supply, local overdraft of the ground-water rewservoir has continued for 30 years.

Typical sand, silts, and clays; some gravels.

True

False

True

False

1945

01/01/1945

1973

Steady

0.7

0.3

True

False

moderate

Dozens of irrigation wells have suffered casing damage and failure.

False

water wells

50,000 dollars

False

Some water wells have been repaired and replaced.

1 to 4

Possibly 2,000-3,000 kilometers squared

False

True

False

Network of bench marks for periodic releveling.

150a4c86-ad5e-457b-b66f-7c82d71302dc

D0W2B8D3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Palmdale, California

Los Angeles County

34.7

34 degrees 42 minutes

118 degrees 00 minutes W

-118

Approximately 700 meters

False

True

False

After Boyd 1967, unconsolidated deposits--upwards to 579 meters of older alluvium covered by about 45 meters of younger alluvium. Top of older alluvium most likely fine-grained sediments related to an old playa lake covered by the younger alluvium sediments.

After Bloyd, 1967, Figure 10 within shallow semiperched water body to Lancaster subunit. Old alluvium is the main aquifer. Shallow semiperched water above old playa lake deposits supplies water locally. Water table elevation 670 meters to 678 meters. Approximate depth: 61 meters (1967).

Not available, may be inferred from properties of soil covering areas of old alluvium (see Woodruff and others, 1970).

True

False

Variable; not readily available. Contact Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency.

1957

01/01/1957

1963

Steady

1200

1.04 meters

0.6 meters

1973

True

False

unknown

Casing on water wells have risen above ground. Bench marks for roads and railroads differ from those of sewers. Minor ground cracks.

False

True

see damage description

In excess of $100,000 to wells. Damage to drainage may be in excess of 10,000 dollars.

False

not known

none used

Depends on population growth and on availability of imported water.

False

True

at 5-year intervals

False

see Item E3

First Order leveling with checks.

563f9bc7-2516-452a-af28-c7ed5bf358f0

F1X2C9F4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Los Angeles, California

Los Angeles Basin

34.033333

118 degrees 22 minutes

34 degrees 2 minutes

-118.366667

394 meters to 787 meters

False

True

False

urban area West Los Angeles

Shallow groundwater 0 to 800 feet Shallow oil extraction 3200 feet Main zone oil extraction 5350 feet Deep oil extraction 6750 feet

Shallow fresh water aquifers are Pleistocene sands and gravels which are unconfined and unconsolidated. Vary from 0 feet to over 800 feet in thickneww in Oilfield area. Expanding to over 1000 feet in thickness toward the south. Deeper aquifers are confined and contain brackish and saline waters.

Unknown

True

False

59.3 x 10 to the sixth power meters cubed

1967

01/01/1967

1977

test

Ground water 1933, Oilfield 1968

01/01/1933

1939

Decreasing

1977

Approx. 32

.14 meters

.07 meters

2.74 centimeters/year

1969

True

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

oilwell casing

250,000 dollars

True

Water flood in major hydrocarbon producing horizons with injection, in barrels of water scheduled to match reservoir voidage in barrels.

None.

unknown

False

True

False

1.8

Precise levelling Transverses, precision collar logs

7beefce1-8bf7-486a-a047-774ab3f90fa2

T6L8Q4S9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Long Beach

California

Sea level

True

False

1000 meters to 2000 meters, 2500-4500 feet, unconsolidated sandstones and shales

True

False

1938

01/01/1938

1939-1940

Stopped

1960-65

1954

False

True

False

severe

Industrial buildings, surface facilities, inundation

False

200 million dollars

False

Oil reservoir repressuring by water injection

Special injection facilities and wells

False

True

twice/year

False

First order leveling

e1419419-d321-4061-8293-87f59e7c0e6e

T6L8R4T9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Winter Park

Florida

28.593333

28 degrees 35 minutes 36 seconds N

81 degrees 21 minutes 43 seconds W

-81.361944

28.04 meters above sea level

False

True

False

Depth in Feet below land surface 0-60 Quartz Sand, 60-150 feet sand, silt, clay and shell, 150-170 feet weathered limestone clay residue, 170-6000 feet limestone/dolostone

60 foot thick water table aquifer overlying semi-cpnfining bed containing secondary artesian aquifers comprised of interbedded shell zones underlain by clay residium overlying leaky artesian aquifer (Floridan aquifer)

True

False

plus or minus 3,4000,000 meters cubed per year

1980

01/01/1980

1981

test

May 8, 1981

05/08/1981

May 8, 1981

Stopped

May 13, 1981

8.9 x 10 -3

30.48 meters

False

True

False

moderate

Loss of secondary municipal roadway, loss of 1 domestic residence, damage to municipal swimming pool, loss of several automobiles, damage to adjacent businesses

True

False

True

False

4 million dollars

True

Regrading, reshaping and filling

none

No specific prediction made

False

c970037f-6d9d-4300-8bd1-86a78cef697b

C0U1Z8C2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Savannah

Georgia

32 degrees N

81 degrees West

-81

0-13 meters above sea level

True

False

True

False

Water is extracted from principal artesian aquifer (Tertiary limestones interbedded with sand, marl and dolomite limestone) from depth range of 50-150 meters

Same as geologic setting

Little known

True

False

100,000,000 to 120,000,000 meters cubed /year

1960

01/01/1960

1975

test

prior to 1933

01/01/1932

1963

Steady

330

0.3 meters

0.1 meters

0.4 centimeters/year

1955-1975

True

False

True

False

none

Recent topographic mapping suggests increasing tidal inundation in low lying areas - Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

no estimates

False

None yet

indeterminate

0.4 centimeters/year

False

First order leveling at about 20 year intervals

beb97e3f-349b-4f97-816f-4420b9e4e5be

P4H6M3O7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Malta, Idaho

Raft River Valley, Idaho

42.25

42 degrees 15 feet to 42 degrees 30 feet N

113 degrees 15 minutes to 113 degrees 15 minutes W

-113.261944

1310 to 1340

False

True

False

Alluviated structural valley on southern margin of Snake River plain. Dozens of irrigation wells, 100-300 meters deep, pump from the unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers

Recharge, principally from Raft River, maintains relatively high water levels throughout much of the valley. In areas of concentrated pumping, and especially where recharge is inadequate, overdraft and subsidence continue.

Typical sands, silts, and clays

True

False

late 1950s

01/01/1950

1975

Steady

260

less than 0.8 meters

4 centimeters/year

1965

True

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

False

True

0.3 centimeters/year

Line of vertical-control bench marks skirting edge of subsidence area.

48ffa537-483c-4bb9-bc9d-c4a72c80e6cd

I2A4F0H5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Taylorville

Christian County

39.552778

39 degrees 33 minutes 10 seconds N

89 degrees 16 minutes 15 seconds W

-89.270833

192 Meters

False

True

False

38 meter drift over limestone and shale coal 137 meters deep 2-2.5 meters thick

Pleistocene outwash sand aquifer at 12-14 meters depth sandstone channel cutouts in coal seam may be aquifer

False

True

less than 1

False

True

False

moderate

basement floors carcked, water mains broken, sidewalks heaved

True

False

True

False

True

False

38fa2041-76bf-44c0-aed3-054e47e898f6

V7O9T5V0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Belleville

Saint Claire County

38.534444

38 degrees 32 minutes 4 seconds N

90 degrees 0 minutes 26 seconds W

-90.007222

170 meters

False

True

False

Coal seam 2-2.5 meters thick mined at depth of 45.7 meters surface - 6-7.5 meters loess

sfc w % = 20-40 %

False

True

1969

False

True

False

severe

True

False

True

False

dcd57c9f-c2ca-4820-885c-30261e771106

J2B4G0J5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Marysville

Madison County

38.734167

38 degrees 44 minutes 3 seconds N

89 degrees 57 minutes 41 seconds W

-89.961389

177 meters

False

True

False

Coal seam about 2 meters thick at depth of 73 meters; 8-9 meters of surface windblown and lake silts

low strength near surface 0.2-1.5 + sf, high w %, high water table

False

True

Less than 1

False

True

False

severe

Settlement of home foundation and adjacent walks, retaining walls, and steps, tensiion fractures in these structures with resultant openings in as much as 2.5 centimeters wide

True

False

True

False

2 piezometers to measure water levels and flow

b2084451-8cf3-4ee7-a93d-006c378cd4d8

H1Z3E0H4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Johnston City

Williamston County, Illinois

37.820833

37 degrees 49 minutes 15 seconds N

88 degrees 55 minutes 26 seconds W

-88.923889

134 meters

True

False

True

False

2-3 meters of #6 coal at 9-100 meters depth; 6 meters overburden, sand, lime, shale, coal over #6 coal; beneath coal is 0.4 meters underclay, then limestone

mine flooded

Overburden: 2.0-4.5 t sf (p), N = 5-17

False

True

1890

01/01/1890

1930

test

1930

01/01/1930

December 1971

False

True

False

severe

School rendered unsafe

True

False

New property purchased, new school built

False

True

Weekly

False

61 elevation points, inside and outside school building

58735d78-a37a-46c7-a352-30a9dbd6849a

Z8R0W7Z1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Ziegler

Franklin County

37.899167

37 degrees 53 minutes 57 seconds N

89 degrees 3 minutes 7 seconds W

-89.051944

128 meters

False

True

False

Coal 116 meters below surface; 3.5 meters thick; shales, siltstones, sandstones and thin coals above coal; 1 meter plus or minus underclay below coal,, then limestone, sandstone and shale

False

Spring 1962

04/01/1962

Less than 1

False

True

False

severe

high school had to be condemned - twist, cracks in factory walls, also bank and stores

True

False

True

False

c031b924-cb81-4bf9-8cd7-7a85f128a43f

L3D5J1L6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Sioux City, Council Bluffs

Iowa

90 degrees to 97 degrees N

40 degrees to 44 degrees W

-40

300 meters

True

False

True

False

Surficial Wisconsin - age loess deposits close to sources

Not previously saturated under existing overburden pressures

Low density, underconsolidated. Saturation moisture content exceeds liquid limit. 0.002 millimeter clay content usually less than 16%.

False

True

False

moderate

Occasional differential settlement of structures, loss of support of pavement slabs

True

False

True

False

True

Found buildings on pile. Guard against entry of surface water.

False

d6e31384-e5fc-4dc5-b8cd-e305fb1da5de

Z8R0W6Z1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Salina, Wichita

Kansas

37.5

37 degrees 30 minutes - 38 degrees 50 minutes N

97 degrees 15 minutes W

-97.25

300-350

False

True

False

Hutchinson Salt Member of Wellington Formation. Salt horizon is approximately 125-300 feet (38.1-91.4 meters) below land surface and in hydraulic connection with several stream-awquifer systems.

Solution of salt is accomplished by circulation of fresh ground water in hydraulic connection with salt

False

True

False

salt

0.11 x 10 twelth power meter cubed

1974

01/01/1974

early 1800s

Ongoing

up to several thousand square meters

less than 5

False

True

False

moderate

Most subsidence has occured in rural areas. Events of note are, 1) subsidence of Union Pacific Railroad in Salina and 2)subsidence of stretches of Interstate Highway 70 in Salina and Russell Counties. Subsidence of railroad and highway right-of-ways in Salina County was due to salt solution by naturally circulating ground-water flow. Subsidence of highway right-of-way in Russell County was due to salt solution by movement of fresh ground water down and through old oil well casings that penetrated the salt interval.

False

True

False

unknown

True

Grouting techniques have been used to stabilize the subsidence inabove areas.

Highway railbeds and railroad tracks have been reconstructed or repaired in above areas. Many sinkholes in fields where crops are planted have been filled in.

unknown

False

92d20ae1-c82d-44a2-b625-0af84b98cc9b

N4F6L2N7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

New Orleans

Louisiana

89.333333

89 degrees 20 minutes W

30 degrees N

-30

True

False

True

False

Aquifer known as 700 ft sand

Gulf coast recent and Pleistocene deposits. A total of 4 aquifers are used called the "200 foot", "400 foot", "700 foot" and "1200 foot" sands. The 200-foot sand contains potable but high in iron water. the others (400-foot, 1200-foot) are brackish. 90 percent of ground water is derived from 700-foot sand.

True

False

7 x 10 to seventh power meter cubed / year

1963

01/01/1963

1973

test

1910

01/01/1910

1967

Decreasing

0.8

0.4

True

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

Raising levees during flood by placing sandbags

False

now and then

False

none

1d805db5-82f8-42f9-8c1e-3909ee0d9323

J2B4H0J5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Las Vegas

Las Vegas Valley, Nevada

36.166667

36 degrees 10 minutes N

115 degrees 7 feet W

-115.116667

620

False

True

False

Principal aquifer lies at depths of 100-300 meters and consists of interbedded valley-fill sands, gravels, and clays. Total thickness of valley fill is greater than 700 meters.

Two aquifer systems are present in Las Vegas Valley; shallow and principal. The principal aquifer lies at depths of 100-300 meters and is confined and semi-confined resulting in artesian conditons. Net annual natural recharge to aquifer system is 31-34 hectameters cubed/year; net annual withdrawals are 86-102 hectameters cubed/year.

Principal aquifer contains beds of highly compressible silt and clay, and thick sequences of compressible deposits underlie major portions of urbanized area of Las Vegas Valley. Average value of K in compressible beds is 2.8x 10 to -4 power to 4 x 10 to the minus 3 power meters/ year. Sskv values renge from 1.6 x 10 to the -4 power to 9.6 x 10 to the minus 4 power per meter

True

False

86-102 hectameter cubed /year

1968

01/01/1968

1991

test

1930s

01/01/1930

1948

Steady since 1963

1050

1.8

0.75

6.6

average 1963-86

True

False

True

False

moderate

Differential settlement of structures; architectural cracking; utility line ruptures; cracked, disrupted pavement; collapsed well casings, structural damage to one residential area is $12-13 million.

True

False

True

False

No total esimate, but at least $12 - 13 million

True

Redistribution of high-production wells; and artificial recharge during non-peak (winter) months

Avoidance of hazardous subsidence zones; use of post-tensioned concrete slab construction in residential areas within high-risk zones

0.5-1.0 meters over next 10 years

1000-4000 kilometers squared

5-10 centimeters per year

False

True

every 1 - 10 years

False

True

0.5

First and second-order vertical control network has consisted of as many as 75 benchmarks from 1935-1987 and has been releveled in 1935, 1950, 1963, 1980, 1986-87. Present Global Positioning System network contains 90 benchmarks which is resurveyed annually. Short third-order lines annually monitor localized movement across geologic faults.

