General

Alberts, A.C., N.C. Pratt Hawkes and J.A. Phillips (2003). Ontogeny of captive and wild iguanas: From emergence to mating. In: E.R. Jacobson Biology, Husbandry, and Medicine of the Green Iguana, Krieger Publishing Company: Malabar, USA, p. 28-37. ISBN: 1575240653.
Descriptors: reptiles, green iguana, captive and wild animals, ontogeny, emergence, mating behavior.

Alibardi, L. and M. Toni (2006). Skin structure and cornification proteins in the soft-shelled turtle Trionyx spiniferus. Zoology [Jena] 109(3): 182-195. ISSN: 0944-2006.
NAL Call Number: QL1.Z769
Abstract: In contrast to most chelonians, the fully aquatic soft-shelled turtles have a smooth, unscaled, and pliable shell. The skin of the shell, tail, limbs, and neck of juveniles of Trionyx spiniferus has been studied by ultrastructural, immunocytochemical, and immunoblotting methods. The epidermis of the carapace and plastron has a thick corneous layer composed of alpha-corneocytes surrounded by a cornified cell envelope. The softer epidermis is similar to that of the shell but the epidermis and corneous layer are much thinner. Pre-corneous cells in both soft and shell epidermis are rich in vesicles produced in the Golgi apparatus and smooth endoplasmic vesicles, and contain numerous dense-core mucus-like and vesicular (lamellar) bodies. Secreted material is present among corneocytes where it probably forms an extensive intercellular lipid-mucus waterproof barrier. The dermis is very thick and composed of several layers of collagen bundles that form a plywood-patterned dermis. This dermis constitutes a strong mechanical barrier that compensates for the low content in beta-keratin, and lack of cornified scutes and dermal bones. The growth of the shell mainly occurs along the lateral margins. Immunocytochemistry reveals the presence of some beta-keratin in soft and shell epidermis, and this is confirmed by immunoblotting where bands at 18 and 32-35 kDa are present. Other proteins of the cornified cell envelope (loricrin and sciellin) or associated to lipid trafficking (caveolin-1) are also detected by immunoblotting. Loricrin positive bands at 24 and 57 kDa are present while bands cross-reactive for sciellin are seen at 45 and 53 kDa. Caveolin-1 positive bands are seen at 21-22 kDa. The presence of these proteins indicates that the epidermis is both coriaceous and waterproof. These results suggest that the shell of Trionyx is tough enough to be as mechanically efficient as the hard shell of the other turtles. At the same time, a soft shell is lighter, its shape is more easily controlled by muscles, and it allows a more controlled closure and retraction of limbs and neck inside the shell. Thus, the shell makes the animal more streamlined for swimming.
Descriptors: reptiles, swimming, soft shelled turtles, Trionyx spiniferus, skin structure, chelonians, aquatic, cornification proteins, pliable shell, ultrastructural.

Anonymous (2003). Interesting reptiles and amphibians. CCA Ecological Journal 5: 64.
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, South Africa.

Anonymous (2005). Recent literature on freshewater turtles, tortoises and marine turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(4): 961-973. ISSN: 1071-8443.
Descriptors: conservation, biology, reptiles, turtles, tortoises, marine turtles, freshwater, recent literature.

Anonymous (2003). Recent literature on freshwater turtles, tortoises, and marine turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(3): 743-751. ISSN: 1071-8443.
Descriptors: conservation, biology, reptiles, freshwater turtles, tortoises, marine turtles, recent literature.

Baines, F.M. and R.R. Davies (2004). The euthanasia of reptiles. Herptile 29(2): 60-71. ISSN: 0953-2021.
Descriptors: reptiles, euthanasia, methods, techniques, efficacy, humane.

Barten, S.L. (2002). Ten commonly believed myths concerning captive reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. 16(16): 896-899. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, pets, ten common myths, captive, conference proceedings.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Beck, D.D. (2005). Biology of Gila Monsters and Beaded Lizards, Organisms and Environments, University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, 211 p. ISBN: 0520243579.
NAL Call Number: QL666.L247 B43 2005
Descriptors: reptiles, gila monster, beaded lizards, Helodermatidae.

Benko, M., P. Elo, K. Ursu, W. Ahne, S.E. LaPatra, D. Thomson, and B. Harrach (2002). First molecular evidence for the existence of distinct fish and snake adenoviruses. Journal of Virology 76(19): 10056-10059. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL Call Number: QR360.J6
Abstract: From adenovirus-like viruses originating from a fish and a snake species, a conserved part of the adenoviral DNA polymerase gene was PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the snake adenovirus is closely related to the members of the proposed genus Atadenovirus, whereas the fish isolate seems to represent a separate cluster, likely a new genus.
Descriptors: reptiles, snake, adenoviruses, molecular evidence, DNA, phylogenetic analysis.

