TITLE: Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants PUBLICATION DATE: September 1994 ENTRY DATE: April 1995 EXPIRATION DATE: UPDATE FREQUENCY: CONTACT: Jane Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center National Agricultural Library Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-6559 FAX: (301) 504-6409 DOCUMENT TYPE: text DOCUMENT SIZE: 340k (159 pages) ============================================================== ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants January 1990 - March 1994 QB 94-56 Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. 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To request a copy of a bibliography in this series, send the series title, series number and self-addressed gummed label to: U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Public Services Division, Room 111 Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants January 1990 - March 1994 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 94-56 Updates QB 92-50 244 citations from AGRICOLA Henry Gilbert Reference and User Services Branch September 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Gilbert, Henry Allelopathy : the effects of chemicals produced by plants: 1990 - March 1994. (Quick bibliography series ; 94-56) 1. Allelopathy--Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.94-56 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). 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Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet. Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants SEARCH STRATEGY SET DESCRIPTION S1 ALLELOPATHY?/TI,DE S2 ALLELOCHEM?/TI,DE S3 ALLELOPATH?/TI,DE OR ALLELOCHEM?/TI,DE S4 S3 AND S4 Allelopathy: The Effects of Chemicals Produced by Plants 1 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 (20S)-4 alpha-methyl-24-methylenecholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, an allelopathic sterol from Typha latifolia. Della Greca, M.; Mangoni, L.; Molinaro, A.; Monaco, P.; Previtera, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Phytochemistry v. 29 (6): p. 1797-1798; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Typha latifolia; Anabaena flos-aquae; Chlorella vulgaris; Aquatic weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Chemical constituents of plants; Sterols 2 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: a microbially transformed allelochemical from 2,3-benzoxazolinone. I. Nair, M.G.; Whitenack, C.J.; Putnam, A.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (2): p. 353-364; 1990 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Soil analysis; Pesticide residues; Metabolites; Herbicides; Azo compounds; Allelopathy; Secale cereale Abstract: 2,2'-Oxo- 1,1'-azobenzene (AZOB), a compound with strong herbicidal activity, was isolated and characterized from a soil supplemented with 2,3-benzoxazolinone (BOA). A parallel experiment with 6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) yielded AZOB as well as its mono- (MAZOB) and dimethoxy- (DIMAZOB) derivatives. These compounds were produced only in the presence of soil microorganisms, via possible intermediates, I and II, which may dimerize or react with the parent molecule to form the final products. In the case of MBOA, it was shown that demethoxylation precedes the oxidation step. Although BOA and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) were leached out of rye residues, there were no detectable amounts of the biotransformation products in the soil. When BOA was mixed with soil and rye residue, either under field conditions or in vitro, AZOB was detected. Levels of free BOA in the soil were greatly reduced by incubation with rye residue. AZOB was more toxic to curly cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli L.) than either DIBOA or BOA. 3 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: microbial transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. III. Chase, W.R.; Nair, M.G.; Putnam, A.R.; Mishra, S.K. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1575-1584; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Secale cereale; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; Allelopathy; Microbial activities Abstract: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a gram-negative bacterium isolated from field soil, was found to be responsible for the biotransformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolinone (BOA) to 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene (AZOB). Experiments were conducted to evaluate the transformation of BOA to AZOB by this microbe in sterile and nonsterile soil. Transformation studies with soils inoculated with A. calcoaceticus indicated that the production of AZOB increased linearly with the concentration of BOA in sterile soil and showed a quadratic trend in nonsterile soils. This also indicated that all soil types studied for the transformation experiments might contain A. calcoaceticus capable of the conversion of benzoxazolinones. 4 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene: selective toxicity of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemicals to weed and crop species. II. Chase, W.R.; Nair, M.G.; Putnam, A.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 9-19; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Secale cereale; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Toxicity; Bioassays; Lepidium sativum; Cucumis sativus; Phaseolus vulgaris; Synergism; Antagonism; Weed control Abstract: Three allelochemicals from rye or its breakdown products were evaluated for activity on garden cress (Lepidum sativum L.), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.], cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). 2,4-Dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3- one (DIBOA), 2(3H)-benzoxazolinone (BOA), and 2,2'-oxo-1,1'- azobenzene (AZOB) were all applied singly at 50, 100, and 200 ppm and in two- and three-way combinations each at 50 and 100 ppm. AZOB at 100 and 200 ppm produced 38-49% more inhibition than DIBOA, while combinations of BOA/DIBOA, which contained AZOB at 100 ppm had 54-90% more inhibition when compared to DIBOA/BOA combinations. All combinations were slightly antagonistic to barnyardgrass, while several combinations caused a synergistic response to garden cress germination and growth. Cucumbers and snap beans exhibited both types of responses, depending on the allelochemical combination and application rate. The plant-produced benzoxazinones were more inhibitory to crops than weeds. Therefore, improved herbicidal selectivity would be expected if there were rapid transformation of the benzoxazinones to the microbially produced AZOB. 5 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: a Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mohamed, M.A.; Quisenberry, S.S.; Moellenbeck, D.J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Apr. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (4): p. 673-682; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Cultivars; Cynodon dactylon; Allelopathy; Feeding behavior; Plant composition; Isoprenoids; Ketones; Bioassays; Phagostimulants; Insect control Abstract: A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10-40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm. 6 NAL Call. No.: 450 R11 The action of steroidal alkaloids on the ground meristem tissue of the root axis of lettuce seedlings. Ghazi, M.; Myers, G.A. Oxford : Pergamon Journals; 1990 Apr. Environmental and experimental botany v. 30 (2): p. 235-242. ill; 1990 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Solanaceae; Weeds; Lactuca sativa; Phytotoxicity; Alkaloids; Solanine; Necroses (plant); Histopathology; Roots; Growth rate; Root meristems; Allelopathy 7 NAL Call. No.: QD241.K453 Alanto- and isoalantolactones. Milman, I.A. New York, N.Y. : Consultants Bureau; 1990 Nov. Chemistry of natural compounds v. 26 (3): p. 251-262; 1990 Nov. Translated from: Khimiia Prirodnykh Soedinenii, v. 26 (3), 1990, p. 307-320. (QD241.K45). Literature review. Includes references. Language: English; Russian Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Sesquiterpenoid lactones; Plant composition; Isolation; Inula; Physicochemical properties; Allelopathy 8 NAL Call. No.: QK938.F6C32 Alelopatia v lesnych ekosystemoch [Allelopathy in forest ecosystems]. Caboun, Vladimir Bratislava : VEDA, vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, 1990; 1990. 118 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. (Biologicke prace). Summaries in Russian and English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-109). Language: Slovak Descriptors: Forest ecology; Allelopathy 9 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Allelochemical content of selected popcorn silks: effects on growth of corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Wiseman, B.R.; Snook, M.E.; Wilson, R.L.; Isenhour, D.J. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Dec. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (6): p. 2500-2504; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Tassels; Allelochemicals; Antibodies; Pest resistance; Helicoverpa zea; Larvae; Growth; Weight Abstract: Silks of popcorn, zea mays L., in the Eldredge collection were evaluated for effects on growth of larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and assayed for content of maysin, chlorogenic acid, apimaysin, and 3'- methoxymaysin. The weights of 9-d-old larvae ranged from 8 mg on "PI340856" to 952 mg on "PI340855". Silks from about one- third of the popcorn collection produced corn earworm larvae equal to or smaller than larvae that fed on silks of the resistant standard, "Zapalote Chico". Content of maysin, a luteolin-C-glycoside, ranged from zero for eighteen PIs to 1.128% for "PI340856". Significant negative correlations were found between contents of all four allelochemicals assayed and larval weights. Silks of "PI340853" had no detectable levels of any of the allelochemicals assayed, yet they produced larvae with an average weight of only 37 mg. Silks of several introductions had higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, apimaysin, and 3'-methoxymaysin than silks of "Zapalote Chico". 10 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 An allelochemical elicits arrestment in Apanteles kariyai in feces of nonhost larvae Acantholeucania loreyi. Takabayashi, J.; Takahashi, S. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 2009-2017; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Apanteles; Noctuidae; Mythimna separata; Allelochemicals; Oviposition; Interactions; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Females of the larval parasitoid Apanteles kariyai (Watanabe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are arrested on fecal pellets of Acantholeucania loreyi (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Upon subsequent antennal contact with an A. loreyi larva, females sting it with their ovipositor. However, such stinging did not result in any offspring. The allelochemical involved in feces has been identified and is identical to a kairomone of the host Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In contrast to A. loreyi, P. separata is a suitable host for A. kariyai, and oviposition in P. separata results in offspring production. The allelochemical mediating the interaction between A. loreyi and A. kariyai is discussed in the context of current allelochemical terminology. 11 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemical regulation of reproduction and seed germination of two Brazilian Baccharis species by phytotoxic trichothecenes. Kuti, J.O.; Jarvis, B.B.; Mokhtari-Rejali, N.; Bean, G.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (12): p. 3441-3453; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Baccharis cordifolia; Baccharis megapotamica; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Phytotoxins; Seed germination; Trichothecenes; Pollination; Allelochemicals Abstract: The potent phytotoxic trichothecene roridins and baccharinoids occur naturally in the Brazilian plants, Baccharis coridifolia and B. megapotamica. Biosynthesis of roridins in B. coridifolia appears to be linked to pollination, and the phytotoxins then accumulate in the seed. The roles of the phytotoxins in pollination, seed maturation, and germination of the Baccharis species were investigated. The high production of roridins occurred only in seeds resulting from intraspecific pollination, and the concentration of the toxins in the seeds generally increased with seed maturity. Removal of seed coats from trichothecene- producing Brazilian Baccharis species (B. coridifolia and B. megapotamica) and non-trichothecene-producing American Baccharis species (B. halimifolia and B. glutinosa) resulted in improved seed germination of B. halimifolia and B. glutinosa but complete inhibition of seed germination of B. coridifolia and B. megapotamica. Addition of seed coat extracts of the Brazilian Baccharis species of dilute solutions (10(-6) micrograms/ml) of roridins or baccharinoids to the decoated seeds of B. coridifolia and B. megapotamica resulted in germination, while seeds of B. halimifolia and B. glutinosa were killed by the phytotoxins. Roridins interacted with gibberellic acid, a germination promoter, but not with abscisic acid, a germination inhibitor. The results from this study suggest that macrocyclic tricothecenes have a regulatory role(s) on reproduction and germination of Brazilian Baccharis species in their natural habitat. 12 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemicals from Polygonum sachalinense Fr. Schm. (Polygonaceae). Inoue, M.; Nishimura, H.; Li, H.H.; Mizutani, J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1833-1840; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Root exudates; Plant composition; Anthraquinones; Allelopathy; Allelochemicals; Bioassays; Growth; Inhibition; Seedlings; Weed control Abstract: The root exudates from Polygonum sachalinense in a recirculating system significantly inhibited lettuce seedling growth. The rhizomes and roots of P. sachalinense were extracted with 80% acetone. Bioassay of the neutral-acidic fraction on the TLC agar plate showed the inhibitory activity corresponded to the two yellow pigment bands. Two orange needles were isolated and identified as anthraquinone compounds: emodin and physcion. Both compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against the seedling growth of several testing plant species. Glucosides were isolated from P. sachalinense and were identified as emodin-1-O-beta-D- glucoside and physcion-1-O-beta-D-glucoside, respectively. On plant growth bioassay, these glucosides showed no phytotoxic activity against lettuce seedlings. The concentrations of emodin, physcion, and their glucosides from rhizome with roots, aerial parts, fallen leaves, and soil were determined. The rhizome with roots and fallen leaves contained emodin and physcion at relatively high concentrations. Emodin also occurs in the soil of this plant community with effective concentrations in the fall. The results indicate that these anthraquinones are responsible for the observed interference and are potent allelopathic substances. 13 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. 1. Alkaloids and other components of Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae), Acer rubrum L. (Aceraceae), and Cornus florida L. (Cornaceae). Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Provan, G.J.; Pacheco, D.Y.; Stermitz, F.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1719-1730; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Antifeedants; Liriodendron tulipifera; Acer rubrum; Cornus florida; Leaves; Plant composition; Alkaloids; Sesquiterpenoid lactones Abstract: Early theories on plant chemical defense against herbivory emphasized that apparent and unapparent plants were primarily defended by different types of compounds. More and more evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative defenses are found in apparent plants and that they can play a defensive role against herbivores. A survey of the literature on the gypsy moth suggests not only that there is a large variety of qualitative compounds, as well as the expected quantitative ones, but that unfavored hosts of the gypsy moth are associated with the presence of alkaloids. Foliage of three tree species, Liriodendron tulipifera L., Acer rubrum L., and Cornus florida L., was examined to confirm the presence of alkaloids and other major secondary metabolites. The known sesquiterpene lactone, lipiferolide, and the sugar derivative, liriodendritol, were components of L. tulipifera leaves, along with a bisphenylpropanoid previously found only in nutmeg. Alkaloid content [i.e., (-)-N-methylcrotsparine content] was low and leaves tested positive for HCN. Leaves of A. rubrum L. were examined for the presence of gramine, but none could be detected. No alkaloids were detected in Cornus florida. 14 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemicals in foliage of unfavored tree hosts of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. 2. Seasonal variation of saponins in Ilex opaca and identification of saponin aglycones. Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Provan, G.J.; Stermitz, F.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1731-1738; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Antifeedants; Ilex opaca; Leaves; Plant composition; Saponins; Pest resistance; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: A greater variety of qualitative chemical defenses has been reported in eastern forest trees than might be expected from current interpretation of the plant apparency theory. For the gypsy moth there is an association between the occurrence of alkaloids and unfavorability of certain tree species, as well as the presence of saponins. The latter association, however, is not statistically significant. Species in the genus Ilex have been reported to contain both alkaloids and saponins (Barbosa and Krischick, 1987). In this study, determinations were made of the occurrence of alkaloids and saponins in I. opaca and their changes in concentration over time. No alkaloids were detected. Saponins were isolated, and the aglycone siaresinolic acid was identified. Saponin concentration changes seasonally, being highest in early May and lowest in early June leaves. 15 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47 Allelochemicals in plant foods and feedingstuffs. 1. Nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological aspects in animal production. Aletor, V.A. Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1993 Feb. Veterinary and human toxicology v. 35 (1): p. 57-67; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Feeds; Antinutritional factors; Allomones; Literature reviews 16 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemicals in soil from no-tillage versus conventional- tillage wheat (Triticum aestivum) fields. Cast, K.G.; McPherson, J.K.; Pollard, A.J.; Krenzer, E.G. Jr; Waller, G.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2277-2289; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; No-tillage; Tillage; Allelochemicals; Wheat soils; Chemical composition; Bioassays; Fatty acids; Roots; Growth Abstract: Putative allelochemicals found in the soil of no- tillage and conventional-tillage wheat plots near Stillwater, Oklahoma, were obtained by a mild alkaline aqueous extraction procedure, bioassayed to determine their biological activity, purified, and analyzed with a capillary gas chromatography- mass spectrometry-data analysis system. The most significant inhibition was found in bioassays of extracts from soil collected immediately after harvest in June, July, and August. No-tillage soils produced significant inhibition during the rest of the year also. Mass spectrometry showed fatty acids as the most abundant compounds. However, when bioassayed authentic samples of the five free fatty acids showed no significant biological activity toward wheat. 17 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelochemicals produced during glucosinolate degradation in soil. Brown, P.D.; Morra, M.J.; McCaffrey, J.P.; Auld, D.L.; Williams, L. III New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (10): p. 2021-2034; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Brassica napus; Oilseeds; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Glucosinolates; Degradation; Thiocyanates; Quantitative analysis; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: A variety of plant pests are suppressed by the incorporation of cruciferous plant material into soil. Although this effect is attributed to decomposition of glucosinolates into toxic products, little is known concerning glucosinolate degradation in the soil environment. Arenas (30 X 18 X 8 cm) that contained soil amended with 30 g defatted winter rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L.)/kg soil on one half and unamended soil on the other were constructed. Isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil were measured using infrared analysis of CCl4 extracts, and ionic thiocyanate (SCN-) using ion chromatography on aqueous extracts. Quantities were monitored during a 100-hr time period in conjunction with a wireworm bioassay. Isothiocyanate production reached a maximum of 301 nmol/g soil at 2 hr, but decreased by 90% within 24 hr. Production of SCN- reached a maximum of 180 nmol/g soil at 8 hr but persisted longer than isothiocyanate. Separate late instar wireworms (Limonius infuscatus Mots.) were repelled by the presence of rapeseed meal in less than 24 hr even though the meal was shown in separate experiments not to be toxic. We propose that rapidly produced isothiocyanates are responsible for this repellency, but other products such as SCN- may play a role. 18 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic activity in wheat-conventional and wheat-no-till soils: development of soil extract bioassays. Blum, U.; Gerig, T.M.; Worsham, A.D.; Holappa, L.D.; King, L.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (12): p. 2191-2221; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Allelopathy; Germination; Bioassays; Phenolic acids; Hydroxamic acids; Soil analysis; Extraction; Tillage; Pharbitis hederacea; Trifolium incarnatum; Weed control Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to determine if soil extracts could be used directly in bioassays for the detection of allelopathic activity. Here we describe: (1) a way to estimate levels of allelopathic compounds in soil; (2) how pH, solute potential, and/or ion content of extracts may modify the action of allelopathic compounds on germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ivy-leaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea L. Jacquin.), and 3) how biological activity of soil extracts may be determined. A water-autoclave extraction procedure was chosen over the immediate-water and 5-hr EDTA extraction procedures, because the autoclave procedure was effective in extracting solution and reversibly bound ferulic acid as well as phenolic acids from wheat debris. The resulting soil extracts were used directly in germination bioassays. A mixture of phenolic acids similar to that obtained from wheat-no-till soils did not affect germination of clover or morning glory and radicle and hypocotyl length of morning glory. The mixture did, however, reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of clover. Individual phenolic acids also did not inhibit germination, but did reduce radicle and hypocotyl length of both species. 6-MBOA (6-methoxy-2,3-benzoxazolinone), a conversion product of 2-o- glucosyl-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxacin-3-one, a hydroxamic acid in living wheat plants, inhibited germination and radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. 6-MBOA, however, was not detected in wheat debris, stubble, or soil extracts. Total phenolic acids (FC) in extracts were determined with Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent. Levels of FC in wheat- conventional-till soil extracts were not related to germination or radicle and hypocotyl length either species. Levels of FC in wheat-no-till soil extracts were also not related to germination of clover or morning glory, but were inversely related to radicle and hypocotyl length of clover and morning glory. FC values, solute potential, and acidity of wheat-no-till soil extracts appeared to be independent (additive) in action on clover radicle and hypocotyl length. Radicle and hypocotyl length of clover was inversely related to increasing FC and solute potential and directly related to decreasing acidity. Biological activity of extracts was determined best from slopes of radicle and hypocotyl length obtained from bioassays of extract dilutions, Thus, data derived from the water-autoclave extraction procedure, FC analysis, and slope analysis for extract activity in conjunction with data on extract pH and solute potential can be used to estimate allelopathic activity of wheat-no-till soils 19 NAL Call. No.: RS160.I47 Allelopathic activity of the essential oils of Nigerian medicinal plants. Oguntimein, B.O.; Elakovich, S.D. Lisse, Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger; 1991 Feb. International journal of pharmacognosy v. 29 (1): p. 39-44; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nigeria; Eugenia uniflora; Piper guineense; Chromolaena; Medicinal plants; Lactuca sativa; Plant extracts; Essential oils; Allelopathins; Allelopathy; Seedling growth; Bioassays 20 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic and autotoxic effects of Anastatica hierochuntica L. Hegazy, A.K.; Mansour, K.S.; Abdel-Hady, N.F. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2183-2193; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cruciferae; Desert plants; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Plant extracts; Bioassays; Seedling growth; Seed germination; Cell division; Inhibition Abstract: Laboratory experiments were undertaken to investigate the autotoxic effects of Anastatica hiertochuntica and possible effects on five other desert plants: Rumex cyprius, Trigonella stellata, Diplotaxis harra, Cleome droserifolia, and Farsetia aegyptia. Seed germination. seedling growth, and cell division of all species tested were inhibited by the shoot aqueous extract of A. hierochuntica. A gradual increase in the percentage of prophase and decrease in the other mitotic stages as well as the mitotic index were observed with increasing extract concentration. At an extract concentration of 8% the mitotic index was reduced from the control by 55% in C. droserifolia, 54% in T. stellata, 45% in F. aegyptia, 43% in A. hierochuntica, and 35% in R. cyprius. The inhibitory substances are apparently released onto soil by repeated washing of the standing plants by rain and dew interception. 21 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36 Allelopathic and herbicidal effects of extracts from tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Heisey, R.M. Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1990 May. American journal of botany v. 77 (5): p. 662-670. ill; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New York; Ailanthus altissima; Lepidium sativum; Radicles; Growth rate; Phytotoxicity; Plant extracts; Herbicidal properties; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Seasonal variation; Wood; Bark; Seeds; Leaves 22 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 SO8 (P) Allelopathic cover crops to reduce herbicide input. Worsham, A.D. Raleigh, N.C. : The Society :.; 1991. Proceedings - Southern Weed Science Society v. 44: p. 58-69; 1991. Paper presented at the meeting on "Perception: Fact or Fiction", held January 14-16, 1991, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: North Carolina; Cover crops; Allelopathy; Herbicides; Application rates; Weed control 23 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic dominance of Miscanthus transmorrisonensis in an alpine grassland community in Taiwan. Chou, C.H.; Lee, Y.F. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2267-2281; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Taiwan; Miscanthus transmorrisonensis; Allelopathy; Grasslands; Plant communities; Phenolic compounds; Phytotoxins Abstract: A study site located at 2600 m elevation in Tartarchia Anpu, Nantou county, Taiwan, exhibits a unique grassland community composed of two principal species. Miscanthus transmorrisonensis and Yushinia niitakayamensis, and 35 other species. The relative frequencies of the two species are 12% and 11%, while their relative coverages ate 25% and 19.5%, respectively. The values for the remaining 35 species are lower than 4% each, while species diversity of the community is -3.04839, indicating great diversity. To elucidate the mechanism of dominance of M. transmorrisonensis, allelopathic evaluation of the plant was conducted. Aqueous extracts of M. transmorrisonensis plant parts with two ecotypes were bioassayed. The extracts showed significant phytotoxic effects on seed germination and radicle growth of four tested plants: rye grass, lettuce, and two varieties of Chinese cabbage. In addition, rhizosphere soils under Miscanthus also exhibited significant phytotoxicity, indicating that allelopathic interaction was involved. Some responsible phytotoxic phenolics, namely, p-coumaric, ferulic, vanillic, protocatechuic, o-hydroxyphenylacetic, and m- hydroxyphenylacetic acids, and 4-hydroxycoumarin and phloridzin were identified. Allelopathy thus can play an important role in regulating plant diversity in the field. 24 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28 Allelopathic effect of Harpullia imbricata Thw. leaf leachate on Phaseolus mungo L. Xavier, A. Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec. Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 293-295; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vigna mungo; Sapindaceae; Allelopathins; Plant extracts; Leaves; Leachates; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Growth rate; Inhibition; Protein synthesis; Amino acids; Proteolysis 25 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Allelopathic effect of hydroxamic acids from cereals on Avena sativa and A. fatua. Perez, F.J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Phytochemistry v. 29 (3): p. 773-776; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum durum; Avena sativa; Avena fatua; Crop plants as weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Biological control; Hydroxamic acids; Seed germination; Growth rate 26 NAL Call. No.: S596.53.S69 Allelopathic effect of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars on certain weed and vegetable species. Reinhardt, C.F.; Meissner, R.; Nel, P.C. Pretoria : Bureau for Scientific Publications, Foundation for Education, Science and Technology, [1984-; 1993 Feb. South African journal of plant and soil; Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir plant en grond v. 10 (1): p. 41-44; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Cultivars; Allelopathy 27 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on development and nitrogen uptake by roots and mycorrhizae of Pinus silvestris. Nilsson, M.C.; Hogberg, P.; Zackrisson, O.; Fengyou, W. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1993 Apr. Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v. 71 (4): p. 620-628; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Empetrum; Pinus sylvestris; Paxillus involutus; Allelopathy; Plant extracts; Nitrogen; Nutrient uptake; Roots; Ectomycorrhizas; Growth; Dry matter accumulation; Root tips; Seedling growth; Root shoot ratio 28 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35 Allelopathic effects by Empetrum hermaphroditum on seed germination of two boreal tree species. Zackrisson, O.; Nilsson, M.C. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1992 Sep. Canadian journal of forest research; Revue canadienne de recherche forestiere v. 22 (9): p. 1310-1319; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sweden; Pinus sylvestris; Populus tremula; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Seedgermination; Empetrum; Forest litter; Plant secretions; Soil flora; Metabolic detoxification; Humus; Boreal forests Abstract: Indoor and outdoor experiments demonstrated that allelopathy is an important factor explaining seed regeneration failures of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in forest floor vegetation dominated by the dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Scanning electron micrograph views of the leaf surfaces of E. hermaphroditum reveal secretory glands that are shown to be involved in the release of water-soluble phytotoxic substances. Bioassays indicate that low doses and short exposure times of seeds to leachates have strong negative effects on germination and early root development. Activated carbon can eliminate the inhibitory effects of leachates and litter. This technique demonstrates the occurrence of allelopathic interference by E. hermaphroditum on seed germination of both Scots pine and aspen (Populus tremula L.). In a field experiment the allelopathic effects by E. hermaphroditum are strong during early spring when germination and growth initiate and ground ice still is present. Extracts passed through soils collected from an E. hermaphroditum site were detoxified. while those passed through sterilized soil were not. Therefore, microorganisms may detoxify the allelochemicals under some environmental conditions. 29 NAL Call. No.: SB1.H6 Allelopathic effects of alfalfa plant residues on emergence and growth of cucumber seedlings. Ells, J.E.; McSay, A.E. Alexandria, Va. : American Society for Horticultural Science; 1991 Apr. HortScience v. 26 (4): p. 368-370; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Plant residues; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Cucumis sativus; Seed germination; Seedling growth; Growing media Abstract: Growth chamber tests demonstrated that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) residue is toxic to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seed germination and seedling growth. Ground alfalfa roots at 0.5% (w/w, dry weight) inhibited germination when added to the growing medium. Alfalfa roots at 0.5% were also toxic to pregerminated cucumber seed. However, cucumber seedlings grew normally if this same medium was watered and incubated for > 1 day before planting. Alfalfa particle size in media influenced cucumber performance, with the intermediate size (1 to 2 mm) being lethal to cucumbers. 30 NAL Call. No.: SD1.I54 Allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus tereticornis on Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings. Puri, S.; Khara, A. Oxon : A B Academic; 1991. The International tree crops journal v. 6 (4): p. 287-293; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Seedlings; Allelopathy; Leaves; Bark; Seed germination; Roots; Shoots; Plant development; Leachates 31 NAL Call. No.: SD1.I54 Allelopathic effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on germination and seedling growth of a few multi-purpose trees and arable crops. Swaminathan, C.; Vinaya Rai, R.S.; Suresh, K.K. Oxon : A B Academic; 1990. The International tree crops journal v. 6 (2/3): p. 143-150; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Acacia leucophloea; Casuarina equisetifolia; Eucalyptus tereticornis; Leucaena leucocephala; Allelopathy; Parthenium hysterophorus; Seed germination; Seedlings; Growth; Lactones 32 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Allelopathic effects of plant seeds on nitrification: effects on ammonium oxidizers. Kholdebarin, B.; Oertli, J.J. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (1): p. 59-64; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Quercus rubra; Quercus petraea; Quercus robur; Camellia sinensis; Seeds; Kernels; Testas; Cotyledons; Powders; Leaves; Plant extracts; Soil bacteria; Nitrification inhibitors; Phenolic compounds; Nitrification; Ammonium; Oxidation; Biological activity in soil; Nitrites; Nitrate; Ammonium nitrogen; Nitrate nitrogen; Immobilization; Nitrogen fixation; Chemical reactions; Allelopathy Abstract: Effects of cotyledon powder from seeds of higher plants (tea and several varieties of oaks) known to be rich in phenolic compounds on biological oxidation of NH(+4) and NO(-2) to NO(-3) were investigated. Treating culture solutions with cotyledon powder resulted in a rapid disappearance of both NH(+4)-N and NO(-2)-N during the first 2-3 days of the experiments. Such losses were believed to be due to fixation of NH(+4) and volatilization of NO(-2)-N by phenolic substances and also to reactions with other organic C compounds present in cotyledon tissues. It is also suggested that some of the NH(+4)-N and 4 NO(-2)-N may have been immobilized by heterotrophic bacterial growth. 33 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Allelopathic effects of plant seeds on nitrification: effects on nitrite oxidizers. Kholdebarin, B. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (1): p. 65-69; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Camellia sinensis; Quercus robur; Seeds; Cotyledons; Powders; Soil bacteria; Glucose; Cell cultures; Nutrient solutions; Sodium nitrite; Oxidation; Nitrate; Nitrification; Fixation; Organic compounds; Volatilization; Nitrogen; Ammonium; Allelopathy; Immobilization Abstract: Effects of cotyledon powder, from tea and oak seeds, on oxidation of NO(-2) to NO(-3) in nitrification were investigated. Presence of cotyledon powder or glucose in culture solutions greatly stimulated the rapid disappearance of NO(-2) from solutions. However, the amount of NO(-3) as the end product of nitrification was drastically reduced in the presence of seed cotyledon or glucose. Based on the results obtained from double enrichment experiments and also from experiments done with sterile and non-sterile soil-free solutions, it was concluded that the decrease in the amount of NO(-3) in nitrification seems to be due to fixation, volatilization and immobilization of nitrogen by organic substances present in ground cotyledons of tea and oak seeds; direct effects on nitrifying organisms seem to be negligible. 34 NAL Call. No.: S1.T49 Allelopathic effects of two grasses on seed germination of three wildlife food plants. Fulbright, N.; Fulbright, T.E. Canyon, Tex. : The Consortium; 1990. Texas journal of agriculture and natural resources : a publication of the Agricultural Consortium of Texas v. 4: p. 31-32; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Colinus Virginianus; Sorghum almum; Panicum coloratum; Panicum antidotale; Cenchrus ciliaris; Dichanthium annulatum; Allelopathy; Seed germination; Leachates; Wildlife management 35 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic effects of water extracts of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis on selected plant species. Kil, B.S.; Yun, K.W. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (1): p. 39-51; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Allelopathy; Leaves; Stems; Roots; Extracts; Bioassays; Seed germination; Seedlings Abstract: The allelopathic effects of wormwood plants (Artemisia princeps var. orientalis) and their possible phytotoxicity on receptor species were investigated. The aqueous extracts of mature leaf, stem, and root of wormwood plants caused significant inhibition in germination and decreased seedling elongation of receptor plants, whereas germination of some species was not inhibited by extracts of stems and roots. Dry weight growth was slightly increased at lower concentrations of the extract, whereas it was proportionally inhibited at higher concentrations. The calorie value of the organic matter in receptor plants measured by bomb calorimeter was reduced proportionally to the extract concentration. However, results with extracts of juvenile leaf did not correlate with inhibition or promotion of elongation and dry weight. 36 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic inhibition of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and other plant species by Euphorbia prostrata L. Alsaadawi, I.S.; Sakeri, F.A.K.; Al-Dulaimy, S.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (9): p. 2747-2754; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Euphorbia prostrata; Allelopathy; Cynodon dactylon; Soil analysis; Bioassays; Biological control Abstract: Field observations indicated that Euphorbia prostrata strongly interferes with Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Analysis of some physical and chemical soil factors indicated that competition was not the dominant factor of that interference. Soil collected from under E. prostrata stands was very inhibitory to seed germination and seeding growth of some of the test species including C. dactylon. This suggests the presence of inhibitory compounds in soil of E. prostrata stands. Subsequent experiments showed that aqueous extract, decaying residues, and root exudates of E. prostrata were inhibitory to most of the test species including C. dactylon. Thus, it appears that allelopathy is the major component of the interference, with competition probably accentuating its effect. It also was found that allelopathy is an important component of the interference by E. prostrata against Amaranthus retro-flexus, Medicago sativa, and Gossypium hirsutum. 37 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Allelopathic inhibition of seed germination by Cinchona alkaloids?. Aerts, R.J.; Snoeijer, W.; Meijden, E. van der; Verpoorte, R. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Phytochemistry v. 30 (9): p. 2947-2951; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cinchona; Catharanthus roseus; Rubiaceae; Ocimum Americanum; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Plant extracts; Alkaloids; Allelopathins; Roots; Growth inhibitors Abstract: The inhibition of seed germination by quinoline alkaloids synthesized by plants of the tropical genus Cinchona was studied. The germination of Ocimum (a tropical herb), of Spermacoce and Catharanthus (two tropical, alkaloid-producing plants), and of Cinchona itself was strongly inhibited by the alkaloids when applied at concentrations higher than about 0.3 mM. To test for the possible allelopathic significance of this finding, the soil in which two-year-old Cinchona plants were grown was examined for its quinoline alkaloid content. Although the roots of the plants contain high concentrations of these alkaloids (ca 10 mM), in the soil only very low concentrations were found (ca 0.02 mM). Upon germination of seeds sown close by the plants, no toxic effects were observed. So, although several studies have reported inhibition of seed germination by Cinchona alkaloids under laboratory conditions, our results indicate that this property does not play a role under natural circumstances at realistic concentrations. 38 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic potential of compounds isolated from Ipomoea tricolor Cav. (Convolvulaceae). Anaya, A.L.; Calera, M.R.; Mata, R.; Pereda-Miranda, R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2145-2152; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ipomoea tRicolor; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Plant extracts; Glycosides; Bioassays; Seeds; Seedling growth; Weed control; Amaranthus leucocarpus; Echinochloa crus-galli Abstract: The allelopathic potential of I. tricolor, used in traditional agriculture as a weed controller, has been demonstrated by measuring the inhibitory activity of aqueous lixiviates and organic extracts of the plant material on seedling growth of Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinochloa crusgalli. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the most active organic extract led to the isolation of the allelopathic principles, which turned out to be a mixture of glycosides, having jalapinolic acid as the aglycone portion glycosidically linked in the 11 position to an oligosaccharide composed of glucose, rhamnose, and fucose, which also combines with the carboxyl group of the aglycone to form a macrocyclic ester. 39 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic potential of Nuphar lutea (L.) Sibth. & SM. (Nymphaeaceae). Elakovich, S.D.; Wooten, J.W. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Apr. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (4): p. 707-714; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nuphar lutea; Allelopathy; Bioassays; Lemna minor; Lactuca sativa; Osmotic pressure Abstract: Aqueous extracts of Nuphar lurea (L.) Sibth. & Sm. leaves (blades plus petioles) and roots plus rhizomes were tested for allelopathic activity using lettuce seedling and Lemna minor L. assay systems. The 12.5. 25, 125, and 250 parts per thousand (ppt) treatments of both extracts killed the lettuce seedlings. At 2.5 ppt of extract, radicle growth of lettuce was 29% of the control for leaves and 31% of the control for roots plus rhizomes. Lemna minor frond number was reduced to 34% of the control by the 25 ppt leaf extract and to 43% of the control by the 25 ppt roots plus rhizomes extract. L. minor was killed by concentrations of 125 ppt and above of both plant part extracts. As expected, the frond number and total chlorophyll content measured by the L. minor assay were highly correlated. Osmotic potentials below 143 MOsmol/kg had no influence on L. minor growth. Neither the osmotic potential nor the pH of the undiluted extracts of N. lutea were in the range known to influence the growth of either lettuce seedlings or L. minor. Nuphar lutea extracts were many times more inhibitory than 16 other hydrophytes we previously examined. 40 NAL Call. No.: 18 J825 Allelopathic potential of shoot and root leachates of certain weed species. Rani, M.S.; Babu, R.C.; Sheriff, M.M.; Perumal, R.K.P. Berlin, W. Ger. : Paul Parey; 1990. Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau v. 164 (2): p. 81-84; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Weeds; Shoots; Roots; Toxic exudates; Phenolic content; Phytotoxicity; Allelopathy; Sorghum bicolor; Vigna mungo 41 NAL Call. No.: 470 C16C Allelopathic potential of western coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis). Ferguson, D.E. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Dec. Canadian journal of botany; Journal canadien de botanique v. 69 (12): p. 2806-2808; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Idaho; Rudbeckia occidentalis; Allelopathins; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Roots; Growth inhibitors; Lactuca sativa; Pinus contorta; Picea engelmannii; Plant extracts 42 NAL Call. No.: TD930.A32 Allelopathic response of vegetables to guayule residue. Schloman, W.W. Jr; Hilton, A.S.; McCrady, J.J. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1991. Bioresource technology v. 35 (2): p. 191-196; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Parthenium argentatum; Processing; Plant residues; Phytotoxicity; Application to land; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Vegetables; Allelopathy; Water; Leachates 43 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathic substances and interactions of Delonix regia (Boj) Raf. Chou, C.H.; Leu, L.L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Dec. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (12): p. 2285-2303; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Taiwan; Cabt; Delonix regia; Allelopathy; Leaves; Flowers; Plant composition; Phenolic compounds; Phytotoxicity; Undergrowth; Mode of action; Chemical ecology Abstract: A unique pattern of weed exclusion was found under the canopy of Delonix regia, which was planted in many places as an ornamental tree in the south of Taiwan. A quadrat method was employed to examine the botanical composition between the area underneath D. regia and its adjacent control grassland. The number of species and coverage of understory species were significantly lower in the area of the D. regia than that of the grassland, indicating the growth of understory species was suppressed by D. regia. A series of aqueous extracts of leaves, flowers, and twigs of D. regia were bioassayed against three species to determine their phytotoxicity, and the results showed highest inhibition in the flowers. A water- culture experiment indicated the aqueous extract of flowers of D. regia on two local understory species (Isachne nipponensis and Centella asiatica) inhibited growth of both species by more than 70%. The phytotoxicities of fallen leaves and flowers of D. regia were not significantly affected by temperature. When the plant material was subjected to temperatures above 70 degrees C, however, phytotoxicity was decreased, indicating that the allelopathic nature of D. regia could easily be decomposed by fire. By means of paper, thin- layer, and high-performance liquid chromatography, and UV- visible spectrophotometry, responsible phytotoxins present in leaves, flowers, and twigs of D. regia were identified as 4- hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic, and L-azetidine-2- carboxylic acids, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The findings of bioassays and the number and amount of responsible allelopathic compounds found in D. regia are well correlated, thus permitting the conclusion that the exclusion of understory plants under the canopy of D. regia trees was due primarily to the allelopathic effect of the fallen flower, leaves, and twigs of the D. regia. A possible mechanism of action is discussed. 44 NAL Call. No.: Fiche no.308 Allelopathische Effekte der Salicylsaure am Modellbeispiel von Vicia faba L vorgelegt von Barbara Manthe [Allelopathic effects of salicyclic acid on model examples of Vicia faba L]. Manthe, Barbara, 1991; 1991. 92 leaves : ill. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-92). Language: German 45 NAL Call. No.: SB617.45.W47N69 1991 Allelopathy. Stevens, K.L. Boulder : Westview Press; 1991. Noxious range weeds / edited by Lynn F. James ... [et al.].. p. 127-137; 1991. (Westview special studies in agriculture science and policy). Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Weeds; Rangelands; Plant interaction; Plant competition 46 NAL Call. No.: QH506.U34 Allelopathy: a viable weed control strategy. Putnam, A.R.; Nair, M.G.; Barnes, J.P. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss, Inc; 1990. UCLA symposia on molecular and cellular biology v. 112: p. 317-322; 1990. In the series analytic: New directions in biological control: Alternatives for suppressing agricultural pests and diseases / edited by R.R. Baker and P.E. Dunn. Proceedings of a UCLA Colloquium, January 20-27, 1989, Frisco, Colorado. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Weeds; Weed control; Allelopathy; Crops; Crop residues; Herbicidal properties; Plant competition Abstract: Allelopathy is the interference plants impose upon one another through release of chemicals. It has been implicated most frequently with aggressive weeds in their interference with crops and less frequently with crops against weeds. Work in our laboratory has focused on the use of allelopathic crops or their residues for weed control. Screening of crop germplasm indicates that differential allelopathic potential exists within these collections. The most successful approach we have employed is to use allelopathic cereal grains in rotation with annual crops or in companion planting with perennial crops. Rye (Secale cereale L.) is an example of a plant which provides excellent weed suppression through both allelopathic and competitive mechanisms. Rye residues maintained on the soil surface release 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) and a breakdown product 2(3H)-benzoxazalinone (BOA) both of which are strongly inhibitory to germination and seedling growth of dicoytylenous annual weeds. In addition, soil fungi convert BOA to 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azo-benzene which is ten-fold more phytotoxic than BOA. Hence a variety of natural products contribute to the herbicidal activity of rye residues. 47 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Allelopathy and autotoxicity in alfalfa: characterization and effects of preceding crops and residue incorporation. Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1990 Nov. Crop science v. 30 (6): p. 1255-1259; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Illinois; Medicago sativa; Sorghum bicolor; Rotations; Sequential cropping; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Phytotoxicity; Crop residues; Roots; Shoots; Incorporation; Leachates; Bioassays; Seed germination; Growth rate Abstract: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is known to be both autotoxic and allelopathic. Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if 'WL-316' alfalfa exhibits short-term autotoxicity and long-term autotoxicity and allelopathy. Long-term autotoxicity and allelopathy of alfalfa were verified at Urbana, IL, by comparing the germination and growth of alfalfa and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] on Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll) previously cropped to alfalfa (alfalfa- soil) and sorghum (sorghum-soil). Short-term autotoxicity of alfalfa was investigated by studying the effect of incorporating its roots only and both roots and shoots on the germination and growth of alfalfa in alfalfa-soil and sorghum- soil. The data were further supported by a laboratory bioassay of seedling exudate and shoot leachate of alfalfa and sorghum. Plant height and fresh weight per plant of alfalfa and fresh weight per plant of sorghum were lower on alfalfa-soil than on sorghum-soil. Germination percentages of both alfalfa and sorghum and plant height of sorghum were unaffected by the preceding crop. The two soils differed in nutrient content, but fertility was high and should not have been limiting to the growth of either crop. As a result, allelopathic/autotoxic compounds in alfalfa-soil were implicated in the growth inhibition of the two crops. Soil incorporation of fresh alfalfa roots only or both roots and shoots reduced alfalfa emergence, plant height, and dry weight per plant. Primary effects of water-soluble inhibitory compounds from alfalfa shoot appeared to be on germination and radicle elongation, the latter being apparently more sensitive than the former. Alfalfa allelopathy seems to be more severe than autotoxicity. A flow diagram describes different kinds of allelopathy and autotoxicity and various situations that verify the existence of a particular kind of allelopathy or autotoxicity. 48 NAL Call. No.: SB611.5.S3 Allelopathy application for control of some weed species final report 1985-1989. Saric, Taib Sarajevo : Faculty of Agriculture, 1990; 1990. 31 leaves, [5] leaves of plates : ill. ; 28 cm. Cover title. Project: (USDA) JF511-11. January 1990. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-31). Language: English Descriptors: Allelopathy; Weeds; Allelopathic agents 49 NAL Call. No.: S51.E2 Allelopathy as a factor in the pasture ecosystem. Smith, A.E. Athens, Ga. : The Stations; 1991 May. Research bulletin - University of Georgia, Agricultural Experiment Stations (399): 11 p.; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Georgia; Pastures; Fodder crops; Weeds; Allelopathy 50 NAL Call. No.: QK911.A46 1991 Allelopathy basic and applied aspects. Rizvi, S. J. H.,_1955-; Rizvi, V., New York : Chapman and Hall, 1991; 1991. xx, 480 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Language: English Descriptors: Allelopathy; Allelopathic agents 51 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67 Allelopathy in barley: potential for biological suppression of weeds. Liu, D.L.; Lovett, J.V. Rotorua : The Institute; 1990. FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service (155): p. 85-92. ill; 1990. Paper presented at the "Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds," held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Allelopathy; Seed germination; Radicles; Sinapis alba; Allelochemicals; Gramine; Hordenine; Phytotoxicity; Biological control; Weed control 52 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Allelopathy of crop residues influences corn seed germination and early growth. Martin, V.L.; McCoy, E.L.; Dick, W.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 May. Agronomy journal v. 82 (3): p. 555-560; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Zea mays; Seed germination; Growth; Inhibition; Allelopathy; Crop residues; Oats; Soy straw; Soybeans; Microbial activities; Phytotoxicity; Temperature; Aeration; Decomposition Abstract: Crop residues produce alleochemicals that may inhibit corn [Zea mays (L.)] seed germination and early growth. Studies were conducted in which residues of corn, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], oat [Avena sativa (L.)], and mixed grass hay were extracted under N2 gas or air. Organic debris was removed and half of each extract was filter sterilized. Corn seeds were incubated in the extracts for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Percent germination, and lengths of coleoptile, radicle, and secondary roots were measured. Residues extracted under N2 gas or air did not differ significantly in their toxicity. Nonsterile residue extracts decreased germination to 74% for soybean and oat straw and 27% for corn and hay residues. Sterile extracts did not affect germination. Nonsterile soybean and oat extracts did not reduce coleoptile lengths but did reduce radicle and secondary root lengths by 34% compared to the water treatment. Sterilized extracts reduced radicle and secondary root lengths by 63%. Nonsterile corn and hay extracts reduced coleoptile lengths by 42% and radicle and secondary root lengths by 81%. A second extraction was performed by incubating the residues without aeration at 25 and 0.5 degrees C. Seed germination for treatments with nonsterile extracts obtained at 25 degrees C were similar to those for nonsterile extracts of Exp. 1. Extraction at 0.5 degrees C and filter sterilization also improved germination. Soybean and oat extracts did not strongly inhibit coleoptile lengths; however, a 61% reduction occurred in radicle and secondary root lengths for the sterilized, 0.5 degrees C extract. Corn and hay residues were generally more inhibitory to coleoptile, radicle and secondary root lengths; however, no consistent effects were observed from temperature and sterilization treatments. 53 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathy of Sasa cernua. Li, H.H.; Nishimura, H.; Hasegawa, K.; Mizutani, J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1785-1796; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sasa; Allelopathy; Volatile compounds; Phenolic compounds; Growth inhibitors; Allelochemicals; Rhizosphere; Weed control Abstract: Sasa (Sasa cernua Makino) is a very serious weed pest. Its allelopathy was studied using lettuce, wheat, timothy, and green amaranth as testing species, Cultured in the rhizosphere soil of Sasa cernua, the seedlings were inhibited by 42-80% compared with the controls cultured in normal soil and vermiculite. The phenolic fraction extracted with 1 M NaOH from the rhizosphere soil of S. cernua caused significant inhibitions on the seed germination seedling growth of lettuce, timothy, green amaranth, and barnyard grass. p-Coumaric, ferulic, vanillic, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde were identified as the main allelochemicals in sasa soil by HPLC and [1H]NMR. Their contents in the rhizosphere soil were 5640, 1060, 860, 810 and 630 micrograms/100 g soil. The neutral fraction inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce in the TLC direct bioassay. Volatile compounds released from sasa leaves also inhibited the growth of lettuce, wheat, timothy, and green amaranth grown under light, and the growth of etiolated seedlings of barley and wheat. These results confirm that S. cernua produces typical allelopathy through its rhizosphere soil and air space. 54 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathy of small everlasting (Antennaria microphylla) phytotoxicity to leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in tissue culture. Hogan, M.E.; Manners, G.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 931-939; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Antennaria microphylla; Extracts; Callus; Cell suspensions; Phytotoxicity; Euphorbia esula Abstract: Media and media extracts from callus cultures of small everlasting (Antennaria microphylla) inhibited leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) callus tissue and suspension culture growth (50 and 70% of control, respectively) and were phytotoxic in lettuce and leafy spurge root elongation bioassays (64 and 77% of control, respectively). Hydroquinone, a phytotoxic compound previously isolated from small everlasting, was also biosynthesized by callus and suspension cultures of this species. Exogenously supplied hydroquinone (0.5 mM) was toxic to leafy spurge suspension culture cells and was only partially biotransformed to its nontoxic water- soluble monoglucoside, arbutin, by these cells. This report confirms the chronic involvement of hydroquinone in the allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge. 55 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Allelopathy of yellow fieldcress (Rorippa sylvestris): identification and characterization of phytotoxic constituents. Yamane, A.; Nishimura, H.; Mizutani, J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 683-691; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rorippa sylvestris; Allelopathy; Root exudates; Plant composition; Bioassays; Seed germination; Inhibition; Seedlings; Growth; Lactuca sativa; Weed control Abstract: Both the neutral and acidic fractions of the acetone extract of yellow fieldcress (Kireha-inugarashi, Rorippa sylvestris Besser) inhibited lettuce seed germination. Salicylic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, and syringic acid were identified in the acidic fraction. In the neutral fraction, hirsutin (8-methylsulfinyloctyl isothiocyanate), 4- methoxyindole-3-acetonitrile, and pyrocatechol were identified. Bioassay using a root exudate recirculating system showed R. sylvestris during flowering inhibited the lettuce seedling growth. Hirsutin (13 micrograms/plant/day) and pyrocatechol (9.3 micrograms/plant/day) were the major compounds released into the rhizosphere. Several combinations of pyrocatechol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and hirsutin reduced lettuce seedling growth. These compounds seemed to be allelochemicals. 56 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Allelopathy: the effects of chemicals produced by plants, January 1986-January 1990. Gilbert, H. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1990 Apr. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculure, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (90-46): 28 p.; 1990 Apr. Updates QB 88-62. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Plants; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Phytotoxicity; Chemical constituents of plants; Bibliographies 57 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Allelopathy: the effects of chemicals produced by plants-- January 1988-April 1992. Gilbert, H. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1992 Jun. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (92-50): 65 p.; 1992 Jun. Updates QB 90-46. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Plants; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Phytotoxicity; Bibliographies 58 NAL Call. No.: QK911.A44 Allelopatiia i produktivnost' rastenii sbornik nauchnykh trudov [Allelopathy and the productivity of plants]. Grodzinskii, A. M. TSentral Kiev : Nauk. dumka, 1990; 1990. 146 p. : ill. ; 20 cm. "Nauchnoe izdanie"--Colophon. At head of title: Akademiia nauk Ukrainskoi SSR. TSentral. Includes bibliographical references. Language: Russian Descriptors: Allelopathy; Allelopathic agents; Plant physiology 59 NAL Call. No.: QK898.A43M6 1990 Allelopatiia v plodovykh sadakh [Allelopathy in orchards]. Moroz, P. A. Kiev : Haukova dumka, 1990; 1990. 208 p., [4] p. of plates : ill. ; 21 cm. At head of title: Akademiia nauk Ukrainskoi SSR. Tsentral'nyi respublikanskii botanicheskii sad. Language: Russian Descriptors: Fruit trees; Allelopathic agents 60 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 Allelpathic potential of celery residues on lettuce. Shilling, D.G.; Dusky, J.A.; Mossler, M.A.; Bewick, T.A. Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1992 Mar. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 117 (2): p. 308-312; 1992 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Seedlings; Plant residues; Soil; Incorporation; Apium graveolens; Allelopathy; Phytotoxins; Seedling emergence; Growth; Adverse effects; Activated carbon; Greenhouse culture Abstract: Poor emergence of commercially grown lettuce has been observed when planted immediately after the removal of a celery crop. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the possible allelopathic effects of celery residue on the emergence and growth of lettuce. The influence of amount and type of celery tissue, growth medium and fertility, incubation time in soil, and amendment of growth medium containing celery residue with activated charcoal was evaluated with respect to the allelopathic potential of celery. Celery root tissue was 1.8 and 1.6 times more toxic to lettuce seedling growth than was celery petiole or lamina tissue, respectively. Lettuce shoot growth was inhibited to a greater extent when grown in sand amended with celery residue rather than either amended vermiculite or potting soil. Incubation of celery root residue in soil for 4 weeks increased phytotoxicity at 1% (v/v) and decreased it at 40% (v/v). Increasing the fertility of pure sand with varying amounts of Hoagland's solution did not reverse the allelopathic effects of celery residue. The addition of activated carbon to the medium increased the growth of lettuce exposed to celery residues. Celery residues possess allelopathic potential to developing lettuce seedlings. Celery tissue type and concentration, soil type, incubation of celery root residue in soil, and addition of activated carbon to the growing medium influenced the magnitude of the observed phytotoxicity. 61 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36 Allyl isothiocyanate release and the allelopathic potential of Brassica napus (Brassicaceae). Choesin, D.N.; Boerner, R.E.J. Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1991 Aug. American journal of botany v. 78 (8): p. 1083-1090; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Brassica napus; Allyl isothiocyanate; Biosynthesis; Allelopathins; Plant interaction; Growth inhibitors; Plant density; Mutants; Genotypes; Genetic variation Abstract: The allelopathic potential of Brassica species has been attributed to release of the mustard oil glycosides which they produce in large quantities. Upon hydrolysis, these glucosinolates yield isothiocyanates, compounds with strong antibiotic properties. The objective of this study was to assess whether Brassica napus, a common and widespread crop and weed crucifer, is capable of allelopathic interference, and if so, whether its glycoside derivative, allyl isothiocyanate (AI), is capable of producing this interference. Wild type and low glucosinolate-mutant B. napus were grown in low organic content soil under greenhouse conditions, and AI release into soil was monitored. Most plants released low levels of AI, though approximately 10% released much higher levels. Wild type plants released more AI than mutants. Growth of the target species, Medicago sativa, was not affected by additions of AI to soils at concentrations equal to the median and 95% quantile from the B. napus soils. In replacement series experiments, the two B. napus genotypes suppressed growth of M. sativa equally despite differences in AI release rate. In an intraspecific replacement series experiment, the two B. napus genotypes were equal competitors. Under our experimental conditions, B. napus showed no indication of being allelopathic, and AI concentrations typical of soils around B. napus plants did not inhibit target plants. 62 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28 Antibiotic effect of Rhizobium sp. towards some soil fungi. Anbu, D.A.; Sullia, S.B. Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec. Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 213-215; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Australia; Arachis hypogaea; Rhizobium; Geographical races; Plant extracts; Antibiotics; Antifungal agents; Rhizosphere fungi; Allelopathins; Strain differences 63 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 Asparagus emergence in Fusarium-treated and sterile media following exposure of seeds or radicles to one or more cinnamic acids. Peirce, L.C.; Miller, H.G. Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1993 Jan. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 118 (1): p. 23-28. ill; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Asparagus officinalis; Allelopathy; Cinnamic acid; Emergence; Growth inhibitors; Radicles; Seeds; Toxicity; Crop damage; Fusarium Abstract: Several cinnamic acids have been identified as principal toxic components of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) root autotoxin and have been shown to synergize Fusarium infection of asparagus. The basis for this synergism was studied by exposing asparagus seeds and radicles from pregerminated seeds to ferulic (FA), caffeic (CA), or methylenedioxycinnamic (MDA) acids alone and in combinations of two or three of these acids. After treatment, seeds were placed in pots of peat-lite mix, and, depending on the experiment, all or half were inoculated with F. oxysporum (Schlecht) f. sp. asparagi (Cohen). Seedling emergence from each pot was used as a measure of toxicity. All cinnamic acids at 1% suppressed emergence compared with the control. Solutions combining FA and CA (0.5%/0.5%, v/v) were substantially more toxic than 1% solutions of either alone. Exposure of radicles (early postgermination) for 10 minutes to combined FA/CA before planting decreased emergence from pots, whereas emergence following a 10-minute exposure to 1% CA or FA alone did not differ from the controls. The 2-hour exposure to FA or to FA/CA and the 24-hour exposure to CA, FA, or FA/CA decreased emergence, with toxicity progressing as follows: CA < FA < FA/CA. Root tip squashes showed fewer mitotic figures in treated than in untreated radicles, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of the radicle epidermis revealed damage to the surface of epidermal cells and precocious root hair development, the extent of which paralleled treatment toxicity. 64 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Assessment of allelopathic potential in Artemisia princeps var. orientalis residues. Yun, K.W.; Kil, B.S. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1933-1940; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Leaves; Plant residues; Phytotoxicity; Bioassays; Growth inhibitors; Seedlings Abstract: Field and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the differential phytotoxicity of residues of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (wormwood) using various plants as test species. Seedling elongation and dry weights of receptor plants were inversely proportional to the concentration and incubation time of dry leaves of A. princeps var. orientalis in vermiculite. In seedling growth tests with abandoned field soils (control) and soil underneath wormwood plants (test), the elongation, dry weight, and caloric content of seedlings grown in the soil from under wormwood plants were severely inhibited, thereby suggesting that certain growth inhibitors were released from wormwood and the inhibitor remained in the soil. 65 NAL Call. No.: 450 AU72 An assessment of the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus. May, F.E.; Ash, J.E. East Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Australian journal of botany v. 38 (3): p. 245-254; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australian capital territory; Eucalyptus globulus; Eucalyptus maculata; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Eucalyptus rossii; Eucalyptus rubida; Allelopathins; Leachates; Bark; Leaves; Forest litter; Stemflow; Laboratory methods; Allelopathy; Bioassays 66 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion. Timmins, W.A.; Reynolds, S.E. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Apr. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 63 (1): p. 47-54; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Midgut; Secretion; Trypsin; Azadirachtin; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Growth inhibitors; Protein digestion; Proteinases 67 NAL Call. No.: SB925.B5 Behavioral and ecological constraints imposed by plants on insect parasitoids: implications for biological control. Kester, K.M.; Barbosa, P. Orlando, Fla. : Academic Press; 1991 Aug. Biological control v. 1 (2): p. 94-106; 1991 Aug. Paper presented at the "Symposium on Host/Parasitoid Interactions," December 3, 1990, New Orleans, Louisiana. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant pests; Cotesia; Manduca sexta; Biological control; Parasites of insect pests; Allelochemicals; Adaptation; Nicotine; Trophic levels; Host parasite relationships; Feeding behavior; Plant composition 68 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 beta-(3-isoxazolin-5-on-2-yl)-alanine from Pisum: allelopathic properties and antimycotic bioassay. Schenk, S.U.; Werner, D. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Phytochemistry v. 30 (2): p. 467-470; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pisum sativum; Seedlings; Root exudates; Chemical analysis; Alanine; Derivatives; Allelopathins; Gramineae; Lactuca sativa; Germinationinhibitors; Growth inhibitors; Antifungal properties Abstract: Grasses and Lactuca sativa when germinated in the presence of the non-protein amino acid beta-(3-isoxazolin-5- on-2-yl)-alanine (betaIA) from roots and root exudates of pea seedlings, showed a pronounced reduction of root length and a necrosis of the root tips. Growth of legume seedlings was only slightly affected. We suggest the role of this secondary plant product as an allelochemical. Besides its effect on plant morphogenesis, betaIA also exhibits an antimycotic activity towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5 ppm. 69 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 The biochemical and physiological effects of insect hosts on the development and ecology of their insect parasites: an overview. Lawrence, P.O. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1990. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 13 (3/4): p. 217-228; 1990. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect pests; Parasites of insect pests; Host parasite relationships; Allelochemicals; Molting hormones; Diapause; Metamorphosis 70 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Biochemical basis for the resistance of barley to aphids. Corcuera, L.J. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1993 Jul. Phytochemistry v. 33 (4): p. 741-747; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum; Diuraphis; Metopolophium; Rhopalosiphum; Schizaphis; Sitobion; Insect pests; Pest resistance; Allelochemicals; Defense mechanisms; Induction; Plant morphology; Barriers; Environmental factors; Plant nutrition; Literature reviews Abstract: Barley plants may be severely damaged by aphids, mainly because they may transmit viruses, remove essential nutrients, and disrupt tissues. This review discusses possible resistance factors of this plant, such as morphological defences and natural chemicals that have been shown or suggested to be involved in protection of barley against aphids. The available evidence for the role played by waxes, gramine, aconitic acid, phenolics and amino acids is presented. A discussion is included on other potentially protective molecules, such as protease inhibitors, that need to be studied. Environmental stress also affects plant-aphid interactions because the chemical composition of the plant changes. Water stress increases susceptibility, and Nacl and temperature increase resistance to aphids. The compatible solute glycine betaine, which accumulates under several types of stress. increases reproduction of aphids. Temperature and availability of nitrates increase gramine content of the leaves and. therefore, resistance to the aphids. A summary of conclusions and future perspectives focuses on the paramount importance of environmental stress in plant resistance and on the need to identify inducible resistance factors. 71 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5 Biochemical defence of pro-oxidant plant allelochemicals by herbivorous insects. Ahmad, S. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1974-; 1992 Jun. Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 20 (4): p. 269-296; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant composition; Oxygen; Allelochemicals; Antioxidants; Papilio polyxenes; Spodoptera eridania; Trichoplusia ni; Metabolic detoxification; Literature reviews; Chemical ecology Abstract: A new aspect of interactions among insect herbivores and defensive chemistry of plants in the regulation of oxygen toxicity exerted by pro-oxidant allelochemic is described. Endogenous oxygen toxicity results from activation of the ground state of molecular oxygen to the superoxide anion radical (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (.OH), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), and peroxyl radicals (LO2. or RO2.). The strongly lipid-peroxidizing singlet oxygen (1 delta g O2) is also produced during light activation of photosensitizers. Ingestion of pro-oxidants exacerbates oxygen toxicity by increasing the production of these deleterious forms of oxygen. The role of ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, glutathione, carotenoids and urate as antioxidants in insects is apparent, but needs more work for the elucidation of their roles. The major defence mechanism includes a group of antioxidant enzymes represented by superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S- transferase's peroxidative activity (GSTPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and DT-diaphorase. SOD converts O2.