Catalogue Query Results
Saissetia coffeae (Walker)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium coffeae Walker, 1852: 1079. Type data: SRI LANKA:. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1957: 314. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Lecanium hemisphaericum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 26. Type data: ITALY: Firenze, Garden of Royal Museum, on Bletia sp. and Phyllarthron sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Notes: Type material probably lost; G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Chermes anthurii Boisduval, 1867: 328. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse, on Anthurium sp. and on Caladium sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Green, 1904d: 232. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Chermes filicum Boisduval, 1867: 335. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse on fern, Pteris sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Green, 1904d: 232. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Chermes hibernaculorum Boisduval, 1867: 337. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, in greenhouse on fern, Zamia, Ardisia, Grevillea, Gardenia, Brexia and many more hosts. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Kirkaldy, 1902: 105. Notes: Depository of type material unknown.
Lecanium hybernaculorum; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 37. Misspelling of species name.
Lecanium filicum; Signoret, 1874a: 436. Change of combination.
Lecanium hibernaculorum; Signoret, 1874a: 437.
Lecanium beaumontiae Douglas, 1887b: 95. Type data: ENGLAND: Royal Gardens, Kew, on Beaumontia grandiflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 439.
Lecanium clypeatum Douglas, 1888: 59. Type data: ENGLAND: Deptford; Armagh, and Sale, on Adiantum capillus veneris, Bryophyllum calycrinum and on Asparagus plumosus and on a fern. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Sanders, 1909a: 439.
Lecanium hemisphaericum hibernaculorum; Cockerell, 1894f: 71. Change of status.
Lecanium (Saissetia) beaumontiae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 163.
Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae clypeatum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.
Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae filicum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.
Lecanium (Saissetia) coffeae hibernacularum; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 164. Change of status.
Saissetia beaumontiae; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.
Coccus coffeae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 105. Change of combination.
Lecanium (Saissetia) hemisphaericum; Kuwana, 1902a: 63. Change of status.
Lecanium (Saissetia) anthurii; Reh, 1903: 416. Change of combination.
Lecanium (Saissetia) filicum; Reh, 1903: 417.
Saissetia anthurii; Fernald, 1903b: 200. Change of combination.
Saissetia filicum; Fernald, 1903b: 201. Change of combination.
Saissetia hemisphaerica clypeata; Fernald, 1903b: 204. Change of combination.
Saissetia hemisphaerica hibernaculorum; Fernald, 1903b: 204. Change of combination.
Saissetia (Lecanium) hemisphaerica; Hall, 1922: 21. Change of status.
Saissetia hemisphericum; Tschorbadjiew, 1939: 89. Misspelling of species name.
Saissetia coffeae; Williams, 1957: 314. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: brown scale [SamuelBaBh1993]; Caparreta hemisferica [Lloren1990]; cochnilha-hemisferica [CarvalAg1997]; escama hemisferica [QuezadCoDi1972]; hemisphaerical scale [BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997]; hemispherical scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993]; La cochenille de serre [PicartMa2000]; qenima hazi qadurit.
FOES: BLUMBE1997 Encyrtidae: Diversinervus paradisicus (Motschylsky) [Nietne1861]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritulus (F.) [PonsonCo2007]. FUNGI : Vericilium lecanii [Naraya1985]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Howard) [Smith1944], Coccophagus flavescens Howard [Ramakr1925], Coccophagus ochraceus Howard [LePell1968], Coccophagus tibialis Compere [Comper1931]. Encyrtidae: Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [Timber1919], Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffroy) [Smith1944], Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992], Gahaniella brasiliensis (Gomes) [Gomes1941], Gahaniella saissetiae Timberlake [Bruner1930], Metaphycus flavus Howard [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus stanleyi Compere [Blumbe1997], Metaphycus swirskii Annecke & Mynhardt [Blumbe1988, Blumbe1997], Microterys frontatus Mercet [Schmut1955b], Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) [Nietne1861]. Eupelmidae: Lecaniobius cockerelli Ashmead. Pteromalidae: Cephaleta brunniventris Motschulsky [Nietne1861], Cephaleta fusciventris Motschulsky [Nietne1861], Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [ElMinsSa1977, LePell1968].