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Argonne Premium Coal Sample Data
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Acid Catalysis 226 Acid Base Properties Coal liquids 262 Acidic Sites 5, 26, 56, 63, 116 Activation Energy Hydroliquefaction 180 Structural parameters 180 Additives, Non-covalent interactions, 281 Adsorption Maleic anhydride 278 Nonpolar molecules 475 Aggregate, Molecular 414 Aliphatic Elements of samples 107, 152 Hydrocarbons 341 Alkaline solubility low rank coals 149 Alkanes, Hydrogenation, 288 Hydropyrolysis, 288 Alkoxides Metals for solubilization 339 Alkylated benzenes Flash pyrolyzates 421 Alkylation Acidic sites 116 Liquefaction 181, 254, 532 Analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 210, 317, 508 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 210, 317, 424, 508 Automated Image 222 Compilation 317 Direct Current Arc Spectrography 211, 317, 504, 505 Elemental (C, H, N) 509 Field ionization mass spectroscopy (FIMS) 356 Gases in sealed ampoules 127 Introduction 502 Ion Selective Electrode 210, 317, 508 Microbiological 524 Neutron Activation Analysis 212, 317, 507 Programmed temperature oxidation 356 Proximate 48, 85 Pyrolysis gas-chromatography 424 Standard coals 221, 317 Sulfur, extracts 423 Sulfur K-edge absorption spectroscopy 126 Thermal 48 Sulfur 98,99 TG-FTIR 115, 130 XAFS (x-ray absorption fine structure) 250 X-ray Diffraction 214 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 213, 317, 506 Anionic Fragmentation Reactions Liquefaction 183 Anisotropy Pore structure 365 Swelling coal 365 Apparatus Flowing solvent liquefaction 173 Pyrolysis 110, 153, 172 TG-FTIR 115, 130 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 341 Aromaticity 13-C NMR 259 XPS 427 Arsenic XAFS 351, 398 Association Structure 334, 537, 538 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 210, 317, 508 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 210, 317, 424, 508 Automated Image Analysis 222 Base Hydrolysis 409 Base catalyzed Maceral separation 134 Beneficiation Pretreatment 218 Benzene Sorption 307 Bimetallic catalysts 329 Biological processing Wyodak 148 Biomarkers Terpenoid 217 Biomass, Model 79 Bioprocessing Anaerobic 178 Biosolubilities Coal 133, 138 Burning velocity 328 C-Alkylation Solubilization 161, 176 Calcium additives Char oxidation 450 Calcium removal Low severity liquefaction 340 Calorimetry Heat of interaction 443 Carbon aromaticity XPS 427 Carbon Dioxide, Evolution in sealed ampoules 127, 377 Pyrolysis 105 Carbon Radicals 323 Carbon Skeletal Parameters, NMR C13, 285 Catalysis Acid 226 Gasification 261 Heterogeneous 360 Iodine 226 Liquefaction 226 Sulfated metal oxides 277 Surface 535 Catalysts Anion modified iron (III) 520 Coal depolymerization 527 Coprocessing 311 Dispersed liquefaction 367 Dispersion 329 Highly dispersed 346 Hydropyrolysis 124, 159, 252 Hydrous titanium oxide 534 Liquefaction, low severity 360 Liquefaction, Iron based, 298, 394, 395, 396, 520 Liquefaction, Molybdenum based 396, 462 Mixed metal 528 Sulfate-promoted 533 Cations Liquefaction 411 Retrogressive reactions 466 Solubility effects 133, 138 Cellulosic Waste Coprocessing with coal, 432 Centrifugation Continuous flow, maceral separation 379, 