8521d95b-42b0-43a5-8fb1-655afa0da73a

I2A4F0I5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Las Vegas

Clark County, Nevada

36.166667

115 degrees 10 minutes W

36 degrees 10 minutes N

-115.166667

610 meters above sea level

False

True

False

Alluvial fill containing significant clay and silt (200 meters)

valley-fill reservoir

True

False

43,200,000 per year

1935

01/01/1935

1963

test

shortly after 1906

01/01/1906

1935

Steady

375

5-6

1975 (estimate)

True

False

True

False

unknown

Extent of damage not accurately known by this agency

False

True

False

First order levelling of Hoover Dam bench mark network

95982ef8-e789-4b73-90f5-c0638542cad3

Y8Q0W6Y1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Las Vegas

Great Basin, Nevada

36.166667

115 degrees 15 minutes N

36 degrees 10 minutes W

-115.25

603.6

False

True

False

Approximately 610 meters of basin alluvial fill. Ground water being mined between 61-215 meters deep

Basin fill comprising 4 aquifers: 0-61 meters = near surface aquifer 61-152 meters = shallow aquifer 152-215 meters = middle aquifer deeper than 215 meters = deep aquifer

Varies from Caliche to fat clays. A composite bulk modulus of compressibility for the upper 305 meters of sediment ranges from 4.2 x 10 to the fourth power to 0.64 x 10 to the fourth power kilogram/meter squared (10.0 x 10 to the fifth poer to 1.5 x 10 to the fifth power pound/foot squared

True

False

municipal water supply from wells

1920

01/01/1920

1973

test

1906

01/01/1906

1948

Steady

291

1.68

0.84

True

False

Hydrostatic loading from filling Lake Mead

False

moderate

well casings sheared urban structures cracked and some foundation movement reservoir failure by leakage

True

False

True

False

water reservoirs

approximately one million dollars

True

6 meters if dewatering of upper 305 meters occurred

93 kilometers squared

False

True

once every 10 years

True

False

0.0254

First order level network

9babec70-ed65-44f4-9a9d-5ac87d8d9214

R6K7P4R8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Newark

New Jersey

40.883333

40 degrees, 53 minutes N

74 degrees, 36 minutes W

-74.6

250

True

False

True

False

abandoned iron mines

Inclined and folded stratiform magnetite deposits conformable to foliation in Precambrian gneisses; veins to 20 feet (6 meters) width and 1000 meters length and to depth of 300 meters maximum.

Shallow groundwater system due to tight joints in gneiss; water concentrated on and in the veneer of glacial drift

False

magnetite iron ore

2x10 to the sixth power tons

1760

01/01/1760

1950

test

1960

01/01/1960

1960

Steady

False

True

False

unknown

most mine and shaft collapse has been in second growth woodland; snow collapses occurred in residential-commercial-school property: backyards, parking lots, ball fields (so far)

False

True

False

$40,000

True

Placing of concrete slabs across shafts and backfilling with rip-rap

3-10

unknown (catastrophic)

False

none

100

8b51f44d-7329-487d-8ceb-f8fd44904dd5

X8P9U6X0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Deming

Luna County, New Mexico

32.166667

32 degrees 10 minutes N

107 degrees 45 minutes W

-107.75

1295

False

True

False

The depth of extraction by water wells ranges from 36 meters to 490 meters. Deposits tapped are Quarternary alluvial gravels, sands, silts, and clays. These deposits are unconsolidated, poorly- to medium- sorted, with fine-grained units typically occurring as lenses within more extensive coarse-grained units.

The quarternary sands and gravels are the primary aquifer. This aquifer is primarily unconfined although local confined conditions have been described previously in the literature. Aquifer recharge is much less than groundwater withdrawal and depletion from storage which have been estimated at 131.7 times 10 to the sixth power and 62.4 times 10 to the sixth power meters cubed, respectively. Greater than 35 meters of water-level decline has occurred.

Properties of dewatered alluvial deposits have not been determined.

True

False

between 1935 and 1953

01/01/1935

1989

Steady

0.36

0.005 meters per year

True

False

moderate

Large earth fissures occurring in the area pose a physical hazard to humans and livestock. Sixteen instances of road damage have been documented. The use of fissures as waste disposal sites poses a threat of groundwater contamination.

False

True

False

True

not estimated to date

False

True

False

First through third order leveling by U.S. Geodetic Survey, and direct measurement of portruding water wells.

102

75033453-d517-4555-8c03-c8b78b377e5e

W7O9T5W0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Celeryville

Ohio

41 degrees N

82 degrees, 45 minutes W

-82.75

280

False

True

False

Post glacial peat deposits that have been drained and are presently oxidizing and deflating from wind erosion.

Ground water contained in organic deposits on lacustrine clay and salt.

Area is solely Histosols.

True

False

Some peat mining in the area.

1900

01/01/1900

1931

Steady at 0.5 CM per year

0.45

0.5

1931-1972

False

True

False

moderate

Agricultural production of truck crops such as celery, carrots, and other vegetables was shifted to other portions of the organic deposits.

False

production

unknown

True

New attempts have been made to permit the ground water table to remain near the surface to slow down oxidation of the organic material.

none

same or less

False

Field surveys by transit in 1931 and a re-survey in 1973. 45 centimeters of organic soil was recorded as lost.

103

ce14974f-b370-4971-b17d-654534fde7fd

J2B4G0I5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Old Washington

Ohio

40 degrees 0 minutes N

81 degrees 30 minutes W

-81.5

250

False

True

False

True

Coal mining in subsurface encountered lacustrine silt and clay and caused eventual collapse to the surface.

Most of the local water supply is from the lacustrine silt and bedrock interface.

Unconsolidated silt and clay in an abandoned pre-glacial valley.

True

abandoned mines in the area

1880

01/01/1880

1930

test

1968

01/01/1968

1968

0.01

False

True

False

moderate

Roadway berm collapsed and required 50 truck loads of gravel to fill the hole

False

True

False

880 dollars

True

filling with gravel

none

unknown

False

none

106

6ab20a84-a91d-494c-9950-55365754f075

N4F5K2M6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Cambridge

Ohio

40 degrees N

81 degrees 34 minutes W

-81.566667

240

False

True

False

True

Coal

Oil and gas in Clinton sandstone (lower Silurian). Oil well drilled in the 1920s and plugged with a wooden log. Plug collapsed and lucustrine silt and clay slumped in the open bore hole.

Most of the local water supply is from reervoirs. Rock water is from thin limestone aquifers and joints in sandstone.

Lacustrine silts and clay from late Pleistone slack water from major tributary outwash stages.

False

True

False

10 barrels per day

756 meters cubed per year

1910-1923

01/01/1910

prior to 1968

01/01/1968

1968

0.1 or less

approximately 3 meters

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

False

10 meters

False

none

109

39c99551-473a-41f0-ba09-c80a3465a253

H1Z3E0H5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Port Arthur/Galveston

Texas

less than 5

True

Oil and Gas

Gulf of Mexico coastal plains with up to 12 kilometers of sediments, coastally dipping sands and under consolidated clays.

This area experiences low rates of ground water production from the Chicot and Evangeline aquifers. Deeper oil and gas reservoirs have undergone significant depressurization.

unknown

True

False

unknown

early 1920s

01/01/1920

1926

Increasing

unknown

0.9 millimeters per year

1958-1986

True

False

True

False

moderate

coastal erosion and retreat

False

True

False

unknown

False

Periodic relocation of highways

unknown

1-2 meters

unknown

0.9

True

False

True

False

unknown

1) tidal gages at Port Arthur and Galveston 2) releveling occasionallly by Geodetic Survey

110

533159fc-63c7-4a6f-8232-d13cb5c9a7a1

H2Z3F0H4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

6 sites - various

Louisiana/Texas

2-40 meters

False

True

U.S. Strategic petroleum reserve

salt dome - solution extraction total volume - 6 sites, 65 caverns, 1 former mine = 1.19 time 10 to the eighth power meters cubed

various: chicat

Pleistocene sediments, various United States Gulf Coast

True

False

various

1980

01/01/1980

as soon as solution mining commenced

Steady

0.5

7 meters per year

continuing

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

berming will be required eventually at one or more sites

0.5

False

annually

False

approximately 0.1

conventional leveling - second order, first class accuracy

111

83b0d032-46ac-4735-a982-e4b514d45e1b

F1X2C9E3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Houston

Texas

29.85

29 degrees 51 minutes to seconds N

95 degrees 29 minutes 45 seconds

-95.495833

0-100

True

False

Unconsolidated 35-600 meters sand and clay of Pleistocene age.

Coastal and aquifer system

Clay is Montmorillonite and highly compressible.

True

False

Sulphur

700 million meters cubed per year

1971

01/01/1971

1982

test

1917

01/01/1917

1926

9500

1976

True

False

True

False

severe

Some coastal areas inundated by tidal water. Roadways and docks subsided and inundated by tidal water. Roadway tunnel subsided and now unable to protect against abnoraml high tides.

False

True

False

True

Hundreds of millions of dollars

True

Texas Legislature created Harris-Galveston Coastal Subsidence District to control subsidence by controlling withdrawal of ground water.

Levees have been constructed Roadways and docks have been elevated. High bridge being built to replace tunnel.

0 meters near shoreline

unknown

0-5 centimeters per year

True

False

True

False

Borehole extensometers Spirit levels Global positioning system

112

a5fb0e01-20e5-4b78-8f5d-8375e3a63d7f

Z9R0X7Z1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Houston/Galveston

Texas

29.083333

29 degrees 5 minutes N

94 degrees 25 minutes W

-94.416667

0-100 meters

True

False

Lenticular deposits composed of alternating layers of sand and clay ranging in age from Holocene to Miocene. Ground-water withdrawals made from fine to medium grained sands near land surface to 2,800 feet depth.

Coastal sediments divided into two aquifer systems -- Chicot and Evangeline which are underlain by a 200-400 feet thick confining layer -- the Burkeville.

Principal mineral of fine-grained material is montmorillonite. the clay layers are highly compressible.

True

False

5.74 x 10 to the eighth power meters cubed per year

1976

01/01/1976

1983

test

1918

01/01/1918

1926

Decreasing

0.8

6.9

1982

True

False

severe

The land has subsided causing homes to be abandoned and roads to be flooded. Also, more areas are susceptible to flooding from hurricane storm-surge.

True

False

True

False

True

An agency, established by the State of Texas, has been charged with the task of regulating ground-water withdrawals through the encouragemnet of the use of surface water. Also, conservation measures have been taken to reduce the total demand for water.

Levees and dikes have been constructed around low-lying areas. Road beds and shipping docks hve been raised.

Regualted 0.7 meters, unregulated 3.9 meters

5620

True

4-5 years

True

False

Monitor wells, known as borehole extensometers, specifically designed to record changes in vertical displacement have been installed at eleven sites. Also, releveling programs are conducted periodically which include as many as 2900 benchmarks.

119

acdf8712-6501-428f-900c-f4e78ebbfe4e

R5J7O3Q8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Houston

Chocolate Bayou Oil FIeld, Brazoria County, Texas

29.366667

29 degrees 22 minutes north

95 degrees 10 minutes west

-95.166667

6.096

False

True

False

2438-3962 meters Frio Formation oil: nomally pressured, gas: geopressured

Possibly some domestic production from Chiot aquifer

compaction characterisitics unknown

True

False

oil: 3461986 meters cubed gas: 8.767939 x 10 to the 9th power meters cubed

1940

01/01/1940

1952

test

1950

01/01/1950

1976

Decreasing

40.5

.53

.31

1.7 centimeters per year average rate 1942-1973

3.7 centimeters per year maximum rate 1959-1963

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

approximately every 10 years

False

Benchmark relevelling by National Geodetic Survey

120

ccad746a-7e6a-4c7d-bc44-26bb307e5fdc

S6K7P4S8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Corpus Christi

Saxet Oil Field, Nueces County, Texas

27.833333

27 degrees 50 feet north

97 degrees 30 feet west

-97.5

14-18

False

True

False

61--1143 meters Lagarto. Shale with sand lenses. 1143-1163 meters Catahoula sand or sandy shale. 1463-1585 meters Marine zone shale with Greta sand series. 1585 -- Frio well developed sands and shales; sands medium to coarse grained, firm, fair to excellent porosity, and high permeability, one major fault many smaller ones

no producing aquifer - saline water

compaction characterisitics unknown

True

False

oil; 1.32194 x 10 to the 16 power meters cubed 1930-1974 gas; 1.48935 x 10 to the 13 power meters cubed 1942-1974

1930

01/01/1930

1974

test

1940 to 1950

01/01/1940

1968

Increasing

.925

.496

6.672

1951-59

False

True

False

moderate

broken pavement and structural damage to buildings due to fault movement related to subsidence

True

False

True

False

unknown

False

patch highways

False

True

frequency 10 years

False

benchmark relevelling by National Geodetic Survey

121

cd82835c-cc93-47bd-bbde-f1984f55c291

O4G6M2O7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Houston, Galveston

Texas

0-90

True

Unconsolidated Holocene, Pleistocene and Pliocene sands and clays. Several oil fields and sulfur mines in the area. Goose Creek oil field production interval 460-1,525 meters. Regionally, subsidence due to withdrawal of fresh water from the interval from near land surface to 900 meters.

Chicot and evangeline aquifers composed of alternating lenticular deposits of sands and clays. A leaky artesian system containing fresh water to a depth of about 900 meters.

Compressible montmorillonite clays associated with fresh water-bearing sands.

True

False

sulfur

ground water production increased from 2 meters cubed per year in 1887 to 800 meters cubed per year in 1974

1887

01/01/1887

1974

test

1918 (Goose Creek Oil Field)

01/01/1918

1925

Increasing

12173

2.75

meaningless

1975

True

False

True

False

severe

Some property is now being inundated by the tidal water and much more property is subject to inundation by high tides. Some escape routes could be flooded by hurricane tides.

True

False

True

Millions of dollars - no good estiimte available

True

Legislation passed creating the Harris-Galveston Subsidence Control District (2 counties). The District will control ground water development by permit of wells. Some voluntary conversion to alternate source of water (schedule, 1976).

Some roads and docks have been elevated and levees constructed. Evacuation of homes accomplished and proposed.

True

frequency 5-10 years

True

False

Borehole extensometers (and periodic releveling by National Geodetic Survey). Extensometers installed and maintained by U.S. geological Survey.