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Aphelandra [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Aphelandra squamosa [KozarzRe1975], Asystasia gangetica [Nakaha1981a], Eranthemum nervosum [Ballou1926], Eranthemum variegatum [Cocker1894c], Graptophyllum [Nakaha1981a], Graptophyllum pictum [Ballou1926], Jacobinia mohintli [Ballou1926], Justicia alba [Hall1922], Justicia betonica [Nakaha1981a], Justicia gendarussa [Green1914d, Mamet1943a], Pseuderanthemum [HodgsoHi1990], Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum [Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Pseuderanthemum bicolor [AlayoSBl1980], Pseuderanthemum carruthersi [WilliaWa1990], Pseudoranthemum [Matile1988], Ruellia [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Sanchezia nobilis [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a], Thunbergia [Hall1922, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHe2000], Thunbergia erecta [Ballou1926], Thunbergia grandiflora [Morris1920, Ali1971, BenDov1971]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [Bodenh1924, BenDov1971, Nakaha1981a], Polianthes tuberosa [Ballou1926], Yucca [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera [Nakaha1981a], Alternathera philoxeroides [HodgsoHe2000], Gomphrena globosa [Ballou1926]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Green1923b, Balach1957c, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Mangifera indica [KinjoNaHi1996], Poupartia caffra [Mamet1962], Rhus [Ali1971], Rhus leucantha [Ballou1926], Rhus succedanea [TaoWoCh1983], Rhus vernicifera [Ali1971], Schinus [HodgsoHi1990], Schinus edule [CorseuBa1971], Schinus molle [King1903b, Borg1932, DeLott1965a, GonzalLa1989], Schinus terebinthifolius [Nakaha1981a]. Annonaceae: Annona [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Annona cherimolia [Green1923b], Annona muricata [CockerRo1915a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983], Annona reticulata [Ballou1926, Mamet1943a, Mamet1956], Annona squamosa [Cocker1893gg, Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1990], Uvaria rufa [Ballou1926]. Apocynaceae: Beaumontia grandiflora [Dougla1887b, Hall1925, Ballou1926, Hall1935], Carissa carandas [Mamet1943a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Carissa grandiflora [BenDov1971, Nakaha1981a], Ervatamia divaricata [Nakaha1981a], Melodinus baueri [WilliaWa1990], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Nerium oleander [King1899b, Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971, Hodgso1994a], Plumeria [Nakaha1981a], Plumeria acutifolia [Mamet1943a, Ali1971], Plumeria rubra [Willia1985a], Rauvolfia canescens [Ballou1926], Tabernaemontana [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Tabernaemontana citrifolia [Ballou1926], Tabernaemontana coronaria [Ballou1926], Tabernaemontana pandacaqui [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Tabernaemontana pentasticta [Nakaha1981a]. Araceae: Anthurium [King1899b, Green1904d, Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, Marott1987], Anthurium andraeanum [Nakaha1981a], Dieffenbachia [Hodgso1994a], Monstera deliciosa [HamonWi1984, Marott1987]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Borg1932, GomezM1946, Marott1987], Aralia elegantissima [Marott1987], Aralia laciniata [Marott1987], Dizygotheca elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Fatsia japonica [HodgsoHe2000], Hedera [HodgsoHi1990], Polyscias [HodgsoHi1990]. Araucariaceae: Agathis [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Arecaceae: Chamaedorea desmoncoides [Ballou1926], Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Ballou1926], Cocos [Mamet1978], Cocos nucifera [Nakaha1981a], Cyphosperma sambucina [WilliaWa1990], Livistona [Green1930c, Ali1971], Metroxylon [HodgsoHi1990], Phoenix dactylifera [Cocker1905f], Washingtonia robusta [HodgsoHe2000]. Aristolochiaceae: Aristolochia [Cocker1896k, Newste1917b, DeLott1956a], Aristolochia pistolachia [Newste1917b, Melis1930, Marott1987]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Marsdenia clausa [Ballou1926], Stephanotis [HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Aspidiaceae: Cyrtomium [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Nephrodium [Cocker1893gg], Polystichum falcatum [CarnerPe1986], Tectaria [HodgsoHi1990]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium [CarnerPe1986], Asplenium bulbiferum [HodgsoHe2000], Asplenium nidus [KozarzRe1975, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Asplenium pauperequitum [HodgsoHe2000]. Asteraceae: Aster [HodgsoHi1990], Aster novi belgii [Hall1923], Bahia [Iherin1897], Bidens [HodgsoHi1990], Chrysanthemum [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Eupatorium [HodgsoHi1990], Helianthus annuus [Ballou1926], Kleinia neriifolia [CarnerPe1986], Mikania scandens [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psiadia trinervia [Mamet1943a], Santolina chamaecyparissus [BenDov1971], Senecio [BenDov1971], Sonchus oleraceus [DeLott1956a], Tithonia diversifolia [Mamet1943a]. Aucubaceae: Aucuba [HodgsoHi1990], Aucuba japonica [TangLi1988]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Borg1932, Marott1987]. Berberidaceae: Nandina [Granar1999]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda ovalifolia [Mamet1943a], Markhamia platycalyx [DeLott1965a], Tecomaria [HodgsoHi1990], Tecomaria capensis [Ballou1926]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum [CorseuBa1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Blechnum fraseri [HodgsoHe2000], Woodwardia [HodgsoHi1990]. Brexiaceae: Brexia madagascariensis [Marott1987]. Buddlejaceae: Buddleja [HodgsoHi1990]. Buxaceae: Buxus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Campanulaceae: Clermontia parviflora [Nakaha1981a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [HodgsoHi1990], Euonymus japonicus [Marott1987]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [HodgsoHi1990], Spinacia oleracea [CorseuBa1971]. Cleomaceae: Cleome spinosa [Ballou1926]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum calaba [Ballou1926], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Garcinia [HodgsoHi1990], Garcinia spicata [Ali1971], Garcinia subelliptica [TaoWoCh1983], Mammea americana [Ballou1926]. Cobaeaceae: Cobaea [Green1904d]. Commelinaceae: Commelina nudiflora [Ballou1926]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea purpurea [Mamet1943a], Ipomoea tuberosa [Nakaha1981a]. Cornaceae: Cornus alternifolia [HodgsoHe2000]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Bryophyllum calycrinum [Dougla1888], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Cucurbitaceae: Cephalandra indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Cucurbita moschata [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Luffa acutangula [Mamet1943a], Luffa aegyptica [Kuwana1931b], Momordica balsamina [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Momordica charantia [Nakaha1981a], Sechium edule [Mamet1943a, Matile1976, Mamet1978], Trichosanthes [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a], Trichosanthes anguina [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Cupressaceae: Cunninghamia lanceolata [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Cyatheaceae: Alsophila [HodgsoHi1990]. Cycadaceae: Cycas [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Cycas circinalis [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, Ali1971, KozarzRe1975, Nakaha1983, Jansen1995], Cycas neocaledonica [Nakaha1981a], Cycas revoluta [Green1923b, Ballou1926, Balach1927, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1971, KozarzRe1975, BenDov1993], Cycas sparcia [KozarzRe1975]. Davalliaceae: Davallia [HodgsoHi1990]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium aquilinum [Granar1999], Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [King1899b], Diospyros discolor [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Diospyros kaki [Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971, DanzigKo1990]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia [Nakaha1983], Cordia alba [Ballou1926], Cordia angiocarpa [Ballou1926], Cordia gerascanthus [Ballou1926], Cordia nitida [Ballou1926], Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990], Ehretia tinifolia [Ballou1926]. Elaeagnaceae: Elaeagnus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaWa1990], Aleurites moluccana [Nakaha1981a], Cluytia pulchella [GomezM1946], Codiaeum [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Croton [EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, Marott1987, ShafeeYoKh1989], Croton pictum [Kozar1980], Croton variegatum [King1899b], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1990], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Ballou1926, Nakaha1981a], Jatropha multifida [Nakaha1983], Manihot utilissima [Mamet1943a], Ricinus communis [Nakaha1983]. Fabaceae: Afzelia [Mamet1954], Albizia [KozarPaPa1991], Bauhinia [Hall1922], Cassia mimosa [Granar1999], Hovea [KozarzRe1975], Piptadenia [Mamet1959a]. Felicidae: 'Ferns' [Hall1922, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Ali1973, HodgsoHi1990]. Gentianaceae: Agina globosa [Ali1971]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [CorseuBa1971, HodgsoHi1990]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia [HodgsoHe2000]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHi1990]. Hydrocharitaceae: Aschersonia [Mamet1959a]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus [WilliaWa1990]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [GomezM1946, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Salvia [WilliaWa1990], Salvia coccinea [Mamet1943a]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Persea [HodgsoHi1990], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986], Persea gratissima [Ballou1926, CorseuBa1971]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Aloe [Nakaha1981a], Aloe barbadensis [Nakaha1981a], Asparagus [Green1904d, Nakaha1981a, Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Asparagus officinalis [Hall1923], Asparagus plumosus [Dougla1888, Kuwana1907, Ballou1926, BenDov1971, Jansen1995], Asparagus repens [Bodenh1924], Asparagus sprengeri [Green1923b], Cordyline australis [Marott1987, HodgsoHe2000], Cordyline cannaefolia [Ballou1926]. Lobeliaceae: Pratia physaloides [HodgsoHe2000]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea racemosa [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Geniostoma [HodgsoHe2000]. Lomariopsidaceae: Lomariopsis vestita [Spitze2004]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Green1904d]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [Ballou1926, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Lawsonia