1996 Inventory Endangered Species and Wildlife Resources US Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands Prepared For U.S. Department of the Army Space and Missile Defense Command U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll Republic of the Marshall Islands Prepared By U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of Commerce Fish and Wildlife Service National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Islands Ecoregion Pacific Islands Area Office Honolulu, Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii February 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Terrestrial:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Marine: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 KWAJALEIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 ROI-NAMUR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 MECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 OMELEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ENNYLABEGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 LEGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ILLEGINNI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 GAGAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) GELLINAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ENIWETAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ENNUGARRET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Terrestrial Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Marine Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Figure 2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Seabirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Table 2. Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources48 Table 3. Seabird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 51 Table 4. Waterfowl, Shorebird and Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources52 Table 5. Comparisons of Shorebird and Waterfowl counts on Kwajalein Islet during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources with those made in 1988 by R.B. Clapp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Table 6. Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 55 Table 7. Marine Mollusk Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources58 Table 8. Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. . . . . . 59 BACKGROUND The Compact of Free Association Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 48 U.S.C. 1681 (Compact), which became effective on October 21, 1986, established the framework for administering governmental, economic, security, and defense relations between the United States Government and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). Title One, Article VI, of the Compact obligated the U.S. Government to develop environmental standards and procedures and to apply them to its activities in the RMI. In 1989, the U.S. Army completed a Final Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Actions at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll in the RMI. This document and the subsequent Record of Decision emphasized the need for the U.S. Government to develop the environmental standards and procedures required by the Compact. On December 4, 1995, the first edition of the Environmental Standards and Procedures for United States Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Activities in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (UES) was approved for implementation. The UES established a level of environmental protection that is substantively equivalent to that provided for by the U.S. environmental statutes that were in place in the Marshall Islands the day before the effective date of the Compact. With regard to biological resources, these statutes include the Endangered Species Act (ESA), Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), Migratory Bird Conservation Act (MBCA), Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and others as agreed upon by the U.S. Government and the RMI. The UES also incorporate parts of the RMI wildlife protection statutes for certain native species potentially susceptible to USAKA actions. Applicable RMI laws include the RMI Endangered Species Act of 1975, Marine Resources (Trochus) Act of 1983, Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1990, and Marine Resources Act. Among other things, the UES protects species of concern (SOC) and significant habitats at USAKA. Lists of these species and habitats are included in the UES in Appendices 3-4A-G, and the Appendix of this inventory report. The UES require that inventories of USAKA species and habitats of special concern be conducted on a biennial basis to ascertain the status of these resources at each of the USAKA islets leased from the RMI at the time of the investigation. This report summarizes the results of the first UES inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources at USAKA, which was conducted in 1996. The 1996 inventory report is to be used as the official record of species and habitats of concern at USAKA until the results of the next inventory (1998) are reported and incorporated into the UES pursuant to the next applicable annual review. INTRODUCTION The RMI is comprised of low coral atolls and islands located in the western tropical Pacific, and Kwajalein Atoll, the largest atoll in the world, lies within the Ralik Chain of the RMI (Figure 1). On Kwajalein Atoll, 11 islets are under the control of USAKA, and these include Kwajalein, Meck, Eniwetak, Omelek, Gellinam, Gagan, Ennugarret, and Roi-Namur on the eastern side of the atoll and Ennylabegan, Legan, and Illeginni on the western side of the atoll (Figure 2). The primary objective of the inventory was to document the presence and general distribution of terrestrial and marine SOCs and to record observations on the overall condition of their habitats. Terrestrial SOCs include certain migratory seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl. Important terrestrial habitats include Pisonia, Pemphis, and mixed broadleaf forests; salt ponds; and seabird and shorebird breeding and loafing sites. Marine SOCs include certain marine mammals, sea turtles, corals, sponges, and mollusks. Important marine habitats include lagoon, interislet, and seaward reef flats and slopes; reef passes; lagoon floors; seagrass beds; reef quarry pits; and intertidal zones. For this 1996 inventory, surveys of the 11 islets were conducted during the periods of September 22-30 and December 3-12, 1996. Surveys of terrestrial species and habitats were performed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists Dr. Elizabeth Flint and Christine Willis. Surveys of marine organisms and habitats were performed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists Michael Molina and Kevin Foster and National Marine Fisheries Service biologists John Naughton and Eugene Nitta. Internal logistical arrangements were coordinated by Dr. Donald Ott of the USAKA Environmental Office. Access to all islets except Kwajalein and Roi-Namur was by small boat or helicopter (Legan and Illeginni). Boat transportation and dive safety support for surveying many of the islets was provided by the Coastal International Security (CIS) Marine Division under the lead of Lt. Eldon Haut. This report was prepared by Kevin Foster, Christine Willis, and Michael Molina. METHODOLOGY Terrestrial: With few exceptions, the terrestrial surveys were conducted between the hours of 0700 and 1700. Night walks on Roi-Namur were done to search for nesting seabirds. On each islet, a shoreline and exposed-reef bird count was made during low tide. The interior of the islets were surveyed by counting birds within parallel strips in the larger forested areas. Incidental observations of other noteworthy species, wild chickens, vegetation, and bird habitats were also recorded. Binoculars were sufficient for surveying most areas, but a QuestarÈ telescope was used for viewing ducks and shorebirds at runway catchment areas and