122

4a1b4c5f-c9f4-4b1c-8418-e668792384e5

J2B4G0JA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Fresno-Bakersfield

California

35 degrees N

118 degrees 45 minutes W

-118.75

50-270

False

True

False

Extensive alluviated structural valley, 400KM long and about 60KM wide, constituting the southern two-thirds of the California Great Valley. Alluvial and lacustrine deposits contain fresh ground water to depths of 100 to 1200M. Thousands of water wells to depths of 100 to 1000M caused severe overdraft of ground-water basin. Oil and gas extractions from tertiary sands are dominantly on the valley's western and southern margins. Hydrocompaction occurs in isolated patches on western and southern flanks of valley but is reported separately.

Alluvial deposits are typical sands, silts, and clays. Subsidence is caused by compaction of principally the fine-grained interbeds of the aquifer system. Hydrocompactible deposits deposits are low density, low-moisture mudflow type fan deposits.

True

False

12000

1960

test

1926

01/01/1926

1940

Stopped

1974

13,500

1.5

1956

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

One-half the entire valley is affected by subsidence, with maximum subsidence of 9M. Total volume of subsidence through 1970 was 19,200 cubic hectometers. Damage restricted largely to failure of thousands of irrigation well casings and to altered gradients to major canals, drains, and streams

False

True

well casings

$20-30 Million

True

Importation of much of irrigation demands for subsidence areas has caused water levels to recover sharply toward pre-pumping levels. Subsidence has virtually stopped in much of the valley.

Levees along canals through subsidence areas have been raised, ditches have been redirected to maintain grade. Thousands of damages deep water wells have necessarily been repaired ro replaced.

1-3M

2,000

3-5

True

0.3

Dozen conventional USGS extensometers, with corresponding water-level recorders. Extensive network of benchmarks throughout subsidence areas, for periodic releveling surveys.

123

177fe19e-2673-4ca4-a600-7f5c4d0837b3

A9S1X7A2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Morwell

Victoria - Gippsland

-38.233333

38 degrees 14 minutes S

146 degrees 23 minutes E

146.383333

True

brown coal open cuts

Upper aquifer 120 meters to 160 meters and lower aquifers 200 meters to 270 meters below original ground surface. Aquifers consist of medium to coarse sands which together with clay aquicludes separate and underlie thick brown coal seams.

Multi-aquifer system in a tertiary brown coal basis. The basin (Gippsland) is one of the coastal arteian basins of Australia.

Both brown coal and clay aquiclude are highly preconsolidated. Brown coal - coefficient of volume decrease (Mv) 01-0.2 centimeters squared per kN; Clay coeeficient of volume decrease (Mv) approximately 0.2 cm squared/kN

True

False

True

165,000,000 meters cubed

1961

01/01/1961

1975

test

1961

01/01/1961

1961

DECREASING

0.2M - 102 KM2

1.6

3.8

1970

True

False

True

False

moderate

Minor damage to services such as water mains, etc., on permanent batters, some differential settlement of buildings. Minor change of grades of railways, sewerage mains, stream gradients, etc.

True

False

True

False

very small

False

The requiremnt for pumping controls the degree of subsidence.

Restrictions on certain types of buildings with the zone of critical movement

gradually reducing

True

False

0.5

Precise level surveys of permanent survey marks

124

fab56132-c265-4795-84b9-580cf02534d7

V7N9S5U0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Launceston

North-West Tasmania

-41.55

41 degrees 33 minutes S

146 degrees 14 minutes E

146.233333

304

False

Forestry and hydroelectric construction road

Ordovician Gordon Limestone

Subsurface Karst Drainage with high winter water table. Soil overlying the roof of the sinkhole was saturated by the action of a local farmer turning creek drainage off his property and into a road culvert thus supplying excessive surface water to the area.

False

Nil

1974

01/01/1974

1974

Stopped

1974

900

1974

False

True

False

moderate

Subsidence of road above a sinkhole - full width of road.

False

True

False

5000 dollars

True

A wedging mat of tree trunks was established across pinnacles of limestone in the roof of the sinkhole, then the subsidence was backfilled with boulders and gravel, which decreased in size range upwards. The road was then resealed. Surface drainage was prevented from entering area by being conducted to a road culvert outside the subsidence area.

as above

Nil

False

Nil

False

Nil

125

ac2928e5-a248-49c9-9968-5852e5920e71

S6K7P4SA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Newcastle

Newcastle Coal District

-33

151.55 degrees E

33 degrees S

151.916667

False

True

False

residentail and undeveloped bush area

depth of seams 100 m to 200 m, overburden rock strat are conglomerates, sandstones and shales

no aquifers

not applicable

False

True

1969

01/01/1969

1969

Steady

6 area average 0.4 square kilometers

1.0

24 cm/month for 3 months during mining

False

True

False

unknown

No damage - in residential areas subsidence is reduced to an acceptable degree by planned mining

False

not applicable

True

In residential areas, coal is left unmined at predetermined locations underground to reduce subsidence or to even eliminate subsidence.

In areas to be subjected to subsidence, new homes are required to be constructed to Department of Mines specifications which require stronger footings than usual.

False

True

False

3 millimeter

Survey levelling methods along lines of subsidence survey marks using Wild N2 leavels.

127

075b350e-d3b1-41ab-a94a-9fd04d492699

M3E5J2M6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Murcia City

Murcia

37 59 00

-01 08 00

-1.133333

True

False

The area is located in the oriental sector of the Betic Cordillera. A broad syncline has been created by the activity of two active faults exisiting in the borders of the basin. Young sediment (Upper Miocene to Quaternary) fill the broad syncline. The basin basement is made up by Permian-Triassic materials that crop out along the border of the valley.

There are two principal hydrological units. The first one is a superficial aquifer (20 m thick) constituted by fine sediments with poor hydrological properties. The second unit is a deep aquifer composed by a 10-30 m thick secuence of conglomerates with a matrix of variable nature and better hidraulic properties than upper aquifer.

Superficial aquifer unit has worse geotechnical properties than deep unit.

False

1994

01/01/1994

1994

Decreasing

0.100

1996

True

False

unknown

- Damages in more than 150 buildings and other structures - High social impact

True

False

Walls, sidewalks

50 million euro

False

True

- Levelling of benchmarks - Wire extensometers - Incremental extensometers - DInSAR

128

7cb2cfc4-a00f-428b-9177-b92a697dd203

M3E5J1M6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Wollongong

South Coast Coal District

-34.26

151.05 E

34.26 S

151.05

500

False

undeveloped bush areas

Depth of seams 150 meters to 450 meters. Overburden rocks are mainly massive sandstones with shale beds

No aquifers

Not applicable

False

True

Not applicable; subsidence over each area is ralted to geometry of mining

concurrent with mining

1965

Steady

2.5 (2 seams)

1.0

15 centimeters per month for 4 months

during mining

False

True

False

unknown

No damage - undeveloped bush area, some cracking at exposed rock at surface

False

Not applicable

False

By leaving coal unmined at predetermined locations underground, subsidence can be reduced to a predetermined amount, or even eliminated

None

False

True

monthly during mining the 6 monthly

True

False

3 millimeters

Survey levelling methods long lines of subsidence surevy marks using Wild NA and Zeiss automatic levels

130

ef9e8004-b419-4f61-9ad9-ad8bd600d675

F1X3D9F4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Perth

Western Australia

-30.383333

30 degrees 23 minutes South

115 degrees 9 minutes East

115.15

False

freeway road embankments

Soil profile consists of a 2 metre thick layer of sedimentary peat overlying unindurated dune sands of Pleistocence age

Water table is above ground level during winter months and only just below ground level during summer months

The sedimentary peat has a moisture content of 85 percent of wet weight, c prime = 3 kilopacals, porosity = 25 percent. Solids are about 70 percent organic material. It has a very high permeability.

False

December 1975

01/01/1975

Decreasing

0.025

0.7

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

Sand surcharging of the embankments to induce settlements more quickly, thus reducing post-construction settlements.

0.5

False

True

frequency 1 week

False

0.1 cm/year

1. Rod-type settlement plates and remote reading settlement gauges for monitoring settlements. 2. Hydraulic and standpipe piezometers for monitoring soil pore water pressures.

131

9edf39c4-e90e-454e-93da-37b8afa4fa90

O4G6L2N7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Shanghai

Municipality directly under central government

31 degrees north

121 degrees east

121

3 - 4

True

False

In the urban area the land is mainly used for industrial, business and residential. In the suburb there are agriculatural districts as well.

The quaternary deposits in this area are about 300 meters thick. The upper 500 meters is compsosed of clayey soil and sand of littoral and fluvial facies. The lower 150 meters consist of alternating sand layers of fluvial facies and variegated clays of lacustrine facies. Subsidence mainly occurs in the upper 70 meters in three compresssible layers above the 2nd aquifer.

The quaternary desposits may be divided into one phreatic water-bearing layer nad five confined aquifers. The features of these aquifers are thick, fine-grained, with small hydraulic gradient and low velocity of ground water flow. In some local places, hydraulic interconnection between first and second aquifers is observed.

For the compressible layers above the second aquifer: void ratio 0.8 - 1.7, water content W=28 -60 percent, coefficient of volume compressibility 1 - 4 x 10 to the minus 4 power kilopascals to the -1 power. For the aquitards below the 2nd aquifer: .62 - .68, w = 20 -24 percent

True

False

10,000,000

1966

01/01/1966

1991

test

1921

01/01/1921

1935

decreasing

1991

400

2.7

1.8

1961

True

False

severe

Before 1966, when the countermeasures were adopted, the land susidence was serious. Since then the subsidence has slowed down and become moderate.

True

False

True

False

True

It is difficult to estimate the cost of damage. Only the reconstruction of the new flood wall in 1990 (It is the 5th time of reconstruction) spends about 800 million RMB (Chinese dollars)

True

Limitation of water withdrawal -- Since 1963. Artificial recharge of groundwater -- since 1966. Regulation of the sequence of the exploited aquifers, in other words, increase of the water withdrawal from the 4th and 5th aquifers, and decrease of the water withdrawal from the 2nd and 3rd aquifers -- Recently.

Construction of the artificial recharging wells to reduce the water withdrawal and to store the thermal energy in the underground aquifers has been necessary to counteract the effects of subsidence.

0.6 - 07 (1990-2180)

1000

03. - 0.4

True

False

twice a year and 10 days

True

False

plus or minus 0.2 - 0.5 centimeters per year

The Ni 0004 leveller is used for measurement of first or second level twice a year, in other words, during the winter recharging time and by the end of summer exploitation. The estensometer on the benchmarks, observation wells and piezometers are measured evey ten days.

132

c998f6e0-7191-4eee-8cee-56d0496b2798

I2B4G0I5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Ningbo

Zhejiang

2.5 - 3.0 Meters above sea level

True

False

True

False

Ningbo plain is a fault basin formed in later Mesozoic era. Basement rocks are volcanic debris and covered by Quarternary system which consisted clay, clayey, sand and gravel layers. The depth of the Quarternary systems is about 110 meters.

Ningo plain is surrounded by mountains in three directions and face the sea in another. There are two aquifers consisting of sand and gravel. Aquifers are separated by clay of clayey layers. But in somewhere, they have hydraulic connection.

The top layer of soil is silt which has high moisture content (60 percent), void ration (>1), compressibility and low unit weight. These properties of other clay or clayey layers decrease with increasing of depth.

True

False

8895000

1985

01/01/1985

1960

01/01/1960

1977

Increasing

0.3

0.088

2.6 - 3.0

1985

True

False

severe

Because the low elevation, subsidence has decreased the function of drainage system. When heavy rain, hurricane or spring tide occur, the city will be flooding.

True

False

True

False

True

Decreasing water withdrawn. Refilling with water to aquifers. Adjusting the quantity of withdrawing water and aquifers.

Strengthen the dikes along coast and foundation. Heighten the foundation of new construtions.

2.0

True

False

Frequency 5 days

True

False

2.63

set sign posts on each soil layer in subsidence cener and measure the posts movement by leveling

133

bf0ffef4-4ead-4a5b-8f47-44da25a70dfd

Q5J7O3Q8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Shanghai

31.25

31 degrees 15 Minutes N

121 degrees 30 minutes E

121.5

1.5

True

False

The deep production wells are all concentrated in confined aquifers II and III buried at depth of 75 to 150 meters

The Quaternary loose sediments about 300 meters thick, can be divided into one phreatic aquifer and five confined aquifers.

There are three hard clay layers beneath the confined aquifer II, their porosities are not in excess of 0.70, and compressibilities are all less than 0.025 cenitmeters/kilogram

True

False

groundwater: 14.2 million

1949

01/01/1949

1965

test

at the beggining of 20th century

01/01/1900

1921

Decreasing

2.63

1.8

28.7

1958

True

False

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

The damage caused by the land subsidence is severe, for instance, in 1962, after one great storm surge, half the urban district of Shanghai which is located at the center of subsidence was inundated

True

False

True

False

True

In 1962, the storm surge caused an immediate economic loss of 500 million Chinese Yuan (United States dollars 108 million)

True

Reducing extraction of groundwater. Artificial replenishing Adjusting pumping layers

to upgrade flood walls

800

0.18-0.30

True

False

True

0.01

138

b3117f22-5807-48a4-866c-151e7380029e

Y8Q0W6YA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Ravenna

44.5

44 degrees 30 minutes

12 degrees 9 minutes

12.15

False

1500-1800 meters of Quaternary sandy, silty-clayey sediments of alluvial or marine origin.

True

False

True

False

Gas

24,000,000,000

1955

01/01/1955

1982 (present)

test

True

False

True

False

severe

Due to water withdrawal

False

141

5df8fb28-9006-4dc8-8175-c031852dea98

U6M8R5U9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Xian

Shaanxi

34.333333

34 degrees 20 minutes

109 degrees

109

400

False

True

False

Upper part: at the depth of 15-30 meters, Q3 is wet subsidence type of loess soil; vertical joint developed; pores are large. Middle part: at the depth of over 100 meters Q2 is river-lake facies deposits, mainly mild clay and subsandy soil with 3-5 layers of grit lens. Compression strength is weak. Lower part: below 130 meters Q1 is thcik river-lakes facies. Sand layers and clay are interlaced. Pores become compacted when water level falls.

Subsided region is located at the third bottom of the Wei River. Phreatic aquifer is loess, loess-like mild clay and sand. Water table is at the depth of 5-10 meters. Water abundance is moderate. Confined water is divided as shallower part and deeper part. The shallower part is at the depth of 50-100 meters. Deeper part is at 170-300 meters. Lithology is moderate-fine sand.

In the subsided region, wet subsidences and compressibility of loess and loess-like sola are quite clear. They are equicompressible soil. In river-lake facies deposits, clay is also equicompressible soil.

