1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION In recent years, a great deal of meteorological data have been exchanged between the two principal climate data centers of the United States and the former Soviet Union: the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), in Asheville, North Carolina, and the All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information World Data Centre (RIHMI-WDC) in Obninsk, Russia. This was accomplished via Working Group VIII (Influence of Environmental Changes on Climate) of the bilateral initiative known as the Agreement on Protection of the Environment, established on May 23, 1972, by the United States and the U.S.S.R. Working Group VIII established the Climate Data Exchange and Management Agreement Project, the purpose of which is to promote the sharing of climatological data between NCDC and RIHMI- WDC. Surface meteorological and climatological data for the U.S.S.R. that have been received by NCDC from RIHMI-WDC to date include: monthly mean temperature data from 243 stations (1891-1988), daily temperature and precipitation data from 223 stations (1881-1989), 6-hourly observations from the above 223 stations (1936-1965), and 3-hourly observations from the above 223 stations (1966-1983). (All the hourly records extend at least through 1983; some extend through 1984, 1985, or 1986.) The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), through a cooperative agreement with NCDC, has packaged and made available to the public the first two of the databases referred to above. The monthly mean temperature data from 243 stations (1891-1988) are included in the Global Historical Climatology Network database (Vose et al. 1992); the daily temperature and precipitation data from 223 stations (1881-1989) are documented in Razuvaev et al. (1993). The purpose of this document is to make available the 6- and 3-hourly observations from this 223-station network. These hourly data represent a wealth of meteorological information for a large and climatologically important part of the earth's land area and are described in the following sections. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATABASE The data records contained in this numeric data package (NDP) include 24 types of meteorological observations from each of the 223 U.S.S.R. stations. These observations appear in each record of the database in the order given below. Relative humidity Water vapor pressure Sea level pressure Humidity deficit Pressure tendency characteristic Pressure tendency value Horizontal visibility Height of cloud base Dew point temperature Ground state (description of the state of the ground surface) Total cloud amount Low-cloud amount Wind direction Wind speed Precipitation amount Air pressure at station level Near-surface air temperature Soil surface temperature Past weather Present weather Atmospheric phenomena High-level cloud type Mid-level cloud type Low-level cloud type Characteristic of wind irregularity (only present in 6-hourly observations) Detailed descriptions of all variables are presented in Part 2. Observations of the last variable in the above list-characteristic of wind irregularity-are only present in the 6-hourly data, which run through 1965. Observations of all other variables are, for the most part, present throughout each station's record. Each record of the database contains entries for all variables at a specific observation hour. (Sample records are shown in Sect. 7, Table 8.) Over the period 1936-65 observations were carried out at 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 Local Mean Time (LMT). From 1966 through 1986, observations were made at 0000, 0300, 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 Moscow Legal Time (MLT). In the version of the database presented here, times of observation have been converted to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) (3 h earlier than MLT); the 6- and 3-hourly increments of GMT vary with station as a function of time zone (longitude). In converting LMT to GMT each station had to be assigned a specific time zone. For a small number of stations there was some uncertainty involved in this; however, the potential error is no more than 1 h in any case. Not all stations have data for 1936-86; some station records begin after 1936, some have gaps ranging from one month to several years, and most extend only through 1983 or 1984. An inventory of the 223-station network including each station's name, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) station number, latitude, longitude, elevation above sea level, and beginning and ending years of record is given in Table 1. Stations with gaps in their period of record are identified in Table 1, with these gaps presented in detail in Table 2. 3. CDIAC QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECKS An important part of the data packaging process at CDIAC involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. Data received by CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of their source. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA checks, examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. Some basic data checks had been performed by RIHMI-WDC and NCDC prior to the arrival of the data at CDIAC. Extensive documentation pertaining to the units, acceptable ranges, and coding of variables in the database was provided by RIHMI-WDC to CDIAC. This information provided a basis for data checks performed by CDIAC and comprises the bulk of the database description presented in Part 2. Descriptions of data checks performed and a few general comments on findings are presented below. - Station numbers in data files were verified through comparison with station inventory information provided in a separate file by RIHMI-WDC. - Dates in data records were checked. Checks included: - ensuring that the year of all 6-hourly observations was 1936 and 1965 and that the year of all 3-hourly observations was 1966 and 1986; ensuring that the month, day, and hour of each observation contained reasonable values (e.g., all months were checked for the correct number of days, and the hour of each observation was checked to make sure it corresponded with the hourly increments prescribed in the RIHMI-WDC documentation); - ensuring that data records were sorted chronologically. - Gaps were searched for in the period of record of each station. This included: - looking for missing individual hourly entries. Where these were discovered, an entry with the appropriate time was inserted that included missing indicators (composed of 9 s) for all meteorological variables. This was done to maintain hour-to-hour continuity (i.e., four and eight entries per day, for the 6- and 3-hourly observations, respectively); - checking for missing days in each month that had at least partial data for the month (hourly entries with missing data codes were inserted for the few missing days that were found); - checking for missing months or years of data. This type of occurrence is fairly common in the database. Records with missing data values were not inserted where these larger-scale gaps occurred; rather, these occurrences have been detailed in Table 2. - Values for each variable were checked to make sure they were within the acceptable and reasonable ranges prescribed in the RIHMI-WDC documentation. When values outside these ranges were discovered, the complement and/or quality flags associated with that particular variable were set to 9 to indicate suspect data. (See Sect. 6 for details on ranges and data flags.) - Values of all data flags were checked for validity using the RIHMI-WDC documentation. Flags determined to be invalid based upon RIHMI-WDC documentation were set to "9" to indicate that the associated data value should be interpreted with caution. 4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE PACKAGE The U.S.S.R. 6- and 3-hourly database is available free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available on 8mm tape or from CDIAC's anonymous FTP (file transfer protocol) area via the Internet. (Users are asked to contact CDIAC for assistance if neither of these mediums is suited to their particular computing environment.) Obtaining the data from CDIAC's anonymous FTP area requires a computer with FTP software and access to the Internet. A sampling of commands used to obtain the station inventory file from this database is shown below. CDIAC FTP server responses are enclosed in brackets to offset them from user commands. These brackets will not appear in an FTP session. For a full description of commands, contact CDIAC. >ftp cdiac.esd.ornl.gov or >ftp 128.219.24.36 [Name:] anonymous [Password:] YOU@your internet address [Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.] [ftp>] cd /pub/ndp048 [ftp>] dir [ftp>] get station.inv [ftp>] quit [ftp> Goodbye] For non-FTP data acquisitions, users may request data from CDIAC using the following information: Address: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A. Telephone: (615) 574-3645 (Voice) (615) 574-2232 (Fax) Electronic mail: Internet: CDIAC@ORNL.GOV 5. REFERENCES Razuvaev, V. N., E. G. Apasova, and R. A. Martuganov. 1993. Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data for 223 USSR Stations. ORNL/CDIAC-56, NDP-040. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Vose, R. S., R. L. Schmoyer, P. M. Steurer, T. C. Peterson, R. Heim, T. R. Karl, and J. K. Eischeid. 1992. The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data. ORNL/CDIAC-53, NDP-041. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. PART 2 CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES 6. FILE DESCRIPTIONS This section describes the content and format of each of the 40 files that comprise this NDP (Table 3). File names and numbers and brief descriptions of the files are given below. NDP048.TXT (File 1) describes the details of the database. It containes the text from Sect. 1 through 7 of this document. INVENT.FOR (File 2) contains a FORTRAN program for reading STATION.INV (File 12). GAPS.FOR (File 3) contains a FORTRAN program for reading GAPS.DAT (File 13). TIMEZONE.FOR (File 4) contains a FORTRAN program for reading TIMEZONE.DAT (File 14). HISTORY.FOR (File 5) contains a FORTRAN program for reading STATION.HIS (File 15). DATA.FOR (File 6) contains a FORTRAN program for reading USSR01.DAT- USSR25.DAT (Files 16-40). INVENT.SAS (File 7) contains a SAS program for reading STATION.INV (File 12). GAPS.SAS (File 8) contains a SAS program for reading GAPS.DAT (File 13). TIMEZONE.SAS (File 9) contains a SAS program for reading TIMEZONE.DAT (File 14). HISTORY.SAS (File 10) contains a SAS program for reading STATION.HIS (File 15). DATA.SAS (File 11) contains a SAS program for reading USSR01.DAT-USSR25.DAT (Files 16-40). STATION.INV (File 12) contains the name, WMO number, latitude, longitude, elevation, beginning month and year of record, and ending month and year of record for each of the 223 stations. GAPS.DAT (File 13) contains information on stations that have at least one gap at least one month in duration at any time during their period of record. TIMEZONE.DAT (File 14) contains the time zone of each of the 223 stations, expressed as the number of time zones (hours) east of GMT (referenced by WMO number). This information may be used for converting observations at each U.S.S.R. station from GMT to LMT. STATION.HIS (File 15) contains information on rain gauge replacement dates and information on the date, direction, and distance of any station relocations. USSR01.DAT-USSR25.DAT (Files 16-40) contain the 6- and 3-hourly meteorological observations from the 223 stations. Table 3. Size and format information for the NDP files File number File size Logical Record and description (kB) records length 1. NDP048.TXT: 118.70 2,524 80 Electronic version of Sects. 