MPWG: Medicinal Plants Native to the US

Appendix D

* DRAFT * Medicinal Plants Native to the United States: Indicators of Rarity and Threat - Julie Lyke, USFWS, April 12, 2001

Species	Common name	Robbins (1999) [1]	Nielsen (2000) [2]	UPS [3]	NCPMH [4]	MPWG [5]	CITES [6]	ESA [7]	FS [8]	State-level Rare (Kartesz 1999)	Comments (Kartesz 1999)
Achillea millefolium	yarrow		9							CT
Acorus americanus	several-vein sweetflag, calamus		15							ND, PA, SD
Acorus calamus	sweetflag, calamus	X	30	To Watch						AL, CO, MI
Actaea podocarpa	mountain bugbane		30							IL, MD, PA, SC
Actaea racemosa (=Cimicifuga racemosa)	black cohosh, black bugbane	X	30	At Risk	X	X				IL, MA, MS
Actaea rubifolia	black cohosh, black bugbane		45						Region 9	IL, IN, KY, TN, VA
Adiantum capillus-veneris	southern maidenhair fern		6							CO, KY, MS, NC, SD
Adiantum pedatum	northern maidenhair fern		6	To Watch						VT
Agrimonia gryposepala	tall hairy grooveburr		15							DE, KS, KY, MO
Aletris farinosa	true unicorn, white colicroot	X	15	At Risk						NY, OK, PA, RI
Allium burdickii	narrow-leaf wild leek		15							MO, NC, NE, NJ
Allium tricoccum	ramp, wild leek		10							AL, DE, ME, ND, RI
Anemopsis californica	yerba mansa	X	15	To Watch	X					OK
Angelica arguta	Lyall's angelica		10							AK
Angelica genuflexa	kneeling angelica		10
Apocynum cannabinum	Indian hemp		15							noxious in NV
Aralia californica	California spikenard	X	15	To Watch						KS, NE, OK
Aralia nudicaulis	wild sasaparilla	X	15							GA, MO, NE
Aralia racemosa	American spikenard	X	22.5	To Watch		X				AL, CO, DE, KS, MI, NE, RI, SD
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	bearberry, uva-ursi	X	12							AZ, DE, IA, IL, IN, VA
Aristolochia serpentaria	Virginia snakeroot	X	30	At Risk						CT, IA, MD, MI, NJ, NY
Arnica sororia	twin arnica		6	To Watch						CA
Arnica spp.	arnica			To Watch					Alaska Region: A. lessingii ssp. norbergii; Region 9: A. lanceolata	MD, ME, MI, MN, NY, PA, VT
Artemisia douglasiana	Douglas' wormwood		9
Artemisia dracunculus	dragon wormwoood		6							AK, IL, WI
Artemisia ludoviciana	white sagebrush, western mugwort		9							MI
Artemisia michauxiana	Michaux's wormwood		13.5
Asarum canadense	Canada wild ginger	X	15							LA, ME, MI, SD
Asarum caudatum	long-tailed wild ginger		15							OR
Asclepias tuberosa	butterfly weed, pleurisy root	X	30	To Watch						NH, RI
Balsamorrhiza sagittata	arrowleaf balsamroot		15
Baptisia tinctoria	(yellow) wild indigo, horsefly weed	X	22.5	To Watch	X	X				KY, ME, WI
Betula lenta	sweet birch, black birch		6
Bursera fagaroides	fragrant bursera		8							CA
Bursera microphylla	elephant tree		24	To Watch						CA
Calycanthus floridus	eastern sweetshrub		8							FL, KY, PA, VA, WV
Carphephorus odoratissimus	deer�s tongue, vanilla leaf		6
Castanea dentata	American chestnut, castanea	X	2							KY, MD, ME, MI, OH
Castela emoryi	chaparro, thorn-of-christ		16	To Watch						PR
Caulophyllum giganteum	giant blue cohosh		30							TN
Caulophyllum thalictroides	blue cohosh	X	22.5	At Risk	X	X				AR, KS, ND, NE, RI, SC, SD
Ceanothus americanus	New Jersey tea, red root	X	12							DE, ME
Chamaelirium luteum	devil�s bit, helonias root	X	15	At Risk	X					AR, CT, DE, IN, LA, MA, NJ, NY
Chelone glabra	white turtlehead, balmony	X	6							AR, MS
Chimaphila maculata	spotted wintergreen	X	3							AK, IA, IL, MS
Chimaphila umbellata	common wintergreen, pipsissewa	X	15	To Watch						AK, DE, IA, IL, IN, OH
Chionanthus virginicus	fringe tree, old man's beard	X	9							KY, NJ, OH, OK, PA
Collinsonia canadensis	Canada horse balm, stoneroot	X	15	To Watch	X	X			Region 9	VT
Coptis aspleniifolia	fern-leaf goldthread, mouth root		20	To Watch	X					MD, WV