True

False

210,000 meters cubed per year

1976

test

1959

01/01/1959

early 1960s

Increasing

102.5

0.279

0.079

0.72

1980

True

False

none

In recent years, some funnels and ground fissures appeared in the subsided area. Ground fissures have caused damages to buildings and highway. But it is a disputative problem up to now whether the ground fissures are related to the subsidence. We think that the ground fissures in Xian are closely related to the subsidence. -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

True

False

True

Control withdraw of confined water.

False

True

False

Transit

142

6ecb74cd-6a4d-4ab6-8ad3-beb5ba7d1380

G1Y3D9F4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Ningbo City

Zhejiang Province

29.866667

29 degrees 52 minutes north

121 degrees 31 minutes east

121.516667

4-6

True

False

Depth range of extraction: 64.0-93.0 meters (including 3 aquifers and 2 aquitards)

There are three aquifers in the Nimbo plain. They are I1, I2 and II respectively. Above them is a 50-meter thick clay formation. The vertical recharge of groundwater is very weak, the lateral one is from the 20-30 kilometers far southwest mountain area, and run in depth is weak.

aquitard 1:a1 (compacting coefficient) = 0.024 centimaters squared per kilogram. Ip1 (plasticity exponent) =15.9 aquitard 2:a2=0.031 Ip,2 = 14.8

True

False

600--900x10 to the fourth power m cubed

late fifties

01/01/1950

1986

test

early sixties of the 20th century

01/01/1960

Decreasing

greater than 0.35

2.5-3.0

1985

True

False

moderate

True

False

True

False

True

Cut down the amount of extraction Control the groundwater level.

Using surface water instead of ground water

False

True

False

143

0c80db5c-4438-43b6-91f7-017caa782321

E0W2B8E3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bogota

2650

False

True

False

Salt deposit in Cretaceous formation

Creep and flowing material under substained bedding

False

salt mines

5000 meters cubed per year

1964 and 1969

01/01/1964

Stopped

1964 and 1969

0.2 - 0.3

sudden collapse

False

True

False

severe

The salt mine cave-in damaged the underground cathedral which was developed as a tourist attraction using old mining tunnels

False

land

not very high

False

should not occur

none

False

none

144

afd0d195-28a5-4fcc-882e-7247eca87be3

L3D5I1L6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Manchester

Cheshire

3.5

3 degrees 30 minutes west

53 degrees 5 minutes north

-53.083333

100

True

Rocksalt mine, controlled brine solution cavities. Wild brine in strata voids.

transport communications

Basin with 1000 meters sandstone, 1000 meters marl and rocksalts of Triassic age, 100 meters veneer glacial deposits. Extraction generally within 300 meters of surface. Most problems attributed to near-surface saltbeds.

Part of Cheshire Basin. Sandstones form porous-permeable aquifer. Glacial deposits, and near surface marls and cavernous salt beds, locally permeable. Isotopes suggest some fresh and saltwaters glacial origin. 1976 rainfall 670 millimeters per year.

Rocksalt very soluble. Precise surface effects influenced by overlying strata.

True

False

rocksalt and brine

Wildbrine 2.2 million, controlled brine 17.7 million, mining salt 0.46 million, freshwater 192 million

1968

01/01/1968

postglacial

authenicated record 1533 A.D.

Decreasing

1500

15 meters

very variable

regionally 116 centimeters

1975

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

Originally reported as (severe/moderate) depends on phase of subsidence Severe - craters 25 meters wide 10 meters deep in 1 week.Moderate - 1 meter per year on linear features of 100,000 meters squared for 10 years

True

False

True

bridges pylons

imponderable

True

Reduced wild brine pumping.Reduced rocksalt mining.Concentrating on controlled brine pumping.

Flexible foundations, jacking points, regrading railways, roads, canals (up to 12 meters) and embankments. Infilling of hollows.

rate of subsidence greatly reduced due to virtual ceasing of wild brine pumping (now few centimeters per year and declining

False

True

False

0.1

now: normal surveying, supplemented by air photographics in color, infra red, and aircraft flown remote sensing radiations

146

0d047379-4668-4c28-bd34-b22da5db9a17

Z9R0X7ZA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

London

Cheshire

51.5

51 degrees 30 minutes north

0 degrees 10 minutes west

-0.166667

10 - 15 meters

True

False

True

False

Eocene (London clay and Lower London Tertiaries, 20-80 meters (clay) 10-20 meters (sands, loams, clays) U cretaceous chalk, 180-250 meters (limestone) depth of extraction about 50 to 100 meters

Aquifer developed is the Chalk. It is in hydraulic continuity with ovelying snds in the Lower London tertiaries. The system is confined by the London Clay.

of London clay: Vertical coefficient of consolidation 0.3 meters squared per year. Average compressibility 10 to the minus 4 power meters squared per kilogram

True

False

34 million meters cubed per year

1800

01/01/1800

1965

test

Unknown but probably late 19th century

01/01/1800

1932

Decreasing

450

0.35 meters

0.06 meters

Maximum not known, average about 0.5 CM/YR

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

up to 0.5 to 1.0 meters locally

450 kilometers squared

less than 0.5 centimeters per year

False

True

False

by surface levelling

148

0dcf258d-1375-4710-a51c-e057f59abc42

X8P9U6XA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Kizyat Shemona

Upper Galilee

33.3

33.3 degrees

35.4 degrees

35.4

False

True

False

organic soil, peat soil

False

AFTER DRAINAGE 1956

01/01/1956

1962

STEADY

2.20

0.08 METERS PER YEAR

1956-1962

True

False

surface oxidation, wind

False

True

False

moderate

Raising drainage problems, cultivation problems

False

True

To grow forage crops which permanently lower the surface.

To grow perennial crops.

Depends on the agriculture, management

False

True

every six years

False

Height measurements related to constant bench mark

151

3323f31a-b5fe-4f7a-9255-5f1f6bc9ae3b

W7O9T5WA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Asansol

Burdwan (W. Bengal)

False

True

False

A IOC Pipe range and a surface brook

Coal seam - 2.0 meters thick, 1 in 16 dip and 107 meters deep

False

35,100 per year

July 10, 1964

07/10/1964

February 5, 1965

test

JANUARY 3, 1965

01/01/1965

JANUARY 3, 1965

STOPPED

JULY 11, 1965

0.01964

0.105

20.49

1965

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

fortnightly

True

False

Correlation of underound workings with the surface was done with the help of a six-second theodolite (accuracy 1 in 50,000). Vertical ground movements were measured with precise levelling instrument and staff. (Sensitivity of level tube - 2 millimeters, accuracy - 0.0125 millimeters) Horizontal ground movements were measured with a steel band graduated in millimeters, stretched to a tension of 10 kilograms. The measurements were corrected for temperature, sag and slope. (Accuracy - 0.5 mm)

152

c6aaf80f-4549-422c-8ac5-b87d8eb059cc

T6L8Q4T9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Asansol

Burdwn (West Bengal)

True

False

road and a telphone line

Coal seam - 1.5 to 1.6 meters thick, 1 in 12 dip and 160 meters depth

False

True

46,130 meters cubed per year

1966

01/01/1966

1967

test

DEC 9, 1966

12/09/1966

DEC 9, 1966

STOPPED

MAY 1968

0.05808

0.246

14.76

1966-1967

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

fortnightly

False

Correlation of underground workings with the surface was done with the help of a 6-second theodolite (accuracy 1 in 50,000). Vertical ground movements were measured with precise levelling instrument and staff. (Sensitivity of level tube - 2 millimeters, Accuracy - 010125 millimeters). Horizontal ground movements were measured with a steel band graduated in millimeters, stretched to a tension of 10 kilograms. The measurements were corrected for temperature, sag and slope. (Accuracy - 0.5 millimeters).

155

ff77c95a-a97c-409d-8be9-0a6b39a8e921

M4E5K2M6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Jharia

Dhanbad (Bihar)

False

True

Non-residential building & colliery road.

Coal seam - 6 to 7 meters thick, 1 in 1.96 dip and about 85 meters depth

False

True

20,800 per year

January 17, 1969

01/17/1969

May 5, 1970

test

JANUARY 22, 1970

01/22/1970

JANUARY 22, 1970

AUGUST 16, 1970

0.01264

0.0592 (MAXIMUM)

9.313

1970

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

monthly/1.5 monthly

False

Correlation of underground workings with the surface was done with the help of a 6-second theodolite (accuracy 1 in 50,000). Vertical ground movements were measured with precise levelling instrument and staff, (Sensitivity of level tube - 2 millimeters, Accuracy - 0.0125 millimeters). Horizontal ground movements were measured with a steel band graduated in millimeters, stretched to a tension of 10 kilograms. The measurments were corrected for temperature, sag and slope. (Accuracy - 0.5. millimeters)

156

805a5a9c-66f2-4537-8392-c82ae2ad6c29

O4G6L2O7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Jharia

Dhanbad (Bihar)

False

True

False

True

Rly. lines and Rly. buildings

3 coal seams - 6.6 meters, 8.4 meters and 6.3. meters thick, 1 in 4.5 to 1.5 dip and 108 meters, 156 meters and 165 meters depth respectively

False

True

235,872 per year

March 27, 1965

03/27/1965

May 31, 1966

test

NOVEMBER 23, 1965

11/23/1965

NOVEMBER 23, 1965

STOPPED

APRIL 1967

0.08147

0.059 (MAXIMUM)

4.166

1965-1967

False

True

False

unknown

False

True

fortnightly

False

Correlation of underground workings with the surface was done wih the help of a 6-second theodolite (accuracy 1 in 50,000). Vertical ground movements were measured with precise levelling instrument and staff. (Sensitivity of level tube - 2 millimeters, Accuarcy - 0.0125 millimeters). Horizontal ground movements were measured with a steel band graduated in millimeters, streatched to a tension of 10 kilograms. The measurements were corrected for temperature, sag and slope. (Accuracy - 0.5 millimeters)

163

60626304-9cc3-49fc-8f1d-a8e7390ec6fb

M3E5J1L6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Rovigo

Rovigo - Ferrara

45 degrees 0 minutes

12 degrees 37 minutes

12.616667

2 - 4

False

True

False

True

Production of gas in brine.

The area of interest is characterized by quarternary sediments, where the total thickness ranges between 1,500 and 3,000 meters. The sediments consist of sandy and silty-clayey layers of alluvional origin.

The aquifer system consist of five principal layers not always clearly defined, which are detected starting at the depth of 100 meters, ending at 600 meters. The water, with salinity of 5 -27 gr/1., contains dissolved gas, and the average gas-water ratio ranges between 1.0 and 1.4.

False

brine

brine : 0.18 - 0.25 x 10 to the ninth power std meter cubed. Gas : 0.25 time 10 to the ninth power std meter cubed

1950

01/01/1950

1961

test

1951

01/01/1951

1957

STOPPED

1962

1,000

2.40

1.16

1957

False

gas dissolved in brine

False

severe

True

False

True

False

True

Starting in 1960 methane production was progressively reduced with the result that after some years the gas production was stopped.

It has been necessary to raise the elevation of embankments of the rivers, as well as the constructiton of massive protection works at sea to avoid the land waterflood. Moreover it msde necesssary the rebuilding of canals, which acquired reverse gradient and the building of lifting plants.

1-2 (for natural subsidence)

False

True

4 - 5 months

True

False

less than 1.0

the instrumentation is that classical of geodetic levelings and consist mainly of high accuracy theodolites. Moreover were acted extensimetric tests in four wells that confirmed the compaction evaluation.

164

a077b9c4-29d2-4463-9375-b49d74acf0a7

K3C4I1K5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Venice

Upper Adriatic Sea

45.5

45 degrees 30 minutes - 45 degrees 40 minutes N

12 degrees 15 minutes - 42 degrees 50 minutes E

12.25

False

offshore

Continental shelf ; Sand, silty clay, clay peat

False

preindustrial history

False

True

False

unknown

False

165

ab5e978f-0c91-4793-bcb7-f980b8bdeaa2

E0W2B8EA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Tottori

San-in

35.5

35 degrees 30 minutes

134 degrees 14 minutes

134.233333

True

False

alluvial clay layer of 20 meters in thickness

withdrawal of groundwater from the sand layers above and below the clay layer

very soft clay of SPT N 5, at most

True

False

4 million per year

probably 1965

01/01/1965

Decreasing

0.7

1974

True

False

moderate

relative heav of architectural and civil engineering structures; buildings and bridges

True

False

not etiamted

False

none

less than 1.0

False

True

once a year

False

land surveying; levelling of bench marks

170

f6ffb5be-edb7-480f-84c7-04a76e6aad15

E0W2C9E3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Nagoya

Nobi Plain, Chubu District

35.166667

35 degreees 10 minutes N

136 degrees 45 minutes E

136.75

maximum 2.9 below sea level

True

False

The geologic cross-sctions of the Nobi Plain are shown in figures 4 and 5. The tilting movement of the Nobi Plain Tectonic Block started to develop in the early stage of the middle Pleistocene. The movements have formed a westward-dipping sedimentary sequence over 350 meters in thickness. It overlies unconformably the sediments of the Pliocene and Miocene, which are more than 1,000 meters in thickness.

Main three aquifers of th Nobi Plain are shown in Figure 4. Computed water balance in the modified 3-dimensional F.E. model for the Nobi groundwater basin is shown in Figure 6.

Results of oedometer tests and pumping test and soil profile of main aquifers and aquitards are shown in Figures 7 & 8.

True

False

1925

01/01/1925

1989

test

1925

01/01/1925

1967

Decreasing

833

2.37

23.5

1973

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

People in this plain suffered severely from the floods caused by the Isewan typhoon in 1959. After this typhoon, a wide area of this plain was submerged for a long time, as shown in Figure 12.

False

True

False

Estimated cost of damage of the Isewan typhoon in 1959 wa about 500 billion yen in Aichi and Mie prefecture.

True

Water supply from rivers and dams. regulation of withdrawal of groundwater. Prevention of flood, etc.

Industrial water-supply network (extension). Restoration of settled banks. Construction of pumping station which drains water from the low land to river and sea, etc.

less than 1.0

True

False

True

1.0

Location of observation wells in the Nobi Plain is shown in Figure 10. Example of profile of observation well is shown in Figure 11.

171

47621e0d-ee2a-4243-bd26-d54549b75f27

P5I7N3P8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Fukoka

Fukuoka (Chikuho Coal Field, Miike Coal Field and Saga

33 degrees N

130 degrees E

130

0-50

True

Coal

Tertiary coal deposit characterized by shale and sandstone alternation, almost buried under alluvial overburden with thickness ranging from 0-200 meters.

The whole area of interest is considered a large hydrologic zone with the piezometric level at a few meters from the surface.

