1920.
nrte.
Jm.16 ...................................... Feb. 16 ...................................... Mar. 10 ...................................... -4 r. 16 ...................................... d y 1 6 ...................................... June16 ...................................... July16 ...................................... Aug. 16 ...................................... Sept. 16 .....................................
Dea.16 ......................................
CJCt. 10 ...................................... NOV.16 ......................................
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS.
SOLAR AND SKY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS.
By HERBERT H. KIYBALL, professor of meteorology.
[Dated: Solar Radiation Investlgatlons Section, Washington, May %, 1920.1
Washin Masdison, ton, D. 81 Wis.
--
1.99 2.27 1.59 1.76 1.31 1.41 1.14 1.19
1.06 1.09 1.01 1.w 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.24 1.31
2.14 2.49
1.49 1.67
1.Si 2.12
226
Lincoln, Nebr.
2.10 1.66 1.36 1.16
1.m 1.05 1.06 1.12
1.27 1.55 1.97
2.29
IXSTRUMENTS AND EXPOSURES.
In the REVIEWS for Au ust, 1914,42:474, and Novem-
tions of the Callendar and the Marvin pyrheliometers, respectively. The former is employed by the Went,her Bilrenu to obtain a continuous record of the total radia- tion received on a horizontal surface directly from the sun and diffusely from the sky. With the latter meas- urement.s are made of the intensity of direct solar raclia- tion upon a surface normal to t.he incident solar rays
whenever the sky about the sun is free from doucls. Both types are installed at Washin ton, D. C., Madison, Wis., and Lincoln, Nebr., and a iarvin pyrheliometer is installed a t Santa Fe, N. Mes. Tn the REVIEW for January, 1916, 443, will be found a description of the exposures of the Marvin pyrhelio- meters at the above stations, which still apply, escept for the modifica.tion in the esposure at Santa Fe noted in the REVIEW for Januar , 1917, 452. Descriptions of
different sta.tions will be found in the REVIEW for Jan-
uary and April, 1916,44:4, 179 and 1S0, which still a ply,
note$ in t.he REVIEW for danuary, 1917, 453.
Descriptions of the methods of obtaining and reduc- ing radiation measurements will be found in the REVIEW and April, 1016, 44% 4, 179, and 180, and for for JanuaT Novem er, 1919, 47:769. The Leeds and Northru register used a t Washington in connection with the CaE lendar pyrheliometer until September 27, 1919, was on that date re laced by a Callendar register. The deter-
records made by t.his register to heat unit,s. In t,he REV~EW for January, 1916, 443, is given a description of the esposure of t.he Pickering polarimeter employed at Washington for measuring skylight polari- zation, and also an account of the manner in which the measurement is made. The exposure of a similar inutm- ment in use a t Madison is described in t.he REVIEW for January, 1917, 453.
ber, 1918, 47:769, will be 7 ound illustrations and descrip-
the esposures of the Ca B endar pryheliometers at the
exce t for the modification in the esposure at Ma (Y ison,
mination o P a new factor was necessary to reduce the
TABULATED DATA.
As explained in the REVIEW for January, 1916, 442,
measurements are made with the Marvin pyrhelionieter when the sun has such zenith distances that the air mass is some multiple of 0.5, included between 1.0 and 5.5.
Air mass 1.0, corres onding to zenithal sun, is never
however, air masses of 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, and 1.06 are obtained a t noon a t Santa Fe, Washington, Lincoln, and Madison, respect.ively; while at noon on December 21
the correspondin air masses are 1.95,8.15, 8.30, and 2.50.
In order that t e data may be ,resented as compactly as
possible, measurements are pub ished only for air masses that are a multiple of 1.0. In adclit.ion, however, an estrapolation is made to obtain a value for zenithal sun, or air mass 1.0, whenever the character of the measure- ments will permit. If the extra olation is for less than
The following table ives the air mass corresponding
16th of each month, and indicate the amount of estra-
reached at any Weat fl er Bureau station. On June 21,
'1 E
0.25 air mass, the result is consi a ered a mea.sured value.
to the noon position o f the sun for each station on the
Santa Fe, N. Mex.
--
1.81 1.49
1.26 . 1.11
1.05
1.m 1.04
1.m 1.19 1.40 1.72 1.94
olation necessary to obtain a radiat.ion intensity value for air mass 1.
