(1998). Proceedings from C-Vet (NZ) 1998 Summer Symposium on Focus on Endocrine Disorders, March 6, 1998-March 13, 1998, Christchurch, New Zealand, Book No. 181., VetLearn Foundation, Massey University: Palmerston North, New Zealand, 94 p.
NAL Call Number: SF604.P82 no.181
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticism, dogs, cats, hyperthyroidism.

Altnsaat, C. (2003). Hayvanlarda Diabetes mellitus [Diabetes mellitus in animals]. Hayvanclk Arastirma Dergisi 13(1/2): 72-80. ISSN: 1300-2031.
NAL Call Number: SF1.H39
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diabetic acidosis, diabetic neuropathy, diagnosis, hyperglycemia, insulin secretion, kidney diseases, lipidosis, metabolic disorders, pancreas islets, pancreatitis, pathogenesis, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Turkish; Summary in English.

Andersson, H. (1998). S-fruktosamin - ett glukosminne [S-fructosamine - a glucose memory]. Svensk Veterinaertidning 50(14): 659-661. ISSN: 0346-2250.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 SV23
Descriptors: dogs, cats, hyperglycemia, diabetes, sugar, laboratory diagnosis, enzyme composition , metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: Swedish with a summary in English.

Appleton, D.J., J.S. Rand, and G.D. Sunvold (2005). Basal plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) are indicators of insulin sensitivity in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 7(3): 183-193. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare simpler indices of insulin sensitivity with the minimal model-derived insulin sensitivity index to identify a simple and reliable alternative method for assessing insulin sensitivity in cats. In addition, we aimed to determine whether this simpler measure or measures showed consistency of association across differing body weights and glucose tolerance levels. Data from glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests performed in 32 cats with varying body weights (underweight to obese), including seven cats with impaired glucose tolerance, were used to assess the relationship between Bergman's minimal model-derived insulin sensitivity index (S(I)), and various simpler measures of insulin sensitivity. The most useful overall predictors of insulin sensitivity were basal plasma insulin concentrations and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), which is the product of basal glucose and insulin concentrations divided by 22.5. It is concluded that measurement of plasma insulin concentrations in cats with food withheld for 24 h, in conjunction with HOMA, could be used in clinical research projects and by practicing veterinarians to screen for reduced insulin sensitivity in cats. Such cats may be at increased risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early detection of these cats would enable preventative intervention programs such as weight reduction, increased physical activity and dietary modifications to be instigated.
Descriptors: cats, insulin, diabetes, glucose, obesity, HOMA, glucose tolerance.

Bach, J.M. (2000). La pancreas endocrine, entre constance et variation [Normal and abnormal function of the endocrine pancreas]. Le Point Veterinaire 31(209): 17-24. ISSN: 0303-4997.
NAL Call Number: SF602.P6
Descriptors: dogs, cats, pancreas, endocrine glands, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, hormones, energy, carbohydrate, endocrine diseases, diabetes, hypoglycemia, animal glands, body parts, digestive system, disorders , metabolic disorders, organic diseases, peptides .
Language of Text: French; Summaries in English and French.

Bartholovitsch A. , Windberger U. , Schwarz G. , Czarnecki L. , and Losert U. (1999). Blood viscosity in diabetic vs. Non-diabetic (diabetes mellitus) canine and feline patients. Biorheology 36(1-2): 85-86. ISSN: 0006-355X.
Descriptors: lymphatic system, transport , circulation, endocrine system, chemical coordination, homeostasis, diabetes mellitus, endocrine disease, pancreas, metabolic disease.

Behrend, E.N. (2000). Treatment of diabetes mellitus II. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 14: 245-248.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, therapy, diabetes mellitus.

Behrend, E.N. (2000). Treatment of diabetes mellitus 1. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 14 : 241-244.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, therapy, diabetes mellitus.

Behrend, E.N. (2004). Management and monitoring of the insulin-dependent diabetic: update on diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association. 18: 345-347.
Descriptors: alpha glucosidase, sugar, clinical aspects, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, disease control, glucosidase inhibitors, hypoglycemia, insulin, metabolic disorders, monitoring, therapy, cats.

Behrend, E.N. (2004). Diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association. 18: 350-352.
Descriptors: alpha glucosidase, sugar, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, disease control, glucosidase inhibitors, guanidines, hypoglycemic agents, insulin, metabolic disorders, sulfonylureas, therapeutic diets, therapy, transition elements, vanadium, cats.

Behrend, E.N. (2002). Diabetes mellitus: an update on oral hypoglycemic agents and monitoring options. Veterinary Medicine 97(10): 743-751. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: acarbose, albumins, biguanides, sugar, diabetes mellitus, diet treatment, haemoglobin, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, insulin, pharmacodynamics, sulfonylureas, transition elements, urine, cats.

Behrend, E.N. (2002). Managing diabetes insipidus and other causes of polyuria and polydipsia. Veterinary Medicine 97(10): 753-761. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: chlorpropamide, clinical aspects, diabetes insipidus, diagnostic techniques, differential diagnosis, diuretics, polydipsia, polyuria, thirst, vasopressin, water deprivation, cats.

Behrend, E.N. and D.S. Greco (2000). Feline diabetes mellitus: evaluation of treatment. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 22(5): 440-452. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, clinical aspects, sugar, glucose tolerance, insulin, dosage, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, differential diagnosis, literature reviews.

Behrend, E.N. and D.S. Greco (2000). Treatment of feline diabetes mellitus: overview and therapy. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 22(5): 423-439. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, therapeutic diets, insulin secretion, hyperglycemia, gluconeogenesis, differential diagnosis, sugar, obesity, weight control, crude fiber, dietary protein, dietary fat, insulin, dosage, sulfonylureas, biguanides, acarbose, hypoglycemic agents, pharmacodynamics, ketosis, alpha glucosidase, enzyme inhibitors, vanadium, drugs, literature reviews.

Benarroch, E.E. (1994). Neuropeptides in the sympathetic system: presence, plasticity, modulation, and implications. Annals of Neurology 36(1): 6-13. ISSN: 0364-5134.
Abstract: Neuropeptides are ubiquitous in the sympathetic system and modulate transmission at the levels of the intermediolateral cell column, sympathetic ganglia, and neuroeffector junctions. Several neuropeptide-containing pathways from the hypothalamus and medulla modulate excitability of preganglionic neurons. Neuropeptides coexist with norepinephrine or acetylcholine in subpopulations of chemically coded, target-specific sympathetic ganglion neurons. Neuropeptide Y is colocalized in adrenergic vasoconstrictor neurons, whereas vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is colocalized in cholinergic sudomotor neurons. Neuropeptide expression is plastic; during development, neurons that switch from a noradrenergic to a cholinergic phenotype increase expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and substance P. Preganglionic inputs increase neuropeptide Y and inhibit substance P expression. Sympathetic denervation produces sprouting of sensory fibers containing substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in target tissues. Neuropeptides from preganglionic fibers (e.g., enkephalin) and primary afferents (e.g., substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) modulate transmission in sympathetic ganglia. Neuropeptide Y produces vasoconstriction, prejunctional inhibition of norepinephrine release, and postjunctional potentiation of norepinephrine effects. Plasma neuropeptide Y increases during intense sympathoexcitation, hypertension, and pheochromocytoma. Dystrophic neurites containing neuropeptide Y occur in human sympathetic ganglia during aging, diabetes, and dysautonomia. Sympathetic neuropeptides may thus have important clinical implications.
Descriptors: neuropeptides, sympathetic nervous system, aging, autonomic nervous system diseases, cats, diabetic neuropathies, ganglia, sympathetic, ganglia, sympathetic, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, neural pathways, neuronal plasticity, nEuropeptide y, synaptic transmission.

Bertoy, E.H., R.W. Nelson, and E.C. Feldman (1995). Effect of lente insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus in 12 cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 206(11): 1729-1731. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, insulin, diabetes mellitus, efficacy.

Brady, M.A., J.S. Dennis, and C. Wagner Mann (2003). Evaluating the use of plasma hematocrit samples to detect ketones utilizing urine dipstick colorimetric methodology in diabetic dogs and cats. Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 13(1): 1-6. ISSN: 1534-6935.
NAL Call Number: SF778.J68
Descriptors: colorimetry, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, haematocrit, ketones, ketonuria, ketosis, methodology, urine, cats, dogs.

Braun, J.P. and C. Medaille (1997). Diagnostic et surveillance du diabete sucre du chien et du chat: interet du dosage de la fructosamine. Une revue. [Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats: use of fructosamine measurement. A review]. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 148(12): 945-950. ISSN: 0035-1555.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, measurement, sugar, fructose, normal values, reviews, hyperglycemia, nutritional disorders, diabetes, cats.
Language of Text: French with a summary in English.

Braun, R.D., T.C. Fisher, H.J. Meiselman, and D.L. Hatchell (1996). Decreased deformability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in diabetic cats. Microcirculation 3(3): 271-8. ISSN: 1073-9688.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) have been found to be less deformable in humans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It has therefore been hypothesized that white blood cells (WBC) may affect the development of diabetic microangiopathy. This study was designed to determine whether PMN or small and large lymphocytes were less deformable in a large animal model of diabetes-chronically hyperglycemic pancreatectomized cats. METHODS: Venous blood was withdrawn from 13 normal and 14 diabetic cats. The diabetic cats had been kept in poor metabolic control since their pancreatectomy (7-113 months before this study). Blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, erythrocyte volume, and WBC differential counts were obtained from the blood samples. Purified mononuclear WBC and PMN fractions were obtained by separating the blood on a discontinuous Percoll gradient. The deformability of each cell fraction was determined using a Cell Transit Analyzer (ABX, Montpellier, France) that measures the transit time of cells through 7.5-microns pores. By varying the sampling rate of the CTA and the pressure difference across the filter, the subpopulations of the mononuclear fractions (small and large lymphocytes) could be identified and each subpopulation analyzed separately. RESULTS: Median transit times for the PMN and small lymphocytes were significantly greater for the diabetic cats, but no difference was found in the large lymphocyte fractions. CONCLUSIONS: These results are in accordance with the finding that PMN are less deformable in humans with diabetes. We also showed that the small lymphocytes from diabetic cats have prolonged transit times. The results suggest that PMN may contribute to the development of microangiopathies like diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic cats may prove useful for testing potential therapies to improve WBC deformability.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, neutrophils, flow velocity, cats, animal disease models, erythrocyte volume, hematocrit, leukocyte count.

Breitsameter, I., L.C.R. Fan, and C.B. de Carvalho (1994). A review of diabetes mellitus in animals [Diabetes melito - revisao bibliografica.]. Ciencia Rural 24(1): 217-221. ISSN: 0103-8478.
NAL Call Number: S192. R4
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, sugar, insulin, diabetes, cats.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English.

Broderick, J.P., T. Hagen, T. Brott, and T. Tomsick (1995). Hyperglycemia and hemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarcts. Stroke 26(3): 484-7. ISSN: 0039-2499.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Identification of factors that predispose to bleeding into ischemic brain could lead to safer use of thrombolytic agents in the setting of ischemic stroke. Recently de Courten-Meyers and colleagues reported that occluding the middle cerebral artery of markedly hyperglycemic cats was associated with 5-fold more frequent and 25-fold more extensive hemorrhage into infarcts than in normoglycemic animals. Hemorrhage associated with hyperglycemia in cats was much more pronounced with reperfusion than with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe two patients with a unique presentation of diffuse hemorrhagic infarction of the caudate and lentiform nuclei associated with initially marked hyperglycemia and the subsequent development of hemichorea. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that the marked hyperglycemia due to poor control of diabetes contributed to the hemorrhagic change of the caudate and lenticular nuclei. Because the hemorrhage in hyperglycemic cats was more pronounced in the setting of reperfusion, hemorrhagic risk associated with hyperglycemia should be investigated, particularly in ongoing thrombolytic treatment trials for acute ischemic stroke. We encourage other acute stroke investigators to prospectively look at the risk of brain hemorrhage in stroke patients with marked hyperglycemia.
Descriptors: cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, hyperglycemia, aged, brain ischemia, caudate nucleus, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, chorea, corpus striatum, diabetes, hypertension.