Sometimes consolization occurrs in clays.

True

False

True

10 million ton per year

1940

01/01/1940

1965

test

1910

01/01/1910

1945

Stopped

1975

236

2-3

case by case depends on mining

True

False

True

False

True

False

severe

Subsidence occurred during coal extraction, but has since stopped, however cave-ins (pot-hole) occur even until now.

True

2 billion dollars

True

Restriction of mining such as mining method, quantity, area etc.

stiff structure (foundation) some times flexible one

False

True

2 times per year

True

False

Level surveying executes in present mining areas.

172

64b7104f-453e-4f81-9fc9-8410174b066a

K3C4H1K5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Yamagata

Yamagata Prefecture, Northeast Japan

38.233333

38 degrees 14 minutes - 38 degrees 20 minutes N

140 degrees 17 minutes - 140 degrees 21 minutes E

140.283333

80-170

True

False

The basin is filled up with the thick quarternary deposits, of which thickness exceeds about 350 meters in maximum. In the center of the basin, a mud facies is dominant.

In the center of the basin, the aquifers are composed of sandy gravel layers intercalated with the mud facies, and the ground water is confined in these sandy gravel layers.

True

False

720,000-32,000,000 meters cubed per year

1952

01/01/1952

1980

test

1960 (inference)

01/01/1960

1967

Decreasing

0.28

1974

True

False

none

Because of an amount of subsidence is a few -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

(1) Reduced withdrawal of ground water by regulation (already enforcement) (2) Imported surface water from River Mogami (under construction)

Construction of river-fed aqueducts

True

False

True

False

0.1

Observation well of ground water-level: 8 spots Observation well of subsidence: 5 spots

178

63ec197d-d614-4df2-894f-6b6beec43b9e

R5J7P4R8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Nagoya

Aichi, Mie and Gifu prefectures

35 degrees N

137 degrees E

137

zero meters above mean sea leavel

True

False

Alluvium (soft) - G.L.O. Pleistocene (water bearing) -30-50 meters Tertiary (impermeable layer) -250-300 meters more than 70% withdrawal of groundwater

unconfined aquifer alluvial clay first confined aquifer (-40 meters) Atsuta clay second confined aquifer (-100 meters) Ama-clay third confined aquifer (-200 meters)

Alluvial clay mv:2x10 minus 2 power to 6 times 10 minus 2 power centimeters squared per kgf Atsuta clay mv:4x10minus 3 power to 1.3x10 minus 2 centimeters squared per kgf

True

False

8.8x10 ninth power meters cubed/year in 1973

about 1950

01/01/1950

1961

Decreasing

274

1.6

21 centimeters per year

1973

True

False

severe

True

False

True

It has not been estimated, yet.

True

restriction of groundwater use, reinforcement of embankment, tidal wall, increase drainage pump

True

False

True

False

leveling, settlement guage at observation well

182

146a305d-f3a4-4ed7-9be6-f983fc1e01e6

L3E5J1L6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Aomori

40.816667

40 degrees 49 minutes N

140 degrees 45 minutes E

140.75

True

False

True

False

Alluvium: Mainly alternation of silt and clay layer, thickness plus or minus 35 meters, Diluvium: Mainly alternation of gravel and clay layer, thickness plus or minus 100 meters, Neogen tertiary: Mainly alternation of snadstone and siltstone formation, 1200 meters

Water is withdrawn from points in Diluvium and Neogen Tertiary. Mean annual precipitation is 1,690 millimeters.

alluvium clay mv: 1x10 minus four power to 8x10 minus 2 power centimeters squared per kilogram. Cv 1x10 minus 3 power to 4-10 minus one centimeters squared per second

True

False

4.0 times 10 to 7 power meters cubed per year (1972); 2.3 time 10 to 7 power meters cubed per year (1975)

1972

01/01/1972

1975

test

around 1965

01/01/1965

1968

Decreasing

0.42 (1958-1975)

8.2 centimeters per year

1973

True

False

moderate

Inundation when a hightide occurs. Troubles in drainage. Fragilization of houses and buildings. Subsidence of roads and bridges. Intrusion of salted water.

True

False

True

False

unknown in detail

True

Establishment of a permission system for withdrawal of ground water.

Improvement of breakwaters and piers.

True

False

0.1 centimeters per year

Leveling (once in a year) Observation well (double tube)

186

fb5b7373-1f64-4706-bebf-6c57f7a09a2b

K3C4H1KA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Sendai

Miyagi

38.25

38 degrees 15 minutes N

140 degrees 56 minutes E

140.933333

plus or minus 5 meters

True

False

True

False

Alluvium; upper 5 meters mainly peat, lower 30 meters sand and clay layers. Diluvium: mainly gravel layers, thickness plus or minus 30 meters. Neogene Tertiary: Mainly tuff and sandstone, thickness plus or minus 100 meters.

Diluvium; under the surface 10-50 meters, alternation of clay and gravel layers. Neogene Tertiary; under the surface 120-180 meters, sandstone formation. Mean annual precipitation is 1,600 mm.

True

False

37 x 10 fifth power meters cubed per year (1974)

around 1965

01/01/1965

1966

Decreasing

0.5

1973

True

False

True

False

severe

Cracks in floors, walls and window frames. Breaks of pipelines. Troubles in drainage.

True

False

True

False

True

False

True

United States dollars 3.77 millions (1971-1974)

True

Regulation to withdrawal of ground water.

Alternative water supply using industrial water channel.

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in a year) Observation Well (double tube)

187

de25dfe5-0399-4de8-b25f-d9e25f0213f9

O4H6M3O7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Haranomachi

Fukushima

37.633333

37 degrees 38 minutes N

141 degrees E

141

5-70

False

True

False

Alluvium; peat and clay layer, thickness plus or minus 30 meters Neogene tertiary; mudstone, sandstone

Aquifers lie mostly in the neogene tertiary and partly in the alluvium. Water is withdrawn from points at 100 meters to 200 meters below ground level. Mean annual precipitation is 1690mm.

True

False

20 x 10 sixth power (1974)

1965

01/01/1965

Decreasing

1972

True

False

severe

Change of paddy fields to ponds and swamps. Irregular subsidence of buildings. damages in agricultural water channels. Cracks in roads.

True

False

True

230 thousand United States dollars

True

Establishment of ordinance for regulation to ground water withdrawal, construction of multipurpose dams and water supply system.

Alternative water supply using industrial and agricultural water channels.

unknown

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in year) Observation well (double tube)

195

87b9352a-0c4e-4723-91ec-94ac05a4052f

W7O9U5W0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Niigata

Niigata Prefecture

37.833333

37 degrees 50 minutes N

139 degrees E

139

-1below to +20 above

True

False

Natural gas

Alluvium; alternation of sand and gravel layer, thickness plus or minus 30 meters. Diluvium: alternation of clay, silt, sandy gravel layer, thickness plus or minus 600 meters. Neogene tertiary; alternation of clay, silt and sandygravel layer.

Ground water is mainly withdrawn from the alluvium, and natural gas from the diluvium and upper neogene tertiary. Mean annual precipitation is 2,600 millimeters.

Clay: Mv; 1X10 minus second power to 5x10 minus second power centimeters squared per kg Cv 1X10 minus 1 power to 1 centimeters squared/minute

True

False

water; 50 million cubic meters per year. Gas; 50 million cubic meters per year

1955

01/01/1955

1973

test

around 1955

01/01/1955

in 1957

Stopped

1974

430

2.6 (1955-1974)

1959-1960

True

False

True

False

severe

Owing to ground subsidence areas below high tide sea level has extended about 200 kilometers squared, where dikes, pumping stations for drainage or other facilities were and are necessary to be constructed. Damges to houses or buildings were also observed.

True

False

True

unknown

True

Mining natural gas, it is necessary to pour water into the underground after separating gas.

Dikes for flood and high tide, pumping stations for drainage.

unknow in detail

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in a year) Observation well (double tube, single tube

199

565ecba8-f975-4e61-a200-ac443136f3bb

H1Z3E0G4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Nanao

Ishikawa

37.041667

37 degrees 2 minutes 30 seconds N

136 degrees 58 minutes E

136.966667

plus or minus 3 meters

True

False

True

False

Alluvium: mainly silt, clay layer plus or minus 20 meters. Diluvium: Alternation of sandy gravel and claylayer plus or minus 60 meters. Tertiary: alternation of mudstone and sandstone plus or minus 200 meters.

Ground water is withdrawn from the points of sandy or sandy gravel layer in the diluvium and upper tertiary and it is 20-200 meters below from ground level. Mean annual precipitation is 2,600 millimeters.

Mv: Alluvium Clay 1-40X10 to minus 4 power centimeters squared per kilogram. Mv: Diluvium clay 1.4X10 to minus 4 power centimeters per kilogram. Mv: tertiary clay 1.1X10 to minus 4 centimeters per kilogram

True

False

13 X10 to the sixth power meters cubed per year (1973)

around 1968

01/01/1968

1971

Decreasing

0.27

8.3 centimeters per year

1970

True

False

unknown

Damage or fragilization of buildings, risk of flood and storm surge. Inundation.

True

False

unknown in detail

True

Regulation to withdrawl of ground water.

Construction of coastal dykes.

unknown in detail

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in a year) Observation well (double tube)

202

28edef01-f4c8-4905-80ca-2e4a852b796d

P4H6M3P7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Tokyo

Tokyo, Saitman, and Kanagawa

35.666667

35 degrees 40 minutes N

139 degrees 40 minutes E

139.666667

3 meters below to 80 meters above sea level

True

Natural gas

Alluvium: mainly clay layer, thickness plus or minus 40 meters Deluvium: Alternation of clay, sand, sandy gravel, thickness plus or minus 350 meters. Neogene tertiary: Alternation of clay, silt, sand gravel layer, thickness plus or minus 2000 meters

The depth range of extraction is shown below; ground water; chiefly 20 -400 meters in depth. Natural gas; chiefly 800-2,000 meters in depth. Mean annnual precipitation 1,690 millimeters.

MV; Alluvium clay; 2-3x10 minus two power centimeters squared per kilogram. MV: Diluvium clay: 2-6x10 minus 3 power centimeters squared per kilogram. Neogene tertiary clay: 1x10 minus 3 power to 4x10 minus 4 power centimeters squared per kilogram.

True

False

True

False

Water; about one billion cubic meters per year (1920-1973); Gas; about 30 million cubic meters per year (1955-1973)

1920

01/01/1920

1973

test

around 1920

01/01/1920

in 1932

Increasing

2420

4.6 (1919-1974)

1973-1974

True

False

True

False

severe

Owing to ground subsidence areas below high tide sea level has extended about 150 kilometers squared, where dikes, pumping station for drainage or other facilities were and are necessary to be constructed. Damages to houses or buildings were also observed.

True

During the period between 1957 and 1970, about 21 million United States dollars were expended in Koto, Edogawa and Sumida wards in Tokyo.

True

Regulations of the extraction of under ground water and natural gas for industrial use has been carried out, giving consideration to water supply for substitute.

Dikes for flood and high tide, pumping station for drainage, water supply works, etc. Mean annual precipitation = 1,690 meters.

unknown in detail

unknown

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in a year) Observation well (double tube, single tube)

203

fe647022-129e-40ed-9d82-9684c0845de3

Q5I7O3Q8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Nagoya

Aichi, Mie, and Gifu

35.5

35 degrees 30 minutes N

136 degrees 50 minutes E

136.833333

-2 to +60

True

False

Alluvium; mainly clay layer, thickness plus or minus 40 meters Deluvium: Alternation of gravel (3 layers) sand and clay thickness plus or minus 300 meters

The depth range of extraction is shown below; ground water; chiefly 20-300 meters in depth. M.A.P. = 2,340 millimeters

Alluvium clay Cv; 3-4 centimeters squared per minute, Mv; 2-3 centimeters squared per kilogram. Diluvium clay Cv; 4-8 centimeters squared per kilogram. Mv 1-4 centimeters squared per kilogram

True

False

True

False

water, about 1.2 billion cubic meters per year

1972

01/01/1972

1973

test

around 1955

01/01/1955

in 1955

Steady

800

1.5

23 centimeters per year

1972-1973

True

False

severe

Owing to ground subsidence areas below high tide sea level has extended about 480 kilometers squared, where dikes, pumping station for drainage or other facilities were and are necessary to be constructed.

False

True

False

True

unknown

True

Regulation of the extraction of underground water has been carried out, giving consideration to water supply for substitute.

Dikes for flood and high tide, pumping station for drainage, water supply works, etc.

Unknown

True

False

0.1 centimeter per year

Leveling (once in a year) Observation Well (double tube)

206

9502d0ce-90de-4431-8bbe-bba37fd929d1

W8P9U6W0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Saga City

Saga

34.25

34 degreees 15 minutes N

130 degrees 15 minutes E

130.25

True

False

Alluvium: mainly clay layer, thickness plus or minus 30 meters. Deluvium: mainly alternation of sand, clay layer, thickness 200 meters

Water is mainly withdrawn from the deluvium and it lies. 20-200 meters below from ground level. Mean annual precipitation is 2,170 millimeters.

Alluvium clay: Cc; 0.4-1.6 (C.G.S.)

True

False

39 x 10 sixth power meters cubed (1974)

around 1957

01/01/1957

continuing at the same rate

400

1.2

average 1967-1970

True

False

severe

Trouble in drainage, subsidence of roads, intrusion of salt water.

True

False

True

False

unknown

True

Regulation to ground water withdrawal, river improvement. Alternative water supply using agricultural water channel.

Construction of agricultural water channels and dams for alternative water supply. Raising of river levee.

unknown

True

False

0.1 centimeters/year

Leveling (Once in a year) Observation well (Single, double tube)

208

236d21e2-836f-4cc7-8ba6-cfd01c2a5f46

M4E5K2MA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Osaka

Osaka and Hyogo

34.666667

34 degrees 40 minutes N

135 degrees 30 minutes E

135.5

1 meter below sea level to 20 meters above

True

False

True

False

Alluvium: Mainly clay, sand layer, thickness plus or minus 35 meters. Diluvium: Alternation of clay, sand, sandy gravel layer, thickness maximum 400 meters.

5-16 layers of main aquifer lie in the diluvium and the tertiary and ground water is withdrawn from points of 50-260 meters below from ground level. Mean annual precipitation if 2,030 millimeters.

Cc: Alluvial clay 0.3 - 1.0 (C.G.S.) Diluvial clay 0.2 - 1.8 (C.G.S.)