1-7 of this document. Describes the database. 2. INVENT.FOR: 0.42 13 80 FORTRAN program for reading station.inv. 3. GAPS.FOR: 0.22 10 80 FORTRAN program for reading gaps.dat. 4. TIMEZONE.FOR: 0.22 9 80 FORTRAN program for reading timezone.dat. 5. HISTORY.FOR: 0.36 11 80 FORTRAN program for reading station.his. 6. DATA.FOR: 2.5 46 80 FORTRAN program for reading ussr01.dat ussr25.dat. 7. INVENT.SAS: 0.20 7 80 SAS program for reading station.inv. 8. GAPS.SAS: 0.11 6 80 SAS program for reading gaps.dat. 9. TIMEZONE.SAS: 0.12 6 80 SAS program for reading timezone.dat. 10. HISTORY.SAS: 0.18 7 80 SAS program for reading station.his. 11. DATA.SAS: 1.0 22 80 SAS program for reading ussr01.dat-ussr25.dat. 12. STATION.INV: 16.1 223 71 contains station location data and period of record information. for each of the 223 stations. 13. GAPS.DAT: 5.2 200 25 contains information on gaps in stations' periods of record. 14. TIMEZONE.DAT: 2.0 223 8 contains time zone information for each station. Used for converting GMT to LMT. 15. STATION.HIS: 23.5 810 28 contains information on rain gauge replacements and station relocations. 16. USSR01.DAT: 111,303 869,556 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 20674-22583 17. USSR02.DAT: 103,086 805,364 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 22602-23219 18. USSR03.DAT: 108,499 847,648 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 23405-23884 19. USSR04.DAT: 113,609 887,572 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 23891-24641 20. USSR05.DAT: 112,037 875,296 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 24688-25173 21. USSR06.DAT: 108,403 846,900 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 25551-26063 22. USSR07.DAT: 99,049 773820 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 26188-26730 23. USSR08.DAT: 110,294 861,672 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 26781-27648 24. USSR09.DAT: 110,341 862,044 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 27823-28440 25. USSR10.DAT: 114,435 894,028 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 28493-29263 26. USSR11.DAT: 109,746 857,396 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 29282-30054 27. USSR12.DAT: 112,845 881,608 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 30230-30692 28. USSR13.DAT: 112,660 880,160 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 30710-31088 29. USSR14.DAT: 113,706 888,332 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 31168-31594 30. USSR15.DAT: 109,230 853,360 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 31707-32098 31. USSR16.DAT: 110,867 866,148 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 32165-33377 32. USSR17.DAT: 101,154 790,268 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 33393-33915 33. USSR18.DAT: 101,576 793,568 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 33946-34300 34. USSR19.DAT: 105,500 824,224 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 34391-35078 35. USSR20.DAT: 114,889 897,572 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 35108 35416 36. USSR21.DAT: 116,835 912,780 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 35542 36665 37. USSR22.DAT: 112,486 878,804 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 36729 37385 38. USSR23.DAT: 111,924 874,412 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 37472 38413 39. USSR24.DAT: 113,595 887,468 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 38457 38836 40. USSR25.DAT: 87,210 681,332 127 contains 6- and 3-hourly data for stations 38880 38987 (The file sizes given above are the actual size of files in non-compressed form. Files in CDIAC's anonymous ftp area are compressed and are approx. 1/4 this size.) NDP048.TXT (FILE 1) This file provides a detailed description of the database. It is an electronic version of Sects. 1-7 of this document (figures excluded). INVENT.FOR (FILE 2) This file contains the FORTRAN program to read station.inv (File 12). The following is a listing of the program. C FORTRAN program to read "station.inv" (File 12) C INTEGER WMO, BMONTH, BYEAR, EMONTH, EYEAR REAL LAT, LON, ELEV CHARACTER NAME*25 OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='station.inv') 10 READ (1,100,END=99)WMO, NAME, LAT, LON, ELEV, BMONTH, * BYEAR, EMONTH, EYEAR 100 FORMAT (I5, 1X, A25, 1x, F5.2, 1x, F7.2, 1x, F6.1, 4x, * I2, 1x, I4, 1x, i2, 1x, i4) GO TO 10 99 STOP END GAPS.FOR (FILE 3) This file contains the FORTRAN program to read gaps.dat (File 13). The following is a listing of the program. C FORTRAN program to read "gaps.dat" (File 13) C INTEGER WMO CHARACTER GAP*17 OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='gaps.dat') 10 READ (1,100,END=99)WMO, GAP 100 FORMAT (I5, 3X, A17) GO TO 10 99 STOP END TIMEZONE.FOR (FILE 4) This file contains the FORTRAN program to read timezone.dat (File 14). The following is a listing of the program. C FORTRAN program to read "timezone.dat" (File 14) C INTEGER WMO, ZONE OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='timezone.dat') 10 READ (1,100,END=99)WMO, ZONE 100 FORMAT (I5, 1X, I2) GO TO 10 99 STOP END HISTORY.FOR (FILE 5) This file contains the FORTRAN program to read station.his (File 15). The following is a listing of the program. C FORTRAN program to read "station.his" (File 15) C INTEGER WMO, YEAR, MONTH, DAY CHARACTER TYPE*4, DIST*2, DIRECT*3 OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='station.his') 10 READ (1,100,END=99) WMO, TYPE, YEAR, MONTH, DAY, DIST, * DIRECT 100 FORMAT (I5, 1X, A4, 1X, A4, 1X, I2, 1X, I2, 1X, A2, 1X, A3) GO TO 10 99 STOP END DATA.FOR (FILE 6) This file contains a FORTRAN program for reading any of the U.S.S.R. 6- and 3-hourly data files (ussr01.dat-ussr25.dat; Files 16-40). C FORTRAN program to read the USSR 6- and 3-hourly data files C INTEGER WMO,YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, RH, RHQF, VAPORP,VAPQF, * SLP, SLPQF, HDEF, HDEFQF, PCHR, PCHRQF, PTND, * PTNDQF, VIS, VISCF, VISQF, HCLD, HCLDCF, HCLDQF, TDEW, * TDEWQF, GRND, GRNDQF, TCLD, TCLDCF, TCLDQF, LCLD, LCLDCF, * LCLDQF, WDIR, WDIRQF, WSPD, WSPDQF, PRCP, PRCPCF, PRCPQF, * STAP, STAPQF, SOILT, SOILQF, W, WCF, WQF, WW, WWQF, AIRT, * AIRTQF, APH1, APH1CF, APH1QF, APH2, APH2CF, APH2QF, APH3, * APH3CF, APH3QF, APH4, APH4CF, APH4QF, APH5, APH5CF, * APH5QF, APH6, APH6CF, APH6QF, APH7, APH7CF, APH7QF, CLDH, * CLDHCF, CLDHQF, CLDM, CLDMQF, CLDL1, CLDL1F, CLDL2, * CLDL2F, CLDL3, CLDL3F, WIR, WIRF OPEN (UNIT=1, FILE='ussr01.dat') 10 READ(1,100,END=99)WMO,YEAR,MONTH,DAY,HOUR,RH,RHQF,VAPORP, * VAPQF, SLP, SLPQF, HDEF, HDEFQF, PCHR, PCHRQF, PTND, * PTNDQF, VIS, VISCF, VISQF, HCLD, HCLDCF, HCLDQF, * TDEW, TDEWQF, GRND, GRNDQF, TCLD, TCLDCF, TCLDQF, LCLD, * LCLDCF, LCLDQF, WDIR, WDIRQF, WSPD, WSPDQF, PRCP, PRCPCF, * PRCPQF, STAP, STAPQF, SOILT, SOILQF, W, WCF, WQF, WW, * WWQF, AIRT, AIRTQF, APH1, APH1CF, APH1QF, APH2, APH2CF, * APH2QF, APH3, APH3CF, APH3QF, APH4, APH4CF, APH4QF, APH5, * APH5CF, APH5QF, APH6, APH6CF, APH6QF, APH7, APH7CF, * APH7QF, CLDH, CLDHCF, CLDHQF, CLDM, CLDMQF, CLDL1, CLDL1F, * CLDL2, CLDL2F, CLDL3, CLDL3F, WIR, WIRF 100 FORMAT (I5, I3, 3I2, 2(I3,I1), I5, I1, I3, 3I1, I3, I1, I2, * 2I1, I2, 2I1, I3, 3I1, 2(I2,2I1), 2(I2,I1), I4, 2I1, I5, * I1, I3, 4I1, I2, I1, I4, 35I1) GO TO 10 99 STOP END INVENT.SAS (FILE 7) This file contains the SAS program to read station.inv (File 12). The following is a listing of the program. * SAS program to read "station.inv" (File 12); *; DATA INVENT; INFILE 'station.inv'; INPUT WMO 1-5 NAME $ 7-31 LAT 33-37 LON 39-45 ELEV 47-52 BMONTH 57-58 BYEAR 60-63 EMONTH 65-66 EYEAR 68-71; RUN; GAPS.SAS (FILE 8) This file contains the SAS program to read gaps.dat (File 13). The following is a listing of the program. * SAS program to read "gaps.dat" (File 13); *; DATA GAPS; INFILE 'gaps.dat'; INPUT WMO 1-5 GAP $ 9-25; RUN; TIMEZONE.SAS (FILE 9) This file contains the SAS program to read timezone.dat (File 14). The following is a listing of the program. * SAS program to read "timezone.dat" (File 14); *; DATA ZONES; INFILE 'timezone.dat'; INPUT WMO 1-5 ZONE 7-8; RUN; HISTORY.SAS (FILE 10) This file contains the SAS program to read station.his (File 15). The following is a listing of the program. * SAS program to read "station.his" (File 15); *; DATA HIST; INFILE 'station.his'; INPUT WMO 1-5 TYPE $ 7-10 YEAR 12-15 MONTH 17-18 DAY 20-21 DIST $ 23-24 DIRECT $ 26-28; RUN; DATA.SAS (FILE 11) This file contains a SAS program (listed below) for reading any of the U.S.S.R. 6- and 3-hourly data files (ussr01.dat-ussr25.dat; Files 16-40). * SAS program to read "ussr01.dat" (File 15); *; DATA USSR; INFILE 'ussr01.dat'; INPUT WMO 1-5 YEAR 6-8 MONTH 9-10 DAY 11-12 HOUR 13-14 RH 15-17 RHQF 18 VAPORP 19-21 VAPQF 22 SLP 23-27 SLPQF 28 HDEF 29-31 HDEFQF 32 PCHR 33 PCHRQF 34 PTND 35-37 PTNDQF 38 VIS 39-40 VISCF 41 VISQF 42 HCLD 43-44 HCLDCF 45 HCLDQF 46 TDEW 47-49 TDEWQF 50 GRND 51 GRNDQF 52 TCLD 53-54 TCLDCF 55 TCLDQF 56 LCLD 57-58 LCLDCF 59 LCLDQF 60 WDIR 61-62 WDIRQF 63 WSPD 64-65 WSPDQF 66 PRCP 67-70 PRCPCF 71 PRCPQF 72 STAP 73-77 STAPQF 78 SOILT 79-81 SOILQF 82 W 83 WCF 84 WQF 85 WW 86-87 WWQF 88 AIRT 89-92 AIRTQF 93 APH1 94 APH1CF 95 APH1QF 96 APH2 97 APH2CF 98 APH2QF 99 APH3 100 APH3CF 101 APH3QF 102 APH4 103 APH4CF 104 APH4QF 105 APH5 106 APH5CF 107 APH5QF 108 APH6 109 APH6CF 110 APH6QF 111 APH7 112 APH7CF 113 APH7QF 114 CLDH 115 CLDHCF 116 CLDHQF 117 CLDM 118 CLDMQF 119 CLDL1 120 CLDL1F 121 CLDL2 122 CLDL2F 123 CLDL3 124 CLDL3F 125 WIR 126 WIRF 127; RUN; STATION.INV (FILE 12) This file contains the WMO number, name, latitude, longitude, elevation, beginning month and year of record, and ending month and year of record for each of the 223 stations. Stated in tabular form, the contents include Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column WMO Numeric 5 1 5 NAME Character 25 7 31 LAT Numeric 5 33 37 LON Numeric 7 39 45 ELEV Numeric 6 47 52 BMONTH Numeric 2 57 58 BYEAR Numeric 4 60 63 EMONTH Numeric 2 65 66 EYEAR Numeric 4 68 71 where WMO is the WMO No. of the station; NAME is the name of the station; LAT is the latitude of the station in decimal degrees north; LON is the longitude of the station in decimal degrees east; ELEV is the elevation of the station above sea level (meters); missing elevations are coded as -999.9; BMONTH is the beginning month of the station's period of record; BYEAR is the beginning year of the station's period of record; EMONTH is the ending month of the station's period of record; EYEAR is the ending year of the station's period of record. GAPS.DAT (FILE 13) This file contains information on stations that have at least one gap at least one month in duration at any time during their period of record. There are only two variables in the file: WMO (WMO station number, a numeric variable in columns 1-5) and GAP (month/year with no data or the range of months/years with no data, a character variable in columns 9-25). TIMEZONE.DAT (FILE 14) This file contains information for converting observations at each U.S.S.R. station from GMT to LMT. There are only two variables in the file: WMO (WMO station number, a numeric variable in columns 1-5) and ZONE (the number of hours that must be added to the GMT of an observation at that particular station to attain the LMT of the observation, a numeric variable in columns 7-8). STATION.HIS (FILE 15) This file contains information on rain gauge replacement dates and information on the