Birkhead, R.D., M.I. Williams, S.M. Boback, and M.P. Greene (2004). The cottonmouth condo: a novel venomous snake transport device. Herpetological Review 35(2): 153-154. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, venomous snake, transport device, cottonmouth condo.

Boyer, T.H. (2006). Common procedures with venomous reptiles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice 9(2): 269-285. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.E95 E97
Abstract: Venomous reptiles should be handled in a safe and consistent manner, even after death. Owners and staff should be warned not to handle the venomous reptile, and one should have emergency protocols in place before the properly bagged and encased reptile is presented. It is important to know what one is treating as well as one's limitations. After being carefully removed from the bag, the venomous reptile may be transferred to a handling container, tubed, or squeezed with the appropriate equipment. The author usually induces injectable or gas anesthesia at this point. Veterinarians who are inexperienced with venomous reptiles should learn how to handle them through a reputable seminar or class before electing to see them in their practice.
Descriptors: venomous reptiles, bites and stings prevention and control, clinical competence, reptiles, snake venoms adverse effects, snakes, veterinary medicine.

Bucklin, S.E. and A.M. Brinker (2006). Crotaphytus collaris (eastern collared lizard). Herpetological Review 37(2): 240. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, Crotaphytus collaris, eastern collard lizard.

Burghardt, G.M. (2004). Iguana research: looking back and looking ahead. In: A.C. Alberts, R.L. Carter, W.K. Hayes and E.P. Martins (Editors), Iguanas: Biology and Conservation., University of California Press: Berkeley, Los Angeles and London., p. 1-12. ISBN: 0520238540.
Descriptors: reptiles, iguanas, biology, conservation, research, book chapter.

Burridge, M.J. and L.A. Simmons (2003). Exotic ticks introduced into the United States on imported reptiles from 1962 to 2001 and their potential roles in international dissemination of diseases. Veterinary Parasitology 113(3-4): 289-320. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Abstract: Since 1962, a total of 29 species of exotic ticks have been introduced into the United States on imported reptiles, with 17 species from the genus Amblyomma, 11 from the genus Aponomma and one from the genus Hyalomma. In the absence of measures to control introduction of these importations, some exotic tick species will develop breeding colonies and become established as indigenous species and some tickborne diseases may be introduced to wreak havoc among susceptible native populations. However, formulation of risk assessments and rational control measures have been hampered by a lack of knowledge of these exotic ticks, with much of the available data published in older and relatively obscure publications. This report is an attempt to collate information for all 29 exotic tick species, including previously unpublished data from our laboratory, with particular reference to their geographical distribution, hosts, life cycles and vector potential, and to review methods to minimize their global dissemination.
Descriptors: reptiles, exotic ticks, imported tick borne disease risks, disemination of disease, Amblyomma, Aponomma, Hyalomma, control.

Cebra Thomas, J., F. Tan, S. Sistla, E. Estes, G. Bender, C. Kim, P. Riccio, and S.F. Gilbert (2005). How the turtle forms its shell: a paracrine hypothesis of carapace formation. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution 304(6): 558-569. ISSN: print: 1552-5007; online: 1552-5015.
NAL Call Number: QL1.J87
Descriptors: turtle, bone development, anatomy, histology, embryology, bones cytology, chick embryo, evolution, gene expression regulation, genetics.

Cloudsley Thompson, J. (2006). The colouration and displays of venomous reptiles: a review. Herpetological Bulletin 95: 25-30. ISSN: 1473-0928.
Descriptors: venomous reptiles, coloration, displays, review.

Corrente, M., K.G. Friedrich, A. Madio, C. Desario, V. Tiri, and M. Campolo (2003). Comparison of different cultural media for the recovery of Salmonella strains from reptile faeces. In: Erkrankungen der Zootiere: Verhandlungsbericht des 41 Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungen der Zoo und Wildtiere. [Proceedings of the Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, No.5],May 28, 2003-June 1, 2003, Rome, Italy, p. 345.
Descriptors: reptiles, Salmonella, cultural media, comparison, reptile feces, strains.

Cowin, S. and J. Cebek (2006). Feasibility of using plastron markings in young wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) as a technique for identifying individuals. Herpetological Review 37(3): 305-307. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, wood turtles, Glyptemys insculpta, plastron markings, feasability, identifying individuals, technique.

Elsey, R.M. and P.L. Trosclair III (2004). A new live trap for capturing alligators. Herpetological Review 35(3): 253-255. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, capturing, new live trap.