for photographing birds on Kwajalein, Meck, and Roi-Namur. Information on mammals was recorded on the basis of actual sightings, indications of their presence (e.g. droppings), or reports from residents. The following accounts describe the sites at each USAKA islet that were observed to harbor birds listed as SOCs in the UES or appeared to have the potential to serve as breeding or foraging habitat for these birds. Bird distribution by islet is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Population counts for seabirds and shorebirds are provided in Tables 3 and 4. The results of the 1996 standard shorebird counts on Kwajalein islet are compared in Table 5 with those obtained by other surveyors in 1988. The 1996 survey results were compared with the results of previous ornithological surveys of Kwajalein Atoll, such as those in reports published by Clapp (1990) and Schipper (1985). Marine: All marine surveys were conducted between the hours of 0700 and 1700, using a Rapid Ecological Assessment (REA) technique. Marine SOCs and habitats were surveyed on interislet, lagoon and seaward fringing reef flats by either walking or snorkeling, depending on the water depth at the time. Deeper locations, such as lagoon slopes, pinnacles, and seaward reef slopes, were surveyed by diving with scuba from a boat. The reef surrounding each islet was divided into sections for data collection and reporting purposes. Each section was designated a station number and each station was surveyed by traversing or swimming over the reef in a meandering fashion with a minimum amount of backtracking. Descriptions of benthic habitat are reported for each survey station. The presence of SOCs and various other important species (e.g. fishes, corals, algae, mollusks) were recorded. Emphasis was given to identifying conspicuous, diurnally active species. As a result, small, cryptic, and nocturnally active species are underrepresented in the data. Observations of USAKA marine SOCs are summarized in the following tables: Table 6 - Sponges, Table 7 - Mollusks, and Table 8 - Corals. Figure 1. Location of Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Figure 2. The 11 islets (circled) leased by the U.S. Army at Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. KWAJALEIN Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 9/27, 28, & 29/96, and 12/8/96) The largest of the USAKA islets is 303-hectare (748-acre) Kwajalein. It is inhabited by U.S. personnel and highly developed with a wide range of infrastructure. This islet has virtually no natural vegetation left. Despite this, the islet provides limited habitat for many birds, particularly migrant shorebirds and waterfowl. Shorebirds were observed foraging along the shoreline and exposed reef flat during low tide as well as on mowed lawns and the large grassy areas of the golf course (KI-A). Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) occurred in large numbers, 49, which is the highest count ever recorded for this species on any USAKA islet. The catchment areas adjacent to the runway (KI-B) served as important sites for resident and migrant birds to get water and rest. White terns (Gygis alba) were observed breeding in the trees near the chapel (KI-C) and cafeteria and in an ironwood tree near the northeastern corner of the islet. Black noddies (Anous minutus) were observed foraging in the main harbor (KI-D). Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) were observed along the northern central coastline (KI-E). A single brown booby (Sterna leucogaster) was observed roosting on a harbor buoy (KI-E). Several loose dogs and cats, which are usually harmful to seabird and shorebirds on the ground, were seen on the islet, and they seemed to be confined to the residential areas. Marine Survey (Dates: 9/27, 28, & 29/96) Station KI-1: Habitat: This station is a single, large pinnacle located on the lagoon floor about 1000 meters (m) west of the main harbor. At the time, the "K7" harbor marker buoy was anchored to the top of this pinnacle. The pinnacle is located in a relatively low-energy environment. The survey was conducted in a clockwise direction around the pinnacle at depths between 13 and 20 m. Coral diversity ranged from moderate to high. Massive coral colonies (Lobophyllia spp) surrounded the pinnacle and mushroom corals (Fungia spp) were widely scattered across its top. Sponges were abundant. Anchor damage to corals was evident on the southern and eastern slopes of the pinnacle. Fish: Large reef fish were uncommon at this station. Both black-tip and white-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus and Triaenodon obesus, respectively) were observed in the area. Fusiliers (Pterocaisio marri) and emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus) were observed in schools around the pinnacle. Species of Concern: Sponges: purple encrusting thready sponges (Nara nematifera), white encrusting sponges (Liosina sp), yellow branch sponges (Stylotella sp), purple/brown sponges (Chelonaplysilla sp), and red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima). Corals: of the 38 coral species observed within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pectinia, Halomitra, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Oxypora, Turbinaria, Acanthastrea, Herpolitha, Leptastrea, Cyphastrea, Sandalolitha, Leptoseris, Herplolitha, Goniastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-2: Habitat: This station is a single, large pinnacle located on the lagoon floor about 1,200 m northwest of the main harbor, northeast of station KI-1. At the time, the "November" harbor marker buoy was anchored to the top of the pinnacle. The pinnacle is located in a low-energy environment. The survey was conducted in a clockwise direction around the pinnacle between depths of 3 and 23 m. Coral diversity was high, and sponges were abundant. Coral damage from anchoring was evident. Fish: Large reef fish were absent from this station, possibly a consequence of fishery-related activities. A huge anemone was seen with associated damselfishes (Amphiprion sp). Reef fish included schools of fusiliers (Pterocaesio trilineata) and wrasses (Cirrhilabrus cyanopleura). Species of Concern: Sponges: green lumpy sponges (unidentified), orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella sp), red encrusting sponges (Clathria plinthina), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), purple/white tubular branch sponges (Cribrochalina olemda), and black branching sponges (Axinyssa sp). Corals : of the 26 coral species recorded at this station, 13 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Anacropora, Leptoseris, Acanthastrea, Oxypora, Montipora, Cyphastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-3: Habitat: This station is located in the lagoon adjacent to the north-central side of the islet and extends between a beach west of the main harbor and a small revetted docking site farther west along the shoreline. The reef is protected by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment. The station was surveyed from east to west. Large patches of green algae (Halimeda sp) dominated the bottom near shore, while extensive coral beds dominated further out near the lagoon drop-off. Brown algae (Padina sp) was common within this station. Marine algae and coral patches comprised an estimated 40% of the benthic substrate. Fish: Other than one large manta ray (Manta alfredi), large reef fish were noticeably absent at this station. An abandoned gill net that was tangled in coral indicated that recent fishing pressure had been directed to this area. Species of Concern: Corals: of the 24 coral species seen within this station, 17 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Lobophyllia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Symphyllia, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-4: Habitat: This station extends from the northeastern end of the islet to a point on the interislet atoll reef approximately 500 m north. The survey was conducted in a south to north direction over the lagoon side of the reef at depths between 2 and 8 m. The station lies in a moderate to high-energy environment due to strong intermittent currents that sweep over the reef flat. Reef substrate relief was moderate to high. Coral coverage was relatively low near the islet at the south end of the station and nearly 100% on the interislet reef. Overall, marine life was abundant and diverse throughout the station. A moderate amount of wreckage was scattered throughout the station, including parts from at least one aircraft on the interislet reef. Fish: Reef fish were very abundant and included schools of snappers (Lutjanus gibbus and L. monostigmus), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus, Gnathodentex aurolineatus, and large Lethrinus xanthochilus), goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), groupers (Variola louti and Cephalopholis argus), and a large pair of queen triggerfish (Ballistoides viridescens). Other fishes observed included an eagle ray (Aetobatis narinari), reef whitetip shark (Triaenodon obesus), and a large nurse shark (Nebrius concolor). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (unidentified), white encrusting sponges (Liosina paradoxa), orange bunchy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), grey sponges (Chelonaplysilla sp), orange sponges (unidentified), and red encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 56 coral species recorded within this station, 36 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Pavona, Millepora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora, Heliopora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Oxypora, Hydnophora, Montastrea, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Favities, Sypmphyllia, Turbinaria, Diploastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-5: Habitat: This station extends along the seaward reef flat between the northeastern corner of the islet and the "Japanese" quarry hole adjacent to the eastern end of the airfield. This station lies in a high-energy, windward environment. The survey was conducted in a north to south direction. Off the northeastern end of the islet, coral coverage was an estimated 50%, and a variety of invertebrates including extensive mats of zooanthids (Palythoa sp) were present. Adjacent to the eastern side of the islet, overall coral cover was less, but on the highly channelized and sea urchin-pitted outer reef flat seaward of the "American"quarry holes, it was estimated to be about 80%. Fish: Few reef fish were observed on this reef flat. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 23 coral species observed within this station, 13 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Favia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Leptastrea, Favites, Leptoria, Goniastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-6: Habitat: This station extends along the seaward reef flat between the "Japanese" quarry hole off the eastern end of the airfield and the westernmost "Japanese" quarry hole, which is adjacent to the south-central side of the islet. This station lies within a fairly high-energy environment. The survey was conducted in a west to east direction. The quarries are irregularly shaped, shallow (reaching depths of 2 to 3 m), and well-flushed. Each has a central bottom area that is either scoured or sand- covered. The more protected areas of the quarry holes provided good habitat for abundant and diverse corals, as well as sponges and algae. Aside from corals, however, few invertebrates were seen. Fish: Conspicuous fish observed at this station included species of rudderfish (Kyphosus sp), needlefish (Strongylura sp), coronetfish (Fistularia commersonii), and schools of goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis) and surgeonfishes (Naso lituratus). Sweepers (Pempheris sp) were seen under ledges and wreckage in the easternmost quarry. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: yellow rubbery sponges (Ircinia sp). Corals: of the 41 coral species identified within this station, 30 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Pocillopora, Millepora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Hydnophora, Oulophyllia, Montastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-7: Habitat: This station is comprised of the seaward fringing reef flat that extends between the west edge of the westernmost "Japanese" quarry and the "Dump" at the southwest corner of the islet. This station is in a moderately high-energy environment. The survey was conducted in an east to west direction. The reef flat was mostly coralline algal pavement that supported small patches of algae near the reef margin. The middle reef flat was dominated by brown algae (Padina sp), red algae (Asperagopsus sp), and green algae (Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp). Mats of zooanthids (Palythoa sp) intermittently covered portions of the reef flat. Fish: Moray eels (Sideria picta) were common at this station. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus maculatus). Corals: of the 7 coral species seen within this station, 4 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniastrea, and Porites were also observed. Station KI-8: Habitat: This station includes the seaward atoll reef flat fronting the shoreline off the western end of the islet and extending to the north. This station is in a moderate to high-energy environment. It was surveyed in a counterclockwise direction. Coral diversity and abundance were moderately high, and overall coral coverage was estimated to be 40%. Several small patches of algae were seen on the reef beyond 50 m due west of the shoreline. Green algae (Halimeda sp) dominated near the shoreline, while red algae (Asparagopsis sp) was most abundant on the outer reef flat. Fish: Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus sp and Naso sp) and juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus sp) were commonly observed. A large school of round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus) was observed very close to shore. A moray eel (Sideria picta) was observed hunting rock crabs (Grapsus sp) along the shoreline. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus maculatus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima, C. plinthina, and Crella sp), yellow branching sponges (Stylotella sp), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp). Corals: of the 21 coral species recorded within this station, 17 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Millepora, Pavona, Heliopora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Hydnophora, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-9: Habitat: This station extends along a mostly vertical seaward reef slope between a point roughly 1,000 m north of the western end of the islet and a point approximately 500 m north of that. The station is in a moderately sheltered environment on the leeward side of the atoll. It was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction while drifting with the current. Coral species diversity was relatively high and coral coverage was generally high on the wall and up to 100% on shallower portions of the station. Fish: Many large reef fish were present, including snappers (Lutjanus bohar, L. monostigmus, L. gibbus, Macolor niger, and Aphareus furca), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus), groupers (Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Epinephelus microdon, and Gracila albomarginata), triggerfish (Ballistoides conspicillum), and schools of rabbitfish (Siganus argenteus). A single large white-tip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) was observed, as was a solitary dogtooth tuna (Gymnosarda unicolor). Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus) were commonly observed near the reef margin. Although close to heavily populated Kwajalein Islet, this station showed signs of no more than minimal fishing pressure. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa). Sponges: black sponges (Axinyssa sp), purple/grey sponges (Chelonaplysilla sp), red sponges (Crella sp), yellow sponges (Stylissa flabelliformis), and orange sponges (Dorypleres splendens). Corals: of the 46 coral species observed within this station, 28 were SOCs from the genera Stylophora, Heliopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Millepora, Acropora, and Pocillopora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Astreopora, Leptastrea, Goniopora, Montastrea, Symphyllia, Stylocoeniella, Oxypora, Leptoria, Hydnophora, Herpolitha, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-10: Habitat: This station is located on the lagoon side of the interislet reef off the western end of the islet, about 500 m south of Search and Rescue (SAR) Pass. The reef substrate was a mix of sand and rubble, scattered coral colonies, and coral-encrusted pinnacles in a moderate to high-energy environment. It was surveyed in a meandering fashion. Coral coverage throughout the station was an estimated 50%, with the greatest abundance of corals in the shallower areas and on the pinnacles. Sponges were common underneath coral heads and under coral plates. A single crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) was observed feeding on a coral colony. Fish: Fish were abundant and included snappers (Lutjanus gibbus, Aprion virescens, and Aphareus furca), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus and Gnathodentex aurolineatus), groupers (Epinephelus microdon and Variola louti), and schools of fusiliers (Pterocaesio marri) and goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis). Several white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus) and a large stingray (Dasyatis sp) were observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snail (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: blue/grey tube sponges (Cribrochalina olemda), yellow rubbery sponges (Ircinia ramosa), ivory encrusting sponges (Liosina paradoxa), red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima and Crella calypta), purple thready sponges (Nara nematifera), and orange sponges (Dorypleres splendens). Corals: of the 49 coral species recorded within this station, 25 were SOCs from the genera Fungia, Acropora, Lobophyllia, Pocillopora, Pavona, Millepora, Heliopora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Turbinaria, Oxypora, Leptastrea, Astreopora, Symphyllia, Diploastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Favites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, and Porties were also observed. Station KI-11: Habitat: This station is on the lagoon side of the interislet reef about 700 m northwest of the western end of the islet. The bottom substrate is mostly sand with several large coral-encrusted pinnacles. This area is partially sheltered and in a moderately low-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a meandering direction with focus being directed at the pinnacles. Coral coverage was an estimated 60%, with the greatest abundance on the pinnacles. Marine invertebrate life was diverse and abundant. Fish: Fish were not abundant, but a school of snappers (Lutjanus gibbus) and several large goatfishes (Parupeneus barberinus) were seen. A single, adult male white-tip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) was observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Clathria mima, C. mima, and Crella calypta), ivory encrusting sponges (Liosina paradoxa), orange encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange sponges (Dorypleres splendens). Corals: of the 45 coral species seen within this station, 30 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Pavona, Halomitra, Polyphyllia, Pectinia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Oxypora, Herpolitha, Montastrea, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Symphyllia, Astreopora, and Porties were also observed. ROI-NAMUR Terrestrial Survey ( Dates: 9/23 & 26/96) Roi-Namur is a 161-hectare (398-acre), highly modified islet on the northern tip of the atoll. It is inhabited by U.S. personnel and includes a runway, large mowed areas, residential areas with non- native vegetation, and some forest and scrub on the east end of the islet. There are sand beaches on the southwest, south and southeast shores and predominantly rocky intertidal areas along the remaining shores. Great crested terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed foraging for small shoaling fish in the shore break directly off the southwest sand beach (RN-A) and on the northeast reef flat. The mowed areas adjacent to the runway and in the residential areas (RN-B) were attractive to golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica), ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres), and whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus). In the northern cove area, great crested terns were seen roosting on exposed coral ridges (RN-C) at low tide and foraging for small fish. The reef platform and rocky intertidal zone (RN-F) throughout the northern cove area was actively used for foraging by all the shorebirds present. A small wetland (RN-E) in the center of the islet is enclosed by thick scrub (Pemphis sp) and connected to the sea at high tide. This area was being used by shorebirds such as tattlers (Heteroscelus spp), ruddy turnstones, and whimbrels. The catchment areas near the air terminal (RN-D) are important loafing areas, roosting sites, and sources of fresh water for migrant shorebirds and waterfowl. The only seabirds showing any evidence of breeding on the islet were white terns (Gygis alba) found in the forest and scrub area on the eastern end (RN-G). A Pacific reef heron (Egretta sacra) was observed leaving a tree in the interior of this area. The low numbers of breeding seabirds on Roi-Namur may be due to the presence of domestic cats, some of which have gone feral, and rats (species undetermined). Of 5 cats observed, only 2 had collars. Marine Survey (Dates: 9/23/96 & 9/26/96) Station RN-1: Habitat: This station extends west along the seaward reef flat from the north end of the airstrip to a large white building on the shoreline near the northwestern corner of the islet. In general, the station is a shallow, high-energy, windward reef flat that is largely scoured by wave action, especially at high tide. It was surveyed from east to west and found to be relatively low in species diversity. Coral coverage was estimated to be 5%. Corals and other invertebrates had colonized the shallow depressions and channels in the reef. Several large patches of marine algae were present with green algae (Caulerpa racemosa) being dominant. Fish: Surge channels in the outer reef flat contained few fish, which were dominated by parrotfishes (Scarus spp) and surgeonfishes (Acanthurus triostegus). Eels (Sideria picta) were common in pools on the shallow reef flat where they were observed hunting for common rock crabs (Grapsus sp). A single flatfish (Bothus sp) was observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 10 coral species recorded within this station, 5 are SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora. Other corals included species from the genera Montipora and Porites. Station RN-2: Habitat: This station abuts the western border of the previous station and extends to the northwestern point of the islet. It was surveyed in a northeast to southwest direction, starting from the RN-1/RN-2 station border. This station is a high-energy, windward reef flat with bottom habitat that is basically the same as the previous station. Fish: Very few fish were observed within this station. Several juvenile black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus ) and eels (Sideria picta) were observed hunting on the reef flat. A school of coronetfish (Fistularia commersonii) was seen in the trench for the sewer line at the southwest border of the station, where pulses of raw sewage were seen exiting the diffuser approximately every 20 minutes. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 12 coral species recorded within this station, 6 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora. Other corals included species from the genera Monitpora, Leptoria, Porties, and Leptastrea. Station RN-3: Habitat: This station extends from the northwestern corner of the islet to the south end of the airstrip on the lagoon side of the islet. The reef flat in this area is in a moderate-energy environment largely as a result of being sheltered by the islet. The outer reef flat was mostly scoured, pitted pavement with sparse corals. Microatolls of the coral Porites lutea and a diverse mix of other corals were most abundant shoreward of the outer reef flat, where coral coverage was an estimated 90%. The dominant coral species was Montipora digitata, which formed extensive beds among interconnecting sand channels, providing excellent habitat for reef fishes and other organisms. Fish: Many small reef fishes, including juveniles, were observed in the Montipora coral beds. This branching coral habitat is important juvenile reef fish habitat. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange sponge (unidentified). Corals: of the 27 coral species observed within this station, 16 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Tubipora, Pocillopora, Favia, Fungia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Psammocora, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Oulophyllia, Hydnophora, Porites, and Montipora were also observed. Sea Turtles: Although identified in previous surveys as potential sea turtle nesting habitat, much of the narrow sandy shoreline within this station, which is backed by a debris-filled berm, is inundated at high tide, rendering it unsuitable for successful nesting. A short section of beach near the southern end of this station is considered to be good potential sea turtle nesting habitat. Station RN-4: Habitat: This station extends from the southwest tip of the islet off the south end of the airstrip to the primary fuel facility on the lagoon side of the islet. The environment within this station is typically low-energy in the east and moderate to high-energy in the west due to strong currents that intermittently sweep south around the tip of the islet and into the lagoon. The substrate was a mixture of sand and rubble with outcropping coral colonies. Marine algae appeared diverse and moderately abundant in the vicinity of the old Japanese seaplane ramp. A low-growing seagrass (Halophila minor) was the most abundant marine plant observed in the nearshore environment. At approximately 300 m lagoonward of the seaplane ramp and toward the southwest tip of the islet, these seagrass beds were replaced by mats of green algae (Caulerpa sertularioides). Fish: Few reef fish were observed, with the exception of goatfishes (Upeneus vittatus and a large school of Mulloides vanicolensis). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 15 coral species observed, 9 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Symphyllia, and Leptoria were also observed. Sea Turtles: The seagrass within this station is a species known to be an important food item for green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and should be protected by USAKA. Prior to the actual survey, two juvenile green sea turtles were observed in the vicinity of the seagrass beds. During the survey, a single adult green sea turtle was observed. On both occasions, the turtles appeared to be foraging. The seagrass bed appeared extensive enough to support a moderate to large number of sea turtles. Station RN-5: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon shoreline from the primary fuel facility to the southeast corner of the islet. The lagoon reef in this area is in a low-energy environment. The station was surveyed from east to west. The substrate was primarily broad sand flats with patches of hard reef with sparse to moderate coral coverage that provided habitat for fish and macroinvertebrates. Seagrass (Halophila minor) interspersed with green algae (Halimeda sp and Caulerpa sp) covered large portions of the sand flats. Fish: Relatively few fish species were observed within this station except around the reef outcrops and under the fuel pier. Damselfishes (Stegastes sp) were commonly observed. Schools of goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis), several large pompano (Trachinotus bailloni), and snappers (Lutjanus fulvus) were observed near the shipping wharf. Species of Concern: Sponges: orange (unidentified). Corals: of the 17 coral species recorded within this station, 15 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Fungia, Lobophyllia, and Pavona. Other corals from the genera Euphyllia and Monitopora were also seen. Sea Turtles: a juvenile green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed under the fuel facility pier. Two more were observed at the surface about 70 m offshore from the sand beach in the vicinity of the small boat marina. The shoreline along the southeastern corner of the islet was considered to be potential nesting habitat for green sea turtles. Station RN-6: Habitat: This station extends from the southeastern corner to the eastern tip of the islet. The station is a current-swept, interislet reef flat with a wide variety of habitats. The seaward side of the reef flat is a low-relief platform in a windward, high-energy environment. The lagoon side of the reef is in a moderate-energy environment with a highly channelized substrate due to natural water-current erosion. The station was surveyed in a northeast to southwest direction with a midflat, low-tide depth of about 1 m. Coral and macroinvertebrate diversity was significantly higher on the lagoon side off the southeast corner of the islet, especially within the channels, which provided excellent habitat relief. Coral coverage off the southeastern corner of the islet was 100% over substantial areas. Fish: Reef fishes were abundant and a large number of juveniles were observed. Several schools of large parrotfish (Scarus microrhinus) were observed, as well as schools of rabbitfish (Siganus sp). A single, large black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was observed swimming against the strong current pouring across the reef flat into the lagoon. Species of Concern: Molluscs: giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and T. squamosa). Sponges: orange sponges (unidentified), yellow sponges (Unidentified), and brown sponges (Unidentified). Corals: of the 18 coral species recorded within this station, 15 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Halomitra, Heliopora, Pavona, Stylophora, and Millepora. Other corals included species from the genera Turbinaria, Goniastrea, and Montipora. Sea Turtles: approximately 100 m of beach at the southeastern corner of the islet was identified as good potential nesting habitat for sea turtles. Station RN-7: Habitat: This station is the seaward reef flat that extends between the eastern and the northern tips of Namur. The reef flat is in a high-energy, windward environment, especially at high tide. The station was surveyed from a northwest to southeast direction. The substrate was comprised of scoured pavement, small pockets of rubble, and a few corals and reef fishes in a small depression at the south end of the station near the east tip of the islet. The dominant coral species observed on the reef flat was Porites lutea. Sponges were found underneath rubble. A few giant clams (Tridacna sp) were observed burrowed in the reef flat. Fish: This shallow, windward reef flat supports relatively few reef fish. Most fish occur in the deeper reef area at the south end of the station. Several schools of surgeonfishes (Acanthurus triostegus) and emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus) and