- radicals to H2O2 and 2, CAT decomposes H2O2 to H2O and O2, GSTPX reduces LOOHs to LOHs with GSH as reductant, and GSSG formed from GSH during the GSTPX reaction is reduced to GSH by GR. DT-diaphorase is an important antioxidant in that it reduces quinones by a two-electron reduction to stable products, thereby preventing the one-electron reduction to semiquinone radicals which generate O2 radicals. Therefore, these enzymes are crucial for insect herbivores for preventing the free- radical cascade of oxygen, and terminating the toxic lipid peroxidation chain reaction, in response to the endogenous and potential exogenous oxidant-induced injury. 72 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 Bioengieering of crop plants and resistant biotype evolution in insects: counteracting coevolution. Brattsten, L.B. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p. 253-267; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect pests; Pest resistance; Genetic engineering; Allelochemicals; Insecticide resistance; Literature reviews Abstract: The use, as opposed to the procurement, of transgenic crop plants is discussed in this paper. Transgenic crop plants must not be used until appropriate strategies for their use have been designed and not before crop plants with a variety of insect defenses have been developed. The use of a crop plant with a single defense will pose as strong a selection pressure as the use of a single synthetic insecticide, since insect herbivores are able to evolve effective counter-defenses. The defenses of insects in natural plant-insect associations and with regard to synthetic insecticides are described to demonstrate that there is nothing unique about insecticide resistance. It is the inevitable alternative to local extinction in response to a persistent and predictable selection pressure. Plants counteract insect defensive evolution by keeping the selection pressure as variable as possible. This leads to the conclusion that the best use of biotechnology in crop protection is to reintroduce chemical diversity into crop plants. 73 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Biological control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) by Cassia uniflora Mill (Leguminosae), in Bangalore, India. Joshi, S. London : Taylor & Francis; 1991 Apr. Tropical pest management v. 37 (2): p. 182-184; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Karnataka; Parthenium hysterophorus; Weed control; Biological control; Cassia; Biological control agents; Competitive ability; Allelopathy; Seeds; Leachates; Germination inhibitors; Seed germination 74 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Biologically active labdane-type diterpene glycosides from the root-stalks of Gleichenia japonica. Munesada, K.; Siddiqui, H.L.; Suga, T. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 May. Phytochemistry v. 31 (5): p. 1533-1536; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Japan; Gleichenia japonica; Roots; Chemical composition; Diterpenes; Glycosides; Growth inhibitors; Allelopathins; Lactuca sativa Abstract: A glycoside showing a strong growth inhibition of lettuce was isolated from the root-stalks of Gleichenia japonica and its structure was established to be the 3-O- alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-beta-glucopyranoside of 13-O-7-rhamnopyranosyl-(+)-3 beta-hydroxymanool. In addition, two related glycosides were also isolated and they were characterized as the 3-O-beta-fucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-beta-glucopyranoside of 13-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(+)-3 beta-hydroxymanool and the 13-O-rhamnopyranoside of the same diterpene alcohol. The diterpene alcohol accelerated the growth of lettuce. 75 NAL Call. No.: SB610.R47 Biology and control of morningglories (Ipomoea spp.). Elmore, C.D.; Hurst, H.R.; Austin, D.F. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1990. Reviews of weed science v. 5: p. 83-114. ill; 1990. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ipomoea; Weed biology; Seed germination; Sexual reproduction; Asexual reproduction; Taxonomy; Keys; Competitive ability; Allelopathy; Weed control; Perennial weeds; Annual habit; Chemical control; Biological control; Literature reviews 76 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83 Bioregulator-induced changes in allelochemicals and their effects on plant resistance to pests. Hedin, P.A. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1990. Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 9 (5): p. 371-379; 1990. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant pests; Pest resistance; Pest control; Allelochemicals; Plant growth regulators; Chemical analysis; Insecticidal properties; Plant extracts; Literature reviews 77 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1I66 Brassica alternatives to herbicides and soil fumigants. Grossman, J. Berkeley, CA : Bio-Integral Resource Center,; 1993 Jul. The IPM practitioner : the newsletter of integrated pest management v. 15 (7): p. 1-10; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Crops; Weed control; Brassica; Biological control; Live mulches; Allelopathy; Cover crops; Plant disease control; Pest control; Cultural control; Nematode control; Green manures; Soil solarization; Plantparasitic nematodes; Alternative farming 78 NAL Call. No.: 421 En895 Caterpillars' compensatory feeding response to diluted nutrients leads to toxic allelochemical dose. Slansky, F. Jr; Wheeler, G.S. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Nov. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 65 (2): p. 171-186; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Camellia; Coffea; Hosts of plant pests; Anticarsia gemmatalis; Larvae; Plant pests; Toxicity; Allelochemicals; Caffeine; Eating rates; Feeding behavior; Nutrients 79 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Cell culture bioassay to evaluate allelochemical toxicity to Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Stipanovic, R.D.; Elissalde, M.H.; Altman, D.W.; Norman, J.O. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1990 Jun. Journal of economic entomology v. 83 (3): p. 737-741; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium; Toxic exudates; Toxicity; Bioassays; Pest resistance; Heliothis virescens; Larvae Abstract: An insect tissue culture bioassay was developed with an established cell line (BCIRL-HV-AM1) of Heliothis virescens (F.). This bioassay substantially reduced the time, material, and experimental error involved in toxicity evaluations compared with larval-feeding studies with artificial diets. LD50's of seven terpenes from the cotton plant (Gossypium spp.) were determined in the tissue culture bioassay. Various levels of toxicity were observed. Gossypol, hemigossypolone, and heliocides H1, H2, and H3 had LD50's of 10 to 16 micrograms/ml. For caryophyllene oxide and caryophyllene, LD50's were 53 micrograms/ml and 221 micrograms/ml, respectively. Comparison of these values with ED50's obtained in larval-feeding studies validate the cell bioassay as an effective in vitro assay, for relative toxicity. Twelve other terpenes of unknown toxicity to H. virescens also were evaluated. 80 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.B5 Changing perceptions of allelopathy and biological control. Lovett, J.V. Oxon : A B Academic Publishers; 1991. Biological agriculture and horticulture : an international journal v. 8 (2): p. 89-100; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alternative farming; Sustainability; Farming systems; Biological control; Allelopathy; Allelochemicals; Responses; Plant protection; Weed control; Biological control agents; Mycoherbicides; Cost benefit analysis; Control methods; Crop production; Reviews 81 NAL Call. No.: 451 L64J The chemical composition of Astragalus: a comparison of seleniferous and non-seleniferous plants growing side by side. Cowgill, U.M.; Landenberger, B.D. London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Botanical journal of the Linnean Society v. 109 (2): p. 223-234; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Astragalus; Species; Chemical composition; Selenium; Phytotoxicity; Allelochemicals; Phenolic acids; Flavonoids; Allelopathy; Site types 82 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67 Chemicals in plant protection: Is there a natural alternative?. Lovett, J.V. Rotorua : The Institute; 1990. FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service (155): p. 57-65; 1990. Paper presented at the "Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds," held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant protection; Pesticides; Allelochemicals; Allelopathy; Integrated pest management 83 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Chemotypes of Cyperus rotundus in Pacific Rim and Basin: distribution and inhibitory activities of their essential oils. Komai, K.; Tang, C.S.; Nishimoto, R.K. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 1-8; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cyperus rotundus; Tubers; Chemical composition; Plant composition; Essential oils; Allelopathy; Sesquiterpenes; Geographical distribution Abstract: Four major chemotypes of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) have been reported based on the composition of essential oils in mature tubers. Distribution of the H, M, K, and O type in countries of the Pacific Rim and Basin was investigated. In general, the H type dominates on the islands of Japan, and the O type has the widest range of distribution. The O type also dominates the Pacific Basin islands except for Hawaii, where the K-type is dominant. Inhibitory activity of the essential oils from C. rotundus tubers against the seedling growth of lettuce and oats was in the order of H > M > K > O. Seven major sesquiterpenes were isolated from the oils and their inhibitory activities determined. Results suggest that C. rotundus of different chemotypes may have different allelopathic activity in the crop-weed interaction. 84 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49 Comparative metabolism of the phototoxic allelochemical alpha- terthienyl in three species of lepidopterans. Iyengar, S.; Arnason, J.T.; Philogene, B.J.R.; Werstiuk, N.H.; Morand, P. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1990 Jun. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 37 (2): p. 154-164; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Manduca sexta; Heliothis virescens; Ostrinia nubilalis; Metabolism; Larvae; Allelopathins; Compositae; Thiophene; Enzyme activity; Metabolites; Oxidoreductases 85 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 Comparative processing of allelochemicals in the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Berenbaum, M.R. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p. 213-221; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Papilionidae; Allelochemicals; Detoxification; Cytochrome p-450; Coumarins Abstract: Within the family Papilionidae (Lepidoptera), species display a broad range of feeding patterns, from oligophagy on a single hostplant family to polyphagy on over a dozen families. Accompanying this diversity of feeding strategies is a diversity of physiological mechanisms for processing hostplant allelochemicals. Studies on members of this family as well as other Lepidoptera suggest that oligophagy is associated with high activity, in addition to high substrate specificity, of detoxicative enzymes. 86 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Comparative study of proteinase inhibitors in tropical root crops and survey of allelochemicals in the edible aroids. Bradbury, J.H.; Hammer, B.C. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1990 Jul. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 38 (7): p. 1448-1453; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alocasia macrorrhiza; Ipomoea batatas; Cyrtosperma chamissonis; Dioscorea alata; Dioscorea esculenta; Xanthosoma sagittifolium; Protease inhibitors; Trypsin inhibitors; Taro; Sweet potatoes; Yams; Resistance to parasites 87 NAL Call. No.: 450 B6527 Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities. Gopal, B.; Goel, U. Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden, 1935-; 1993 Jul. The Botanical review v. 59 (3): p. 155-210; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Aquatic plants; Allelopathy; Plant communities; Plant competition; Interactions; Literature reviews 88 NAL Call. No.: 500 OK42 Composition of essential oil from Proboscidea louisianica (Martyniaceae). Riffle, M.S.; Waller, G.R.; Murray, D.S. Oklahoma City, Okla. : The Academy; 1991. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science v. 71: p. 35-42; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Proboscidea louisianica; Allelochemicals; Essential oils; Plant composition 89 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Concentration dependency and stage of crop growth in alfalfa autotoxicity. Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Nov. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy v. 84 (6): p. 940-946; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Crop residues; Allelochemicals; Shoots; Phytotoxicity; Seedlings; Seedling emergence; Phenolic compounds; Phytotoxins; Characterization; Identification Abstract: Shoots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) contain water-soluble chemical compounds which are autotoxic, i.e., inhibit the growth of alfalfa itself. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the inhibition threshold of the water-soluble chemical compounds (autotoxic principle), and (ii) demonstrate that the inhibition of seed germination on early seedling growth of alfalfa is due to autotoxinic compounds from alfalfa shoots and not from microbes. A farmer must make a decision on whether or not it would be advisable to replant alfalfa based on the level of alfalfa residue still growing in the field. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if autotoxicity in alfalfa due to water-soluble compounds is concentration dependent. Filter- sterilized and non-filter-sterilized shoot aqueous extracts from vegetative and reproductive stages of 'WL-316' alfalfa were assayed at 20, 40, 60, and 80 g L-1 (fresh shoot weight basis) for their effect on seed germination and root and shoot elongation of seedlings of WL-316 alfalfa in a growth chamber. Compared with the control, root length, shoot length, and germination were inhibited beyond 20 g L-1 concentration. Shoot extract from the reproductive stage was more inhibitory than from the vegetative stage under laboratory conditions. In the greenhouse, incorporation of 4-wk-old green herbage from vegetative stage beyond 48 shoots per square meter level resulted in severe reductions in seedling emergence and plant fresh weight per unit area. Among the several phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root and shoot growth of alfalfa, coumarin and trans-cinnamic acid at 60 +/- 10 micrograms mL-1 were the most inhibitory. Mixtures of five or more phenolic acids were more phytotoxic than their respective individual components except in the case of trans- cinnamic acid and coumarin. Autotoxicity in alfalfa may be caused by an interaction of many, yet uncharacterized chemical compounds present in shoots 90 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 The contribution of symbiotic yeast to toxin resistance of the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne). Dowd, P.F.; Shen, S.K. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Sep. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 56 (3): p. 241-248. ill; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lasioderma serRicorne; Larvae; Mortality; Detoxification; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids; Phenolic compounds; Phytotoxins; Resistance; Symbionts; Yeasts 91 NAL Call. No.: SB610.W39 Crop residue reduces jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) seedling growth. Anderson, R.L. Champaign, Ill. : The Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jul. Weed technology : a journal of the Weed Science Society of America v. 7 (3): p. 717-722; 1993 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Cabt; Triticum aestivum; Cultural weed control; Aegilops cylindrica; Allelopathy; Crop residues; Zea mays; Carthamus tinctorius; Panicum miliaceum; Sorghum bicolor; Nitrogen fertilizers; Immobilization; Nitrogen; Integrated control; Chemical control; Seedling stage; Triazinoneherbicides 92 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83 Crop rotation. Bullock, D.G. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1992. Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 11 (4): p. 309-326; 1992. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rotations; Soil fertility; Cover crops; Sustainability; Soil organic matter; Soil structure; Erosion; Soil flora; Soil fauna; Insect pests; Allelopathy; Literature reviews 93 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E23 Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Liebman, M.; Dyck, E. Tempe, Ariz. : Ecological Society of America; 1993 Feb. Ecological applications v. 3 (1): p. 92-122; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Weeds; Cultural weed control; Weed biology; Rotations; Intercropping; Seed banks; Plant density; Crop weed competition; Allelopathy 94 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Defensive role of Allium sulfur compounds for leek moth Acrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera) against generalist predators. Nowbahari, B.; Thibout, E. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1991-2002; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Allium; Plant composition; Defense; Allelochemicals; Acrolepiopsis assectella; Organic sulfur compounds; Volatile compounds; Formica fusca; Formica; Insect control Abstract: It has been shown previously that sulfur volatiles produced by Allium plants affect the behavior of their specialist phytophages and of their specialist entomophages. The action of these compounds in protecting the leek moth Acrolepiopsis assectella against generalist entomophages was studied in comparison to the proposed original defensive role of these compounds against generalist herbivorous insects. Two ants species, Formica selysi and F. fusca, were used as generalist predators. Six behavioral criteria of the predatory behavior of the ants were studied in presence of the last- instar caterpillars (C5). C5 reared on artificial diets with or without leek components were tested, as well as C5 soaked in frass of leek-reared caterpillars or disulfide solutions. In addition, the response of the ants to pure chemicals found in leek was studied using honey solutions with or without sulfur compounds. The sulfur allelochemicals of Allium plants have a negative action on predatory ants. Interestingly, the nonvolatile precursors of sulfur volatiles of Allium plants seem to have a protective role for their phytophagous insects against generalist entomophages. 95 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Delayed seeding of alfalfa avoids autotoxicity after plowing or glyphosate treatment of established stands. Tesar, M.B. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy, [1949-; 1993 Mar. Agronomy journal v. 85 (2): p. 256-263; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Michigan; Cabt; Medicago sativa; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Continuous cropping; Sowing; Plowing; Glyphosate; Poa pratensis; Zea mays; Fallow; Seedlings; Density; Crop yield Abstract: Re-establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has often been unsuccessful because of autotoxic effects of the crop on seedlings. This study was conducted at East Lansing, MI on an Udallic Ochraqualfs, fine loamy, mixed, mesic soil. The first objective was to determine the days required to eliminate autotoxic effects for l-, 4-, and 6-yr- old stands of alfalfa with 1.4 Mg ha-1 dry weight of topgrowth after treatments of plowing or glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine]. The second objective was to determine autotoxic effects of 1.4, 2.7, and 4.0 Mg ha-1 dry weight of topgrowth from year-old alfalfa plowed prior to seeding the same day. Check treatments were seedings after plowed Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), corn (Zea mays L.), or fallow. Alfalfa was seeded for Objective 1 on 23 June 1982, 12 d after plowing alfalfa and 19 d after glyphosate application on 6-yr-old alfalfa; on 5 June 1984 and 29 May 1985, 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 195 d (29 May 1985 only) after plowing alfalfa or glyphosate application on year-old alfalfa; and on 11 June 1986, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after plowing alfalfa or glyphosate application on 4-yr-old alfalfa. Seedings for Objective 2 were made on 5 June 1984. Densities and yields of seedings equaled checks when made at least 14 d after plowing alfalfa or 21 d after glyphosate application on established alfalfa. Seedling densities were similar, but lower than the check, after three levels of alfalfa topgrowth were plowed and seeded the same day. Results indicate alfalfa can be re- established without significant autotoxicity if seedings are made at least 2 wk after plowing or 3 wk after glyphosate application on established alfalfa or after seeding failure. For maximum killing of old alfalfa and to avoid autotoxicity, plowing of alfalfa and seeding at least 2 wk after plowing, or early-fall or spring glyphosate application on alfalfa followed by no-till seeding at least 3 wk after glyphosate application, are recommended. 96 NAL Call. No.: QK861.M63 The determination of the allelopathic potential of pollen and nectar. Murphy, S.D. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer-Verlag; 1992. Modern methods of plant analysis v. 13: p. 333-357; 1992. In the series analytic: Plant toxin analysis / edited by H.F. Linskens and J.F. Jackson. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant interaction; Allelopathins; Pollen; Nectar; Phytotoxicity; Isolation techniques; Bioassays; Chemical analysis; Literature reviews 97 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Detoxification spectrum of the cigarette beetle symbiont Symbiotaphrina kochii in culture. Shen, S.K.; Dowd, P.F. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Jul. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 60 (1): p. 51-59; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lasioderma serRicorne; Pesticide resistance; Symbionts; Yeasts; Hydrolases; Transferases; Allelochemicals; Microbial degradation; Mycotoxins; Pesticides; Detoxification 98 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Devil's-claw (Proboscidea louisianica), essential oil and its components: potential allelochemical agents on cotton and wheat. Riffle, M.S.; Waller, G.R.; Murray, D.S.; Sgaramello, R.P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1927-1940; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Proboscidea (martyniaceae); Essential oils; Chemical composition; Allelopathy; Germination; Phytotoxicity; Gossypium hirsutum; Triticumaestivum; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The potential allelopathic activity of devil's-claw [Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung] essential oil and a few of the compounds it contains on the elongation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radicles was studied using a Petri dish bioassay. Essential oil was collected by steam distillation using an all-glass- Teflon assembly. Ether extracts of the steam distillates from fresh devil's-claw were inhibitory to cotton and wheat radicle elongation. The following six components of devil's-claw essential oil identified by CGC-MS-DS were inhibitory to cotton and/or wheat at a concentration of 1 mM: vanillin, piperitenone, delta-cadinene, p-cymen-9-ol, alpha-bisabolol, and phenethyl alcohol. 99 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Difference in hydroxamic acid content in roots and root exudates of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.): possible role in allelopathy. Perez, F.J.; Ormeno-Nunez, J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1037-1043; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Secale cereale; Root exudates; Allelopathy; Chemical composition; Bioassays; Weed control; Biological control Abstract: Hydroxamic acids (Hx) produced by some cereal crops have been associated with allelopathy. However, the release of Hx to the soil by the producing plant--an essential condition for a compound to be involved in allelopathy--has not been shown. GC and HPLC analysis of roots and root exudates of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars, with high Hx levels in their leaves, demonstrated the presence of these compounds in the roots of all cultivars analyzed and in root exudates of rye. Moreover, bioassays employing root exudates collected from wheat and rye seedlings demonstrated that only rye exudates inhibited root growth of wild oats, Avena fatua L., a weed whose root growth is inhibited by Hx. These results suggest that rye could potentially interfere with the growth of Avena fatua in nature and that this interference could be due to the release of Hx to the soil by way of roots. 100 NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6 Differences in cytochrome p450 activities in tobacco budworm larvae as influenced by resistance to host plant allelochemicals and induction. Rose, R.L.; Gould, F.; Levi, P.E.; Hodgson, E. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : Comparative biochemistry v. 99 (3): p. 535-540; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Larvae; Strains; Cytochrome p-450; Oxygenases; Isoenzymes; Enzyme activity; 2-tridecanone; Nicotine; Quercetin; Resistance; Induction; Resistance mechanisms; Oxidation; Metabolism; Substrates Abstract: 1. Nicotine and 2-tridecanone resistant strains of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F), had elevated cytochrome P450 content and significant increases in metabolism of five of six monooxygenase substrates relative to two susceptible strains. 2. Resistance to quercetin did not result in an increase in cytochrome P450 content; however, significant increases in metabolism were observed for two monooxygenase substrates. 3. P450 content was significantly induced by nicotine and 2-tridecanone, but not by quercetin. 4. Patterns of substrate oxidations varied between strains and inducing agents, suggesting that different isozymes of P450 are associated with resistance and induction. 101 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Differential allelochemical detoxification mechanism in tissue cultures of Antennaria microphylla and Euphorbia esula. Hogan, M.E.; Manner, G.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 167-174; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Antennaria microphylla; Euphorbia esula; Cell suspensions; Callus; Allelochemicals; Hydroquinone; Metabolic detoxification Abstract: Callus and suspension cultures of Antennaria microphylla (small everlasting) and the noxious weed Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) can glucosylate benzene-1,4-diol (hydroquinone) to the corresponding monoglucoside, arbutin. HPLC analysis of extracts from callus tissue corroborates the presence of hydroquinone in the cells of small everlasting. Constitutive levels of a UDPG-dependent glucosyltransferase were detected in cell-free extracts of this tissue. Although this detoxification enzyme was induced in leafy spurge suspension culture cells grown in the presence of hydroquinone, the activity was six-fold lower than that measured in small everlasting. Differential ability to detoxify hydroquinone provides a basis for the observed allelopathic interaction between small everlasting and leafy spurge. 102 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Differential inhibition of seed germination by sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) root periderm extracts. Peterson, J.K.; Harrison, H.F. Jr Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Jan. Weed science v. 39 (1): p. 119-123; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Competitive ability; Abutilon theophrasti; Amaranthus retroflexus; Cassia occidentalis; Eclipta alba; Eleusine indica; Pharbitis purpurea; Panicum miliaceum; Solanum nigrum; Seed germination; Germination inhibitors; Allelopathins; Periderm; Sweet potato extract; Bioassays; Allelopathy; Crop weed competition Abstract: The effect of sequential hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous methanol extracts of 'Regal' sweetpotato periderm on seed germination of sweetpotato, proso millet, and seven weed species was studied. The hexane extract, which contained the nonpolar components of the periderm tissue, was least inhibitory. It inhibited velvetleaf, proso millet, black nightshade, and redroot pigweed germination, and maximum inhibition was 56% for black nightshade at 200 mg of periderm extracted ml-1. The ethyl acetate fraction was inhibitory to proso millet, velvetleaf, black nightshade, goosegrass, tall morningglory, coffee senna, and redroot pigweed. The estimated I50(3) for ethyl acetate ranged from 17 mg periderm extracted ml-1 for black nightshade to 201 mg ml-1 for coffee senna. Sweetpotato, tall morningglory, and eclipta germination was not inhibited by this extract at the concentrations tested. The aqueous methanol extract was much more inhibitory than the hexane or ethyl acetate extracts, and there was considerable variation between species in response to this extract The I50 estimates for the aqueous methanol extract were 0.5, 0.6, 2.8, 4.4, 5.1, 9.6, 15.7, 21.0, and 25.8 mg ml-1 for velvetleaf, proso millet, black nightshade, goosegrass, sweetpotato, tall morningglory, eclipta, coffee senna, and pigweed, respectively. 103 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783 Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. I. Effect of stubble type and degree of decomposition. Purvis, C.E. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Australian journal of agricultural research v. 41 (2): p. 225-242. ill; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New South Wales; Triticum aestivum; Sowing date; Yield response functions; Phytotoxicity; Stubble mulching; Allelopathy 104 NAL Call. No.: 23 AU783 Differential response of wheat to retained crop stubbles. II. Other factors influencing allelopathic potential; intraspecific variation, soil type and stubble quantity. Purvis, C.E.; Jones, G.P.D. Melbourne : Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization; 1990. Australian journal of agricultural research v. 41 (2): p. 243-251; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New South Wales; Triticum aestivum; Yield response functions; Allelopathy; Growth; Inhibition; Phytotoxicity; Seedling emergence; Soil types; Stubble mulching 105 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Do defoliation and subsequent phytochemical responses reduce future herbivory on oak trees?. Faeth, S.H. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (6): p. 915-925; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Quercus; Defoliation; Responses; Chemical composition; Leaves; Tannins; Protein content; Allelochemicals; Defense; Chemical ecology Abstract: Perennial plants are thought to respond to partial or complete defoliation by producing new foliage that is less susceptible to herbivores because of induction of allelochemicals. Here, I tested this hypothesis by manually removing primary foliage from branches of Quercus emoryi (Fagaceae) at two different times in the season and monitoring changes in protein and tannin levels and the amount of herbivory relative to control branches. New, secondary leaves had 2.5 X greater hydrolyzable tannin content than mature foliage of control branches. Condensed tannins, which constitute a relatively low fraction of leaf mass, were lower, while protein content was temporarily greater, in new secondary leaves relative to mature leaves. Despite large increases in hydrolyzable tannins, herbivory levels were greater on refoliated branches than on control branches. New foliage is susceptible to herbivory regardless of when it is produced in the season, possibly because lower toughness and higher water content override any induced or developmentally related changes in allelochemistry. My results do not support the hypothesis that postherbivore changes in phytochemistry protect perennial plants from future herbivory, at least within a growing season. 106 NAL Call. No.: 450 J829 Dynamics of associations between plants in ten old fields during 31 years of succession. Myster, R.W.; Pickett, S.T.A. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific; 1992. Journal of ecology v. 80 (2): p. 291-302; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Jersey; Plant succession; Old fields; Community ecology; Plant ecology; Plant competition; Allelopathy Abstract: The pattern of significant associations between plants was examined in ten old fields during 31 years of succession by calculating rank correlations for species pairs in each old field during each sample year. Three hypotheses were tested concerning the dynamics of species interactions through succession, and correspondence was explored between the pattern of association and published results from field and glasshouse experiments. The proportion, number and level of significance of associations between plants all declined with time. Annuals and biennials had a higher portion of significant associations and more positive associations than perennial species. Plant species involved in many, significant associations and implicated as actively interacting with other species were generally neither native nor the most abundant. Seventy per cent of the species analysed in the present study, that had also been used in field and glasshouse experiments demonstrating competition reported in the literature, were involved in significant and repeated negative pairwise associations. However, only 33% of species used in field and glasshouse experiments demonstrating allelopathy showed such correspondence. Grasses may be major inhibitory species because they were involved in many significant negative plant associations although they did not achieve high abundance in these old fields. Lonicera japonica and Rosa multiflora were woody species involved in many negative associations and may play major roles by inhibiting later successional species. Investigations into the role of species interactions during succession may focus productively on those relatively few species that are strongly associated. The timing and the consequences of these associations may illumunate how interaction mechanisms such as competition and alleopathy structure successions. 107 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36 The ecological impact of allelopathy in Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae). Lawrence, J.G.; Colwell, A.; Sexton, O.J. Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1991 Jul. American journal of botany v. 78 (7): p. 948-958; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Missouri; Ailanthus altissima; Allelopathy; Plant communities; Growth inhibitors; Species diversity; Toxicity; Environmental factors Abstract: Compounds inhibitory to the growth of neighboring plant species were found in significant concentrations in the leaves and stems of young Ailanthus altissima ramets. The surrounding soil also contained appreciable concentrations of similarly acting toxins. Individuals of neighboring plant species have either incorporated active portions of inhibitory compounds or responded to Ailanthus by producing growth- inhibiting substances. Under greenhouse conditions, individuals of neighboring plant species previously unexposed to Ailanthus in the field were found to be more susceptible to the Ailanthus toxins than individuals previously exposed. Moreover, seeds produced by unexposed populations were also more susceptible to Ailanthus toxins than seeds produced by previously exposed populations. These differences demonstrated that the allelochemicals of Ailanthus altissima exhibited a measurable impact upon neighboring plant species. Since the progeny of these populations displayed a differential response to Ailanthus toxin, this phenotypic difference between the two populations may have a heritable basis. 108 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effect of apiforol and apigeninidin on growth of selected fungi. Schutt, C.; Netzly, D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2261-2266; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Disease resistance; Allelopathy; Seeds; Plant composition; Antifungal properties Abstract: Selected fungi were grown on agar plates in the presence of naringenin, apiforol, apiforol 7-O- rhamnoglucoside, or apigeninidin. Of the four compounds tested, only apigeninidin inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Gibberella zeae, Gliocladium roseum, Alternaria solani, and Phytophthora infestans. In contrast, the growth of Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rhizopus stolonifer (- and +) was not effected by any compound. Since apigeninidin is present in seeds of Sorghum sp., we hypothesize that apigeninidin may play a role in mold resistance and that apiforol accumulates as a biosynthetic precursor of apigeninidin, not as a fungal defense compound. 109 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effect of diacetyl piquerol on H+-ATPase activity of microsomes from Ipomoea purpurea. Cruz Ortega, R.; Anaya, A.L.; Gavilanes-Ruiz, M.; Sanchez Nieto, S.; Jimenez Estrada, M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (7): p. 2253-2261; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pharbitis purpurea; Leaves; Microsomes; Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Proton pump; Allelopathy; Bioassays; Inhibition; Weedcontrol Abstract: The effect of an allelopathic compound, diacetyl- piquerol on the H+ -ATPase activity of the microsomal fraction from the radicles of a common weed lpomoea purpurea was studied. The diacetyl-piquerol inhibited the germination and radicle growth from I. purpurea; the radicle growth was increasingly inhibited (10% to 100%) as piquerol concentrations were raised (10 micromole to 1000 micromole). The H+ -ATPase activity was inhibited (48%) by 500 micromole diacetyl-piquerol, and this inhibition was higher in plasma membrane ATPase (67.2%) than in tonoplast membrane ATPase (31.4%). Additional studies of the precise physiological mechanisms of interference caused by allelopathic compounds are needed. 