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Table of Contents Preface Introduction Biology General life history Female cover formation Male cover formation Ecology Management Identification Detection Monitoring Chemical control Oils Soaps Synthetic organic insecticides Growth regulators Pheromones Scale resistance to insecticides Biological control Cultural control Host-plant resistance Integrated pest management Economic Importance Morphology Glossary of morphological terms Materials and methods Collection and dry preservation Liquid preservation Slide mounting Temporary mounts Permanent mounts Key to adult females (microscopic characters) Field key to economic armored scales Results / Treatment of species 1. Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) -- Cyanophyllum scale 2. Abgrallaspis degenerata (Leonardi) -- Degenerate scale 3. Abgrallaspis ithacae (Ferris) -- Hemlock scale 4. Andaspis punicae (Laing) -- Litchi scale 5. Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) -- California red scale 6. Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) -- Yellow scale 7. Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) -- Oriental armored scale 8. Aonidiella taxus Leonardi -- Asiatic red scale 9. Aspidiella sacchari (Cockerell) -- Sugarcane scale 10. Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana -- Cryptomeria scale 11. Aspidiotus destructor Signoret -- Coconut scale 12. Aspidiotus excisus Green -- Aglaonema scale 13. Aspidiotus nerii BouchÄ -- Oleander scale 14. Aspidiotus spinosus Comstock -- Spinose scale 15. Aulacaspis rosae (BouchÄ) -- Rose scale 16. Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead -- White mango scale 17. Aulacaspis yasumatsui Takagi -- Cycad aulacaspis scale 18. Carulaspis juniperi (BouchÄ) -- Juniper scale 19. Carulaspis minima (Targioni Tozzetti) -- Minute cypress scale 20. Chionaspis americana Johnson -- Elm scurfy scale 21. Chionaspis corni Cooley -- Dogwood scale 22. Chionaspis furfura (Fitch) -- Scurfy scale 23. Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley -- Cooley Pine scale 24. Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) -- Pine needle scale 25. Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus) -- Willow scale 26. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus) -- Florida red scale 27. Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus Ferris -- Bifasciculate scale 28. Chrysomyphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) -- Dictyospermum scale 29. Clavaspis herculeana (Cockerell and Hadden) -- Herculeana scale 30. Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson) -- Elm armored scale 31. Comstockiella sabalis (Comstock) -- Palmetto scale 32. Cupressaspis shastae (Coleman) -- Redwood scale 33. Diaspidiotus ancylus (Putnam) -- Putnam scale 34. Diaspidiotus forbesi (Johnson) -- Forbes scale 35. Diaspidiotus gigas (Thiem and Gerneck) -- Poplar scale 36. Diaspidiotus juglansregiae (Comstock) -- Walnut scale 37. Diaspidiotus liquidambaris (Kotinsky) -- Sweetgum scale 38. Diaspidiotus osborni (Newell and Cockerell) -- Osborn scale 39. Diaspidiotus ostreaeformis (Curtis) -- European fruit scale 40. Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) -- San Jose scale 41. Diaspidiotus uvae (Comstock) -- Grape scale 42. Diaspis boisduvalii Signoret -- Boisduval scale 43. Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner) -- Pineapple scale 44. Diaspis echinocacti (BouchÄ) -- Cactus scale 45. Duplaspidiotus claviger (Cockerell) -- Camellia mining scale 46. Duplaspidiotus tesseratus (D'Emmerez de Charmoy) -- Tesserate scale 47. Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead) -- Holly scale 48. Epidiaspis leperii (Signoret) -- Italian pear scale 49. Fiorinia externa Ferris -- Elongate hemlock scale 50. Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti) -- Palm fiorinia scale 51. Fiorinia japonica Kuwana -- Coniferous fiorinia scale 52. Fiorinia theae Green -- Tea scale 53. Froggattiella penicillata (Green) -- Penicillate scale 54. Furcaspis biformis (Cockerell) -- Orchid scale 55. Furchadaspis zamiae (Morgan) -- Zamia scale 56. Gymnaspis aechmeae Newstead -- Flyspeck scale 57. Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) -- Latania scale 58. Hemiberlesia neodiffinis Miller and Davidson -- False diffinis scale 59. Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) -- Greedy scale 60. Howardia biclavis (Comstock) -- Mining scale 61. Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) -- Black thread scale 62. Kuwanaspis pseudoleucaspis (Kuwana) -- Bamboo diaspidid 63. Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) -- Purple scale 64. Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke -- Camellia scale 65. Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmelin) -- Fig scale 66. Lepidosaphes gloverii (Packard) -- Glover scale 67. Lepidosaphes pallida (Maskell) -- Maskell scale 68. Lepidosaphes pini (Maskell) -- Pine oystershell scale 69. Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis (BouchÄ) -- Cymbidium scale 70. Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus) -- Oystershell scale 71. Lepidosaphes yanagicola Kuwana -- Fire bush scale 72. Lindingaspis rossi (Maskell) -- Black araucaria scale 73. Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell) -- Japanese maple scale 74. Melanaspis lilacina (Cockerell) -- Dark oak scale 75. Melanaspis obscura (Comstock) -- Obscure scale 76. Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock) -- Gloomy scale 77. Mercetaspis halli (Green) -- Hall scale 78. Morganella longispina (Morgan) -- Plumose scale 79. Neopinnaspis harperi McKenzie -- Harper scale 80. Nuculaspis californica (Coleman) -- Black pineleaf scale 81. Nuculaspis pseudomeyeri (Kuwana) -- False Meyer scale 82. Nuculaspis tsugae (Marlatt) -- Shortneedle conifer scale 83. Odonaspis ruthae Kotinsky -- Bermuda grass scale 84. Parlatoreopsis chinensis (Marlatt) -- Chinese obscure scale 85. Parlatoria blanchardi (Targioni Tozzetti) -- Parlatoria date scale 86. Parlatoria camelliae Comstock -- Camellia parlatoria scale 87. Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) -- Olive scale 88. Parlatoria pergandii Comstock -- Chaff scale 89. Parlatoria pittospori Maskell -- Pittosporum scale 90. Parlatoria proteus (Curtis) -- Proteus scale 91. Parlatoria theae Cockerell -- Tea parlatoria scale 92. Parlatoria ziziphi Lucas -- Black parlatoria scale 93. Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) -- Fern scale 94. Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) -- Lesser snow scale 95. Pseudaonidia duplex (Cockerell) -- Camphor scale 96. Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerell) -- Peony scale 97. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) -- Trilobe scale 98. Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) -- False oleander scale 99. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) -- White peach scale 100.Pseudaulacaspis prunicola (Maskell) -- White prunicola scale 101.Pseudischnaspis bowreyi (Cockerell) -- Bowrey Scale 102. Pseudoparlatoria ostreata Cockerell -- Gray scale 103. Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides (Comstock) -- False parlatoria scale 104. Quernaspis quercus (Comstock) -- Oak scale 105. Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi (Cockerell) -- Dearness scale 106. Selenaspidus albus (McKenzie) -- White euphorbia scale 107. Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) -- Rufous scale 108. Situlaspis yuccae (Cockerell) -- Yucca scale 109. Unaspis citri (Comstock) -- Citrus snow scale 110. Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) -- Euonymus scale References Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Trees -- Diseases and pests.
Shrubs -- Diseases and pests.
Scale insects -- Identification.