Broussard, J.D. and M.E. Peterson (1994). Comparison of two ultralente insulin preparations iwth protoamine zinc insulin in clinically normal cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 55(1): 127-131. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: The absorption kinetics and glycemic effects of 3 long-acting insulin preparations (protamine zinc beef-pork insulin, ultralente beef-pork insulin, and ultralente human insulin) were evaluated in 9 healthy, adult, domestic shorthair cats (6 males, 3 females). A triple crossover study was performed, in which the serial serum concentrations of insulin and glucose were determined over a 24-hour period after sc administration of the 3 insulin preparations (dosage, 1.0 U/kg of body weight) at 3-week intervals. A control study was also performed in 4 of the cats by serially collecting samples for insulin and glucose determinations after administration of insulin diluent. After administration of protamine zinc insulin (PZI), mean (+/- SEM) serum insulin concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) above baseline, reached a peak value (484 +/- 287 pmol/L) at 1 hour, and remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than baseline at 24 hours. After administration of ultralente human insulin, the serum insulin curve was similar to that obtained after PZI administration, but mean serum insulin concentration took longer to peak (538 +/- 177 pmol/L at 4 hours). After administration of ultralente beef-pork insulin, mean peak serum insulin concentration was lower (220 +/- 54 pmol/L, not statistically significant) than that obtained after administration of PZI and ultralente human insulins; it then decreased to values statistically indistinguishable from baseline by 16 hours. The area under the serum insulin concentration curve for PZI (5,063 +/- 681 pmol.h/L) and ultralente human insulin (4,138 +/- 439 pmol.h/L) was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that for ultralente beef-pork insulin. (2,378 +/- 561 pmol.h/L). Serum glucose concentration decreased after administration of all 3 insulins, but the decrease was not different from that observed after diluent (control) administration. Results of this study indicate that differences may exist between absorption of PZI, ultralente human, and ultralente beef-pork insulins. Of the 2 ultralente insulin preparations, human insulin appears better absorbed than beef-pork insulin, but these findings need to be confirmed in cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus.
Descriptors: cats, insulin, drug formulations, absorption, glucose, protamine zinc beef pork insulin, ultralente beef pork insulin, ultralente human insulin.

Bruskiewicz, K.A., R.W. Nelson, E.C. Feldman, and S.M. Griffey (1997). Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980-1995). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211(2): 188-192. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetes, metabolic disorders, clinical aspects, disease prevalence, treatment, prognosis.

Bruyette, D.S. (1997). Diabetic ketoacidosis. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Small Animal 12(4): 239-247. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: ketoacidosis, reviews, pathogenesis, diabetes mellitus, catecholamines, glucagon, somatotropin, hydrocortisone, diagnosis, treatment, insulin, bicarbonates, disease prevention, cats.

Budzynski, E., N. Wangsa Wirawan, L. Padnick Silver, D. Hatchell, and R. Linsenmeier (2005). Intraretinal pH in diabetic cats. Current Eye Research 30(3): 229-40. ISSN: 0271-3683.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To examine intraretinal extracellular H+ concentration([H+]o) in diabetic cats. METHODS: Double-barreled H+-selective microelectrodes were used to measure [H+]o as a function of retinal depth ([H+]o profiles) in four cats with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Profiles from "normal"and "damaged" areas of the retina were compared to profiles previously obtained from healthy cats. RESULTS: In the healthy retina, [H+]o is generally highest in the middle of the retina and decreases toward the choroid and the vitreous. In 48 % of the profiles from diabetic animals with visible retinopathy, the inner retinal gradient was reversed so that the vitreous was more acidic than the middle of the retina. The profiles with reversed inner retinal gradients were classified as damaged. On the average, the inner retina tended to be 0.07-0.08 pH units more acidic in diabetic animals than in healthy normoglycemic animals, but of similar acidity to healthy hyperglycemic animals. In areas with damaged inner retinal gradients, net H+ production in the outer retina was also impaired. CONCLUSIONS: While the number of animals is small, we conclude that the [H+](O) distribution varied from normal to damaged in the same retina. Diabetes seems to lead to an acidification of the inner retina that appears to be at least partly related to hyperglycemia and which may be important in the progression of retinopathy.
Descriptors: acidosis, diabetic retinopathy, acidosis, cats, diabetic retinopathy, animal disease models, electroretinograpHy, fluorescein angiograpHy, hydrogen ion concentration, ion selective electrodes.

Carr, A. (2004). The diabetes-pancreatitis relationship. Veterinary Practice News 16(10): 31. ISSN: 1528-6398.
Descriptors: animal feeding, animal, diabetes, diagnosis, insulin, pancreatic diseases, pancreatitis, pathogenesis, remission, cats.

Casella, M., G. Wess, and C.E. Reusch (2002). Measurement of capillary blood glucose concentrations by pet owners: a new tool in the management of diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38(3): 239-245. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: dogs, cats, sampling, ears, capillaries, diabetes mellitus, sugar, monitoring, species differences, errors, small animal practice.

Celik, S. and R. Bal (2002). Kopek ve kedilerde diabetes mellitus: Bobrek fonksiyon bozukluklari ve idrar tasi olusumu ile iliskisi. [Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats: Relevance with renal dysfunctions and formation of the urine stones.]. Uludag University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 21(1-2-3): 43-48. ISSN: 1301-3173.
Descriptors: diabetes, dogs, cats, kidneys, kidney diseases, turkey, body parts, disorders , Europe , metabolic disorders, organic diseases, southern Europe, urinary tract, urinary tract diseases, urogenital system, western Europe.
Language of Text: Turkish with a summary in English.

Christopher, M.M. (1995). Hematologic complications of diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 625-637. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, hematology, disorders, erythrocytes, proteins, leukocytes, platelets, coagulation, literature reviews.

Christopher, M.M., J.D. Broussard, C.W. Fallin, N.J. Drost, and M.E. Peterson (1995). Increased serum D-lactate associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental 44(3): 287-290. ISSN: 0026-0495.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 M56
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, experimentation, metabolic disorders, lactic acid, fatty acids, ketones, liver, serum, acids , animal morphology, digestive system, disorders , metabolic disorders, organic acids, ketone, methylglyoxal , diabetes mellitus, 3 hydroxybutyric acid.

Christopher, M.M., J.D. Broussard, and M.E. Peterson (1995). Heinz body formation associated with ketoacidosis in diabetic cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 9(1): 24-31. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, heinz bodies, diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis, hemolytic anemia, hyperglycemia, free radicals, oxygen, picture, 3 hydroxybutyric acid.

Christopher, M.M. and S. O'Neill (2000). Effect of specimen collection and storage on blood glucose and lactate concentrations in healthy, hyperthyroid and diabetic cats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 29(1): 22-28. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A54
Descriptors: cats, sugar, sampling, storage, quantitative analysis, lactic acid, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, glucose, duration, hematocrit, techniques.

Church, D.B. (1996). Canine and feline diabetes mellitus. In: N.C. Kelly and J.M. Wills (Editors), Manual of Companion Animal Nutrition and Feeding., British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA). Cheltenham, United Kingdom, p. 167-170. ISBN: 090521434X.
Descriptors: metabolic disorders, diagnosis, diabetes, diet treatment, cats, dogs, disease control, disorders , metabolic disorders, therapy , clinical aspects.

Clark, A. and M.R. Nilsson (2004). Islet amyloid: a complication of islet dysfunction or an aetiological factor in Type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia 47(2): 157-69. ISSN: 0941-5602.
Abstract: The role of islet amyloidosis in the onset and progression of Type 2 diabetes remains obscure. Islet amyloid polypeptide is a 37 amino-acid, beta-cell peptide which is co-stored and co-released with insulin. Human islet amyloid polypeptide refolds to a beta-conformation and oligomerises to form insoluble fibrils; proline substitutions in rodent islet amyloid polypeptide prevent this molecular transition. Pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (67 amino acids in man) is processed in secretory granules. Refolding of islet amyloid polypeptide may be prevented by intragranular heterodimer formation with insulin (but not proinsulin). Diabetes-associated abnormal proinsulin processing could contribute to de-stabilisation of granular islet amyloid polypeptide. Increased pro-islet amyloid polypeptide secretion as a consequence of islet dysfunction could promote fibrillogenesis; the propeptide forms fibrils and binds to basement membrane glycosamino-glycans. Islet amyloid polypeptide gene polymorphisms are not universally associated with Type 2 diabetes. Transgenic mice expressing human islet amyloid polypeptide gene have increased islet amyloid polypeptide concentrations but develop islet amyloid only against a background of obesity and/or high fat diet. In transgenic mice, obese monkeys and cats, initially small perivascular deposits progressively increase to occupy 80% islet mass; the severity of amyloidosis in animal models is related to the onset of hyperglycaemia, suggesting that islet amyloid and the associated destruction of islet cells cause diabetes. In human diabetes, islet amyloid can affect less than 1% or up to 80% of islets indicating that islet amyloidosis largely results from diabetes-related pathologies and is not an aetiological factor for hyperglycaemia. However, the associated progressive beta-cell destruction leads to severe islet dysfunction and insulin requirement.
Descriptors: amyloid, amyloidosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, islets of langerhans, amino acid sequence, amyloid, amyloid, amyloidosis, amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, type 2, glucose intolerance, glucose intolerance, glycosylation, electron microscopy, biological models, molecular sequence data, mutation, proinsulin, protein conformation, protein precursors, sequence homology, amino acid.

Cohen, M. and G.S. Post (2002). Water transport in the kidney and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16(5): 510-517. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: dogs, cats, mice, laboratory, renal function, vasopressin, kidneys, hormone secretion, membrane permeability, binding proteins, protein kinase, drug toxicity, nephrotoxicity, diabetes insipidus, diuretics, literature reviews, aquaporins .

Comazzi, S., S. Paltrinieri, V. Spagnolo, and P. Sartorelli (2002). Some aspects of erythrocyte metabolism in insulin-treated diabetic dogs. Research in Veterinary Science 72(1): 23-27. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: blood, diabetes mellitus, erythrocyte fragility, erythrocytes, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, glycerate 2,3 bisphosphate, hematology, insulin, species differences, therapy, cats, dogs, man.

Connally, H.E. (2002). Critical care monitoring considerations for the diabetic patient. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(2): 73-78. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, disease diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, medical treatment, glucose, monitoring.

Cowan, S.M. and S.E. Bunch (2001). Oral antidiabetic drugs for cats. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 23(7): 633-642. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, man, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, glipizide, metformin, acarbose, glucosidase inhibitors, mode of action, oral administration, efficacy, troglitazone .

Crans, D.C. (2000). Chemistry and insulin-like properties of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) compounds. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 80(1-2): 123-131. ISSN: 0162-0134.
NAL Call Number: QD415.B5
Abstract: The chemistry of vanadium compounds that can be taken orally is very timely since a vanadium(IV) compound, KP-102, is currently in clinical trials in humans, and the fact that human studies with inorganic salts have recently been reported. VO(acac)2 and VO(Et-acac)2 (where acac is acetylacetonato and Et-acac is 3-ethyl-2,4-pentanedionato) have long-term in vivo insulin mimetic effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rats. Structural characterization of VO(acac)2 and two derivatives, VO(Me-acac)2 and VO(Et-acac)2, in the solid state and solution have begun to delineate the size limits of the insulin-like active species. Oral ammonium dipicolinatooxovanadium(V) is a clinically useful hypoglycemic agent in cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. This compound is particularly interesting since it represents the first time that a well-characterized organic vanadium compound with the vanadium in oxidation state five has been found to be an orally effective hypoglycemic agent in animals.
Descriptors: hypoglycemic agents, insulin, vanadium, vanadium compounds, oral administration, glucose, cats, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, hydrogen ion concentration, hypoglycemic agents, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, molecular structure, rats, rats, wistar, stereoisomerism, vanadium, vanadium compounds.

Crenshaw, K.L. (2000). CVT update: monitoring treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. In: J.D. Bonagura (Editor), Kirk' s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 348-350. ISBN: 0721655238.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin, glucose, monitoring, treatment, cats.

Crenshaw, K.L. and M.E. Peterson (1996). Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of cats with diabetes mellitus: 104 cases (1992-1994). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209(5): 943-949. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, symptoms, ketoacidosis, medical records, clinical aspects.

Crenshaw, K.L., M.E. Peterson, L.A. Heeb, S.D. Moroff, and R. Nichols (1996). Serum fructosamine concentration as an index of glycemia in cats with diabetes mellitus and stress hyperglycemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10(6): 360-364. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, amino sugars, diagnosis, serum, sampling, sugar, hyperglycemia, diabetes, amino compounds, composition, carbohydrates , disorders , metabolic disorders, sugars , stress induced hyperglycemia.