110 NAL Call. No.: SD13.C35 The effect of host variability on growth and performance of the introduced pine sawfly, Diprion similis. Codella, S.G. Jr; Fogal, W.H.; Raffa, K.F. Ottawa, Ont. : National Research Council of Canada; 1991 Nov. Canadian journal of forest research; Journal canadien de recherche forestiere v. 21 (11): p. 1668-1674; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pinus banksiana; Pinus strobus; Diprion similis; Larvae; Host range; Growth; Foliage; Leaf age; Nutrient content; Allelochemicals; Fecundity; Feeding behavior Abstract: Diprion similis (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) was reared in the laboratory on Pinus banksiana Lamb. and Pinus strobus L. from the second stadium through adult emergence. Groups of larvae were fed current-year or previous years' foliage from specific trees. Host species had a significant, but limited, effect on D. similis growth and performance. Foliar age had a stronger and more consistent effect on development. In contrast with reports for other diprionid species, previous years' needles had a consistently greater adverse effect on D. similis performance than did new growth. This suggests that there is a conflict between the avoidance of host tissues with high allelochemical concentrations and the avoidance of those with reduced nutrient content. Larval survival did not vary between foliar treatments, which suggests that the detrimental effects of host diet are chronic rather than acute. Female fecundity was strongly associated with cocoon weight, but the relationship varied with host diet and diapause incidence, as did the relative reproductive potential. Substantial between-tree variability in insect performance indicates a potential for resistance breeding programs. Tree rankings for each performance variable were highly consistent, which would permit the development of an expeditious screening procedure. 111 NAL Call. No.: S295.M3 Effect of maize residue on five maize hybrids. Wahab, Z.B.; Kaspar, T.C. Selangar : Malaysian Society of Applied Biology; 1990 Jun. Malaysian applied biology : Biologi gunaan Malaysia v. 19 (1): p. 29-36; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Hybrids; Rotations; Varietal reactions; Varietal tolerance; Crop residues; Maize; Allelopathy; Allelochemicals; Seedlings; Growth; Inhibition; Leaves; Height; Roots; Shoots; Dry matter; Weight; Ratios; Crop growth stage; Crop yield; Crop losses 112 NAL Call. No.: 470 AM36 The effect of nutrients and enriched CO2 environments on production of carbon-based allelochemicals in Plantago: a test of the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis. Fajer, E.D.; Bowers, M.D.; Bazzaz, F.A. Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago Press; 1992 Oct. The American naturalist v. 140 (4): p. 707-723; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plantago lanceolata; Carbon dioxide; Secondary metabolites; Aucubin; Genotypes; Plant nutrition 113 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28 Effect of staling product from selected phylloplane fungi on in vitro growth of two pathogenic fungi. Singh, D.B. Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec. Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 256-259; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Brassica nigra; Hordeum vulgare; Phylloplane fungi; Alternaria brassicae; Drechslera; Culture filtrates; Plant disease control; Allelopathins; Metabolites; Growth inhibitors 114 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effect of temperature and sucrose concentration on hydroquinone toxicity in leafy spurge suspension culture cells. Hogan, M.E.; Manners, G.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1541-1549; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Euphorbia esula; Callus; Cell suspensions; Hydroquinone; Phytotoxicity; Sucrose; Temperature; Metabolic detoxification; Allelopathy; Weed control; Antennaria microphylla Abstract: Euphorbia esula (leafy spurge) suspension culture cell bioassays were used to determine whether sucrose accumulation enhanced the glucosylation (detoxification) of hydroquinone in this noxious weed. The bioassay results indicate that cold temperatures and exogenous hydroquinone represent a dual stress to spurge cell growth that can be partially ameliorated by hydrolysis of sucrose. The persistent susceptibility of leafy spurge suggests that hydroquinone- producing forage plants (which are not toxic to animals) might be used as natural competitors. 115 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of cotton plant allelochemicals and nutrients on behavior and development of tobacco budworm. Hedin, P.A.; Parrott, W.L.; Jenkins, J.N. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1107-1121; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Pest resistance; Heliothis virescens; Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Gossypol; Interactions; Amino acids; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), oviposit in the terminals of the cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae migrate to the terminal area and then to small squares (buds), on which they feed, finally burrowing into the anthers where they grow and develop. They attempt to avoid gossypol glands as they feed. Chemically related evidence explains, in part, these observations. The calyx crown of resistant lines (which is avoided) is high in the terpenoid aldehydes (TAs) including gossypol. HPLC data showed that the gossypol content of both susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, while the hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased in resistant lines and presumably are more closely associated with resistance. Analysis for total amino acids in cotton square tissues showed that there was a gradation from the calyx and calyx crown, which were lowest, to the anthers, the site of final insect development, which were highest. Synthetic diets mimicking amino acid distribution in anthers were found to be successful for larval growth and development. 116 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of exogenously applied ferulic acid, a potential allelopathic compound, on leaf growth, water utilization, and endogenous abscisic acid levels of tomato, cucumber, and bean. Holappa, L.D.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (5): p. 865-886; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Cucumis sativus; Phaseolus vulgaris; Allelopathy; Ferulic acid; Abscisic acid Abstract: To determine the relative sensitivities of tomato, cucumber, and bean to exogenously applied concentrations of ferulic acid (FA) and to determine whether FA-induced stress responses increase endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), wild-type and flacca (ABA-deficient mutant) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig), cucumber, (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Oregon 91) were treated with FA (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mM) in nutrient solution every other day for a total of two or three treatments. FA inhibited leaf growth and water utilization of wild-type tomato, flacca tomato, and cucumber, but not of bean. Acclimation to FA was observed following the first FA treatment and increased endogenous ABA levels were found in wild-type tomato, flacca tomato, and cucumber following multiple FA treatments. Induction of ABA biosynthesis occurred in wild-type tomato within 8 hr of FA treatment and maximum ABA levels were observed 24 hr after treatment. At that time, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 and 0.8 mM FA were 13.7 times and 2.6 times higher than control levels, respectively. A second FA (0.4 or 0.8 mM) treatment, 48 hr after the first, did not appear to affect ABA levels. Ninety-six hours after the first treatment, ABA levels of tomato treated with 0.4 mM FA approached control levels; ABA levels of plants treated with 0.8 mM FA were 1.9 times higher than control levels. Control ABA levels increased gradually with time. The data showed that plant sensitivity and ability of subsequent acclimation to phenolic acids, such as FA, were taxa dependent. 117 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of ferulic acid, and allelopathic compound, on net P, K, and water uptake by cucumber seedlings in a split-root system. Lyu, S.W.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (8): p. 2429-2439; 1990 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Seedlings; Water uptake; Ferulic acid; Allelopathy Abstract: Since distribution of allelopathic compounds in soils is highly variable, injurious effects by such compounds should be related to the frequency of contact with roots. Experiments were conducted to determine how P, K, and water uptake of cucumber seedlings were affected as the fraction of roots in contact with ferulic acid (FA) was increased. Seedlings were grown in Hoagland's nutrient solution for 14 days and then transferred to 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution for 24 hr before being placed into a split-root culture system. The containers in the system were filled with 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4 and CaSO4 or 0.5 mM concentrations of KH2PO4, CaSO4, and ferulic acid (FA). Net uptake of P by seedlings (milligrams per seedling) decreased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of K (milligrams per seedling) and water (milliliters per seedling) by seedlings decreased linearly as the fraction of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net uptake of P, K, and water by seedlings was reduced 57, 75, and 29%, respectively, when the whole root system was exposed to FA. Net P and K uptake of roots (milligrams per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA decreased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively, as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. Net P and K uptake of roots in contact with ferulic acid increased in a linear and curvilinear (convex) manner, respectively. Net water uptake of roots (milliliters per gram root fresh weight) not in contact with FA increased in a curvilinear (concave) manner as the frequency of the roots in contact with FA increased. Net water uptake of roots in contact with FA did not show a trend. Transpiration (milliliters per square centimeter) was reduced in a linear manner as the fraction of roots in contact with FA increased. A very slight compensation by roots not in contact with FA for roots in contact with FA was observed for net water uptake rate 118 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of juglone on growth, photosynthesis, and respiration. Hejl, A.M.; Einhellig, F.A.; Rasmussen, J.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1993 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 19 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lemna minor; Glycine max; Juglone; Allelopathy; Photosynthesis; Chloroplasts; Mitochondria; Respiration Abstract: The impacts of juglone on plant growth and several other physiological functions were evaluated in this study. Juglone inhibited Lemna minor growth, chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis at treatments between 10 and 40 micromolar. Soybean leaf disks vacuum infiltrated with as little as 10 micromolar juglone had reduced photosynthesis. Oxygen evolution by chloroplasts isolated from Pisum sativum was inhibited by juglone with an I50 of 2 micromolar. Micromolar treatments of juglone stimulated oxygen uptake in mitochondria isolated from Glycine max. These data suggest perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial functions may contribute to plant growth reductions observed in juglone-mediated allelopathy. 119 NAL Call. No.: 381 J8223 Effects of kinetin formulations on allelochemicals and agronomic traits of cotton. Hedin, P.A.; McCarty, J.C. Jr Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society; 1991 Mar. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry v. 39 (3): p. 549-553; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium hirsutum; Allelochemicals; Plant growth regulators; Plantcomposition; Plant analysis; Yield increases Abstract: Twelve candidate plant growth regulator formulations were applied twice at two levels to fruiting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Leaves and squares were collected for analysis of allelochemicals (gossypol, tannin, anthocyanin, flavonoids) at 3 and 5 weeks after the first treatment. The plots were machine harvested one time to determine yield. Seeds were delinted and analyzed for agronomic traits and gossypol. Leaf gossypol and square gossypol were the categories most frequently increased by the bioregulators. Kinetin, and kinetin plus CaCl2 or Na2SeO3, and mepiquat chloride (PIX) alone or with a commercial cytokinin preparation (Foliar Triggrr) all increased gossypol and one or more of the other allelochemicals significantly. A sugar-amino acid fraction isolated from Foliar Triggrr increased cotton yield by 26% when applied as a foliar dressing at 2.88 mol/ha, as well as increasing gossypol. These results suggest that plants under stress may respond positively to nutrient foliar applications, giving both increased allelochemicals and improved yield. 120 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of mixtures of four phenolic acids on leaf area expansion of cucumber seedlings grown in Portsmouth B soil materials. Gerig, T.M.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 29-40; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Seedlings; Leaves; Phenolic acids; Allelopathy; Soil treatment; Leaf area Abstract: Cucumber seedlings growing in a 1:2 mixture of soil (Portsmouth B1) and sand adjusted to pH 5.2 were treated every other day five times with 0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 micromoles/g soil of ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric, p- hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, sinapic, syringic, or vanillic acids. Treatments began when seedlings were 8 days old. The effects on mean absolute rates of leaf expansion were used to estimate the relative potencies of these phenolic acids to ferulic acid. Based on the results of this experiment, ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids were chosen for further study. Materials and procedures were identical in the second study, but treatments consisted of mixtures of the four phenolic acids at concentration combinations designed to achieve 40% or 60% inhibition of absolute rates of leaf expansion. Using joint action analysis, a model describing the action of the phenolic acid mixtures was developed. A model involving only two factor terms was sufficient to describe the observed responses of cucumber leaf area to the phenolic acid mixtures. The action of p- hydroxybenzoic acid on absolute rates of leaf expansion was inhibited by the presence of the other three phenolic acids. No other antagonisms or synergisms existed among the four compounds. 121 NAL Call. No.: QR1.F44 Effects of phenolic acids on ammonia oxidation by terrestrial autrotrophic nitrifying microorganisms. McCarty, G.W.; Bremner, J.M.; Schmidt, E.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1991 Jul. FEMS microbiology letters - Federation of European Microbiological Societies v. 85 (4): p. 345-350; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nitrosomonas; Nitrosolobus; Nitrobacteraceae; Nitrification; Ammonia; Oxidation; Nitrites; Caffeic acid; P- coumaric acid; Ferulic acid; Vegetation; Allelopathy Abstract: It has been hypothesized that vegetation in certain ecosystems inhibits nitrification in soil by producing phenolic compounds that inhibit oxidation of ammonia by nitrifying microorganisms. This hypothesis is based largely on a report that very low concentrations (10(-6) M-10(-8) M) of several phenolic acids (notably ferulic acid) completely inhibited NO2-production in an aqueous suspension of soil treated with (NH4)2SO4 and a nutrient solution suitable for growth of Nitrosomonas and other autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms. To evaluate this hypothesis, we determined the effects of three phenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid) on nitrite production by representatives of three genera of terrestrial autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms (Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, or Nitrosolobus) grown on a defined medium containing NH4+. We found that nitrite production by the Nitrosospira was not inhibited by ferulic acid, caffeic acid, or p-coumaric acid at concentrations of 10(-6) or 10(-5) M and was only slightly inhibited when these acids were at a concentration of 10(-4) M. We also found that ferulic acid did not markedly inhibit nitrite production by the three genera of nitrifying microorganisms studied, even when its concentration was as high as 10(-3) M. These observations invalidate the hypothesis tested because the phenolic acids studied did not significantly retard ammonia oxidation by autotrophic microorganisms even when their concentration in cultures of these microorganisms greatly exceeded their concentrations in soils. 122 NAL Call. No.: QK745.P55 Effects of phenolic acids on germination and seedling growth of corn (Zea mays), radish (Raphanus sativus), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea). El Abdaoui, F.; Foy, C.L. Frederick, Md.: Plant Growth Regulator Society of America; 1993 Apr. Quarterly - PGRSA v. 21 (2): p. 49-63; 1993 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Raphanus sativus; Arachis hypogaea; Seed germination; Seedling growth; Phytotoxicity; Gallic acid; Vanillic acid; Ferulic acid; Allelochemicals 123 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A1I57 Effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity. Mitchell, M.J.; Keogh, D.P.; Crooks, J.R.; Smith, S.L. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1993 Jan. Insect biochemistry and molecular biology v. 23 (1): p. 65-71; 1993 Jan. Special issue: Ecdysone: from biosynthesis to regulation of gene expression. Papers from the Xth Ecdysone Workshop, April 6-9, 1992, Liverpool, England. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant extracts; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids; Insecticidal action; Aedes aegypti; Drosophila melanogaster; Manduca sexta; Molting hormones; Cytochrome p-450; Enzyme activity; Oxygenases Abstract: The plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome P450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female Aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of Drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of Manduca sexta. The concentrations of these flavonoids required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroid hydroxylase activity in all the insects ranged from ca 1 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-5) M. In addition, lower concentrations (1 X 10(-6) to 1 X 10(-6) M) of the flavonoids kaempferol, morin, quercetin and myricetin significantly stimulated (50-100% above control) M. sexta fat body ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. Other plant allelochemicals examined and found to significantly inhibit insect ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity include corynanthine, quinidine, and quinine; whereas, indican and mimosine were found to significantly stimulate M. sexta fat body steroid hydroxylase activity. Several allelochemicals were without effect at all concentrations tested. Although none of the compounds tested in this study elicited effects at very low concentrations (1 X 10(-9) to 1 X 10(-8) M), the in vitro monooxygenase radioassay does hold considerable promise as a screening toot for the detection and identification of plant allelochemicals which may function as biopesticides affecting insect ecdysteroidogenesis. 124 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of salicylic acid on growth and stomatal movements of Vicia faba L.: evidence for salicylic acid metabolization. Manthe, B.; Schulz, M.; Schnabl, H. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Sep. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (9): p. 1525-1539; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vicia faba; Salicylic acid; Allelopathy; Growth; Shoots; Sprout inhibition; Metabolic detoxification; Transpiration Abstract: The influence of salicylic acid on the growth and stomatal movements of Vicia faba L. was investigated. Whereas shoot length, fresh weight, and transpiration rates, which are directly correlated with stomatal pore widths, were only affected at salicylic acid concentrations higher than 3.5 mM after long-term treatments, guard cells in epidermal peels exhibited a high sensitivity at concentrations as low as 0.001 mM, resulting in stomatal closing. HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts from roots and leaves revealed the presence of free salicylic acid and a metabolite, whose amount increased with time in plants previously incubated with a medium containing salicylic acid. The possible ability of Vicia faba to detoxify the phenolic acid may be one explanation of the discrepancy between the stomatal reaction in epidermal peels directly treated with the phenolic acid and after application through the transpiration stream. The results indicate that, under natural conditions, salicylic acid will not act as an allelopathic compound whose toxic properties severely affect the growth of Vicia faba. 125 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Effects of sericea lespedeza residues on warm-season grasses. Kalburtji, K.L.; Mosjidis, J.A. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1992 Sep. Journal of range management v. 45 (5): p. 441-444; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lespedeza cuneata; Litter (plant); Plant residues; Allelopathy; Cynodon dactylon; Paspalum notatum; Seed germination; Seedling emergence; Inhibition; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Tolerance; Nitrogen fertilizers Abstract: Soil incorporation of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. de Cours) G. Don.] residues has been reported to inhibit growth of some forage grasses. No information is available on the performance of sericea lespedeza grown in association with warm-season perennial grasses. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if sericea lespedeza residues affect seed germination and seedling growth of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge); if any such response was cultivar dependent; and if the response was subject to manipulation by N fertilization. Sericea lespedeza residues inhibited bermudagrass and bahiagrass growth, but did not affect their seed germination and emergence. No differences among cultivars of bermudagrass and bahiagrass in response to sericea lespedeza residues were found in the greenhouse. Nevertheless, differences among bermudagrass cultivars for tolerance to sericea lespedeza residues were observed in the laboratory. The harmful effects of sericea lespedeza residues were small (17 and 16% reduction of dry weight for bermudagrass and bahiagrass, respectively) compared to the positive effects of N fertilization. 126 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of soil nitrogen level on ferulic acid inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion. Klein, K.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1371-1383; 1990 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Leaves; Allelopathy; Ferulic acid; Soil chemistry; Nitrogen content; Seedlings; Growth Abstract: It has been suggested that the allelopathic activity of phenolic acids should be primarily important in soils of low fertility. if this is true, then plant growth inhibition by phenolic acids may be unimportant in managed agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to determine how soil nitrogen (N) level might modify phenolic acid inhibition of growth. Cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus cv Early Green Cluster) grown in containers in growth chambers under varying N levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 micrograms N/g soil) in Portsmouth B1-horizon soil material were treated with ferulic acid (0 or 10 micrograms/g soil). Nitrogen and ferulic acid (FA) were applied every other day to the soil surface. The amount of FA in the soil solution declined with depth in the containers. A more rapid disappearance of FA from the soil solution was observed for the last FA treatment (O% recovered after 10 hr on day 23) than the first treatment (44% recovered after 10 hr on day 13). Both low N (5 micrograms N/g soil) and FA treatments reduced shoot dry weight, the mean absolute (AGR) and the mean relative (RGR) rates of leaf expansion, and increased the root-shoot ratio. High N treatments reduced shoot dry weight and the AGR. Ferulic acid inhibited cucumber seedling growth over a range of N concentrations, suggesting that the allelopathic activity of phenolic acids may be important in both nutrient limiting and nonlimiting soils for some species. 127 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Effects of some compounds isolated from Celaenodendron mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and phytopathogenic fungi. Castaneda, P.; Garcia, M.R.; Hernandez, B.E.; Torres, B.A.; Anaya, A.L.; Mata, R.; Effects of some compounds isolated from Celaenodendron mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and phytopathogenic fun New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (7): p. 1025-1037; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mexico; Cabt; Euphorbiaceae; Plant composition; Flavones; Triterpenoids; Structure; Spectral data; Bioassays; Allelopathy; Seeds; Plant pathogenic fungi Abstract: The known compounds friedelin, maytensifolin B, ginkgetin, bilobetin, and amentoflavone as well as the new triterpene 3 beta-hydroxyfriedelan-16-one were isolated from Celaenodendron mexicanum (Euphorbiaceae), an endemic tree of the Pacific Ocean coast of Mexico. The compounds' structures were established on the basis of spectral analysis. The biological effects of aqueous leachates, a CHCl3-MeOH extract and the isolated compounds of leaves and twigs were evaluated on the radicle growth of two plants, Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinchloa crusgalli, and on the radial growth of three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium sp., Helminthosporium sp., and Alternaria sp. The organic extracts of both leaves and twigs inhibited Amaranthus and stimulated Echinchloa radicle growth. On the contrary, friedelin and maytensifolin B stimulated Amaranthus and inhibited Echinochloa. The target fungi showed a different response to each treatment, from inhibition to stimulation. 128 NAL Call. No.: QL461.G4 Effects of the allelochemical, alpha-tomatine, on the soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Gallardo, F.; Boethel, D.J. Tifton, Ga. : Georgia Entomological Society; 1990 Jul. Journal of entomological science v. 25 (3): p. 376-382; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Pest resistance; Pseudoplusia includens; Allelopathins; Alpha-tomatine; Diets; Larvae; Pupae; Weight gain; Maturation period; Survival; Growth rate 129 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Evaluation of flavonoids in Gossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm. Hedin, P.A.; Jenkins, J.N.; Parrott, W.L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 105-114; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Gossypium arboreum; Heliothis virescens; Pest resistance; Flavonoids; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fed G. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercial G. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in several G. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G. arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals than G. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher in G. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22 G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates from G. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G. arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present in G. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3'-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0- glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0- glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding. 130 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Evidence for allelopathy by tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima). Heisey, R.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 2039-2055; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ailanthus altissima; Allelopathy; Root exudates; Phytotoxicity; Succession Abstract: Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle contains one or more phytotoxic compounds in roots and leaves. Activity is higher in roots, where it occurs primarily in the bark. Powdered root bark and lealfets strongly inhibited growth of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) when mixed with soil in Petri dishes (ID50 values = 0.03 g root bark, 0.6 g leaflet/dish). The toxic material was readily extracted by methanol but not dichloromethane. Pieces of root bark mixed with soil at 2, 1, and 0.5 g/pot reduced cress biomass in the greenhouse, whereas methanol-extracted root bark did not. The inhibitory effect of Ailanthus tissues in soil was short-lived (less than or equal to 4 weeks in pots in greenhouse, less than or equal to 3 days in Petri dishes in laboratory). Inhibition by root bark was sometimes superseded by stimulation. Fresh Ailanthus root segments placed in or on soil reduced growth of nearby cress seedlings. Fine roots were more inhibitory than coarse, and inhibition became more pronounced with increased time of soil exposure to roots. Soil collected near Ailanthus roots in the field supported reduced radicle growth of cress compared to control soil. In contrast, stemflow from Ailanthus trees stimulated cress growth. The results suggest allelopathy caused by toxin exudation from roots may contribute to the aggressiveness and persistence of Ailanthus in certain habitats. 131 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Evidence that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is allelopathic to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). Harrison, H.F. Jr; Peterson, J.K. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1991 Apr. Weed science v. 39 (2): p. 308-312; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Ipomoea batatas; Allelopathy; Cyperus esculentus; Weed control; Biological control; Competitive ability; Crop weed competition; Roots; Growth rate; Inhibition; Plant extracts; Periderm; Crop yield; Tubers Abstract: In field studies, 'Regal' sweet potato greatly reduced yellow nutsedge growth when the two species were grown together using standard cultural practices. At the end of the growing season, yellow nutsedge shoot dry weight per m2, in plots where the two species were planted together was less than 10% of shoot weight in plots where nutsedge was grown alone. Presence of yellow nutsedge did not markedly affect sweet potato growth. When grown together in a greenhouse experiment designed to minimize the competitive effects of sweet potato on yellow nutsedge, yellow nutsedge growth was reduced more than 50% by sweet potato 8 and 12 weeks after planting. The most polar fraction of serially extracted sweet potato periderm tissue was highly inhibitory to yellow nutsedge root growth. These results indicate that sweet potato interference with yellow nutsedge under field conditions is partially due to allelopathy. 132 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Factors affecting weeping lovegrass seedling vigor on shinnery oak range. Matizha, W.; Dahl, B.E. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1991 May. Journal of range management v. 44 (3): p. 223-227; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Texas; Eragrostis curvula; Seedlings; Vigor; Crop establishment; Quercus havardii; Rangelands; Environmental factors; Plant competition; Allelopathy; Cenchrus incertus; Plant residues; Nitrogen fertilizers; Seedbed preparation Abstract: Low vigor of seedlings and stand failures plague many revegetation efforts in semiarid and arid rangelands. Phototoxicity, sandbur (Cenchrus incertus M.A. Curtis) competition, seedbed preparation (plowing vs. disking), and nitrogen (N) fertilization were studied as reasons for low vigor of Ermelo weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula Schrad.) Nees] seedlings on sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardii Rydb.) range in west Texas. Oak leaf residue and sandbur-dominated grass residue extracts did not affect seed germination and initial shoot growth of lovegrass seedlings. However, these residue extracts reduced root length 92% and 21%, respectively. Survival of weeping lovegrass seedlings was not affected by even 65 sandbur plants/m2. But, herbage yield was reduced 65, 72, and 79% with 30, 45, and 65 sandbur plants/m2. Early in the growing season, unfertilized plowed (P) plots had 5.6 ppm N in the 10-20 cm soil layer compared to a maximum of 3.9 ppm on other seedbed treatments. In the surface 10 cm, the P plots had less N than the disked plots. Surface-applied N fertilizer accumulated in the upper 10 cm of soil and promoted weed growth without improving weeping lovegrass stands or seedling vigor. Weeping lovegrass seedling vigor was greatest on P and least on disked plots. Thus, plowing buried weed seeds better, put resident N more deeply into the soil for better root uptake, removed allelopathic residues from seedling contact better, and provided for much higher seedling vigor than the disked seedbeds. 133 NAL Call. No.: QP33.J681 Fate of plant-derived secondary metabolites in three moth species (Syntomis mogadorensis, Syntomeida epilais, and Creatonotos transiens). Wink, M.; Schneider, D. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1990. Journal of comparative physiology : B : Biochemical, systematic, and environmental physiology v. 160 (4): p. 389-400; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nerium oleander; Plants; Lepidoptera; Larvae; Allelochemicals; Secondary metabolites; Alkaloids; Feeding preferences; Metabolism 134 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Fatty acid incorporation in the biosynthesis of anacardic acids of geraniums. Walters, D.S.; Craig, R.; Mumma, R.O. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Phytochemistry v. 29 (6): p. 1815-1822. ill; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pelargonium; Hybrids; Anacardic acid; Biosynthesis; Fatty acids; Trichomes; Chemical composition; Allelopathins; Insect pests; Insect control; Pest resistance; Radioactive tracers 135 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Feeding and growth responses of laboratory and field strains of velvetbean caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to food nutrient level and allelochemicals. Slansky, F. Jr; Wheeler, G.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Oct. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (5): p. 1717-1730; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Anticarsia gemmatalis; Larvae; Diets; Feeding; Food consumption; Growth; Laboratory rearing; Responses Abstract: The performance of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) larvae from a laboratory colony in existence for > 100 generations was compared in several experiments with that of larvae from the field (first generation). In general, field- strain larvae exhibited prolonged development and a lower biomass-relative growth rate (RGR) when fed an artificial diet because of their slower biomass-relative consumption rate (RCR), compared with laboratory-strain larvae. In contrast, laboratory-strain larvae grew more slowly than field-strain larvae when both were fed foliage of the wild legume Indigofera hirsuta L., a larval foodplant of A. gemmatalis in the field. This slower growth rate was associated with a reduced efficiency of conversion of digested food to biomass (ECD); the RCR of laboratory- and field-strain larvae fed foliage did not differ significantly. When fed artificial diets with progressively reduced nutrient levels (as a percentage of fresh mass, fm), larvae of both strains compensated similarly by consuming more food (fm) at a faster rate (RCRfm). Nonetheless, total nutrient intake, biomass gain, pupal dry mass (percent fin), and pupal lipid content (percent dry mass, dm) for both strains declined on the diet with the lowest nutrient level. Nutrient utilization efficiencies also changed on the most diluted diet; for both strains, approximate digestibility of nutrients (ADnu) increased and ECDnu decreased. When fed artificial diet containing either the phenylcoumarin isoflavonoid, coumestrol (an 'evolutionarily familiar' allelochemical to A. gemmatalis), or the methylxanthine alkaloid, caffeine (an 'evolutionarily novel' compound to this species), significantly higher mortality occurred among field-strain larvae. Whether this difference was caused by their inherently greater sensitivity to these allelochemicals compared with the laboratory-strain larvae, or to the synergistic effect of the additional stress imposed on them from consuming the artificial diet, was not det 136 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Field apparatus for testing allelopathy of annual bluegrass on creeping bentgrass. Brede, A.D. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Sep. Crop science v. 31 (5): p. 1372-1374; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris; Crop weed competition; Poa annua; Competitive ability; Allelopathy; Leachates; Field experimentation; Apparatus; Design; Golf green soils Abstract: Golf-course superintendents have long observed the competitive nature of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) as a weed on creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] putting greens. Allelopathy has been suggested as a contributing factor in this competitiveness. This study tested the allelopathy hypothesis under putting- green conditions using a modified field approach of the conventional stair-step experimental procedure. Annual blue- grass and creeping bentgrass sand putting greens, each 297 m2, were established, and leachate from these greens was used to irrigate replicated sand-based creeping bentgrass test greens. Moisture sensing and irrigation of the test plots were under continuous electronic control. The leachate sampling and delivery system functioned flawlessly throughout the 2-yr period, in spite of weather extremes (>40 degrees C). After two growing seasons of monthly monitoring, no consistent effects on turf color, foliar ground cover, shoot density, or disease incidence were found in the test green to indicate allelopathy. 137 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Floral volatiles of Tanacetum vulgare L. attractive to Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. females. Gabel, B.; Thiery, D.; Suchy, V.; Marion-Poll, F.; Hradsky, P.; Farkas, P. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 693-701; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tanacetum vulgare; Lobesia botrana; Vitis vinifera; Flowers; Extracts; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Terpenoids; Smell; Insect control Abstract: The European grapevine moth (EGVM), Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N = 15): p- cymene, d-limonene, alpha-thujene, alpha-thujone, beta- thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed. 138 NAL Call. No.: QL542.C38 1993 Foraging with finesse: caterpillar adaptations for circumventing plant defenses. Dussourd, D.E. New York : Chapman & Hall; 1993. Caterpillars : ecological and evolutionary constraints on foraging / edited by Nancy E. Stamp and Timothy M. Casey. p. 92-131; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lepidoptera; Feeding behavior; Adaptability; Plant composition; Defense mechanisms; Allelochemicals 139 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Formononetin 7-O-glucoside (ononin), an additional growth inhibitor in soils associated with the weed, Pluchea lanceolata (DC) C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae). Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (5): p. 713-718; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pluchea; Allelopathy; Phytotoxins; Soil analysis; Phenolic compounds; Bioassays; Seed germination; Flavonoids; Inhibition; Weed control Abstract: Formononetin 7-O-glucoside (ononin), an isoflavonoid, was isolated from the soils of cultivated areas associated with the perennial weed, Pluchea lanceolata. Aqueous solutions of this compound inhibited significantly root and shoot growth of mustard at 1 X 10(-4) M, 5 X 10(-4) M, and 1 X 10(-3) M. The level of inhibition was similar to that of hesperidin and taxifolin 3-arabinoside, as reported earlier. The potential allelopathic effect of this compound under field conditions is discussed. 140 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5 Genetic variation in response of the gypsy moth to aspen phenolic glycosides. Lindroth, R.L.; Weisbrod, A.V. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 19 (2): p. 97-103; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lymantria dispar; Genetic variation; Populus; Phenolic compounds; Glycosides; Detoxification; Feeding; Esterases; Enzyme activity; Allelochemicals Abstract: We investigated genetic variation in response of a wild strain of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar, to phenolic glycosides isolated from Populus. For 12 families, first instar survival varied little among family groups fed a control artificial diet, but LT50, values differed significantly among groups fed an artificial diet containing phenolic glycosides. First instar survival rates were positively correlated with esterase enzyme activity. Relative growth rates of fourth instars were influenced by diet and by family. A nearly significant diet X family interaction term indicates that family (genotype) influences gypsy moth response to phenolic glycosides. Prior consumption of phenolic glycosides induced esterase activity in fifth instars. Esterase activity was influenced by diet, family and diet X family interaction. Genetic variation in esterase activity may explain variation in larval response to phenolic glycosides. 141 NAL Call. No.: 60.18 J82 Germination of 2 legumes in leachate from introduced grasses. Fulbright, N.; Fulbright, T.E. Denver, Colo. : Society for Range Management; 1990 Sep. Journal of range management v. 43 (5): p. 466-467; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Dichanthium annulatum; Introduced species; Cenchrus ciliaris; Phytotoxins; Leachates; Germination inhibitors; Desmanthus; Cassia; Seed germination; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity 142 NAL Call. No.: QL496.J68 Heritable differences in the response of the braconid wasp Microplitis croceipes to volatile allelochemicals. Prevost, G.; Lewis, W.J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing; 1990 May. Journal of insect behavior v. 3 (3): p. 277-287; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glabromicroplitis croceipes; Parasitoids; Animal behavior; Heritability; Allelochemicals 143 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Hesperetin 7-rutinoside (Hesperidan) and taxifolin 3- arabinoside as germination and growth inhibitors in soils associated with the weed, Pluchea lanceolata (DC) C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae). Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (8): p. 1585-1591; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pluchea; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Seed germination; Bioassays; Extracts; Phenolic compounds; Weed control Abstract: Hesperetin 7-rutinoside (Hesperidin) and taxifolin 3-arabinoside were detected in the soils associated with the rapidly spreading perennial weed, Pluchea lanceolata. In the present investigations, inhibitory potential of the aqueous extracts of the two compounds was established and confirmed through growth experiments pertaining to seed germination and seedling growth of radish, mustard, and tomato, with 10(-4) M solutions or the authentic samples. The significance of the water-soluble compounds present in the rhizosphere zones of the weed and its interference potential is commented upon. 144 NAL Call. No.: SB951.P49 High-affinity juvenile hormone binding to fat body cytosolic proteins of the bollworm, Heliothis zea: characterization and interaction with allelochemicals and xenobiotics. Muehleisen, D.P.; Plapp, F.W. Jr; Benedict, J.H.; Carino, F.A. Duluth, Minn. : Academic Press; 1990 May. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology v. 37 (1): p. 64-73; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Heliothis zea; Larvae; Fat body; Carrier proteins; Binding site; Juvenile hormones; Competition; Analogs; Displacement; Methoprene; Ocimene; Myrcene; Gossypol; Stereochemistry 145 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28 In vitro inhibitory activity of some rhizosphere fungi of soybean against Sclerotium rolfsii SACC growth. Deb, P.R. Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Dec. Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (2): p. 159-162; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Aspergillus; Fusarium; Penicillium; Trichoderma; Corticium rolfsii; Growth inhibitors; Culture filtrates; Rhizosphere fungi; Allelopathins; Metabolites 146 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56 In vitro reactions of Cladosporium caryigenum with pecan condensed tannins and isoquercitrin. Laird, D.W.; Graves, C.H. Jr; Hedin, P.A. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1990 Feb. Phytopathology v. 80 (2): p. 147-150; 1990 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Carya pecan; Leaves; Plant extracts; Tannins; Isoquercitrin; Allelopathins; In vitro; Cladosporium; Growth rate; Growth retardation; Disease resistance; Fungicidal properties; Bioassays Abstract: In vitro growth of Cladosporium caryigenum, the pecan scab incitant, was significantly inhibited by condensed tannin and isoquercitrin, allelochemicals that had been extracted from freeze-dried pecan leaves (Carya illinoensis cv. Van Deman). Nine isolates of C. caryigenum varied in their responses to condensed tannin at a concentration of 4,000 microgram/ml. Even the most tolerant isolate was inhibited at concentrations of 4,000 microgram/ml and above. Isoquercitrin at 4,000 microgram/ml was about two to four times more inhibitory than tannin to growth of three isolates of C. caryigenum, and differences were found in the tolerance of the three isolates to isoquercitrin. 147 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 In vivo effect of mixtures of allelochemicals on the life cycle of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. Bernard, C.B.; Arnason, J.T.; Philogene, B.J.R.; Lam, J.; Waddell, T. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1990 Oct. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 57 (1): p. 17-22; 1990 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ostrinia nubilalis; Plant pests; Growth; Life cycle; Mortality; Toxicity; Allelochemicals; Compositae; Insecticidal action; Plant extracts 148 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Induction of aldrin epoxidation and glutathione S-transferase in te mite Rhizoglyphus robini. Capua, S.; Cohen, E.; Gerson, U. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Apr. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 59 (1): p. 43-50; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Allium sativum; Daucus carota; Rhizoglyphus robini; Aldrin; Allelochemicals; Enzyme activity; Epoxides; Glutathione transferase; Pesticide resistance; Pesticides; Toxic substances 149 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Influence of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis components on callus induction and growth. Kil, B.S.; Yun, K.W.; Lee, S.Y. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Aug. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (8): p. 1455-1462; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Artemisia princeps; Allelopathy; Essential oils; Plant composition; Callus Abstract: An in vitro study was performed to determine the potential application of tissue culture in determining allelopathic potential of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (wormwood). Aqueous extracts and volatile substances of A. princeps var. orientalis were tested to determine their effects on callus induction and growth of several tested species. Extracts of 5% A. princeps var. orientalis caused some reduction in concentration, induction, and growth of callus, although they looked normal, whereas the explants of most receptor plants did not develop callus at higher concentration. Lettuce and Eclipta prostrata were the most sensitive species, and A. princeps var. orientalis was affected by its own extracts. The growth of calluses in MS 121 medium treated with essential oil of A. princeps var. orientalis was inhibited, and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration of the essential oil. 150 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 Influence of light on plant allelochemicals: a synergistic defense in higher plants. Downum, K.R.; Swain, L.A.; Faleiro, L.J. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 17 (4): p. 201-211; 1991. Paper presented at a symposium on biochemical strategies of offense and defense at the plant-insect interface, 1989, San Antonio, Texas. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Costa Rica; Insect pests; Pest resistance; Phototoxins; Allelochemicals Abstract: Plant phototoxins are broad-spectrum biocides which adversely affect an array of potential plant enemies, including among others disease-causing pathogens, nematodes, insect herbivores, and competing plant species. Thus far, plants which contain these broad-spectrum allelochemicals have been found to occur in open habitats (i.e., in full sunlight) where a defensive mechanism mediated by light would seem to operate most effectively. The levels of available light in shaded environments, although considerably lower than full sun (1-10% of full sun), are equivalent to the intensities of light used to kill phototoxin-treated insects in laboratory studies. This suggests that phototoxic reactions might mediate important organismal interactions in shaded environments as well. In this study, more than 230 Costa Rican rainforest plants were bioassayed for phototoxic metabolites in an effort to ascertain their prevalence among plants growing in moderate to extreme shade. Microbial bioassays, employing Bacillus cereus (a gram positive bacterium), Escherichia coli (a gram negative bacterium), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast) were used to rapidly and sensitively indicate phototoxic action and potential for insecticidal action. Tissue extracts from 12 plant families tested positive for phototoxins. This is the first report of phototoxins occurring in eight of those families (Acanthaceae, Campanulaceae, Gesnariaceae, Loganiaceae, Malpigaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Piperaceae, and Sapotaceae). The presence of phototoxins in rainforest plants suggests that phototoxic plant allelochemicals may function as important defenses in low-light, as well as high-light, environments. 151 NAL Call. No.: QL391.N4J62 Influence of nonhost plants on population decline of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Caswell, E.P.; DeFrank, J.; Apt, W.J.; Tang, C.S. Lake Alfred, Fla. : Society of Nematologists; 1991 Jan. Journal of nematology v. 23 (1): p. 91-98; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Rotylenchulus reniformis; Chloris gayana; Crotalaria juncea; Digitaria decumbens; Tagetes patula; Allelopathy; Chitin; Soil amendments; Nematode control; Population dynamics 152 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W412 Influence of pasture grass and legume swards on seedling emergence and growth of Carduus nutans L. and Cirsium vulgare L. Wardle, D.A.; Rahman, A. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Apr. Weed research v. 32 (2): p. 119-128; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pastures; Dactylis glomerata; Phalaris aquatica; Lolium perenne; Bromus catharticus; Holcus lanatus; Festuca arundinacea; Medicago sativa; Trifolium pratense; Trifolium subterraneum; Trifolium repens; Crop weed competition; Carduus nutans; Cirsium vulgare; Seedling emergence; Growth rate; Inhibition; Weed control; Biological control; Allelopathy 153 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Influence of phenolic acids on microbial populations in the rhizosphere of cucumber. Shafer, S.R.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (2): p. 369-389; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Rhizosphere; Allelopathy; Ferulic acid; Coumaric acids; Vanillic acid; Soil bacteria; Soil fungi Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine whether changes in soil microbial populations that occur in response to additions of certain allelopathic phenolic acids to bulk soil also occur in the rhizosphere. Cucumber seedlings were transplanted into cups containing a nutrient-enriched mixture of Portsmouth B, soil and sand and were watered five times (once every 48 hr) with aqueous solutions of ferulic, p- coumaric, or vanillic acid (each at 0, 0.25, or 0.50 micromoles/g soil material). Nutrient solution was applied on alternate days. Leaf growth was suppressed by up to 42% by phenolic acids, but changes in root growth varied with the compound and concentration in solution. Significant increases (over 600% relative to controls) in populations of fast- growing bacteria in the rhizosphere were detected after two but not after five treatments, and increases (400% relative to controls) in numbers of fungal propagules were detected after five treatments. Such increases suggested that chronic exposure to a phenolic acid might result in high populations of rhizosphere microorganisms that could metabolize the compounds and thus alter observable responses by the plant. To test this, plants were watered repeatedly with a low- concentration solution of ferulic acid (chronic treatments, 0.0 or 0.1 micromoles/g soil material in one experiment, 0.000 or 0.025 micromoles/g soil material in a second) and then once with a high-concentration solution (acute treatment; 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 micromoles/g soil material in the first experiment; 0.000, 0.125, or 0.250 micromoles/g soil material in the second). Acute treatments and some chronic treatments suppressed leaf growth, but results were inconsistent for root growth. Acute treatments increased numbers of several types of bacteria in the rhizosphere but had inconsistent effects on fungi. Chronic treatments had no effect on numbers of bacteria or fungal propagules in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, chronic treatments did not alter responses of 154 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7 Influence of plant allelochemicals on the tobacco hornworm and its parasitoid, Cotesia congregata. Barbosa, P.; Gross, P.; Kemper, J. Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1991 Oct. Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America v. 72 (5): p. 1567-1575; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nicotiana; Alkaloids; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Hordenine; Nicotine; Rutoside; Manduca sexta; Biological control agents; Cotesia; Host parasite relationships; Mortality; Parasites of insect pests 155 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Influence of sagebrush terpenoids on mule deer preference. Bray, R.O.; Wambolt, C.L.; Kelsey, R.G. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2053-2062; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Odocoileus hemionus; Feeding behavior; Artemisia tridentata; Plant composition; Terpenoids; Allelochemicals; Palatability Abstract: The effect on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque) preference of compounds in mountain big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle], Wyoming big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young), basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. tridentata), and black sagebrush (A. nova Nels.) was compared using a two-choice preference test. Compounds tested included: p-cymene, 1,8- cineole, methacrolein (two concentrations), and the nonvolatile crude terpenoid fraction (NVCTF) from each taxon. The compounds were tested by applying them to chopped alfalfa hay at concentrations similar to those found in nature. The intake of the treated hay was compared with that of an untreated control. Eight deer were used as test animals in an 8 X 8 Latin-square design. All compounds tested significantly deterred ingestion (P < 0.05). Compound influence on preference, in order of increasing deterrence, was as follows: 50% methacrolein, mountain big sagebrush NVCTF, methacrolein, basin big sagebrush NVCTF, p-cymene, Wyoming big sagebrush NVCTF, black sagebrush NVCTF, and 1,8-cineole. Methacrolein appears to be an important preference determinant among big sagebrush subspecies, and p-cymene between black sagebrush and big sagebrush. The NVCTFs containing sesquiterpene lactones as one of their constituents were closely related to the preference of all four taxa. Future studies of animal preference for sagebrush should consider all of the potential defensive chemicals in the foliage. 156 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. Schreiber, M.M. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1992. Weed science v. 40 (4): p. 645-653; 1992. Paper presented at the "Symposium on crop/weed management and the dynamics of weed seedbanks," February 11, 1992, Orlando, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Indiana; Zea mays; Setaria faberi; Weed biology; Seed banks; Population density; Population dynamics; Plowing; No-tillage; Rotations; Allelopathy; Cropping systems; Crop yield; Weed control; Chemical control; Herbicides Abstract: A long-term integrated pest management study initiated in 1980 and continued through 1991 was conducted to determine interactions of tillage, crop rotation, and herbicide use levels on weed seed populations, weed populations, and crop yield. This paper presents giant foxtail seed population and stand along with corn yield in continuous corn, corn rotated with soybean, or corn following wheat in a soybean-wheat-corn rotation. Increasing herbicide use levels above the minimum reduced giant foxtail seed in the 0- to 2.5- cm depth of soil. Reducing tillage from conventional moldboard plowing to chiseling to no-tilling increased giant foxtail seed in only the top 0 to 2.5 cm of soil. No-tilling increased giant foxtail seed over conventional tillage in each year data were collected. Growing corn in a soybean-corn or soybean- wheat-corn rotation reduced giant foxtail seed from corn grown continuously in all three soil depths sampled: 0 to 2.5 cm, 2.5 to 10 cm, and 10 to 20 cm. Although stands of giant foxtail tended to follow soil weed seed counts, crop rotation significantly reduced giant foxtail stand with maximum reduction in the soybean-wheat-corn rotation in all tillage systems. Giant foxtail stands were reduced following wheat in no-tilling, probably because of the allelopathic influence of wheat straw. Corn yields showed weed management levels above minimum control are not justified regardless of tillage and crop rotation. 157 NAL Call. No.: QL461.A52 Ingested allelochemicals insect wonderland: a menu of remarkable functions. Blum, M.S. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992. American entomologist v. 38 (4): p. 222-234. ill; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect pests; Plant pests; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Detoxification; Ingestion; Metabolism; Plant protection; Predators of insect pests 158 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by ferulic acid in split-root experiments. Klein, K.; Blum, U. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (2): p. 455-463; 1990 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Ferulic acid; Root treatment; Allelopathy; Leaf area; Growth analysis Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine how the proportion of a root system in contact with an allelopathic compound may affect seedling responses. Cucumber seedlings grown in a split-root nutrient culture system were given either single (1 mM) or multiple applications (0.5 mM) of ferulic acid. Seedlings receiving single applications were left in the treatment solutions for two days and then harvested, while seedlings receiving multiple applications had their solutions changed every other day for a total of three changes. Leaf areas were determined daily starting with the initial ferulic acid treatment. Mean absolute and mean relative rates of leaf expansion were inversely related to the proportion of the root system in ferulic acid solution. Leaf expansion was inhibited primarily during the first 24 hr after each treatment. A partial recovery of growth occurred during the second 24-hr period following each treatment. Root length was reduced by ferulic acid. These results suggest that information on root and allelochemical distribution in soils is important when assessing the potential of allelopathic interactions between plants. 159 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Inhibition of Schizachyrium scoparium (Poaceae) by the allelochemical hydrocinnamic acid. Williamson, G.B.; Obee, E.M.; Weidenhamer, J.D. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 2095-2105; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Schizachyrium scoparium; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Cinnamic acid; Derivatives; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Scrub; Sandy soils; Bioassays; Growth; Inhibition; Greenhouse culture Abstract: Bare zones around shrubs in the Florida scrub indicate the possibility of allelopathy by shrubs controlling the distribution of grasses invading from adjacent sandhills. The allelochemical, hydrocinnamic acid, has been identified as a breakdown product of ceratiolin, which is released from the shrub Ceratiola ericoides. Here, hydrocinnamic acid (HCA) was shown to have a strongly inhibitory effect on shoot and root biomass of the grass Schizachyrium scoparium in greenhouse bioassays lasting 4.5 months. Linear increases in the concentration of HCA from 0 to 200 ppm, applied biweekly, resulted in exponential decreases in root and shoot biomass at harvest. Plants grown at 200 ppm HCA had root and shoot biomasses 13% and 17% of controls, respectively. Concurrent investigation of reduced nutrient levels indicated greater inhibition by HCA in a reduced nitrogen (N) treatment and in a reduced potassium (K) treatment relative to HCA inhibition in the full nutrient treatment. The negative slopes of the regressions of log of biomass on HCA concentration were steepest in the reduced N and reduced K treatments. Root and shoot biomasses in reduced N treatments were 20-43% and 24-34% less than the respective biomasses in the full nutrient treatment. Comparable reductions in the reduced K treatment were as much as 19% and 10% for root and shoot biomasses, respectively. The effects of HCA in a reduced phosphorus (P) treatment and in a reduced P and K treatment were not significantly different from the effects of HCA in the full nutrient treatment. Extraction of the soils at harvest indicated no buildup of HCA at the end of the experiment. The sensitivity of Schizachyrium scoparium to HCA in general and increased sensitivity under low N and low K solutions may be important in the Florida scrub community where levels of N and K are known to be low. 160 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Inhibition of Scots pine seedling establishment by Empetrum hermaphroditum. Nilsson, M.C.; Zackrisson, O. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1857-1870; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pinus sylvestris; Empetrum; Leaves; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Seedlings; Growth; Regeneration Abstract: Poor establishment and reduced seedling growth of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) in northern Sweden is related to an allelopathic inhibition by the dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. Indoor bioassays with green and brown leaves of Empetrum have strong negative effects on rooting ability radicle elongation, and growth of Scots pine seedlings. Bioassays with soil samples show that phytotoxic substances leached from Empetrum foliage accumulate in the soil. Field experiments reveal that chemical inhibition by Empetrum, causing high mortality and slow growth of pine seedlings, can be reduced by adding activated carbon to the soil. 161 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Insect allelochemicals from Ajuga plants. Camps, F.; Coll, J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Apr. Phytochemistry v. 32 (6): p. 1361-1370; 1993 Apr. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ajuga; Plant composition; Diterpenes; Molting hormones; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Plant products; Insect pests; Insect control; Literature reviews; Molecular conformation Abstract: Clerodane diterpenoids and phytoecdysteroids with potential insect antifeedant and moulting hormone activities, respectively, have been isolated from Ajuga plants. Some clerodanes were active against larvae of Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, when present in the diet at 3 ppm doses. Structure-antifeedant activity relations were established. Likewise, first stage larvae of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, exhibited complete mortality when fed on A. reptans. This effect was mainly originated by 29-norsengosterone and ajugalactone, two phytoecdysteroids occurring in this plant. For biotechnological production of phytoecdysteroids its total content in different parts of normally grown or in vitro micropropagated A. reptans plants was studied. Great quantitative and qualitative differences were observed. For comparison of these qualitative differences, a dealkylation ratio (Dr = C28/C29 phytoecdysteroid content) and a C-5 hydroxylation ratio (5Hr = 5-OH/5-H phytoecdysteroid content) were established. The 5Hr values appeared to be quite constant ranging from 0.2 to 0.4, whereas Dr values oscillated from 2.3 in whole plants to 12 in root cultures. Production of phytoecdysteroids was highest (approximately equal to 5000 ppm/dry wt) in cultures of roots in an hormone supplemented solid medium. 162 NAL Call. No.: QR53.J68 Insect fungal symbionts: a promising source of detoxifying enzymes. Dowd, P.F. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Published by Elsevier Science Publishers on behalf of the Society for Industrial Microbiology, c1986-; 1992 May. Journal of industrial microbiology v. 9 (3/4): p. 149-161; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fungi; Mycotoxins; Secondary metabolites; Allelochemicals; Insecticides; Literature reviews Abstract: Many species of insects cultivate, inoculate, or contain symbiotic fungi. Insects feed on plant materials that contain plant-produced defensive toxins, or are exposed to insecticides or other pesticides when they become economically important pests. Therefore, it is likely that the symbiotic fungi are also exposed to these toxins and may actually contribute to detoxification of these compounds. Fungi associated with bark beetles, ambrosia beetles, termites, leaf-cutting ants, long-horned beetles, wood wasps, and drug store beetles can variously metabolize/detoxify tannins, lignins, terpenes, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other toxins. The fungi (Attamyces) cultivated by the ants and the yeast (Symbiotaphrina) contained in the cigarette beetle gut appear to have broad-spectrum detoxifying abilities. The present limiting factor for using many of these fungi for large scale detoxification of, for example, contaminated soils or agricultural commodities is their slow growth rate, but conventional strain selection techniques or biotechnological approaches should overcome this problem. 163 NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6 Insect glutathione-S-transferase: a predictor of allelochemical and oxidative stress. Weinhold, L.C.; Ahmad, S.; Pardini, R.S. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Comparative biochemistry and physiology : B : Comparative biochemistry v. 95 (2): p. 355-363; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera eridania; Papilio; Glutathione; Transferases; Stress factors; Enzyme activity 164 NAL Call. No.: 79.8 W41 Interaction of light, soil moisture, and temperature with weed suppression by hairy vetch residue. Teasdale, J.R. Champaign, Ill. : Weed Science Society of America; 1993 Jan. Weed science v. 41 (1): p. 46-51; 1993 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vicia; Vetch; Cover crops; Light relations; Allelopathy; Soil water; Temperature; Shade; Establishment; Zea mays; Abutilon theophrasti; Setaria viridis; Chenopodium album; Night temperature; Weed control; Suppression Abstract: The influence of light, soil moisture. and temperature on establishment of selected species through hairy vetch residue on the soil surface was investigated under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Hairy vetch residue at rates ranging from 0 to 616 g m-2 had no effect on corn, slightly reduced velvetleaf and green foxtail establishment, and severely inhibited common lambsquarters establishment under full sunlight conditions. The same rates of hairy vetch residue reduced velvetleaf, green foxtail, and common lambsquarters establishment more under a shade cloth with 9% light transmittance than under full sunlight. Day/night temperatures of 24/16 or 32/26 degrees C had no effect and soil moistures of 50 or 133% field capacity had little effect on response of all species to residue rates. Weed establishment was similar under shade cloth without residue as under residue with an equivalent light transmittance, suggesting that light was more important than allelopathy or physical impedance for weed suppression by hairy vetch residue. 165 NAL Call. No.: 450 AM36 Interference potential of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae): growth and physiological responses of asparagus bean, Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis. Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M. Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America; 1992 Sep. American journal of botany v. 79 (9): p. 977-981; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis; Crop weed competition; Germination inhibitors; Growth inhibitors; Plant physiology; Pluchea; Allelochemicals; Allelopathy; Leachates; Plant extracts; Soil properties Abstract: The water-soluble compounds synthesized by the weed, Pluchea lanceolata, and released by it into the soil significantly reduced seed germination, number of nodes, internode length, shoot and root lengths, nodule number and weight, and Chl a and b and Chl a/b ratio of asparagus bean plants. The pattern of accumulation of nutrients in shoot and root of asparagus bean was also affected. In contrast, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of fully expanded leaves were higher in plants grown with treated soil. The concentrations of Mg++, Zn++, and PO4(3-) were higher and K+ was lower in shoots of plants grown with treated soil as compared to those grown with the control soil. Also, roots of plants grown with treated soil showed greater accumulation of Mg++ and NO3-. Shoot/root ratio of nutrients in plants grown with control soil were higher for Zn++, Na+, Ca++, and NO3-, whereas plants grown with treated soil had higher ratios for PO4(3-). These results provide evidence for allelopathic interference by P. lanceolata to the growth of asparagus bean. 166 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Investigations on some aspects of chemical ecology of cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Inderjit; Dakshini, K.M.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (2): p. 343-352; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Imperata cylindrica; Allelopathy; Rhizomes; Leaves; Soil; Leachates; Phenolic compounds; Inhibition; Seed germination; Root nodules; Soil fungi; Melilotus indica Abstract: To understand the interference mechanism of the weed, cogongrass, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., its effect on nutrient availability and mycoflora of its soil rhizosphere as well as nodule characteristics, root length, and root/shoot ratio of Melilotus parviflora Desf. were investigated. Additionally, the effect of the leachates of leaves and root/rhizome of cogongrass on seed germination and seedling characteristics of radish, mustard, fenugreek, and tomato were examined. Furthermore, to assess the qualitative and quantitative differences in phytochemical components, the leachates and the soils from three sampling sites (with cogongrass and 1.5 m and 3 m away from cogongrass) were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 column. No significant difference in nutrient availability was found, but qualitative and quantitative differences in phenolic fractions were recorded in the three sampling sites. Furthermore, of the 19 fungi recorded in the soils, decreases in the number of colonies (per gram of soil) of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, A. candidus, and an increase of A. flavus was recorded in the soils with cogongrass. The inhibition in nodule number, weight, nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction activity), root length, and root/shoot ratio of Melilotus parviflora were noted. Percent seed germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings of different seeds were affected by the leachates of leaves and root/rhizome. It was found that root/rhizome leachate was more inhibitory than leaf leachate. However, the inhibition was higher in soil + leaves leachate than soil + root/rhizome leachate. HPLC analysis established that four compounds were contributed by the weed to the soil system even though their relative concentration varies in various leachates. It is surmised that these compounds cause allelopathic inhibition of growth characteristics of seeds tested. Significance of the data vis-a-vis the interference poten 167 NAL Call. No.: 500 N21P Involvement of cytochrome P450 in host-plant utilization by Sonoran Desert Drosophila. Frank, M.R.; Fogleman, J.C. Washington, D.C. : The Academy; 1992 Dec15. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America v. 89 (24): p. 11998-12002; 1992 Dec15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Host plants; Cytochrome p-450; Drosophila; Alkaloids; Allelochemicals; Ecosystems; Larvae; Metabolism; Oxygenases; Vigor Abstract: The four Drosophila species endemic to the Sonoran Desert (Drosophila mettleri, Drosophila mojavensis, Drosophila nigrospiracula, and Drosophila pachea) utilize necrotic cactus tissue or soil soaked by rot exudate as breeding substrates. Each Drosophila species uses a different cactus species as its primary host. D. pachea is limited to senita cactus by a biochemical dependency on unusual sterols available only in that cactus. For the other Drosophila species, no such chemical dependencies exist to explain the relationships with their primary host plants. Each cactus species has a different array of allelochemicals that have detrimental effects on nonresident fly species. We have hypothesized that the desert fly-cactus associations are due, in part, to differences between the fly species in their allelochemical detoxication enzymes, the cytochrome P450 system. To test whether P450s are involved in the detoxication of cactus allelochemicals, several experiments were done. (i) The effect of a specific P450 inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, on larval survival through eclosion on each cactus substrate was investigated. (ii) In vitro metabolism of cactus alkaloids was determined for each Drosophila species. The effects of specific inducers and inhibitors were included in these experiments. (iii) The basal and induced content of cytochrome P450 in each species was determined. The results support the hypothesis that P450 enzymes are involved in host-plant utilization by these Sonoran Desert Drosophila species. 168 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isolation and characterization of phytotoxic compounds from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots. Hartung, A.C.; Nair, M.G.; Putnam, A.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (5): p. 1707-1718; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Asparagus officinalis; Roots; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Extracts; Chemical composition; Bioassays; Lepidium sativum Abstract: Potential allelochemicals from aqueous extracts of dried asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots were isolated and characterized. Active fractions separated by HPLC included ferulic, isoferulic, malic, citric, and fumaric acids. Soxhlet extraction of the residues also produced phytotoxic caffeic acid. Although none of these compounds, when applied singly, was active enough to account for the phytotoxicity of asparagus extracts, their combined effect might be additive or synergistic. An extract from lyophilized fresh root tissues contained a fraction that was one order of magnitude more toxic than any compound obtained from the dried roots. The most active component was isolated by TLC and characterized by [1H]NMR as methylenedioxycinnamic acid (MDCA). This compound provided severe inhibition of curly cress (Lepidium sativum L.) root and shoot growth at concentrations of 25 ppm or above. 169 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isolation and identification of allelochemicals that attract the larval parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), to the microhabitat of one of its hosts. Turlings, T.C.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Heath, R.R.; Proveaux, A.T.; Doolittle, R.E. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2235-2259; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cotesia marginiventris; Semiochemicals; Zea mays; Seedlings; Volatile compounds; Host-seeking behavior; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: Volatiles released from corn seedlings on which beet armyworm larvae were feeding were attractive to females of the parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), in flight tunnel bioassays. Analyses of the collected volatiles revealed the consistent presence of 11 compounds in significant amounts. They were: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3- hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, linalool, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, indole, alpha-trans- bergamotene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and (3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene. A synthetic blend of all 11 compounds was slightly less attractive to parasitoid females than an equivalent natural blend. However, preflight experience with the synthetic blend instead of experience with a regular plant-host complex significantly improved the response to the synthetic blend. Our results suggest that C marginiventris females, in their search for hosts, use a blend of airborne semiochemicals emitted by plants on which their hosts feed. The response to a particular odor blend dramatically increases after a parasitoid experiences it in association with contacting host by- products. 