Table 1 gives the measured intensities, and the 'estra -
months Janunry t.0 April, 1920, ant the four stations equip ed wit,h Marvin pyrheliometers. When any
ments it is inclosed in parentheses. The "Departures" are the clifference between the means for the current mont,h and the means of all the corresponding nieasure- ments obtained n t the station since the beginnine of observations-June, 1905, Washington; July, 1910, fiad- ison; July, 1.915, Lincoln; and Oct,ober, 1912, Santa Fe. Values obtained by estra. olation for more than 0.25 air
e, the surfac.e v~por pressure,.are obt-ained from psychro- meter readings made at the res ective stations at 8 a. m.,
The departures in Table 1 indicate that in January radiation intensities were slightly above the average at Washingt.on and below the avera.ge a.t, the other three stations; in February they were sli htly above the aver- n e at Sant.a Fe, and below at t E e other stations; in bfarch, above the average at Washington and Santa Fe, below at Madison and Lincoln; in April, below the aver- age a t Lincoln, above at! Washington and Madison. No measurements were obtained at Sai1t.a Fe during April on account of a defect in the measuring apparatus.
TABLE L-Solnr mdiution dnttvwities diwiiq Jama y, 1990.
[Gramcalories per mluute per square centimeter of normal surface.]
olatecl values for air mass 1.0, obtained during t l e
mont I! lv mean is based upon less than three measure-
mass are not included in t! K is latter mean. The values of
75th meridian time, and noon, H oca1 mean oolar time.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Sun's zenith distance.
sa.m.l;i.So I i5.i" 170.70 180.0" I 0.0' 180.0" I70.i' I i 5 .i ' 177.~0 l ~o o n
-
Air mass. Local mean solar A. m. P. m. time.
.......... ......... J a n .2 3 5 10 ......... 3.81 12 ......... 14 ......... 1.24 0.82 0.94 ...... 1.25 1.56 ...... 28 ......... 5.36 .................................... 29 ......... 1.80 .................. 1.21 ............ ............ 30 ......... 31 ......... Mesns ................ ...... Departures.. ......... ...... ......
......... ......
*Exptrapolation.
-_
.4 ir mass.
A. m. P. m.
75th me- rid- ian time. --
e. 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0* 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
mm. cal. cal. cal. cal. cal. ral. cat. ea!. tal. 0.43 .................................... 1.28 ............ 1.M ___.__ 1.08 1.27 ._._._ 1.61 ._._._ 1.34 1.22 ._._.. 0.64 0.80 0.94 1.11 1.29 1.52 ........................
I
-----------
...... (0.80)(1.01 (1.19)(1.29)(1.53) ...... (1.31 (1 22)
...... -0.14-0.~-0.06-0.08 ............ +O.O~+O.OS:
-
r.oen1 m e m so1:r time.
.-
e.
mm. 0.48 1.24 0.91
........... ...........
A.m. r. m.
-
solar time.
-
1.78 1.05 1.19 ............ 3.30 3.45 0.74 3.99 ...... 2.16 ...... 1.19 _.___. 1.37 2.62
___.. (0.90
..... -0.d
1.11 1.24 .................................... 1.10 ...... 1.44 ...... 1.14 0.88 ...... ........................ 1.54 ...... 1.05 0.94 ...... 0.88 .......................................... 0.89 1.17 1.09 1.24 ...... 1.58 ........................ 0.99 1.16 ._____ 1.54 ___.__ 1.18 1.04 0.91
.................. 1.19 ...... 1.19 .................. .................. 1.25 1.49 1.28 1.10 0.94 ...... 0.99 1.18(1.22) l.SZ(l.24) 1.12 0.98(0.91
....................................
-0.06 *O.M -0. I4 ...... -0.01 -0.09 -0.10 -0.Ob
Jan. Z...'. ..... 9.. ....... 12. ........ 14.. ....... 15.. ....... 17.. ....... 21.. ....... I.. ....... 29. ........ hiems ........... De,parturm ......
1.561 1.231 0.97
...... 0.94' 0.64 1.34 1.08'___.__
1.47 1.39 1.07 ..__._ 1.56 1.36 1.15 1.44 1.39 1.07 0.87 1.43 1.36 1.12 1.36 1.18 0.95 1.36 1.42 1.13 0.92
.__.._ io. 00 -0.02
...... ......I
_.__._ _.___. 0.46 ...... ............
......................... ______ .._.__ 1.04 0.94
0.71 .___._
.................. ............
0.75(0.W -0.06 -0 .4 :
..................
........................
........................
........................