Dall, V. (1999). Preclinical safety pharmacology studies on the rapid-acting insulin analogue insulin aspart. Arzneimittel Forschung 49(5): 463-70. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: [B28 Asp]-human insulin (insulin aspart, CAS 116094-23-6, X14) is a rapidly absorbed analogue of human insulin currently undergoing development for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Cardiovascular studies and a range of standard behavioural, neurological and organ function tests were conducted in various animal species to investigate potential secondary pharmacological effects of insulin aspart. Single intravenous injections (to ensure maximum bioavailability) of a range of doses of insulin aspart were compared with a soluble human insulin preparation. The validity of the test systems was always tested with appropriate positive and/or negative (vehicle) control compounds. Secondary effects due to hypoglycaemia were identified by simultaneous administration of a glucose solution along with the highest dose of insulin aspart and the vehicle as negative control. No safety issues were raised by these experiments; insulin aspart and soluble human insulin exhibited similar pharmacological profiles throughout.
Descriptors: hypoglycemic agents toxicity, insulin, autonomic nervous system, animal behavior, cats, central nervous system, convulsants toxicity, guinea pigs, hemodynamic processes, insulin toxicity, kidney, mice, rats, rats, wistar, respiratory mechanics, swine.

de Koning, E.J., J.J. van den Brand, V.L. Mott, S.B. Charge, B.C. Hansen, N.L. Bodkin, J.F. Morris, and A. Clark (1998). Macrophages and pancreatic islet amyloidosis. Amyloid:The Journal of Protein Folding Disorders 5(4): 247-54. ISSN: 1350-6129.
Abstract: Islet amyloid formed from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP, amylin) is found in spontaneously diabetic monkeys and cats. Islet amyloidosis is progressive, apparently irreversible and is associated with destruction of insulin-secreting cells. The role of macrophages in the destruction and removal of islet amyloid is unknown. Therefore, the presence and morphology of macrophages were determined by electron and quantitative light microscopy in islets of diabetic and nondiabetic man and monkeys and in transgenic mice expressing the gene for human IAPP. Tissue macrophages were present in all pancreatic sections and tissue distribution was similar in exocrine and endocrine areas. There was no difference in macrophage density in amyloidotic and amyloid-free islets in monkeys and man. Macrophage density was similar in islets of transgenic mice expressing human IAPP which do not contain amyloid in vivo but in which fibrils are formed in vitro following islet isolation compared to islets from mice expressing rat IAPP which is not amyloidogenic. IAPP amyloid fibrils were visible by electron microscopy in lysosomes of pancreatic macrophages in man, monkeys and human IAPP transgenic mice. Thus, human IAPP is internalised but inefficiently degraded by tissue macrophages. Diabetes-associated amyloidosis is not associated with visible recruitment of macrophages for removal of amyloid or islet debris.
Descriptors: amyloidosis, islets of langerhans, macrophages, aged, aged 80 and over, amyloid, amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, type 2, haplorhini, islets of langerhans, islets of langerhans ultrastructure, macrophages ultrastructure, mice, mice, transgenic, electron microscopy, middle aged, rats.

Debraekeleer, J. (2004). Nutritional support for dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Times 34(34): 22-25. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: etiology, carnitine, clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, dietary carbohydrate, dietary fat, dietary protein, disease prevalence, energy, epidemiology, fibre, hyperglycemia, insulin, minerals, nutritional support, obesity, pathogenesis, therapy, trace elements, vitamins, cats.

DeClue, A.E., L.A. Cohn, M.E. Kerl, and C.E. Wiedmeyer (2004). Use of continuous blood glucose monitoring for animals with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 40(3): 171-173. ISSN: 0587-2871.
Online: http://www.jaaha.org/cgi/content/full/40/3/171
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: blood analysis, sugar, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, domestic animals, insulin, pets, sensors, therapy, cats.

Diehl, K.J. (1995). Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. II. Gastrointestinal and infectious. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 731-751. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, man, diabetes mellitus, digestive system, digestive system diseases, mouth diseases, infectious diseases, pathogenesis, respiratory system, urinary tract, skin, infections, diagnosis, therapy, literature reviews, late.

Dowling, P.M. (2000). Two transition metals show promise in treating diabetic cats. Veterinary Medicine 95(3): 190-193. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, treatment, chromium, vanadium, efficacy, dosage, food supplements.

Dowling, P.M. (1995). Insulin therapy for dogs and cats. Candian Veterinary Journal 36(9): 577-579. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: cats, insulin, treatment, diabetes, dogs.

Dreimane, D. (2002). Aptaukosanas un liekais svars - galvenais cukura diabeta riska faktors kakiem [Obesity and overweight - the main risk factor of diabetes for cats]. Veterinarais Zurnals(no.6): 13-15. ISSN: 1407-0065.
Descriptors: animal diseases, metabolic disorders, overweight, diabetes, cats, diet, disease control, Latvia, body condition.
Language of Text: Latvian.

Dunn, K. (2005). Why we are seeing more diabetic cats. Veterinary Times 35(6): 10. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: biochemical receptors, sugar, body fat, carbohydrate, chromium, diabetes mellitus, glucokinase, glycogen, hyperglycemia, insulin, leptin, lifestyle, obesity, predisposition, risk factors, sex differences, therapeutic diets, toxicity, cats.

Elliott, D.A., E.C. Feldman, P.D. Koblik, V.F. Samii, and R.W. Nelson (2000). Prevalence of pituitary tumors among diabetic cats with insulin resistance. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216(11): 1765-1768. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, pituitary, neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, insulin, resistance, disease prevalence, computed tomography, imagery, dimensions.

Elliott, D.A., R.W. Nelson, E.C. Feldman, and L.A. Neal (1997). Glycosylated hemoglobin concentration for assessment of glycemic control in diabetic cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 11(3): 161-165. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: diabetes, hyperglycemia, sugar, haemoglobin, monitoring, disease control, cats, composition, proteins, disorders , metabolic disorders, metalloproteins , proteins , diabetic control, hyperglycemia .

Elliott, D.A., R.W. Nelson, C.E. Reusch, E.C. Feldman, and L.A. Neal (1999). Comparison of serum fructosamine and blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations for assessment of glycemic control in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 214(12): 1794-1798. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, proteins, hemoglobin, sugar, monitoring.

Farr, A.K., R.D. Braun, W.T. Cefalu, A.D. Bell Farrow, Z.Q. Wang, and D.L. Hatchell (1999). Increased nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins in the vitreous humor of diabetic animals. Laboratory Animal Science 49(1): 58-61. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 P94
Abstract: One of the earliest pathologic changes of diabetes mellitus is increased nonenzymatic glycosylation (i.e., glycation) of proteins, which results in abnormal aggregation of collagen fibrils and production of superoxide radicals. These abnormalities may be responsible for the precocious senescence of connective tissue associated with the disease. We sought to determine whether glycation is increased in the vitreous humor of short-term diabetic cats (6 months' duration) and rabbits (2 months' duration), using a nitroblue tetrazolium colorimetric assay for fructosamine. Vitreous protein fructosamine concentration was significantly higher in diabetic cats and rabbits, compared with that in control (nondiabetic) animals. These results indicate that glycation is increased in the vitreous humor of short-term diabetic animals, and therefore may be one of the initial triggers for clinically apparent diabetic retinopathy.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, glycoproteins, vitreous body, glucose, cats, diabetes mellitus, fructosamine, glucose, glycosylation, hemoglobin a, glycosylated, pancreatectomy, rabbits.

Feldhahn, J.R., J.S. Rand, and G. Martin (1999). Insulin sensitivity in normal and diabetic cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 1(2): 107-115. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, insulin, diabetes, glucose tolerance, normal values.

Feldman, E.C. (2002). Successful management of non-responsive diabetic cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference : Eastern States Veterinary Association 16: 232-234.
NAL Call Number: SF605 .N672
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, hypoglycemic agents.

Feldman, E.C., R.W. Nelson, and M.S. Feldman (1997). Intensive 50-week evaluation of glipizide administration in 50 cats with previously untreated diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210(6): 772-777. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, glipizide, diabetes mellitus, oral administration, sugar, insulin, serum, hemoglobin, long term experiments, glycosylated hemoglobin percentage.

Frank, G., W. Anderson, H. Pazak, E. Hodgkins, J. Ballam, and D. Laflamme (2001). Use of a high-protein diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Therapy 2(3): 238-246. ISSN: 1528-3593.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V4745
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, high protein diet, diet therapy.

Galac, S. and V. Cestnik (1994). Diabetes mellitus (dm) pri psih in mackah [Diabetes mellitus (dm) in dogs and cats]. Veterinarske Novice 20(11): 326-333. ISSN: 0351-5842.
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, diagnosis, therapy, disease control, disorders , metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: Slovenian with summaries in English and Slovenian.

Garcia, J.L. and D.S. Bruyette (1998). Using oral hypoglycemic agents to treat diabetes mellitus in cats. Veterinary Medicine 93(8): 736-742. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: cats, hypoglycemic agents, oral administration, diabetes mellitus, pharmacodynamics, efficacy.

German, S.V. (1995). Novyi pankreaticheskii polipeptid amilin. [New pancreatic polypeptide amylin]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina 73(5): 7-11. ISSN: 0023-2149.
Descriptors: amyloid, amyloid secretion, aged, cats, diabetes mellitus, type 2, dogs, haplorhini, insulin secretion, islets of langerhans secretion, mice, rats.
Language of Text: Russian.

Goossens, M.M.C., R.W. Nelson, E.C. Feldman, and S.M. Griffey (1998). Response to insulin treatment and survival in 104 cats with diabetes mellitus (1985-1995). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 12(1): 1-6. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, insulin, sugar, postmortem examination, pancreatitis, pancreas, atrophy, survival, pancreas islets.

Gough, A. (2004). Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats: how to approach the problem case. Veterinary Times 34(33): 10-12. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: animal feeding, sugar, clinical aspects, corticotropin, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, insulin, obesity, weight reduction, cats.

Goy Thollot, I. (2001). La chetoacidosi diabetica nei carnivori domestici. [Diabetic ketoacidosis in domestic carnivores]. Summa 18(9): 34-35.
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diabetes, diagnosis, domestic animals, ketoacidosis, therapy, cats.
Language of Text: Italian.

Goy Thollot, I. and S. Daminet (2001). Il diabete mellito del gatto: 1 - patogenesi e diagnosi. [Diabetes mellitus in cats. 1 - pathogenesis and diagnosis]. Summa 18(9): 20-26.
Descriptors: diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, endocrine diseases, pathogenesis, cats.
Language of Text: Italian; Summary in English.

Goy Thollot, I. and S. Daminet (2001). Il diabete mellito del gatto: 2 - aggiornamenti in terapia e trattamento a lungo termine. [Diabetes mellitus in cats. II. Treatment and long-term prospects]. Summa 18(9): 27-33.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, prognosis, treatment, cats.
Language of Text: Italian.

Greco, D.S. (1999). Diabetic dilemmas: Managing the tough cases. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 13: 187-188.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes, treatment.

Greco, D.S. (1999). Advances in the treatment of feline diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 13: 183-186.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, treatment.

Greco, D.S. (1997). Endocrine emergencies. I. Endocrine pancreatic disorders. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19(1): 15-23, 83. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, digestive system diseases, pancreas, endocrine diseases, diabetes, acidosis, metabolic disorders, diagnosis, therapy, parenteral feeding, insulin, sugar, electrolytes, hypoglycemia, animal glands, composition, body parts, digestive system, disorders , extrabuccal feeding, feeding , hormones , metabolic disorders, organic diseases, peptides , emergency treatment, ketoacidosis , medical treatment, fluid therapy, hypoglycemia .

Greco, D.S. (2004). Obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 18: 358-360.
Descriptors: blood, proteins, sugar, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, disease control, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, insulin, metabolic disorders, monitoring, obesity, cats.

Greco, D.S. (2001). Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in cats and dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 31(5): 845-853. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: age differences, arginine, sugar, breed differences, clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diabetic acidosis, diagnosis, glucagon, glucose tolerance test, glycosuria, haemoglobin, hyperglycemia, insulin, insulin secretion, ketoacidosis, polydipsia, polyuria, sex differences, cats.

Greco, D.S. (1999). Diabetes mellitus. In: S.J. Birchard and R.G. Sherding (Editors), Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 274-287. ISBN: 0721670784.
NAL Call Number: SF981. S29
Descriptors: diagnosis, diabetes, metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, clinical aspects, treatment, insulin, cats, dogs.

Greco, D.S. (2000). Treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in cats using oral hypoglycemic agents. In: J.D. Bonagura (Editor), Kirk' s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 350-354. ISBN: 0721655238.
Descriptors: treatment, diabetes mellitus, insulin, sugar, pathogenesis, hypoglycemic agents, insulin secretion, cats.

Greco, D.S., J.D. Broussard, and M.E. Peterson (1995). Insulin therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 677-689. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, insulin, drug formulations, drug delivery systems, dosage, injection, medical treatment, diabetes management, insulin regimens.