170 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692 Isolation and identification of lepidimoide, a new allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress seeds. Hasegawa, K.; Mizutani, J.; Kosemura, S.; Yamamura, S. Rockville, MD : American Society of Plant Physiologists, 1926- ; 1992 Oct. Plant physiology v. 100 (2): p. 1059-1061; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lepidium sativum; Seeds; Allelopathins; Mucilages; Seed germination; Allelopathy; Hypocotyls; Growth; Amaranthus caudatus Abstract: A new allelopathic substance that promoted the shoot growth of different plant species but inhibited the root growth was isolated as an amorphous powder from mucilage of germinated cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. This substance was identified as sodium 2-O-rhamnopyranosyl-4-deoxy-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronate (designated lepidimoide) from the mass and the nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra coupled with some chemical evidence. Lepidimoide promoted the hypocotyl growth of etiolated Amaranthus caudatus L. at concentrations higher than 3 micromolars and inhibited the root growth at concentrations higher than 100 micromolars. The growth- promoting activity in hypocotyls was 20 or 30 times as much as that of gibberellic acid. 171 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Isolation of steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanum incanum by two countercurrent chromatographic methods. Fukuhara, K.; Kubo, I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Phytochemistry v. 30 (2): p. 685-687; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kenya; Solanum incanum; Fruit; Medicinal plants; Products; Chemical composition; Glycoalkaloids; Allelopathins; Growth inhibitors; Chromatography; Spectral analysis Abstract: Using a bioassay for inhibition of plant growth and a combination of two countercurrent chromatographies: rotation locular countercurrent chromatography and droplet countercurrent chromatography, two biologically active glycosidal alkaloids, solasonine and solamargine were isolated from fresh ripe fruit of Solanum incanum. The combination of these chromatographic techniques has established an efficient isolation of polar phytochemicals of steroidal glycoalkaloids. 172 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isolation of substance from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) periderm tissue that inhibits seed germination. Peterson, J.K.; Harrison, H.F. Jr New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 May. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (5): p. 943-951; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ipomoea batatas; Periderm; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Seed germination; Inhibition; Weed control Abstract: Chromatographic procedures were used to isolate inhibitors of seed germination from sweet potato root periderm tissue. The inhibitory activity of all fractions was monitored using a proso millet seed germination bioassay. A single HPLC peak, representing approximately 1.2% of the periderm dry weight, accounted for most of the inhibitory activity. The active fraction was labile in methanolic solution. Further fractionation of this peak by HPLC methods was not successful. In vitro seed germination dose-response relationships were established for the peak. The various seed species exhibited an extremely wide range of sensitivity. The I50 values were 0.16, 0.013 and 0.011 mg/ml for redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, and proso millet, respectively. Tall morning glory was not inhibited by any concentration tested. 173 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Isothiocyanates as alleopathic compounds from Rorippa indica Hiern. (Cruciferae) roots. Yamane, A.; Fujikura, J.; Ogawa, H.; Mizutani, J. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (11): p. 1941-1954; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rorippa; Roots; Exudates; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Isothiocyanates; Bioassays; Weed control Abstract: The ethyl acetate extracts of Rorippa indica Hiem. contained hirsutin, arabin, camelinin, and three novel omega- methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates (n = 8, 9, and 10). These compounds severely inhibited lettuce (Lactuca sativa) hypocotyl and root growth at 0.1 mM or above. The precursor glucosinolates of hirsutin, arabin, and camelinin were isolated. Presence of the three omega- methylsulfonylalkylglucosinolates, along with other glucosinolates in the roots were verified by the isolation and identification of their desulfoderivatives. Using the continuous root exudate trapping apparatus and GC-MS, hirsutin and the three omega-methylsulfonylalkyl isothiocyanates were detected in the root exudates of R. indica, suggesting that these isothiocyanates are the primary candidate of allelopathic compounds contributing to the aggressiveness of this cruciferous weed. 174 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Larval-damaged plants: source of volatile synomones that guide the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the micro-habitat of its hosts. Turlings, T.C.J.; Tumlinson, J.H.; Eller, F.J.; Lewis, W.J. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Jan. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 58 (1): p. 75-82. ill; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Crop damage; Leaves; Seedlings; Spodoptera exigua; Larvae; Volatile compounds; Allelochemicals; Insect attractants; Cotesia marginiventris; Host parasite relationships; Tunnels 175 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Medicarpin delays alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth. Dornbos, D.L. Jr; Spencer, G.F.; Miller, R.W. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1990 Jan. Crop science v. 30 (1): p. 162-166; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Plant extracts; Medicarpin; Phytotoxicity; Growth inhibitors; Germination inhibitors; Seed germination; Seedling emergence; Allelopathy; Competitive ability; Bioassays; Abutilon theophrasti Abstract: The objective of this study was to identify a compound(s) that may be responsible, at least in part, for alfalfa autotoxicity. We found that medicarpin (3-hydroxy-9- methoxypterocarpan) is a compound produced by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) that contributes to this. A clay loam soil from a declining alfalfa stand with two plants per 930 cm2 and its 95% ethanol extract inhibited alfalfa emergence and seedling growth whereas extracted soil did not. The soil extracts contained at least 10 mg kg-1 medicarpin. Meicarpin, 4-methoxy-medicarpin, sativan, and 5'-methoxysativan were isolated from alfalfa foliage with 95% ethanol, purified, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and then exogenously applied to alfalfa and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) seeds using an agar bioassay. Medicarpin at 1 X 10(-7) mole/seed reduced both alfalfa and velvetleaf seedling length by 39% after 72 h. Sativan and both methoxy derivatives had no affect on germination or seedling growth. In a timecourse study, 2 X 10(-7) mole/seed medicarpin delayed germination 12 h and seedling growth 44 h, during this time the alfalfa seedlings metabolized 85% of the medicarpin. Seedling growth then resumed at the control rate. Medicarpin is produced by mature alfalfa, is present in soil from a declining alfalfa stand, and is absorbed by alfalfa seedlings where it is metabolized and exerts a transient phytotoxic effect. Medicarpin may permit established alfalfa plants to control the ecology in their immediate proximity by inhibiting seedling establishment of nearby plants, thereby gaining a competitive advantage. 176 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Metabolism and elimination of ingested allelochemicals in a holometabolous and a hemimetabolous insect. Smirle, M.J.; Isman, M.B. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Feb. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 62 (2): p. 183-190; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Melanoplus sanguinipes; Peridroma saucia; Allelochemicals; Excretion; Feces; Metabolic detoxification; Toxins 177 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692 Metabolism of L-canavanine and L-canaline in leguminous plants. Rosenthal, G.A. Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1990 Sep. Plant physiology v. 94 (1): p. 1-3; 1990 Sep. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Leguminosae; Metabolism; Canavanine; Arginine; Disease resistance; Plant competition; Biosynthesis; Metabolites; Literature reviews; Allelopathins Abstract: Massive accumulation of L-canavanine, the 2- amino-4-(guanidinooxy) butyric acid structural analog of L- arginine, occurs in many legumes. Accumulation of large amounts of this nonprotein amino acid results in large part from canavanine's protective efficacy; it forms an effective chemical barrier to predation, disease, and even competition with other plants. Diversion of metabolic resources for the synthesis and storage of appreciable canavanine does not place an inordinate burden on the plant. Catabolism of this nonprotein amino acid provides respiratory carbon, generates essential primary metabolites, and ammoniacal nitrogen for the developing plant. 178 NAL Call. No.: S601.D4 Microbial degradation of plant materials and allelochemicals formation in different soils. Weyman-Kaczmarkowa, W.; Wojcik-Wojtkowiak, D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; 1992. Developments in agricultural and managed-forest ecology (25): p. 127-136; 1992. In the series analytic: Humus its structure and role in agriculture and environment / edited by J. Kubat. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium Humus et Planta, August 19-23, 1991, Prague, Czechoslovakia. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant residues; Microbial degradation; Soil bacteria; Soil fungi; Allelochemicals; Allelopathy; Literature reviews Abstract: The paper reviews current research concerning the accumulation of allelochemicals as influenced by microflora, kind and maturity of decomposed plant tissues as well as type of soil. On the basis of results from our investigations, the paper also discusses the interrelationship between the dynamics of bacterial and fungal development and formation of inhibitors from young rye and wheat plants undergoing decomposition in light and heavy soils. The interrelationship was found particularly conspicuous during the first several days of sample incubation. Rye autoinhibitory potential was higher than that of wheat. It was found that, in particular, zymogenic, macrotrophic bacteria and fungi are responsible for the formation of allelopathic inhibitors. 179 NAL Call. No.: QH541.5.D4J6 Mineral nutrient content and turnover rate of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum in the north-western desert of Egypt. El-Darier, S.M. London : Academic Press; 1992 Apr. Journal of arid environments v. 22 (3): p. 219-230; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Egypt; Mesembryanthemum crystallinum; Mineral content; Nutrient content; Sodium; Calcium; Potassium; Magnesium; Spatial distribution; Vegetative period; Developmental stages; Litter (plant); Cycling; Allelopathy; Deserts; Leaves; Stems; Roots; Plant organs; Seasonal variation; Nutrient uptake 180 NAL Call. No.: QL750.O3 Mycorrhizal fungi and the nutrient ecology of three oldfield annual plant species. Koide, R.T.; Li, M. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1991. Oecologia v. 85 (3): p. 403-412; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Abutilon theophrasti; Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Setaria (gramineae); Glomus etunicatum; Phosphorus; Roots; Allelopathy; Mycorrhizas 181 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Natural phytotoxins as herbicides. Duke, S.O.; Lydon, J. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1993. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (524): p. 110-124; 1993. In the series analytic: Pest control with enhanced environmental safety / edited by S.O. Duke, J.J. Menn, and J.R. Plimmer. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Phytotoxins; Plant composition; Herbicidal properties; Allelopathy Abstract: Natural products of plants and microbes offer a vast array of secondary compounds with biological activity, including phytotoxicity. Many of these compounds have the potential to be used directly as herbicides or as structural leads for new synthetic herbicides. Although natural compounds have made a large impact in the insecticide area, relatively few successes have been obtained with these compounds as herbicides. The most notable success is that of glufosinate. Use of natural products in a herbicide discovery strategy has been hindered by several problems. The number of options that must be considered in discovery and development of a natural product as a herbicide is larger than for a synthetic herbicide. Furthermore, the molecular complexity, limited environmental stability, and low herbicidal activity of many phytotoxic natural products are discouraging. Rediscovery of known natural phytotoxins can be time-consuming and expensive. However, advances in chemistry and biotechnology are increasing the speed and case with which humankind can discover and develop natural products as herbicides, while diminishing returns are being experienced with conventional herbicide discovery efforts based on "synthesize and screen" strategies. 182 NAL Call. No.: 385 T29 Novel sesquiterpene from bioactive fractions of cultivar sunflowers. Macias, F.A.; Varela, R.M.; Torres, A.; Molinillo, J.M.G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Mar19. Tetrahedron letters v. 34 (12): p. 1999-2002; 1993 Mar19. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Helianthus annuus; Leaves; Allelochemicals; Plant composition; Sesquiterpenes; Isolation; Structure; Spectral data; X ray diffraction Abstract: From the medium polar active fractions, we have isolated a sesquiterpene heliannuol A. It contains a previously unknown skeleton, heliannuol, whose structural elucidation was made based on spectroscopic technique and X- Ray diffraction analysis. 183 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Nutritional stresses and varietal resistance in rice: effects on whitebacked planthopper. Salim, M.; Saxena, R.C. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 May. Crop science v. 31 (3): p. 797-805; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Pest resistance; Sogatella furcifera; Cultivars; Varietal susceptibility; Stress response; Nutrient deficiencies; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Nutrient content; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Fecundity; Host parasite relationships Abstract: Nutritional disorders can affect plant growth and a plant's susceptibility to pests. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of N, P, and K stresses on resistance of 'IR2035-117-3' (IR2035) and susceptibility of 'Taichung Native 1' (TN1) rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants to whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), when grown in nutrient solution in a phytotron at 29/21 degrees C (day/night), minimum 70% relative humidity, and natural daylight of 12 h. Nitrogen, P, or K stresses altered the chemical composition of rice plants. Deficiency of N, P, or K significantly reduced growth of rice plants. Allelochemical production decreased at low K (3 mg/kg) concentration. Insect food intake and assimilation growth, adult longevity, fecundity, and population increased significantly as N increased. In contrast, increases in K application adversely affected the biology and behavior of S. furcifera. Insect response to P-stressed plants was not consistent. Regardless of the levels of N, P, or K, the difference between the resistance of IR2035 and susceptibility of TN1 remained distinct. Mortality of first-instar nymphs was high on TN1 plants treated with steam-distillate extracts of K-stressed or unstressed IR2035 plants when compared with plants treated with acetone or TN1 extract. Resistance to S. furcifera in rice cultivars thus may be enhanced by applying moderate rates of N and high doses of K. 184 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Ovipositional response of three Heliothis species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to allelochemicals from cultivated and wild host plants. Mitchell, E.R.; Tingle, F.C.; Heath, R.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1817-1827; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Heliothis subflexa; Helicoverpa zea; Allelochemicals; Oviposition deterrents; Plant extracts; Oviposition attractants; Gossypium; Nicotiana; Physalis; Desmodium; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The role of plant allelochemicals on the oviposition behavior of Heliothis virescens (F.), H. subflexa (Guenee), and H. zea (Boddie) was investigated in the laboratory using a "choice" bioassay system. Fresh young leaves of tobacco, Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) de Candolle, groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares (flower buds) were washed in methylene chloride or methanol, concentrated to 1 g equivalent of washed material, and applied to a cloth oviposition substrate. Each of the extracts-including groundcherry, a nonhost-stimulated oviposition by H. virescens. H. subflexa were stimulated to oviposit by groundcherry extract, its normal host, and extract from cotton squares, a nonhost. None of the extracts stimulated oviposition by H. zea, although all except groundcherry were from reported hosts. The sensitivity of the bioassay was confirmed by giving H. virescens and H. subflexa an opportunity to choose between extracts that showed stimulant qualities when tested independently versus only solvent-treated controls. In these tests, tobacco showed the highest level of stimulant activity for H. virescens; groundcherry exhibited the highest level of stimulation for H. subflexa. 185 NAL Call. No.: 421 J825 Oxidases in the gut of an aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.) and their relation to dietary phenolics. Peng, Z.; Miles, P.W. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1991. Journal of insect physiology v. 37 (10): p. 779-787. ill; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Rosa; Allelochemicals; Antifeedants; Catechin; Detoxification; Ingestion; Macrosiphum rosae; Digestive tract; Catechol oxidase; Honeydew; Peroxidase; Phenols; Saliva Abstract: Catechol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) were detected in the gut of the rose aphid. Both enzymes also occur in the saliva and catalyse the oxidation of catechin, a feeding deterrent that occurs in the parenchymal and vascular tissues of the rose. The oxidation products of catechin are phagostimulant, however, and the aphids will feed on tissues and on aqueous diets containing low concentrations of catechin. No catechin was detected in the gut, haemolymph or honeydew of aphids collected from roses but the presence in the gut and honeydew of phenolics that differed from those in the haemolymph was consistent with the ingestion and intraintestinal conversion of phenolics of plant origin. Evidence of the presence of catechin in the phloem sap was obtained, but whether the insects ingested phenols exclusively from phloem sap or from other tissues as well remained uncertain. 186 NAL Call. No.: SD112.F67 Partial suppression of pampas grass by other species at the early seedling stage. Gadgil, R.L.; Sandberg, A.M.; Allen, P.J.; Gallagher, S.S. Rotorua : The Institute; 1990. FRI bulletin - Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service (155): p. 120-127; 1990. Paper presented at the "Conference on Alternatives to the Chemical Control of Weeds," held July 25-27, 1989, Rotorua, New Zealand. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Zealand; Cortaderia selloana; Seedlings; Biological control; Allelopathy; Plant competition; Weed competition 187 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Phenolic acid content of soils from wheat-no till, wheat- conventional till, and fallow-conventional till soybean cropping systems. Blum, U.; Wentworth, T.R.; Klein, K.; Worsham, A.D.; King, L.D.; Gerig, T.M.; Lyu, S.W. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (6): p. 1045-1068; 1991 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Triticum aestivum; Glycine max; Phenolic acids; Soil chemistry; Allelopathy; Fallow systems; Tillage; Weed control; Biological control Abstract: Soil core (0-2.5 and/or 0.10 cm) samples were taken from wheat-no till, wheat-conventional till, and fallow- conventional till soybean cropping systems from July to October of 1989 and extracted with water in an autoclave. The soil extracts were analyzed for seven common phenolic acids (p-coumaric, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, caffeic, ferulic, and sinapic; in order of importance) by high- performance liquid chromatography. The highest concentration observed was 4 micrograms/g soil for p-coumaric acid. Folin & Ciocalteu's phenol reagent was used to determine total phenolic acid content. Total phenolic acid content of 0- to 2.5-cm core samples was approximately 34% higher than that of the 0- to 10-cm core samples. Phenolic acid content of 0-to 2.5-cm core samples from wheat-no till systems was significantly higher than those from all other cropping systems. Individual phenolic acids and total phenolic acid content of soils were highly correlated. The last two observations were confirmed by principal component analysis. The concentrations were confirmed by principal component analysis of individual phenolic acids extracted from soil samples were related to soil pH, water content of soil samples, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen. Indirect evidence suggested that phenolic acids recovered by the water- autoclave procedure used came primarily from bound forms in the soil samples. 188 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Phenylacetic acid as a phytotoxic compound of corn pollen. Anaya, A.L.; Hernandez-Bautista, B.E.; Jimenez-Estrada, M.; Velasco-Ibarra, L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (6): p. 897-905; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Zea mexicana; Pollen; Chemical composition; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Amaranthus leucocarpus; Echinochloa crus-galli Abstract: Phenylacetic acid (PAA), one of the phytotoxic compounds in corn (Zea mays) pollen, was identified by GC-MS and by direct comparison with a pure commercial sample of PAA. Bioassays were carried out by testing whole pollen, methylene chloride extract of the pollen, and pure PAA on germination and radical growth of Amaranthus leucocarpus and Echinochloa crusgalli. The effect of corn pollen was compared with that of Zea mexicana (Teosinte), one of the wild relatives of cultivated maize. 189 NAL Call. No.: 26 T756 Phytotoxic effects of tree crops on germination and radicle extension of some food crops. Bhatt, B.P.; Chauhan, D.S.; Todaria, N.P. London : Whurr Publishers Ltd; 1993. Tropical science v. 33 (1): p. 69-73; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Uttar pradesh; Forest trees; Bark; Leaves; Leachates; Plant extracts; Agroforestry; Allelopathy; Food crops; Phytotoxicity; Radicles; Seed germination; Glycine max; Macrotyloma uniflorum; Phaseolus lunatus; Vigna mungo 190 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Phytotoxicity of sorgoleone found in grain sorghum root exudates. Einhellig, F.A.; Souza, I.F. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (1): p. 1-11; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum; Root exudates; Phytotoxins; Allelopathy Abstract: Root exudates of Sorghum bicolor consist primarily of a dihydroquinone that is quickly oxidized to a p- benzoquinone named sorgoleone. The aim of this investigation was to determine the potential activity of sorgoleone as an inhibitor of weed growth. Bioassays showed 125 micromolar sorgoleone reduced radicle elongation of Eragrostis tef. In liquid culture, 50-micromolar sorgoleone treatments stunted the growth of Lemna minor. Over a 10-day treatment period, 10 micromolar sorgoleone in the nutrient medium reduced the growth of all weed seedlings tested: Abutilon theophrasti, Datura stramonium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Echinochloa crusgalli. These data show sorgoleone has biological activity at extremely low concentrations, suggesting a strong contribution to Sorghum allelopathy. 191 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Plant growth regulatory activities of artemisinin and its related compounds. Chen, P.K.; Leather, G.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Jun. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (6): p. 1867-1876; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Artemisia annua; Allelopathy; Sesquiterpenoid lactones; Seed germination; Phytotoxicity; Bioassays Abstract: Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced in the leaves of Artemisia annua, was evaluated for its phytotoxicity in mono- and dicotyledonous plants. Artemisinin inhibited seed germination, seedling growth, and root induction in all species tested. The concentration of artemisinin required for 50% inhibition of Lemna minor growth was 5 micromolar. Inhibitory plant responses appeared to require the endoperoxide moiety of this compound since similar chemicals without endoperoxide, deoxyartemisinin, arteannuic acid, and arteannuin B, were less phytotoxic. In L. minor, artemisinin and arteannuic acid caused the leakage of proteins into the growth medium, suggesting the site of activity was at the plant cell membrane. 192 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Plant structures of manipulating predator-prey interactions through allelochemicals: prospects for application in pest control. Dicke, M.; Sabelis, M.W.; Takabayashi, J.; Bruin, J.; Posthumus, M.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (11): p. 3091-3118; 1990 Nov. Proceedings of an International Symposium: Semiochemicals and Pest Control--Prospects for New Applications, October 16-19, 1989, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant composition; Host plants; Pest resistance; Allelochemicals; Predatory arthropods; Searching behavior; Predator prey relationships; Defense; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: To understand the role of allelochemicals in predator-prey interactions it is not sufficient to study, the behavioral responses of predator and prey. One should elucidate the origin of the allelochemicals and be aware that it may be located at another trophic level. These aspects are reviewed for predator-prey interactions in general and illustrated in detail for interactions between predatory mites and herbivorous mites. In the latter system there is behavioral and chemical evidence for the involvement of the host plant in production of volatile allelochemicals upon damage by the herbivores with the consequence of attracting predators. These volatiles not only influence predator behavior, but also prey behavior and even the attractiveness of nearby plants to predators. Herbivorous mites disperse away from places with high concentrations of the volatiles, and undamaged plants attract more predators when previously exposed to volatiles from infested conspecific plants a rather than from uninfested plants. The latter phenomenon may well be an example of plant-to-plant communication. The involvement of the host plant is probably not unique to the predator- herbivore-plant system under study. it may well be widespread since it makes sense from an evolutionary point of view. If so, prospects for application in pest control are wide open. These are discussed, and it is concluded that crop protection in the future should include tactics whereby man becomes an ally to plants in their strategies to manipulate predator-prey interactions through allelochemicals. 193 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Plant-allelochemical-adapted glutathione transferases in Lepidoptera. Yu, S.J. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1992. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (505): p. 174-190; 1992. In the series analytic: Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance / edited by C.A. Mullin and J.G. Scott. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spodoptera frugiperda; Trichoplusia ni; Anticarsia gemmatalis; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Metabolic detoxification; Glutathione transferase; Insect control Abstract: Glutathione transferases metabolized toxic allelochemicals, including alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, isothiocyanates and organothiocyanates in lepidopterous insects. These transferase activities in the specialist velvetbean caterpillar are lower than in the generalist fall armyworm; the activity toward the isothiocyanates in the crucifer-adapted cabbage looper was 2- to 6-fold higher than that in the fall armyworm. Host plants such as crucifers and umbellifers, and allelochemicals such as coumarins, indoles, flavonoids, isothiocyanates and monoterpenes induced glutathione transferases in these insects. The highly polyphagous Lepidoptera, fall armyworm and corn earworm, possessed multiple glutathione transferases containing six and four isozymes, respectively, whereas the more specialized Lepidoptera, tobacco budworm, cabbage looper and velvetbean caterpillar, had a single form of the enzyme. The results suggest that glutathione transferases play an important role in allelochemical resistance in phytophagous Lepidoptera. 194 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1P3 Plants with insecticidal activities against four major insect pests in Pakistan. Anwar, T.; Jabbar, A.; Khalique, F.; Tahir, S.; Shakeel, M.A. London : Taylor & Francis; 1992 Oct. Tropical pest management v. 38 (4): p. 431-437; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pakistan; Insect pests; Mortality; Plant pests; Allelochemicals; Insect control; Insecticidal action; Insecticidal plants; Plant extracts 195 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Possible ecological significance of within-fruit and seed furocoumarin distribution in two Psoralea species. Cappelletti, E.M.; Innocenti, G.; Caporale, G. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 155-164; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Psoralea macrostachya; Psoralea; Fruits; Seeds; Chemical composition; Allelopathy; Coumarins; Seed germination; Inhibition; Defense Abstract: Furocoumarin distribution patterns in the fruits and seeds of Psoralea macrostachya and P. onobrychis were investigated. Both species contain the linear furocoumarin psoralen and its angular isomer, angelicin. In the monospermous indehiscent fruit of P. macrostachya, furocoumarins occur in the pericarp and all seed parts. In P. onobrychis, the pericarp of which is easily detached at ripeness, no furocoumarins were found in the pericarp tissues and only traces occur in the embryo axis; cotyledons are the preferential accumulation site. The within-fruit and -seed furocoumarin variations associated with the developmental stages of fruit were followed in P. onobrychis, in view of changes in the defensive value of the pericarp before and after ripening. Rapid furocoumarin biosynthesis after fertilization was observed in both pericarp and seed; ripening is associated with furocoumarin decrease in the seed and complete disappearance in the pericarp tissues. Such findings are consistent with the chemical defense role of these substances. The cooccurrence of linear and angular isomers seems to be a chemical marker of the genus Psoralea: the biosynthetic pathway leading to the angular isomer as an evolutionary response to selective pressure from herbivore insects is suggested. 196 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Potential allelochemicals from Pistia stratiotes L. Aliotta, G.; Monaco, P.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A.; Previtera, L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2223-2234; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pistia stratiotes; Plant composition; Allelochemicals; Growth inhibitors; Algae Abstract: Among the substances isolated from ethyl ether extract of Pistia stratiotes L., linoleic acid, gamma- linolenic acid, (12R,9Z,13E,15Z)-12-hydroxy-9,13,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, alpha-asarone, and 24S-ethyl-4,22-cholestadiene-3,6-dione were found to inhibit the growth of some microalgae in solid medium. Toxicity of alpha-asarone on the growth of sensitive algal strains in liquid medium is discussed. 197 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Potential allelopathic activity of several sesquiterpene lactone models. Macias, F.A.; Galindo, J.C.G.; Massanet, G.M. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Jun. Phytochemistry v. 31 (6): p. 1969-1977; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lactuca sativa; Bioassays; Sesquiterpenoid lactones; Allelopathins Abstract: A collection of 12 natural and synthetic sesquiterpene lactones with eudesmanolide, melampolide, cis,cis-germacranolide, and guaianolide skeletons have been prepared and tested as allelochemicals. The effect of a series of aqueous solutions at 10(-4)-10(-9) M of this collection is evaluated. The specific structural requirements related to their activity is discussed. The natural sesquiterpene lactones soulangianolide A, melampomagnolide A and B, zaluzanin C and isozaluzanin C have been synthesized from costunolide, parthenolide and dehydrocostuslactone using SeO2, and tert-butylhydroperoxide. The structures of the synthetic compounds were established by NMR spectroscopy. 198 NAL Call. No.: SB599.C8 Potential allelopathic influence of certain pasture weeds. Smith, A.E. Guildford : Butterworths; 1990 Dec. Crop protection v. 9 (6): p. 410-414; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Lolium multiflorum; Crop weed competition; Pastureplants; Weeds; Allelopathy; Eupatorium capillifolium; Anthemis cotula; Seedlings; Plant development; Bioassays 199 NAL Call. No.: 79.9 C122 Potential for weed control with allelopathy in turfgrass. Elmore, C.L. Fremont, Calif. : California Weed Conference; 1990. Proceedings - California Weed Conference (42): p. 214-216; 1990. Meeting held January 15-17, 1990, San Jose, California. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Allelopathy; Weed control; Biological control 200 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Prospects of antifeedant approach to pest control--a critical review. Jermy, T. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (11): p. 3151-3166; 1990 Nov. Proceedings of an International Symposium: Semiochemicals and Pest Control--Prospects for New Applications, October 16-19, 1989, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Antifeedants; Chemoreceptors; Allelochemicals; Electrophysiology; Integrated pest management; Screening; Field tests; Structure activity relationships; Toxicity; Persistence; Insect control; Biological control Abstract: The increasing efforts to develop environmentally safer pest control methods have attracted the attention of many authors towards the use of antifeedants. This review is a critical survey of the most important publications issued during the 1980s, especially dealing with sensory physiological and behavioral studies, structure-activity aspects, screening methods, sources of antifeedants, and aspects of practical application. Important but neglected areas of research as well as future tasks are stressed. 201 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Quinolizidine alkaloids in Genista acanthoclada and its holoparasite, Cuscuta palaestina. Wink, M.; Witte, L. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1993 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 19 (3): p. 441-448; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Genista; Cuscuta; Plant composition; Quinolizidine alkaloids; Phloem loading; Defense mechanisms; Allelochemicals Abstract: About 20 quinolizidine alkaloids were identified in Genista acanthoclada by capillary GLC and GLC-MS, such as sparteine, 11,12-dehydrosparteine, retamine, N-methylcytisine, cytisine, 17-oxosparteine, lupanine, alpha-isolupanine, 5,6- dehydrolupanine, 10-oxosparteine, N-carbomethoxycytisine, 17- oxoretamine, N-formylcytisine, N-acetylcytisine, and anagyrine. Its phloem-feeding holoparasite Cuscuta palaestina contained alkaloids too, such as sparteine, 11,12- dehydrosparteine, retamine, N-methylcytisine, cytisine, 17- oxosparteine, lupanine, N-carbomethoxycytisine, and anagyrine. Whereas sparteine, retamine, 17-oxosparteine, and cytisine are the main alkaloids of G. acanthoclada, lupanine, cytisine, N- methylcytisine, and anagyrine are abundant and enriched in C. palaestina. Since these alkaloids figure as antiherbivoral chemical defense compounds in Genista, it is assumed that the parasite can exploit the acquired allelochemicals for its own protection. 202 NAL Call. No.: QK900.J67 Recruitment pattern of Rhus integrifolia populations in periods between fire in chaparral. Lloret, F.; Zedler, P.H. Knivsta, Sweden : Opulus Press; 1991 Apr. Journal of vegetation science v. 2 (2): p. 217-230; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Rhus; Allelopathy; Chaparral; Coastal plant communities; Fire ecology; Plant succession; Seed banks; Seed dispersal; Seed predation 203 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Relationships between chemical structure and inhibitory activity of C6 through C9 volatiles emitted by plant residues. Bradow, J.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2193-2212; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Allium cepa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon esculentum; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Volatile compounds; Seed germination Abstract: Leaf, stem, flower, fruit, and root residues of a wide variety of plants have been reported to emit bioactive n- alkanes, 2-alkanols, n-alkanals, 2-alkenals, 2-alkanones, and n-alkanoic acids containing from six to nine carbon atoms. During a 72-hr exposure to the vapor phase of these compounds (6.9, 20.8 or 34.4 micromoles/liter), germination of onion, carrot, and tomato seeds was inhibited to varying degrees. The extent of inhibition caused by these plant residue volatiles depended upon the compound type and concentration, carbon- chain length, and the seed species tested. Tomato seeds recovered more fully from exposure to these volatile inhibitors than did those of carrot and onion. Degree of recovery in all three species depended on the type and concentration of volatile present. The C7 and C8 compounds were the most inhibitory among these 24 volatiles. Of the six classes of chemicals examined, the 2-alkenals were the most inhibitory, followed by the 2-alkanols, n-alkanals, and 2- alkanones, which were equally effective as seed germination inhibitors. The straight-chain alkanes and alkanoic acids were relatively noninhibitory. Tests of a C7 and C9 alkadienal indicated that the C7 compound was the more inhibitory. 