Coptis laciniata	Oregon goldthread		10	To Watch	X
Coptis occidentalis	Idaho goldthread		10	To Watch	X
Coptis spp.	goldthread			To Watch	X					MD, WV
Coptis trifolia	three-leaf goldthread, mouth root		10	To Watch	X					MD, OR, WV
Crataegus douglasii	black hawthorn		9						Region 9	AK, MI, MN, UT
Cypripedium acaule	pink lady's slipper, moccasin flower		10	At Risk		X		Appendix II		AZ, CO, GA, LA, MS, NE, NM, OK, OR, SD, TX, WY
Cypripedium candidum	small white lady's slipper		20	At Risk			Appendix II			AL, IL, IN, KY, MD, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, NJ, NY, OH, SD, VA, WI
Cypripedium fasciculatum	clustered lady's slipper		20	At Risk			Appendix II			CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY
Cypripedium kentuckiense	southern lady's slipper		30	At Risk			Appendix II			AL, AR, KY, LA, MS, OK, TN, TX, VA
Cypripedium montanum	mountain lady's slipper		22.5	At Risk			Appendix II			AK, CA, OR, WY
Cypripedium parviflorum	large yellow lady�s slipper	C. parviflorum var. pubescens	10	At Risk			Appendix II		Region 9: C. parviflorum var. parviflorum and C. parviflorum var. pubescens	AK, AZ, CO, DE, GA, ID, MS, MT, ND, NE, NH, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, VT, WA, WI, WY
Cypripedium reginae	showy lady's slipper		20	At Risk			Appendix II		Region 9	AR, CT, IA, IL, MA, ME, MO, NC, ND, NH, NJ, OH, PA, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV
Cypripedium spp.	lady's slipper orchid			At Risk			Appendix II		Region 9: C. arietinum	AZ, CO, GA, LA, MS, NE, NM, OK, OR, SD, TX, WY
Cyrtopodium punctatum	cowhorn orchid						Appendix II			FL, PR
Dicentra canadensis	turkey corn, squirrel corn		10	To Watch					Region 9	AL, MS, ND, OK
Dionaea muscipula	Venus� fly trap	X	12	At Risk			Appendix II			NC, SC
Dioscorea spp.	wild yam			At Risk						NE
Dioscorea villosa	yellow yam, wild yamroot	X	22.5	At Risk	X					NE, NJ
Drosera spp.	sundew			At Risk					Region 9: D. angelica	CO, IA, IL, KS, KY, ND, OH, OK, PR, WY
Dryopteris filix-mas	male fern		10						Region 9	CA, ME, MI, OK, OR, VT, WI
Echinacea angustifolia	narrow leaved purple coneflower	X	37.5	At Risk		X				MO
Echinacea pallida	pale purple coneflower	X	37.5	At Risk		X				AL, SC, TN, WI
Echinacea purpurea	eastern purple coneflower		25	At Risk		X				FL, KS, LA, MS, NC
Echinacea spp.	coneflower			At Risk		X			Region 9: E. paradoxa var. paradoxa and E. simulata	FL, MS
Echinacea tennesseensis	Tennessee purple coneflower			At Risk	X	X		Endangered		TN	endemic to TN
Epigaea repens	trailing arbutus, may flower, gravelweed	X	8						Region 9	FL, MS
Epipactis gigantea	stream orchid, giant helleborine		20	To Watch						CO, ID, MT, NM, OK, SD, WA, WY
Equisetum arvense	field horsetail		9							AL, MS, OK
Equisetum hyemale	tall scouring rush		6							DE, RI
Equisetum pratense	meadow horsetail		9							IL, ND, NH, NJ, NY, VT
Eriodictyon californicum	California yerba santa	X	6	To Watch
Euonymus atropurpurea	eastern wahoo		12							DE, FL, LA, MI, MS, ND, NJ, SC
Eupatorium perfoliatum	common boneset		9
Eupatorium purpureum	sweet joe-pye weed, gravelroot		15							LA, VA, VT
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae	wild ipecac	X	5							NY, PA
Euphrasia spp.	eyebright			At Risk		X			Region 9: E. oakesii
Frangula purshiana (=Rhamnus purshiana)	cascara buckthorn, cascara sagrada	X	18	To Watch		X
Galax urceolata	galax		6
Gaultheria procumbens	teaberry, wintergreen	X	8							IL, SC
Gelsemium sempervirens	yellow jessamine	X	8							TN
Gentiana andrewsii	closed bottle gentian		20	To Watch						DE, MA, MD, NH, NJ, VT
Gentiana catesbaei	Elliott's gentian		10	To Watch						AL, MD, NJ
Gentiana saponaria	harvestbells		10	To Watch						AR, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA
Gentiana spp.	gentian			To Watch					Region 9:� G. alba and G. villosa
Gentiana villosa	striped gentian	X		To Watch					Region 9	IN, MD, OH, PA
Geranium maculatum	wild cranesbill	X	15							LA, SD
Goodyera pubescens	downy rattlesnake plantain		10							FL, MS
Grindelia camporum	Great Valley gumweed		12
Grindelia integrifolia	Puget Sound gumweed		6
Grindelia stricta	Oregon gumweed		12
Guaiacum officinale	lignum-vitae						Appendix II
Guaiacum sanctum	holywood lignum-vitae						Appendix II			FL, PR
Hamamelis virginiana	American witch-hazel	X	12							MN, OK
Hydrangea arborescens	wild hydrangea	X	12							FL, NY
Hydrastis canadensis	goldenseal	X	30	At Risk	X	X	Appendix II		Region 9	AL, CT, GA, MA, MD, MI, MN, MS, NC, NY, OK, TN, VT, WI
Iris versicolor	blueflag	X	15							ID
Iris virginica	Virginia blueflag		10							KS, MD, NY, OK, PA
Jatropha cathartica	Berlandier's nettle spurge		9
Jeffersonia diphylla	twinleaf	X	10							AL, GA, IA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, WI
Juglans cinerea	butternut, white walnut, oil nut	X	15						Region 9	AL, DC, GA, KY, MD, MN, MO, MS, OH, SC, TN, VT, WI, WV
Juglans nigra	black walnut	X	9							CT, SD
Juniperus communis	common juniper		9							AL, GA, IL, IN, KY, NC, OH, PA, SC, VA, VT
Juniperus monosperma	one-seed juniper		13.5							OK
Juniperus virginiana	eastern red cedar		9
Lespedeza capitata	round head bush clover		6							SD, VT
Lespedeza violacea	lespedeza		6							NE, NY, WI
Ligusticum canbyi	Canby's wild lovage		10	At Risk
Ligusticum filicinum	fern leaf wild lovage		20	At Risk
Ligusticum grayi	oshala, Pacific osha		10	At Risk
Ligusticum porteri	Porter's lovage, osha	X	37.5	At Risk		X
Ligusticum spp.	osha			At Risk					Alaska Region: L. calderi	AK, CT, IN, MS, NY, PA, RI
Ligusticum tenuifolium	slender leaf wild lovage		10	At Risk						CO
Lobelia inflata	indian tobacco	X		To Watch						KS, NE
Lobelia spp.	lobelia			To Watch				Endangered: L. gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, L. monostachya, L. niihauensis, and L. oahuensis		AK, ID, WA, WY	endangered spp. are endemic to HI
Lomatium dissectum	lomatium, fern-leaved desert parsley	X	15	At Risk		X
Lophophora williamsii	peyote		30	At Risk			Appendix II
Lycopodium clavatum	running ground-pine, club moss	X	6							CA, GA, IA, IL, KY
Lycopodium digitatum	fan clubmoss		6							MO
Lycopodium obscurum	tree clubmoss		6							AL, IN
Lycopus virginicus	Virginia water horehound, bugleweed		9							MI, VT
Mahonia aquifolium	holly-leaf Oregon grape	X	12	To Watch		X
Mahonia dictyota	Jepson's Oregon grape		24	To Watch							endemic to CA
Mahonia nervosa	Oregon grape	X	12	To Watch
Mahonia pinnata	wavy leaf Oregon grape		12	To Watch
Mahonia repens	creeping oregon grape	X	12	To Watch						ND
Mahonia spp.	Oregon grape			To Watch						ND
Menyanthes trifoliata	buck bean, bog bean		6						Region 9	AZ, IA, MD, MO, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NM, OH, SD, VA, WV
Mitchella repens	partridge berry, squaw vine	X	12	To Watch	X					IA, OK
Monarda fistulosa	Oswego tea		9						Region 9: M. fistulosa var. brevis	DE
Monarda punctata	spotted bee balm		6							KY, OH, PA, VT
Monotropa uniflora	Indian pipe	X	5							AK, CA, ND, NE, OK
Morella cerifera	southern bayberry		12							OK, PR
Nymphaea odorata	American white water lily		15							NE, PR
Oplopanax horridus	devil�s club	X	18		X					MI
Opuntia humifusa	devil's tongue						Appendix II			CT, MA, OH, PA
Panax quinquefolius	American ginseng	X	30	At Risk	X	X	Appendix II		Region 9	CT, DE, GA, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, NC, NE, NH, NJ, OK, RI, NC, SD, TN, VT, WI
Pedicularis groenlandica	bull elephant's head		9