Gunn Moore, D. (2005). Feline endocrinopathies. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 35(1): 171-210 . ISSN: 0195-5615.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Abstract: Feline endocrinopathies (excluding diabetes mellitus) include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, hyposomatotropism, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism, primary sex hormone-secreting adrenal tumors, primary hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, hypoadrenocorticism, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoparathyroidism. Each of these conditions will be discussed including their prevalence, cause, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis.
Descriptors: feline, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, clinical diagnosis.

Haberer, B. and C.E. Reusch (1998). Glycated haemoglobin in various pathological conditions: investigations based on a new, fully automated method. Journal of Small Animal Practice 39(11): 510-517. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: dogs, cats, hemoglobin, chromatography, automation, accuracy, diabetes mellitus, anemia, polycythemia, uremia, liver diseases, sugar, hematocrit, urea, creatinine.

Hebert, F. (2001). Diabetes mellitus follow-up in domestic carnivores. Le Point Veterinaire 32(212): 44-47. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, composition, diagnosis, metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: French.

Hebert, F. (2001). Suivi du diabete sucre chez les carnivores domestiques. [Diabetes mellitus follow-up in dogs and cats]. Le Point Veterinaire 32(212): 44-47. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: blood sugar, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, metabolic disorders, cats.
Language of Text: French with a summary in English.

Hoenig, M. (2002). Drug options for managing feline diabetes. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 24(5B): 7-9. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, metformin, insulin.

Hoenig, M. (1994). Selection of insulin types. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 8: 217-218.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: insulin, dogs, cats, diabetes.

Hoenig, M. (1994). Classification of types of diabetes mellitus: Implications for management. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 8: 216-217.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, cats, disease management.

Hoenig, M. (1998). Diagnose und behandlung des diabetes mellitus bei hund und katze [Diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats]. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 12(12): 1094-1096.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: insulin, diabetes mellitus, dogs, cats.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Hoenig, M., S. Alexander, J. Holson, and D.C. Ferguson (2002). Influence of glucose dosage on interpretation of intravenous glucose tolerance tests in lean and obese cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16(5): 529-532. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, body condition, obesity, glucose tolerance test, glucose, dosage, insulin secretion, insulin, resistance, diagnosis, diabetes.

Hoenig, M. and D.C. Ferguson (2002). Effects of neutering on hormonal concentrations and energy requirements in male and female cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63(5): 634-9. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether changes in concentrations of hormones involved in glucose and fatty acid homeostasis are responsible for the increased probability that neutered cats will develop obesity and diabetes mellitus. ANIMALS: 10 male and 10 female weight-maintained adult cats. PROCEDURE: Results of glucose tolerance tests and concentrations of hormones and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were examined before and 4, 8, and 16 weeks after neutering. RESULTS: Caloric requirements for weight maintenance were significantly decreased 8 and 16 weeks after neutering in females. Glucose concentrations during a glucose tolerance test did not change in neutered females or males. The area under the curve (AUC) for insulin was significantly higher in males, compared with females, before neutering. However, the AUC for insulin increased and was significantly higher 4 and 8 weeks after neutering in females. The AUC for insulin did not change in neutered male cats. Leptin concentrations did not change in females but increased significantly in males 8 and 16 weeks after neutering. Thyroxine concentrations did not change after neutering; however, free thyroxine concentration was significantly higher in females than males before neutering. Baseline concentrations of NEFA were significantly higher in female than male cats before but not after neutering. Suppression of NEFA concentrations after glucose administration decreased successively in male cats after neutering, suggesting decreased insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Changes in NEFA suppression, caloric intake, and leptin concentrations may be indicators of, and possible risk factors for, the development of obesity in cats after neutering.
Descriptors: castration, insulin, leptin, thyroxine, area under curve, body mass index, cats, energy intake, fatty acids, nonesterified, fatty acids, nonesterified cerebrospinal fluid, glucose, glucose tolerance test, lipids.

Ihle, S.L. (1995). Nutritional therapy for diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 585-598. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, therapeutic diets, clinical nutrition, caloric intake, feeding frequency, diet, sugar, nutrient content, literature reviews, medical treatment, diabetes management.

Jones, B.R. (1997). Selected feline endocrine diseases. In: Abildgaard symposium, 7: Small Animal Diseases : Proceeding, October 17, 1997-October 19, 1997, Copenhagen (Denmark), Kongelige Veterinaer- og Landbohoejskole: Copenhagen (Denmark), p. 55-63.
Descriptors: cats, endocrine diseases, pituitary gland, diabetes, kidney diseases, thyroid gland, adrenal glands.

Kerl, M.E. (2001). Diabetic ketoacidosis: treatment recommendations. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 23(4): 330-340. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes, ketoacidosis, dehydration physiological, fluid therapy, intravenous injection, catheterization, water electrolyte imbalance, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, sugar, insulin, dosage, hyperglycemia, intramuscular injection, constant rate infusion, hypophosphatemia , hypomagnesemia .

Kirsch, M. (1995). Hypokaliaemische Myopathie bei der Katze [Hypokalemic myopathy in cats]. Tieraerztliche Praxis 23(2): 167-171. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, potassium, mineral, deficiency diseases, muscular diseases, etiology, therapy, alkali metals, disease control.
Language of Text: German with summaries in German and English.

Kirsch, M. (1998). Inzidenz von bakteriellen Zystitiden bei diabetischen Hunden und Katzen zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung. Retrospektive Untersuchung fur den Zeitraum 1990-1996. [Occurrence of cystitis in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus, established at the time of clinical examination. A retrospective study, 1990-1996]. Tierarztliche Praxis 26(1): 32-36. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, cats, Escherichia coli, polydipsia, polyuria, bacterial cystitis, dogs.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Kley, S., M. Casella, and C.E. Reusch (2004). Evaluation of long-term home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in cats with diabetes mellitus: 26 cases (1999-2002). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225(2): 261-266. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, glucose, home monitoring.

Kokina, I. and L. Jemeljanovs (2000). Diabetes mellitus iespejama etiologija un klinisko izpausmju ipatnibas mazajiem dzivniekiem [Different etiology and clinical peculiarities of Diabetes mellitus in small animals]. Veterinarmedicinas Raksti 275: 89-95. ISSN: 1407-1754.
Abstract: In Latvia the Diabetes mellitus in the small animal medicine has been little investigated. Before the 1990-ies it was not always precisely diagnosed or was believed to shave a lethal effect. The aim of the given work was to determine the frequency of the disease in small animals (cats, dogs) in Latvia and to investigate the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms in cats and dogs. Nowadays it is relatively easy to diagnose Diabetes mellitus. In this investigation all clinical cases of the disease diagnosed and treated at the Veterinary Medicine Centre clinic in the period of Julu 1999 - July 2000 have been analysed. It has been found that proper insuline therapy is one of the most important factors in the treatment of the disease, however there could be manifestation of different pathogenesis, secondary diseases and complications in each case. Deeper work has to be done to study the different pathophysiology of the disease in cats and dogs.
Descriptors: animal diseases, diabetes, dogs, cats, research, Latvia.
Language of Text: Latvian; Summaries in English and Latvian.

Kraus, M.S., C.A. Calvert, G.J. Jacobs, and J. Brown (1997). Feline diabetes mellitus: a retrospective mortality study of 55 cats (1982-1994). American Animal Hospital Association 33(2): 107-111. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, survival, mortality, pathogenesis, disorders , metabolic disorders, prognosis , causes of death.

Kudahl, J.C. (2003). Kulhydratfattigt foder til diabeteskatte - en case story. [Carbohydrate-rich foods for diabetic cats. A case report]. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift 86(2): 25. ISSN: 0106-6854.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: carbohydrates, case reports, diabetes, insulin, metabolic disorders, treatment, cats.
Language of Text: Danish.

Laflamme, D.P. (2005). Nutrition for aging cats and dogs and the importance of body condition. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 35(3): 713-42. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Abstract: Before recommending a diet for a senior pet, a thorough nutritional evaluation should be completed. Although many middle-aged and older pets are overweight, a large percentage of geriatric cats and dogs have a low BCS. Approximately one third of cats older than 12 years of age may have a decreased ability to digest fat, whereas one in five may have a compromised ability to digest protein. Thus, appropriate diets for these two age groups may differ considerably. Mature (middle-aged) cats would likely benefit from a lower calorie food, whereas geriatric cats (>12 years of age) may need a highly digestible nutrient-dense diet. More than 40% of dogs between the ages of 5 and 10 years are overweight or obese. Such dogs may benefit from diets with lower fat and calories. Senior dogs also have an increased need for dietary protein, however. Therefore, healthy older dogs may benefit from diets with an increased protein-to-calorie ratio, providing a minimum of 25% of calories from protein. Common obesity-related conditions in dogs or cats include DM and OA. Diabetes differs between dogs and cats. Type I diabetes, common in dogs, seems to respond to fiber-enriched diets, whereas type II diabetes, common in cats, seems to benefit from high-protein and low-carbohydrate diets. OA, an inflammatory condition that occurs in approximately 20% of dogs, may benefit from weight management and nutrients that reduce the inflammatory responses, such as long-chain n-3 fatty acids.
Descriptors: cats, diet, health, geriatric, recommendations, n-3 long chain fatty acids.

Laflamme, D.P. (2004). Diabetic cats and carbohydrates. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 18: 662-663.
Descriptors: amino acids, sugar, carbohydrate, carbohydrates, diabetes mellitus, diets, gluconeogenesis, glucosuria, hexokinase, insulin, nutritive value, obesity, protein, protein, protein synthesis, therapeutic diets, cats.

Lautt, W.W. (2003). Practice and principles of pharmacodynamic determination of HISS-dependent and HISS-independent insulin action: methods to quantitate mechanisms of insulin resistance. Medicinal Research Reviews 23(1): 1-14. ISSN: 0198-6325.
Descriptors: insulin, insulin resistance, liver, cats, dogs, rats.

Lautt, W.W., M.P. Macedo, P. Sadri, D.J. Legare, M.A. Reid, and M.P. Guarino (2004). Pharmaceutical reversal of insulin resistance. Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society 47: 30-2. ISSN: 0083-8969.
Abstract: Insulin action is approximately doubled following a meal. The mechanism of postprandial insulin sensitization is dependent on hepatic parasympathetic nerves regulated by the prandial status. The nerves provide a permissive signal to the liver that allows insulin to cause the release of a putative hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS) that selectively stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle but not liver or adipose tissue. The parasympathetic signal has several steps identified in the regulatory pathway; acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors leading to activation of nitric oxide synthase and generation of HISS. The meal-induced insulin (MIS) sensitization requires hepatic GSH, which decreases with fasting and several disease states. Interfering with the MIS process results in severe insulin resistance with the response to insulin being reduced by approximately 50% to levels seen in the fasted state. A wide range of conditions have been shown to be associated with insulin resistance attributed to lack of the MIS process including insulin resistance; in chronic liver disease produced by chemical damage or bile duct ligation, hepatic denervation, sucrose fed rats, aging, spontaneously hypertensive rats, fetal alcohol exposed adult offspring, spontaneously insulin resistant rats, animals with pharmacological blockade of hepatic muscarinic receptors, NO synthase, cyclooxygenase, hepatic cGMP, and hepatic GSH levels. Pharmaceutical reversal of insulin resistance has been shown in several models using a variety of approaches including mimicking or potentiating the parasympathetic signal using cholinergic agonists, NO donors, cholinesterase antagonists, phosphodiesterase antagonists, and replenishment of hepatic GSH levels. These compounds are being evaluated for therapeutic application by our international academic/industry collaborative team. The MIS process has now been demonstrated in mice, rats, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, and humans, and has been demonstrated by independent laboratories.
Descriptors: insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, type 2, food, insulin, liver, liver innervation, liver.

Levitan, D.M. (1997). Transplantation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Small Animal 12(4): 268-273. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, transplantation, treatment, pancreas, reviews, surgery, grafts, graft rejection, immunosuppressive agents, cats, dogs.

Link, K.R. and J.S. Rand (1998). Reference values for glucose tolerance and glucose tolerance status in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213(4): 492-496. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, sugar, testing, diabetes, age, composition, disorders , metabolic disorders, normal values, guidelines , incidence , age differences.

Link, K.R.J., J.S. Rand, and J.K. Hendrikz (1997). Evaluation of a simplified intravenous glucose tolerance test and a reflectance glucose meter for use in cats. Veterinary Record 140(10): 253-256. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: sugar, diabetes, diagnosis, glucose, cats, testing, aldoses , composition, carbohydrates , disorders , metabolic disorders, monosaccharides , reducing sugars, sugars .