380 Continuous flow, multiple density fractionation380 Char Density 361 Pore structure 361 Reactivity 447, 458 Structure 95, 458 Surface area 361 Surface Oxides 104 Temperature programmed desorption 155 Thermal Desorption 104 Char oxidation Calcium additives 450 High temp. 450 Low temp. kinetics, 342, 450 Reactivity model 450 Characterization Coal Conversion 417 Depolymerized coals 341 FTIR 383 NMR 275, NMR 13-C 383 NMR 1-H 383 Model 417 Pyrolysis 255 Surface 535 Upper Freeport geology 536 Chemical Changes Vacuum drying, molecular accessibility, weathering 440 Chemical Comminution Deashing low rank coals 143 Chemical Percolation Statistics Devolatilization 158 Chlorobenzene Pretreatment, Molecular structure 437 Chemical Properties and Reactions 1,2,6,19,30,42,67,72 Chromatography 6 High resolution 108, 341 Inverse gas 20, 131, 132, 144 Chromium XAFS 351 Coal Depolymeriztion Mixed metal catalysts 527 Coal Liquids Acid Base Properties 262 Coal Reactivity Conformational rearrangement 394 Coal Sample Banks 219 Coal Science View 405 Coal Structure Liquefaction 179 Coalification 57, 217 Combustion Arsenic behavior 398 Burning velocity 328 Characterization 255 Flame tomography 137 TG-FTIR 164 TG-MS 448 Complexes Carbon-Oxygen 155, 156 Composition Studies 8,18,51,57,61 Diffuse Reflectance IR (DRIS) 517 Computer Aided Molecular Design Lignite 449 Lignite & water 449 Conformational changes Liquefaction 410 Macromolecular structure 318, 330 Reactivity 318 Conversion, coal Characterization 417 Model 417 Monitoring GC/MS 435 Coprocessing Catalysts 311 Cellulosic wastes & coal, 432 Hydrogen transfer 260 Liquefaction 163 Correlation 3 Cross-linking Bonds 438 Reactions 157 Cyclic olefins 336 DANTE, 324 Deashing Chemical comminution low rank coals 143 Decarboxylation bioprocessing 178 Decomposition thermal 112 Deconvolution 13-C NMR 325 Demineralization EPR 306 Density High temperature char 361 Depolymerized coals, Characterization 341 Depolymerization, Lignin-assisted, 297 Deposit characteristics Blind Canyon sample 147 Upper Freeport sample 536 Depolymerization Lignin 276 Low temperature 125, 141 Derivatization Gas phase 399 Desorption Temperature programmed 155 Desulfurization 27,35,36,37,58,82,98,99 Organic 403 Supercritical 36 XANES 316 Deuterated Solvents, Swelling coal, 287 Deuterium Exchange, Catalyzed, 296 Devolatilization 92, 93, 118 Chemical percolation statistics 158 Kinetics 93, 118 Laser 327 Modelling, 118, 293 Steam pretreatment 111 Diagenetic evolution 424 Dibenzyl ether 337 Dielectric Constant Variation with rank, 248, 249 Dielectric Measurements Glass transition 363 Low frequency, 430 Dielectric Loss, Variation with rank, 248, 249 Diels Alder reaction Maleic anhydride 278 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Dehydration, drying 369 Glass transition 333, 363, 371 Pyrolysis 446 Structure 271, 332, 354, 446 Diffuse Reflectance FTIR/ESR 154 FTIR/EPR 382 Illinois Basin Coals 436 Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIS) 517 Diffusion Rates 113, 140 Direct-Current-Arc Spectrography 211, 317, 504, 505 Distribution Heteroatom 419 Donor Solvents, hydrogen 407 Double Resonance EPR 268 Dried Coals 1-C NMR spin echo relaxation times 519 Drying (see also Water desorption) EPR