date, direction, and distance of any station relocations. There are two types of entries for each station. One type contains the station's WMO No. and rain gauge replacement date. The other type contains the station's WMO No. and a relocation date, distance, and direction. The file is sorted by WMO No., year, month, and day. Stated in tabular form, the contents include: Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column WMO Numeric 5 1 5 TYPE Character 4 7 10 YEAR Numeric 4 12 15 MONTH Numeric 2 17 18 DAY Numeric 2 20 21 DIST Character 2 23 24 DIRECT Character 3 26 28 where WMO is the WMO No. of the station; TYPE is the type of change indicated by this entry. The possible values of TYPE are as follows: RAIN = rain gauge replacement (i.e., change from old-type gauge to Tretyakov-type gauge). Each station will have only one RAIN entry. When this type of entry is used, DIST and DIRECT (described below) are not relevant and thus are coded as blanks; MOVE = station relocation. Each station will have at least one MOVE entry. If a station moved on more than one occasion, then separate entries are included for each relocation. If a station never moved, then that station will have only one MOVE entry; in this entry, YEAR, MONTH, DAY, DIST, and DIRECT (described below) are all coded as missing. In other words, if a station has only one MOVE entry, and if all variables in that MOVE entry are coded as missing, then the given station never moved; YEAR is the year in which the change took place. Missing years are coded as 999; MONTH is the month in which the change took place. Missing months are coded as 9; DAY is the day on which the change took place. Missing days are coded as 9; DIST is the distance (in km) that the station was moved. Missing distances are coded as 9. A distance of zero indicates that the station moved less than 1 km. DIST only applies to station relocation entries (i.e., lines in which TYPE = MOVE). In rain gauge replacement entries (i.e., lines in which TYPE = RAIN), DIST is not relevant and thus is coded as blanks; and DIRECT is the direction in which the station was moved (e.g., N = north, SE= southeast). Missing directions are coded as 99. DIRECT only applies to station relocation entries (i.e., lines in which TYPE = MOVE). In rain gauge replacement entries (i.e., lines in which TYPE = RAIN), DIRECT is not relevant and thus is coded as blanks. USSR01.DAT-USSR25.DAT (Files 16-40) These files contain the 6- and 3-hourly meteorological observations from the 223 stations. The date and time in all data records correspond with GMT. Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following numeric variables: Variable Starting Ending Variable width column column WMO 5 1 5 YEAR 3 6 8 MONTH 2 9 10 DAY 2 11 12 HOUR 2 13 14 RH 3 15 17 RHQF 1 18 18 VAPORP 3 19 21 VAPQF 1 22 22 SLP 5 23 27 SLPQF 1 28 28 HDEF 3 29 31 HDEFQF 1 32 32 PCHR 1 33 33 PCHRQF 1 34 34 PTND 3 35 37 PTNDQF 1 38 38 VIS 2 39 40 VISCF 1 41 41 VISQF 1 42 42 HCLD 1 43 44 HCLDCF 1 45 45 HCLDQF 1 46 46 TDEW 3 47 49 TDEWQF 1 50 50 GRND 1 51 51 GRNDQF 1 52 52 TCLD 2 53 54 TCLDCF 1 55 55 TCLDQF 1 56 56 LCLD 2 57 58 LCLDCF 1 59 59 LCLDQF 1 60 60 WDIR 2 61 62 WDIRQF 1 63 63 WSPD 2 64 65 WSPDQF 1 66 66 PRCP 4 67 70 PRCPCF 1 71 71 PRCPQF 1 72 72 STAP 5 73 77 STAPQF 1 78 78 SOILT 3 79 81 SOILQF 1 82 82 W 1 83 83 WCF 1 84 84 WQF 1 85 85 WW 2 86 87 WWQF 1 88 88 AIRT 4 89 92 AIRTQF 1 93 93 APH1 1 94 94 APH1CF 1 95 95 APH1QF 1 96 96 APH2 1 97 97 APH2CF 1 98 98 APH2QF 1 99 99 APH3 1 100 100 APH3CF 1 101 101 APH3QF 1 102 102 APH4 1 103 103 APH4CF 1 104 104 APH4QF 1 105 105 APH5 1 106 106 APH5CF 1 107 107 APH5QF 1 108 108 APH6 1 109 109 APH6CF 1 110 110 APH6QF 1 111 111 APH7 1 112 112 APH7CF 1 113 113 APH7QF 1 114 114 CLDH 1 115 115 CLDHCF 1 116 116 CLDHQF 1 117 117 CLDM 1 118 118 CLDMQF 1 119 119 CLDL1 1 120 120 CLDL1F 1 121 121 CLDL2 1 122 122 CLDL2F 1 123 123 CLDL3 1 124 124 CLDL3F 1 125 125 WIR 1 126 126 WIRF 1 127 127 where WMO is the WMO number of the station; YEAR is the year (Greenwich) of the observations in the record; MONTH is the month (Greenwich) of the observations in the record; DAY is the day (Greenwich) of the observations in the record; HOUR is the GMT of the observations in the record; RH is the relative humidity of the air (expressed in percent) as determined by use of a psychrometer. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the observed vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure for the observed air temperature. Values of observations may range from 0 to 100%. Missing observations are coded as 999; RHQF is the quality flag for the relative humidity observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); VAPORP is the water vapor pressure of the air [expressed in tenths of hectopascals (hPa)] as determined by use of a psychrometer. The water vapor pressure is the partial pressure of the water vapor contained in the air. Values of observations considered valid may range from 0.0 to 95.0 hPa. VAPQF is the quality flag for the water vapor pressure observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); SLP is the sea level pressure of the air (expressed in tenths of hPa) as determined by use of a barometer. Because a station would rarely be able to position a barometer precisely at sea level, the air pressure measured at a station is reduced to sea level by using a standard barometric height formula. Values of observations considered valid may range from 900.0 to 1100.0 hPa. At stations located above a certain elevation (500 m through 1980; 800 m since 1981), air pressure is not reduced to sea level, but is assigned the missing code 99999; SLPQF is the quality flag for the sea level pressure observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); HDEF is the humidity deficit (saturation deficiency); the difference between the saturation vapor pressure and the actual water vapor pressure at a given temperature and pressure as measured in tenths of hPa. Valid values may range from 0.0 to 95.0 hPa; HDEFQF is the quality flag for the humidity deficit observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); PCHR is the pressure tendency characteristic, corresponding to the shape of the barograph trace of air pressure at the station for the preceding 3-h period. This is a coded value ranging from 0 to 8, as explained below: 0 = increasing, then decreasing; pressure unchanged or higher than 3 h ago; 1 = increasing, then steady; increasing, then weaker increase; current pressure is higher than 3 h ago; 2 = uniform or non-uniform increase; current pressure is higher than 3 h ago; 3 = decreasing, then increasing; steady, then increasing; or increasing, then increasing more rapidly; current pressure is higher than 3 h ago;; 4 = steady; pressure is the same as 3 h ago; 5 = decreasing, then increasing; pressure is the same or lower than 3 h ago; 6 = decreasing, then steady; or decreasing then decreasing more slowly; current pressure is lower than 3 h ago; 7 = decreasing steadily or unsteadily; current pressure is lower than 3 h ago; 8 = increasing, then decreasing; steady, then decreasing; or decreasing, then decreasing more quickly; current pressure is lower than 3 h ago; PCHRQF is the quality flag for the pressure tendency characteristic (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); PTND is the pressure tendency value (i.e., the absolute difference between the current air pressure at the station and that which was observed 3 h before). The sign of PTND is indicated by the value of PCHR: if PCHR = 0, 1, 2, or 3, then PTND is positive; if PCHR is equal to 4 then PTND should equal 0; and, if PCHR is equal to 5, 6, or 7, then PTND is negative. Values are given in tenths of hPa; observations considered valid may range from 0.0 to 20.0 hPa; PTNDQF is the quality flag for the pressure tendency value (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); VIS is the horizontal visibility, given as a coded value indicating distance in km. The horizontal visibility is defined as the maximum distance at which an absolutely black body of rather large angular dimensions (over 15 angular min) can be distinguished against the background of the sky in daylight, or the distance at which an unfocused light source of a given intensity becomes indistinguishable at night. Horizontal visibility depends on atmospheric phenomena. Thus, in the fog it can be reduced to 0, while in clear arctic air it can reach hundreds of km. Coded values may range from 00 to 50 and from 56 to 99. Codes 00-50 and 56-89 are used when visibility is measured using instruments; codes 90-99 are used when visibility is estimated visually. The codes and their meanings are as follows: 00-50 = indicates visibility in tenths of km (i.e., 0.0 km to 5.0 km). For example, 25 = 2.5 km (00 is the code for visibility less than 0.1 km); 51-55 = not used; 56-80 = the range 6 km to 30 km. Visibility in whole kilometers may be determined by subtracting 50 from the code, e.g., a code of 65 indicates the visibility is 15 km; 81 = 35 km; 82 = 40 km; 83 = 45 km; 84 = 50 km; 85 = 55 km; 86 = 60 km; 87 = 65 km; 88 = 70 km; 89 = >70 km; 90 = <0.05 km; 91 = 0.05 km; 92 = 0.2 km; 93 = 0.5 km; 94 = 1 km (about 1/2 mile); 95 = 2 km (about 1 mile); 96 = 4km (about 2 miles); 97 = 10 km (about 6 miles); 98 = 20 km (about 12 miles); and 99 = >50 km (>30 miles). If VIS = 99 with both the complement and quality flags set to 9 (see below), the observation is missing. VISCF is the horizontal visibility complement flag. VISCF = 0 indicates the visibility corresponds to the value given for VIS; VISCF = 1 indicates the visibility is actually greater than the value given for VIS; VISCF = 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation; VISQF is the quality flag for the horizontal visibility value (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); HCLD is the height above ground of the base of the lowest cloud. This height is usually coded in hundreds of meters, as detailed in the following: 00 = 50 m with fog present; 01-25 = 100 m to 2500 m, e.g., 10 = 1000 m; 98 = no clouds below 2500 m, however there may be mid- or high-level clouds whose height has not been determined; 99 = no clouds or traces of clouds whose height has not been determined; or observation is missing if both complement and quality flags are set to 9 (see below); HCLDCF is the complement flag for the lowest cloud height observation. A value of 0 means the height was measured using instrumentation; a value of 1 indicates the height was estimated visually. This flag is set to 9 in the case of a suspect or missing observation; HCLDQF is the quality flag for the lowest cloud height observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); TDEW is the dew point temperature in whole degrees celsius. The dew point temperature is defined as the temperature to which moist air must be cooled, with air pressure and water vapor pressure held constant, in order that it just reach saturation with respect to the water in the air. The dew point is determined by using a psychrometer. Observations considered valid may range from -70 to +40 C; TDEWQF is the quality flag for the dew point temperature (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); GRND is the ground state, a visual observation of the state of the ground surface in the vicinity of the station made usually near 0800 and 2000 LMT. This is a coded value as detailed in the following: 0 = surface of ground dry (no appreciable amount of dust or loose sand); 1 = surface of ground moist (no pools); 2 = surface of ground wet (standing water in small or large pools on surface); 