alba [Ballou1926]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [Ali1968a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gossypium [Nakaha1983], Gossypium barbadense [Mamet1943a], Hibiscus [Hall1923, Balach1957c, Mamet1962, HodgsoHi1990], Hibiscus esculentus [Ali1971], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, CorseuBa1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Hibiscus tiliaceus [Nakaha1981a], Sida acuta [Mamet1943a], Sida rhombifolia [Mamet1943a]. Melastomataceae [WilliaWa1990], Miconia presina [Ballou1926]. Meliaceae: Melia azedarach [Ballou1926], Melia dubia [CarnerPe1986], Melia japonica [Kuwana1931b]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1990], Ficus [EzzatHu1969, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus benjamina [KozarGuBa1994, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus carica [CorseuBa1971], Ficus infectoria [Ballou1926], Ficus religiosa [Ballou1926], Ficus ulmifolia [Ballou1926], Ficus wightiana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Morus acidosa [Kuwana1931b]. Musaceae: Musa [Green1923b, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Green1923b, Argyri1983, CarnerPe1986], Myoporum laetum [HodgsoHe2000]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ardisia crispa [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Ardisia quinquegona [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Wallenia laurifolia [Ballou1926]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [WilliaWa1990], Eugenia [HodgsoHi1990], Eugenia axillaris [Ballou1926], Eugenia jambos [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia uniflora [TaoWoCh1983], Eugenia unifolia [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Jossinia tinifolia [Green1923b], Myrtus communis [BenDov1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Psidium guajava [Ballou1926, Kuwana1931b, DeLott1956a, Hodgso1967, BenDov1971, BenDov1993]. Nymphaceae: Nuphar lutea [Marott1987]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [Granar1999], Ligustrum [Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Olea [RosenHaSa1971], Olea europaea [BenDov1971, Almeid1973b, GonzalLa1989], Osmanthus fragrans [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Oleandraceae: Nephrolepis [DeLott1965a, KozarzRe1975, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995], Nephrolepis exaltata [Nakaha1983, Marott1987]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia [WilliaWa1990]. Orchidaceae [HodgsoHi1990], Brassia verrucosa [KozarzRe1975], Calanthe [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Calanthe sylvatica [Mamet1943a], Cymbidium [Nakaha1981a], Dendrobium noble [HodgsoHe2000], Epidendrum [Nakaha1981a], Phaius [Cocker1893k], Phaius grandiflorus [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907], Phalaenopsis [HamonWi1984], Thrixspermum formosanum [TaoWoCh1983]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [HodgsoHi1990]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [TaoWoCh1983]. Pinaceae: Picea pungens [HodgsoHe2000]. Piperaceae: Piper [Marott1987], Piper angustifolium [Ballou1926], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Hall1922, HodgsoHi1990, KozarPaPa1991], Pittosporum tobira [Hall1922, Marott1987]. Poaceae: Panicum [CarnerPe1986]. Polygonaceae: Antigonon leptopus [Ballou1926, Borg1932], Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Homalocladium [HodgsoHe2000], Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Polypodiaceae: Phymatosorus scolopendria [WilliaWa1990], Platycerium [Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Platycerium alcicorne [Green1929, BenDov1971, Marott1987], Platycerium bifurcatum [KozarzRe1975], Platycerium occicorne [GomezM1965], Polypodium phyllitidis [Ballou1926, HamonWi1984], Polypodium polypodoides [HamonWi1984], Polypodium squamatum [Kuwana1902a]. Portulacaceae: Talinum patens [Ballou1926]. Primulaceae: Cyclamen europaeum [TakahaTa1956]. Pteridaceae: Acrostichum [HodgsoHi1990], Acrostichum aureum [WilliaWa1990], Adiantum [Newste1917b, Green1904d, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990], Adiantum capillus-veneris [Dougla1888, Marott1987], Adiantum cuneatum [CorseuBa1971, Ali1971], Pteris trimula [King1903b]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Nakaha1983]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera sexangula [Nakaha1981a]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [HodgsoHe2000], Eriobotrya japonica [Bodenh1924, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Persica vulgaris [CarnerPe1986], Prunus domestica [CorseuBa1971], Prunus persica [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus salicina [HodgsoHe2000], Pyrus cydonia [CorseuBa1971]. Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis [WilliaWa1990], Canthium [Almeid1973b], Canthium barbatum [Ferris1935], Catesbaea parviflora [Ballou1926], Chiococca racemosa [Kuwana1902a, Ballou1926], Chlorophytum [KotejaLiLu1976, Kozar1980, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Chlorophytum comosum [KozarTzVi1979, Marott1987], Cinchona [Green1904d, Ali1971], Cinchona calisaya [TaoWoCh1983], Coffea [Newste1917b, Mamet1950, DeLott1956a, AbrahaMa1958, Almeid1973b, BenDov1993], Coffea arabica [Green1904a, Ballou1926, GomezM1965, DeLott1965a, BenDov1993], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea liberica [WilliaWa1990], Coffea robusta [DeLott1956a], Coprosma propinqua [HodgsoHe2000], Faramea odoratissima [Ballou1926], Gardenia [Cocker1899n, Mamet1959a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Gardenia [Green1904d, HodgsoHe2000], Gardenia florida [Kuwana1902, Kuwana1907, Ferris1921a, Ballou1926, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, BenDov1993], Gardenia jasminoides [TaoWoCh1983, Marott1987, Granar1999], Hedyotis [Nakaha1981a], Ixora [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ixora bandhuca [Ballou1926], Ixora chinensis [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ixora coccinea [Nakaha1983], Ixora lutea [Ballou1926], Ixora parviflora [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ixora thwaitsii [Ballou1926], Luculia [HodgsoHe2000], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1990], Paederia foetida [Mamet1943a], Pentas carnea [Mamet1943a], Psychotria elliptica [Ali1971], Psychotria megritostictapunicea punicea [Hodgso1969a], Psychotria rubra [TaoWoCh1983], Psychotria rufipes [Kuwana1902a], Randia dumatorum [Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Randia nigrescens [Ballou1926], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1990], Rondeletia odorata [Marott1987]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Atalantia citrioides [Ballou1926], Citrus [Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Mamet1959a, QuezadCoDi1972, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1993, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [BenDov1971, Nakaha1983], Citrus aurantium [Ballou1926], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1990], Citrus limon [GonzalLa1989, WilliaWa1990], Citrus medica [WilliaWa1990], Citrus reticulata [ShafeeYoKh1989, WilliaWa1990], Citrus sinensis [King1899b, Ballou1926, HamonWi1984, GonzalLa1989], Fagara martinicensis [Ballou1926], Triphasia [HodgsoHi1990]. Sapindaceae: Blighia sapida [Ballou1926], Euphoria longana [Ballou1926], Litchi chinensis [Nakaha1981a], Melicoccus bijuga [Ballou1926]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, BenDov1971, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Chrysophyllum [King1899b], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ballou1926, Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Lucuma mammosa [Ballou1926], Manilkara zapota [HamonWi1984], Pouteria costata [HodgsoHe2000]. Schizaeaceae: Lygodium [HodgsoHi1990]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe macrocarpa [HodgsoHe2000], Parahebe lyalli [HodgsoHe2000]. Sinopteridaceae: Pellaea rotundifolia [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Nakaha1981a], Capsicum frutescens [Nakaha1981a], Cestrum diurnum [Ballou1926], Cestrum fastigiatum [Borg1932], Solanum [Hall1922, HodgsoHi1990], Solanum capsicastrum [Lindin1911a], Solanum jasminoides [Nakaha1981a], Solanum melongena [Newste1914, Ballou1926, Nakaha1983], Solanum nigrum [Ballou1926, WilliaWa1990], Solanum santiwongsei [Nakaha1981a], Solanum seaforthianum [Ballou1926], Witheringia asterotricha [Spitze2004]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix gallica [Ballou1926]. Theaceae: Camellia [Marott1987], Camellia sinensis [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1904d, Ramakr1919a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Thymelaeaceae: Synaptolepis alternifolia [Hodgso1969a]. Umbelliferae: Apium [HodgsoHi1990], Pimpinella anisum [Ballou1926]. Urticaceae: Pilea [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Pipturus albidus [Nakaha1981a]. Verbenaceae: Aloysia citriodora [Ballou1926], Avicennia marina australasica [HodgsoHe2000], Clerodendrum fallax [Ballou1926], Clerodendrum fragrans [Ballou1926], Duranta [Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Duranta integrifolia [Marott1987], Duranta plumieri [Mamet1943a], Duranta repens [BenDov1971], Lantana camara [Mamet1943a], Lippia [EzzatHu1969], Valerianoides [HodgsoHi1990], Vitex [HodgsoHi1990]. Viscaceae: Phoradendron [CorseuBa1971]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHe2000]. Winteraceae: Bubbia [WilliaWa1990]. Zamiaceae: Dioon edule [Ballou1926], Microcycas calocoma [Ballou1926], Zamia floridana [HamonWi1984], Zamia integrifolia [Ballou1926], Zamia spinosa [Balach1927]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Nakaha1981a], Hedychium coronarium [Ballou1926].