Catalogue Query Results
Diaspis bromeliae (Kerner)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus bromeliae Kerner, 1778: 1-56. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; MEXICO; on Bromelia pinguin, Hibiscus sp., Canna sp., Billbergia zebrina, Olea fragrans. Described: female. Notes: Types presumed lost.
Aspidiotus bromeliae; Curtis, 1843d: 588. Change of combination.
Aspidiotes Bromeliae Bouché, 1844: 295. Type data: WEST INDIES: on Ananas sativus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Eberswalde: Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, Germany. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 169. Homonym of Coccus bromeliae Kerner 1778. Notes: This is also a misspelling of the generic epithet Aspidiotus.
Chermes bromeliae; Boisduval, 1868: 281. Change of combination.
Diaspis Bromeliae; Signoret, 1869d: 434. Change of combination.
Diaspis tillandsiae; Del Guercio, 1894: 156. Misidentification; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 169.
Aulacaspis bromeliae; Cockerell, 1894: 33. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: pineapple scale [Fuller1907, Blicke1965].
Foes: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus nigritus [HertinSi1972], Chilocorus politus [HertinSi1972], Lindorus lophanthae [HertinSi1972], Orcus sp. [HertinSi1972], Rhyzobius sp. [HertinSi1972]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Aphytis chrysomphali [Balach1954e], Aphytis proclia [Balach1954e], Aspidiotiphagus citrinus [Balach1954e], Encarsia citrina [HuangPo1998]. Encyrtidae: Coccidencyrtus malloi [PanisPi2001], Coccidencyrtus ochraceipes [Watson2002a], Plagiomerus hospes [DeSant1979], Plagiomerus sp. [PanisPi2001a].
Hosts: Amaryllidaceae: Agave vivipara [Hall1925]. Araliaceae: Hedera helix [Lepage1938]. Arecaceae: Chamaerops sp. [Borchs1966], Cocos campestris [LepineMi1931], Cocos weddelliana [LepineMi1931], Howea forsteriana [LepineMi1931], Kentia sp. [GhabboMo1996], Palmae sp. [Watson2002a], Phoenix paludosa [Balach1954e], Trachycarpus excelsus [LepineMi1931]. Bromeliaceae: Aechmea fasciata [KozarzRe1975], Aechmea sp. [MillerDa2005], Ananas [Brimbl1956b], Ananas comosus [Takaha1931b], Ananas sativus [Bouche1844], Ananas sp. [MillerDa2005], Aregelia sp. [Borchs1966], Billbergia sp. [MillerDa2005], Billbergia zebrina [Kerner1778, Comsto1883], Bromelia pinguin [Kerner1778, Cocker1899n], Bromelia sp. [MillerDa2005], Chevalieria sp. [MillerDa2005], Guzmania sp. [MillerDa2005], Neoregelia sp. [MillerDa2005], Nidularium innocentii [KozarHi1996], Nidularium sp. [MillerDa2005], Tillandsia amoena [DelGue1894], Tillandsia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Cannaceae: Canna sp. [Kerner1778, Essig1910a]. Lauraceae: Ocotea sp. [Watson2002a]. Liliaceae: Anthericum sp. [Borchs1966], Draceana sp. [GhabboMo1996]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus sp. [Kerner1778, Balach1954e]. Oleaceae: Olea fragans [Kerner1778, Essig1910a], Osmanthus sp. [Borchs1966]. Orchidaceae: Brassia sp. [Borchs1966], Cattleya sp. [MillerDa2005], Oncidium bifolium [Lizery1939]. Poaceae: Saccharum officinarum [Lepage1938]. Santalaceae: Iodina rhombifolia [Lizery1939], Jodina sp. [Watson2002a]
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1967a]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988]; Mozambique [Almeid1971]; Seychelles [Merril1953]; Sierra Leone [Giliom1966]; South Africa [Brain1919]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Frogga1914]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Watson2002a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Watson2002a], Ponape Island [Beards1966]); Fiji [Hinckl1963]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [WilliaWa1988], Tahiti [Watson2002a], Tahiti [WilliaWa1988]); Hawaiian Islands [Fullaw1932, MillerDa2005] (Hawaii [Heu2002], Kauai [Heu2002], Lanai [Heu2002], Maui [Heu2002], Molokai [Heu2002], Oahu [Kirkal1904b, Heu2002]); New Caledonia [Watson2002a] [Watson2002a]; Pitcairn Island [Watson2002a]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988]. Nearctic: Mexico [Balach1954e] [Watson2002a] (Veracruz [Cocker1899n]); United States of America (California [Carnes1907, MillerDa2005], Connecticut [Britto1923], District of Columbia [Merril1953, MillerDa2005], Florida [Cocker1897j, MillerDa2005], Illinois [Merril1953, MillerDa2005], Louisiana [Miller2005], Massachusetts [King1899c], Missouri [MillerDa2005], New Jersey [MillerDa2005], New York [Felt1901, MillerDa2005], Ohio [WebsteBu1902, MillerDa2005], Pennsylvania [MillerDa2005], Texas [MillerDa2005], Virginia [MillerDa2005], Wyoming [MillerDa2005]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda [Watson2002a]; Argentina [Lizery1939] (Buenos Aires [Watson2002a], Cordoba [Watson2002a], Salta [Watson2002a], Tucuman [Watson2002a]); Bahamas [Merril1953]; Belize [Watson2002a]; Brazil [CostaL1936] (Bahia [Watson2002a], Minas Gerais [Watson2002a], Rio Grande do Sul [Watson2002a], Rio de Janeiro [Lepage1938], Sao Paulo [Lepage1938]); Costa Rica [Merril1953]; Cuba [Merril1953]; Dominican Republic [Merril1953]; Guadeloupe [Watson2002a]; Guatemala [Watson2002a]; Guyana [Watson2002a]; Haiti [Watson2002a]; Jamaica [Giliom1966]; Martinique [Watson2002a]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Merril1953]); Saint Lucia [Watson2002a]; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines [Watson2002a]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [DeSant1979]); Venezuela [Watson2002a]. Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Tao1999]; China (Guangxi (=Kwangsi) [Hua2000], Hainan [Hua2000]); India [Watson2002a]; Malaysia [Watson2002a]; Philippines [Watson2002a]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Watson2002a]; Taiwan [Tao1999]. Palaearctic: Austria [Watson2002a]; Azores [Balach1954e]; Belgium [Balach1954e]; Bulgaria [Tzalev1968]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, MatileOr2001]; China [DanzigPe1998] [Tao1999]; Czechoslovakia [KozarzRe1975]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975]; Egypt [Hall1925] [Watson2002a]; France [Balach1954e, Foldi2001]; Germany [Balach1954e]; Hungary [FogaraKo1977]; Italy (invasive) [Balach1954e, LongoMaPe1995] (Longo et al. (1995) lists this as an introduced and acclimatized species.); Japan [Watson2002a] (Honshu [Kuwana1926]); Madeira Islands [Balach1954e]; Malta [Watson2002a]; Morocco [LepineMi1931] [Watson2002a]; Netherlands [Watson2002a]; Poland [Watson2002a]; Portugal [DanzigPe1998]; Russia [Archan1929]; Sicily (invasive) [LongoMaPe1995] (Longo et al. (1995) lists this as an introduced and acclimatized species.); South Korea [DanzigPe1998]; Spain [Watson2002a]; Sweden [KozarzRe1975]; Switzerland [KozarHi1996]; Turkey [DanzigPe1998] [Watson2002a]; United Kingdom (England [Balach1954e]).
BIOLOGY: Little information is available on this species. Brimblecombe (1956) states that development from the egg to adult takes about two months in the summer in Australia; several generations occur each year. Males are common. The preferred feeding site seems to be at the bases of the leaves. Heavy infestations also occur on the fruit and the leaf blade. Dziedzicka (1989) indicates that the "...species produces few generations per year." According to Murray (1980, 1982), in Australia the pineapple scale lays eggs that hatch in about 7 days, and development from the egg to the adult takes about 2 months. Reproduction is continuous with eggs present at all times of the year although there are several periods when adult females are most abundant. Adult males are common. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
STRUCTURE: Female scale circular, flat, thin, white, exuviae subcentral. Male scale white, elongate, definitely tricarinate (Ferris, 1937).