3 = surface of ground frozen; 4 = glaze on ground, but no snow or melting snow; 5 = ice, snow, or melting snow covering less than one-half of the ground; 6 = ice, snow, or melting snow covering more than one-half of the ground; 7 = ice, snow, or melting snow covering ground completely; 8 = loose dry snow, dust, or sand covering more than one-half of the ground; 9 = loose dry snow, dust, or sand covering ground completely; GRNDQF is the quality flag for the ground state observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); TCLD is the total cloud amount, estimated visually by an observer according to a 10-point system (i.e., in tenths of sky cover). A value of 0 indicates no clouds present or <1/10 sky cover, a value of 10 indicates an overcast sky (with or without gaps amounting to <1/10 sky cover; see explanation of complement flag below), and a value of 99 indicates a missing observation. The gaps between individual cloud elements, typical of some cloud genera (e.g., altocumulus and stratocumulus) are not to be included as part of the total cloud cover estimate (i.e., they are counted as clear sky); TCLDCF is the total cloud amount complement flag. TCLDCF = 1 is used if 10-point cloudiness (overcast) is observed with gaps; TCLDCF = 0 is coded for all other valid cloud amounts; and TCLDCF = 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation; TCLDQF is the quality flag for the total cloud amount observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); LCLD is the low-cloud amount, estimated visually by an observer according to a 10-point system (i.e., in tenths of sky cover). A value of 0 indicates no low clouds present or <1/10 of the sky is covered with low clouds. The gaps between individual cloud elements, typical of some cloud genera (e.g., stratocumulus and cumulus) are not to be included as part of the low cloud cover estimate (i.e., they are counted as clear sky); LCLDCF is the low-cloud amount complement flag. TCLDCF = 1 is used if 10-point cloudiness (overcast) is observed with gaps; TCLDCF =0 is coded for all other valid low-cloud amounts; and TCLDCF = 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation; LCLDQF is the quality flag for the total cloud amount observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); WDIR is the direction from which the wind is blowing, as measured 10-12 m above ground level. This is a coded observation, the values for which are given as follows: Code Wind direction ---- -------------- 00 = calm winds 02 = NNE 05 = NE 07 = ENE 09 = E 11 = ESE 14 = SE 16 = SSE 18 = S 20 = SSW 23 = SW 25 = WSW 27 = W 29 = WNW 32 = NW 34 = NNW 36 = N 99 = variable winds; WDIRQF is the quality flag for the wind direction observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); WSPD is the wind speed in m/s as measured 10-12 m above ground level. Observations considered valid may range from 0 to 60 m/s; WSPDQF is the quality flag for the wind speed observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); PRCP is the precipitation amount to the nearest tenth of a millimeter. Observations considered valid may range from 0 to 5000 (0 mm to 500 mm). Rain gauges are positioned 2 m above ground level, and were read at 0700 and 1900 LMT from 1936 through 1965. In 1946, the old-style gauge (exact type unknown) was replaced with the Tretyakov-type gauge (see Appendix A for the date of implementation at each site). Beginning in 1966, gauges were read at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 MLT in time zone 2; at 0300, 0600, 1500, and 1800 MLT in zones 3 5; at 0300 and 1500 MLT in zones 6 8; at 0000, 0300, 1200, and 1500 MLT in zones 9-11; and at 2100, 0300, 0900, and 1500 MLT in zone 12. Also, beginning in 1966, wetting corrections of 0.2 mm were applied to each hourly measurement. (Because four observations per day were collected at stations in time zones 2-5 and 9-12, four corrections were counted in the calculation of daily totals; therefore, total daily corrections are higher for stations in these areas.) From 1966 onward, readings at some stations were also taken at the observing hours closest to 0800 and 2000 LMT. Beginning in 1986, readings at 0300 and 1500 MLT were discontinued at all stations except those in time zone 2. PRCPCF is the precipitation amount complement flag. It is set to 1 if a trace of precipitation has been measured, i.e., <0.1 mm. This flag is set to 0 for all other valid precipitation observations, and is set to 9 for suspect or missing precipitation observations; PRCPQF is the quality flag for the precipitation amount (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); STAP is the pressure of the air at station level (expressed in tenths of hPa) as determined by use of a barometer. Values of observations considered valid may range from 600.0 to 1100.0 hPa. Validity is of course assessed by considering the station's elevation above sea level; SLPQF is the quality flag for the station level pressure observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); SOILT is the soil surface temperature, expressed in whole degrees celsius. Soil surface temperature is measured at a smooth, unshaded site that is devoid of vegetation. When the ground is snow-covered, the thermometer is placed on the snow surface and the temperature of the snow cover is measured. Observations considered valid may range from -75 to +75 C; SOILQF is the quality flag for the soil surface temperature (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); W is the past weather code, used in describing meteorological conditions observed between the past and current observations. At 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT this code describes weather from the previous 6-hour period; at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 GMT it describes weather for the previous 3-hour period. The codes and their meanings are as follows: 0 = clear sky or no more than 5/10s cloud amount; 1 = variable sky; cloud amount was less than and greater than 5/10 sky cover during the preceding three hours; 2 = overcast or cloud amount greater than 5/10s; 3 = sand or dust storm, or drifting or blowing snow; 4 = fog, ice fog, or thick haze or smoke; 5 = drizzle; 6 = rain; 7 = snow, or rain and snow mixed; 8 = shower(s); 9 = thunderstorm, with or without precipitation; WCF is the past weather complement flag. It is set to 0 when used with the previously defined past weather codes, however it is set to 1 for past weather codes 3, 7, and 8 if the past weather also included a snowstorm. The complement flag is set to 9 in the case of a suspect or missing past weather observation; WQF is the quality flag for the past weather observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); WW is the present weather code, reflecting the meteorological conditions at the time of observation or during the preceding 1-h period. Codes range from 00 to 99 and are defined as follows: Code Present weather 00-19 = no precipitation, fog, dust storm, sandstorm, drifting or blowing snow at the station at the time of observation and, except for codes 09 and 17, during preceding hour; 00 = cloud development conditions unknown 01 = cloud generally dispersing; 02 = state of sky on the whole unchanged; 03 = clouds generally forming or developing; 04 = visibility reduced by smoke or volcanic ash; 05 = haze; 06 = widespread dust in suspension in the air; 07 = dust or sand raised by wind at or near the station at the time of observation; 08 = well developed dust whirl(s) seen at or near the station; 09 = dust storm within sight; 10 = mist, steam mist (light fog); 11 = patches of shallow fog, or, from 1966 onward, ice fog; 12 = more or less continuous shallow fog, or, from 1966 onward, ice fog; 13 = lightning visible, no thunder heard; 14 = precipitation within sight, not reaching the ground; 15 = precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the surface of the sea, but distant (i.e. estimated to be more than 5 km from the station); 16 = precipitation within sight, reaching the ground or the surface of the sea, near to, but not at the station; 17 = thunderstorm, but no precipitation at the station or within sight; 18 = squall; 19 = funnel cloud; 20-29 = precipitation, fog, ice fog, or thunderstorm at the station during the preceding hour but not at the time of the observation; 20 = drizzle or snow grains; 21 = rain; 22 = snow; 23 = rain and snow or ice pellets; 24 = freezing drizzle or freezing rain; 25 = showers of rain; 26 = showers of snow, or of rain and snow; 27 = shower of hail, or ice pellets; 28 = fog or ice fog; 29 = thunderstorm; 30-39 = dust storm or sandstorm, drifting or blowing snow at the time of observation; 30 = slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm subsiding; 31 = slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm, no appreciable change during the preceding hours; 32 = slight or moderate dust storm or sandstorm, increasing; 33 = severe dust storm or sandstorm, decreasing; 34 = severe dust storm or sandstorm with no appreciable change; 35 = severe dust storm or sandstorm, increasing; 36 = slight or moderate drifting snow; 37 = heavy drifting snow; 38 = slight or moderate blowing snow; 39 = heavy blowing snow; 40-49 = fog or ice fog at the time of observation; 40 = fog or ice fog near the station; 41 = fog or ice fog in patches; 42 = fog or ice fog decreasing, sky discernible; 43 = fog or ice fog decreasing, sky not discernible; 44 = fog, or, from 1966 onward, ice fog; sky discernible; no appreciable change; 45 = fog, or, from 1966 onward, ice fog; sky not discernible; no appreciable change; 46 = fog or ice fog, sky discernible, becoming thicker; 47 = fog or ice fog, sky not discernible, becoming thicker; 48 = fog, depositing rime, sky discernible; 49 = fog, depositing rime, sky not discernible; 50-59 = drizzle at the station at the time of observation; 50 = drizzle intermittent, slight at time of observation; 51 = drizzle continuous, slight at time of observation; 52 = drizzle intermittent, moderate at time of observation; 53 = drizzle continuous, moderate at time of observation; 54 = drizzle intermittent, heavy at time of observation; 55 = drizzle continuous, heavy at time of observation; 56 = drizzle, freezing, slight; 57 = drizzle, freezing, heavy; 58 = drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy; 59 = drizzle and rain, moderate or heavy; 60-69 = rain at the station at the time of observation; 60 = rain intermittent, slight; 61 = rain continuous, slight; 62 = rain intermittent, moderate; 63 = rain continuous, moderate; 64 = rain intermittent, heavy; 65 = rain continuous, heavy; 66 = rain, freezing, slight; 67 = rain, freezing, moderate or heavy; 68 = rain or drizzle and snow, slight; 69 = rain or drizzle and snow, moderate or heavy; 70-79 = solid precipitation not in showers at the time of observation; 70 = intermittent fall of snow flakes, slight; 71 = continuous fall of snow flakes, slight; 72 = intermittent fall of snow flakes, moderate; 73 = continuous fall of snow flakes, moderate; 74 = intermittent fall of snow flakes, heavy; 75 = continuous fall of snow flakes, heavy; 76 = diamond dust; 77 = snow grains; 78 = isolated starlike snow crystals; 79 = ice pellets; 80-90 = showery precipitation at the time of observation; 80 = rain shower(s), slight; 81 = rain shower(s), moderate or heavy; 82 = rain shower(s), violent; 83 = shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, slight; 84 = shower(s) of rain and snow mixed, moderate or heavy; 85 = snow shower(s), slight; 86 = snow shower(s), moderate or heavy; 87 = shower(s) of snow pellets or