True

False

124x10 sixth power meters cubed (1962) 4.2x10 fifth power meters cubed (1974)

around 1930

01/01/1930

1935

Increasing

1967 at Osaka

570

2.8 (1934-1974)

20 centimeters per year

1961

True

False

severe

Owing to ground subsidence areas below high tide sea level has exteneded about 100 kilometers squared, where dikes, pumping station for drainage or other facilities were and are necessary to be constructed. Damage to house or buildings were also observed.

True

unknown

True

Regulation of the pumping of underground water has been carried out, giving consideration to water supply for substitute.

Dike for flood and high tide, pumping station for drainage, construction for water supply works, etc.

unknown

True

False

True

False

0.1

Leveling (once in a year) Observation well (Double tube, single tube)

209

e51a9808-5adc-45a9-8ba0-a2f9d45bf401

L3D5I1K6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Mexico, Federal District

Federal District

19.416667

19 degrees 25 minutes N

99 degrees 10 minutes W

-99.166667

2240 above sea level

True

False

True

False

60-300 meters; sand and gravel

K = 1x10 minus 7 power centimers/segmment C v = 5x10 minus 4 centimeters/segment

True

False

300 x 10 sixth power

1948

01/01/1948

date

1891

01/01/1891

1925

Decreasing

225

8.50

1951

True

False

True

False

moderate

True

False

True

Limitations to ground water withdrawal

less than 1

300

less than 5

False

True

levelings every 3 years

False

True

0.1

220

ecab921a-eb21-4236-934d-8995ddcdf9ec

K3C4H1J5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

not given

Netherlands

60 % under mean high-water level

True

compaction

False

approximately 100 year

1 millimeter

True

False

True

False

True

False

unknown

dikes and dunes

False

True

False

1 millimeter per year

False

5-10years

False

0.2 millimeter per year

Level

222

57e89708-5561-4077-8953-c1ecc0d7eac9

M3E5K2M6

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Almera

Flevoland

52.166667

52 degrees 10 minutes - 52 degrees 25 minutes N

5 degrees 10 minutes E

5.166667

False

True

False

Holocene clay and peat layers, thickness 5-6 meters on top of Pleistocene sand layers

Plesitocene in aquifer with thickness up to 200 meters

Soft clay and peat layers Cu 10--25 kPA

True

False

N.B. lowering water table due to reclamation

1968

01/01/1968

Decreasing

50-100

1.25

0.80

False

reclamation

False

True

False

unknown

Constructions are adapted to the expected subsidence

False

Smooth transitions, pile formations, preloading

0.10 - 0.8

5 to maximum 25

False

True

6-12 times per yer

True

False

about 1

Plates at different depth

223

398f0cdc-4fcb-438c-a32f-ec98f075518c

G1Y3D9G4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Groningen

53.25

53 degrees 15 minutes N

6 degrees 45 minutes E

6.75

average approximately at sea level

False

True

False

2600-2790 meters - Gas produced from massive sandstone of Permian age (Rotliegendes)

Groningen gasfield is mainly fault bounded on south and south east side. The reservoir dips to the North and West side and is waterbearing below 2970 meters. Although the aquifer will be pressure depleted, thus causing subsidence, a negligible pressure support is expected from the aquifer.

consolidated sandstone, porosity = 16-20 percent (average 18 percent) permeability = 0.1 - 3000 mD original pressure = 34700 kPA

True

False

46 billion cubic meters (average)

1964

01/01/1964

1990

test

1964

01/01/1964

1968

Decreasing

900

0.4

0.3

1980-1985

False

True

False

none

No surface damage has been reported to buildings and other infrastructure. Since the area is siturated close to sea level measrues are required to control the water husbandry. -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

False

D.F1. 700 million (1990 MOD)

False

Measures are planned for the water husbandry infrastructure to avoid flooding etc.

0.4 (year 2050)

1000

maximum 0.3 centimeters per year

True

1 time per year

True

False

0.1

Subsidence is monitored: periodically - in deep compaction (reservoir) monitoring wells (10) continuously - in shallow compaction (400 meters) monitoring wells (14) periodically - precidion levelling surveys.

227

8df76e6d-7780-4a92-b41e-87f3311e362b

U7M8S5U9

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Heerlen

Limburg

50.833333

50 degrees 50 minutes N

6 degrees 0 minutes E

plus or minus 100 meters

True

Underground coal mining

Depth range: 0-1000 meters below sea level: coal measures with a mean thickness of 1 meter in the carboniferous strata

During extraction period 25x10 sixth power cubic meters of water has been pumped out yearly from 12 collyries

Coal measures between sandstone and shale layers

False

True

plus or minus 12x10 sixth power metric tons

1915

01/01/1915

1965

test

plus or minus 1900

01/01/1900

plus or minus 1925

Stopped

1975

300

10.00

4.00

plus or minus 100

True

False

coal extraction

False

True

False

severe

Subsidence severe mine damages, especially to buildings and structures. Surface rising no damages are expected.

True

False

Mine-damage costs increasing from zero (1900) to plus or minus 5 DFL (1970) per metric ton

True

Reduction of subsidence by pneumatic stowing.

Reinforcement of foundations and use of dilatation joints in buildings, pipe-lines and rail-roads.

0.20

300

False

True

frequency 1 per 4 years

True

False

1.0

Large scale levelling system. (After extraction period pump activities have been ceased and a process of surface rising has been started.)

228

aad97535-9c19-4e47-8813-f25f6e95d798

K3C4H1KB

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Groningen

53.166667

53 degrees 10 minutes N

6 degrees 40 minutes E

6.666667

0.50

True

Gas extraction

Reservoir Slochteren - sndstone (Rotliegendes) on 3000 meters depth. Reservoir thickness on average 150 meters.

Depletion - Reservoir without water influx

compacting sand - stone reservoir

True

False

40 times 10 ninth poers meters cubed per year

1965

01/01/1965

2025

1965

01/01/1965

1970

Increasing

900

0.70

0.35

1.0

1980

False

True

False

True

False

moderate

vulnerable water - management system in Polder - region

False

True

agriculture

Total: plus or minus 500 x 10 sixth power DFL

False

1. heightening dikes 2. restoring canals and drain systems

0.70

900

1.0

False

True

frequency 1 time per year

True

False

1.0

monitoring systems: 1. levelling 2. compaction measurements in sita 3. shallow compaction wells

229

3edebfd2-f83c-41d3-8124-f5645dc4dc77

C9U1Z8B2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Amsterdam

IJsselmeerpolers area

52.25

52 degrees 15 minutes - 55 degrees N

5 degrees - 6 degrees E

5.1

1 to 5 below sea level

False

True

False

afforested areas, playgrounds, nature conservancy areas

Questions D2 through D6 do not apply to the causes of subsidence in the relative area. Here, the subsidence is for the greater part due to the irreversible withdrawal of soil moisture by evapotranspiration by plant growth from very soft, mainly mineral subaqueous sediments (pore spaces up to 75-80 percent) after emergence, causing a remarkable shrinkage of the topmost one to one and one-half meters (contraction of the soil skeleton as a result of high capillary suction in dry periods)and hence subsidence. Only a minor part of the total subsidence is due to the settlement of the subsoil, resulting from the lowering of the ground water table (lowering of water mark in open drains (canals, ditches) and the supply of the parcels with a subsurface drainage system). An extensive description of these processes is given by De Glopper, 1973 (cf. G). the above mentioned process and its consequences occur all over the world, where the drainage of soft subaqueous, marine, reverine and lacuatrine mineral sediments and peat is improved. The rate of subsidence depends on the changes in hydrological condtions.

Besides, the Netherlands are lying in an area with a geological subsidence. During the Ice-age Scandinavia has been pushed down due to the weight of the ice layer and as a consequence, the area south of Scandinavia has rised. After the Ice-age controverse movements are still taking place. Scandinavia is still rising and the Netherlands are still sinking down. For the Netherlands the rate is estimated at 0.1 meters per century.

False

1930, 1942, 1957, 1968

01/01/1930

1930

Decreasing

1650

0.90

0.45

1959

False

True

False

none

As the subsidence to be exdpected is known before emergence of a polder, this subsidence is taken into account in the lay-out (structures, drainage systems, etc.) Hence, not much damage occurs and hence, the quetions F2 through F7 do not apply. -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

0.2 to 1. 5 meters in 100 years

2250

various

False

True

1 per year

True

False

0.5

Leveling of 20 marks at permanent sites of 1 hectacre (about 1 site per 10 kilometers squared)

230

f5565e06-9951-47ab-932d-9d0e482b17b0

X8Q0V6X1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Amsterdam

Netherlands

51.333333

51 degrees 20 minutes N

7 degrees 10 minutes E

7.166667

between plus 1 meters and minus 5 meters

True

False

Alteration of peat, clay and sand

False

Decreasing

15,000

8000 B.P.

False

Relative rise in sea level after last glaciation

False

unknown

During Northwestern gales damage can be severe (flooding of the land)

False

to make new higher dikes

5-8 centimeters per century

False

True

False

232

8e3a95a5-970b-4cfc-a0a2-5c48e218f9e3

P5H6M3P7

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Enschede

Overijasel

52.166667

52 degrees 10 minutes W

6 degrees 55 minutes E

6.916667

False

withdrawal of drinkwater

False

1936

01/01/1936

Steady

140

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

False

234

40bf2c53-4f21-4d14-b384-ddd2a928cf75

W7O9T5WB

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Roermond

Limburg-N. Brabant

51.25

51 derees 15 minutes N

5 degrees 55 minutes E

5.916667

True

False

1923

01/01/1923

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

False

235

f01b63cd-e614-4399-9cc8-64acd7fe13d2

O4H6M3OA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Groningen

53.25

53 degrees 15 minutes N

6 degrees 30 minutes E

6.5

4 above, 1 below

False

True

False

Depth range: 2700-2900 meters Permian sandstone Thickness 70-200 meters Area 900 square kilometers

Consolidated sandstones. Average porosity 18 percent. Range 16 percent - 20 percent. Uniaxial compaction coefficient 1.3x10 minus fifth power centimeters squared per kilogram (lab. measure) 0.5x10 minus fifth power centimeters squared per kilogram (reservoir measure)

False

400x10 ninth power

1969

01/01/1969

1975

test

1969

01/01/1969

1975

Increasing

1,000

0.05

0.03

0.02

True

False

True

False

none

Damages not yet occurred, in future counter measures probably necessary on dikes, levees, flood walls, sluices, canals -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

0,30

1000

True

1 month/1 year

True

0.01 and 0.7 (see E3)

a. levelling surveys b. cable measurements for surface compaction c. radio-active bullet monitoring with 3GR detector in reservoir

236

7c23dc3c-e99e-4dc5-b954-a59060e2b3d5

U7M8S5UA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Amsterdam

former IJsselmeer area

52.5

52 degrees 30 minutes N

5 degrees 30 minutes E

5.5

-1 to -5

False

alternation of clay, peat, and sand

False

1957

01/01/1957

Decreasing

560

greater than 75 centimeters between 1957 and 1971

False

True

False

unknown

False

1.5 after 100 years

False

True

False

238

6df9168e-2547-4ced-906d-ab1d7c339f71

J2B4H1J5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Taupo

South Auckland

-38.533333

38 degrees 32 minutes S

176 degrees 19 minutes E

176.316667

290

False

True

False

Livestock-forestry

Extraction between 430 and 1160 meters below ground level, from fracture zones in volcanic flow rocks and porous volcanic breccias.

Current information indicates the reservoiris is hydrologically connected over about 3 kilometers squared area and 2 kilometers thick.

Main producing formation - porosity 15 percent, wet density 2.21 gram per cubic centimer

False

Geothermal brine and steam

7.2x10 sixth power

1966

01/01/1966

1971

test

1966

01/01/1966

1969

Stopped

1971

3.1

0.22 (1969-72)

.07 meters/year

not known

False

True

False

moderate

Ground surface subsidence

False

Nil

False

True

annually

True

False

0.5

Accurate automatic levels and standard (NZ) aluminium staffs

241

e755806f-c1d6-4aa0-a4cb-0a7bc7896a66

B9T1Y7A2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Kawerau

-38.083333

38 degrees 5 minutes S

176 degrees 43 minutes E

176.716667

True

False

pulp and paper mill/livestock

Extraction 400-1100 meters below ground level from volcanic flow rocks and breccias. Production comes from fissures in these rocks.

not known

False

Geothermal brine and steam

unknown

1955

01/01/1955

present

test

1955

01/01/1955

1972

Steady

not known

2.8

1970-72

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

irregularly

True

False

0.5

Accurate automatic levels and standard (NZ) aluminium staffs.

242

6f279d2f-ab40-4b4b-9fc1-039c6a564671

Z9S0X7Z1

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Taupo

South Auckland

-38.633333

38 degrees 38 minutes S

176 degrees 5 minutes E

176.083333

370

False

True

False

forestry/geothermal facilities

Extraction between 250 and 800 meters below ground level from fractures in a porous pumice breccia formation and in underlying ignimbrite.

The Wairakei bore field is a small part of a much larger reservoir covering at least 25 kilometers squared. The thickness of the aquifer is unknown, but has been tested by one bore to 2 kilometers below ground surface.

Wet density 2.0-2.6 gram per cubic centimeter. Porosity 0.20 - 0.30

False

Geothermal brine and steam

53 x10 sixth power meters cubed per year

1952

01/01/1952

1974

test

1952

01/01/1952

1956

Decreasing

1.3

estimated 6.0-7.0 meters total

0.3 meters per year

1964-74

False

True

False

moderate

Subsidence along steam mains resulted in both compressive and tensile strain. Concrete-lined drainage canal damaged at construction joints.

False

True

False

True

False

not known

False

Removal and addition of small lengths of steam mains. Construction of a sliding joint in concrete lined canal.

not known

False

True

frequency 1 year

True

False

0.5

Automatic level and standard (NZ) aluminium staff.

244

df0168b0-0c17-4052-9d09-117983dbec88

X8P9U6W0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Oslo

59.916667

59 degrees 55 minutes N

10 degrees 45 minutes E

10.75

10 to 50

False

True

False

Clay filled depressions in bedrock on being tapped by tunnelling underneath or in the vicinity of the depressions.

Between clay and rock surface there is a more or less continuous layer of sandy material which behaves like a confined aquifer and reacts very rapidly to leakage of water into nearby tunnels. Thickness of clay layer is up to 40 meters.

Soft to medium marine clay, water content, w = 40 - 50 percent

False

first time 1912, later on in 1973

01/01/1912

1913

0.40

1913

True

False

moderate

Buildings near edge of depressions have been most damaged when clay consolidates due to water leakage into tunnels.

True

False

True

Artifiical infiltration of water into rock mass.

Grouting and lining of tunnels.