204 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822 Relationships of glands, cotton square terpenoid aldehydes, and other allelochemicals to larval growth of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Hedin, P.A.; Parrott, W.L.; Jenkins, J.N. Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1992 Apr. Journal of economic entomology v. 85 (2): p. 359-364; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mississippi; Gossypium hirsutum; Cultivars; Lines; Pest resistance; Plant glands; Susceptibility; Terpenoids; Aldehydes; Allelochemicals; Heliothis virescens; Larvae; Growth Abstract: Female moths of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), oviposit in terminals of the cotton plant, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). The hatched larvae feed in the terminal area, then migrate to small squares (buds) where they feed and finally burrow into and feed on the anthers, where they grow rapidly. They attempt to avoid feeding on gossypol glands during the first 48 h after hatching. When tobacco budworm neonate larvae were fed squares of highly glanded lines, growth was decreased by 25-75 %. The number of glands in calyx and bract tissues of squares of resistant lines was significantly higher than in susceptible lines. The difference was greatest in the calyx crown where the ratio in resistant to susceptible lines was 10-20 fold. The calyx crown of highly glanded resistant lines also was high in terpenoid aldehydes. High pressure liquid chromatography data showed that the gossypol content of susceptible and resistant glanded lines is equal, whereas three other terpenoid aldehydes, hemigossypolone and heliocides H1 and H2 are greatly increased in resistant lines, and they are presumably more closely associated with resistance. 205 NAL Call. No.: QK1.A28 Relative effects of Prosopis juliflora swartz and Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce on seed germination and seedling growth. Goel, U.; Nathawat, G.S. Meerut, India : Society for Advancement of Botany; 1990 Jun. Acta botanica Indica v. 18 (1): p. 76-79; 1990 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Prosopis juliflora; Prosopis cineraria; Crotalaria medicaginea; Indigofera; Seed germination; Seedlings; Growth; Plant extracts; Growthpromoters; Growth retardants; Allelopathins; Plant interaction 206 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Release of allelochemical agents from litter, throughfall, and topsoil in plantations of Eucalyptus globulus labill in Spain. Molina, A.; Reigosa, M.J.; Carballeira, A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Jan. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (1): p. 147-160; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spain; Eucalyptus globulus; Allelopathy; Lactuca sativa; Phytotoxicity; Leachates; Soil Abstract: Natural leachates of Eucalyptus globulus (throughfall, stemflow, and soil percolates) were collected daily during rainy spells in the vegetative period (February- July), and their effects on the germination and radicle growth of Lactuca sativa were measured. Concurrently, the effects of L. sativa of topsoil and leachates from decaying litter were determined. The results suggest that toxic allelochemicals released by Eucalyptus globulus may influence the composition and structure of the understory of the plantation and that this effect is attributable mainly to the decomposition products of decaying litter rather than to aerial leachates. The soil may neutralize or dilute allelopathic agents, at least below the top few cms. 207 NAL Call. No.: 410 M58 Replacement of Cakile edentula by C. maritima in the strand habitat of California. Boyd, R.S.; Barbour, M.G. Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame, 1909-; 1993 Oct. The American midland naturalist v. 130 (2): p. 209-228; 1993 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Cabt; Cruciferae; Coastal plant communities; Allelopathy; Duneland plants; Ecosystems; Habitats; Herbivores; Invasion; Plant competition; Plant succession; Survival 208 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Resistance to plant allelochemicals in Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). Rose, R.L.; Gould, F.; Levi, P.; Konno, T.; Hodgson, E. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1992. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (505): p. 137-148; 1992. In the series analytic: Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance / edited by C.A. Mullin and J.G. Scott. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Heliothis virescens; Allelochemicals; Resistance; Cytochrome p-450; Resistance mechanisms; Insect control Abstract: Potential metabolic routes for the resistance of tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae to host plant allelochemicals nicotine, 2-tridecanone and quercetin were explored. Midgut preparations from larvae resistant to nicotine and 2- tridecanone had elevated levels of cytochrome P450 which were associated with significant increases in metabolism for five of six monooxygenase substrates. In quercetin tolerant larvae, metabolism of two monooxygenase substrates was significantly enhanced although no increase in P450 content was observed. Glutathione transferases and esterases did not appear to be involved in the resistance of any of the strains examined. Patterns of substrate oxidations varied between strains and inducing agents, suggesting that different isozymes of P450 are associated with resistance and induction. 209 NAL Call. No.: 450 M99 Role of Acremonium endophyte of fescue on inhibition of colonization and reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi. Guo, B.Z.; Hendrix, J.W.; An, Z.Q.; Ferriss, R.S. Bronx, N.Y. : The New York Botanical Garden; 1992 Nov. Mycologia v. 84 (6): p. 882-885; 1992 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Festuca arundinacea; Acremonium coenophialum; Endophytes; Glomus mosseae; Glomus macrocarpum; Mycorrhizal fungi; Infectivity; Inhibition; Allelopathy; Allelopathins; Alkaloids; Toxic exudates 210 NAL Call. No.: QH540.E288 The role of allelopathy in agroecosystems: studies from tropical Taiwan. Chou, C.H. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag; 1990. Ecological studies : analysis and synthesis v. 78: p. 104-121; 1990. In the series analytic: Agroecology : Researching the Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture / edited by Stephen R. Gliessman. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Taiwan; Allelopathy; Cropping systems; Environmental factors; Ecosystems; Tropics 211 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Role of avian trigeminal sensory system in detecting coniferyl benzoate, a plant allelochemical. Jakubas, W.J.; Mason, J.R. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1991 Nov. Journal of chemical ecology v. 17 (11): p. 2213-2221; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sturnus vulgaris; Antifeedants; Plant composition; Senses; Chemoreceptors; Pest control; Biological control Abstract: Coniferyl benzoate, a secondary metabolite found in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and other plants, is an avian feeding deterrent of ecological and potential commercial importance. This study was conducted to determine if coniferyl benzoate is a trigeminal stimulant for birds and to ascertain if trigeminal chemoreception of coniferyl benzoate can mediate avian feeding behavior. Five European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with bilateral nerve cuts ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve) and four starlings that had sham surgeries were fed a commercial diet treated with coniferyl benzoate. Birds receiving bilateral nerve cuts ate significantly more feed than intact birds, indicating trigeminal detection of coniferyl benzoate and trigeminal mediation of feeding behavior. In the past, trigeminal chemoreception has not been recognized as important in the detection of plant secondary metabolites despite the irritant or astringent properties of a number of them. 212 NAL Call. No.: QL495.A7 Role of superoxide dismutase in the protection and tolerance to the prooxidant allelochemical quercetin in Papilio polyxenes, Spodoptera eridania, and Trichoplusia ni. Pritsos, C.A.; Pastore, J.; Pardini, R.S. New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Liss; 1991. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology v. 16 (4): p. 273-282; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Papilio polyxenes; Spodoptera eridania; Trichoplusia ni; Larvae; Superoxide dismutase; Quercetin Abstract: Larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, have different feeding habits and dietary breadth, which contributes to differences in their exposure and tolerance to dietary prooxidant allelochemicals. The antioxidant enzyme activities of larvae of these insects have been previously determined, with the levels being P polyxenes > S. eridania > T ni. The relative activities of these antioxidant enzymes are consistent with the relative exposure of these insects to prooxidants. This suggests that the antioxidant enzymes may play a role in the defense against allelochemical toxicity in these insects. Dietary diethlydithiocarbamate (DETC), a copper chelating agent and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor, was shown to inhibit SOD in all three insects. Toxicological studies were conducted using four diets for each insect. The standard diets for each insect were supplemented with either control (solvent), quercetin (a prooxidant), DETC, or DETC plus quercetin. Nontoxic doses of each compound for each insect were used. inhibition of SOD in P. polyxenes and S. eridania dramatically increased quercetin-induced toxicity as measured by relative growth and consumption rates in these species. DETC had no effect on quercetin toxicity in T ni. These results elucidate the important role of SOD in the prooxidant allelochemical defense of insects. 213 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Role of the isoflavonoid coumestrol in the constitutive antixenosic properties of "Davis" soybeans against an oligophagous insect, the Mexico bean beetle. Burden, B.J.; Norris, D.M. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Jul. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (7): p. 1069-1081; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Allelochemicals; Flavonoids; Feeding behavior; Epilachna varivestis; Insect control Abstract: The antixenosic properties of the isoflavonoid, coumestrol, were tested in dual-choice leaf disk bioassays with the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant). E. varivestis preferred the methanol-treated (solvent control) disk when the coumestrol concentration was 1.8 or 0.9 micrograms/leaf disk. No preference was observed between the coumestrol-treated and the solvent-control disks when the coumestrol concentration was higher, at 3.6, or lower, at 0.45 micrograms/leaf disk. Coumestrol alone clearly is not responsible for the significant constitutive antixenosic properties of "Davis" soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, because the amount of coumestrol in these plants is significantly less than the minimum concentration which was antixenosic in this study. However, it might contribute to a constitutive antixenosis in "Davis" involving a profile of allelochemicals. A computer-aided densitometer, adapted to measure the leaf disk area, increased the resolution of the leaf area 250 (x)-fold as compared to the standard LI-COR leaf area meter. 214 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Root exudates of wild oats: allelopathic effect on spring wheat. Perez, F.J.; Ormeno-Nunez, J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Phytochemistry v. 30 (7): p. 2199-2202; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Avena fatua; Root exudates; Triticum aestivum; Allelopathins; Seedlings; Roots; Coleoptiles; Growth inhibitors; Herbicidal properties; Phytotoxicity Abstract: Root exudates from the undisturbed root system of wild oats Avena fatua were collected by a modification of the Tang and Young method. Exudates inhibited root and coleoptile growth of spring wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum). Scopoletin, coumarin, p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid were tentatively identified from the root exudates by HPLC. 215 NAL Call. No.: 450 B6527 Root flavonoids. Rao, A.S. Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden; 1990 Jan. The Botanical review v. 56 (1): 90 p.; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chemical constituents of plants; Root analysis; Flavonoids; Nutrient uptake; Growth rate; Graviperception; Allelopathy; Nitrogen fixation; Symbiosis; Biosynthesis; Plant protection; Plant metabolism; Plant pigments; Medicinal plants 216 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Scanning electron microscopy for studying root morphology and anatomy in alfalfa autotoxicity. Hegde, R.S.; Miller, D.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 618-620; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Medicago sativa; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity; Shoots; Allelopathins; Root systems; Plant morphology; Growth rate; Root hairs; Scanning electron microscopy Abstract: The aqueous extract of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) shoots inhibits root elongation, shoot elongation, and/or germination of alfalfa itself--a phenomenon termed autotoxicity. The study of the mode of action of allelopathic and/or autotoxic compounds at the plant organ and cellular levels is limited by the depth of field, resolution, and magnification of a light microscope compared to a scanning electron microscope. Scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to study the morphology and anatomy of the roots inhibited by the water-extract of alfalfa shoots. Investigations on the morphology of shoot-aqueous-extract- inhibited, 5-d old 'WL-3l6' alfalfa roots revealed a 46% reduction in density and 54% reduction in length of root hairs compared to the control. Anatomical differences between the inhibited and uninhibited alfalfa roots were also observed. Shoot aqueous extract did not cause clogging of xylem vessels. The scanning electron microscope is a valuable tool in the study of the mode of action of allelopathic or autotoxic compounds at the plant organ as well as cellular levels. 217 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1B5 Seasonal patterns in the allelochemicals of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelmanii and Abies concolor. Wagner, M.R.; Clancy, K.M.; Tinus, R.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Biochemical systematics and ecology v. 18 (4): p. 215-220; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Picea engelmannii; Abies concolor; Choristoneura occidentalis; Allelochemicals; Pest resistance; Seasonal fluctuations; Terpenoids; Tannins; Phenols; Nitrogen; Ratios; Leaves 218 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Seasonal patterns of juglone in soil beneath Juglans nigra (black walnut) and influence of J. nigra on understory vegetation. De Scisciolo, B.; Leopold, D.J.; Walton, D.C. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1111-1130; 1990 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Juglans nigra; Allelopathy; Soil analysis; Quinones; Seasonal variation; Undergrowth Abstract: The allelopathic nature of J. nigra L. was investigated in several planted mixed hardwood stands located near Syracuse, New York. Concentrations of chloroform- extracted juglone from soil collected beneath J. nigra was determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high- pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Soil juglone concentrations were corrected based on recovery of synthetic juglone added to soil. Soil juglone levels were high in the spring, decreased during the summer, and were high again in the fall. The quantification of juglone from soil by HPLC was found to be more accurate than by TLC. Regression analysis indicated that individual tree variation in soil juglone levels could not be explained by differences in soil moisture, pH, organic matter content, and texture. The results of juglone recovery experiments suggest that chloroform- extractable juglone does not persist in soil. Juglone degradation by microorganisms could only explain a portion of the juglone decline. Ordinations revealed that the herbaceous and woody vegetation beneath J. nigra, in comparison to vegetation beneath Acer saccharum and Quercus rubra, is distinct in only one of the four stands studied. This vegetational difference did not appear to be a consequence of any strong allelopathic influences of J. nigra (Scheffe's method of contrast, chi-square analysis). The allelopathic nature of juglone under these field conditions is questionable. 219 NAL Call. No.: 450 AN7 Seminal root growth in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under allelopathic influences from residues of taro (Colocasia esculenta). Pardales, J.R. Jr; Kono, Y.; Yamauchi, A.; Iijima, M. London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun. Annals of botany v. 69 (6): p. 493-496; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Roots; Growth; Inhibition; Colocasia esculenta; Plant residues; Allelopathy; Phytotoxicity Abstract: The length of the seminal root (SR) axis and the number and length of lateral roots (LRs) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) were markedly inhibited by taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] residues incorporated into a sand growing medium. The sand profile was divided equally into zones with and without residues. Production and elongation of the first-order LRs of the SR axis facing the zone containing taro residues were severely suppressed. On the side facing the zone that was free of residues, production and elongation of LRs was not inhibited. SR and LR growth was drastically impaired and many plants were killed when taro residues were incorporated in large amounts into the uppermost 2 cm of the growing medium. The activity of the allelopathic substances in the root zone appeared to be location-specific. 220 NAL Call. No.: 450 J8224 Short-term effects of ferulic acid on ion uptake and water relations in cucumber seedlings. Booker, F.L.; Blum, U.; Fiscus, E.L. Oxford : Oxford University Press; 1992 May. Journal of experimental botany v. 43 (250): p. 649-655; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cucumis sativus; Ferulic acid; Inhibition; Potassium; Nitrate; Ion transport; Ion uptake; Leaf water potential; Turgor; Roots; Seedlings; Allelopathy Abstract: Ferulic acid (FA) is commonly found in soils and is considered an allelochemical. Studies have suggested that FA and other phenolic acids decrease plant growth in part by decreasing the absorption of mineral nutrients and water. However, no studies have examined these parameters in a single experimental system to investigate how FA affected both ion uptake and plant-water relations in whole plants. Using intact cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Early Green Cluster) seedlings, we examined short-term effects of FA on ion uptake kinetics, transport promoters and inhibitors, and water relations as indicated by a pressure-volume analysis. We found that after 3 h of treatment, 200 micromolar FA inhibited net ion uptake, particularly NO3(-1), and promoted net K+ efflux from seedling roots. The addition of fusicoccin, a K+ transport promoter, counteracted the inhibitory effect of FA on net K+ uptake. Concurrent treatment of seedlings with FA and tetraethylammonium, a channel-blocking salt, reduced average K+ efflux by 66%. Treatment of seedlings with FA also decreased leaf water potential and turgor pressure (P(T)). However, decreased leaf water potential and P(T) were not caused by changes in the osmotic properties of the symplast or stomatal conductance. A decrease in water absorption is a likely explanation for the loss of P(T) observed. The results of our experiments indicate that both ion uptake and plant- water relations can be adversely affected by FA. 221 NAL Call. No.: QK1.C83 Significance of phenolic compounds in plant-soil-microbial systems. Siqueira, J.O.; Nair, M.G.; Hammerschmidt, R.; Safir, G.R. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press; 1991. Critical reviews in plant sciences v. 10 (1): p. 63-121; 1991. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Plant physiology; Phenolic compounds; Biosynthesis; Metabolites; Soil chemistry; Allelopathins; Plant growth regulators; Host parasite relationships; Symbiosis; Literature reviews 222 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Soil transformation of 2(3H)-benzoxazolone of rye into phytotoxic 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. Gagliardo, R.W.; Chilton, W.S. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1992 Oct. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (10): p. 1683-1691; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Secale cereale; Allelopathy; Plant composition; Ketones; Metabolites; Soil biology; Phytotoxicity; Echinochloa crus-galli Abstract: Nonsterile soil transforms the rye metabolite 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one, which is an order of magnitude more toxic to barnyard grass than benzoxazolone. Benzoxazolone was recovered unchanged from sterile soil. However, o-aminophenol is converted to aminophenoxazinone by both sterile and nonsterile soil in the presence of air. Aminophenoxazinone is probably produced by microbial hydrolysis of benzoxazolone into o-aminophenol, which is oxidized to aminophenoxazinone in both sterile and nonsterile soil. No 2,2'-oxo-1,1'-azobenzene was found in any incubations of soil with benzoxazolone, o-aminophenol, or o- azophenol. 223 NAL Call. No.: 99.8 F7623 Some future directions for biologically based vegetation control in forestry research. Jobidon, R. Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Forestry; 1991 Oct. The Forestry chronicle v. 67 (5): p. 514-519; 1991 Oct. Paper presented at the symposium on "Recent Advances in Forest Pest Management", Oct 21, 1990, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vegetation management; Weed control; Biological control; Phytotoxins; Allelopathy; Microbial pesticides; Research Abstract: During the past decade, considerable research efforts have been devoted towards non-chemical weed control. Some of these efforts have been directed towards the control of forest weed species. Non-chemical control of forest vegetation encompasses many approaches and techniques and only a few of them are discussed in this paper. Three major and promising research areas are identified: 1) allelopathy, (2) microbially produced phytotoxins, and 3) bio-control. Each of these weed management strategies is briefly presented and discussed using examples from the forestry literature. 224 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Sorgoleone from root exudate inhibits mitochondrial functions. Rasmussen, J.A.; Hejl, A.M.; Einhellig, F.A.; Thomas, J.A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1992 Feb. Journal of chemical ecology v. 18 (2): p. 197-207; 1992 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sorghum bicolor; Root exudates; Allelopathy; Allelochemicals; Mitochondria; Zea mays; Glycine max; Electron transfer; Inhibition; Hydrophobicity; Weed control Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to determine if sorgoleone (SGL), a hydrophobic compound in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench root exudate, interferes with mitochondrial functions. Tests were conducted on mitochondria isolated from etiolated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings. The data show SGL is a potent inhibitor of state 3 and state 4 respiration rates in both soybean and corn. Using either NADH, succinate, or malate as substrate, the I50 was about 0.5 micromolar SGL for state 3 and 5.0 micromolar for state 4 based on 0.3-0.5 mg mitochondrial protein. Absorption spectra indicate SGL blocks electron transport at the b-c1 complex. These data show that disruption of mitochondrial function may be a mechanism of SGL-mediated growth inhibition previously reported and demonstrate a probable role of SGL in Sorghum allelopathy. 225 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Soybean flavonoid effects on and metabolism by Phytophthora sojae. Rivera-Vargas, L.I.; Schmitthenner, A.F.; Graham, T.L. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1993 Mar. Phytochemistry v. 32 (4): p. 851-857; 1993 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Glycine max; Phytophthora; Plant pathogenic fungi; Host parasite relationships; Plant composition; Flavonoids; Growth; Plant development; Metabolism; Metabolites; Naringin; Growth inhibitors; Quercetin; Phytoalexins; Phytotoxicity; Disease resistance; Allelopathins Abstract: Various soybean flavonoids were examined for their effects on the growth and development of Phytophthora sojae and for their metabolism by P. sojae. Three classes of molecules were identified based on their effects on growth. Coumestrol, biochanin A, genistein, naringenin and isorhamnetin were inhibitory at concentrations of 60-120 micromolar and were fungicidal at 240 micromolar. Quercetin and its 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, isoquercitrin, caused significantly prolonged lags in P. sojae growth at 60-240 micromolar, but were not fungicidal at any of these concentrations. Daidzein, formononetin, kaempferol, apigenin, chrysin and rutin were not inhibitory over this range. P. sojae rapidly hydrolysed all flavonoid glycosides tested and metabolized several flavonoids to non-aromatic products. However, the aglycones of the most inhibitory compounds were not significantly degraded. Metabolism of the compounds by P. sojae was a very early event and appeared to be associated predominantly with the hyphal tips. Several compounds had potentially interesting effects on fungal morphology and development. For example, genistein and its conjugates caused a marked swelling of the hyphal tip and an increase in the number of oogonia formed. 226 NAL Call. No.: 450 J829 Spatial patterning in plants: opposing effects of herbivory and competition. Bergelson, J. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific; 1990 Dec. Journal of ecology v. 78 (4): p. 937-948; 1990 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Washington; Poa annua; Senecio vulgaris; Deroceras reticulatum; Limax maximus; Plant competition; Allelopathy; Survival; Plant ecology; Spatial distribution; Herbivores; Feeding behavior Abstract: (1) A field experiment was conducted to determine how the spatial distribution of Poa annua influenced the ability of Senecio vulgaris to establish in experimental plots. The relative effects of slug herbivores, dead individuals of Poa annua and live individuals of Poa annua on Senecio establishment were also investigated. (2) Senecio exhibited a higher rate of population growth when planted amidst clumped Poa than when planted amidst a random distribution of Poa. This change in population growth is due to increased survival of Senecio seedlings which emerge in areas having a low density of dead Poa. (3) The advantage associated with a clumped distribution of Poa was opposed by two other consequences of spatial distribution: herbivores consumed more Senecio seedlings. and intraspecific competition among Senecio seedlings was greater, where the grass was clumped than where it was randomly distributed. (4) Despite a number of direct effects, higher-order interactions and indirect effects, the net result of spatial patchiness is easily understood in this system because seedling suppression by dead Poa has overriding importance. 227 NAL Call. No.: QL461.I57 Status of biological control of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in India: a review. Srikanth, J.; Pushpalatha, N.A. Nairobi, Kenya : ICIPE Science Press; 1991 Aug. Insect science and its application v. 12 (4): p. 347-359; 1991 Aug. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Parthenium hysterophorus; Biological control; Weed control; Insects; Mites; Pathogens; Mycotoxins; Parasitic plants; Natural enemies; Allelopathy; Surveys; Literature reviews Abstract: Biological control efforts on Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) in India have gained momentum after the limitations of other methods were realized. Native surveys revealed a large number of insects, but none of them was host specific. Although the introduced beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) has established at the sites of initial releases, its real impact on the weed and performance in different parts of the country need further evaluation. Fungal pathogens of the weed hold promise for classical as well as microherbicidal control. The use of parthenium phyllody MLO as a biocontrol agent requires establishment of host and vector specificity. Mycotoxins are a potential group of herbicides on which serious studies are yet to begin. Studies on control of the weed through interference and allelopathy by Cassia uniflora Mill.(= C. sericea Sw.) (Leguminosae) have produced promising results. Toxic leachates of C. uniflora and autotoxic principles of the weed deserve attention. integrated biocontrol strategies envisaged for wastelands using introduced insects and pathogens, allelopathic plants, and agroecosystems using native pathogens, mycotoxins and autotoxic principles, will help combat this apparently invincible weed. 228 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Structure-activity relationships of phenylpropanoids as growth inhibitors of the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Della Greca, M.; Monaco, P.; Pollio, A.; Previtera, L. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1961-; 1992 Dec. Phytochemistry v. 31 (12): p. 4119-4123; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Chlorophyta; Bioassays; Growth inhibitors; Propionic acid; Derivatives; Allelochemicals; Structure activity relationships; Molecular conformation Abstract: Twenty-seven commercial or synthetic phenylpropanoids have been tested in broth against the unicellular alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The antialgal activity seems to be linked to the number as well as to the position of the methoxyl groups in the molecule. A slight effect of the side chain substitution was also observed. 229 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Sunflower aroma detection by the honeybee: study by coupling gas chromatography and electroantennography. Thiery, D.; Bluet, J.M.; Pham-Delegue, M.H.; Etievant, P.; Masson, C. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 701-711; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Helianthus annuus; Plant composition; Aroma; Volatile compounds; Separation; Chemical analysis; Allelopathy; Interactions; Apis mellifera ligustica Abstract: Combined electrophysiological recordings (EAG) and gas chromatographic separation were performed in order to investigate which volatile chemical components of a sunflower extract could be detected by honeybee workers and thus are likely to trigger the foraging behavior. A direct coupling device allowed for the stimulation of the antennal receptors with individual constituents of a polar fraction of the flower aroma shown to be attractive to bees. More than 100 compounds were separated from the extract. Twenty-four compounds elicited clear EAG responses. These compounds were identified by mass spectrometry (electronic impact and chemical ionisation). Both short- and long-chain aliphatic alcohols, one short-chain aliphatic aldehyde, one acid, two esters, and terpenic compounds were found to stimulate the antennal receptors. Six compounds identified in previous behavioral experiments were found to exhibit EAG activity. The chemicals screened by this method may be used for recognition of the plant odor and the selective behavior of honeybees. 230 NAL Call. No.: QK900.J67 Suppression of annuals by Tribulus terrestris in an abandoned field in the sandy desert of Kuwait. El-Ghareeb, R.M. Knivsta, Sweden : Opulus Press; 1991 Apr. Journal of vegetation science v. 2 (2): p. 147-154; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kuwait; Tribulus terrestris; Weed competition; Allelopathy; Germination inhibitors; Invasion; Leachates; Phenolic compounds; Sandy soils; Annuals; Deserts; Plant communities; Site factors 231 NAL Call. No.: 385 T29 Synthesis and absolute configuration of lepidimoide, a high potent allelopathic substance from mucilage of germinated cress seeds. Kosemura, S.; Yamamura, S.; Kakuta, H.; Mizutani, J.; Hasegawa, K. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 Apr16. Tetrahedron letters v. 34 (16): p. 2653-2656; 1993 Apr16. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lepidium sativum; Seeds; Plant composition; Allelopathy; Disaccharides; Synthesis; Stereochemistry; Structure Abstract: Lepidimoide (1) was isolated as a novel allelopathic substance, which promoted the shoot growth of different plant species but inhibited the root growth, from mucilage of germinated cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. For example, lepidimoide (1) promoted the hypocotyl growth of etiolated Amaranthus caudatus L. at concentrations higher than 3 micromolar and inhibited the root growth at concentrations higher than 100 micromolar. The growth-promoting activity in hypocotyls was 20 or 30 times as much as that of gibberellic acid. The structural study of lepidimoide, with spectral analyses and some chemical evidence, has showed that lepidimoide 1 is regarded as the uronic acid derivative bearing an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylate bonded to rhamnose via alpha-glucoside linkage. Thus, the intriguing structure as well as its unique biological activity prompted us to determine the absolute configuration of lepidimoide (1), by total synthesis. In this communication we wish to report a total synthesis and the absolute configuration of lepidimoide 1. 232 NAL Call. No.: 410 EC7 Tannic acid, protein, and digestible carbohydrate: dietary imbalance and nutritional compensation in locusts. Raubenheimer, D. Tempe, Ariz. : The Society; 1992 Jun. Ecology : a publication of the Ecological Society of America v. 73 (3): p. 1012-1027; 1992 Jun. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Locusta migratoria; Diet studies; Allelochemicals; Carbohydrates; Digestibility; Interactions; Protein; Tannins 233 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Temperature stress and varietal resistance in rice: effects on whitebacked planthopper. Salim, M.; Saxena, R.C. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Nov. Crop science v. 31 (6): p. 1620-1625; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Cultivars; Genotypes; Varietal susceptibility; Sogatella furcifera; Pest resistance; Gene expression; Genotype environment interaction; Environmental temperature; Stress response; Heat stress; Cold stress; Plant composition; Chemical composition; Allelochemicals; Feeding behavior; Growth rate; Fecundity; Maturation period; Population dynamics; Host preferences Abstract: Temperature greatly influences fundamental plant and pest physiological processes and interactions. This phytotron study sought to determine how optimum (29/21 degrees C), low (24/16 and 26/18 degrees C), and high (35/27 and 36/28 degrees C) day/night temperature expression of regimes affect resistance of 'IR2035-117-3' (IR2035) and susceptibility of 'Taichung Native 1' (TN1) rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath). Both low and high temperature stresses reduced plant growth and biomass, and influenced plant chemical composition. Insect food intake, growth, longevity, fecundity, and population increased significantly when IR2035 plants were grown at low and high (vs. optimum) temperature regimes (except 36/28 degrees C). insect performance on temperature-stressed TN1 plants was similar or superior to that on TN1 plants grown at optimum temperature, but at low temperatures, developmental period and longevity increased, while population decreased. At 36/28 degrees C, the insect performed poorly on both resistant and susceptible plants. In spite of temperature-induced effects, the difference between resistance of IR2035 and susceptibility of TN1 remained distinct. Significantly more first instars died on TN1 plants painted with the steam- distillate extract of resistant IR2035 plants (grown at all temperatures studied) than on acetone-treated TN1 plants. Compared with unstressed plants, temperature-stressed plants had less allelochemicals. Since temperature-induced stresses enhance susceptibility of rice to insects, germplasm for S. furcifera resistance should be evaluated across a wide range of temperatures. 234 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Toxicity of allelopathic monoterpene suspensions on yeast: dependence on droplet size. Uribe, S.; Pena, A. New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Apr. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (4): p. 1399-1408; 1990 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Allelopathy; Monoterpenes; Emulsions; Toxicity; Droplet size Abstract: The toxic effects of the allelopathic nonsubstituted monoterpenes beta-pinene and limonene on yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were proportional to the size of the monoterpene droplets in suspension. Both the toxic effects and the size of the droplets in suspension were decreased by adding different solvents with the monoterpene as follows: dimethylsulfoxide approximately dimethylformamide >> ethanol > dioxane. Oxygen consumption was inhibited about 80% by 1 mM beta-pinene added in dimethylsulfoxide but less than 10% when beta-pinene was added in dioxane. Parallel decreases in droplet size and toxic effects of either monoterpene were also induced by hydrating the monoterpene-dimethylformamide or monoterpene-dimethylsulfoxide before addition to yeast. Molecular aggregation may be a mechanism to potentiate the allelopathic properties of monoterpenes when these associate with diverse soil components. 235 NAL Call. No.: 421 EN895 Toxicity of the limonoid allelochemical cedrelone to noctuid larvae. Koul, O.; Isman, M.B. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992 Sep. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata v. 64 (3): p. 281-287; 1992 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Mamestra configurata; Peridroma saucia; Larvae; Limonoids; Allelochemicals; Cedrela odorata; Growth inhibitors; Toona ciliata; Toxicity 236 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74 The truth about companion planting. Tozer, E. Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1992 Feb. Organic gardening v. 39 (2): p. 63-64, 66-67; 1992 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Companion crops; Allelopathy; Plant protection 237 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Uptake and detoxification of salicylic acid by Vicia faba and Fagopyrum esculentum. Schulz, M.; Schnabl, H.; Manthe, B.; Schweihofen, B.; Casser, I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 May. Phytochemistry v. 33 (2): p. 291-294; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Vicia faba; Fagopyrum esculentum; Roots; Salicylic acid; Allelopathins; Uptake; Detoxification; Biosynthesis; Metabolites; Chemical composition; Enzyme activity Abstract: Roots of Vicia faba and Fagopyrum esculentum showed a characteristic tri-phasic uptake of salicylic acid. During the first, short phase, absorption was unaffected by O2 depletion, vanadate or cysteine, which suggests a diffusion of salicylic acid into the apoplast and some penetration into the cytoplasm. The second phase, continuing for about 6-8 (V. faba) and 5-8 hr (F. esculentum), was stationary and no obvious uptake was observed. The third phase was characterized by an active uptake. The absorbed salicylic acid was differently detoxified by the two species and the resulting compounds were identified. Vicia faba glucosylated salicylic acid to form o-beta-D-glucosylhydroxybenzoic acid, whereas F. esculentum oxidized it to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and glucosylated this product at the 5-OH group. The enzymes involved seemed to be induced by salicylic acid. Most of the detoxification occurred during the phase of active uptake. 238 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Use of natural products in pest control: developing research trends. Hedin, P.A. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (449): p. 1-11; 1991. In the series analytic: Naturally occurring pest bioregulators / edited by P. A. Hedin. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Insect control; Biological control; Pheromones; Allelochemicals; Microbial pesticides; Weed control; Literature reviews 239 NAL Call. No.: 442.8 Z8 Variation within flax (Linum usitatissimum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) in response to allelopathic chemicals. Ray, H.; Hastings, P.J. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. Theoretical and applied genetics v. 84 (3/4): p. 460-465; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hordeum vulgare; Linum usitatissimum; Avena fatua; Linum; Genetic variation; Cultivars; Tolerance; Allelopathins; Allelopathy; P-coumaric acid; Shoots; Roots; Growth; Phenolic acids; Plant extracts Abstract: A possible method of manipulating allelopathy would be to develop crop varieties showing an increased tolerance to allelopathic chemicals. We therefore examined four flax (Linum usitatissimum) varieties and two wild Linum species in the presence of p-coumaric acid and four barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties in the presence of p-coumaric acid, scopoletin and wild oat (Avena fatua) extract. Analysis of variance indicates significant interaction between variety and treatment for shoot and root growth for seedling flax, shoot growth for older flax, and root growth for seedling barley. These differences in tolerance between varieties could be exploited to develop varieties with greater tolerances to the allelochemicals produced by weeds or in crop residues and therefore potentially more tolerant of the presence of weeds. 240 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84 Victims no one mourns. Hays, S.M. Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1992 Feb. Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service v. 40 (2): p. 10-11; 1992 Feb. Language: English Descriptors: Weed control; Aquatic weeds; Allelopathy; Biological control 241 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Volatile compounds from leaves of Ceratiola ericoides by dynamic headspace sampling. Jordan, E.D.; Hsieh, T.C.Y.; Fischer, N.H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992 Apr. Phytochemistry v. 31 (4): p. 1203-1208; 1992 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Empetraceae; Plant composition; Leaves; Volatile compounds; Chemical composition; Allelopathins; Seasonal variation Abstract: Ceratiola ericoides is a shrub endemic to the Florida scrub community and has been investigated in conjunction with studies of allelopathic interactions that affect members of the adjacent sandhill community. Headspace volatiles of C. ericoides leaves collected in spring, summer and autumn were adsorbed on Tenax TA, thermally desorbed, cryogenically refocused, and identified by GC-MS. In spring leaves, hydrocarbons were most prevalent, while alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were most abundant in summer leaves. Esters were the major components in autumn leaves. 242 NAL Call. No.: QD415.A1J6 Volatile seed germination inhibitors from plant residues. Bradow, J.M.; Connick, W.J. Jr New York, N.Y. : Plenum Press; 1990 Mar. Journal of chemical ecology v. 16 (3): p. 645-666; 1990 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Allium cepa; Daucus carota; Lycopersicon esculentum; Allelopathy; Volatile compounds; Germination inhibitors; Cover crops Abstract: Volatile emissions from residues of the winter cover legumes, Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.). hairy vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray], and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), inhibited germination and seedling development of onion, carrot. and tomato. Using GC-MS, 31 C2- C10 hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, furans, and monoterpenes were identified in these residue emission mixtures. Mixtures of similar compounds were found in the volatiles released by herbicide-treated aerial and root residues of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and the late-season woody stems and roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Vapor-phase onion, carrot. and tomato seed germination bioassays were used to determine the time- and concentration-dependent inhibition potential of 33 compounds that were either identified in the plant residue emissions or were structurally similar to identified compounds. Cumulative results of the bioassays showed that (E)-2-hexenal was the most inhibitory volatile tested, followed by nonanal, 3- methylbutanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. All the volatile mixtures examined contained at least one compound that greatly inhibited seed germination. 243 NAL Call. No.: 450 P5622 Volatiles from litter and soil associated with Ceratiola ericoides. Jordan, E.D.; Hsieh, T.C.Y.; Fischer, N.H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993 May. Phytochemistry v. 33 (2): p. 299-302; 1993 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Empetraceae; Allelopathins; Plant composition; Volatile compounds; Litter (plant); Alcohols; Aldehydes; Ketones; Benzene; Derivatives; Terpenoids; Soil analysis Abstract: Litter of Ceratiola ericoides and soil associated with this shrub were analysed for their volatiles by dynamic headspace sampling, followed by GC-MS identification. In litter volatiles, 1-octene, 3-octanol and 1-pentanol were most prevalent, while aliphatic alcohols and ketones were most abundant in soil. The major classes of volatiles, in both litter and soil, were aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, and lesser amounts of benzenoids, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. 244 NAL Call. No.: 100 AR42F Weed control with crop allelopathy. Dilday, R.H.; Frans, R.E.; Semidey, N.; Smith, R.J.; Oliver, L.R. Fayetteville, Ark. : The Station; 1992 Jul. Arkansas farm research - Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station v. 41 (4): p. 14-15; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oryza sativa; Helianthus annuus; Gossypium hirsutum; Glycine max; Weed control; Allelopathy; Crop yield Author Index Abdel-Hady, N.F. 20 Aerts, R.J. 37 Ahmad, S. 71, 163 Al-Dulaimy, S.M. 36 Aletor, V.A. 15 Aliotta, G. 196 Allen, P.J. 186 Alsaadawi, I.S. 36 Altman, D.W. 79 An, Z.Q. 209 Anaya, A.L. 38, 109, 127, 188 Anbu, D.A. 62 Anderson, R.L. 91 Anwar, T. 194 Apt, W.J. 151 Arnason, J.T. 84, 147 Ash, J.E. 65 Auld, D.L. 17 Austin, D.F. 75 Babu, R.C. 40 Barbosa, P. 13, 14, 67, 154 Barbour, M.G. 207 Barnes, J.P. 46 Bazzaz, F.A. 112 Bean, G.A. 11 Benedict, J.H. 144 Berenbaum, M.R. 85 Bergelson, J. 226 Bernard, C.B. 147 Bewick, T.A. 60 Bhatt, B.P. 189 Bluet, J.M. 229 Blum, M.S. 157 Blum, U. 18, 116, 117, 120, 126, 153, 158, 187, 220 Boerner, R.E.J. 61 Boethel, D.J. 128 Booker, F.L. 220 Bowers, M.D. 112 Boyd, R.S. 207 Bradbury, J.H. 86 Bradow, J.M. 203, 242 Brattsten, L.B. 72 Bray, R.O. 155 Brede, A.D. 136 Bremner, J.M. 121 Brown, P.D. 17 Bruin, J. 192 Bullock, D.G. 92 Burden, B.J. 213 Caboun, Vladimir 8 Calera, M.R. 38 Camps, F. 161 Caporale, G. 195 Cappelletti, E.M. 195 Capua, S. 148 Carballeira, A. 206 Carino, F.A. 144 Casser, I. 237 Cast, K.G. 16 Castaneda, P. 127 Caswell, E.P. 151 Chase, W.R. 3, 4 Chauhan, D.S. 189 Chen, P.K. 191 Chilton, W.S. 222 Choesin, D.N. 61 Chou, C.H. 23, 43, 210 Clancy, K.M. 217 Codella, S.G. Jr 110 Cohen, E. 148 Coll, J. 161 Colwell, A. 107 Connick, W.J. Jr 242 Corcuera, L.J. 70 Cowgill, U.M. 81 Craig, R. 134 Crooks, J.R. 123 Cruz Ortega, R. 109 Dahl, B.E. 132 Dakshini, K.M.M. 139, 143, 165, 166 De Scisciolo, B. 218 Deb, P.R. 145 DeFrank, J. 151 Della Greca, M. 1, 228 Dick, W.A. 52 Dicke, M. 192 Dilday, R.H. 244 Doolittle, R.E. 169 Dornbos, D.L. Jr 175 Dowd, P.F. 90, 97, 162 Downum, K.R. 150 Duke, S.O. 181 Dusky, J.A. 60 Dussourd, D.E. 138 Dyck, E. 93 Effects of some compounds isolated from Celaenodendron mexicanum Standl (Euphorbiaceae) on seeds and phytopathogenic fun 127 Einhellig, F.A. 118, 190, 224 El Abdaoui, F. 122 El-Darier, S.M. 179 El-Ghareeb, R.M. 230 Elakovich, S.D. 19, 39 Elissalde, M.H. 79 Eller, F.J. 174 Ells, J.E. 29 Elmore, C.D. 75 Elmore, C.L. 199 Etievant, P. 229 Faeth, S.H. 105 Fajer, E.D. 112 Faleiro, L.J. 150 Farkas, P. 137 Fengyou, W. 27 Ferguson, D.E. 41 Ferriss, R.S. 209 Fischer, N.H. 241, 243 Fiscus, E.L. 220 Fogal, W.H. 110 Fogleman, J.C. 167 Foy, C.L. 122 Frank, M.R. 167 Frans, R.E. 244 Fujikura, J. 173 Fukuhara, K. 171 Fulbright, N. 34, 141 Fulbright, T.E. 34, 141 Gabel, B. 137 Gadgil, R.L. 186 Gagliardo, R.W. 222 Galindo, J.C.G. 197 Gallagher, S.S. 186 Gallardo, F. 128 Garcia, M.R. 127 Gavilanes-Ruiz, M. 109 Gerig, T.M. 18, 120, 187 Gerson, U. 148 Ghazi, M. 6 Gilbert, H. 56, 57 Goel, U. 87, 205 Gopal, B. 87 Gould, F. 100, 208 Graham, T.L. 225 Graves, C.H. Jr 146 Grodzinskii, A. M. 58 Gross, P. 13, 14, 154 Grossman, J. 77 Guo, B.Z. 209 Hammer, B.C. 86 Hammerschmidt, R. 221 Harrison, H.F. Jr 102, 131, 172 Hartung, A.C. 168 Hasegawa, K. 53, 170, 231 Hastings, P.J. 239 Hays, S.M. 240 Heath, R.R. 169, 184 Hedin, P.A. 76, 115, 119, 129, 146, 204, 238 Hegazy, A.K. 20 Hegde, R.S. 47, 89, 216 Heisey, R.M. 21, 130 Hejl, A.M. 118, 224 Hendrix, J.W. 209 Hernandez, B.E. 127 Hernandez-Bautista, B.E. 188 Hilton, A.S. 42 Hodgson, E. 100, 208 Hogan, M.E. 54, 101, 114 Hogberg, P. 27 Holappa, L.D. 18, 116 Hradsky, P. 137 Hsieh, T.C.Y. 241, 243 Hurst, H.R. 75 Iijima, M. 219 Inderjit 139, 143, 165, 166 Innocenti, G. 195 Inoue, M. 12 Isenhour, D.J. 9 Isman, M.B. 176, 235 Iyengar, S. 84 Jabbar, A. 194 Jakubas, W.J. 211 Jarvis, B.B. 11 Jenkins, J.N. 115, 129, 204 Jermy, T. 200 Jimenez Estrada, M. 109 Jimenez-Estrada, M. 188 Jobidon, R. 223 Jones, G.P.D. 104 Jordan, E.D. 241, 243 Joshi, S. 73 Kakuta, H. 231 Kalburtji, K.L. 125 Kaspar, T.C. 111 Kelsey, R.G. 155 Kemper, J. 154 Keogh, D.P. 123 Kester, K.M. 67 Khalique, F. 194 Khara, A. 30 Kholdebarin, B. 32, 33 Kil, B.S. 35, 64, 149 King, L.D. 18, 187 Klein, K. 126, 158, 187 Koide, R.T. 180 Komai, K. 83 Konno, T. 208 Kono, Y. 219 Kosemura, S. 170, 231 Koul, O. 235 Krenzer, E.G. Jr 16 Kubo, I. 171 Kuti, J.O. 11 Laird, D.W. 146 Lam, J. 147 Landenberger, B.D. 81 Lawrence, J.G. 107 Lawrence, P.O. 69 Leather, G.R. 191 Lee, S.Y. 149 Lee, Y.F. 23 Leopold, D.J. 218 Leu, L.L. 43 Levi, P. 208 Levi, P.E. 100 Lewis, W.J. 142, 174 Li, H.H. 12, 53 Li, M. 180 Liebman, M. 93 Lindroth, R.L. 140 Liu, D.L. 51 Lloret, F. 202 Lovett, J.V. 51, 80, 82 Lydon, J. 181 Lyu, S.W. 117, 187 Macias, F.A. 182, 197 Mangoni, L. 1 Manner, G.D. 101 Manners, G.D. 54, 114 Mansour, K.S. 20 Manthe, B. 124, 237 Manthe, Barbara, 44 Marion-Poll, F. 137 Martin, V.L. 52 Mason, J.R. 211 Massanet, G.M. 197 Masson, C. 229 Mata, R. 38, 127 Matizha, W. 132 May, F.E. 65 McCaffrey, J.P. 17 McCarty, G.W. 121 McCarty, J.C. Jr 119 McCoy, E.L. 52 McCrady, J.J. 42 McPherson, J.K. 16 McSay, A.E. 29 Meijden, E. van der 37 Meissner, R. 26 Miles, P.W. 185 Miller, D.A. 47, 89, 216 Miller, H.G. 63 Miller, R.W. 175 Milman, I.A. 7 Mishra, S.K. 3 Mitchell, E.R. 184 Mitchell, M.J. 123 Mizutani, J. 12, 53, 55, 170, 173, 231 Moellenbeck, D.J. 5 Mohamed, M.A. 5 Mokhtari-Rejali, N. 11 Molina, A. 206 Molinaro, A. 1 Molinillo, J.M.G. 182 Monaco, P. 1, 196, 228 Morand, P. 84 Moroz, P. A. 59 Morra, M.J. 17 Mosjidis, J.A. 125 Mossler, M.A. 60 Muehleisen, D.P. 144 Mumma, R.O. 134 Munesada, K. 74 Murphy, S.D. 96 Murray, D.S. 88, 98 Myers, G.A. 6 Myster, R.W. 106 Nair, M.G. 2, 3, 4, 46, 168, 221 Nathawat, G.S. 205 Nel, P.C. 26 Netzly, D. 108 Nilsson, M.C. 27, 28, 160 Nishimoto, R.K. 83 Nishimura, H. 12, 53, 55 Norman, J.O. 79 Norris, D.M. 213 Nowbahari, B. 94 Obee, E.M. 159 Oertli, J.J. 32 Ogawa, H. 173 Oguntimein, B.O. 19 Oliver, L.R. 244 Ormeno-Nunez, J. 99, 214 Pacheco, D.Y. 13 Pardales, J.R. Jr 219 Pardini, R.S. 163, 212 Parrott, W.L. 115, 129, 204 Pastore, J. 212 Peirce, L.C. 63 Pena, A. 234 Peng, Z. 185 Pereda-Miranda, R. 38 Perez, F.J. 25, 99, 214 Perumal, R.K.P. 40 Peterson, J.K. 102, 131, 172 Pham-Delegue, M.H. 229 Philogene, B.J.R. 84, 147 Pickett, S.T.A. 106 Pinto, G. 196 Plapp, F.W. Jr 144 Pollard, A.J. 16 Pollio, A. 196, 228 Posthumus, M.A. 192 Previtera, L. 1, 196, 228 Prevost, G. 142 Pritsos, C.A. 212 Provan, G.J. 13, 14 Proveaux, A.T. 169 Puri, S. 30 Purvis, C.E. 103, 104 Pushpalatha, N.A. 227 Putnam, A.R. 2, 3, 4, 46, 168 Quisenberry, S.S. 5 Raffa, K.F. 110 Rahman, A. 152 Rani, M.S. 40 Rao, A.S. 215 Rasmussen, J.A. 118, 224 Raubenheimer, D. 232 Ray, H. 239 Reigosa, M.J. 206 Reinhardt, C.F. 26 Reynolds, S.E. 66 Riffle, M.S. 88, 98 Rivera-Vargas, L.I. 225 Rizvi, S. J. H., 1955 50 Rizvi, V., 50 Rose, R.L. 100, 208 Rosenthal, G.A. 177 Sabelis, M.W. 192 Safir, G.R. 221 Sakeri, F.A.K. 36 Salim, M. 183, 233 Sanchez Nieto, S. 109 Sandberg, A.M. 186 Saric, Taib 48 Saxena, R.C. 183, 233 Schenk, S.U. 68 Schloman, W.W. Jr 42 Schmidt, E.L. 121 Schmitthenner, A.F. 225 Schnabl, H. 124, 237 Schneider, D. 133 Schreiber, M.M. 156 Schulz, M. 124, 237 Schutt, C. 108 Schweihofen, B. 237 Semidey, N. 244 Sexton, O.J. 107 Sgaramello, R.P. 98 Shafer, S.R. 153 Shakeel, M.A. 194 Shen, S.K. 90, 97 Sheriff, M.M. 40 Shilling, D.G. 60 Siddiqui, H.L. 74 Singh, D.B. 113 Siqueira, J.O. 221 Slansky, F. Jr 78, 135 Smirle, M.J. 176 Smith, A.E. 49, 198 Smith, R.J. 244 Smith, S.L. 123 Snoeijer, W. 37 Snook, M.E. 9 Souza, I.F. 190 Spencer, G.F. 175 Srikanth, J. 227 Stermitz, F.R. 13, 14 Stevens, K.L. 45 Stipanovic, R.D. 79 Suchy, V. 137 Suga, T. 74 Sullia, S.B. 62 Suresh, K.K. 31 Swain, L.A. 150 Swaminathan, C. 31 Tahir, S. 194 Takabayashi, J. 10, 192 Takahashi, S. 10 Tang, C.S. 83, 151 Teasdale, J.R. 164 Tesar, M.B. 95 Thibout, E. 94 Thiery, D. 137, 229 Thomas, J.A. 224 Timmins, W.A. 66 Tingle, F.C. 184 Tinus, R.W. 217 Todaria, N.P. 189 Torres, A. 182 Torres, B.A. 127 Tozer, E. 236 TSentral 58 Tumlinson, J.H. 169, 174 Turlings, T.C.J. 169, 174 Uribe, S. 234 Varela, R.M. 182 Velasco-Ibarra, L. 188 Verpoorte, R. 37 Vinaya Rai, R.S. 31 Waddell, T. 147 Wagner, M.R. 217 Wahab, Z.B. 111 Waller, G.R. 16, 88, 98 Walters, D.S. 134 Walton, D.C. 218 Wambolt, C.L. 155 Wardle, D.A. 152 Weidenhamer, J.D. 159 Weinhold, L.C. 163 Weisbrod, A.V. 140 Wentworth, T.R. 187 Werner, D. 68 Werstiuk, N.H. 84 Weyman-Kaczmarkowa, W. 178 Wheeler, G.S. 78, 135 Whitenack, C.J. 2 Williams, L. III 17 Williamson, G.B. 159 Wilson, R.L. 9 Wink, M. 133, 201 Wiseman, B.R. 9 Witte, L. 201 Wojcik-Wojtkowiak, D. 178 Wooten, J.W. 39 Worsham, A.D. 18, 22, 187 Xavier, A. 24 Yamamura, S. 170, 231 Yamane, A. 55, 173 Yamauchi, A. 219 Yu, S.J. 193 Yun, K.W. 35, 64, 149 Zackrisson, O. 27, 28, 160 Zedler, P.H. 202 Subject Index 2-tridecanone 100 Abies concolor 217 Abscisic acid 116 Abutilon theophrasti 102, 164, 175, 180 Acacia leucophloea 31 Acer rubrum 13 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus 3 Acremonium coenophialum 209 Acrolepiopsis assectella 94 Activated carbon 60 Adaptability 138 Adaptation 67 Adenosinetriphosphatase 109 Adverse effects 60 Aedes aegypti 123 Aegilops cylindrica 91 Aeration 52 Agroforestry 189 Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris 136 Ailanthus altissima 21, 107, 130 Ajuga 161 Alanine 68 Alcohols 243 Aldehydes 204, 243 Aldrin 148 Algae 196 Alkaloids 6, 13, 37, 133, 154, 167, 209 Allelochemicals 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 51, 53, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 76, 78, 80, 81, 82, 85, 88, 89, 90, 94, 97, 101, 105, 110, 111, 115, 119, 122, 123, 129, 133, 137, 138, 140, 142, 147, 148, 150, 154, 155, 157, 161, 162, 165, 167, 174, 176, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 192, 193, 194, 196, 200, 201, 204, 208, 213, 217, 224, 228, 232, 233, 235, 238 Allelopathic agents 48, 50, 58, 59 Allelopathins 19, 21, 24, 28, 37, 41, 47, 56, 57, 61, 62, 65, 68, 74, 84, 96, 102, 113, 128, 134, 145, 146, 170, 171, 177, 197, 205, 209, 214, 216, 221, 225, 237, 239, 241, 243 Allelopathy 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 136, 139, 141, 143, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 234, 236, 239, 240, 242, 244 Allium 94 Allium cepa 203, 242 Allium sativum 148 Allomones 15 Allyl isothiocyanate 61 Alocasia macrorrhiza 86 Alpha-tomatine 128 Alternaria brassicae 113 Alternative farming 77, 80 Amaranthus caudatus 170 Amaranthus leucocarpus 38, 188 Amaranthus retroflexus 102 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 180 Amino acids 24, 115 Ammonia 121 Ammonium 32, 33 Ammonium nitrogen 32 Anabaena flos-aquae 1 Anacardic acid 134 Analogs 144 Animal behavior 142 Annual habit 75 Annuals 230 Antagonism 4 Antennaria microphylla 54, 101, 114 Anthemis cotula 198 Anthraquinones 12 Antibiotics 62 Antibodies 9 Anticarsia gemmatalis 78, 135, 193 Antifeedants 13, 14, 66, 154, 157, 161, 185, 200, 211 Antifungal agents 62 Antifungal properties 68, 108 Antinutritional factors 15 Antioxidants 71 Apanteles 10 Apis mellifera ligustica 229 Apium graveolens 60 Apparatus 136 Application rates 22 Application to land 42 Aquatic plants 87 Aquatic weeds 1, 240 Arachis hypogaea 62, 122 Arginine 177 Arizona 217 Aroma 229 Artemisia annua 191 Artemisia princeps 35, 64, 149 Artemisia tridentata 155 Asexual reproduction 75 Asparagus officinalis 63, 168 Aspergillus 145 Astragalus 81 Aucubin 112 Australia 62 Australian capital territory 65 Avena fatua 25, 214, 239 Avena sativa 25 Azadirachtin 66 Azo compounds 2 Baccharis cordifolia 11 Baccharis megapotamica 11 Bark 21, 30, 65, 189 Barriers 70 Benzene 243 Bibliographies 56, 57 Binding site 144 Bioassays 4, 5, 12, 16, 18, 19, 20, 35, 36, 38, 39, 47, 55, 64, 65, 79, 96, 99, 102, 109, 127, 139, 143, 146, 159, 168, 173, 175, 191, 197, 198, 228 Biological activity in soil 32 Biological control 10, 14, 17, 25, 36, 51, 67, 73, 75, 77, 80, 98, 99, 115, 129, 131, 152, 169, 184, 186, 187, 192, 199, 200, 211, 223, 227, 238, 240 Biological control agents 73, 80, 154 Biosynthesis 61, 134, 177, 215, 221, 237 Boreal forests 28 Brassica 77 Brassica napus 17, 61 Brassica nigra 113 Bromus catharticus 152 Cabt 18, 43, 91, 95, 127, 207 Caffeic acid 121 Caffeine 78 Calcium 179 California 202, 207 Callus 54, 101, 114, 149 Camellia 78 Camellia sinensis 32, 33 Canavanine 177 Carbohydrates 232 Carbon dioxide 112 Carduus nutans 152 Carrier proteins 144 Carthamus tinctorius 91 Carya pecan 146 Cassia 73, 141 Cassia occidentalis 102 Casuarina equisetifolia 31 Catechin 185 Catechol oxidase 185 Catharanthus roseus 37 Cedrela odorata 235 Cell cultures 33 Cell division 20 Cell suspensions 54, 101, 114 Cenchrus ciliaris 34, 141 Cenchrus incertus 132 Chaparral 202 Characterization 89 Chemical analysis 68, 76, 96, 229 Chemical composition 16, 74, 81, 83, 98, 99, 105, 134, 168, 171, 188, 195, 233, 237, 241 Chemical constituents of plants 1, 56, 215 Chemical control 75, 91, 156 Chemical ecology 43, 71, 105 Chemical reactions 32 Chemoreceptors 200, 211 Chenopodium album 164 Chitin 151 Chlorella vulgaris 1 Chloris gayana 151 Chlorophyta 228 Chloroplasts 118 Choristoneura occidentalis 217 Chromatography 171 Chromolaena 19 Cinchona 37 Cinnamic acid 63, 159 Cirsium vulgare 152 Cladosporium 146 Coastal plant communities 202, 207 Coffea 78 Cold stress 233 Coleoptiles 214 Colinus Virginianus 34 Colocasia esculenta 219 Colorado 91 Community ecology 106 Companion crops 236 Competition 144 Competitive ability 73, 75, 102, 131, 136, 175 Compositae 84, 147 Continuous cropping 95 Control methods 80 Cornus florida 13 Cortaderia selloana 186 Corticium rolfsii 145 Cost benefit analysis 80 Costa Rica 150 Cotesia 67, 154 Cotesia marginiventris 169, 174 Cotyledons 32, 33 Coumaric acids 153 Coumarins 85, 195 Cover crops 22, 77, 92, 164, 242 Crop damage 63, 174 Crop establishment 132 Crop growth stage 111 Crop losses 111 Crop plants as weeds 25 Crop production 80 Crop residues 46, 47, 52, 89, 91, 111 Crop weed competition 93, 102, 131, 136, 152, 165, 198 Crop yield 95, 111, 131, 156, 244 Cropping systems 156, 210 Crops 46, 77 Crotalaria juncea 151 Crotalaria medicaginea 205 Cruciferae 20, 207 Cucumis sativus 4, 29, 116, 117, 120, 126, 153, 158, 220 Cultivars 5, 26, 125, 183, 204, 233, 239 Cultural control 77 Cultural weed control 91, 93 Culture filtrates 113, 145 Cuscuta 201 Cycling 179 Cynodon dactylon 5, 36, 125 Cyperus esculentus 131 Cyperus rotundus 83 Cyrtosperma chamissonis 86 Cytochrome p-450 85, 100, 123, 167, 208 Dactylis glomerata 152 Daucus carota 148, 203, 242 Decomposition 52 Defense 94, 105, 192, 195 Defense mechanisms 70, 138, 201 Defoliation 105 Degradation 17 Delonix regia 43 Density 95 Derivatives 68, 159, 228, 243 Deroceras reticulatum 226 Desert plants 20 Deserts 179, 230 Design 136 Desmanthus 141 Desmodium 184 Detoxification 85, 90, 97, 140, 157, 185, 237 Developmental stages 179 Diapause 69 Dichanthium annulatum 34, 141 Diet studies 232 Diets 128, 135 Digestibility 232 Digestive tract 185 Digitaria decumbens 151 Dioscorea alata 86 Dioscorea esculenta 86 Diprion similis 110 Disaccharides 231 Disease resistance 108, 146, 177, 225 Displacement 144 Diterpenes 74, 161 Diuraphis 70 Drechslera 113 Droplet size 234 Drosophila 167 Drosophila melanogaster 123 Dry matter 111 Dry matter accumulation 27 Duneland plants 207 Eating rates 78 Echinochloa crus-galli 38, 188, 222 Eclipta alba 102 Ecosystems 167, 207, 210 Ectomycorrhizas 27 Egypt 179 Electron transfer 224 Electrophysiology 200 Eleusine indica 102 Emergence 63 Empetraceae 241, 243 Empetrum 27, 28, 160 Emulsions 234 Endophytes 209 Environmental factors 70, 107, 132, 210 Environmental temperature 233 Enzyme activity 84, 100, 109, 123, 140, 148, 163, 237 Epilachna varivestis 213 Epoxides 148 Eragrostis curvula 132 Erosion 92 Essential oils 19, 83, 88, 98, 149 Establishment 164 Esterases 140 Eucalyptus globulus 65, 206 Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 65 Eucalyptus maculata 65 Eucalyptus rossii 65 Eucalyptus rubida 65 Eucalyptus tereticornis 30, 31 Eugenia uniflora 19 Eupatorium capillifolium 198 Euphorbia esula 54, 101, 114 Euphorbia prostrata 36 Euphorbiaceae 127 Excretion 176 Extraction 18 Extracts 35, 54, 137, 143, 168 Exudates 173 Fagopyrum esculentum 237 Fallow 95 Fallow systems 187 Farming systems 80 Fat body 144 Fatty acids 16, 134 Feces 176 Fecundity 110, 183, 233 Feeding 135, 140 Feeding behavior 5, 67, 78, 110, 138, 155, 213, 226, 233 Feeding preferences 133 Feeds 15 Ferulic acid 116, 117, 121, 122, 126, 153, 158, 220 Festuca arundinacea 152, 209 Field experimentation 136 Field tests 200 Fire ecology 202 Fixation 33 Flavones 127 Flavonoids 81, 90, 123, 129, 139, 213, 215, 225 Florida 241, 243 Flowers 43, 137 Fodder crops 49 Foliage 110 Food consumption 135 Food crops 189 Forest ecology 8 Forest litter 28, 65 Forest trees 189 Formica 94 Formica fusca 94 Fruit 171 Fruit trees 59 Fruits 195 Fungi 162 Fungicidal properties 146 Fusarium 63, 145 Gallic acid 122 Gene expression 233 Genetic engineering 72 Genetic variation 61, 140, 239 Genista 201 Genotype environment interaction 233 Genotypes 61, 112, 233 Geographical distribution 83 Geographical races 62 Georgia 49 Germination 18, 98 Germination inhibitors 24, 37, 41, 42, 73, 102, 141, 165, 175, 230, 242 Germinationinhibitors 68 Glabromicroplitis croceipes 142 Gleichenia japonica 74 Glomus etunicatum 180 Glomus macrocarpum 209 Glomus mosseae 209 Glucose 33 Glucosinolates 17 Glutathione 163 Glutathione transferase 148, 193 Glycine max 18, 118, 145, 187, 189, 213, 224, 225, 244 Glycoalkaloids 171 Glycosides 38, 74, 140 Glyphosate 95 Golf green soils 136 Gossypium 79, 184 Gossypium arboreum 129 Gossypium hirsutum 98, 115, 119, 204, 244 Gossypol 115, 144 Gramine 51 Gramineae 68 Grasslands 23 Graviperception 215 Green manures 77 Greenhouse culture 60, 159 Growing media 29 Growth 9, 12, 16, 27, 31, 52, 55, 60, 104, 110, 111, 124, 126, 135, 147, 159, 160, 170, 204, 205, 219, 225, 239 Growth analysis 158 Growth inhibitors 37, 41, 53, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 74, 107, 113, 145, 165, 171, 175, 196, 214, 225, 228, 235 Growth rate 6, 21, 24, 25, 47, 128, 131, 146, 152, 215, 216, 233 Growth retardants 205 Growth retardation 146 Growthpromoters 205 Habitats 207 Hawaii 151 Heat stress 233 Height 111 Helianthus annuus 182, 229, 244 Helicoverpa zea 9, 184, 193 Heliothis subflexa 184 Heliothis virescens 79, 84, 100, 115, 129, 184, 193, 204, 208 Heliothis zea 144 Herbicidal properties 21, 46, 181, 214 Herbicides 2, 22, 156 Herbivores 207, 226 Heritability 142 Histopathology 6 Holcus lanatus 152 Honeydew 185 Hordenine 51, 154 Hordeum 70 Hordeum vulgare 51, 113, 239 Host parasite relationships 67, 69, 154, 174, 183, 221, 225 Host plants 167, 192 Host preferences 233 Host range 110 Host-seeking behavior 169 Hosts of plant pests 78 Humus 28 Hybrids 111, 134 Hydrolases 97 Hydrophobicity 224 Hydroquinone 101, 114 Hydroxamic acids 18, 25 Hypocotyls 170 Idaho 41 Identification 89 Ilex opaca 14 Illinois 47 Immobilization 32, 33, 91 Imperata cylindrica 166 In vitro 146 Incorporation 47, 60 India 62, 165, 205, 227 Indiana 156 Indigofera 205 Induction 70, 100 Infectivity 209 Ingestion 157, 185 Inhibition 12, 20, 24, 52, 55, 104, 109, 111, 125, 131, 139, 152, 159, 166, 172, 195, 209, 219, 220, 224 Insect attractants 174 Insect control 5, 10, 14, 17, 94, 98, 115, 129, 134, 137, 161, 169, 184, 192, 193, 194, 200, 208, 213, 238 Insect pests 69, 70, 72, 92, 134, 150, 157, 161, 194 Insecticidal action 123, 147, 194 Insecticidal plants 194 Insecticidal properties 76 Insecticide resistance 72 Insecticides 162 Insects 227 Integrated control 91 Integrated pest management 82, 200 Interactions 10, 87, 115, 229, 232 Intercropping 93 Introduced species 141 Inula 7 Invasion 207, 230 Ion transport 220 Ion uptake 220 Ipomoea 75 Ipomoea batatas 26, 86, 102, 131, 172 Ipomoea tRicolor 38 Isoenzymes 100 Isolation 7, 182 Isolation techniques 96 Isoprenoids 5 Isoquercitrin 146 Isothiocyanates 173 Japan 74 Juglans nigra 218 Juglone 118 Juvenile hormones 144 Karnataka 73 Kenya 171 Kernels 32 Ketones 5, 222, 243 Keys 75 Kuwait 230 Laboratory methods 65 Laboratory rearing 135 Lactones 31 Lactuca sativa 6, 19, 39, 41, 55, 60, 68, 74, 197, 206 Larvae 9, 78, 79, 84, 90, 100, 110, 128, 133, 135, 144, 167, 174, 204, 212, 235 Lasioderma serRicorne 90, 97 Lawns and turf 199 Leachates 24, 30, 34, 42, 47, 65, 73, 136, 141, 165, 166, 189, 206, 230 Leaf age 110 Leaf area 120, 158 Leaf water potential 220 Leaves 13, 14, 21, 24, 30, 32, 35, 43, 64, 65, 105, 109, 111, 120, 126, 146, 160, 166, 174, 179, 182, 189, 217, 241 Leguminosae 177 Lemna minor 39, 118 Lepidium sativum 4, 21, 168, 170, 231 Lepidoptera 133, 138 Lespedeza cuneata 125 Leucaena leucocephala 31 Life cycle 147 Light relations 164 Limax maximus 226 Limonoids 235 Lines 204 Linum 239 Linum usitatissimum 239 Liriodendron tulipifera 13 Literature reviews 15, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 87, 92, 96, 161, 162, 177, 178, 221, 227, 238 Litter (plant) 125, 179, 243 Live mulches 77 Lobesia botrana 137 Locusta migratoria 232 Lolium multiflorum 198 Lolium perenne 152 Lycopersicon esculentum 116, 128, 203, 242 Lymantria dispar 13, 14, 140 Macrosiphum rosae 185 Macrotyloma uniflorum 189 Magnesium 179 Maize 111 Mamestra configurata 235 Manduca sexta 66, 67, 84, 123, 154 Maturation period 128, 233 Medicago sativa 29, 47, 89, 95, 152, 175, 198, 216 Medicarpin 175 Medicinal plants 19, 171, 215 Melanoplus sanguinipes 176 Melilotus indica 166 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 179 Metabolic detoxification 28, 71, 101, 114, 124, 176, 193 Metabolism 84, 100, 133, 157, 167, 177, 225 Metabolites 2, 84, 113, 145, 177, 221, 222, 225, 237 Metamorphosis 69 Methoprene 144 Metopolophium 70 Mexico 127 Michigan 95 Microbial activities 3, 52 Microbial degradation 97, 178 Microbial pesticides 223, 238 Microsomes 109 Midgut 66 Mineral content 179 Miscanthus transmorrisonensis 23 Mississippi 204 Missouri 107 Mites 227 Mitochondria 118, 224 Mode of action 43 Molecular conformation 161, 228 Molting hormones 69, 123, 161 Monoterpenes 234 Mortality 90, 147, 154, 194 Mucilages 170 Mutants 61 Mycoherbicides 80 Mycorrhizal fungi 209 Mycorrhizas 180 Mycotoxins 97, 162, 227 Myrcene 144 Mythimna separata 10 Naringin 225 Natural enemies 227 Necroses (plant) 6 Nectar 96 Nematode control 77, 151 Nerium oleander 133 New Jersey 106 New South Wales 103, 104 New York 21 New Zealand 186 Nicotiana 154, 184 Nicotine 67, 100, 154 Nigeria 19 Night temperature 164 Nitrate 32, 33, 220 Nitrate nitrogen 32 Nitrification 32, 33, 121 Nitrification inhibitors 32 Nitrites 32, 121 Nitrobacteraceae 121 Nitrogen 27, 33, 91, 159, 183, 217 Nitrogen content 126 Nitrogen fertilizers 91, 125, 132 Nitrogen fixation 32, 215 Nitrosolobus 121 Nitrosomonas 121 No-tillage 16, 156 Noctuidae 10 North Carolina 18, 22 Nuphar lutea 39 Nutrient content 110, 179, 183 Nutrient deficiencies 183 Nutrient solutions 33 Nutrient uptake 27, 179, 215 Nutrients 78 Oats 52 Ocimene 144 Ocimum Americanum 37 Odocoileus hemionus 155 Ohio 52 Oilseeds 17 Oklahoma 88 Old fields 106 Organic compounds 33 Organic sulfur compounds 94 Oryza sativa 183, 233, 244 Osmotic pressure 39 Ostrinia nubilalis 84, 147 Oviposition 10 Oviposition attractants 184 Oviposition deterrents 184 Oxidation 32, 33, 100, 121 Oxidoreductases 84 Oxygen 71 Oxygenases 100, 123, 167 P-coumaric acid 121, 239 Pakistan 194 Palatability 155 Panicum antidotale 34 Panicum coloratum 34 Panicum miliaceum 91, 102 Papilio 163 Papilio polyxenes 71, 212 Papilionidae 85 Parasites of insect pests 67, 69, 154 Parasitic plants 227 Parasitoids 142 Parthenium argentatum 42 Parthenium hysterophorus 31, 73, 227 Paspalum notatum 125 Pastureplants 198 Pastures 49, 152 Pathogens 227 Paxillus involutus 27 Pelargonium 134 Penicillium 145 Perennial weeds 75 Periderm 102, 131, 172 Peridroma saucia 176, 235 Peroxidase 185 Persistence 200 Pest control 76, 77, 211 Pest resistance 9, 14, 70, 72, 76, 79, 115, 128, 129, 134, 150, 183, 192, 204, 217, 233 Pesticide residues 2 Pesticide resistance 97, 148 Pesticides 82, 97, 148 Phagostimulants 5 Phalaris aquatica 152 Pharbitis hederacea 18 Pharbitis purpurea 102, 109 Phaseolus lunatus 189 Phaseolus vulgaris 4, 30, 116 Phenolic acids 18, 81, 120, 187, 239 Phenolic compounds 23, 32, 43, 53, 89, 90, 139, 140, 143, 166, 221, 230 Phenolic content 40 Phenols 185, 217 Pheromones 238 Phloem loading 201 Phosphorus 159, 180, 183 Photosynthesis 118 Phototoxins 150 Phylloplane fungi 113 Physalis 184 Physicochemical properties 7 Phytoalexins 225 Phytophthora 225 Phytotoxicity 6, 21, 29, 40, 42, 43, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 64, 81, 89, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 114, 122, 130, 141, 160, 168, 175, 188, 189, 191, 206, 214, 216, 219, 222, 225 Phytotoxins 11, 23, 60, 89, 90, 139, 141, 181, 190, 223 Picea engelmannii 41, 217 Pinus banksiana 110 Pinus contorta 41 Pinus strobus 110 Pinus sylvestris 27, 28, 160 Piper guineense 19 Pistia stratiotes 196 Pisum sativum 68 Plant analysis 119 Plant communities 23, 87, 107, 230 Plant competition 45, 46, 87, 106, 132, 177, 186, 207, 226 Plant composition 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 38, 43, 55, 64, 67, 71, 83, 88, 94, 108, 127, 129, 137, 138, 143, 149, 155, 159, 161, 172, 173, 181, 182, 183, 192, 193, 196, 201, 203, 211, 222, 225, 229, 231, 233, 241, 243 Plant density 61, 93 Plant development 30, 198, 225 Plant disease control 77, 113 Plant ecology 106, 226 Plant extracts 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32, 37, 38, 41, 62, 76, 123, 131, 146, 147, 165, 175, 184, 189, 194, 205, 239 Plant glands 204 Plant growth regulators 76, 119, 221 Plant interaction 45, 61, 96, 205 Plant metabolism 215 Plant morphology 70, 216 Plant nutrition 70, 112 Plant organs 179 Plant pathogenic fungi 127, 225 Plant pests 67, 76, 78, 147, 157, 194 Plant physiology 58, 165, 221 Plant pigments 215 Plant products 161 Plant protection 80, 82, 157, 215, 236 Plant residues 29, 42, 60, 64, 125, 132, 178, 219 Plant secretions 28 Plant succession 106, 202, 207 Plantago lanceolata 112 Plantcomposition 119 Plantparasitic nematodes 77 Plants 56, 57, 133 Plowing 95, 156 Pluchea 139, 143, 165 Poa annua 136, 226 Poa pratensis 95 Pollen 96, 188 Pollination 11 Population density 156 Population dynamics 151, 156, 233 Populus 140 Populus tremula 28 Potassium 159, 179, 183, 220 Powders 32, 33 Predator prey relationships 192 Predators of insect pests 157 Predatory arthropods 192 Proboscidea (martyniaceae) 98 Proboscidea louisianica 88 Processing 42 Products 171 Propionic acid 228 Prosopis cineraria 205 Prosopis juliflora 205 Protease inhibitors 86 Protein 232 Protein content 105 Protein digestion 66 Protein synthesis 24 Proteinases 66 Proteolysis 24 Proton pump 109 Pseudoplusia includens 128 Pseudotsuga menziesii 217 Psoralea 195 Psoralea macrostachya 195 Pupae 128 Quantitative analysis 17 Quercetin 100, 212, 225 Quercus 105 Quercus havardii 132 Quercus petraea 32 Quercus robur 32, 33 Quercus rubra 32 Quinolizidine alkaloids 201 Quinones 218 Radicles 21, 51, 63, 189 Radioactive tracers 134 Rangelands 45, 132 Raphanus sativus 122 Ratios 111, 217 Regeneration 160 Research 223 Resistance 90, 100, 208 Resistance mechanisms 100, 208 Resistance to parasites 86 Respiration 118 Responses 80, 105, 135 Reviews 80 Rhizobium 62 Rhizoglyphus robini 148 Rhizomes 166 Rhizosphere 53, 153 Rhizosphere fungi 62, 145 Rhopalosiphum 70 Rhus 202 Root analysis 215 Root exudates 12, 55, 68, 99, 130, 190, 214, 224 Root hairs 216 Root meristems 6 Root nodules 166 Root shoot ratio 27 Root systems 216 Root tips 27 Root treatment 158 Roots 6, 16, 27, 30, 35, 37, 40, 41, 47, 74, 111, 131, 168, 173, 179, 180, 214, 219, 220, 237, 239 Rorippa 173 Rorippa sylvestris 55 Rosa 185 Rotations 47, 92, 93, 111, 156 Rotylenchulus reniformis 151 Rubiaceae 37 Rudbeckia occidentalis 41 Rutoside 154 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 234 Salicylic acid 124, 237 Saliva 185 Sandy soils 159, 230 Sapindaceae 24 Saponins 14 Sasa 53 Scanning electron microscopy 216 Schizachyrium scoparium 159 Schizaphis 70 Screening 200 Scrub 159 Searching behavior 192 Seasonal fluctuations 217 Seasonal variation 21, 179, 218, 241 Secale cereale 2, 3, 4, 99, 222 Secondary metabolites 112, 133, 162 Secretion 66 Seed banks 93, 156, 202 Seed dispersal 202 Seed germination 11, 20, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 41, 42, 47, 51, 52, 55, 73, 75, 102, 122, 125, 139, 141, 143, 166, 170, 172, 175, 189, 191, 195, 203, 205 Seed predation 202 Seedbed preparation 132 Seedgermination 28 Seedling emergence 60, 89, 104, 125, 152, 175 Seedling growth 19, 20, 27, 29, 38, 122 Seedling stage 91 Seedlings 12, 30, 31, 35, 55, 60, 64, 68, 89, 95, 111, 117, 120, 126, 132, 160, 169, 174, 186, 198, 205, 214, 220 Seeds 21, 32, 33, 38, 63, 73, 108, 127, 170, 195, 231 Selenium 81 Semiochemicals 169 Senecio vulgaris 226 Senses 211 Separation 229 Sequential cropping 47 Sesquiterpenes 83, 182 Sesquiterpenoid lactones 7, 13, 191, 197 Setaria (gramineae) 180 Setaria faberi 156 Setaria viridis 164 Sexual reproduction 75 Shade 164 Shoots 30, 40, 47, 89, 111, 124, 216, 239 Sinapis alba 51 Site factors 230 Site types 81 Sitobion 70 Smell 137 Sodium 179 Sodium nitrite 33 Sogatella furcifera 183, 233 Soil 60, 166, 206 Soil amendments 151 Soil analysis 2, 18, 36, 139, 218, 243 Soil bacteria 32, 33, 153, 178 Soil biology 222 Soil chemistry 126, 187, 221 Soil fauna 92 Soil fertility 92 Soil flora 28, 92 Soil fungi 153, 166, 178 Soil organic matter 92 Soil properties 165 Soil solarization 77 Soil structure 92 Soil treatment 120 Soil types 104 Soil water 164 Solanaceae 6 Solanine 6 Solanum incanum 171 Solanum nigrum 102 Sorghum 190 Sorghum almum 34 Sorghum bicolor 40, 47, 91, 108, 219, 224 South Carolina 131 Sowing 95 Sowing date 103 Soy straw 52 Soybeans 52 Spain 206 Spatial distribution 179, 226 Species 81 Species diversity 107 Spectral analysis 171 Spectral data 127, 182 Spodoptera eridania 71, 163, 212 Spodoptera exigua 174 Spodoptera frugiperda 5, 193 Sprout inhibition 124 Stemflow 65 Stems 35, 179 Stereochemistry 144, 231 Sterols 1 Strain differences 62 Strains 100 Stress factors 163 Stress response 183, 233 Structure 127, 182, 231 Structure activity relationships 200, 228 Stubble mulching 103, 104 Sturnus vulgaris 211 Substrates 100 Succession 130 Sucrose 114 Superoxide dismutase 212 Suppression 164 Surveys 227 Survival 128, 207, 226 Susceptibility 204 Sustainability 80, 92 Sweden 28 Sweet potato extract 102 Sweet potatoes 86 Symbionts 90, 97 Symbiosis 215, 221 Synergism 4 Synthesis 231 Tagetes patula 151 Taiwan 23, 43, 210 Tamil nadu 40 Tanacetum vulgare 137 Tannins 105, 146, 217, 232 Taro 86 Tassels 9 Taxonomy 75 Temperature 52, 114, 164 Terpenoids 115, 137, 155, 204, 217, 243 Testas 32 Texas 34, 132 Thiocyanates 17 Thiophene 84 Tillage 16, 18, 187 Tolerance 125, 239 Toona ciliata 235 Toxic exudates 40, 79, 209 Toxic substances 148 Toxicity 4, 63, 78, 79, 107, 147, 200, 234, 235 Toxins 176 Transferases 97, 163 Transpiration 124 Triazinoneherbicides 91 Tribulus terrestris 230 Trichoderma 145 Trichomes 134 Trichoplusia ni 71, 193, 212 Trichothecenes 11 Trifolium incarnatum 18 Trifolium pratense 152 Trifolium repens 152 Trifolium subterraneum 152 Triterpenoids 127 Triticum aestivum 16, 18, 91, 99, 103, 104, 187, 214 Triticum durum 25 Triticumaestivum 98 Trophic levels 67 Tropics 210 Trypsin 66 Trypsin inhibitors 86 Tubers 83, 131 Tunnels 174 Turgor 220 Typha latifolia 1 U.S.S.R. 7 Undergrowth 43, 218 Uptake 237 Uttar pradesh 189 Vanillic acid 122, 153 Varietal reactions 111 Varietal susceptibility 125, 183, 233 Varietal tolerance 111 Vegetables 42 Vegetation 121 Vegetation management 223 Vegetative period 179 Vetch 164 Vicia 164 Vicia faba 124, 237 Vigna mungo 24, 40, 189 Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis 165 Vigor 132, 167 Vitis vinifera 137 Volatile compounds 53, 94, 169, 174, 203, 229, 241, 242, 243 Volatilization 33 Washington 226 Water 42 Water uptake 117 Weed biology 75, 93, 156 Weed competition 186, 230 Weed control 1, 4, 12, 18, 22, 25, 38, 46, 51, 53, 55, 73, 75, 77, 80, 99, 114, 131, 139, 143, 152, 156, 164, 172, 173, 187, 199, 223, 224, 227, 238, 240, 244 Weedcontrol 109 Weeds 6, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 93, 198 Weight 9, 111 Weight gain 128 Wheat soils 16 Wildlife management 34 Wood 21 X ray diffraction 182 Xanthosoma sagittifolium 86 Yams 86 Yeasts 90, 97 Yield increases 119 Yield response functions 103, 104 Zea mays 9, 52, 91, 95, 111, 122, 144, 156, 164, 169, 174, 188, 224 Zea mexicana 188