Pedicularis racemosa	parrot's beak		6
Peniocereus greggii	night-blooming cereus		20							NM, TX
Phytolacca americana	American pokeweed, poke		15
Pinus strobus	eastern white pine		9							IN
Piper methysticum	kava kava			At Risk (Hawaii only)
Plantago major	great plantain, common plantain		15
Podophyllum peltatum	mayapple, American mandrake	X	15	To Watch						FL, NE, VT
Polygala senega	Seneca snakeroot	X	7.5							CT, KS, MD, ME, NJ, VT
Polygonatum biflorum	common Solomon�s seal	X	15							DE, NH, VT, WY
Polygonum bistortoides	American bistort, bistort root		10
Polystachya concreta	greater yellowspike orchid						Appendix II
Prunus serotina	black cherry	X	6
Prunus virginiana	choke cherry, wild cherry	X	12							DE, GA, TN
Pterocaulon virgatum	wand blackroot	X	5							LA
Quercus alba	white oak	X	9							NE
Rhipsalis baccifera	mistletoe cactus						Appendix II			FL
Rhodiola rosea	roseroot stonecrop, king's crown		3							NC, NY, PA, VT
Rhus aromatica	fragrant sumac, stinking sumac		8							VT, WI
Rhus glabra	smooth sumac		12
Salvia apiana	white sage, California white sage	X	6	To Watch		X
Sambucus nigra	black elder, elderberry, American elder	X	9							DC
Sanguinaria canadensis	bloodroot	X	15	At Risk	X	X				IN, LA, RI, SC, SD, TN, VA
Sarracenia purpurea	northern pitcher plant		15				Appendix II			IL, MD, MS, OH
Sassafras albidum	sassafras	X	9							ME, VT
Scrophularia marilandica	carpenter�s square figwort	X	6							RI, SD, VT
Scutellaria galericulata	hooded skullcap		6							CA, DE, KS, KY, MD, MO, VA, WV
Scutellaria lateriflora	mad dog skullcap	X	6							CA
Serenoa repens	saw palmetto	X	13.5							LA
Solidago canadensis	Canadian goldenrod		9
Solidago odora	sweet goldenrod		6							NH, OH, VT
Spigelia marilandica	woodland pinkroot, pink root	X	10	To Watch						IN, OK
Spiranthes diluvialis	Ute ladies' tresses		30					Threatened		CO, ID, MT, NE, UT, WA, WY
Stillingia sylvatica	queen�s delight	X	15	To Watch						VA
Symplocarpus foetidus	skunk cabbage		15							TN
Thuja occidentalis	northern white cedar, arbor vitae	X	3							CT, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, NJ, OH, WV
Torreya californica	California torreya, California nutmeg	X	6								endemic to CA
Trillium erectum	bethroot, birthwort	X	15	At Risk						DE, IL, RI
Trillium spp.	trillium, bethroot			At Risk				Endangered: T. persistens and T. reliquum	Region 9: T. pusillum var. ozarkanum	CO, NE, SD, WY	T. persistens is rare in GA and SC; T. reliquum is rare in AL, GA, SC
Ulmus rubra	slippery elm	X	9	At Risk	X					RI
Urtica dioica	nettle		9
Usnea spp.	usnea lichen		9						Region 9: U. longissima
Vaccinium macrocarpon	large cranberry	X	6							IL, MD, NC, OH, TN, VA, WV
Vaccinium myrtillus	whortle berry, bilberry, huckleberry	9								WY
Vaccinium ovatum	evergreen blueberry	X	8
Vaccinium oxycoccos	small cranberry	X	3							AK, ID, IL, IN, MD, NJ, OH, OR, WV
Valeriana scouleri	Scouler's valerian		10
Valeriana sitchensis	Sitka valerian	X	22.5
Valeriana uliginosa	marsh valerian		20						Region 9	IL, IN, ME, VT, WI
Vanilla planifolia	vanilla						Appendix II
Verbena hastata	simpler's joy, blue vervain		9							OR
Veronicastrum virginicum	Culver's root	X	30							AL, DE, MA, NB, SC, SD, VT
Viburnum opulus	cramp bark, highbush cranberry		12							NJ, WY
Viburnum prunifolium	smooth blackhaw	X	8							CT, MI, WI
Viburnum rufidulum	rusty blackhaw		8							OH
Xanthorhiza simplicissima	shrub yellow-root	X	8							FL, LA
Yucca filamentosa	Adam's needle, yucca		10
Yucca schidigera	Mojave yucca	X	12
Zanthoxylum americanum	toothache tree, northern prickly ash		12							AL, FL, GA, LA, MD, NH, TN
Zanthoxylum clava-herculis	Hercules' club, southern prickly ash		12