Engeman, R.M., D.S. Vice, D. York, and K.S. Gruver (2002). Sustained evaluation of the effectiveness of detector dogs for locating brown tree snakes in cargo outbound from Guam. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49(2-3): 101-106. ISSN: 0964-8305.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I54
Descriptors: reptiles, Colubridae, brown tree snakes, Boiga irregularis, detection, detector dogs, odors, sea-transportation, container transport, effectiveness, inspection, Guam.
Notes: In the special issue: Vertebrate Deteriogens: Management of Vertebrate Pests and Over-abundant Wildlife / edited by M.W. Fall and W.B. Jackson.

Ernst, C.H. and E.M. Ernst (2006). Synopsis of helminths endoparasitic in snakes of the United States and Canada. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 34: 1-86. ISSN: 0161-147X.
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, synopsis, helminths, endoparasites, Canada, USA.

Fidenci, P. (2005). A new technique for capturing Pacific pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) and a comparison with traditional trapping methods. Herpetological Review 36(3): 266-267. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, Pacific pond turtles, Actinemys marmorata, capturing, new technique, traditional trapping methods, comparison.

Funk, R.S. (2002). Quarantine procedures and protocol for reptiles. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 16(16): 907-908. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: reptiles, quarantine, procedures, protocol, disease control, parasite control, ticks, Salmonela.
Notes: In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida. Includes references.

Gilbert, S. and J. Cebra Thomas (2006). How turtles form shells: heterotopy and heterochrony. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26(3, Suppl. S): 67A. ISSN: print: 0272-4634; online: 1937-2809.
Descriptors: reptiles, how turtles form shells, heterotopy, heterochrony, meeting.
Notes: Meeting Information: 66th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Ottawa, Canada; October 18-21, 2006.

Girling, S. and P. Raiti (Editors) (2004). BSAVA Manual of Reptiles. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 2nd edition, British Small Animal Veterinary Association: Quedgely, UK, 383 p. ISBN: 0905214757.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.R4 B74 2004
Descriptors: reptiles, manual, BSAVA, reptiles as pets, veterinary medicine handbook, reptile diseases.

Halpern, M., A.R. Cinelli and D. Wang (2005). Prey chemical signal transduction in the vomeronasal system of garter snakes. In: R.T. Mason, M.P. LeMaster and D. Mueller-Schwarze (Editors), Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10, Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.: New York, NY, p. 242-255. ISBN: 0387251596.
NAL Call Number: QP455 .I54 2003
Descriptors: reptiles, garter snakes, vomeronasal system, prey chemical signal transduction.

Heathcote, P. (2005). General reptile husbandry - Part 4. Ratel 32(2): 21-23. ISSN: 0305-1218.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.R37
Descriptors: reptiles, care, captivity, husbandry, housing, diet.

Heathcote, P. (2005). General reptile husbandry - Part 3. Ratel 32(1): 3-4. ISSN: 0305-1218.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.R37
Descriptors: reptiles, care, captivity, husbandry, diet, nutritional requirements, feeding.

Heathcote, P. (2004). General reptile husbandry - Part 1. Ratel 31(3): 9-12. ISSN: 0305-1218.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.R37
Descriptors: reptiles, husbandry, breeding, care.

Hochscheid, S., F. Bentivegna, and J.R. Speakman (2003). The dual function of the lung in chelonian sea turtles: buoyancy control and oxygen storage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 297(2): 123-140. ISSN: 0022-0981.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1J6
Descriptors: reptiles, chelonian sea turtles, lung, dual function, buoyancy control, oxygen storage.

Huchzermeyer, F.W. (2003). Crocodiles: Biology, Husbandry and Diseases., CABI Publishing: Wallingford, 337 p. ISBN: 0851996566.
Descriptors: reptiles, crocodiles, biology, husbandry, diseases.

Janzen, F.J. and P.C. Phillips (2006). Exploring the evolution of environmental sex determination, especially in reptiles. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19(6): 1775-1784. ISSN: 1010-061X.
Descriptors: reptiles, enviornmental sex determination, evolution, temperature sex determination, exploring, lizards, turtles, model organism.

Jeffery, J., M. Norhayati, A. Sulaiman, O. Hidayatulfathi, and S. Sallehudin (2003). Using the cockroach beaker-trap to trap house-lizards. Tropical Biomedicine 20(1): 91-92. ISSN: 0127-5720.
Descriptors: reptiles, house lizards, bait traps, cockroach beaker trap, traping house lizards.

Johnson, J.H. (2004). Husbandry and medicine of aquatic reptiles. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 13(4): 223-228. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, aquatic, husbandry, captivity, medicine, treatment, parasites, diseases, disorders, feeding, water quality.

Johnson, M.A. (2005). A new method of temporarily marking lizards. Herpetological Review 36(3): 277-279. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, temporarily marking, new method.

Jones, C.G. (2002). Reptiles and amphibians. In: M.R. Perrow and A.J. Davy (Editors), Handbook of Ecological Restoration: Restoration in Practice (Volume 2), Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, p. 355-375. ISBN: 0521791294.
NAL Call Number: QH541.15.R45 H36 2002
Descriptors: reptiles, amphibians, management, conservation, captive breeding, restoration ecology.

