Catalogue Query Results
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus adonidum; Auctorum ({non} Linnaeus, 1767), 1767. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors until its status was clarified by De Lotto (1965).
Pseudococcus adonidum; Westwood, 1840: 118. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226.
Coccus laurinus Boisduval, 1867: 353. Type data: FRANCE: Central France on Laurus nobilis and Marsseile on fig. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b: 364. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Synonymy, as a synonym of Pseudococcus adonidum.
Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 75. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Botanical Gardens, on Cycas revoluta. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Miller, 1981: 82-83. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female.
Dactylopius adonidum; Signoret, 1875c: 306. Misidentification; discovered by De Lotto, 1965: 226.
Dactylopius hoyae Signoret, 1875c: 317. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, in greenhouse, on Hoya carnosa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 248. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov and Matile-Ferrero (1995).
Dactylopius pteridis Signoret, 1875c: 321. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg garden, in greenhouses, on Pteris argirea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 105.
Boisduvalia lauri; Signoret, 1875c: 338. Change of combination.
Dactylopius longifilis Comstock, 1881a: 344. Type data: U.S.A., on a variety of plants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Oudablis lauri; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Dactylopius longispinous; Osborn, 1898: 225. Misspelling of species name.
Pseudococcus longispinus; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus hoyae; Fernald, 1903: 103. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus laurinus; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.
Dactylopius adonidum Auctorum, 1965. Nomen nudum. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758 until De Lotto (1965) clarified that it was a wrongly used and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).
Pseudococcus adonidum Auctorum, 1965. Nomen nudum.
Pseudococcus adonidum; Savescu, 1982: 260. Notes: Incorrect citation of Pseudococcus adonidum Geoffroy, 1762.
Pseudococcus longispinus; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 190. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Targioni" as author.
COMMON NAMES: cotonet longispino [Lloren1990]; kimhit aruqat zanav; long tailed mealybug [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Koszta1996]; long-tailed mealybug; longtailed mealybug.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [Moore1988, Trjapi1989, Goolsb1994, BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus psudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Anarhopus sydneyensis Timberlake [Flande1953a, Moore1988, Trjapi1989], Arhopoideus peregrinus Compere [Moore1988], Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea rubra Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997, BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001], Pseudaphycus angelicus (Howard) [Goolsb1994], Tetracnemoidea peregrina (Compere) [Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoides sydneyensis (Timberlake) [Goolsb1994]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [RosenArWo1992, AbdRab2001d].
HOSTS: Adiantaceae: Adiantum [Cox1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dracaena [Martin1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Dracaena godseffiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dracaena reflexa [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Phormium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phormium tenax [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Yucca [KozarFr1995]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cananga odorata [Matile1978, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Tzalev1968, CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Plumeria rubra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Rauvolfia serpentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Alocasia macrorhiza [CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Anthurium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Caladium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia antiquorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [Willia2004a], Dieffenbachia, Dieffenbachia amoena [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Monstera deliciosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phillodendron [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Schefflera arboricola. Arecaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Aspidiaceae: Nephrodium. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium mollae [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Dryopteris mollis. Aucubaceae: Aucuba japonica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda mimosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Epiphyllum [Leonar1920, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Opuntia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [LitCa1994, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Tradescantia virginiana. Compositae: Achillea millefolium, Cineraria [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Kleinia neriifolia [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Senecio [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Costaceae: Costus [Willia2004a]. Cunoniaceae: Ceratopetalum gummiferum. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Betrem1937, Tzalev1968, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cycas revoluta [EzzatRa1962, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cycas ruminiana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cyperus albostriatus [Leonar1920, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Davaliaceae: Nephrolepis. Dennstaedtiaceae: Hypolepis tenuifolia. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus reticulatus. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Croton [Leonar1920, Betrem1937, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glochidion, Macaranga [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Flacourtia sepiaria [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Pelargonium zonale [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Streptocarpus. Guttiferae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Hernandiaceae: Hernandia peltata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Hydrangaceae: Hydrangea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Hymenophyllaceae: Hymenophylum [GomezM1946, Martin1985]. Juglandaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Coleus [Essig1915a, WilliaGr1992]. Lauraceae: Litsea laurifolia [Matile1978, BenDov1994], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Acacia [Tzalev1968, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Acacia cyclops [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Acacia linifolia, Acacia majorera [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Acacia simplex [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Cytisus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dolichos [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Erythrina, Erythrina insignis [Tzalev1968, BenDov1994], Flemingia congesta [Willia2004a], Lotus bertheloti [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa, Mimosa [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Phaseolus [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudacacia [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Sophora microphylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Sophora toromiro [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Aloe arborescens [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Asparagus officinalis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Tzalev1968, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia glabra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [EzzatRa1962, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus communis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus integrifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [CarnerPe1986, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ficus elastica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Ficus hilli, Ficus indica [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Ficus nekbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus nitida [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Ficus septica [Willia1960a, BenDov1994], Morus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa paradisiaca [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum loetum [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon viminalis, Choricarpia leptopetala, Eucalyptus tereticornis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Eugenia caryophyllata [DeLott1964, Matile1978, BenDov1994], Pimenta dioica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Psidium [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Tristania conferta. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea spectabilis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus, Jasminum azonium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jasminum officinale [GomezM1937, EzzatRa1962, Martin1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Olea europaea [LongoRu1988, BenDov1994]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis cordifolia [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Nephrolepis exaltata [Mamet1949, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [CarnerPe1986, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium, Diacrium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phalaenopsis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Raphiopedalum [Willia2004a], Sobralia macrantha [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Vanda suaya [Willia2004a]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Areca catechu [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea elatior [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Chamaedorea elegans [Hadzib1983], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Mamet1949, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dictyosperma alba [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Howeia, Metroxylon [Hadzib1983], Metroxylon sagu [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Oredoxa [Mamet1951, BenDov1994], Phoenix canariensis [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Rhapis, Salacca zalacca [LitCa1994], Washingtonia sonorae [GomezM1937, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Willia2004a], Pandanus amaryllifolius [Willia2004a], Pandanus utilis [Mamet1949, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora [CarnerPe1986, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Phytolacaceae: Petiveria alliacea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Cedrus atlantica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Picea, Pinus [Willia2004a], Pinus halepensis, Pinus insularis [Willia2004a], Pinus radiata. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Goux1931a, Martin1985, BenDov1994], Pittosporum floribundum [Willia2004a], Pittosporum pentandrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus. Plumbaginaceae: Limonium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Ruprechtia ramiflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polypodiaceae: Drynaria, Platycerium bifurcatum. Primulaceae: Cyclamen [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Primula obconica [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Banksia, Macadamia ternifolia [Willia1973, BenDov1994]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum aureum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pteris argirea [Signor1875c, BenDov1994]. Pteridophyta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhoea discolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera eripetala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga, Fragaria vesca, Malus pumila [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus domestica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Pyrus americana [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [Cox1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pyrus polycarpa [Willia2004a], Rubus roridus [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a], Gardenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Choisya ternata, Citrus [Betrem1937, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Marott1987a, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus latipes [Willia2004a], Citrus limon, Citrus maxima [Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Pometia [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara achras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Veronica speciosa [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Nicotiana maritima, Solanum camanulatum, Solanum melongena [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum. Stangeriaceae: Stangeria paradoxa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Stangeria schizodon [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Brachichito acerifolium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Sterculia, Theobroma cacao [DeLott1964, Campbe1983, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia gigantea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne odora. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Vitidaceae: Cissus antartica [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Cissus rombifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Vitis vinifera [Cox1987, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Zamiaceae: Dion edule [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Encephalartos gratus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Macrozamia fawcetti [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Zamia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Catimbium speciosum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Vayssi1913]; Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Mamet1960, Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Kenya [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]); South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1952, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Ward1966, Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Alabama [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], California [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Connecticut [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Illinois [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Indiana [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Iowa [Osborn1898, CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Kansas [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Maryland [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [King1899, BenDov1994], Michigan [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Missouri [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], New York [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], North Carolina [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Tennessee [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Texas [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Washington [CABI1984b, BenDov1994], Wisconsin [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Cocker1895q, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [GranarCl2003], Catamarca [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], Jujuy [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Mendoza [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], San Juan [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tucuman [Granar1979, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Santa Catarina [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Chile [Gonzal1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [Figuer1952, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Easter Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Grenada [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [CABI1984b, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Uruguay [CABI1984b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1954a, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; India [CABI1984b, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Meghalaya [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994] (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Willia2004a] (Mindanao [LitCa1994]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1929a, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Armenia [TerGri1954, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Azores [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]; Bulgaria [Tzalev1968, KozarTzVi1979, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; China [CABI1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Corsica [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1922, EzzatRa1962, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875b, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Greece [BenDov1994]; Hungary [Kozar1980, BenDov1994]; Iran [CABI1984b, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1935, Avidov1961, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1920, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; Jordan [new]; Latvia [Rasina1955, BenDov1994]; Lebanon [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]; Malta [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1970, CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Portugal [CABI1984b, Fernan1992, BenDov1994, KozarFr1995, CarvalFrAg1996]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Willia1973, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sardinia [LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; South Korea [KwonLeHa2002, KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [GomezM1946, Martin1985]; Tunisia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Willia1962, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [CABI1984b, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Various aspects of behaviour and biology under laboratory conditions in the Netherlands wre studied by Bayer (1929). Pataki (1975) presented observations on the moulting process. Life cycle in New Zealand described by Cox (1979). Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Smith et al. (1997) indicated that on citrus in Australia - Queensland and Northern Territory - it develops 4-6 genertaions per year, while 3-4 generations in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit & Calilung (1994) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male given by Beardsley (1960). Good description and illustration of the female second-instar nymph and female last-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Cox (1979), de Villiers et al. (1987), Johnson & Lyon (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Foldi (2003a) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Rotundo (1975), Tremblay et al., 1977 and Rotundo and Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using male and female morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological studies and immuno-electrophoresis. Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=8. Molyneux et al. (1990) gave a chemical analysis of the honeydew. Munson et al. (1992) and Baumann et al. (1993) studied the relationship of endosymbionts of this mealybug, of D. neobrevipes, of Ps. maritimus and of aphids, and concluded that those of the mealybug are related and phylogenetically are distinct from those of aphids.
SYSTEMATICS: Until the 1960s' most of the publications relating to this species have been under either Dactylopius adonidum (L.) or Pseudococcus adonidum (L.). De Lotto (1965) critically studied the nomenclature and proved that Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, 1767, was not a scale insect, and resurrected Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1867 as the senior synonym of the long tailed mealybug. For a detailed discussion see De Lotto (1965).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Widely distributed in the nature, on a large range of plants, over most territories of the tropical and subtropical regions, and in greenhouses in temperate zones. Has been reported as a citrus pest in California, Florida (Clausen, 1915; Bartlett, 1978e) Israel (Rivnay, 1968; Avidov & Harpaz, 1969; Ben-Dov, 1988b) and South Africa. Reported as a pest of apple and pear in New Zealand (Ward, 1966). A frequent pest of ornamentals outdoors and in greenhouses (Bartlett, 1978; Johnson & Lyon, 1988; Zahradnik, 1990). During the 1970s' it became a severe pest of avocado in Israel, as a result of the lethal effect of drift of synthetic insecticides from neighbouring cotton fields, on natural enemies of the mealybug. Swirsky et al. (1980) studied and discussed this case of re-establishment of efficient biological control of this potential pest in avocado plantations in Israel. Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Tanne et al., (1989b) ascertained that it transmitted Leafroll Virus from infected grapevine to virus-free grapevines.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 668-669 (female) [Pseudococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 408 (female) [Pseudococcus species of Korea]; Kwon et al. 2002: 152 (female) [Korea]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Kosztarab 1996: 182 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Lit & Calilung 1994: 256 (female) [Philippines]; Tang 1992: 236 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 426-428 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 173 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 76 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 280 (female) [Australia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 40 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 288 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 436 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 255 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 655 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 39 (female) [England]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; McKenzie 1960: 725 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 418 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 173 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 92 (female) [Palaarctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1368]; AbouEl2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 185-195]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 150-151]; AvidovHa1969 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 190-191]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 10]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; BarrasJeWa1994 [life history, ecology: 1205-1208]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 164-166]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; BaumanMuLa1993 [structure: 21-24]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 201-210]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 437-438]; BenDov1988a [host, distribution, economic importance: 1075-1081]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 397-400]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Berles1893 [taxonomy: 74]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-36]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution : 250]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 471-472]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy: 353]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160, 161]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 97-99]; Bordag1914 [distribution]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 181]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 228]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; CABI1984b [distribution]; Campbe1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 43]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 58-60]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 142]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-338]; ChenCh2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 239-244]; ChongHo2006a [biological control]; Clause1915 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 35-41]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1893cc [host, distribution: 103]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 