Linsenmeier, R.A., R.D. Braun, M.A. McRipley, L.B. Padnick, J. Ahmed, D.L. Hatchell, D.S. McLeod, and G.A. Lutty (1998). Retinal hypoxia in long-term diabetic cats. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39(9): 1647-57. ISSN: 0146-0404.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the retina is hypoxic in early stages of diabetic retinopathy in cats and to correlate intraretinal PO2 with fluorescein angiographic and histologic alterations. METHODS: Intraretinal PO2 was measured with microelectrodes in three cats with long-standing diabetes (>6 years) that had been followed with fluorescein angiographs every 6 months. Average PO2 in the inner vascularized half of the retina was compared with similar measurements in 21 control animals. Photoreceptor oxygen consumption was also compared. The retinal vascular endothelium of the diabetic animals was stained for ADPase activity in flatmounts, and transverse sections were used to visualize microscopic alterations in vascular structure. RESULTS: PO2 in the inner half of the retina was abnormally low in the diabetic cats, 7.7+/-5.2 mm Hg (35 penetrations in 3 cats) versus 16.4+/-9.3 mm Hg in normal cats (85 penetrations in 21 cats) (P << 0.001). Oxygenation was almost normal in some regions of the diabetic retinas, but little evidence of oxygen supply from the retinal circulation was observed in other regions. Inner retinal hypoxia was present in areas with no detectable capillary dropout in fluorescein angiograms or flatmounts. The worst changes histologically were microaneurysms, leukocyte and platelet plugging of aneurysms and venules, and degenerating endothelial cells in capillary walls. These histologic abnormalities were confined to small regions, some of which could be positively correlated with markedly abnormal PO2 profiles. Photoreceptor oxygen utilization was not affected in two diabetic cats, but was below normal in one animal in which choroidal PO2 was low. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first direct demonstration of retinal hypoxia in early diabetic retinopathy, before capillary dropout was evident clinically. Hypoxia was correlated with endothelial cell death, leukocyte plugging of vessels, and microaneurysms.
Descriptors: anoxia, diabetic retinopathy, oxygen, retinal vessels, anoxia, anoxia, apyrase, cats, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, endothelium, vascular, endothelium, vascular, fluorescein angiograpHy, microelectrodes, oxygen consumption, pancreatectomy, photoreceptors, photoreceptors, retinal vessels, retinal vessels.

Lorenzo, A., B. Razzaboni, G.C. Weir, and B.A. Yankner (1994). Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature 368(6473): 756-60. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: The 37-amino-acid polypeptide amylin is the principal constituent of the amyloid deposits that form in the islets of Langerhans in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, but its role in the pathogenesis of this disease is unresolved. In view of the fact that the beta-amyloid protein that forms fibrils in Alzheimer's disease is toxic to neurons, we have investigated whether amylin fibrils could be toxic to pancreatic islet cells. We show here that human amylin is toxic to insulin-producing beta-cells of the adult pancreas of rats and humans. This toxicity is mediated by the fibrillar form of the amylin peptide and requires direct contact of the fibrils with the cell surface. The mechanism of cell death involves RNA and protein synthesis and is characterized by plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, indicating that amylin induces islet cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that amylin fibril formation in the pancreas may cause islet cell dysfunction and death in type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Descriptors: amyloid toxicity, diabetes mellitus, type 2, langerhans cells ultrastructure, adult, amyloid beta protein, analysis of variance, apoptosis, cats, cell line, cells, cultured, diabetes mellitus, type 2, langerhans cells, microscopy, fluorescence, pc12 cells, peptide fragments, rats, rats, sprague dawley, species specificity.

Lurye, J. and E.N. Behrend (2001). Diabetes mellitus. In: M.R. Lappin (Editor), Feline Internal Medicine Secrets, Hanley & Belfus, Inc.: Philadelphia, USA , p. 276-288. ISBN: 1560534613.
NAL Call Number: SF985. F42
Descriptors: acromegaly, sugar, clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, diet treatment, glipizide, glucose, hyperglycemia, insulin, medical treatment, prognosis, cats.

Lutz, T.A. and J.S. Rand (1996). Plasma amylin and insulin concentrations in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic cats. Candian Veterinary Journal 37(1): 27-34. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, insulin, pancreatic hormones, plasma, radioimmunoassay, glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, secretion.
Language of Text: English; Summary in French.

Lutz, T.A. and J.S. Rand (1995). Pathogenesis of feline diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 527-552. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: cats, mankind, diabetes, pathogenesis, insulin, secretion, sugar, histopathology, pancreas, hormones, glycoproteins, animal glands, composition, body parts, digestive system, disease control, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , physiological functions, proteins , therapy , beta cells, amylin , type 2 diabetes, man , glucose tolerance, pancreas islets, amyloid , deposition , hypersecretion , literature reviews.

Lutz, T.A. and J.S. Rand (1997). Detection of amyloid deposition in various regions of the feline pancreas by different staining techniques. Journal of Comparative Pathology 116(2): 157-70. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Abstract: Deposition of islet amyloid is a common finding in the pancreas of diabetic cats and it may contribute to the deterioration of glucose tolerance. Three techniques for detecting pancreatic amyloid deposition were compared in cats not known to be diabetic. Congo red (CR) staining was used for histological sections (35 cats) and tissue smear preparations (crush and smear [CS] technique; 35 cats, and an immunohistochemical method (18 cats) was used for the detection of amyloid derived from amylin. Six diabetic cats were used as positive controls for the immunohistochemical method. The amount of pancreatic amyloid demonstrated immunohistochemically was significantly correlated with that shown by CR staining in histological sections but not in CS preparations, which were less satisfactory. However, the amount of amyloid determined immunohistochemically was slightly but significantly higher than that seen in CR-stained sections. There was no difference in the amount of amyloid between the left limb middle segment and right limb of the pancreas. Amylin labelling was seen in about 70 to 80% of islet cells, mainly those located in the islet periphery and the labelling was most intense in the cell periphery.
Descriptors: amyloid, pancreas, cats, congo red, diabetes mellitus, dyes, immunohistochemistry, islets of langerhans, reference values, staining and labeling, tissue distribution.

Lutz, T.A., J.S. Rand, P. Watt, and A. Galloway (1994). Pancreatic biopsy in normal cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 71(7): 223-225. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: digestive system, cats, endocrine system, medicine, diabetes mellitus, diagnostic method.

Macintire, D.K. (1995). Emergency therapy of diabetic crises: insulin overdose, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar coma. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 639-650. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, insulin, metabolic disorders, dysregulation, therapy, diagnosis, side effects, disease control, disorders , functional disorders, hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , diabetes mellitus, emergencies .

Magori, E., M. Nakamura, A. Inoue, A. Tanaka, N. Sasaki, H. Fukuda, H. Mizutani, T. Sako, N. Kimura, and T. Arai (2005). Malate dehydrogenase activities are lower in some types of peripheral leucocytes of dogs and cats with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Research in Veterinary Science 78(1): 39-44. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: cats, malate dehydrogenase, leucocytes, diabetes mellitus.

Martin, G. and J. Rand (2000). Current understanding of feline diabetes: part 2, treatment. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2(1): 3-17. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: diabetes, reviews, treatment, diets, diet treatment, insulin, hypoglycemia, cats.

Martin, G.J. and J.S. Rand (2001). Pharmacology of a 40 IU/ml porcine lente insulin preparation in diabetic cats: findings during the first week and after 5 or 9 weeks of therapy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 3(1): 23-30. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, insulin, diabetes mellitus, subcutaneous injection, pharmacodynamics, plasma, sugar.

Martin, G.J.W. and J.S. Rand (1999). Food intake and blood glucose in normal and diabetic cats fed ad libitum. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 1(4): 241-251. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, food intake, sugar, diabetes, unrestricted feeding, insulin, eating patterns, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, appetite.

Martin, G.J.W. and J.S. Rand (1999). Evaluation of a polyurethane jugular catheter in cats placed using a modified Seldinger technique. Australian Veterinary Journal 77(4): 250-254. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: cats, catheters, polyurethanes, veins, sampling, diabetes mellitus, jugular vein.

Martinez, A., C. Weaver, J. Lopez, S.J. Bhathena, T.H. Elsasser, M.J. Miller, T.W. Moody, E.J. Unsworth, and F. Cuttitta (1996). Regulation of insulin secretion and blood glucose metabolism by adrenomedullin. Endocrinology 137(6): 2626-32. ISSN: 0013-7227.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 EN2
Abstract: Adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered hypotensive peptide, is expressed in the endocrine pancreas of different species, as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. Electron microscopic studies with double immunogold showed colocalization of AM and pancreatic polypeptide. A homogeneous expression of AM receptor was found throughout the islet using in situ hybridization. Six different insulin- producing cell lines have been analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and showed expression of both AM and its receptor. Two experimental models have been used to study the effects of AM in pancreatic physiology. 1) Analysis of isolated rat islets shows that AM inhibits insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The monoclonal antibody MoAb-G6, which neutralizes AM bioactivity, was able to increase insulin release 5-fold; this effect was reversed by the addition of synthetic AM. 2) Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that iv injection of AM reduces the levels of insulin in the bloodstream with a concomitant increase in circulating glucose. These studies implicate AM as a newly defined factor of the insulin regulatory system that could be involved in disorders such as diabetes and obesity.
Descriptors: blood glucose, insulin secretion, pancreas, pancreas secretion, peptides, base sequence, cats, cell line, dogs, glucose tolerance test, guinea pigs, hamsters, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, islets of langerhans, islets of langerhans, islets of langerhans secretion, electron microscopy, molecular sequence data, pancreas, peptides analysis, peptides, polymerase chain reaction, RNA, messenger analysis, rats, sprague dawley, tissue distribution.

Mathe, A. (2004). Gyakorlati tanacsok a cukorbetegseggel kapcsolatban. [Some practical advice on the management of diabetic pets]. Kisallat Praxis 5(4): 156-158. ISSN: 1585-9142.
Online: www.kisallatpraxis.hu
NAL Call Number: SF981 .K573
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, metabolic disorders, cats.
Language of Text: Hungarian; Summary in English.

Mathes, M.A. (2002). Home monitoring of the diabetic pet. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(2): 86-95. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes mellitus, glucose, urine, monitoring, diet therapy, exercise, insulin, drug injection.

McDonough, S. and R.A. Lewis (2002). Evaluation of a new method for monitoring urine glucose in diabetic cats. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 24(5B): 17-19. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, glucosuria, urine analysis, rapid.

Meij, B.J., G. Voorhout, T.S. van den Ingh, and A. Rijnberk (2001). Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy for treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in 7 cats. Veterinary Surgery 30(1): 72-86. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: cats, cushing's syndrome, hypophysectomy, treatment, clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, postoperative, relapse.

Melian, C. (2004). [Manejo de la diabetes mellitus felina.] Management of feline diabetes mellitus. Informacion Veterinaria (Espana)(5): 26-28. ISSN: 1130-5436.
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, overweight, diagnosis, diet treatment, therapeutic diets, insulin, disease control, body condition, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , therapy .
Language of Text: Spanish.

Michel, K.E. and R.S. Hess (2002). Advances in the nutritional management of feline diabetics. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 24(9A): 50-55. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, dietary carbohydrate, diabetes mellitus, insulin secretion, therapeutic diets.

Michels, G.M., F.D. Boudinot, D.C. Ferguson, and M. Hoenig (2000). Pharmacokinetics of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61(7): 775-8. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics of troglitazone in healthy cats after i.v. and oral administration of a single dose of the drug. ANIMALS: 5 healthy ovariohysterectomized adult cats. PROCEDURE: Using a randomized crossover design, cats were given 5 mg of troglitazone/kg of body weight i.v. and 40 mg of troglitazone/kg orally. Blood and urine samples were collected after drug administration, and concentrations of troglitazone in plasma and urine were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Area-moment analysis was used to calculate pharmacokinetic variables. Terminal phase half-life was 1.1 +/- 0.1 hours. Steady-state volume of distribution was 0.23 +/- 0.15 L/kg. After i.v. administration, clearance was 0.33 +/- 0.04 L/h/kg. Drug was not detected in urine samples. Mean bioavailability of orally administered troglitazone was 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The overall disposition of troglitazone in cats was similar to that reported in other species, including humans. Troglitazone has low and variable oral bioavailability. Clearance of the compound is moderate. Little if any unchanged troglitazone is excreted in urine; thus, metabolism and biliary excretion play predominant roles in elimination of the drug. On the basis of troglitazone pharmacokinetics in healthy cats, as well as on the basis of pharmacodynamics of the drug in humans and other animals, a regimen that uses a dosage of 20 to 40 mg/kg administered orally once or twice per day to cats will produce plasma concentrations of the insulin-sensitizing agent that have been documented to be effective in humans.
Descriptors: cats, chromans, diabetes mellitus, type 2, hypoglycemic agents, thiazoles, thiazolidinediones, oral administration, area under curve, chromans, chromans, chromans urine, chromatography, high pressure liquid, cross over studies, diabetes mellitus, type 2, half life, hypoglycemic agents, hypoglycemic agents, hypoglycemic agents urine, injections, intravenous, random allocation, thiazoles, thiazoles, thiazoles urine.