spin probe 442 Kinetics 41, 44, 215, 256, 338, 368, 412, 455 Lignite 368, 369, 412 Liquefaction 368, 412 Mechanism 368, 369 Moisture release 378, 412 Oxidation, 442 Subbituminous 412 Structure accessibility 525 Thermodynamics 456 Elastic Properties Analysis 406 Electron Acceptors Characterization 495 Complexes, 280 Electron donors Characterization 495 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Carbon Radicals 323 Double resonance 268 EMR, multidimensional, 286 Multi-frequency 221 Nitroxide spin probes 174, 269 Structure of coal, 284 Electron probe microanalysis 329 Electron Spectroscopic Analysis Quantitative, 347 Electron Transfer coals, 279 Elemental Analysis C,H, N 509 EMR (Electron Magnetic Resonance), Multiple frequencies 494 Structure of coal, multidimensional 286 ENDOR 491, 500 Multiple frequencies 494 Nitroxide spin probes 174 Proton 497 EPR 500 9 GHz 493 Argand diagrams 493 Carbon radicals 496 Demineralization 306 Electron dipolar fields 499 Free radicals, FTIR- 382 Micropore wall chemistry 445 Multiple frequencies 494 Noncovalent bonds 495 Oxidation 499 Pore accessibility 23, 47, 127, 135 Spin Probe 135, 353, 492 Spin lattice relaxation 474 Spin relaxation 393 Structure 474 Temperature effects 498 Triplet states 498 Equipment pyrolysis 110 ESE (Electron Spin Echo) 491, 494, 500 Carbon radicals 496 Phase relaxation times 490 ESR 491 2 mm band 490 Extracts 146, 216 High temperature 477 Mn2+- HFS spectrum 420 Pyrolysis 119 X band 490 Ether aryl alkyl 112 crown 30 Evolution, Gas from sealed ampoules, 127, 290, 377 Exchange, Hydrogen/Deuterium, (catalyzed), 296 Extraction 6, 7, 10, 24, 74, 117, 146 Benzene-methanol 31, 88 CS2-N-Methyl-2-pyrolidinone 74, 117, 146, 216, 414, 518 Capillary column gas chromatography 108, 136 Multistep 304 Photochemical 388 Pyridine 304, 413 Extracts Magnetic relaxation 473 Structure 326 Fast Neutron Activation Analysis 258 Ferric iron, Surface reduction, 291 Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry (FIMS) Characterization of coal 356 Hydrogen Transfer 224 Pyrolysis 267 Flash Pyrolysis Alkyl benzenes 421 Flames Coal, Tomography 137 Floatability Variation with rank, 249 Flowing Solvent reactor Liquefaction 274 Fluidity Inverse gas chromatography 144 Model 103, 345 Fluorinated coal 349 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (see FTIR) Fractals Pore structure 331 Free radicals Diffuse reflectance FTIR/ESR 154 Diffuse reflectance FTIR/EPR 382 Pyrolysis 119 FTIR 29,45 Acid washed samples 469 Beneficiation 218 Coal characterization, 359, 360, 383 Deconvolution 469 Diffuse reflectance 154 On-line 515 TG-FTIR 115, 130, 164 Free radicals 154 Review 515 Functional group distributions cross-linking 157 Functionalities Oxygen 399 Gas Evolution from sealed ampoules 127, 290, 377 Gas adsorption Surface area 331 Gas Chromatography Capillary column 108, 136 GC/MS devolatilization 327 Inverse 20, 131, 132, 144 Structural comparison 511 Gas evolution Carbon dioxide 465 General 127, 290, 377, 465 Hydrogen 465 Methane 465 Gasification Carbon-Oxygen complexes 156 Catalysis 261 Char 128 Steam 526 Geology Blind Canyon sample 147 Upper Freeport sample 536 Glass Transition Coal 363, 371 Differential scanning calorimeter 363, 371 Heat capacities 