a large individual damselfish (Abudefduf sordidus) were seen. Several moray eels (Sideria picta) and a small black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were also observed. Species of Concern: Molluscs: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange sponges (Unidentified), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), and yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 9 coral species observed within this station, mostly in the depression near the east tip, 6 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora. Other corals included species from the genera Porites, Montipora, and Goniastria. Station RN-8: Habitat: This station is comprised of 2 adjacent quarry holes on the seaward reef flat near the north end of the airstrip. The holes are in a windward, high-energy environment. The inside of the larger quarry hole was surveyed in a clockwise direction. Coral coverage on the walls of this quarry was estimated to be 15%. Corals were not abundant except for a few localized patches of Montipora digitata observed near the center of the quarry. The bottom of the hole was mixed sand and rubble at a estimated maximum depth of 5 m. The relatively smaller quarry hole was surveyed in a manner similar to the larger one and the habitat in this quarry hole was similar. Water in both holes was warmer than water on top of the reef flat by an estimated 5 degrees Celsius. Fish: Reef fish were observed along the walls of the quarry holes and included rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), snappers (Lutjanus fulvus), schools of goatfishes (Mulloides flavolineatus), and several juvenile jacks (Caranx melampygus). A pair of turkeyfish (Pterois volitans) were observed under a ledge in the larger hole. Species of Concern: Corals: of the 10 coral species seen at this site, 6 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora and Porties were also observed at this station. MECK Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 12/4/96 & 12/5/96) Meck is 22.2 hectares (55 acres) in area and highly developed. Most of the shoreline is revetted and not very useful as foraging habitat for shorebirds. Nevertheless, shorebirds were observed foraging along a portion of the eastern shoreline (MK-A) of the islet. An adult black-naped tern (Sterna sumatrana) was observed feeding its young on the eastern exposed inner reef flat. Golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) were observed foraging on the lawns surrounding the structures (MK- B). Adult black-naped terns were observed foraging in the boat harbor (MK-C), and a colony of black-naped terns was observed on the east side of the helicopter pad area (H). Marine Survey (Date: 12/4/96) Station MK-1: Habitat: This station is on the seaward atoll reef flat in a windward, high-energy environment on the east side of the islet where the northernmost four of six old "Japanese" quarry holes are present. Depths of these quarry holes range from 1 to 4 m. The station was surveyed in a south to north direction. The bottoms of the holes were comprised of sand and rubble with scattered coral- encrusted outcrops and ridges. The vertical features were about 1 m in height. The quarry holes were biologically very diverse, and coral coverage on the quarry hole walls and outcrops was estimated to be 70%. Fish: These old quarries provide excellent habitat for reef fish. The primary reef fishes observed were surgeonfishes (Acanthurus spp, Naso spp, and Ctenochaetus sp). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 30 coral species observed within this station, 19 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Millepora, Platygyra, Stylophora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Astreopora, Leptoria, Hydnophora, Porties, Montastrea, and Leptastrea were also observed. Station MK-2: Habitat: This station encompasses the shallow portion of the reef pass adjacent to the northern end of the islet and bordered by Eniwetak Channel. Wave energy within the station transitions from high at the northeastern corner on the ocean side to low at the northwestern corner on the lagoon side of the islet. The station was surveyed from east to west while drifting past the north end of the islet and into the lagoon. Large arching ridges extend toward the pass from the northeastern corner to the northern point of the islet, and these features provide habitat for a variety of fish and coral species. Corals were abundant and diverse throughout most of the station, and coral coverage was estimated to be 40%. Fish: Primary reef fish species noted in this station include parrotfishes (Scarus sp), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), angelfishes (Pomacanthus imperator), jacks (Caranx sexfasciatus), and grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) that reacted aggressively toward approaching divers. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 29 coral species recorded within this station, 18 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Millepora, Platygyra, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptoseris, Montastrea, Leptasrea, Disticophora, and Stylaster were also observed within this station. Station MK-3: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef flat from the northwest corner of the islet to a point near the fence line that touches the shore in terrestrial station MK-B. The station lies in a relatively sheltered, low-energy environment. A small sand beach within this station was considered to be unsuitable for sea turtle nesting since it was awash at high tide. The station was surveyed in a north to south direction. Coral coverage was patchy on the reef flat and estimated to be 30%. The substrate was mostly mixed sand and rubble. Fish: The habitat in this station was fairly silty and the abundance and diversity of reef fish were low. Groupers (Plectropomus laevis) were seen within this station. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 27 coral species recorded within this station, 19 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed. Station MK-4: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef flat from the fence line that touches the shore in terrestrial station MK-B to the northern harbor jetty. The station lies in a relatively low-energy environment, and it was surveyed in a north to south direction. The substrate was sand and rubble with an estimated 40% coral cover. Coral cover on the shoreline revetment was estimated to be 3%. Fish: Reef fish species included rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus) and groupers (Plectropomus laevis). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna squamosa). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp) and red encrusting sponges (Crella sp). Corals: of the 33 coral species recorded within this station, 20 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, Halomitra, Millepora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Symphyllia, Leptoseris, Herpolitha, and Goniopora were also observed Station MK-5: Habitat: This station extends south from the northern harbor jetty to the southeastern corner of the islet. It was surveyed from northwest to southeast, beginning at the boat harbor and continuing around the southern side of the islet, ending at the southeastern corner of the islet. Coral coverage within the station was an estimated 15%, with the greatest abundance and diversity of coral species occurring off the southwest corner of the islet. Metal debris littered the shallow marine substrate at the southwest corner of the islet. Monitoring sediment and selected marine organisms for contaminants in this area is recommended. Fish: Reef fish species identified within this station included parrotfishes (Scarus sp), rabbitfishes (Siganus sp), and jacks (Caranx sp). Species of Concern:: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 23 coral species observed within this station, 14 