I Jan. 9 ......... 0.88 ....... 1.30 1.47
14 ......... 2.26 .................. 1.38 24 ......... 3.00 ...... 1.18 1.34 I ......... 2.87 .......................................... !28 ......... 3.15 ................. , 1.46 29 ......... 2.16 ............ 1.34 1.52 30 ......... 3.15 ............ 1.41 1.50 Means ...................... (1.18 1.35 1.47.
12 ......... 1.881:::::. ..............................
Depertures ................. -0.d-0.03-0.03
1.67 1.40 ...... 1.14 ...... 1.52 1.23 ............ 2.62
.............................. 2 .8
.................. 1.33 ............ 3.30 1.23 ...... 3.45 1.58 ...... 1.34 1.23 ...... 3.63 1.72 1.49 1.41 1.23 ...... 2.74
...... 1.50 1.38 1.27 ...... 2.62 1.65 1.46 1.34 1.22 ............ ...... -O.01~0.00+0.01...... ...... 1.98 0.53 0.36 1.15 1.69 3.15 3.99 4.95
I ...... 1.09 1.22 1.35 1.48 1.28 .................. 1.12
............ 1.27 1.42 1.80 ......I .................. 0.48
............ 1.15 ..................I .................. 0.46
........................ 1.58 1.34 1.14 ............ 1.88
............ 1.18 1.33 1.49 1.25 1.02 ............ 2.49
.................. 1.22 ...... 1.23 ............ ! ...... 3.83
............ 4.75 1.04 ............ 1 ...... 5.79
............ ...... j ............
I ----- --.-.. ............ +o.u *o.w -0.02 ...... ......
20.. ....... 27- ........ 30.. ....... Means.. ..... Departures. , Feb. 13 ........ 14 ......... 16 ......... 17 ......... 19 ......... 20 ......... 25 ......... 26 ......... Means D W u r e s
5.16 .............................. 1.01 .................. 4.75 3.99 .............................. 1.01 .................. 4.75 0.79 ...... 0.M ............ .._._: ........................ 0.79
1.52 .............................. 1.24 1.03 ............ 1.96 2.74 ...... 0.77 1.05 1.28 1.56 1.26 1.01 0.78 ...... 1.53 1.68 ............ 0.82 1.04 .............................. 1.88 1.78 ...... 0.77 0.92 1.10 1.31 ........................ 1.78 1.52 ............ 0.72 .................................... 1.37
...................... 0.73 0.88 l.14(1.44) 1.13(1.0Z~(0.78) ............ ................. -0. I1 -0.13 -0.07 ...... -0.09 +O.Ol -0.07 ............ - - - - .
......... ......... ......... .........
Feb. 7 9 10 14
17 ......... 19 ......... 28 ......... 27 .........
16 .........
Means De partures...
...... 0.94 0.84 0.82 5.16
.................. 3.30
............ ...... 1.27 1.12 0.97 0.96
3.81 3.81 3.30 3.63 0.91
3.00 ....................... 3.45 4.57 1.02 ...... 2.36
...................
..
1.78 1.05 0.94 0.80 3.00
...................... ...... .............. .... ......
Mar. 8 ......... 9 ......... ......... ......... .........
12 15 I8 19 ......... 20 ......... Means Departure.
2.36 ............ 1.26 ........................ 2.36 .................. 1.22
2.62 ............I
1.69 1.33 1.65 2.16 ............ 1.96 ...... ......
............ +O.M i O .0 0 -0.04 ......
.................. ............
2.06 ' 1 1.46 2.62
............ ...... ......
.................. ...... ......
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. APRIL, 1920
TABLE 1 .-Solar radiation intmsities during January, i?k?@-Continued.
MADISON, WIS.
TABLE 1.-Solar radiation iiilnmisities during Februa y. 19204ontinued.
SANTA FE, N. MEX.
__ - . -. __
Sun's zenith distance.
I
Sun's zenith distance.
.........
nnte. Date. 75th m e rid- ian time.
e.
.-
I ......... I Feh. 14 15.. ....... 16.. ....... 17.. ....... 18.. ....... 26.. ....... 27.. ....... hIeans. ......... Departures.. ...
ral. cal. ral. cal. cal. mm. 1.64 ._____ 1.29 1.18 1.01 2.87
............................. 2.26
1.69 1.41 .................. 3.99 1.57 _.____ _____. ._.___ ._..__ 3.81 1.62 ........................ 2.62
........... 1.37 1.23 1.12 2.36
Jan. 2 ........ 13.. ...... 28 ........ mans.. ....... Dfprtures... .