Minkus, G., W. Breuer, and M. Kirsch (1998). Diabetes mellitus bei jungen Hunden und Katzen. Fallbeschriebungen und ein Vergleich mit der releventen Literatur [Diabetes mellitus in pups and kittens. Case reports and review of the literature]. Tierarztliche Praxis 26(3): 180-186. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Descriptors: case reports, histopathology, puppies, kittens, diabetes mellitus, cats, literature review.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Mizisin, A.P., G.D. Shelton, S. Wagner, C. Rusbridge, and H.C. Powell (1998). Myelin splitting, schwann cell injury and demyelination in feline diabetic neuropathy. Acta Neuropathologica 95(2): 171-174. ISSN: 0001-6322.
Descriptors: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, endocrine disease, pancreas, Schwann cell injury, myelin splitting, case study.

Monroe, W.E. (2000). What is the best insulin for cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 14: 270.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: diabetes, cats, insulin, treatment.

Morgan, R.V. (1995). Delivery of systemic regular insulin via the ocular route in cats. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 11(4): 565-573. ISSN: 1080-7683.
Descriptors: endocrinology, ocular irritation, medicine, diabetes mellitus, glycemic changes, euglycemic cats, ocular insulin administration, serum insulin.

Munana, K.R. (1995). Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. I. Retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 715-730. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, retinopathy, nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, pathogenesis, histopathology, symptoms, hyperglycemia, man, comparisons, literature reviews, late, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy.

Nelson, R. (2002). Stress hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine v.16(2): 121-122. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, stress, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, sugar, diagnostic value, clinical aspects, small animal practice, sampling.

Nelson, R., D. Spann, D. Elliott, A. Brondos, and R. Vulliet (2004). Evaluation of the oral antihyperglycemic drug metformin in normal and diabetic cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18(1): 18-24. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Descriptors: cats, metformin, diabetes mellitus, dosage, dose response.

Nelson, R.W. (2001). How I treat feline diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 15: 152.
NAL Call Number: SF605 .N672
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, treatment.

Nelson, R.W. (2000). Oral medications for treating diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice 41(11): 486-490. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: dogs, cats, hypoglycemic agents, oral administration, chromium, vanadium, diabetes mellitus, treatment, pharmacodynamics, efficacy.

Nelson, R.W. (1995). Treatment of feline diabetes with the sulfonylurea, glipizide. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 9: 159.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, therapy, disorders , metabolic disorders, therapy .

Nelson, R.W. (1995). Diagnostic approach to apparent insulin ineffectiveness. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 9: 161-162.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, insulin , metabolic disorders, peptides , therapy .

Nelson, R.W. (2000). Selected topics in the management of diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2(2): 101-104. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: diabetes, diabetes mellitus, treatment, insulin, cats.

Nelson, R.W. (1996). Treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Veterinary Quarterly 18(sup1.): S27-S29. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: insulin, hypoglycemic agents, diets, diabetes, cats, dogs.

Nelson, R.W. and E.C. Feldman (2000). Complications associated with insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus. In: J.D. Bonagura (Editor), Kirk' s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 354-357. ISBN: 0721655238.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, insulin, hypoglycemia, antibodies, allergic reactions, dogs, cats.

Nelson, R.W. and E.C. Feldman (1999). Insulin therapy for diabetic dogs and cats. Irish Veterinary Journal 52(6): 328-333. ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 IR4
Descriptors: diabetes, therapy, insulin, treatment, cats.

Nelson, R.W., R.C. Lynn, C.C. Wagner Mann, and G.M. Michels (2001). Efficacy of protamine zinc insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 218(1): 38-42. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, insulin, efficacy, sugar, clinical aspects, body weight, amino sugars, serum, fructosamine .

Nelson, R.W., J.C. Scott Moncrieff, E.C. Feldman, S.E. DeVries Concannon, P.H. Kass, D.J. Davenport, C.T. Kiernan, and L.A. Neal (2000). Effect of dietary insoluble fiber on control of glycemia in cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216(7): 1082-1088. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, therapeutic diets, fiber, fiber content, sugar, treatment.

Nichols, R. (1997). Complications and concurrent disease associated with diabetes mellitus. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Small Animals 12(4): 263-7. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Abstract: Many animals with diabetes mellitus are severely ill on clinical presentation. The spectrum of disease is quite variable and includes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), ketosis without acidosis, hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HNKS), and other nonketotic variants (negative urine ketones, serum osmolality < 340 mOsm/kg with or without acidosis). These more severe forms of diabetes are often precipitated by concurrent diseases such as pyelonephritis, pancreatitis, pyometra, hyperadrenocorticism, renal failure, and heart failure. To make matters worse, in-hospital treatment of diabetic dogs and cats is commonly associated with serious complications, including hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and hypophosphatemia.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, cats, comorbidity, diabetes, diabetes mellitus diagnosis, diabetes mellitus therapy, diabetic ketoacidosis, dogs, potassium, potassium.

Nichols, R. (2000). Clinical use of the vasopressin analogue DDAVP for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes insipidus. In: J.D. Bonagura (Editor), Kirk' s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 325-326. ISBN: 0721655238.
Descriptors: diabetes insipidus, diabetes, vasopressin, diagnosis, treatment, synthetic hormones, cats.

Nichols, R. and K.L. Crenshaw (1995). Complications and concurrent disease associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and other severe forms of diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 617-624. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, metabolic disorders, ketosis, acidosis, hypoglycemia, potassium, hypophosphatemia, pathogenesis, therapy, side effects, alkali metals, disease control, disorders , elements , metabolic disorders, metallic elements.

Norman, E.J. and C.T. Mooney (2000). Diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus in five cats with somatotrophic abnormalities. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2(4): 183-190. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, somatotropin, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment, insulin like growth factor, uk.

Norris, C.R., R.W. Nelson, and M.M. Christopher (1999). Serum total and ionized magnesium concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of magnesium in cats with diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis. Journal of the American Veterinarian Medical Association 215(10): 1455-1459. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, diabetic acidosis, ketoacidosis, magnesium, serum, urine, pressure, sugar.

Norsworth, G.D. (1998). Choosing the right insulin type and dosage for diabetic cats. Veterinary Medicine 93(4): 314, 318. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: insulin, dosage, diabetes, dosage effects, cats.

Norsworthy, G.D. (1995). A rational approach to feline blood glucose curves. Veterinary Medicine 90(11): 1064-1069. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: cats, sugar, monitoring, diabetes, insulin, composition, disease control, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , therapy , diabetes mellitus, regulation.

Norsworthy, G.D. (1999). Dysregulation in diabetic cats: part 2. Veterinary Medicine 94(3): 225-228. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: drug therapy, diets, monitoring, diabetes, treatment, dysregulation, cats.

Norsworthy, G.D. (1998). Dysregulation in diabetic cats: part 1. Veterinary Medicine 93(11): 966-967. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: diabetes, clinical aspects, treatment, insulin, cats.

Norsworthy, G.D. (1998). Recognizing and treating hypoglycemia in diabetic cats. Veterinary Medicine 93(8): 707, 710-711. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: hypoglycemia, treatment, insulin, etiology, clinical aspects, sugar, cats.

Okumus, Z. (1999). Kopek ve kedilerde diabetes mellitus Bolum. 1: Etiyoloji, patogenez ve sagaltm [Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Part 1: Aetiology, pathogenesis and treatment]. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 5(2): 223-231. ISSN: 1300-6045.
Descriptors: etiology, clinical aspects, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, glycosuria, hyperglycemia, insulin, metabolic disorders, pathogenesis, cats.
Language of Text: Turkish; Summary in English.

Orzechowski, A. (1998). Cukrzyca GH zalezna. Opis wybranych przypadkow [Growth hormone-related diabetes. Case reports]. Magazyn Weterynaryjny 7(5): 329-332. ISSN: 1230-4425.
Descriptors: endocrine diseases, diagnosis, diabetes mellitus, pathogenesis, case reports, clinical aspects, treatment, somatotropin, diabetes, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Ostaszewski, P. and M. Jank (2000). Cukrzyca u kotow - jej przyczyny, rozpoznawanie i leczenie (cz.I) [Diabetes in cats - aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Part I]. Magazyn Weterynaryjny 9(46): 32-34. ISSN: 1230-4425.
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, endocrine diseases, diagnosis, insulin, glucose, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Ostaszewski, P. and M. Jank (2000). Cukrzyca u kotow (czesc II). Przyczyny, rozpoznawanie i leczenie [Diabetes in cats. Part II. Aetiology, diagnosis and treatment]. Magazyn Weterynaryjny 9(47): 22-25. ISSN: 1230-4425.
Descriptors: endocrine diseases, glucose, insulin, diabetes, etiology, treatment, diagnosis, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Paxton, R. and L.X. Ye (2000). Purification and characterization of a feline hepatic insulin receptor. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61(12): 1625-32. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the functional characteristics of a highly purified soluble liver insulin receptor in cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Frozen livers from domestic cats were obtained commercially. PROCEDURES: The feline hepatic insulin receptor was purified from Triton X-100 solubilized plasma membranes by the use of several chromatography matrices, including affinity chromatography on an insulin-Sepharose matrix. RESULTS: The receptor, although not homogeneous, was purified 3,000-fold. Two silver-stained protein bands were identified following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with molecular weight of 134,000 and 97,000, which are similar to insulin receptors isolated from other animals. This isolated receptor had steady-state insulin binding by 40 minutes at 24 C. Optimal insulin binding occurred at pH 7.8 and with 150 mM NaCl. Under these conditions, a curvilinear Scatchard plot was obtained with the isolated receptor. Using a 2 binding-site model, the feline insulin receptor had a high-affinity low-capacity site with a dissociation constant (KD; nM) of 3 and a low-affinity high-capacity site with a K(D) of 1,180. The receptor also had tyrosine kinase activity toward an exogenous substrate that was stimulated by insulin and protamine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Many of the reported characteristics of the liver insulin receptor in cats are similar to those for the receptor isolated from other animals and tissues, although some differences exist. These similarities suggest that characterization of the feline insulin receptor is important to understanding insulin resistance in cats with diabetes as well as in humans with diabetes.
Descriptors: liver, liver, receptor, insulin, receptor, insulin, animals, domestic, binding sites, cats, cell membrane, cell membrane, chromatography, affinity, chromatography, ion exchange, electropHoresis, polyacrylamide gel, insulin, kinetics, molecular weight, receptor, insulin.

Perez Alenza, M.D. (2001). Feline diabetes mellitus. [Diabetes mellitus felina.]. Ciencias Veterinarias 32: 173-192. ISSN: 0250-5649.
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, endocrine diseases, diagnosis, diet treatment, insulin, side effects, disease control, metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: Spanish.

Peterson, M.E. (1995). Diagnosis and management of insulin resistance in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 691-713. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, insulin, drug resistance, resistance mechanisms, differential diagnosis, therapy, hyperglycemia, medical treatment, diabetes management.

Peterson, M.E. (2003). Diabetes mellitus in cats. In: Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association 46th Annual Congress, April 3, 2003-April 6, 2003, Birmingham, UK, , British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgeley, UK, p. 138-140.
Online: www.bsava.com
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, insulin, therapeutic diets, therapy, cats.

Plier, M.L., C.B. Grindem, P.S. MacWilliams, and J.B. Stevens (1998). Serum fructosamine concentration in nondiabetic and diabetic cats. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 27(2): 34-39. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A54
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, sugar, serum, glycoproteins, assays, quantitative analysis, prognosis, diagnosis, glucose.

Plotnick, A.N. and D.S. Greco (1995). Home management of cats and dogs with diabetes mellitus: common questions asked by veterinarians and clients. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 753-759. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes mellitus, insulin, dosage, home care, sugar, monitoring, medical treatment, diabetes management.

Plotnick, A.N. and D.S. Greco (1995). Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats: contrasts and comparisons. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 563-570. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, diagnosis, symptoms, insulin, metabolic disorders, sugar, stress, hyperglycemia, composition, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , nonketotic diabetes mellitus, stress induced hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis , hyperglycemia , literature reviews.

Proverbio, D. and E. Spada (2004). Diabete mellito nel gatto [Diabetes mellitus in cats]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 25(5): 25-32. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diabetes, diagnosis, epidemiology, insulin, pathogenesis, reviews, symptoms, cats.
Language of Text: Italian.