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Montastrea, Goniastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed. Station MK-6: Habitat: This station extends along the seaward, high-energy eastern reef flat and includes the two southernmost of six old "Japanese" quarry holes that are present on this reef. The station was surveyed in a south to north direction. Habitat in these quarry holes is similar to that on the holes immediately north in station MK-1. The quarry holes are shallow with ridges and outcrops that are colonized by corals and which provide moderate relief for many organisms. Coral coverage was estimated to be 70%. Marine life, in general, was abundant and diverse. Fish: Schools of snappers (Lutjanus sp) and mullets (Mugilidae) were observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp) were present but sparse. Corals: of the 29 coral species recorded within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Pavona, Millepora, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, and Hydnophora were also observed within this station. OMELEK Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/7/96) Omelek is 3.2 hectares (8 acres) in area and moderately developed. A revetted shoreline and exposed reef flat provided some habitat for foraging shorebirds. Seabirds were observed foraging for fish in the lagoon. The coral rubble on the northern and southern tips of the islet may be used by black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) as nesting areas (OM-A). The helicopter pad (H) may collect water during rainstorms and be a source of fresh water for all migratory birds. Habitat for tree nesting birds exists in several patches of the Pisonia forest (OM-B). A white tern (Gygis alba), suspected to be nesting, was observed in the northwestern forest patch (OM-B). Black-naped terns loafed on the revetment and jetties around the landing dock (OM-C). An area east of the boat harbor was thickly covered by beach morning glory (Ipomoea macrantha) and sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus), which was approximately 0.5 m (1.5 feet) high making the area largely unsuitable for shorebirds. Large geckos were observed inside many of the abandoned buildings. The forest areas harbored a small black ant (unidentified), but not the long-legged ant (Anoplolepis sp). Marine Survey (Date: 12/6/96) Station OM-1: Habitat: This station is the seaward reef flat on the windward side of the islet, which can be characterized as a high-energy, wave-influenced environment. The reef in the south and central parts of the station is scoured and generally low-relief. A large, irregularly shaped quarry hole is on the reef at the other end of the station off the northeast portion of the islet. The maximum depth of the quarry hole is about 5 m. The station was surveyed in a south to north direction from the southeastern corner of the islet to the northern end of the quarry. On the exposed reef flat, coral coverage was estimated to be 5%. Coral coverage on the quarry walls was estimated to be 65%, and numerous coral SOCs were present. The irregular shape of the quarry hole provided good habitat for marine life, especially in the northernmost shallows. In the hole near the surf zone, piles of moving rubble had scoured the bottom, and few coral species were observed. Overall, the bottom substrate inside the hole was mostly rubble. Fish: Reef fishes seen included large schools of rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), mullets (Mugilidae), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus triostegus), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus), and groupers (Cephalopholis urodeta). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna maxima, and T. squamosa), black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera), and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black sponges (Axinyssa sp). Corals: of the 44 coral species observed within this station, 33 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Favia, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Millepora, Pocillopora, Pavona, and Stylophora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Favites, Goniastrea, Porites, Turbinaria, Herpolitha, Hydnophora, Leptoria, and Leptoseris were also observed. Station OM-2: Habitat: This station extends across the shallow atoll reef adjacent to the north end of the islet. This reef is in a high-energy, windward environment and the currents just north of the islet get very fast. The station was surveyed from east to west to the edge of the reef in the lagoon. Coral coverage was an estimated 5%, with Acropora nasuta and Porites lutea being the primary species observed. Fish: A nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus), 2m in length, was observed at this station. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus), giant clams (Tridacna maxima), and the black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera). Corals: of the 13 coral species seen within this station, 8 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Platygyra, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Porites, Montipora, and Leptastrea were also observed. Station OM-3: Habitat: This station extends from the northwest corner of the islet along the lagoon reef flat to the northern harbor jetty. Near the northern end of the islet, the station is in a moderate to high-energy environment due to currents that intermittently sweep across the reef into the lagoon. The middle portion of the station is sheltered by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment. The station was surveyed from north to south. The least amount of coral cover was observed in the northern portion of the station, where coral coverage was estimated to be 35%. In contrast, coral coverage was up to 100% over large areas in the southern portion of the station. Beds of the knobby coral (Goniopora columna) were extensive in the area near and fronting the northern harbor jetty. Fish: Reef fish were not observed to be abundant within this station. One grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) was seen. Species of concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna squamosa, T. maxima, T. gigas, and Hippopus hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 40 coral species recorded within this station, 26 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Pocillopora, Pavona, Stylophora, Favia, Merulina, Tubipora, and Stylophora. Other corals from the genera Herpolitha, Anacropora, Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Porites, Leptoria, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. Sea turtles: a sand beach, stretching north and perpendicular to the harbor may be suitable for sea turtle nesting, however, no evidence of nesting was found during the survey. Station OM-4: Habitat: This station extends from the southern harbor jetty to the southeastern corner of the islet. The station lies in a moderate-energy environment with good windward flushing into the lagoon. It was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction. Good coral habitat with coverage estimated to be 75% existed in the area south of the harbor entrance. Coral coverage was an estimated 5% on the reef flat southeast of the islet. Numerous species of Acropora were among the primary corals observed in the lagoon within this station. Fish: Reef fishes were abundant with observations of parrotfishes (Scarus sp), snappers (Lutjanus bohar, L. gibbus, L. monostigmus, and Aprion virescens), emperors (Macolor niger), and groupers (Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Anyperodon leucogrammicus, and Cephalopholis argus). In the harbor, several schools of coronetfishes (Fistularia commersonii) and goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis) were observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus hippopus). Corals: of the 48 coral species observed within this station, 31 