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a]; Angola [Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Cameroon; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Kenya [Newste1917b, DeLott1956a, DeLott1965a]; Madagascar [Mamet1943a, Mamet1950, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a, Mamet1962]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [Hodgso1969a]; Reunion [Mamet1957]; Saint Helena; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925]); Seychelles [Green1914d, Mamet1943a]; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1943a]; Uganda [Newste1917b, Mamet1943a, DeLott1956a]; Zanzibar [Mamet1956]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: Australia [Mamet1943a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915, SmithBeBr1997], Northern Territory [Green1914c, Frogga1915], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Frogga1915], Victoria [Frogga1915], Western Australia); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Christmas Island [AbbottGr2007]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Mamet1943a]); Fiji; French Polynesia [DoaneHa1909, Ferris1935]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Mamet1943a]); Kiribati; Marcus Island [Mamet1943a]; Marshall Islands; Nauru; New Caledonia; New Zealand [Green1929, Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000]; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea; Solomon Islands; Tonga; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Wallis Island); Western Samoa [DoaneFe1916]. Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1895x, Cocker1899n, Mamet1943a]; United States of America (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California [King1903b], Colorado, Connecticut [King1903b], Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts [King1899b], Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania [Stimme1978b], South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin). Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1999], Cordoba [GranarCl2003], Entre Rios [Granar1999], Misiones [Granar1999], Tucuman [Granar1999]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1990, HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil [Mamet1943a, AbrahaMa1958, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995] (Bahia [Cocker1897r], Espirito Santo [CulikMaVe2007], Para , Rio Grande do Sul [Iherin1897], Sao Paulo [Iherin1897]); Chile [GonzalLa1989]; Colombia [KondoKa1995, Kondo2001]; Cuba [Ballou1926, AlayoSBl1980]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [Mamet1943a, CaustoPeSi2006]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guyana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a, Balach1957c]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Cocker1892a, Cocker1893gg, Kirkal1902, Cocker1902b]; Martinique [Balach1957c]; Panama [Cocker1899n]; Peru; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands. Oriental: China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989] (Assam [Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Goa [Ali1973], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], West Bengal [Ali1971]). Oriental: Indonesia (Irian Jaya). Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Green1904a], Sumatra [Ali1971]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Ali1971]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, CockerRo1915a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1900c, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Taiwan [Ferris1921a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Siddiq1966]; Algeria [Balach1927, Mamet1943a]; Armenia [TerGri1966a]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, KozarTzVi1979]; Canary Islands [Lindin1911a, PerezGCa1987]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia), Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Crete [Argyri1983, Kozar1985, KozarPaPa1991]; Denmark; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969]; Estonia; France [Balach1939]; Georgia; Greece [BenDov1993]; Hungary [Kozar1980]; Iran [Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996]; Israel [Bodenh1924, RosenHaSa1971]; Italy [Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Kuwana1917, Mamet1943a]; Latvia [Rasina1955]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Mamet1943a]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Poland [KotejaLiLu1976]; Portugal [Seabra1941, CarvalFrAg1996]; Romania [Savesc1982]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast); Sardinia [Melis1930, Marott1987]; Saudi Arabia; Sicily [Marott1987]; South Korea; Spain [GomezM1946, GomezM1965]; Sweden; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey; Turkmenistan [Potaev1993]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast, Odessa Oblast); United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Green1925b], England [Green1928a, Green1931a, Hodgso1994a] (Surrey, Godalming; Surrey, South Croydon.)).
BIOLOGY: Females reproduce parthenogenetically. Develops up to eight generations per year in Peru (Beingolea, 1969c), several overlapping generations in Cuba (Alayo & Blahutiak, 1980), one or two generations in Florida, USA (Hamon & Williams, 1984), and two or more in California, USA (Gill, 1988). Six generations per year on potato sprouts, under laboratory conditions (Blumberg & Swirski, 1977). Blumberg (1977, 1988), Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992) studied the encapsulation of parasitoid eggs. Stylet penetration described by Ramanarayan et al. (1980).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of adult female by Zimmerman (1948), Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Tao et al. (1983), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Fig. 6.43), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al. (2003).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of ornamental plants, especially of cycads.
KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 195 (female) [New Zealand]; Granara de Willink 1999: 157 (female) [Argentina]; Tang 1991: 215 (female) [China]; Williams & Watson 1990: 160 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 103 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 106 (female) [USA, Florida]; Tao et al. 1983: 72 (female) [Taiwan]; Kawai 1980: 157 (female) [Japan]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 374 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 494 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 332 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: AbbottGr2007 [host, distribution, biological control, ecology: 1238-1246]; AbdRab2004b [distribution, biological control: 334-335]; AbdRab2005a [host, distribution, biological control: 77-81]; AbrahaMa1958 [host, distribution: 268]; Alam1965 [host, distribution, life history: 208-210]; AlayoSBl1980 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 1-16]; Ali1968a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36-37]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; Ali1973 [host, distribution: 671]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 6]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; Archan1929 [host, distribution: 9]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 184]; Balach1932d [host, distribution: xxviii]; Balach1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 256-257]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1926 [host, distribution: 36-39]; Bartle1978 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 73]; BartleBa1966 [life history, physiology, biological control: 42-45]; BasuNaCh1969 [economic importance, host, distribution: 169-178]; Beards1966 [host, distribution: 494]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beingo1969c [life history, host, distribution: 137-145]; Beingo1969d [biological control, host, distribution: 827-838]; BenDov1989a [taxonomy: 114-118]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 304-308]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Blumbe1976a [life history, biological control: 1396-1397]; Blumbe1977 [life history, biological control, anatomy, structure: 185-192]; Blumbe1988 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 95-99]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control: 57-65]; BlumbeIsGo1994 [chemical control, biological control: 434-440]; BlumbeSw1977 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 147-150]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 70]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [taxonomy, description: 219]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 387]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 104]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 328]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 152]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332-335]; Borg1919 [host, distribution: 35]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 14]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1962 [economic importance, host, distribution: 226]; CarvalAg1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance : 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [economic importance, host, distribution : 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 211-212]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; CharleCoMu2005 [host, distribution: 1-4]; ChatteGhSe2000 [life history, host, distribution: 229-233]; ChenTs2002 [life history, ecology: 65-74]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 36]; Cocker1892a [host, distribution: 55]; Cocker1892b [host, distribution: 334]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Cocker1893gg [host, distribution: 373]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893k [taxonomy, host, distribution: 548]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1894j [taxonomy: 71]; Cocker1895x [host, distribution: 258]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-332]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1897r [taxonomy, host, distribution: 71]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 270]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 12]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1902p [host, distribution: 255]; Cocker1905f [host, distribution: 130]; CockerRo1915a [host, distribution: 427]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 334-335]; Conway1951 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159-164]; CorreaAnLi1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 312-313]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 239]; CotoSa2001 [host, distribution: 60-68]; Cottie1939a [host, distribution: 1145-1146]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 205]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, structure: 19-24]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DeLott1956a [host, distribution: 240]; DeLott1965a [host, distribution: 221-223]; DietzMo1916a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1886b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78]; Dougla1887a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; Dougla1887b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Dougla1888 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 59]; Doutt1951 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 37-40]; Dulong1971 [host, distribution: 791]; ElMinsSa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, life history: 515-521]; ElMinsSa1977 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 107-112]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 422-425]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200-204]; Ferris1921a [host, distribution : 212]; Ferris1935 [host, distribution: 128]; Flande1938 [biological control: 167-180]; Fletch1951 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-24]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; FrancoCaMo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 95-105]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604,607]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GermaiBe2003 [taxonomy: 44]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 254]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 22]; Gianot1967a [structure: 5-25]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104,108]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomesC1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-266]; GomezM1946 [host, distribution: 88]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 112]; Gonzal1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83,89]; GonzalLa1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 8]; Green1900c [host, distribution: 7]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 205]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 201]; Green1914c [host, distribution: 233]; Green1914d [host, distribution: 48]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 518]; Green1928a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Green1931a [host, distribution: 105]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance]; Grillo1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 133-134]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 21-22]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 40-41]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Hall1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; Hamlen1975 [chemical control, biological control: 972-974]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 108-110]; Hayat1971 [biological control: 421-432]; HemeidElHe2006 [chemical control, host, distribution]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 426]; Hempel1904 [host, distribution: 318]; Hempel1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 14]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 35]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 531-534]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195,203,208-210]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 137]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 479]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-188]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; Hunter1899a [host, distribution: 75]; Ibarra1990 [host, distribution: 207-231]; ICZN1991 [taxonomy: 72-73]; Iherin1897 [host, distribution: 406-407]; IrulanKuSe2000a [chemical control: 57-65]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134,142]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; JohnsoLy1988 [life history, host, distribution]; Johnst1915 