Quintavalla, C. (1999). Diabete mellito nel cane e nel gatto [Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. Clinical aspects]. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari 20(Suppl to 7/8): 7-14. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Descriptors: diabetes, diabetes mellitus, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, therapy, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Italian.

Rand, J. (1999). Current understanding of feline diabetes. 1. Pathogenesis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 1(3): 143-153. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, classification, insulin, environmental factors, remission, stress, hyperglycemia, literature reviews.

Rand, J.S. (2002). Understanding feline diabetes. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 24(5B): 2-6. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, risk factors, insulin secretion.

Rand, J.S. (1998). Understanding feline diabetes: pathogenesis and management. Veterinary Quarterly 20(Supplement1): S35-S37. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: diabetes, pathogenesis, insulin, amyloidosis, diagnosis, glucose, toxicity, glipizide, diets, cats.

Rand, J.S. (1997). Understanding feline diabetes. Part I. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 27(1): 17-26. ISSN: 0310-138X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A9
Descriptors: physiopathology, symptoms, pathogenesis, reviews, diabetes, cats.

Rand, J.S. (1997). Management of feline diabetes. Australian Veterinary Practitioner 27(2): 68-78. ISSN: 0310-138X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A9
Descriptors: insulin, sugar, treatment, animal feeding, exercise, fluid therapy, potassium, hypoglycemia, reviews.

Rand, J.S., L.M. Bobbermien, J.K. Hendrikz, and M. Copland (1997). Over representation of Burmese cats with diabetes mellitus. Australian Veterinary Journal 75(6): 402-405. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, breeds, risk, breed differences, sex differences, age differences, Queensland.

Rand, J.S., H.A. Farrow, L.M. Fleeman, and D.J. Appleton (2003). Diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 12(Suppl): S6. ISSN: 0964-7058.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1A74
Abstract: Background - Diabetes in dogs occurs predominantly via a type 1 mechanism, whereas in cats, type 2 diabetes is most common. Investigations of diet in the prevention of diabetes and obesity in companion animals has focused on the calorie density of food; the ratio of carbohydrate, fat, and protein; the carbohydrate source; the source and amount of fibre; and dietary supplements. Prevention of diabetes has mostly focused on dietary manipulations in cats that minimise insulin and glucose concentrations, thus reducing the demand on beta cells to produce insulin. Review - Dietary carbohydrate content has the greatest effect on blood glucose and insulin concentrations. In healthy cats, a high carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate 47%, protein 25%, fat 26% of calories) is associated with 20-32% higher peak postprandial glucose concentrations than a moderate carbohydrate, high protein diet (carbohydrate 27%, protein 46%, fat 26% of calories). In diabetic cats, the insulin dose was reduced, and in some cats eliminated, when the diet was changed from moderate carbohydrate (23% of calories), high fibre (10.7% DM) to a low carbohydrate (6.5% of calories), high protein (46% of calories) diet. Dietary fat content affects insulin sensitivity in cats. A high fat diet (>46% of calories) is associated with higher insulin-to-glucose ratios, indicative of lower insulin sensitivity, than diets lower in fat (<25% calories). Evidence suggests that low fat diets may improve insulin sensitivity by decreasing non-esterified fatty acid and betahydroxybutyrate concentrations, which inhibit insulin action. Carbohydrate source and processing methods influence postprandial insulin concentrations. In cats and dogs, certain carbohydrates, including rice, have been shown to have higher glycaemic indices than others, such as sorghum or corn; that is, they produce a larger postprandial glucose and insulin rise. Although increased dietary fibre was initially shown to be beneficial in dogs and cats, several recent studies have shown no benefit compared to moderate fibre diets typical of most commercial foods. Several other dietary manipulations aimed at preventing or treating obesity and diabetes have recently been investigated in cats and dogs with promising results. These include vitamin A, chromium, and carnitine supplementation. Conclusion - Consumption of diets with low carbohydrate, high protein, and moderate fat content may be advantageous for prevention and management of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes in cats and dogs. Use of low glycaemic index carbohydrates and supplementation with carnitine, chromium, and vitamin A may also be advantageous.
Descriptors: diabetes, cats, obesity, prevention, post prandial insulin, glucose, glycemic index.

Rand, J.S., L.M. Fleeman, H.A. Farrow, D.J. Appleton, and R. Lederer (2004). Canine and feline diabetes mellitus: nature or nurture. Journal of Nutrition 134(8S): 2072S-2080S. ISSN: 0022-3166.
Descriptors: diabetes, cats, diet, Burmese, genetic factors, obesity, indoor confinement, inactivity.

Rand, J.S. and R.D. Marshall (2005). Diabetes mellitus in cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 35(1): 211-224. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Abstract: Feline diabetes is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental factors, including diet, excess body weight, and physical inactivity, involved in its pathogenesis. Although type 2 diabetes is most common in cats, most cats are insulin-dependent at the time of diagnosis. If good glycemic control can be achieved early after diagnosis, a substantial proportion of diabetic cats go into clinical remission. Diabetic remission may be facilitated by using a low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet combined with a long-acting insulin, such as glargine, administered twice daily. Rather than just controlling clinical signs, these new treatment modalities make curing feline diabetes a realistic goal for practitioners.
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, insulin, glargine, treatments.

Rand, J.S. and G.J. Martin (2001). Management of feline diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 31(5): 881-913. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: adenocarcinoma, sugar, clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, diet, dosage, glucose, hydrocortisone, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, insulin, insulin secretion, ketoacidosis, kidney diseases, nervous system diseases, obesity, pancreatitis, pathogenesis, retinopathy, reviews, sex differences, somatotropin, cats.

Reusch, C. and M.A. Hoyer Ott (1995). Zur Bedeutung der Fructosamin-Bestimmung in der Ueberwachung des Diabetes mellitus. 1. Untersuchungen bei gesunden und diabetischen Katzen sowie bei Katzen mit sogenannter Stresshyperglykaemie [The importance of fructosamine-analysis in the control of Diabetes mellitus. 2. Investigations in normal and diabetic cats as well as in cats with so-called stress induced hyperglycemia.]. Kleintierpraxis 40(2): 95-100. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, glucose, insulin, hyperglycemia, stress, therapy, aldoses, carbohydrates, disease control, hormones, metabolic disorders, monosaccharides, peptides, reducing sugars, sugars .
Language of Text: German with summaries in English and French.

Reusch, C.E. and B. Haberer (2001). Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo- or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia. Veterinary Record 148(12): 370-376. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dogs, cats, amino sugars, hypoproteinemia, hyperproteinemia, uremia, hyperlipemia, hyperbilirubinemia, diabetes mellitus.

Reusch, C.E. and K. Tomsa (1999). Serum fructosamine concentration in cats with overt hyperthyroidism. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215(9): 1297-1300. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, hyperthyroidism, amino sugars, serum, diabetes mellitus, hyperproteinemia, albumins, sugar, proteins.

Reusch, C.E., G. Wess, and M. Casella (2001). Home monitoring of blood glucose concentration in the management of diabetes mellitus. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 23(6): 544-557. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, pet care, sugar, monitoring, sampling, capillaries, ears, accuracy, errors, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, case reports, insulin, somogyi pHenomenon.

Ristic, J.M., M.E. Herrtage, S.M. Walti Lauger, L.A. Slater, D.B. Church, L.J. Davison, and B. Catchpole (2005). Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system in cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 7(3): 153-62. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Abstract: A continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was evaluated in 14 cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. The device measures interstitial fluid glucose continuously, by means of a sensor placed in the subcutaneous tissue. All cats tolerated the device well and a trace was obtained on 15/16 occasions. There was good correlation between the CGMS values and blood glucose concentration measured using a glucometer (r=0.932, P<0.01). Limitations to the use of the CGMS are its working glucose range of 2.2-22.2 mmol/l (40-400 mg/dl) and the need for calibration with a blood glucose measurement at least every 12 h. When compared to a traditional blood glucose curve, the CGMS is minimally invasive, reduces the number of venepunctures necessary to assess the kinetics of insulin therapy in a patient and provides a truly continuous glucose curve.
Descriptors: diabetes, glucose, monitoring, sensor, insulun therapy.

Root, M.V., K.H. Johnson, W.T. Allen, and S.D. Johnston (1995). Diabetes mellitus associated with pancreatic endocrine insufficiency in a kitten. Journal of Small Animal Practice 36(9): 416-420. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: kittens, diabetes, case studies, hyperglycemia, genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, digestive system diseases, pancreas, animal glands, body parts, cats , digestive system, disorders , metabolic disorders, organic diseases, young animals.

Sai, P. (1996). Infections hereditaires et congenitales, endocrinologie: les diabetes sucres [diabete de type 1, diabete de type 2, insulinodependance] [Hereditary and congenital diseases in pets, endocrinology: sugar diabetes [type 1 diabete, type 2 diabete, insulindependent]. Le Point Veterinaire 28(180): 57-62. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, genetic disorders, pathogenesis, disorders , metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: French.

Sai, P. (1997). Endocrinologie: les diabetes sucres [Endocrinology: sugar diabetes]. Le Point Veterinaire 28(180): 805-810. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: insulin, sugar, glucose, epidemiology, autoimmunity, autoimmune diseases, etiology, hereditary diseases, genomes, histopathology, diabetes mellitus, diabetes, cats.
Language of Text: French with a summary in English.

Sako, T. (2003). Diabetes in the small animal clinic. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 56(1): 53-59. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: diabetes, treatment, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Sander, C., A. Horauf, and C. Reusch (1998). Indirekte Blutdruckmessung bei Katzen mit Diabetes mellitus, chronische Nephropathie und hypertropher Kardiomyopathie [Indirect measurement of blood pressure in cats with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and hypertrophic myocardial disease]. Tierarztliche Praxis 26(2): 110-118. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Descriptors: heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, ultrasonography, ultrasonic diagnosis, cats, Doppler ultrasonography.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Scarlett, J.M. and S. Donoghue (1998). Associations between body condition and disease in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 212(11): 1725-1731. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: north eastern states usa, cats, body condition, animal diseases, body weight, overweight, thinness, diabetes, movement disorders, skin diseases, diarrhea, america , body condition, digestive disorders, disorders , functional disorders, metabolic disorders, north america, organic diseases, usa , lameness .

Schaer, M. (1995). Surgery in the diabetic pet. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 25(3): 651-660. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, surgical operations, therapy, disease control, disorders , metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, preoperative care, postoperative care, medical treatment.

Sieber Ruckstuhl, N.S., N. Alt, and C.E. Reusch (2004). Messung der Blutglukose aus Kapillarblut vom Ohr bei diabetischen Hunden und Katzen [Measurement of the blood glucose from the capillary blood from the ear in diabetic dogs and cats.]. Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde 146(2): 92-93. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: analytical specimen collection, sugar, cats, blood glucose, diabetes, dogs.
Language of Text: German.

Sieber Ruckstuhl, N.S., M. Casella, and C.E. Reusch (2003). Heimmonitoring des Blutglukosespiegels durch Besitzer diabetische Hunde und Katzen [Home monitoring of blood glucose concentrations by owners of diabetic dogs and cats]. Swiss Archive for Veterinary Medicine 145(11 ): 537-543. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Abstract: Generation of blood glucose curves is essential to monitor glycemic control in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Up till now blood collection and blood glucose measurements could only be performed in a hospital. However, glucose concentrations measured in a hospital environment can markedly differ from concentrations measured at home, due to reduced appetite, different activity level and stressful handling. At the Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, a new method to collect capillary blood from the ear and to measure blood glucose by means of a portable glucose meter has been developed. This method enables owners of diabetic dogs or cats to determine blood glucose concentrations and generate blood glucose curves at home. Three cases demonstrate, how much blood glucose concentrations at home may differ from those in the hospital and how home monitoring can help to establish diabetic control in dogs and cats.
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes, monitoring, sugar, composition, metabolic disorders, glycemic control, blood collection method, home monitoring of blood glucose levels.
Language of Text: German with summaries in German, English, French and Italian.

Skelly, B. (2002). Causes, consequences and control of potassium imbalance in small animals. In Practice 24(10): 596-604. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.I4
Descriptors: dogs, cats, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, potassium, disease diagnosis, mineral, small animal practice, renal failure, fluid therapy, hypoadrenocorticism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, differential diagnosis.

Slebodzinski, A.B. (2002). Cukrzyca u kotow. Cz. I. Rozpoznawanie [Diabetes in cats. Part I. Diagnosis]. Zycie Weterynaryjne 77(7): 342-346. ISSN: 0137-6810.
NAL Call Number: SF604. Z9
Descriptors: blood, diabetes, diagnostic techniques, glucose, insulin, ketoacidosis, pancreatic diseases, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Slebodzinski, A.B. (2002). Cukrzyca u kotow. Cz. II. Leczenie [Diabetes mellitus in cats. Part II. Treatment]. Zycie Weterynaryjne 77(8): 390-394. ISSN: 0137-6810.
NAL Call Number: SF604. Z9
Descriptors: acidosis, diabetes mellitus, glucose, insulin, treatment, cats.
Language of Text: Polish with a summary in English.