True

False

True

False

0.01 - 0.2

Precision settlement gauges with inner rod to bedrock. Levelling pins on buildings.

245

982d439e-0f39-4a7c-9986-405907f99185

P5H7N3P8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Requena

Loreto (Iquitos)

-6.4

6 degrees 24 minutes S

74 degrees 15 minutes W

-74.25

approximately equal to 120

False

forest; previous non-flooded forest, presently 2 meters below low water level

Foreland basin located between the Subandean foothills (West) and the Brazilian craton (East)

The subsiding area is drained by black water (high in organic acids). The area is crossed by the Tapiche River with white water (with silt and sand from the Andean fooothills). In the subsiding area, a 5 meter wide levee limits the black water of the lake (subsidence) from the river.

False

1927-1929

01/01/1927

1990

Stopped or Decreasing

675

6.45

False

True

False

none

Few population live in this area. Copanohuas Indians had to move away. -Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

no monitoring done

False

248

104d3c5d-767f-4d4f-a785-350b679d5eb4

A9S1Y7A2

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Zaragoza

41.666667

41 degrees 40 minutes

0 degrees 51 minutes 10 seconds

0.852778

200

True

False

The area geology is comprised of a thick formation of horizontal Miocene evaporites with interbedded marls. This formation is partially covered by alluvial material deposited by the Ebro and Gallego rivers, as well as pediments deposits.

Aquifer in alluvial deposits with watertable oscillating in relation to (1) river discharge (2) groundwater recharge from losses in ditches, and irrigation fields and (3) groundwater extraction in industrial areas.

Seismic refraction (velocity) Vp= 350-450 meters per second Gravels GM-GW with 0.04 percent in gypsum content Optimum density in Proctor test 2.2 kilogram per centimeter cubed; Optimum humidity 7.5 percent

True

False

without data

Since early Pleistocene

18th century

Increasing

10-25

3-4

where measured, 3-5 centimeters per year

1985

False

True

False

moderate

Collapse on roads and irrigation ditches. Rail deformation in railroads. Building collapse and subsidence. Newly built town was abandoned and pulled down.

True

False

True

False

True

False

irrigation fields

millions of dollars

True

In railroads: Bentonite sheets emplaced along both sides of railroad to avoid groundwater circulation under the rails. In buildings: Installation of special foundations. In irrigation fields: Founding and promoting of new irrigation techniques such as sprinklers and drip irrigation.

described in F5

True

frequency 1: several years 2: once a week

True

False

Instrument for measuring vertical deformation of rails in railroads. Periodic refilling and asphalting works in highways. Detailed topography. Aerial photographs.

254

6afaebce-889b-4f2e-9fb5-a4e4f13a64cd

H2Z3E0H4

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Stockholm

null

False

True

False

Settlements in the very soft clays which covers large parts of southern Sweden

very soft clay

True

False

15th centruy

01/01/1400

15th century

Steady

up to 1 meter

True

False

True

False

moderate

Record was as originally specified as moderate to severe.

True

False

True

False

True

False

Approximately 1,000,000,000 dollars

True

False

True

False

1 millimeter per year

different types

256

a5fce6f6-39b9-43cc-9918-842de1eb609e

U6M8R5UA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Taipei City

Taiwan

25.133333

25 degrees 8 minutes N, 24 degrees 57 minutes N

121 degrees 36 minutes E, 122 degrees 24 minutes E

121.6

3-10 meters

True

False

Gravel, sand, and clay: 35-50 meters deep

Free water, partly confined aquifer

Coarse-to fine-grained soil, moderate permeability and shearing strength, higher plasticity in the fine material

True

False

321,300,000 cubic meters

1971, January

01/01/1971

1972, Janaury

test

sometime before 1955

01/01/1954

1955

Decreasing

235

1.9 meters

1.0-1.7 meters

14 centimeters per year

1971

True

False

True

False

moderate

Paddy fields are frequently flooded.

False

True

False

paddy fields

Data not available

True

Strict control on extraction of ground water.

To raise the river dikes to safety height.

No predictions have been made.

About 8-12 centimeters per year

False

True

False

0.5 centimeters per year

A stick is set in deep well to measure at intervals the amount of the sinking of the casing.

259

a2cf1b2e-afcd-4d06-a29b-eaa39b6e7ff1

W7O9U6W0

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bangkok

14.25

14 degrees, 15 minutes , 13 degrees 30 minutes

100 degrees 52 minutes, 100 degrees 15 minutes

100.866667

0-2

True

False

True

False

Depth of extracted aquifers range from 50-600 meters. Thick sequences of unconsolidated deltaic, shallow marine and alluvial sediments of the late Tertiary to Quaternary age lying below soft and stiff Bangkok clay.

Aquifer systems consist of sand and gravel layers interbedded with clay confining beds. From ground surface to 600 meters depth, eight aquifers are differentiated.

The permeability of clay varied from 5x10 minus eight power to 1x10 minus 6 power centimeters per second. The permeability of clay layers control the amount of vertical seepage between layers.

True

False

474.5 million

1982

01/01/1982

1991

test

1960

01/01/1960

1968

Decreasing

4550

1.60

0.70

13.4

1978

True

False

True

False

moderate

Low lying and coastal areas have been affected by flooding especially during 1983 and 1986.

True

False

True

Approximately 6,600 million baht (253 million United States dollars) in 1983 for flood damage.

True

1. Remedial measures, the Cabinet resolution on "Mitigation of Groundwater Crisis and Land Subsidence in Bangkok" issued in 1983, aiming at controlling the groundwater pumpage to recover the piezometric levels and slowing the rate of land sussidence. The Measures directed MWA to phase out groundwater and replaced by treated surface water. 2. Charging groundwater fee.

River dikes and gates, elevated roads and installing pumping station.

True

frequency 6 months

True

False

1. Extensometer for total subsidence and compression indicator for subsidence in various soil layers. 2. Levelling telescope WILD N3 high precision differential or first order levelling for levelling survey.

262

c44d7160-3bef-4f3e-a0d3-663db0b9c69e

E1W2C9E3

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bangkok

Pathumthani Province

13 degrees N

101 degrees E

101

1.0-1.5

False

True

False

Nonthaburi aquifer - 200 meters depth

Water pumped from Nonthaburi Aquifer about 200 meters depth.

First 3 layers: very soft clay, Su less than or equal to 2.5. tsm Stiff clay Dense sand

True

False

1,500,000

1983

01/01/1983

1984

test

1978

01/01/1978

1978

Continuing at an increasing rate

0.10

2.0

1984

True

False

water suction by roots

False

True

False

moderate

Separation of first floor walls from ceiling, Cracks of pavement, Ground depressions.

True

False

pavements

not yet determined

False

none yet

Support ground floors with tie beams. Use of rigid pavements to prevent cracks due to differential settlements.

6.0 centimeters/year

True

False

0.01

Surface Settlement Plates, Layer Compression Indicators, Piezometers

269

1f85084c-3704-4196-8a73-b6b10fb138c8

Q5I7N3Q8

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bangkok

Bangkok Metropolis

13.75

13 degrees 45 minutes N

100 degrees 33 minutes E

100.55

1.00-1.50

True

False

Clastic sediments as thick as 2,000 meters filled in fault/flexure depression. The uppermost formation is the soft marine clay 25-30 meters thick. Sand and gravel layers form very permeable artesian aquifers. At depth below 650 meters, the sediments yield salty water.

Eight artesian aquifers, from the depth of 50-650 meters, have been recognized. Only aquifers at depth of 100-300 meters are heavily pumped at the rate of about 700,000 cubic meters per day. No direct infiltration is believed to occur in the vicinty of Bangkok.

The marine clay is normally compressible, and the upper part is 65-75 percent water saturated.

True

False

220x10 to sixth power - 255x10 to sixth power (estimated)

1967

01/01/1967

1975

test

not known

1970

True

False

True

False

none

Bangkok will be locally flooded for several days after heavy rain storms.

False

The government plans to enact the Ground Water Act to control drilling for and pumping of ground water.

about 1 meter in the marine clay

False

No direct observation and measurement networks exist other than those for the piezometers levels in the piezometers or water wells.

271

b71a0687-8ef7-441f-99f7-70287a7f41a8

R6K7P4RA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Zonguldak

45.433333

45 degrees 26 minutes N

42 degrees 36 minutes E

42.6

False

True

False

True

Horizon coal mining

6 meters thick coal seams below 400 meters depth

The overburden has been partly disturbed by underground operation.

False

True

150,000 cubic meters per year

1971

01/01/1971

1975

test

1971

01/01/1971

April 2, 1974

Steady

0.75

2.60

1974

False

Underground coal mining

False

True

False

severe

True

False

True

False

mine shafts

Approximately 10 million Turkish Lira

True

Mining methods which caused the subsidence have been changed from caving to back filling and partial extraction.

1.0

50 centimeters per year

False

True

False

0.2

Subsidence is observed by levelling.

274

9ce1f732-6a07-4d2b-b10f-d3592fd21829

H2A3F0H5

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Belgorod

True

False

True

Anticipated depth of mining is 600-700 meters. Mining is not carried out.

Three water-bearing complexes, the lowest is being drained, which comprises of four aquifers with thickness 50 to 100 meters, static head being 300-400 meters.

Consolidated factor (7-12)x10 minus 9 powers meters squared per second. Compression factor (1-8)x10 cubed Mega Pascals minus one power. Lateral rebound factor 0.55-0.95.

True

False

up to 5x10 sixth power meters cubed per year

1988

01/01/1988

1991

test

May 1989

01/01/1989

December 1989

Steady

4-6

0.1

0,05

1991

True

False

True

False

unknown

Damage is not available.

False

2.0

700

False

True

twice per year

True

False

2.0

Levelling: level Ni-007 (GDR-), accuracy 2 millimeters per kilometer. Underground control stations, provided with nuclear bullets in wells, accuracy 0.1 meters, standard geophysical equipment.

277

e0e67edb-a7ee-4a7c-a58e-f26b5f4a401c

P5H6M3PA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Dneprorudny

Zaporozhie

True

False

True

Depth of mining is 320-600 meters. Hardening filling with sandy-cement mixture.

Two water-bearing complexes, the lowest is being drained, which composses two aquifers with thickness 50-80 meters, static heads being 160 meters.

Compression factor 4x10 to the minus three square centimeters per kilogram Lateral rebound factor 0.5-0.7

True

False

20x10 to the 6th power

1967

01/01/1967

1973

test

1964

01/01/1964

1969

Decreasing

>50

3.0

1.5-2.0

1965

True

False

True

False

unknown

Heavy damage. Shaft lining is collapsed

False

True

False

Construction of yelding belts in mine shafts.

3.5

False

True

every 2 years

True

False

2.0

Levelling: level Ni-007 (GDR), accuracy 1 millimeter per kilometer

280

3d347f22-204f-45e4-9cb6-c7cc14ed4b39

N4F5K2MA

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Hanoi

21.333333

21 degrees 20 minutes N

106 degrees E

106

5.5 meters

False

True

False

Geologic section of Hanoi consists of quarternary deposits as soft clays, stiff clays, clayey soils, sands and silts. The thickness of these soils runs from 50-70 meters to 150 meters in the center of Hanoi.

Hanoi consists of two aquifers: First aquifer consists of find sands of Holocene origin. The second aquifer (main source for water supplies in Hanoi) consists of gravels, sands or pleistocene origin.

The quarternary deposits of Hanoi are characterized by low strenth, high comprssibility and insigificant resistance.

True

False

164,250,000

1909

01/01/1909

1990

test

in 1990

Increasing

156

2-4

1988-1989

True

False

severe

The land subsidence in Hanoi makes the flooding more severe and cracks many residential structures.

True

False

True

False

True

False

In the initial stage of studies the magnitude of subsidence of surface was determined by geodetic method and analysis of piezometric decline and geotechnical properties of weak soils beneath the city.

282

ad92adac-b4e7-4cf7-9f5f-ec1582ae1d32

979B1101

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Tehran

35.633333

35 38 00

51 23 00

51.383333

1000

True

False

Quaternary Deposites,Mix of Clay,silt and sand

True

False

unknown

2003

Increasing

2005

True

False

unknown

True

False

True

False

wells

study in porgress

False

study in progress

True

False

Leveling measurment,InSAR and GPS surviving

283

f3068f82-0b33-47af-af8d-10d77044cc7a

97B71620

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Komarno

West Slovakia

47.666667

47 degrees 40 minutes E

18 degrees - 19 degrees N

106

False

True

False

Quartenary Period: silts and sandy gravels Tertiary period, sands, clays

False

not known

1956

Steady

50 - 100

0.01

0.006

0.2 to 0.3

1957-1963

False

True

False

unknown

False

no structures sensitive to settlements should be erected

not estimated

100

2 to 3 maximum

False

True

frequency 5-10 years

True

False

0.01

Precise leveling

284

bdcb9841-bb76-4a48-b0a7-32ab251933cd

97B91145

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Debrecen

Hajdu-Bihar

47.533333

47 degrees 32 minutes E

21 degrees 38 minutes N

21.633333

110-125

True

False

40-130 meters Upper Pleistocene sandy formation 60-120 meters Middle Pleistocene clayey-muddy-sandy form40-60 meters Lower Pleistocene san-formationThe Pleistocene sediment sequence is fastly wedging out westwards, and the total thickness is only 30 to 50 meters within the elevated structure in W.

The Pleistocene water-bearing sediemntary sequence is a typical leaky aquifer system. The Upper Pleistocene formation is a poor aquifer with 10-50 liters per minute per meter specific yield of wells. The Middle Pleistocene formation is a semi-permeable transmittent layer. The Lower Pleistocene formation is a good aquifer with 100-500 liters per minute per meter specific yield of wells.

Storage coefficient in relation with the compaction: equal 2.10 minus three power per dimensionless per ;vertical leakage coefficient b = 10 minus 5 power day minus 1 power along a zone of 1 kilometer width.

True

False

True

False

Gas production on the SW-rn side of the subsiding area in Hajduszohoszlo from Lower Pliocene sediments.

25,000,000 per year in 1975

1913

01/01/1913

1975

test

1920

01/01/1920

1966

Steady

392

0.42

0.13

0.36

1975

True

False

hydrocompaction

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

frequency 1927; 1937; 1955; 1965

True

False

0.36

285

914edd5a-a768-4f53-877d-1bb311aa1306

97BA1218

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Visonta by Gyongyos

Heves, District Gyongyos

47.783333

47 degrees 47 minutes E

20 degrees N

190-198

True

sand - Upper Pannonionclay - Upper Pliocenelignite - Upper Plioceneandesit - Miocene

The formation waters of the sand-layers within the Upper Pliocence lignite-beds are in natural connection with the phreatic shallow groundwater of the Quaternary sediments and with the waters of the fissured Miocene volcanic rocks. The several aquifers are connected by wells with the pumped transmittent layer IV/O.