Kenny, M.J., S.E. Shaw, P.D. Hillyard, and A.B. Forbes (2004). Ectoparasite and haemoparasite risks associated with imported exotic reptiles. Veterinary Record 154(14): 434-435. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: reptiles, exotic, imported, risks, ectoparasites, hemoparasites, transmission.

Khabibullin, V.F. and M.V. Radygina (2005). A new trap design to sample small terrestrial lizards. Herpetological Review 36(4): 407-408. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, small terrestrial lizards, new trap design, sample.

Kienzle, E., G. Kopsch, P. Koelle, and M. Clauss (2006). Chemical composition of turtles and tortoises. Journal of Nutrition 136(7 Suppl): 2053s-2054s. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, tortoises, pets, nutrient requirements, animal feeding, body composition, chemical composition, animal growth, crude protein, ash content, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, liver, turtle shells, tortoise shells.
Notes: Poster presented at the Waltham International Sciences Symposium on "Innovations in Companion Animal Nutrition," September 14 - 18, 2005, Washington, DC.

Knapp, C.R. and A.K. Owens (2005). An effective new radio transmitter attachment technique for lizards. Herpetological Review 36(3): 264-266. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, radio telemetry, radio transmitter, attachment technique.

Koehler, G., V. Haecky and B. Eidenmuller (2005). Incubation of Reptile Eggs: Basics, Guidelines, Experiences., Krieger Publishing Company: Malabar, FL, 214 p. ISBN: 1575241935.
Descriptors: reptiles, incubation of eggs, basic care, guidelines, reptiles as pets.
Notes: Translation of: Inkubation von Reptilieneiern, translated by Valerie Haecky.

Krenz, J.G., G.J. Naylor, H.B. Shaffer, and F.J. Janzen (2005). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37(1): 178-191. ISSN: 1055-7903.
NAL Call Number: QH367.5.M56
Abstract: Turtles are one of Earth's most instantly recognizable life forms, distinguished for over 200 million years in the fossil record. Even so, key nodes in the phylogeny of turtles remain uncertain. To address this issue, we sequenced >90% of the nuclear recombination activase gene 1 (RAG-1) for 24 species representing all modern turtle families. RAG-1 exhibited negligible saturation and base composition bias, and extensive base composition homogeneity. Most of the relationships suggested by prior phylogenetic analyses were also supported by RAG-1 and, for at least two critical nodes, with a much higher level of support. RAG-1 also indicates that the enigmatic Platysternidae and Chelydridae, often considered sister taxa based on morphological evidence, are not closely related, although their precise phylogenetic placement in the turtle tree is still unresolved. Although RAG-1 is phylogenetically informative, our research revealed fundamental conflicts among analytical methods for estimating phylogenetic hypotheses. Maximum parsimony analyses of RAG-1 alone and in combination with two mitochondrial genes suggest the earliest phylogenetic splits separating into three basal branches, the pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelyidae), the softshell turtles (Trionychidae), and a clade comprising all remaining extant turtles. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses group Carettochelyidae and Trionychidae (=Trionychoidae) in their more traditional location as the sister taxon to all other hidden-necked turtles, collectively forming the Cryptodira. Our research highlights the utility of molecular data in identifying issues of character homology in morphological datasets, while shedding valuable light on the biodiversity of a globally imperiled taxon.
Descriptors: pig-nosed turtles, Carettochelyidae, soft shell turtles, Trionychidae, evolution, phylogeny, turtle genetics, base sequence, bayes theorem, mitochondrial DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence analysis, turtles classification, variation genetics.

Li, Y., X. Wu, X. Ji, P. Yan, and G. Amato (2007). The complete mitochondrial genome of salt-water crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and phylogeny of crocodilians. Journal of Genetics and Genomics 34(2): 119-128. ISSN: 1673-8527.
NAL Call Number: QH426
Descriptors: reptiles, crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, salt water, mitochindrial genome, complete, phylogeny, nucleotide sequence.

Lin, Y.J. and J.R. Edelman (2005). Chromocenters and regeneration of teeth in reptiles: a correlation. Nucleus Calcutta 48(3): 171-172. ISSN: 0029-568X.
Descriptors: reptiles, Iguana iguana, chromocenters, regeneration of teeth, correlation.