small hail, slight; 88 = shower(s) of snow pellets or small hail, moderate or heavy; 89 = shower(s) of hail, slight; 90 = shower(s) of hail, moderate or heavy; 91-99 = thunderstorm during the preceding hour or at the time of observation; 91 = slight rain at time of observation, thunderstorm, during the preceding hour; 92 = moderate or heavy rain at time of observation, thunderstorm during the preceding hour; 93 = slight snow or hail at the time of observation, thunderstorm during the preceding hour; 94 = moderate or heavy snow or hail at the time of observation, thunderstorm during preceding hour; 95 = thunderstorm, slight or moderate with rain and/or snow at the time of observation; 96 = thunderstorm, slight or moderate with hail at the time of observation; 97 = thunderstorm, heavy, with rain or snow at time of observation; 98 = thunderstorm, combined with dust storm or sandstorm at time of observation; 99 = thunderstorm, heavy, with hail at the time of observation; WWQF is the quality flag for the present weather observation (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); AIRT is the air temperature (tenths of degrees celsius), measured 2m above ground or snow surface level. Observations considered valid may range from -70.0 to +55.0 C; AIRTQF is the quality flag for air temperature (0 indicates a valid observations; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); APH1-APH7 are seven atmospheric phenomena groups, used for reporting various atmospheric phenomena during the ten minutes preceding the observation hour. These phenomena are observed visually, as are estimates of their intensity. Atmospheric phenomena intensity can be weak, moderate or strong. The phenomena are described by means of codes that are particular to each of the seven groups. A coded value of 0 indicates that atmospheric phenomena were not observed at the time of observations. Additional codes and their meanings are as follows: APH1 group: 1 = not used; 2 = not used; 3 = dew; 4 = rime; 5 = crystalline frost, grain frost; 6 = glazed frost; 7 = rime and crystalline frost; 8 = rime and glazed frost; 9 = crystalline frost and glazed frost; APH2 group: 1 = not used before 1966, from 1966 onward: snow haze; 2 = haze; 3 = mist; 4 = ground fog; 5 = crystalline fog, sky visible; 6 = ice fog; 7 = fog, sky visible; 8 = fog; 9 = not used before 1966, from 1966 onward: shallow ice fog; APH3 group: 1 = drifting dust; 2 = funnel cloud; 3 = dust storm; 4 = whirl; 5 = drifting snow; 6 = blowing snow; 7 = blizzard; 8 = snow storm; 9 = not used; APH4 group: 1 = before 1966: corona around sun/moon; not used from 1966 onward; 2 = sunshine; 3 = before 1966: halo around sun/moon; not used from 1966 onward; 4 = snow grains and sunshine; 5 = snow pellets and sunshine; 6 = snow grains; 7 = snow pellets; 8 = ice pellets; 9 = ice pellets and sunshine; APH5 group: 1 = not used; 2 = glazed rain; 3 = drizzle; 4 = rain; 5 = rain shower; 6 = glazed rain, rain; 7 = glazed rain, rain shower; 8 = not used; 9 = not used; APH6 group: 1 = not used; 2 = mirage; 3 = ice needles; 4 = snow melting; 5 = snow melting shower; 6 = not used; 7 = snow; 8 = snow shower; 9 = not used; APH7 group: 1 = not used; 2 = sea soaring (lake or river soaring); 3 = polar lights; 4 = sea soaring and polar lights; 5 = summer lightning; 6 = before 1966, thunderstorm in the distance; not used from 1966 onward; 7 = thunderstorm; 8 = hail; 9 = thunderstorm and hail; APH1CF- are the corresponding complement flags for the seven atmospheric APH7CF phenomena groups. These flags are used to denote whether or not an observation has been made, and if so, to denote the intensity of the phenomena. A complement flag of 0 accompanying an atmospheric phenomena code of 0 means none of the phenomena in a particular group have been observed. When accompanying a nonzero phenomena code, a complement flag of 0 denotes phenomena of weak intensity, 1 denotes moderate intensity, and 2 denotes strong intensity. A complement flag of 9, when accompanied by a quality flag of 9 (see below) indicates a suspect or missing observation; APH1QF- are quality flags for the seven atmospheric phenomena groups (0 APH7QF indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); CLDH is the coded value for the high-level cloud type. High clouds are defined as those with bases higher than 6000 m and include cirrus (Ci), cirrocumulus (Cc), and cirrostratus (Cs) clouds. Codes have the following meanings: 0 = cloud type is not indicated, but low- or mid-level clouds observed, with total cloud amount ranging anywhere from 1/10 to overcast with gaps; high-level clouds are absent or amount to less than 1/10 sky cover; 1 = Ci; 2 = Cc; 3 = Cs; 4 = Ci and Cc; 5 = Ci and Cs; 6 = Cc and Cs; 7 = Ci, Cc, and Cs; 8 = high cloud presence and type cannot be determined because of continuous fog or snowstorm; or high-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined because of overcast conditions at lower levels; 9 = complete absence of clouds or, in the case of translucent fog, clear in the zenith; CLDHCF is the high-level cloud type complement flag. It is set to 0 when the high-level cloud type has been determined with no fog present; set to 1 when the high-level cloud type has been determined with translucent fog or when the high-level cloud type cannot be determined because of continuous fog; and set to 9 if the high-level cloud type is suspect or missing. CLDHQF is the high-level cloud type quality flag (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); CLDM is the coded value for the mid-level cloud type. Mid-level clouds are defined as those with bases between 2000 m and 6000 m; they include altocumulus (Ac) and altostratus (As) clouds. Codes have the following meanings: 0 = cloud type is not indicated, but high-level clouds (amount ranging from 1/10 to overcast) and/or low-level clouds (amount ranging from 1/10 to overcast with gaps) observed; mid-level clouds are absent or amount to less than 1/10 sky cover; 1 = Ac; 2 = As; 3 = not used; 4 = Ac and As; 5-7 = not used; 8 = mid-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined due to fog or snowstorm; or mid-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined because of overcast at lower levels; 9 = complete absence of clouds or, in the case of translucent fog, clear in the zenith; CLDMQF is the mid-level cloud type quality flag (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); CLDL1 is the first of three code groups for describing low-level cloud type. Low-level clouds are defined as those with bases lower than 2000 m; they include stratocumulus (Sc), stratus (St), nimbostratus (Ns), cumulus (Cu), and cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds. Codes have the following meanings: 0 = cloud type is not indicated, but high- or mid-level clouds observed, with total cloud amount ranging anywhere from 1/10 to overcast; low-level clouds of the CLDL1 group (see below) are absent or amount to less than 1/10 sky cover; 1 = Cu; 2 = Cb; 3 = not used; 4 = Cu and Cb; 5-7 = not used; 8 = low-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined due to fog or snowstorm; 9 = complete absence of clouds or, in the case of translucent fog, clear in the zenith; CLDL1F is the low-level cloud type quality flag for the first low-level cloud group (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); CLDL2 is the second of three code groups for describing low-level cloud type. Low-level clouds are defined as those with bases lower than 2000 m; they include stratocumulus (Sc), stratus (St), nimbostratus (Ns), cumulus (Cu), and cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds. Codes have the following meanings: 0 = cloud type is not indicated, but high- or mid-level clouds observed, with total cloud amount ranging anywhere from 1/10 to overcast; low-level clouds of the CLDL2 group (see below) are absent or amount to less than 1/10 sky cover; 1 = St; 2 = Sc; 3 = not used; 4 = St and Sc; 5-7 = not used; 8 = low-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined due to fog or snowstorm; 9 = complete absence of clouds or, in the case of translucent fog, clear in the zenith; CLDL2F is the low-level cloud type quality flag for the second low-level cloud group. (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation.); CLDL3 is the third of three code groups for describing low-level cloud type. Low-level clouds are defined as those with bases lower than 2000 m; they include stratocumulus (Sc), stratus (St), nimbostratus (Ns), cumulus (Cu), and cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds. Codes have the following meanings: 0 = cloud type is not indicated, but high- or mid-level clouds observed, with total cloud amount ranging anywhere from 1/10 to overcast; low-level clouds of the CLDL3 group (see below) are absent or amount to less than 1/10 sky cover; 1 = not used; 2 = Ns; 3 = fractostratus (Fs) and fractocumulus (Fc) of bad weather (also known as scud); 4-5 = not used; 6 = Ns and Frnb; 7 = not used; 8 = low-level cloud presence and type cannot be determined due to fog or snowstorm; 9 = complete absence of clouds or, in the case of translucent fog, clear in the zenith; CLDL3F is the low-level cloud type quality flag for the third low-level cloud group (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation); WIR is the wind irregularity characteristic. It is a coded value used to describe the wind speed as steady or gusty and the wind direction as constant or variable. The wind is considered to be steady if its speed remains essentially constant over the course of two min; otherwise it is considered gusty. The wind direction is considered constant if over the course of two min it varies within one compass point; otherwise it is considered to be variable. Observations of this variable are only present in the 6-hourly data records (i.e., in the pre-1966 data). The 3-hourly records (1966 onward) contain a value of 9 to indicate missing data. For the pre-1966 data, a value of 9 is also used to indicate a missing value. Codes for observations have the following meanings: 0 = no wind; 1 = steady speed, constant direction; 2 = steady, variable; 3 = gusty, constant; 4 = gusty, variable; 5 = characteristic is not defined; 6 = the wind speed and direction at this hour are considered suspect. WIRF is the wind irregularity characteristic quality flag (0 indicates a valid observation; 9 indicates a suspect or missing observation). 7. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT The data files contained in this NDP can be read by using the FORTRAN and SAS programs provided. Users should verify that the data have been correctly transported to their systems by visually examining each data file. To facilitate the visual inspection process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 4-8. Each of these tables contains the first five and last five lines of the data file. Table 4. Partial listing of "station.inv" (File 12) First five lines of the file: 20674 OSTROV DIKSON 73.50 80.40 42.0 01/1936 12/1984 20891 HATANGA 71.98 102.47 30.0 01/1936 12/1984 21946 COKURDAH 70.62 147.88 0.0 08/1944 12/1984 21982 OSTROV VRANGELJA 70.97 -178.37 2.0 01/1936 12/1984 22113 MURMANSK 68.97 33.05 57.0 01/1936 12/1984 Last five lines of the file: 38927 TERMEZ 37.23 67.27 309.0 01/1936 12/1984 38933 KURGAN-TJUBE 37.82 68.78 427.0 01/1936 12/1984 38954 HOROG 37.50 71.50 2077.0 09/1936 12/1984 38974 SERAHS 36.53 61.22 275.0 01/1936 12/1984 38987 KUSKA 35.28 62.35 625.0 01/1936 12/1984 Table 5. Partial listing of "gaps.dat" (File 13) First five lines of the file: 20891 07/1944 - 06/1946 21946 08/1947 - 09/1947 21982 10/1943 22602 03/1937 22602 05/1937 Last five lines of the file: 38954 12/1937 38974 10/1937 - 12/1937 38974 10/1938 38974 12/1938 38987 07/1941 Table 6. Partial listing of "timezone.dat" (File 14) First five lines of the file: 20674 07 20891 08 21946 11 21982 13 22113 03 Last five lines of the file: 38927 06 38933 06 38954 06 38974 05 38987 05 Table 7. Partial listing of "station.his" (File 15) First five lines of the file: 20674 MOVE 1938 -9 -9 0 -99 20674 PRCP 1953 3 2 20674 MOVE 1960 -9 -9 0 -99 20891 MOVE 1951 1 12 1 SSW 20891 PRCP 1953 12 1 Last five lines of the file: 38987 MOVE 1904 4 -9 -9 -99 38987 MOVE 1910 -9 -9 -9 -99 38987 MOVE 1913 8 -9 -9 -99 38987 MOVE 1927 5 -9 -9 -99 38987 PRCP 1953 1 4 Table 8. Partial listings of the files "ussr01.dat-ussr25.dat" (Files 16-40) USSR01.DAT: First five lines of the file: 206749351231180950005010171000202000209999990099999900000000180130999999101 4309999310370-27309999997209999999999999009090909030 206749360101000960008010143000007002409999999999999010001000160170000010101 1509999310390-25509999997209999999999999999999999950 206749360101060980008010113000008001009999999999999910001000140180999999100 8509999999390-24509999997109999999999999999999999950 206749360101120950011010082000003000009999999999999010001000160160000000100 5509999999390-22309999997109999999999999999999999930 206749360101180940011010075000009900809999999999999910009999160070999999100 4909999300720-21509999995009999997009999999999999950 Last five lines of the file: 2258398312310308500160099760003070006076000910-1709010001000000000000000098 920-140200020-14900000000000000000000008008000200099 2258398312310608500180099700003070006063000910-1609910001000000000000000098 860-130200020-13600000000000000000000008008000200099 2258398312310908500200099670004060002050000900-1509910000800160010000000098 840-120700700-12500000000000000007100008002000200099 2258398312311208500160099620003070006060000910-1709910000100160010000200098 780-210700020-14900000000000000000000003000000200099 2258398312311508600160099600003070002062000710-1709910001000180010000000098 760-160200020-15400000000000000000000008008000100099 USSR02.DAT: First five lines of the file: 226029360131229999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999180050999999098 1509999999999-13609999999999999999999999999999999999 226029360201049999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999180050000200097 7809999999999-13709999999999999999999999999999999999 226029360201109999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999180030999999097 6609999999999-12709999999999999999999999999999999999 226029360201169999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999180050001000097 3309999999999-12509999999999999999999999999999999999 226029360201229999999999999999999999999999999999999900009999090010999999097 1709999999999-18609999999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 2321998312310307900080100090002070001060009919-2509010000000000000000010098 950-210700710-22400000000000000007100008004000000099 2321998312310608000100100020002080006064001810-2309910100200000000000000098 890-200700710-20600000000000000007100000004000200099 2321998312310907900080099990002070004081009919-2509907000000000000000000098 850-250700220-22700000000000000000000000001000000099 2321998312311207700060099980002070002060009919-2809909000000000000000200098 830-240700710-24900000000000000007100000004000000099 2321998312311507800070099930002080005062009919-2609908000000000000000200098 780-240700710-23600000000000000007100000004000000099 USSR03.DAT: First five lines of the file: 2340593512312009300430100510003040043099999999-0509910009999320090999999099 4909999700360-04109999995109999999999999999999999950 2340593601010207600320101580009030040099999999-0909010009999320050000900100 5409999300030-05209999999999999999999999999999999950 2340593601010807200280102060011030027097009699-1109910001000360010999999101 0109999200030-06209999999999999999999998008000100050 2340593601011407800290101930008080003099999999-1009010009999110030000000100 8609999200720-06609999999999999997009999999999999950 2340593601012009300350101610003080017099999999-0909910009999110050999999100 5709999700720-06809999999999999997009999999999999950 Last five lines of the file: 2388498412310007200040101360002020010070009919-3409003000000200010000010100 540-350700020-30100000000000000000000001000000000099 2388498412310307200030101540001020018070009919-3509910000000000000000000100 720-340100030-31200000000000000000000005000000000099 2388498412310607100030101710001020017084009919-3509910000000200010000000100 890-340100020-31600000000000000000000005000000000099 2388498412310907100030101870001020016070009919-3609910000000000000000000101 050-340200020-32200000000000000000000005000000000099 2388498412311207200030102060001020017067009919-3709908000000000000000200101 220-360700710-33500000000000000007100005000000000099 USSR04.DAT: First five lines of the file: 2389193512311807200010999999000099999991009999-4609900000000000000999999999 9999999999999-45209999999999999999999999009090909050 2389193601010007300010999999000099999991009999-4609000000000000000000000999 9999999999999-46009999999999999999999999009090909050 2389193601010607200010999999000099999997009999-4609900000000000000999999999 9999999999999-42809999999999999999999999009090909050 2389193601011207200010999999000099999991009999-4609000000000000000000000999 9999999999999-45309999999999999999999999009090909050 2389193601011807200010999999000099999991009999-4609900000000000000999999999 9999999999999-46709999999999999999999999009090909050 Last five lines of the file: 2464198412310007700020101870001020016070009919-3909009000000090010000200100 2509999700710-36600000000000000007100005000000000099 2464198412310307600020102000001020013098009919-3909910000000090010000000100 3809999700710-36500000000000000007100001000000000099 2464198412310607700020102190001020019098009919-3909910000000070020000000100 5709999700710-36400000000000000007100001000000000099 2464198412310907700020102380001020017070009919-4109906000000070010000000100 7409999700710-38100000000000000007100001000000000099 2464198412311207600020102520001020013084109919-4109902000000070010000600100 8709999700020-38700000000000000000000001000000000099 USSR05.DAT: First five lines of the file: 246889421231159999999999999999993000809800999999999909009999000000999999091 9409999100020-34209999999999999999999999999999999900 246889421231219999999999999999993001009800999999999000009999000000000000092 0209999000000-39209999999999999999999999999999999900 246889430101039999999999999999993000209800979999999910100000180010999999092 1709999100030-41509999999999999999999995001000000010 246889430101099999999999999999993000209700999999999010009999000000000000092 4609999200030-37709999999999999999999999999999999900 246889430101159999999999999999993000009700990099999900000000000000999999092 3909999100000-38709999999999999999999999009090909000 Last five lines of the file: 2517398412301809200070103210001070010056009919-2707000000000320040000000103 150-280000100-26105003100000000000000009009090909099 2517398412302109300070103040000070017022009919-2709900000000290060000000102 980-280300360-26305003105100000000000009009090909099 2517398412310009300070102830000070021094001100-2709910000500290070000000102 770-270300360-26005003005100000000000008001000200099 2517398412310309400080102420000070041014000900-2609910000800320080000000102 360-260300360-25105003005000000000000008001000200099 2517398412310609400080102200000070022018001000-2509910001000320090000000102 140-250300360-24205003005000000000000008008000200099 USSR06.DAT: First five lines of the file: 255519370630130940109099999900609999999999999999999906000400220010999999101 1909999999999008403109999999999999999999999999999950 255519370630190700093099999905009999999999999999999903000300220010999999101 1909999999999014403109999999999999999999999999999950 255519370701010310091099999920409999999999999999999902000200270020999999101 1909999999999023809999999999999999999999999999999950 255519370701070340092099999917809999999999999999999901000100220030999999101 0309999999999022309999999999999999999999999999999950 255519370701130830097099999902009999999999999999999906000400180020999999101 0709999999999009403109999999999999999999999999999950 Last five lines of the file: 2606398312310609100520096760005050007099190810-0209010001000090020009400096 690-020700730-01000000000000000007000008008000006099 2606398312310909500450097040003020027096000810-0409910001000050030000000096 960-030700710-03300000000000000007100008008000006099 2606398312311208700390097630006020059097100800-0609910001000360050000000097 550-040700220-04000000000000000000000008008000200099 2606398312311508600370098230006020060099190800-0709910001000020040000000098 150-040700220-04800000000000000000000008008000200099 2606398312311808300340098600007020037099190900-0809910001000290030004500098 520-060700020-05200000000000000000000008008000200099 USSR07.DAT: First five lines of the file: 261889351231229999999999999999998001209600999999999910001000180010999999099 8509999600620000509999999999994009999998008000100050 261889360101049999999999999999996001209500999999999910001000180020005000099 5809999600680000609999999999999994109998008000100050 261889360101109999999999999999993000509300999999999910001000220030999999099 7309999700520000909993209999993109999998008000100050 261889360101169999999999999999990000309300999999999910001000180030001000099 8209999400520001009999999999993109999998008000100050 261889360101229999999999999999998000109400999999999910001000180050999999099 8509999200030001209999999999993109999998008000100050 Last five lines of the file: 2673098312310608300560099830011020005062009919-0107007000000250100000300097 9100000700020001400000000000000000000000002000000099 2673098312310908300540099900011020007063009919-0209904000000250090000000097 980-010700020001000000000000000000000000001000000099 2673098312311207800540100060015020016065009919-0209904000000250100000000098 140-010700020001700000000000000000000000001000000099 2673098312311507800500100200014020013064009919-0309900000000250060000000098 270-040000020000600000000000000000000009009090909099 2673098312311807300460100290016020009065009919-0409900000000250060001400098 360-040000020000200000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR08.DAT: First five lines of the file: 267819431231220880041099999900409999999500999999999910001000180030999999098 4609999999999-03609999999999999999999998008000200099 267819440101040870037099999900509999999500999999999910001000180050999999098 8509999999999-04609999999999999999999998008000200099 267819440101100910039099999900609999999500999999999910001000140070999999099 0609999999999-05009999999999999999999998008000200099 267819440101160820035099999900609999999500999999999910001000140070000000098 9909999999999-04809999999999999999999998008000006099 267819440101220810035099999900509999999500999999999910001000220070999999098 6509999999999-05009999999999999999999998008000200099 Last five lines of the file: 2764898512310607400230100870008020056060001110-1309909000900250090000000099 120-100300360-08800000005100000000000000000000200099 2764898512310908200250101270005020039064001310-1209904000400230070000000099 510-100300360-09100000005100000000000000000000200099 2764898512311208100270101430006020017065001310-1109904000400200050000000099 680-080300360-08100000005100000000000000000000200099 2764898512311508600270101580004020014062009919-1109900000000180040000000099 820-110300020-08700000000000000000000009009090909099 