The average hydraulic conductivity of the Upper Pliocene/Upper Pannonian/ sand layers is K equal 5.10 minus 5 power meters per second.

True

False

True

19,110,816 in 1974

1961

01/01/1961

2000

test

1961

01/01/1961

1970

Steady

0.5065

0.2946

1967-1968

True

False

hydrocompaction

True

False

True

False

moderate

True

False

True

from 1964-70 yearly

True

False

geodetic nivellment of altitude points

286

d8b85432-8d32-41fa-954b-06b895206400

97BA1617

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Qazvin

Tehran

50 degrees 00 minutes

36 degrees 00 minutes

True

False

Aquifer systems

Fine to coarse alluvial materials

True

False

400 million

1972

01/01/1972

1973

test

Tertiary to quarternary

True

False

unknown

False

287

d2aa4c6f-cb52-4e10-8431-cce452525515

97BA1700

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bad Reichenhall

Bavaria - Oberbayern -Berchtesgadener Land

12.883333

12 degrees 53 minutes E

47 degrees 43 minutes N

47.716667

470

False

True

Salt

False

brine

First precise levelling 1911

01/01/1911

First repeated levelling 1929

Steady

0.1

0.1-0.2

False

True

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

0.1

False

frequency 1 per 10 years

True

False

0.01-0.02

Levelling instruments of high precision, like Zeiss A (Bulb-instrument) Zeiss Ni 2, Zeiss (DDR) Ni 002 automatic instruments

288

8b163806-bd5f-4b32-b2e2-52adef2b5a9b

97BA1732

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Miyazaki

null

32 degrees N

131 degrees 30 minutes E

131.5

4-5

False

True

False

400-1300 meters (GL)

Confined aquifer system permeaability of gas seam - 10 minus 4 power (Centimeters squared)

uniaxial compressive strength - 20-100 kilogram per centimeters squared (gas seam)

False

1950 - 1

Decreasing

0.2

0.1

4-5

1954

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

Control of discharge rate

0.5

1-2

False

True

once per year

False

True

0.01

289

744494e6-1f80-4bcc-9795-4bd140795f46

97BB1205

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Pisa-Siena

Grosseto and Siena

43.2

43 degrees 12 minutes N

11 degrees 03 minutes E

11.05

350-550

True

False

forestry, animal husbandry

Depth range of extraction aabout 500-1500 meters. The main reservoir is made up of mainly carbonate Mesozoic formations overlain by practically impermeable allochthonous flysch facies cover and recent clastic sediments of Pliocenic and Miocenic formations. The entire structure is affected by tensional fractures.

A hot branch of geothermal fluids coming from the deepest part of the reservoir, in favorable permeability conditions, rises towards the upper part of the structure where it mixes with a colder branch of fresh water comning from the adsorption area of carbonate outcrops.

True

False

True

False

geothermal fluids

2.8 times 10 sixth power

1973

01/01/1973

1983

test

1973

01/01/1973

1981

STEADY

28-30

0.26

2.6

1973-1983

True

False

True

False

True

False

none

Damage level originally specified as (none known)

False

True

Reinjection of part of the fluids, as from 1978

unknown

2-3

False

True

every year

False

True

plus or minus 1.47 millimeters per kilometer

Zeiss Ni2 level

290

b4795676-aaeb-4108-87b5-82a4cda99e40

97BB1257

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Siena (28 kilometers)

Siean and Grosseto (Tuscany)

43.2

43 degrees 12 minutes N

11 degrees 3 minutes E

-11.05

350-600

True

False

The mainly carbonate exploited reservoir is buried beneath impermeable cover formations varying in thickness between a few hundred and 1800 meters. The reservoir rocks are affected by an irregular secondary permeability through tectonic fracturing.

Cold meteoric waters infiltrating from permeable outcrops of carbonate formations tend to mix with hot fluids so as to compensate for a pressure decline in a marginal part of the exploited reservoir. The liquid phase predominates in this part of the reservoir, whil the steam phase predominates in its deepest part.

True

False

True

False

steam, (high temperature water, steam and carbon dioxide)

2.8 times 10 sixth power tons per year (average)

1973

01/01/1973

1983

test

1950

01/01/1950

1973

Steady

0.26

1978

True

False

True

False

True

False

unknown

Land subsidence is very regular and characterizied by small horizontal gradients. Surface damage is insignificant.

False

True

Reinjection of condensate after utilization.

False

True

annually

True

False

Measurements are made in precision levelling on a network of benchmarks.

291

4c077c7a-d189-47e9-8d05-ace865063289

97BB1651

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bologna

Emilia-Romagna Region

-49

49 S

6 W

30-50

True

False

Depth range of extraction: 100-400 meters. Geologic setting consists of a heterogeneous succession of recent fluvial and cacustrine thick deposits which reflect later bedding of alluvial fans and areas of lower energy.

Soil profile shows the presence of aquifers of sand and gravel of high permeability and low compressibility closely interlayered with clay aquitards of low vertical permeability and medium-high compressibility. From the hydrolgic point of view the succession of aquitards and aquifers can be considered as a single aquifer system as indicated by direct ground water pressure measurements.

Compressible layers consist of normally consolidated clay by silt and silt clay with plasticity from medium to high. Consolidated coefficient values are: 1.10 minus power three - 8.10 minus power three centimeters per second.

True

False

90,000,000

1985

01/01/1985

1950-1960

01/01/1950

1977

DECREASING

500

0.5-1

15-16

1970/73-1983

True

False

hydrocompaction

False

moderate

Structural damages to buildings and monuments in the historical center have been registered.

True

False

True

Reduction of groundwater withdrawals

The construction of captation and adduction works of surface water was and will be necessary.

By reducing withdrawals by 25 percent within next 10 years the phenomenon will stop.

True

three years

True

False

Inside the borehole of investigations 3 settlement gauges at different depths of 50, 174, 238 meters have been installed. Geometric levelling network (see Biblography)

292

7927c002-9ffd-4f5b-9f14-125b03eb0cee

97BE1256

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Liege

50.666667

50 degrees 40 minutes N

5 degrees 30 minutes E

5.5

55-75

True

Extraction of coal to a total cumulative height of 12 meters.

The plain undergoes the fluctuations of the aquifer of the Meuse.

The Alluviual plain is located above the shists and carbonates, covered with irregular formations of stratified gravels, sands, silts and peats of various thickness reaching a total of 10 meters or more.

True

False

True

unknown

before 1880

01/01/1879

Continuing at a decreasing rate

greater than 6

120

1955

False

True

False

moderate

Damage to buildings has been moderate, but increased flooding has occurred on the Mosan Ligeoise Plain.

True

False

True

False

greater than 4 billion Belgian Francs

True

Very localized measures have been taken, stopping the mining in some locations.

None

0.5

False

True

False

Traditional topographic methods

293

190d5cd8-7a89-4f64-9854-3bc500003f85

97BE1626

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Venice

Veneto

45.435278

45 degrees 26 minutes 7 seconds N

12 degrees 20 minutes 23 seconds E

12.339722

0.50 to 1.50

True

False

True

False

Depth range of water pumping : 80 - 320 meters. Physical character of deposits: sand, silt, clay and their associations.

Compressibility (centimeters squared per kilogram) 2.2 times 10 -3 power to 8 times 10 -3 power

True

False

aproximately equal to 15,000,000

1950

01/01/1950

1970

test

1930 : INCREASED 1950/1970

01/01/1930

1960

DECREASING

400

0.14 (FROM 1952 TO 1970)

0.10 (IN THE SAME PERIOD)

True

False

moderate

Increased flooding of Venice (storm surge effects) even for small high water levels

True

False

historical monuments

Impossible to evaluate, since the damage mostly involves cultural and artistic patrimony

True

Shutdown of artesian wells and construction of an industrial aqueduct.

Constructon of sluices has been planned to protect Venice against floods.

negligible

see sketch map

False

True

every year

False

reported by Geodectic Survey

Livelli doppi standard Zeiss N12 Livello Wild 3

294

92ed7089-2ae5-4ab1-936e-f47d2aed23f2

97BE1112

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Modena

Emilia Romagna

44.65

44 degrees 39 minutes N

10 degrees 56 minutes E

10.933333

32 - 35

True

False

1950-1970

STEADY

150

0.8

150

1972-1980

True

False

moderate

Damages in the masonry structures of buildings

True

False

True

False

True

years

True

False

about 0.5

Vertical movements are detected by high precision levelling

295

d06d85d8-d71d-461e-89dc-bd8bb1820aac

97BF1242

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Bologna

Emilia-Romagna

44.5

44 degrees 30 minutes N

11 degrees 24 minutes E

11.4

47-65

True

False

True

False

1950-1970

01/01/1950

STEADY

400

2.4

11.6

1983

True

False

unknown

damages in the masonry structures of buildings

True

False

True

False

True

frequency 2 years

True

False

0.5

Vertical movements are detected by high precision levelling.

296

e8c7bfbd-25b6-4047-a948-96cfd902afd5

97BF1523

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Modena

49.733333

49 degrees 44 minutes - 49 degrees 48 minutes N

6 degrees 43 minutes - 6 degrees 58 minutes W

-6.716667

+ 35 above

True

False

True

False

range 0-150 meters. Alluvial plain formed by interbedded gravel-sand and silt-clay lens

Despite thir being divided into several horizons gravels makeup a water subsoil of monolaire type embracing a semi-boudless wter bed.

The grain size varies from "siltyclays" to "clayeysits" - the plastic characteristics are typical of inorganic clayey sans (Cl-Ch) - the ines of activity is generally close to 0.75 a.

True

False

30000000

30,000,000

1960

01/01/1960

1983

test

1950-60

01/01/1950

1981

DECREASING

150

0.85

1960

True

False

moderate

True

False

True

False

sewers

we are studying

True

less withdrawal water

A dike and some canals to use the water of the river

2-3

False

True

False

Level

297

7aab7a73-3381-4fae-b35a-a1a7cb310858

97BF1610

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Belvedere Spinello

Catanzaro (Calabria)

39.2

39 degrees 12 minutes N

16 degrees 54 minutes E

16.9

70-180

False

True

False

200-600 meters Breccia cemented by salt (NaCl)

Aquifer varying from 4 to 25 meters on the river side (Neto River)

Overburden: Clay-sand succession with low strength and stiffness values. Salt: Short ime characteristics; Plastic medium quality.Long time characteristics: Viscoelastic

False

Salt (NaCl)

500000

250,000-500,000

1970

01/01/1970

1991 (but withdrawal was stopped during some years, and total withdrawal is 6.5 million meters cubed.

test

UNKNOWN (EXTRACTION BEGAN IN 1970)

01/01/1970

APRIL 1984

DECREASING

1.5

0.3

1984

False

True

False

True

False

severe

In the area there were 3 sinkholes. One of them caused landslide and brine floods; in that occasion water pollution of river and groundwater was temporarily observed; also soil pollution (1984).

False

Agricultural damages came from the brine floods; about 700000 US dollars (at 1984)

True

-Passage from multiple wells to single wells; -Abondoned basin of maximum exploitation withdrawn by new basin, with underground cavities controlled by sonar survey and geometric model "Cavita".

0.5

False

True

6 months

True

False

Theodolite (Topographic levellings)

298

7d6ead55-fdbb-43e2-8d72-ce8993b50176

97DE1703

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Perth

Western Australia

-32

32 degrees South

113 degrees East

113

False

Old River Flood Plain

Estuarine sediment over calcareous siltstone

River foreshore

Weak compressible clays

False

1970

01/01/1970

1970

Decreasing

0.5

2.5

False

True

False

unknown

Subsidence result from engineering loading designers to pre-consolidate weak formation soils.

False

True

3 months

False

High order survey instruments

299

49ca65f9-6e83-40e5-b1b4-2adbad24c913

97DE1715

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Perth

Western Australia

-32

32 degrees South

113 degrees East

113

False

Reclaimed river foreshore

Estuarine sediments over calcareous siltstone.

Old river channel

Very soft clays and silts

False

1963

01/01/1963

1963

Decreasing

4-5

1969

False

True

False

unknown

Subsidence is result of need to strengthen weak soils by means of pre- construction consolidations.

False

True

annually

False

High order survey instruments

300

562fd3a3-39f7-4cd4-b369-065a76f2e42b

97E21149

1/1/2007 12:00:00 AM

Amsterdam

IJsselmeerpolders area

52.25

52 degrees 15 minutes5 N

degrees - 6 degrees E

1 to 5

False

True

False

afforested areas, play grounds, nature conservancy areas

Question D2 through D6 do not apply to the causes of subsidence in the relative area, consisting of clayey to peaty holocene sediments 1.0-7.0/10.0 meters, overlying a sandy, non-subsiding pleistocene subsoil. The subsidence is for the greater part due to the irreversible withdrawal of soil moisture by transpiration by plant growth from the very soft, mainly mineral holocene sediments (pore spaces up to 75-80 percent) after emergence, causing a remarkable shrinkage of the topmost 1 to 1 and one-half meters contraction of the soil skeleton as a result of increasing capillary forces in dry period and hence, subsidence. Only a minor part out of the total subsidence is due to the compaction of I the subsoil, resulting from the lowering of the groundwater table (installation of a water level in the canals and ditches of about 1.6 to 1.7 meters below surface and supply with a subsurface drainage system).

An extensive description of these processes is given by De Glopper (1973) and by Rijniersce (1983; see section G). These processes and its consequences occur all over the world, where the drainage of (very) soft marine, riverine or lacustrine mineral sedi- ments and peat is improved. The rate of subsidence depends on the softness of the sediments, the changes in hydrological conditions and the climatic conditions.

Minor parts are under residential and industrial use. Such parts are raised by an hydraulic sand fill of about 1 meter and supplied with a subsurface drainage sys tem. This causes compaction of the soft layers. The resulting subsidence is by chance about equal to the subsidence under agricultural use.

False

1930

01/01/1930

1930

Decreasing

1650

1.00

0.70

1959

False

True

False

unknown

As the subsidence to be expected is known before emergence of a polder, it is taken into account in the lay-out (structures, drainage system et cetra). Hence, less damage occurs and hence, the questions F2 through F7 do not apply.

False

0.2 to 1.5 meters in 100 years

2250

various

False

True

1 times per year

True

False

0.5

Levelling of 20 marks at permanent observation sites of 1 hectacre (about 1 site per 10 kilometers squared).