Lin, Z.H. and X. Ji (2005). Partial tail loss has no severe effects on energy stores and locomotor performance in a lacertid lizard, Takydromus septentrionalis. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 175(8): 567-573. ISSN: print: 0174-1578; online: 1432-136X.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Many species of lizards use caudal autotomy as a defense strategy to avoid predation, but tail loss entails costs. These topics were studied experimentally in the northern grass lizard, Takydromus septentrionalis. We measured lipids in the three-tail segments removed from each of the 20 experimental lizards (adult females) initially having intact tails to evaluate the effect of tail loss on energy stores; we obtained data on locomotor performance (sprint speed, the maximal length traveled without stopping and the number of stops in the racetrack) for these lizards before and after the tail-removing treatments to evaluate the effect of tail loss on locomotor performance. An independent sample of 20 adult females that retained intact tails was measured for locomotor performance to serve as controls for successive measurements taken for the experimental lizards. The lipids stored in the removed tail was positively correlated with tailbase width when holding the tail length constant, indicating that thicker tails contained more lipids than did thinner tails of the same overall length. Most of the lipids stored in the tail were concentrated in the proximal portion of the tail. Locomotor performance was almost unaffected by tail loss until at least more than 71% of the tail (in length) was lost. Our data show that partial tail loss due to predatory encounters or other factors may not severely affect energy stores and locomotor performance in T. septentrionalis.
Descriptors: reptiles, lacertid lizard, Takydromus septentrionalis, partial tail loss, energy stores, effects, locomotor performance, defense strategy, predation.

Lock, B.A. and L. McCaskill (2004). Operant conditioning for the husbandry and medical management of a large group of adult Nile crocodiles at Disney's Animal Kingdom. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 11: 59-61. ISSN: 1529-9651.
NAL Call Number: SF996.A77
Descriptors: reptiles, Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus, operant conditioning, husbandry, medical management, captive zoo animals.

Lohmann, C.M. and K.J. Lohmann (2006). Sea turtles. Current Biology 16(18): R784-R786. ISSN: 0960-9822.
Descriptors: sea turtles, physiology, animal migration, homing behavior, turtles anatomy and histology, turtles classification.

Lohmann, K.J. (2007). Sea turtles: navigating with magnetism. Current Biology 17(3): R102-R104. ISSN: 0960-9822.
Abstract: Young sea turtles use the Earth's magnetic field as a source of navigational information during their epic transoceanic migrations and while homing. A new study using satellite telemetry has now demonstrated for the first time that adult turtles also navigate using the Earth's magnetic field.
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, navigation, magnetism, Earth's magnetic field, transoceanic migrations.

Macey, J.R., J.A.I. Schulte, J.J. Fong, I. Das, and T.J. Papenfuss (2006). The complete mitochondrial genome of an agamid lizard from the Afro-Asian subfamily Agaminae and the phylogenetic position of Bufoniceps and Xenagama. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(3): 881-886. ISSN: 1055-7903.
NAL Call Number: QH367.5.M56
Descriptors: reptiles, agamid lizard, complete mitochondrial genome, subfamily, Agaminae, Bufoniceps, Xenagama.

MacNeill, A.L., E.W. Uhl, H. Kolenda Roberts, and E. Jacobson (2002). Mortality in a wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta) collection. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 31(3): 133-136. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A54
Descriptors: reptiles, turtles, Clemmys insculpta, mortality, liver, symptoms, disease outbreaks, developmental stages, vacuoles, case studies, Entamoeba invadens, diagnosis, clinical aspects, case study.

Manley, G.A. (2004). The lizard basilar papilla and its evolution. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research 22: 200-223. ISSN: 0947-2657.
Descriptors: reptiles, lizard, basilar papilla, evolution, auditory research.

Matsuda, Y., C. Nishida Umehara, H. Tarui, A. Kuroiwa, K. Yamada, T. Isobe, J. Ando, A. Fujiwara, Y. Hirao, O. Nishimura, J. Ishijima, A. Hayashi, T. Saito, T. Murakami, Y. Murakami, S. Kuratani, and K. Agata (2005). Highly conserved linkage homology between birds and turtles: bird and turtle chromosomes are precise counterparts of each other. Chromosome Research 13(6): 601-615. ISSN: print: 0967-3849; online: 1573-6849.
NAL Call Number: QH600.C47
Abstract: The karyotypes of birds, turtles and snakes are characterized by two distinct chromosomal components, macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. This close karyological relationship between birds and reptiles has long been a topic of speculation among cytogeneticists and evolutionary biologists; however, there is scarcely any evidence for orthology at the molecular level. To define the conserved chromosome synteny among humans, chickens and reptiles and the process of genome evolution in the amniotes, we constructed comparative cytogenetic maps of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata) using cDNA clones of reptile functional genes. Homology between the turtle and chicken chromosomes is highly conserved, with the six largest chromosomes being almost equivalent to each other. On the other hand, homology to chicken chromosomes is lower in the snake than in the turtle. Turtle chromosome 6q and snake chromosome 2p represent conserved synteny with the chicken Z chromosome. These results suggest that the avian and turtle genomes have been well conserved during the evolution of the Arcosauria. The avian and snake sex Z chromosomes were derived from different autosomes in a common ancestor, indicating that the causative genes of sex determination may be different between birds and snakes.
Descriptors: birds, turtles, chromosomes, linkage homology, counterparts, karyotypes, relationship, macrochromosomes, microchromosomes, DNA, karyological relationship.