11,17,73 Of interaction, calorimetry 443 Specific 16 Heating rate 28 Heteroatom Compounds 88, 114 Distribution 419 Heterogeneous catalysts Coal liquefaction 360 High Pressure Pyrolysis 153 Hydroliquefaction Catalytic 396 Hydrogen donation 336 Hydrogen exchange, Catalyzed, 296 Hydrogen transfer 260, 410 Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry 224 Chlorobenzene, low severity liquefaction 410 Hydrogenation 32 Alkanes from, 288 Low temperature 124 Structure 330 Hydrogen Sulfide Release, Pyrolysis, 294 Hydroliquefaction Activation energies 87 Drying 256 Hydrolysis Strong base 409 Hydropyrolysis 52, 153, 159, 252 Alkanes from, 288 Catalysts 462 Hydrous titanium oxide 534 Non-catalyzed 454 Organic oxygen transformations 453 Pressure effects 464 Tar yields 454, 464 Hydrothermal Pretreatment 160, 165, 251 Pyrolysis 372, 373 Hydrous pyrolysis Coal 372, 373 Hydrous Titanium Oxide Coal tar yield 534 Illinois Basin Coal Sample Program 34, 81 Imaging, NMR 270 Insolubilization Solvent extraction 310 Interaction, Noncovalent 414 Intermolecular Interactions 334 Inverse Gas Chromatography 20, 131, 132, 348 Cross linked structure 456 Ion Exchange Properties Wyodak 434 Ion exchange Cations 434 Ion Selective Electrode Analysis 210, 317, 508 Iron Coprocessing catalysts 311 Isotope dilution 19 Kaolinite 337 Kerogens coal 326 Kinetics Char oxidation, low temp., 342 Dehydration 41, 44, 215 Devolatilization 118, 327 Model 167 Organic sulfur pyrolysis 426 Pyrolysis 122, 425 Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry 272 Macerals 272 Macromolecular components 400 Leaching Behavior Elements 223 Lignin 57 Depolymerization 276, 297 Lignite Drying 256, 369 Linking cross 40 Liquefaction 3,33,71,87,89,90,100,101,102,103,173 Alkylation 181, 254, 532 Anaerobic 531 Anionic fragmentation 183 Apparatus, flowing solvent 173 Catalysis 226 Catalysts, anion-modified iron (III) 520 Catalysts, iron based, 298, 394, 395, 396, 533 Catalysts, dispersed low severity 367 Catalysts, molybdenum based 396, 462 Cations 411 Chemical pretreatment 366 Coal-catalyst interactions 386 Coal structure 179 Donor Solvents 407 Drying 256, 367, 412 Flowing Solvent reactor 274 High conversion 321 Hydrogen donation 336 Hydroliquefaction 123 Hydroliquefaction activation energies 87 Hydropyrolysis 159 Initial Reactions 102 Ion exchange 434 Lignite 256, 357 Low rank coals 411, 412, 433 Low severity 100, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 179, 181, 321, Low severity 340, 360, 366, 408, 532 Low temperature 124, 125, 141 Macerals 313 Mechanisms 123 Methane reactivity 220 Microbial 531 Microreactor, pulse flow 386 Moisture 411 Organic coal structure 100 Porosity 364 Preliquefaction 101, 367 Pyridine treatment 364 Pyrolysis 142 Retrogressive reactions, 295, 433, 466 Short residence time 29 Solvent extraction 142 Structure 405 Sulfur species 405 Sulfated metal oxides 277, 346 Uncatalyzed 535 Water pretreatment 320, 530 Yield correlation 142 Low Rank Coals, Ion exchange properties 434 Liquefaction 411, 412, 433 Low Severity Liquefaction 179 Low Temperature Char oxidation 341 Steam gasification 526 Macerals 9, 38, 51,59,106 Aliphatic elements 152 Base catalyzed separation 134 Chemical characterization 106 Composition & Extraction