1.98 3.00 ...... ...... 2.87 1.47 2.49 ..... .......... 1.52 2 .3 ____._ 1 __..__ 1.34 1.51. 2.87 ...... I .................. ............ ! ...... (1.37) 1.51 ................... /+0.0(+0.04.
1.7?._._._ 2.87
...... ..... ......
1.32 2.49 3.99 4.37 4.37 2.36
2.06 1.24 6.02
...... ......
Solar radiation iiitensifit-s during March, 1920.
WASHINQTON. D. C.
--
Mar. 1 .......... 2.. ........ 3.. ....... 6 .......... 8 .........
~
10.. ....... 14.. .......
22.. ....... I 23 ......... i 24. ........ 27.. ....... 30.. ....... Means.. .... ,. Departures. j .
18 ......... i
2.16 2.74 4.37 1.24 1.68 4.17 1.32 2.49 3.30 3.99 5.79 3.81 3.63
...... ......
I ~I I (I I I I !I
MADISON, WJS.
Mar. 1 ......... 5. ........ 6.. ....... 13.. ....... 17.. .......
LINCOLN, NEBR.
-3.83 ............ I ............ ...... ...... ...... 0.91 ............ 1.37 2.49
3.45 ...... 0 .1 3. w 3.30 3. 00 3.99
2.36 ._.___ __._._ . 2.36 0.89 1.07 3.S1 0.86 0.96. 3.15 ...... 0.86 .3.99 3.81 3.63
3.45
1
0.85
4.171:: 1: :: . . __. . 6.27 ...... 0.90, 1.051 1.271 ...... I ...... I ...... I ...... I ...... 1 4 .9 5
..2 ......... 4.. ....... 8.. ....... 9.. ....... 12.. ....... 16.. ....... 20.. ....... 21.. ....... 22.. ....... 26.. ....... 27.. ....... 29.. ....... 30.. ....... 31.. .......
i
..... Means.. Departures..
................. ....
........... .... ............. 1.06 ...... 1.32, ...... ............ 1.00 1.23 1.511 1.24 1.041 0.88. 0.73
................. ....
........... .... ............. 1.06 ...... 1.32, ...... 1.00 1.23 1.51: 1.24 1.041 'O:%'--&n 1.05 1.27 ...... I ............ I ...... 1 ...... Feb.19 ......... ...... ............
~
0.51
......... .........
25 1.32 26 0.86
...... ......... ... ...... ....
3.81 3.81
*Extrapolated. *Extrapolated.
APRIL, 1920. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 227
1)aI.e.
......... Ayr. 3
......... .........
6 10
13 ?I ......... 22 ......... 29 ......... Means Departures.
.........
TABLE 1 .-Solar radialion iate?lsitiett during April, 1920-Continued.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
Sun's wnith dktmce.
5n.m. i7.V 175.7' I i0.7' 1 W.0' [ 0.0" i60.V 1 i0.Y 175.i0 1773' Noon
.?ir mnss. Local 75th
mean solar rid-
time.
~
-
-
_-
t h e . inn A .m . I-/ P. m.
- 4.0 5.0 e.
tal. t a l . min.
...... ...... I ...... 2.74
:::::: 1.98 3.30 I 1.02 1.15 1.30 1.49 I ...... ...... 1.20 ..... : ............ 1.78 2.26 1:::::: :I:::: 1.43 !:::::: 2.49
5.16 1.07 3.15 9.47 ........................ 1.11 1.29 1.03 ............ 1n.a
7.28 ...... 0.76 0.91 .................................... 5.79 6.76 ...... __.___I 0.99 1.18 1.41 1.17 .................. 4.17
.................. (0.89)! 1.02 1.19 1.44(1.23)(1.03) .................. ............ +O. 141+0. IS +O. 1~~+0.06~+0.14~+0.11 ..................
mm. cal. I cnl. cal. til. cnl. cal.
...... ............ ...... .................. ..............................
i
......
A. ............. ............. ............... ...... ...... 21 27 28 ............................. 1919.
13.. 20..
. ...... ................................. ...... ................................. .4ugust .............................. 53
Means June 46
Departurm.. July 36
-
MADISON, WIS.
B. C. D. E. F.1
------
54 38 36 51 46
84 37 39 71 58 54 47 63 57 ai
Apr. 3 ......... 1.24 .................. 1.29 1 ......I ......
...... ......I : 1: 1:;: 1: ::
S ......... 1.76 .................. 1 1 .2 1.42 ........................ 9 ......... 2.62 ................... 1.25 1 2 .8 7 13 ......... 1.96 .................. 14 ......... 2.49 .................. 1.24 2.49 17 .......... 3.99 1.15 24 ......... .................. : 5.16
i
Means ............ Departures. ........................ - -- - - I ~-
LINCOLN, NEBR.