SYSTEMATICS: Diaspis bromeliae is similar to D. boisduvalii, but differs in easily distinguishable characters. In D. boisduvalii the large submarginal macroducts number 2 on each side just anterior to the second and third lobes, in D. bromeliae they number 6 or more (Williams & Watson, 1988).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. D. bromeliae is a pest of pineapples (Williams & Watson, 1988). The pineapple scale occasionally builds to severe infestations in pineapple plantations in Australia, but the populations usually are very localized and apparently are brought under control relatively rapidly by natural enemies. According to Brimblecombe (1956) dense colonies give the leaves a gray appearance and cause a lack of vigor in the plant. Heavily infested plants produce small fruit and numerous suckers. On many hosts the area surrounding the scale cover turns chlorotic. Ornamental bromeliads subjected to heavy infestations become unsightly with abundant yellow spotting. Murray (1980) states that heavily infested plants become weak and stunted, show conspicuous dying back of the foliage, and produce undersized, pinched-looking fruit in pineapple fields in Australia. Williams and Watson (1988) mention this species as a pest of pineapple. Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
KEYS: Colón-Ferrer & Medina-Gaud 1998: 91 [Key to species of Diaspis of Puerto Rico]; Gill 1997: 125 (female) [Key to California species of Diaspis]; Williams & Watson 1988: 100 (female) [Key to species of Diaspis in the tropical South Pacific Region]; Chou 1982: 118 (female) [Key to Chinese species of Diaspis]; Danzig 1971d: 844 (female) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]; Beardsley 1966: 531 (female) [Key to known Micronesian species of Diaspis]; Schmutterer 1959: 178 (female) [Bestimmungstabelle der deutschen Diaspis-Arten]; McKenzie 1956: 31 (female) [Key to the species of Diaspis Costa]; Balachowsky 1954e: 177 (female) [Tableau d'indentification des espèces du Diaspis Costa]; Hall 1946a: 515 (female) [Key to species of Diaspis]; Ferris 1942: SIV-446:52 (female) [Key to species of Diaspis]; Archangelskaya 1937: 82 (female) [Key to sepcies of Diaspis]; Fullaway 1932: 95 (female) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]; MacGillivray 1921: 321 (female) [Key to species of Diaspis]; Newstead 1901b: 152 (female) [Key to species of Diaspis].
CITATIONS: Almeid1971 [distribution, host: 10]; Archan1929 [distribution, host: 190]; Archan1937 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 82, 84-85]; Arnett1985 [economic importance: 241]; Balach1938a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 154]; Balach1954e [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 177, 182-185]; Beards1966 [distribution, host: 531]; Blicke1965 [taxonomy: 297, 307]; Bodenh1953 [taxonomy: 2]; Boisdu1868 [host, taxonomy: 281]; Boraty1968a [taxonomy: 33-34]; Borchs1937 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 104, 105]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 116]; Borchs1950b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 207]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 169]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 277]; Bouche1844 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 295-296]; Brain1919 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 222-223]; Brain1929 [distribution, host: 142]; Brimbl1956b [description, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 217-218]; Britto1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 366, 367]; Brown1965 [chemistry, distribution, host, taxonomy: 105-108]; CarnerPe1986 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 36-37]; Carnes1907 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 199-200]; Chou1982 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 118, 120-121]; Chou1986 [illustration: 523]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 33]; Cocker1895x [distribution, host: 260]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 335]; Cocker1897g [taxonomy: 107]; Cocker1897j [distribution, host: 4]; Cocker1899n [distribution, host: 29]; ColonFMe1998 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 92]; Comsto1883 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 86, 89-91]; Comsto1916 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 547, 550-552]; CostaL1936 [distribution, host: 191]; Curtis1843 [p. 588]; Curtis1843d [taxonomy: 588]; Danzig1964 [description, taxonomy: 650]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 844]; DanzigPe1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 245]; Dekle1965c [description, distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy: 10, 54]; DelGue1894 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 152-158]; DeLott1967a [distribution, host: 116]; DeSant1979 [biological control, distribution: 233]; Essig1910a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 213-214]; Ezzat1958 [distribution, host: 245]; FDACSB1982 [distribution, host: 10]; Felt1901 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 359]; Ferris1937 