with CS2, 518 Continuous flow separation 501 Laser desorption mass spec. 272 Liquefaction 313 Scanning electron microscopy 263 Separation 59, 134, 379, 380, 391, 392, 501 Sink float separation 501 Sulfur compounds 402 Macromolecular Model, bituminous coal 362 Moisture, 282 Network model 103, 345 Structure 113, 148, 271, 282, 322, 330, 437, 528 Macromolecules monomers, 283 Maleic anhydride Diels Alder reaction, adsorption 278 Mass spectroscopy 53,65,93,97,114 Desorption chemical ionization 326 Field Ionization (FIMS) 514 GC/chemical ionization 319 High resolution 53, 114 Laser desorption 272, 400 Macerals 513 Methodology 513 Mobile Phase 97 Pyrolysis 65 Soft Ionization 93 Sulfur compounds 402 Mechanical Analysis Elastic properties 406 Methane Evolution in sealed ampoules 127, 377 Reactivity in Liquefaction and Pyrolysis 220 Methylation Selective 5, 26 Microbial Analysis 524 Cultures- Solubilities 133, 138, 149 Liquefaction/solubilization 531 Micronized coal Separation 391, 392 Micropores Sorption 439 Wall chemistry 445 Mineral Matter Automated image analysis 222 Char Gasification 128 Pyrolysis 168 Reactivity 120 Scanning electron microscopy 263 Mobile phase Aliphatic elements 152 Mass spectrometry 97 Model(ling) Char oxidation 460 Devolatilization 118, 293 Macromolecular coal 362 Percolation lattice statistics 121 Pyrolysis 167 Temperature programmed desorption 155 Model Compounds Liquefaction 123 Reactivity 166 Structure 166 Moisture Determination, 31-P NMR, 343 Dielectric constant and, 248, 249 Floatability and 249 Liquefaction 411 Macromolecular structure, 282 Organic molecule diffusion 140 Rehydration 317 Release 378 Structure 525 Molecular Structure 97 Nitrogen by XANES 510 Molecular Weight distribution Coal liquids 319 Molten salts 58 Monitoring Conversion by GC/MS 435 Monomers, Macromolecular structure, 283 Naphthenes 260 Network, Changes from pyrolysis, 292 Modeling 167 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 212, 258, 317 Nitrogen Evolution, thermal 374 Organic forms 404 Structures, XANES 352, 415, 510 XANES, 431 Nitroxide spin probes ENDOR 174 EPR 174, 269 NMR 21,22,49,50,69,83,86,95,96,175 Aromaticity, 83, 259 Cross polarization 275 High field 483 High temperature 477 Imaging 270 Maceral characterization 106 Multinuclear 22 Orientation effects 308 Oxidation 477 Perdeuterated pyridine 225 Solid State 69, 50, 86 Structures 322, 480 Triple resonance 1-H-19-F-13-C 349 Wide-line 2-H NMR - proton, 1-H 1-H Zeeman relaxation 96 Characterization 359, 383 CRAMPS(combined rotation and multipulse spectroscopy) 476, 488, 512 Deuterated solvent swelling, 287 Extract structure 463, 512 Hydroliquefaction activation energy 180 Moisture content 486 Pyridine treated 488 Quantitation, 359, 383, 486 Spectroscopy 482 Spin echo relaxation time 519 Spin lattice relaxation 482 Swelling coal, 287 NMR - carbon 13, 13-C 13-C NMR 21, 49, 83, 86, 95, 175, 218, 259, 275 H-13-C Cross polarization 478 Bloch decay, 289, 314, 487 Characterization, 359, 360, 383, 481 Chemical shift anisotropy 489 Chemical shift tensors 471 CP/MAS, 289, 324, 480, 484, 485, 487, 500 Deconvolution 325 Depolymerized coals 341 Detection, 175 Extract structure 463 H rotating frame dynamic nuclear polarization 478 Hydroliquefaction