276489851231180980061009914000107003001000081000009910001000160040000000097 4700000700730000200003100000000004000008008000006099 USSR09.DAT: First five lines of the file: 278239351231210930040010258000308000609600999999999910001000200060999999104 8809999700020-04509999999999999997009999999999999950 278239360101030970045010231000208001409600999999998010001000200100000700104 7009999700360-03409999995008009994009999999999999950 278239360101090960060010218000208000809600959999999910001000200120999999104 6309999600680000309999999998109994009998008000002050 278239360101150980061010223000103000409999959999998010001000220070008200104 6709999700030000409999999999999999999998008000002050 278239360101211000061010235000004000409400000099999910001000220060999999104 7509999400460000209998109999999999999998008080808050 Last five lines of the file: 2844098412310308500090101780002070015096009919-2409000000000250020000000097 980-270000100-21707003100000000000000009009090909099 2844098412310608300100101480002070026097009919-2309900000000200040000000097 720-230000020-20607000000000000000000009009090909099 2844098412310908000140100980004070043097009919-1909910000000200050000000097 290-160700710-15805100000000000007100008002000000099 2844098412311207400140100740005070021097009919-1909910000000230060000200097 080-180700020-15105100000000000000000008002000000099 2844098412311507700160100590005070014097009919-1809903000000250050000000096 940-180300360-14000000005100000000000001000000000099 USSR10.DAT: First five lines of the file: 284939351231190970031010239000108000409500949999999910001000220070999999101 3409999200030-08709999999999999999999998008000200050 284939360101010940020010213000308000609600980099999002000000200050000000101 0609999200010-13209999999999999999999991001000000050 284939360101070790025010214000803000009700980099999909000000250070999999101 0909999200020-08209999999999999999999991001000000050 284939360101130820029010238000503000409600959999999010000200220050000000101 3409999200030-07409999999999999999999998001000200050 284939360101190880032010265000403001009600959999999910001000200050999999101 6009999700710-07009999999999999999999998008000200050 Last five lines of the file: 2926398412310008200080101570002020003057009919-2509010000000000000000400100 490-260700710-22400000000000000007100008001000000099 2926398412310308300090101760002020017096009919-2409910000000000000000000100 660-220700710-22200000000000000007100001001000000099 2926398412310608300100102100002020036098009919-2209910000000230020000000101 020-280700020-20400000000000000000000001001000000099 2926398412310908100080102290002020017098009919-2509910000000320010000000101 190-320200020-22204100000000000000000001001000000099 2926398412311208300080102370001020008058009919-2509910000000270020000700101 270-280700710-23200000000000000007100001001000000099 USSR11.DAT: First five lines of the file: 292829351231180800001099999900108000709999980099999905000000000000999999999 9999999000010-38809999999999999999999992000000000059 292829360101000770001099999900004001109999990099999000000000000000000000999 9999999000000-40609998009999999999999999009090909059 292829360101060760001099999900003000509999990099999900000000000000999999999 9999999000000-39609998009999999999999999009090909059 292829360101120760001099999900002000709999990099999000000000000000000000999 9999999000000-41109998009999999999999999009090909059 292829360101180770001099999900007001309999990099999900000000000000999999999 9999999000000-41809999999999999999999999009090909059 Last five lines of the file: 3005498412310007900060102080001020015097009919-2909010000000000000000500099 440-290700710-26600000000000000007100003001000000099 3005498412310307900050102170001020007096009919-3009910000000000000000000099 510-290700710-27700000000000000007100003001000000099 3005498412310608000070102310002020018097009919-2709910000000160010000000099 690-270700710-24600000000000000007100003001000000099 3005498412310907900050102460001020010097009919-3009910000000000000000000099 790-340700710-27700000000000000007100003001000000099 3005498412311207800040102610001020012097009919-3209910000000000000000400099 910-330700710-29600000000000000007100003001000000099 USSR12.DAT: First five lines of the file: 302309351231179999999910363099999999999100959999999910001000220040999999099 7509999700710-24809999999999999997009998008000200059 302309351231239999999910354099999999999400959999999010001000270030000200099 6709999200100-24209999999999999997009998008000200059 302309360101059999999910347099999999999600969999999910001000250030999999099 6509999200720-23309999999999999999999998008000200059 302309360101119999999910339099999999999100969999999010001000270020000000099 5909999200030-22809999999999999999999998008000200059 302309360101179999999910315099999999999100980099999906000000250040999999099 4509999200020-23209999999999999999999990002000000059 Last five lines of the file: 3069298412310008000020102850001099999982009919-4009010000000360040001200097 100-390700220-38100000000000000000000008002000000099 3069298412310308000030102780001020005082009919-3509900000000000000000000097 150-340100010-32600000000000000000000009009090909099 3069298412310607600060102650002020005057009919-2809900000000090020000000097 200-280100100-25300003100000000000000009009090909099 3069298412310908200040102940001020017075009919-3209900000000050020000000097 370-320000100-29900003100000000000000009009090909099 3069298412311208200030103240001020019099009919-3609900000000070020000000097 560-360000020-34104000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR13.DAT: First five lines of the file: 3071093512311708600020104090001080006096009900-3509900000000020010999999097 4509999000000-32609999999999999999999999009090909010 3071093512312308300020103950000080008093009900-3609000000000040010000000097 2909999000000-34109999999999999999999999009090909010 3071093601010508600050103610001070006094000000-2709910100000040010999999097 1909999400720-25309998109999999997109998002080808010 3071093601011108600040103780000030004094009900-3109000000000040010000100097 2609999200000-29209999999999999993109999009090909010 3071093601011708400030103810001080004095009900-3509900000000040010999999097 1909999000000-32609999999999999999999999009090909010 Last five lines of the file: 3108898412302107200110101160005020011099199919-2108010000000360060001100101 090-180200020-17100000000000000000000008001000000099 3108898412310007800140101350004020019098001300-1909910000600360050000010101 280-170700220-15900000000000000000000008001000200099 3108898412310307000140101390006010004098001200-1909910000600360040000000101 320-150200020-14300000000000000000000008001000200099 3108898412310606300130101470007020008098001210-1909910100400360050000000101 400-160800020-14200000000000000000000000001020200099 3108898412310906700110101490006020002099199919-2209904000000360040000010101 420-190100010-16500000000000000000000000001000000099 USSR14.DAT: First five lines of the file: 311689351231150610004099999900109999999700999999999903000000000000999999101 9209999999999-28509999999999999999999991000000000099 311689351231210720004099999900309999999700999999999909000000000000999999101 3109999999999-28009999999999999999999990004000000099 311689360101030660004099999900309999999700999999999906000600000000999999101 4309999999999-26909999999999999999999990000010200099 311689360101090600003099999900309999999700999999999902000000000000999999101 8009999999999-29109999999999999999999991000000000099 311689360101150680004099999900109999999700999999999900000000000000999999102 1509999999999-28309999999999999999999999009090909099 Last five lines of the file: 3159498412310007500030102340001020018097009919-3509008000000000000000000100 400-350100020-32104000000000000000000001000000000099 3159498412310307600050102370002010008097009919-3009902000000270010000000100 480-220100020-26604000000000000000000001000000000099 3159498412310607200060102490003030014097009919-2809900000000270020000000100 620-230100020-23800000000000000000000009009090909099 3159498412310907500060102680002020016062009919-2909900000000320010000000100 780-320000020-26100000000000000000000009009090909099 3159498412311207700040102780002010009066009919-3109900000000000000000000100 870-320000020-28304000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR15.DAT: First five lines of the file: 3170793512311507500050999999001099999999999900-3009900000000360010999999101 0309999999999-27709999999999999999999999009090909059 3170793512312108200040999999000099999999999800-3209903000000020010000000101 0109999999999-31204003109999999999999991000000100059 3170793601010307000090999999004099999999999800-2409902000000200040999999100 8209999999999-19309999999999999999999995000000000059 3170793601010906500070999999004099999999999800-2709905000000270030000000101 3109999999999-21909999999999999999999995000000000059 3170793601011507600040999999001099999999999900-3209900000000320020999999101 4509999999999-28004009999999999999999999009090909059 Last five lines of the file: 3209898412302108800080101700001020003098009919-2508000000000360030000000101 590-260000020-23907100000000000000000009009090909099 3209898412310008800090101830001020013098009919-2309901000000340030000000101 720-240000020-22307100000000000000002201000000000099 3209898412310307400140101780005080005098009919-1909900000000020020000000101 670-140000020-15600000000000000000000009009090909099 3209898412310606800120101800005030002098009919-2009901000000360020000000101 690-180000010-16100000000000000000000000001000000099 3209898412310908000090101900002020010098009919-2409900000000320020000000101 790-260000020-21404100000000000000000009009090909099 USSR16.DAT: First five lines of the file: 3216594612311408600420100900007060004096009900-0509900000000220040999999100 4009999000000-02909999999999999999999999009090909059 3216594612312008900390100920005030010099009499-0604005000500000000000000100 4209999000010-04309999999999999999999990000000390000 3216594701010205500290100810023099020099009599-1009903000300320040999999100 3109999800010-02109999999999999999999990000039000059 3216594701010809600410101050002099010098009499-0504005000500320020000700100 5509999000010-04809999999999999999999990000039000059 321659470101149999999910104099998000809600949999999904000400340020999999100 5409999000010-06209999999999999999999990000039000059 Last five lines of the file: 333779831231060860063010044001007000605600991900003009000000270050003200098 5100000800100002500003100000000000000001001000000099 3337798312310907400560100460020030002097109919-0109900000000270050000000098 5300010100010002900000000000000000000009009090909099 3337798312311205800440100470032020001097101500-0409909000900270070000000098 5400020100030003200000000000000000000000000010000099 3337798312311506900480100540021020005064001510-0309908000800270060000000098 5900000800020001700000000000000000000000000010200099 3337798312311808300520100630011020008060009919-0209900000000270060001200098 670-010800020000300000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR17.DAT: First five lines of the file: 333939400630220980148099999900409999999500999999999900000000000000999999097 5409999999999013209993009999999999999999009090909099 333939400701040990179099999900209999999500999999999910001000050020000000097 4309999999999015909993009999999999999998008000100099 333939400701100770214099999906409999999700999999999909000900020030999999097 3509999999999022809999999999999999996100000020003099 333939400701160780177099999905109999999700999999999901000100360070000300097 3909999999999019609999999999999999999990000010000099 333939400701220870148099999902309999999800999999999908000800360050999999097 