References

Kartesz, J.T.� 1999.� A Synonymized Checklist and Atlas with Biological Attributes for the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.� First Edition.� In: Kartesz, J.T., and C.A. Meacham.� Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0.� North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC.

National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs.� 2000.� "Critical to Cultivate" list.� Diane Don Carlos, personal communication to Mary Maruca.� See also www.ncpmh.org.

Nielsen, E.� June 2000.� Prioritization of Medicinal Species at Risk Due to Wild-Collection. The Nature Conservancy.� 3pp. (unpublished)

Plant Conservation Alliance Medicinal Plant Working Group.� December 2000.� Priorities of the Conservation and Sustainable Production Committees, as identified in First Annual Report of the Plant Conservation Alliance Medicinal Plant Working Group. 24 pp. (unpublished)

Robbins, C.� July 1999.� Medicine from U.S. Wildlands:� An Assessment of Native Plant Species Harvested in the United States for Medicinal Use and Trade and Evaluation of the Conservation and Management Implications:� Cost Share Agreement No. 97-CCS-230 between USDA Forest Service & The Nature Conservancy:� A report from TRAFFIC North America prepared for The Nature Conservancy.� 28pp.

United Plant Savers. 2001.� "At Risk" and "To Watch" lists (www.plantsavers.org)

US Fish & Wildlife Service.� 2001.� CITES Species (http://international.fws.gov/cites/cites.html) and ESA Species (http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html#Species).

USDA Forest Service Alaska Region.� July 1999.� USDA Forest Service Alaska Region Sensitive Vascular Plants.� Phyllis Woolwine, personal communication to Julie Lyke, April 12, 2001. 1p.

USDA Forest Service Region 9.� 2001.� Sensitive Species list - http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/wildlife/tes/tes_r9_regforesterslist.htm

Footnotes

1.) X in this column indicates presence in Table 1:� Medicinal Plant Species in US Commerce Identified as Priorities for Further Study by TRAFFIC and The Nature Conservancy for Further Study.
2.) Scale of risk:� 2-45; higher numbers indicate greater risk.
3.) United Plant Savers - www.plantsavers.org.
4.) National Center for the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs "Critical to Cultivate" list, not including Arnica montanum (not native to US) - www.ncpmh.org.
5.) Plant Conservation Alliance Medicinal Plant Working Group Conservation and Sustainable Production Committee Priorities.
6.) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species - http://international.fws.gov/cites/cites.html.
7.) Endangered Species Act - http://endangered.fws.gov/wildlife.html#Species.
8.) Forest Service Sensitive Species - Alaska Region and Region 9.

Comments, suggestions, and questions about the website should be directed to the webmaster.
http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/pubs/2001table.htm
Last Updated: 4/29/02