activation energy 180 Nonprotonated aromatic carbon 516 Oxidation study, 305, 484, 485 Pocahontas no.3, 315 Pyridine extracts, residues 413 Sample spinning, 175 Single pulse, 285, 516 Slow spinning MAS 471 Spin counting 416 Spin lattice relaxation 485, 521 Structural studies 390, 480 NMR - phosphorus 31 Moisture determination, 343 Moisture release 378 NMRI Molecular networks 470 Solvent assisted 470 Swelling 468 Non-Covalent Interactions coal structure, 280 Nonprotonated Aromatic Carbon NMR-13-C, single pulse excitation 516 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (see NMRI) Organic molecules Diffusion 140 Organic oxygen Hydropyrolysis 453 Structure -rank dependence 472 Transformations 453 Organic sulfur, Determination, comparison, 300, 381 Pyrolysis kinetics 426 Review 523 Orientation effects NMR 308 Oxidants Gasification 156 Oxidation 9, 20, 24, 25, 60,104,115 Char 120 EPR spin probe 441, 442 Functional groups 251 Low temperature, 305 NMR 477 Slurry pH 529 Spin probe 353 Storage 257 Structural changes 354, 441, 442 Sulfur reactions, 299 Sulfur forms 370 Weathering index 529 Oxygen Exchangeable 19, 42 Forms 266 Organic 258, 472 Paraffinic material coal 177 Particle size Pyrolysis 375 Perchloroethylene 169, 170 Sulfur analysis 423 Petrography Blind Canyon sample 147 Upper Freeport sample 536 Percolation Lattice Statistics Devolatilization 121, 158 Petrology Standard samples 221 pH Slurry 529 Photooxidation 27 Porosity Liquefaction 364 Solvent swelled coal 492 Surface area 364 Preparation Argonne samples 385 Pretreatment Chlorobenzene 437 Hydrogen donor solvents 407 Hydrous pyrolysis 373 Low severity 408 Thermal 406 Proton Induced X-ray/ Gamma Ray Emission (PIXE/PIGE) Trace element analysis 358 Proton Magnetic Resonance Thermal Analysis (PMRTA) 479 Protons Quantitation by 1-H spectroscopy 359 Proximate Analysis pyrolysis yield 178 Pores 46, 47, 64, 68 Char structure 361 Structure 129, 331, 365 Swelling 365 Porosity Change on extraction 140 EPR 269, 353 Positron annihilation 335 Potassium crown ether Wyodak 148 Preconversion Liquefaction catalysts 367 Preliquefaction Chemistry 101 Premium Coal Sample Program 4,12,13,34,43,62,75,76,77,78,79,81,184,209,219 Preparation Effect on kinetics of low temperature char oxidation kinetics, 342 Pretreatment Beneficiation 218 Chlorobenzene 410 Hydrothermal 160, 165 Liquefaction 162, 163 Water for liquefaction 320, 530 Programmed temperature oxidation Sulfur characterization 356 Proximate Analysis Pyrolysis yields, 172 Pyridine Extracts, residues, NMR 413 Multistep extraction 304 Perdeuterated, 2-H Wide-line NMR 225 Pyrite 337 Pyrite oxidation Sulfur 169 Pyrolysis 28,37,39,40,52,53,54,55,66,67,70,80,84,85,91,92,93,94, 105,110,111,112,115,150,153,157,164,165,167,168,172 Analysis 305, 384 Apparatus 110,115, 153 Carbon Dioxide from 105 Characterization, pyrolysis 255 Cross-linking 157 Ethers, aryl alkyl 112 Field Ionization Mass Spec.