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-33]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 158-159]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17-18]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 93]; King1899b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140, 142]; King1902 [taxonomy: 297-298]; King1903b [host, distribution: 191-194]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1928 [host, distribution: 113]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 266]; Kirkal1902 [taxonomy: 105]; Konar1991 [economic importance, host, distribution: 486-489]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, structure: 82]; KotejaLiLu1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-77]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution : 68]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 203]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 155]; KozarPaPa1991 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarTzVi1979 [host, distribution: 131]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 79]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 268-269]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 28]; Kozhec1984 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 42]; Kuwana1902 [host, distribution: 63]; Kuwana1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30]; Kuwana1907 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 190-191]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-4]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 165]; Lagows1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 39]; LambdiWa1980 [host, distribution: 79]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-203]; Leefma1929 [host, distribution: 1]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 281-285]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Lindin1911 [host, distribution: 33]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 68,128,202,339]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 182-183]; LiSu2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 65-74]; Lizery1916b [host, distribution: 432]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 124]; LongoRu1986 [economic importance, host, distribution: 41]; Lozzia1985 [host, distribution: 122-124]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Mamet1949 [host, distribution: 29,30]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 17]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 136]; Mamet1957 [host, distribution: 375]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 377-378]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 160-161]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 106]; Marott1987 [life history, host, distribution: 109]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 75-76]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 3-270]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 296]; Matile1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 167]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 64]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 206]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 15]; MendelBlIs1994 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 199-209]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Mohara1990 [structure, taxonomy: 49]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 196]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 54]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 393]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 6]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30-31]; NakaoTaTa1977 [biological control, host, distribution: 61-68]; Naraya1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 90-101]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 204]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Nur1979 [taxonomy, structure: 89-104]; OrdoghTa1983 [chemical control: 417-419]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; Panis1974a [biological control: 131-134]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, structure: 19]; PathakYa2000 [life history, biological control: 167-175]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 128]; Petch1921 [biological control: 18-40]; PettitMc1920 [host, distribution: 20-21]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PonsonCo2007 [biological control, life history: 629-640]; Potaev1993 [host, distribution: 35,38]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 32-33]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-44]; RamanaChRa1980 [life history, structure: 71-74]; Rao1969 [biological control: 785-792]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 71-72]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56-57]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 97]; RosenHaSa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 35-50]; SamuelBaBh1993 [host, distribution: 23-24]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, host, distribution, description: 439]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 282-284]; Schmut1952b [host, distribution: 18]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 518]; Schmut1957a [host, distribution: 133-140]; Schmut1980 [description, host, distribution: 51]; Schmut1990 [economic importance, host, distribution: 148-150]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 329]; Seabra1921 [illustration, host: 97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 37]; Seabra1941 [host, distribution: 8]; Sekhar1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 53-54]; Siddiq1966 [economic importance, host, distribution: 4-5]; Siddiq1981 [economic importance, host, distribution: 172-180]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 843,849,853,856]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 435-438]; Simmon1938 [host, distribution: 9]; SivaraNaRa1987 [host, distribution: 101-103]; Smith1944 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 225-288]; SmithBeBr1997 [life history, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 49-50]; Spitze2004 [taxonomy, host, life history, ecology: 2452-2461]; Spitze2006 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 1859-1867]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 564-565]; Stimme1978b [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, control: 19-20]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution, economic importance: 11-12]; Su1982 [host, distribution: 61]; Suomal1962 [life history, behaviour, taxonomy: 352]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 90-91]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 342]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 59-60]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 105]; Takaha1934 [host, distribution: 37]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 126]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84,87,88]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 83-84]; Tao1989 [distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 66]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-75]; Tarasc2001 [host, distribution: 36-38]; Terezn1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; Thorpe1936 [biological control: 517-540]; Thro1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215-216]; Timber1919 [host, distribution, biological control: 197-231]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-240]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tyrell1896 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267]; Ulgent2001a [host, distribution, biological control: 145-149]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentTo2001 [host, distribution: 213-217]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 135]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346]; VarshnMo1987 [host, distribution: 175]; Vernal1953 [host, distribution: 145-146]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 105-106]; Walker1852 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1079]; Wang1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-41]; Willia1957 [taxonomy: 314-315]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 94]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distributiion: 132]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-165]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 59]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 17,56]; Wunn1937 [host, distribution: 23]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 175-176,191]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 320-324].
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