McCord, W.P. and M. Joseph Ouni (2005). Chelonian illustrations #19 - American softshell turtles. Reptilia GB 39: 78-81. ISSN: 1138-4913.
Descriptors: reptiles, chelonian illustrations, American softshell turtles, markings.

Merchant, M.E., C. Roche, R.M. Elsey, and J. Prudhomme (2003). Antibacterial properties of serum from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 136(3): 505-513. ISSN: 1096-4959.
Descriptors: reptiles, American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, antibacterial properties, blood, serum, E. coli, serum complement system.

Metz, M., A.M. Piliponsky, C.C. Chen, V. Lammel, M. eAbrink, G. Pejler, M. Tsai, and S.J. Galli (2006). Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms. Science 313(5786): 526-530. ISSN: 0036-8075.
Abstract: Snake or honeybee envenomation can cause substantial morbidity and mortality, and it has been proposed that the activation of mast cells by snake or insect venoms can contribute to these effects. We show, in contrast, that mast cells can significantly reduce snake-venom-induced pathology in mice, at least in part by releasing carboxypeptidase A and possibly other proteases, which can degrade venom components. Mast cells also significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality induced by honeybee venom. These findings identify a new biological function for mast cells in enhancing resistance to the morbidity and mortality induced by animal venoms.
Descriptors: reptiles, snake, venoms, honeybee, resistance, mast cells, enhance, reduce snake venom pathology, bee morbidity, mortality.

Miller, H.C. (2006). Cloacal and buccal swabs are a reliable source of DNA for microsatellite genotyping of reptiles. Conservation Genetics 7(6): 1001-1003. ISSN: 1566-0621.
Descriptors: reptiles, DNA, microsatellite genotyping, cloacal, buccal, swabs, DNA sampling, blood sampling.

Olmo, E. (2005). Rate of chromosome changes and speciation in reptiles. Genetica 125(2-3): 185-203. ISSN: print: 0016-6707; online: 1573-6857.
Abstract: The chromosome changing rate (i.e. the number of chromosome rearrangements per million years) was studied in 1,329 reptile species in order to evaluate the karyological evolutionary trend and the existence of possible correlations between chromosome mutations and some aspects of the evolution of this class. The results obtained highlight the existence of a general direct correlation between chromosome changing rate and number of living species, although different trends can be observed in the different orders and suborders. In turtles, the separation of pleurodires from cryptodires was accompanied by a considerable karyological diversification. Among pleurodires, the evolution of the Chelidae and Pelomedusidae was also characterised by chromosome variation, while in cryptodires a marked karyological homogeneity is observed between and within infra-orders. Similarly there is no correlation between changing rate and species number in crocodiles, where the evolution of the families and genera has entailed few chromosome mutations. Chromosome variability was greater in lizards and snakes. In the formers variations in chromosome changing rate accompanied the separation of the infra-orders and the evolution of most of the families and of some genera. The origin of snakes has also been accompanied by a marked karyological diversification, while the subsequent evolution of the infra-orders and families has entailed a high level of chromosome variability only in colubroids. The karyological evolution in reptiles generally entailed a progressive reduction in chromosome changing rate, albeit with differences in the diverse orders and suborders. This trend seems to be consistent with the "canalization model" as originally proposed by Bickham and Baker in [Bickham, J.W. & R J. Baker, 1979. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 13: 70-84.] However, several inconsistencies have been found excluding that in this class the ultimate goal of chromosome variations was the achievement of a so-called "optimum karyotype'' as suggested by the above-mentioned theory. Other mechanisms could underpin chromosome variability in Reptiles. Among them a genomic composition more or less favourable to promoting chromosome rearrangements and factors favouring the fixation of a mutant karyotype in condition of homozygosis. Turtles and crocodiles would have a genome characterised by large chromosomes and a low level of chromosome compartmentalisation limiting the recombination and the frequency of rearrangements. A low rate of chromosome variability modifying little if at all the gene linkage groups would have favoured a conservative evolutionary strategy. In the course of evolution, lizards and snakes could have achieved a genome characterised by smaller chromosomes and a higher level of compartmentalisation. This would have raised the frequency of recombination and consequently an evolutionary strategy promoting a higher degree of variability and a greater level of speciation.
Descriptors: reptiles, chromosomes genetics, evolution, reptiles classification, reptiles genetics, species specificity.