(FIMS) 267 Flash 258, 421 Free radicals 119 Gas chromatography 424 Heteroatom distribution 419 High pressure 153, 459 Hydrogen sulfide release, 294 Hydropyrolysis 124, 153, 372, 453, 454, 462,464 Hydrous 165, 372 Inverse gas chromatography 20, 131, 132 Kinetics 91, 93, 94, 122, 425, 426 Liquefaction yields correlation 142 Liquids 91 Methane 150 Methane reactivity 220 Mineral matter 128, 168 Modeling 55, 80, 93, 121, 167, 345 Network changes, 292 Organic sulfur kinetics 426 Organic sulfur determination, 300, 381 Oxygen forms 266 Paraffinic decomposition 84 Percolation lattice statistics 121 Products 419 Proximate analysis 172, Rapid heating 85, 375 Reactions 150 Retrogressive reactions 466 Slow heating 39, 66 Sulfur forms 265, 370 Sulfur reactions, 299 Tars 459 TG-FTIR 115, 130, 164 TG-MS 448 Vacuum 53 Volatile release 447 Yields 85 Water pretreatment for liquefaction 320 Wire mesh reactor 459 Radical Quenching Liquefaction 123 Reactivity 33 Conformational rearrangement 318 Hydropyrolysis 252 Liquefaction, low severity 366 Low temperature steam gasification 526 Minerals 120 Model compounds 166 Structure 166 Sulfur forms 253, 318 TG-FTIR 115 Rearrangement, conformational Reactivity 318 Rehydration 41, 44, 338 Relaxation EPR 323, 444 NMR 322 Retrograde reactions (retrogressive) liquefaction 162, 295, 337, 433 Samarium iodide NMR of treated samples 314 Sample Programs Argonne 4, 12, 13, 43, 62, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 184, 209 Illinois Basin 34, 81 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Macerals 263 Mineral matter 263 Scattering Small angle neutron 14, 64, 145 Separation Base catalyzed 134 Macerals 134, 391, 392 Silicates 22 Site Reactive 23, 135 Slurry pH, weathering 529 Solubility Alkaline solutions 133, 138, 143 Gas 15 Microbes 133 Solubilization Alkoxides, metals 339 Base 409 C-Alkylation 161, 176 Microbial 531 Solvent Exposure, reactivity effects 318 Flowing, liquefaction apparatus 173 Non-covalent interactions, 281, 414 Pretreatment in drying 338 Structure changes 528 Swelling, deuterated, 287 Solvent Extraction 7,10,24,31,74,88, 139 Cross-Links 438 CS2-NMP 418, 438, 467, 518 Liquefaction yield correlation 142 Low temperature 467 Macerals 518 Mixed solvents 117, 146, 216, 310, 414, 418, 438, 467 Photochemical 388 Rates 140 Sulfur species 170 Yields 467 Solvent swelling Bituminous coals, 428, 429 Concentration dependence, 429 cross-linking 157 Deuterated, 287 Differential scanning calorimetry 271 Glass transition temperature 371 Irreversible, 428 Liquefaction 181, 254 Micropore chemistry 445 Polar solvents 475 Porosity 492 Pyrolysis 446 Structure 332, 354, 446 Sorption Benzene 307 Dual Mode 439 Microporosity 439 Spectroscopy 29, 51 FTIR 45, 60 Mossbauer 60 Spin Probe Nitroxyl 353 Spin relaxation EPR 393 Standard Chemical Shift 69 Steam Pretreatment Devolatilization 111 Storage Oxidation Strong Bases Desulfurization 309 Structure 5,14,20,26,38,64,107,108,109,114,136,145,166,218 Accessibility on drying 525 Acidic sites 116 Aliphatic elements 107 Association 334, 537, 538 Catalysts, iron based, 298 Changes on vacuum drying 440 Char 463 Char pores 361 Chemical 2, 5, 9, 21, 26, 38, 45, 57, 61, 100, 109, 145 Coal 114, 324, 326, 438 Comparison (GC) 108, 136, 452, 511 Computer aided molecular design 449 Cross linked 456 Electronic 335 EPR, 284, 441, 442, 444 Extracts 218, 463 High resolution chromatography 108 Hydrocracking 452 Hydroliquefaction activation energy 180 Intermolecular association 334 Lignite 449 Liquefaction 405, 452 Macromolecular coal 362 Magnetic relaxation 