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: SI-33]; Ferris1941e [taxonomy: 41]; Ferris1942 [taxonomy: SIV-446:52]; FogaraKo1977 [pp. 389-391]; FogaraKo1977 [distribution: 388, 390, 392]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 306, 308]; Frogga1914 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 880]; Frogga1915 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 53]; Fullaw1932 [distribution, taxonomy: 95, 102]; Fuller1907 [taxonomy: 1035]; GhabboMo1996 [description, distribution, host: 345]; Giliom1966 [distribution, host: 423]; Gill1982c [distribution, host, illustration: 1]; Gill1997 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 125, 126, 130]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 630]; Hall1925 [description, distribution, host: 14-15]; Hall1946a [distribution, taxonomy: 515, 548]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 179-180]; Heu2002 [distribution, host: 21]; Hinckl1963 [distribution, host: 39]; HodgesHo2002a [taxonomy: 118]; Howell1975a [description, taxonomy: 414]; Hua2000 [distribution, host: 150]; HuangPo1998 [biological control: 1859]; Kawai1980 [distribution, taxonomy: 262]; Kerner1778 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 1-56]; King1899c [distribution, host: 227]; Kirkal1904b [distribution, host: 157]; Kotins1906a [distribution, host: 136]; KozarHi1996 [distribution, host: 95]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 83]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, host: 33]; Kuwana1926 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 15, 17-18]; Lamb1974 [distribution, economic importance: 42]; Lashin1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 133-134]; Leonar1901a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 576]; Leonar1920 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 183, 190-192]; Lepage1938 [distribution, host: 403-404]; LepineMi1931 [distribution, host: 250]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 66]; Lindin1924 [taxonomy: 175]; Lindin1932 [taxonomy: 26]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 181, 182]; Lindin1934e [taxonomy: 160]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 133]; Lindin1938 [taxonomy: 9]; Lizery1939 [distribution, host: 198-199]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 126]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 149]; Lupo1938 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 122, 134-138]; MacGil1921 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 321]; Mamet1943a [distribution, host: 159]; MatileOr2001 [distribution: 190]; McKenz1956 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 31, 105]; Merril1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 44-45]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 229]; Miller2005 [distribution: 487]; MillerDa1990 [economic importance, taxonomy: 302]; MillerDa2005 [description, distribution, host, economic importance: 182]; MoutiaMa1946 [biological control: 460]; MoutiaMa1947 [distribution, host: 9]; Muraka1970 [distribution, host: 89]; Murray1980 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 125-130]; Nakaha1982 [distribution, host: 30]; Newste1901b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 228]; NikolsYa1966 [biological control, distribution: 199, 261]; PanisPi2001 [biological control: 419]; PanisPi2001a [biological control, distribution: 423]; PerezGCa1985 [distribution: 316]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 348]; RosenDe1979 [biological control, distribution: 758]; Saakya1954 [distribution, host: 29]; Samway1984 [biological control, distribution, host: 99]; Schmut1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 575]; Schmut1957b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Schmut1959 [distribution, host: 178, 183]; Scott1952 [distribution, host: 35]; Signor1869d [description, distribution, taxonomy: 434]; SilvadGoGa1968 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 173]; Takagi1969a [distribution, taxonomy: 23]; Takagi1970 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 34]; Takaha1931b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 377-378]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1978 [distribution, host: 98]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 83]; Tzalev1968 [distribution, host: 213]; VieiraCaPi1983 [distribution, host: 120]; WalkerDe1979 [distribution: 76]; Watson2002 [taxonomy: 117]; Watson2002a [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 112]; Westco1973 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 415]; WilliaWa1988 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 102-103]; WilliaWi1988 [distribution, host: 64]; Wilson1917 [distribution, host: 47]; WongChCh1999 [distribution, illustration: 22, 63]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 267]; YunusHo1980 [biological control, distribution: 33, 214]; Zahrad1957 [distribution, taxonomy: 50]; Zahrad1990c [distribution, host: 16]; Zimmer1948 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 412, 415].
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