Packard, G.C. and M.J. Packard (2004). Natural freeze-tolerance in reptiles. CryoLetters 25(3): 235-236. ISSN: 0143-2044.
Descriptors: reptiles, natural freeze tolerance, temperature, hibernation.

Piantoni, C., N.R. Ibarguengoytia, and V.E. Cussac (2006). Age and growth of the patagonian lizard Phymaturus patagonicus. Amphibia Reptilia 27(3): 385-392. ISSN: 0173-5373.
Descriptors: reptiles, patagonian lizard, Phymaturus patagonicus, age, growth, femoral bone analysis, sexual maturity, environment.

Platt, S.G. and T.R. Rainwater (2006). A review of morphological characters useful for distinguishing Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) and American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) with an emphasis on populations in the coastal zone of Belize. Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society 41(2): 25-29. ISSN: 0009-3564.
Descriptors: reptiles, American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus, Morelet's crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii, distinguishing, morphological characters, review, Belize.

Poschadel, J.R. and D. Moeller (2004). A versatile field method for tissue sampling on small reptiles and amphibians, applied to pond turtles, newts, frogs and toads. Conservation Genetics 5(6): 865-867. ISSN: 1566-0621.
NAL Call Number: QH75.A1 C56
Descriptors: reptiles, tissue sampling, versatile field method, small reptiles, amphibians, pond turtles, newts, frogs, toads.

Reichard, T. (2004). Reptile quarantine. Iguana 11(4): 247-249. ISSN: 1554-916X.
Descriptors: reptiles, quarentine, disease transmission, parasites.

Rice, A.N., K.G. Rice, J.H. Waddle, and F.J. Mazzotti (2006). A portable non-invasive trapping array for sampling amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Review 37(4): 429-430. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, sampling, trapping array, portable, non invasive.

Rose, R.J., J. Ng, and J. Melville (2006). A technique for restraining lizards for field and laboratory measurements. Herpetological Review 37(2): 194-195. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, lizards, restraining, field, laboratory, measurements, technique.

Rosskopf, W.J.J. and M.K. Shindo (2003). Syndromes and conditions of commonly kept tortoise and turtle species. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12(3): 149-161. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, tortoise, turtle, syndromes, conditons, common, captive pets.

Rowe, C.L. and S.M. Kelly (2005). Marking hatchling turtles via intraperitoneal placement of PIT tags: Implications for long-term studies. Herpetological Review 36(4): 408-410. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, hatchling turtles, Chrysemys picta, marking, PIT tags, intraperitoneal placement, long term studies.

Seebacher, F. and R. Shine (2004). Evaluating thermoregulation in reptiles: the fallacy of the inappropriately applied method. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4): 688-695. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Abstract: Given the importance of heat in most biological processes, studies on thermoregulation have played a major role in understanding the ecology of ectothermic vertebrates. It is, however, difficult to assess whether body temperature is actually regulated, and several techniques have been developed that allow an objective assessment of thermoregulation. Almost all recent studies on reptiles follow a single methodology that, when used correctly, facilitates comparisons between species, climates, and so on. However, the use of operative temperatures in this methodology assumes zero heat capacity of the study animals and is, therefore, appropriate for small animals only. Operative temperatures represent potentially available body temperatures accurately for small animals but can substantially overestimate the ranges of body temperature available to larger animals whose slower rates of heating and cooling mean that they cannot reach equilibrium if they encounter operative temperatures that change rapidly through either space or time. This error may lead to serious misinterpretations of field data. We derive correction factors specific for body mass and rate of movement that can be used to estimate body temperature null distributions of larger reptiles, thereby overcoming this methodological problem.
Descriptors: reptiles, thermoregulation, evaluating, studies, body temperature, heating, cooling, small animals, large animals, applied method.

Sells, P.G. (2003). Animal experimentation in snake venom research and in vitro alternatives. Toxicon 42(2): 115-133. ISSN: 0041-0101.
NAL Call Number: 391.8 T66
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, animal models, envenomation, laboratory animals, rodents, reviews, snake bites, venoms, reduction, alternatives.

Shine, R. (2005). Life-history evolution in reptiles. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 36: 23-46. ISSN: 1543-592X.
NAL Call Number: QH540.A55
Descriptors: reptiles, life history, evolution.

Sneary, M.G. and E.R. Lewis (2007). Tuning properties of turtle auditory nerve fibers: Evidence for suppression and adaptation. Hearing Research 228(1-2): 22-30. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: Second-order reverse correlation (second-order Wiener-kernel analysis) was carried out between spike responses in single afferent units from the basilar papilla of the red-eared turtle and band limited white noise auditory stimuli. For units with best excitatory frequencies (BEFs) below approximately 500Hz, the analysis revealed suppression similar to that observed previously in anuran amphibians. For units with higher BEFs, the analysis revealed dc response with narrow-band tuning centered about the BEF, combined with broad-band ac response at lower frequencies. For all units, the analysis revealed the relative timing and tuning of excitation and various forms of inhibitory or suppressive effects.
Descriptors: reptiles, turtle auditory nerve fibers, tuning properties, suppression, adaptation, auditory stimuli, basal papilla, frequencies.