473 Nitrogen 352, 415 Non-covalent interaction, 280, 281 Parameters 117 Physical 41, 46, 64, 145 Pyrolysis 452 Reactivity 166 Research review 388 Solvent extraction 438 Solvent swelling 332 Tars 463 Sulfated metal oxides Catalytic liquefaction 277, 346, 394 Sulfur and Sulfur compounds Bituminous Coals 227 Distribution 151 Elemental 8, 35, 169, 170 Evolution, thermal 374 Forms 98, 99, 151, 253, 264, 312, 355, 370, 401,402, 403 Gases 37 Heteroatoms 228 HPLC of Perchloroethylene extracts 423 K edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy 99, 126 Liquefaction 405 Organic 1, 18, 35, 126, 151, 300, 344, 389 Oxidation, 299, 370 Oxidized organic 389 Perchloroethylene extract analysis 423 Pyrolysis reactions, 299, 370 Quantitative analysis 423 Reactions, 299 Review 523 Species 170 Temperature programmed reduction 457 XAFS 250, 264, 299, 350, 351, 370 XANES 264, 299, 350, 461 XPS 98 Supercritical extraction THF 140 Surface and Pores 11,15,23,46,47,56,63,68 areas 15, 331, 364 Chars 361 Liquefaction 364 Properties of Illinois Basin coals 436 Surface Composition Sulfur forms 312 Surface Reduction, Ferric iron, 291 Surface Thermodynamics Inverse gas chromatography 348 Swelled coal 14 1-C NMR spin echo relaxation times 519 Pore size 365 Pore structure 365 Solvent 113, 129 Spin Probe EPR 135, 269, 353 Swelling NMRI (NMR imaging) 468 Tar Formation 118, 251 Hydropyrolysis yield 454 Selectivity 124 Yield 124 Temperature Measurement 122 Programmed decomposition 253 Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) Gas extracts 457 Sulfur compounds 457 Terpenoid Biomarkers 217 Tetrahydrofuran Photochemical extraction 388 Tetralin Extraction 330, 410 TG-FTIR Analysis 384 Thermal Changes Macromolecular structure 528 Thermochemical analysis Pyrolyis-FIMS 512 Thermochemistry 56, 63 Thermogravimetry 48, 53, 93 Coal drying 256, 368, 369 Programmed temperature oxidation 355 TGA 266 TG-FTIR 115, 130, 164, 266, 374, 384 Thermogravimetry-Mass Spectrometry (TG-MS) Combustion 448 Pyrolysis 448 Time Resolved Pyrolysis FIMS 514 TKS 69 Tomography Flame 137 Trace elements Analysis by PIXE/PIGE 358 Arsenic 351, 398 Chromium 351 XAFS 351, 522 Transfer Hydrogen 410 Vacuum Drying Molecular accessibility 440 Vacuum thermogravimetry 319 Volatile matter 328 Release-entrained 447 Release-wire mesh 447 Yields on pyrolysis 376 Water Macromolecular structure, 282 Pretreatment, liquefaction 320, 530 Water desorption 11 (see also Drying) Kinetics 455 Thermodynamics 455 Weathering 7, 10, 25, 60 (See also Oxidation) Index 529 Slurry pH 529 Wyodak Sample 2, 30, 44 X-Ray Absorption Analysis 214 X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 250, 264 Arsenic 351, 398 Sulfur, 250, 264, 299, 350, 351 Trace elements 351,522 X-Ray Absorbtion Near Edge Structure (XANES) 253, 264, 265 Nitrogen, 431 Oxidized sulfur forms 389 Sulfur, 253, 264, 265, 299, 316, 350, 352, 381, 402, 415, 461 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 214, 256 Near diffraction peak analysis 357 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 213, 317, 506 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 253, 265 Carbon aromaticity 427 Oxidized sulfur forms 389 Sulfur forms 381, 402 X-Ray Spectroscopy, Organic sulfur determination, 300