266]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341-342, 344]; CongdoMo1959 [host, distribution, economic importance: 481-487]; Conway1951 [host, distribution: 159-164]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; Cottie1938 [host, distribution, chemical control: 332-333]; Cox1979 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-2]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80, 199]; CoyierRo1986 [host, economic importance: 1-3]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DarvasVi1983 [chemical control: 455-463]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeBachFl1947 [host, distribution, control: 9,27]; DeBachFl1947b [biological control, host, distribution: 1-3]; DeBachHu1971 [biological control: 113-140]; DeLott1965 [taxonomy: 226-229]; DeVillDu1984 [chemical control, biological control: 17-20]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; EcobicBiAl2004 [chemical control: 137-142]; Essig1909a [taxonomy: 36]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 130, 131]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; EzzatRa1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142-145]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 62]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flande1932 [host, distribution: 1240-1241]; Flande1940d [host, distribution, biological control: 146,154-155]; Flande1940e [host, distribution, biological control: 3-5]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Foldi2003a [taxonomy: 5]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Furnes1977 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 319-332]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; Giliom1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267-273, 293]; GillanCo2001 [life history, behaviour, structure: 279-285]; GollifJaDa1977 [host, distribution, virus transmission: 171-177]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343-345]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 95]; Gonzal1989 [host, distribution, economic importance: 115]; Gonzal1991 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control: 3-7]; Gonzal2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; Gonzal2003b [host, distribution, economic importance: 89-98]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Goolsb1994 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-168]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 135, 138-143]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 99]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Greig1944 [host, distribution, control]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 11-12]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 127]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; Hanson1963 [host, distribution]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 53]; HollinAr2005 [mechanical control: 289-298]; James1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-84]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-101]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 263]; KlattNe2002 [biological control: 2039-2044]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 182-184]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 130]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 12]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 185]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 410]; KwonLeHa2002 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153]; LambdiJo2001 [structure, anatomy: 113-117]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-180]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 399-404]; Lindin1909c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 450]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; LitCa1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 259, 265]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; LuckShKe1999 [biological control: 225-242]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Mamet1954a [host, distribution: 265]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-233]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96-97]; MartinWoO1999 [host, distribution, chemical control: 22-24]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 19-270]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 53]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 196]; McConnSh1986 [chemical control: 263-265]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distriburtion: 303-305]; McMurt1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 247-252]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Miller1935 [life history, control: 1-2]; Mo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control, life history: 1-3]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; MolyneCaDr1990 [host, distribution: 1899-1909]; Monast1962 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 109-115]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; MunsonBaMo1992 [host, distribution: 26-30]; MurthyGi1976 [chemical control: 3]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72-82]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Osborn1898 [taxonomy, distribution: 225]; PaieroMaHa2003 [host, distribution: 115-129]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; Pataki1975 [life history: 141-151]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; Perkin1982 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 5]; Petty1987 [chemical control: 255-258]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; PowellHo1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; RadhakMaPr2003 [host, distribution: 53-54]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Rivnay1968 [biological control: 64-65]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance]; RosenArWo1992 [biological control, life history: 241-253]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-281]; SandanChRa2005 [biological control: 311-314]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 260-261]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 842, 860]; Signor1875c [taxonomy: 306, 321, 338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 80-82]; Stehr1974 [biological control: 124-136]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 25-26]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskIzWy1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 415-426]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 69-71]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 429]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 247-248]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; TanneBeRa1989a [economic importance: 63-64]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25-26]; Targio1866 [taxonomy: 122]; Targio1867 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 75]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; TerGri1954 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61, 62]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-44]; Timber1919 [biological control: 197-231]; TremblTrRo1977 [structure: 113-135]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 55, 56, 130, 145, 15]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; vanden1995 [host, distribution: 1-4]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Vayssi1913 [host, distribution: 429]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 48]; WakgarGi2004a [host, distribution: 1-5]; WakgarGi2004b [host, distribution, biological control: 7-11]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-25]; Ward1966 [host, distribution: 453]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; Westwo1840 [taxonomy: 118]; Willia1960 [host, distribution: 426]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 39-40]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 317, 318]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 695-699]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 450-452]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190-192, 194]; WysokiIzSw1976 [host, distribution, economic importance: 81-90]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 78-79]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 178-181].
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