5009999999999015009999999999999999999990000000100099 Last five lines of the file: 339159831231060910068010123000707001809810991900201010000000200050000000100 8500010100030002800000000000000000000001001000000099 339159831231090940082010116000607000605600991900409908000000270060000000100 7900040200100005100003100000000000000001001000000099 339159831231120870077010115001106000105700110000309910001000270050000000100 7800040200100005100003100000000000000008008000200099 339159831231150800067010116001603000109600991900109910000000250030000000100 7900030200100004300003100000000000000008001000000099 3391598312311806700500101290025020012098009919-0309910000000270020000000100 9100010100020002900000000000000000000008001000000099 USSR18.DAT: First five lines of the file: 3394695412312209800490102580001020006092000010-0309910001000040070999999099 9509999400490-02605108209999999999999998008080808010 3394695501010409600420102610002050004093000010-0505010001000040060000000099 9709999400490-04409998109999999999999998108080808010 339469550101100890064010237000807001309600929900109909000300040100999999099 7909999400100002209993009999999999999991000000390010 3394695501011609800580102500002020006094100010-0102010001000040100000000099 9009999400450-00309998009999999999999998108080808030 339469550101220960061010236000301000809410010000009910001000040080999999099 7709999400100000609993109999999999999998008000100030 Last five lines of the file: 3430098312310609000570100290006070020094000800-0103010001000250070000010098 3800000800860000500000000000000008000008008020003099 343009831231090920061010023000507000609500080000009910001000270060000000098 3200000800100001000003100000000000000008008000203099 343009831231120810060010019001407000309600100000009910001000270050000000098 2900000200100002800003100000000000000008008000200099 3430098312311507000480100270020020007097001300-0309907000700270070000000098 3600000200020001400000000000000000000000000000200099 3430098312311807300470100280017020001097001310-0409904000400270070000010098 370-020100020000700000000000000000000000000000200099 USSR19.DAT: First five lines of the file: 3439193512312108800120103900001040005097009900-2109900000000140030999999103 5509999000000-19404009999999999999999999009090909059 3439193601010308700110108849001030001097009900-2208000000000140030000000103 5009999000000-20009999999999999999999999009090909059 3439193601010906900210103730011099009097009900-1409900000000160030999999103 4009999000000-08609999999999999999999999009090909059 3439193601011508100160103670003080007097009900-1708000000000140030000000103 3209999000000-15109999999999999999999999009090909059 3439193601012108500130103610001080001097009900-2009900000000180020999999103 2609999000000-17809999999999999999999999009090909059 Last five lines of the file: 3507898512310308800110103060001080004050000800-2109010001000000000000010098 940-210700770-20205003100006100000000008008000100099 3507898512310608900130103020002080001096009919-1909900000000000000000000098 930-220700100-18005003100000000000000009009090909099 3507898512310908900140102930002070008097009919-1909900000000000000000000098 850-180000020-17705000000000000000000009009090909099 3507898512311208900120102960001030001050000800-2009910001000090010000010098 860-190100100-18805003100000000000000008008000100099 3507898512311508900160102950002020005060000600-1709910001000000000000000098 910-150200020-15605000000000000000000008008000100099 USSR20.DAT: First five lines of the file: 351089351231200780011099999900309999999999999999999900000000000000999999103 4009999999999-19309999999999999999999999999999999999 351089360101020810009099999900309999999999999999999900000000000000000000103 4209999999999-20905103209999999999999999999999999999 351089360101080610019099999901209999999999999999999900000000180020999999103 2709999999999-09009999999999999999999999999999999999 351089360101140750017099999900709999999999999999999900000000000000000000103 2209999999999-12509999999999999999999999999999999999 351089360101200800011099999900409999999999999999999900000000000000999999103 1509999999999-18509999999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 3541698512310308900290102400004070024099191400-1009010001000160080000000101 060-090200100-08305003100000000000000008008000200099 3541698512310608700290102380004080002097001100-1009910001000160080000000101 040-070200020-08005000000000000000000008008000200099 3541698512310908800320102340004050004097000700-0909910001000180090000000101 000-060200020-06905000000000000000000008008000200099 3541698512311209000360102220004070010097000900-0709910001000180080000000100 900-050200020-05505000000000000000000008008000200099 3541698512311509100400102190004070002099190900-0609910001000180080000000100 880-050200100-04305003100000000000000008008000100099 USSR21.DAT: First five lines of the file: 355429351231209999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999000000999999102 2609999999999-16809999999999999999999999999999999999 355429360101029999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999000000000000102 4009999999999-12409999999999999999999999999999999999 355429360101089999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999000000999999102 4209999999999-09709999999999999999999999999999999999 355429360101149999999999999999999999999999999999999910109999000000000000102 4009999999999-09609999999999999999999999999999999999 355429360101209999999999999999999999999999999999999910009999000000999999102 2009999999999-15209999999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 3666598512310308600060104290001070006098009919-2809004000000000000000000095 990-300000030-26607000000000000000000000001000000099 3666598512310609400120103910001070014098009919-2109910100000000000000000095 850-190100030-20307000000000000000000001001000000099 3666598512310909200100103860001070009098009919-2209906000000000000000000095 760-180200010-21207000000000000000000001000000000099 3666598512311208700080103850001070009070009919-2609904000000000000000000095 670-260100010-24004000000000000000000000001000000099 3666598512311508700070103840001070002070009919-2609900000000000000000000095 650-260000010-24604000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR22.DAT: First five lines of the file: 367299351231190790004099999900109999999999999999999900009999999999999999098 5309999999999-29609999999999999999999999999999999999 367299360101010780004099999900109999999999999999999900009999999999000000098 6609999999999-30704103109999999999999999999999999999 367299360101070800007099999900109999999999999999999900009999999999999999098 6609999999999-24809993109999999999999999999999999999 367299360101130800004099999900109999999999999999999900009999999999000000098 3809999999999-30509999999999999999999999999999999999 367299360101190780004099999900109999999999999999999900009999999999999999098 0209999999999-29505109999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 378598312310308000640102900016070002099191310001020101010100000000000001025 609999100030003800000000000000000000000000000200099 3738598312310608000590102760014070014099009919-0109902000000000000000000102 4209999100010002500000000000000000000000001000000099 373859831231090700069010266003007001009900991900209900000000000000000000102 3209999000010006900000000000000000000009009090909099 3738598312311205300590102450053070020099009919-0109900000000090020000000102 1209999000020008700000000000000000000009009090909099 373859831231150690060010216002807003009919991900009900000000000000000000101 8209999000020005100000000000000000000009009090909099 USSR23.DAT: First five lines of the file: 374729351231210660048099999902409999999999999999999903000300160160999999102 6309999999999002309999999999999999999999999999999999 374729360101030740052099999901909999999999999999999903000300160160000010102 5909999999999001909999999999999999999999999999999999 374729360101090850073099999901209999999999999999999907000000160180999999102 5109999999999004709999999999999999999999999999999999 374729360101150760059099999901909999999999999999999905000000160160000010102 5009999999999003209999999999999999999999999999999999 374729360101210720056099999902109999999999999999999900000000160160999999102 3809999999999003209999999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 3841398412310309000130103270002070003098009919-1905003000000090030000000100 040-200000020-18104000000000000000000000001000000099 3841398412310608400190103230004030003098009919-1509910100000090020000000100 070-090100030-13004000000000000000000001000000000099 3841398412310907300200102980007080021098009919-1409910000000090030000000099 860-030200020-10500000000000000000000001000000000099 3841398412311207600210102950006070003098009919-1409910000000090040000000099 830-090200020-10700000000000000000000005000000000099 3841398412311508400190103010004030002098009919-1509910000000110030000000099 850-120200020-12900000000000000000000001000000000099 USSR24.DAT: First five lines of the file: 384579351231190570020099999901909999999999999999999900000000090020999999097 7709999999999-07304109999999999999999999999999999999 384579360101010630019099999901109999999999999999999900000000110010000000097 6609999999999-09204109999999999999999999999999999999 384579360101070430028099999903609999999999999999999900000000110010999999097 5309999999999000609992109999999999999999999999999999 384579360101130750031099999900909999999999999999999900000000160010000000097 3909999999999-05204109999999999999999999999999999999 384579360101190840025099999900509999999999999999999900000000110010999999097 1709999999999-09004109999999999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 3883698412310308300360103010007030002096009919-0709010000000250010000000093 120-040100100-04800003100000000000000008004000000099 3883698412310607200350102960013020002097001610-0809910000300070010000000093 140-020100020-03200000000000000000000008004000200099 3883698412310906400350102650020080023097001610-0709906000200090010000000092 9100000200020-01400000000000000000000001004000200099 3883698412311207000360102690016030001097001610-0709906000200250010000000092 920-020200020-02400000000000000000000001004000200099 3883698412311507800390102750011020004099191510-0609908000600340010000000092 960-050200020-02600000000000000000000000004000200099 USSR25.DAT: First five lines of the file: 388809370531200440127099999916009999999999999999999900000000000000999999098 0909999999999023309999999999999999999999999999999999 388809370601020260100099999929209999999999999999999900000000180030000000097 9909999999999028609999999999999999999999999999999999 388809370601080110065099999953209999999999999999999901000100090040999999097 9809999999999036109999999999999999999999999999999999 388809370601140190099099999943109999999999999999999903000200180030000000097 8209999999999033909999999999999999996109999999999999 388809370601200460140099999916309999999999999999999900000000320030999999098 0309999999999024209999993109999999999999999999999999 Last five lines of the file: 3898798412310308500240102960004070001098009919-1203000000000200010000000094 970-070000020-10404000000000000000000009009090909099 3898798412310607000360102700016070001098009919-0709900000000250020000000094 9600000000020-02304000000000000000000009009090909099 3898798412310904100360102240052070023098009919-0709901000000020010000000094 7300070000020005100000000000000000000001000000000099 3898798412311204700400102220045070003098009919-0609910100000020020000000094 7000010100020004600000000000000000000001000000000099 3898798412311505300320102580029030021098009919-0909900000000070020000000094 910-010100010000000000000000000000000009009090909099