9 - -_
September ........................... October. November. ..........................
1920.
December.
M.eh.. .............................
............................ * Extrapolated.
.......................... TaMe 2 gives the average daily solnr and sky radia- tion received on a liorizont,al suiface for each weekly eriod from Janlzar\, t,o A+il 39, 1920, lllclusive. January ............................. February ....................................
!''he periocl from Fehruan 86 t.0 Ifarch 4 in 1920 c,on-
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOLAR CONSTANT OF RADIA- TION AT CALAMA, CHILE.
By C. G. ABBOT, Assistant Secretary.
[Smithsonian Institutlon, Washington, May 19,19aO.]
In conthintion of iecedin publications, I ive in the following table t i e P J res ts obtained at &,lama, C'hile, in March, 1930, for the solar constant of radis tion. The reader is referred to this REVIEW for Feb- ruary (pp. Sfi-S'i), Au st (pp. 550-582), and September (pp. 658-659), 1919, Pl or statements of the arrangement
and meaning of t,he table. During the month of March only three days were lost to observation. This is very fortunate, for the
mo1it.h has been estremely interesting, owin to the
As shown in the following t.abl,le of five-day mean values
of the solar constant of radiation for the period begin- ning June 1 , 1919, the broad featurm of the inarch of
so1a.r radiation values have been unusually interesting. In each month I have indicated t.lie successive five-day miods by the cupit\aI letters .4, B, C!, D, E, and E'. h e last entad includes all tmhe da3;s from t.he 36th to the end o P the mont,li. ' h e values given are the nuniber of thousandths of a calorie by wluch the solar radiation of a given time interval exceeds 1.900. Thus, for the first period of June t-he mean value is 1.946.
remarkable solar phenomena centering about I8 arch 22.
49 46 59 62
!
69 \ 1 0 ~) 74 78 81 70 67 60 18 77 88
77 I 65 70 50 10 59
Aversge&ilyradla- Average daily d e
Week tion. parturefortheweek.
bm*- Wash-( Madi- 1 Lln- ,Wash-1 Yndi- Lin- i-ton. son. mln. w o n . son. win.
cal. cat. ral. rat. car. cal. J=. 1 ......... 189 156 134 a7 11 - 5.1
n.... ..... 113 179 a00 - 77 -13 - s
Feb. 5 ......... IW 156 235 - 30 -70 - 34
s.. ....... 355 307 381 BR 15 44
MU. 5 ......... 340 372 419 B 52 44 12 ......... 314 - 20 . 1 xi
as. ........ 363 342 450 - I -30 3,
--- -__-
1 :: -2
29 ......... 189 176 107 - 17 -32 -115
12 ......... 2i6 W9 334 26 2 44 ......... 19 187 251 1% - 52 -15 -W1
I9 ......... 410 1 61 -82 - a0
Excess or deficiency October 8, the mean Of three well-ageeing
since first of year. observations by the new method, is 1.963. n o m this time until the middle of December, the values continued Wash- Madi- Lln- i-ton. son. coin. at the high average of 1.954. Then occurred a further rise to abnormally hi h averages; and for almost three cal. col. tal.
is 80 - 375 months, from Decem er 22 to March 17, the average - 1 E value was about 1.976. There has not been so long- - 717 68 - 571 continued a period of high values during the time when
-1 051 - ws -l'sm the solar constant has been observed by the Smithsonian
- 9% - 61s -2'2x7 Then occurred the remarkable, well-delineated larEe - 720 - 256 -1:976
- 880 - 2.89 -1,i94 depression shown by the following values and having its
- 160 1;;;;; minimum on March 23, only ft few h o w after the maxi-
B
--__
- 839 - 160 -1 5sJ
- '871 - 631 -1'513 -1,446 - 735 -a'm8 Imtitutio11, from 1905 until now.
- 433
Apr. 2 ......... 397 468 1%
9.. 594 4%
16 352 336 2; I 23 ......... 436 343 391
....... .........
I
io i 82 73 - 393 - 455 -1 m mum activity of the sun, revealed by the eat sunspots, isturbancea of r
932 - 281 - '924 619 - 5% -205;( 526 -11476 -2:33fi
aurorae, and the terrestrial magnetic March 22 and 33. I -$ I
-1:;
11 -93 - 4o
1 I t is interesting to state in anticipa- .- -_