Slebodzinski, A.B. (1998). Patofizjologia wewnatrzwydzielniczej funkcji trzustki psow i kotow (czesc IV). Leczenie stanow niedoczynnosci wewnatrzwydzielniczej komorek B trzustki [Physiopathology of the endocrine pancreas disorders. Part IV. Treatment of diabetes in dogs and cats]. Zycie Weterynaryjne 73(10): 377-381. ISSN: 0137-6810.
NAL Call Number: SF604. Z9
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, therapy, insulin, treatment, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Slebodzinski, A.B. (1998). Patofizjologia wewnatrzwydzielniczej funkcji trzustki psow i kotow. Czesc II. Cukrzyca (diabetes mellitus) [Physiopathology of endocrine pancreas in dogs and cats. Part II. Diabetes mellitus]. Zycie Weterynaryjne 73(8): 298-300. ISSN: 0137-6810.
NAL Call Number: SF604. Z9
Descriptors: pathology, diagnosis, insulin, diabetes mellitus, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Soyer, C. (2003). Endocrinologie du chien et du chat : interets et limites du dosage de la fructosamine. [Endocrinology in dogs and cats: advantages and limits of determination of fructosamine.]. Le Point Veterinaire 34(238): 10-11. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: dogs, cats, sugar, diabetes, diagnosis, composition, disorders, metabolic disorders.
Language of Text: French.

Sparkes, A.H. (1999). Cats, diabetes and stress. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 1(4): 1. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, diabetes, stress, hyperglycemia.

Starkey, S.R., K. Tan, and D.B. Church (2004). Investigation of serum IGF-1 levels amongst diabetic and non-diabetic cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(3): 149-155. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, insulin like growth factor I, diabetes mellitus.

Stein, J.E. and D.S. Greco (2002). Portable blood glucose meters as a means of monitoring blood glucose concentrations in dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(2): 70-72. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: cats, dogs, diabetes mellitus, glucose, meters, portable equipment.

Struble, A.L. and R.W. Nelson (1997). Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in cats and humans. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19(8): 935-939, 942-945. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: diabetes, pathogenesis, cats, mankind, classification, diagnosis, therapy, overweight, diet, body condition, disorders , metabolic disorders, therapy , medical treatment, comparisons .

Struble, A.L. and R.W. Nelson (1999). Il diabete mellito non insulino-dipendente nel gatto e nell'uomo [Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in cats and humans]. Veterinaria Cremona 13(2): 5-13. ISSN: 0394-3151.
Descriptors: diabetes, reviews, diabetes mellitus, cats, man.
Language of Text: Italian.

Switzer, E. and I. Nolte (2004). Diagnostik und Therapie beim Diabetes mellitus von Hund und Katze [Diagnosis and therapy of diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats]. Praktische Tierarzt 85(9): 640-644. ISSN: 0032-681X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diabetes mellitus, diagnosis, obesity, therapy, cats.
Language of Text: German.

Switzer, E. and I. Nolte (2003). Aufzeichnung und Interpretation von Blutglukoseprofilen bei diabetischen Hundeh und Katzen: neue Moglichkeiten anhand der 24-Stunden-Langzeitmessung. [Generating and interpreting blood glucose profiles in diabetic dogs and cats: new opportunities by 24-hour-monitoring]. Tierarztliche Praxis 31(6): 373-376. ISSN: 1434-1239.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V433
Descriptors: blood sugar, diabetes, hypoglycemia, monitoring, small animal practice, cats.
Language of Text: German; Summary in English.

Temo, K., E. Rudloff, M. Lichtenberger, and R. Kirby (2004). Hypernatremia in critically ill cats: pathophysiology. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 26(6): 422-433. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: metabolic diseases, homeostasis, diabetes insipidus, acute course.

Thiess, S., C. Becskei, K. Tomsa, T.A. Lutz, and M. Wanner (2004). Effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diet on plasma metabolite levels and on iv glucose tolerance test in intact and neutered male cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(4): 207-218. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, high fat diet, carbohydrate intake, carbohydrate, glucose tolerance, lipid, diabetes mellitus.

Thompson, M.D., S.M. Taylor, V.J. Adams, C.L. Waldner, and E.C. Feldman (2002). Comparison of glucose concentrations in blood samples obtained with a marginal ear vein nick technique versus from a peripheral vein in healthy cats and cats with diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(3): 389-392. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, sugar, veins, ears, sampling, stress, portable instruments.

Thoresen, S.I. (1998). Fruktosamin (glyserte serum proteiner) ved diagnostikk og oppfoelging av lidelser karakterisert av langvarig hyperglykemi, hypoglykemi og hypoproteinemi hos hunder og katter. [Fructosamine (glycated serum proteins) in diagnosing and monitoring diseases with persistent hyperglycaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypoproteinaemia in dogs and cats]. Dissertation, Norges Veterinaerhoegskole: Oslo, Norway .
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes, serum, monitoring, diagnosis, proteins, sugar, hyperglycemia, amines, storage, temperature, biochemistry, amino compounds, composition.
Language of Text: Summaries in English and Norwegian.
Notes: ISBN: 8299463602.

Thoresen, S.I., E. Bjerkas, M. Aleksandersen, and R.L. Peiffer (2002). Diabetes mellitus and bilateral cataracts in a kitten. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 4(2): 115-122. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: kittens, diabetes mellitus, cataract, atypical course, histopathology, pancreas, eyes, symptoms, diagnosis, case reports.

Thoresen, S.I. and W.P. Bredal (1996). Clinical usefulness of fructosamine measurements in diagnosing and monitoring feline diabetes mellitus. Journal of Small Animal Practice 37(2): 64-68. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: diabetes, monitoring, diagnosis, proteins, sugar, hyperglycemia, cats, amines, insulin, therapy, amino compounds, composition, disease control, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , fructosamine .

Thoresen, S.I. and J. Grondalen (1995). Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats: a review. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 107(2): 101-111. ISSN: 0029-2773.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N81
Descriptors: endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, diabetes, cats, medicine.
Language of Text: Norwegian.

Towell, T.L. and L.C. Shell (1994). Endocrinopathies that affect peripheral nerves of cats and dogs. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 16(2): 157-161. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, endocrine diseases, nervous system diseases, diabetic neuropathy, cats, dogs, hypoadrenocorticism , insulinoma .

Towell, T.L. and L.G. Shell (1994). Endocrinopathies that affect the central nervous system of cats and dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 16(11): 1461-1466. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: cats, dogs, endocrine diseases, central nervous system, symptoms, diabetes, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, carcinomas, animal glands, body parts, disorders , endocrine glands, metabolic disorders, neoplasms , nervous system, organic diseases, hypoadrenocorticism , insulinoma , control , diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism , hypoparathyroidism , cushing' s syndrome.

Wass, C.T. and W.L. Lanier (1996). Glucose modulation of ischemic brain injury: review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 71(8): 801-12. ISSN: 0025-6196.
Abstract: Ischemic brain injury is the third-leading cause of death among Americans and the leading cause of serious disability. Based on studies of animal models, a substantial amount of experimental evidence shows that hyperglycemia at the onset of brain ischemia worsens postischemic neurologic outcome. Consistent with these observations, hyperglycemia also is associated with a worsening of postischemic brain injury in humans. In humans, however, data are often difficult to interpret because of problems in determining the timing of hyperglycemia relative to a critical ischemic event and in elucidating the effect of coexisting pathophysiologic processes (for example, a stress response) on outcome. Glucose modulation of neurologic injury is observed when ischemia is either global (for example, that accompanying cardiac arrest or severe systemic hypotension) or focal (for example, that accompanying thrombotic or embolic stroke). Toxicity is probably the result of an intracellular lactic acidosis. Specifically, the associated hydrogen ions are injurious to neurons and glia. On the basis of these factors, we recommend diligent monitoring of blood glucose concentrations in patients who are at increased risk for new-onset, ongoing, or recurring cerebral ischemia. In such patients, the use of fluid infusions, corticosteroid drugs, and insulin, as well as stress management, should be tailored to treat preexisting hyperglycemia and prevent new-onset hyperglycemia. Maintenance of normoglycemia is recommended. When one attempts to treat preexisting hyperglycemia, care should be taken to avoid rapid fluid shifts, electrolyte abnormalities, and hypoglycemia, all of which can be detrimental to the brain.
Descriptors: brain ischemia, glucose, adrenal cortex hormones, glucose, brain, cats, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, dogs, haplorhini, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia, insulin, ischemic attack, transient, prognosis, rabbits, rats, stress.

Webb, C.B. (2002). Troubleshooting the diabetic small animal patient. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(2): 79-85. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: dogs, cats, diabetes mellitus, disease diagnosis, insulin, dosage, drug injection, glucose, monitoring.

Westermark, P. (1996). Islet pathology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetic Medicine 13(9 Suppl 6): S46-8. ISSN: 0742-3071.
Abstract: Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) gives rise to islet amyloid fibrils in NIDDM. Islet amyloid tends to replace islet cells, especially beta-cells and may act as a diffusion barrier. It has also been proposed that IAPP amyloid fibrils are beta-cell cytotoxic. The pathogenesis of islet amyloid is not clear and several factors are probably necessary for amyloid formation. One factor is an amyloidogenic amino acid sequence of IAPP and a second is probably a high local concentration of IAPP. Islet amyloid is not seen in the normal human pancreas and has not been described in the pancreata of transgenic mice over-expressing human IAPP. However, islet amyloid is rapidly deposited in in vitro cultivated islets from these transgenic animals and in isolated normal human islets transplanted into nude mice. Consequently, besides an amyloidogenic structure and high production of IAPP, further factors are necessary for islet amyloid formation in NIDDM.
Descriptors: amyloid, amyloid, diabetes mellitus, type 2, islets of langerhans, amino acid sequence, amyloid biosynthesis, cats, diabetes mellitus, type 2, hamsters, haplorhini, islets of langerhans, islets of langerhans transplantation, islets of langerhans transplantation, mice, mice, nude, mice, transgenic, molecular sequence data, rats, sequence homology, amino acid.

Whitley, N.T., K.J. Drobatz, and D.L. Panciera (1997). Insulin overdose in dogs and cats: 28 cases (1986-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 211(3): 326-330. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dogs, cats, insulin, duration, pathogenesis, weight, hypoglycemia, diabetes, risk, case studies, disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , time , incidence , clinical aspects, treatment , prognosis , hypoglycemia , illness , risk factors.

Woods, J.P., D.L. Panciera, P.S. Snyder, M.W. Jackson, and S.L. Smedes (1994). Diabetes mellitus in a kitten. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30(2): 177-180. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: kittens, diabetes, pathogenesis, case studies, insulin, cats , disorders , hormones , metabolic disorders, peptides , young animals, disease course.

Xie, H. and W.W. Lautt (1996). Insulin resistance of skeletal muscle produced by hepatic parasympathetic interruption. American Journal of Physiology 270(5 Pt 1): E858-63. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: The objective was to determine the site of insulin resistance produced by intraportal atropine or surgical hepatic denervation. A modified euglycemic clamp was used in fasted cats to test the acute effect of insulin (100 mU/kg) on arteriovenous glucose gradients across the hindlimbs (mainly reflecting skeletal muscle), the guts (all organs draining into the portal vein), and the liver. Responses to insulin were determined before and after hepatic denervation and after 3 mg/kg intraportal atropine. The interventions were done in random order. Responses after either intervention were similar and were not potentiated by the combined treatment. Regional insulin resistance was assessed by comparing the change in glucose gradients in response to insulin before and after treatments. Hepatic and gut responses to insulin were unaltered, but hindlimb responses were significantly impaired after denervation or atropine. We speculate that the hepatic parasympathetic nerves regulate release of a liver-generated factor that selectively controls insulin effectiveness in skeletal muscle. This mechanism may be involved with insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes and chronic liver disease.
Descriptors: insulin resistance, liver innervation, muscle, skeletal, parasympathetic nervous system, arteries, atropine, glucose analysis, cats, denervation, glucose clamp technique, hindlimb supply, injections, intravenous, insulin, intestines supply, liver circulation, portal system, veins.

Zerbe, C.A. (2001). What is so special about feline diabetes mellitus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 3(2): 99-103. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, diabetes mellitus, treatment, glucose, toxicity, hypoglycemic agents, diet, exercise, diabetic neuropathy, hypoglycemia.