Spotila, J.R. (2004). Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation, Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, MD, 227 p. ISBN: 0801880076.
NAL Call Number: QL666.C536 S69 2004
Descriptors: reptiles, sea turtles, biology, behavior, conservation.

Stahl, S.J. (2003). Pet lizard conditions and syndromes. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 12(3): 162-182. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: reptiles, pet lizard, conditions, syndromes, disease, parasites, seminar, veterinary.

Sun, W., P. Neuzil, T.S. Kustandi, S. Oh, and V.D. Samper (2005). The nature of the gecko lizard adhesive force. Biophysical Journal 89(2): L14-L17. ISSN: print: 0006-3495; online: 1542-0086.
Abstract: The extraordinary climbing skills of gecko lizards have been under investigation for a long time. Here we report results of direct measurement of single spatula forces in air with varying relative humidities and in water, by the force-distance method using an atomic force microscope. We have found that the presence of water strongly affects the adhesion force and from analysis of our results, we have demonstrated that the dominant force involved is the capillary force.
Descriptors: reptiles, gecko, epidermis physiology, ultrastructure, foot anatomy, histology, lizards anatomy, adhesive force, nature, locomotion stress, capillary force.

Tanimoto, M. (2005). [Jaws of amphibians and reptiles]. Clinical Calcium 15(4): 684-688. ISSN: 0917-5857.
Abstract: Big jaws of amphibians and reptiles are mainly treated in this article. In amphibians enlarged skulls are for the big jaw in contrast with human's skulls for the brain. For example, famous fossils of Homo diluvii testis are ones of salamanders in fact. In reptiles, mosasaur jaws and teeth and their ecology are introduced for instance.
Descriptors: amphibia anatomy, histology, jaw anatomy, histology, jaw physiology, reptiles anatomy, histology, ecology.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Tessier, N. and F.J. Lapointe (2003). Comparative efficiency of different sampling techniques to obtain DNA from freshwater turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(3): 710-712. ISSN: 1071-8443.
Descriptors: reptiles, freshwater turtles, obtain DNA, different samplng techniques, comparative efficiency.

Tipton, B.L. (2005). Snakes of the Americas: Checklist and Lexicon., Krieger Publishing Company: Malabar, 477 p. ISBN: 157524215X.
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, checklist, North America, South America.

Wilms, T. (2006). Krustenechsen - die Gattung Heloderma. [Venomous lizards - the genus Heloderma.]. Reptilia D 11(2): 18-25 Nr 58. ISSN: 1431-8997.
Descriptors: reptiles, Heloderma, venomous lizards.
Language of Text: German.

Wilson, K.A., P.M. Cavanagh, and J. Willepique (2003). Radiotransmitter attachment technique for box turtles (Terrapene spp.). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(3): 688-691. ISSN: 1071-8443.
Descriptors: reptiles, box turtles, radiotransmitter attachment, technique, Terrapene spp.

Winne, C.T., J.D. Willson, K.M. Andrews, and R.N. Reed (2006). Efficacy of marking snakes with disposable medical cautery units. Herpetological Review 37(1): 52-54. ISSN: 0018-084X.
NAL Call Number: QL640.H47
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, marking, disposable medical cautery units, efficacy.

Woolley, S.C., J.T. Sakata, and D. Crews (2004). Tracing the evolution of brain and behavior using two related species of whiptail lizards: Cnemidophorus uniparens and Cnemidophorus inornatus. ILAR Journal 45(1): 46-53. ISSN: 1084-2020.
Online: http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/45_1/html/v4501woolley.shtml
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Descriptors: reptiles, whiptail lizards, Cnemidophorus uniparens, Cnemidophorus inornatus, laboratory animals, animal models, females, parthenogenesis, triploidy, diploidy, dopamine, hormone receptors, literature reviews.

Wright, K. (2005). Reducing the incidence of reproductive problems in snakes and lizards. Exotic DVM 7(3): 58-62. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E96
Descriptors: reptiles, snakes, lizards, reproductive problems, reducing the incidence.

Zheng, J.F. and M.Y. Zhu (2005). Construction and characterization of a cDNA library from kidney/ urogenital complex tissues of one-week-old embryos of the softshelled turtle Trionyx sinensis. Acta Zoologica Sinica 51(6): 1156-1161. ISSN: 0001-7302.
Descriptors: reptiles, softshelled turtle, Trionyx sinensis, construction, cDNA library, kidney, urogenital tissue complex.
Language of Text: Chinese.