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Halomitra, Lobophyllia, Stylophora, Favia, Heliopora, Fungia, Merulina, Tubipora, Platygyra, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Symphyllia, Hydnophora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Alveopora, Astreopora, Porites, Lepotoria, Herpolitha, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. ENNYLABEGAN (Carlos) Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/11/96) The survey was limited to the USAKA-leased area in the central portion of the 50-hectare (124-acre) islet. A survey of the eastern (lagoon) and western (ocean) shorelines indicated limited suitable habitat was available for shorebirds. Golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica) and other shorebirds were observed on the lawns, under the antennae arrays (EL-A), and at the edges of the forested areas. White terns (Gygis alba) were observed above the Pandanus forest area of the islet (eastern section of EL-A and EL-B). Shorebirds were observed roosting on the helicopter pad (H). Any ponding on the helicopter pad may attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds. Pigs and dogs roam freely on Ennylabegan, which reduces the chance that seabirds could successfully breed on the islet. Marine Survey (Date: 12/12/96) Station EL-1: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef from the harbor east to the USAKA property line. The station is in a windward, high-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a southwest to northeast direction. Coral coverage along the fringing reef was an estimated 70%. Many species of Acropora were among the primary corals present. The substrate was covered by a dense concentration of green algae (Halimeda sp). Several octopi (Octopus cyanea)were seen in the open on the fringing reef. Fish: Reef fish species observed in this station included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus, Naso unicornus, and N. lituratus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers (Plectropomus laevis), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos and Cetoscarus bicolor), and eels (Sideria picta). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima and Hippopus hippopus). Sponges: black bunchy sponges (Hippospongia amata), orange lumpy sponges and red lumpy sponges (both unidentified). Corals: of the 32 coral species observed within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, Millepora, and Lobophyllia. Other corals from the genera Astreopora, Hydnophora, Goniastrea, Porites, Leptastrea, and Montipora were also observed within this station. Sea Turtles: potential sea turtle nesting habitat occurs along the beach within this station. Station EL-2: Habitat: This station extends northwest along the lagoon reef between the harbor and an abandoned pipeline and revetment on the shoreline. This station is in a high-energy, windward environment. It was surveyed from southeast to northwest. Coral coverage on the lagoon reef was estimated to be 60% and many species of Acropora were observed. Fish: Reef fish were low in abundance at this station but parrotfishes (Scarus rubroviolaceus and Hipposcarus longiceps) and black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were seen. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella sp) and black sponges (Hippospongia amata). Corals: of the 43 coral species located within this station, 30 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Favia, Pavona, Halomitra, Fungia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Hydnophora, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Herpolitha, Favities, Symphyllia, Porites and Astreopora were also observed within this station. Sea Turtles: potential sea turtle nesting habitat was observed at a small beach on the lagoon north of the harbor, however, no evidence of nesting was observed. Station EL-3: Habitat: This station extends along the reef fronting the USAKA property on the seaward side of the islet. The area is in a low-energy environment on the islet's lee. It was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction. The benthic habitat on the outer reef was a well-developed system of coral- encrusted ridges (spurs) and grooved sand channels. The ridges supported coral coverage in excess of 90%. Coral diversity within this station was relatively high and many species of Acropora were present. Coral coverage on the shallow reef flat was estimated to be 20%. Fish: Reef fish were neither abundant nor diverse and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos) triggerfishes (Ballistoides conspicullim), emperors (Lethrinus sp), groupers (Cephalopholis argus), jacks (Caranx melampygus), snappers (Aprion virescens and Lutjanus gibbus), and surgeonfishes (Acathurus lineatus and A. nigricans). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 63 coral species recorded within this station, 39 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, Halomitra, Merulina, Platygyra, Favia, Heliopora, Stylophora, Millepora, and Lobophyllia. Other corals from the genera Favites, Symphyllia, Psammocora, Goniastrea, Turbinaria, Leptoseris, Montastrea, Astreopora, Leptoria, Porites, Herpolitha, Hydnophora, Alveopora, Leptastrea, and Montipora were also observed at this station. Sea Turtles: small area potential sea turtle nesting habitat was observed, but no evidence of nesting was found. Station EL-4: Habitat: This station extends across a section of the upper reef slope seaward of the spur and groove system in marine station EL-3. The station is in a relatively low-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction with a slight current. The survey was conducted at depths between 10 and 30 m, and coral coverage was estimated to be 60% over substrate with moderate to high relief. Fish: Fish species were abundant and included emperors (Lethrinus sp), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus, L. monostigmus, L. fulvus, Macolor niger and Aphareus furca), groupers (Anyperodon leucogrammicus), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus pyroferus and Naso hexacanthus), damselfishes (Chromis analis), butterflyfishes (Hemitauricthys polylepis), silver-tip sharks (Carcharhinus albimarginatus), and white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Corals: of the 47 coral species observed within this station, 28 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Heliopora, Favia, Pavona, Halomitra, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina, Millepora, and Seriatopora. Other corals from the genera Favites, Herpolitha, Leptorseris, Cyphastrea, Symphyllia, Montastrea, Goniastrea, Astreopora, Porties, Montipora, Disticophora, Stylaster, and Cirrhipathes were also observed within this station. Cetaceans: a pod of an unknown number of small spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) was observed traveling parallel to the reef margin about 100 m offshore. LEGAN Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/10/96) Legan is 7.3 hectares (18 acres) in area and can be distinguished from the other USAKA islets by the two brackish ponds it supports. Fish and birds using the brackish ponds were not observed. Large orange algal mats growing in the water, indicative of low circulation in the pond, were observed. Shorebirds were seen foraging along the western reef flat at low tide. The helicopter pad (H) on the islet, which forms an impervious surface that commonly collects water during heavy rains, is expected to attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds. At the north end of the islet, the forest was a thick mixture of Pisonia, Cocos, Tournefortia, and Pandanus (LG-A). In this area, we observed 29 black noddy (Anous minutus) nests, which supported 7 chicks. Also, white terns (Gygis alba) were observed nesting at three locations east of the brackish ponds. In1988, Clapp observed breeding brown noddies (Anous stolidus) and white terns. Red-colored ants (unidentified) were observed on the islet. A broad bar and reef platform (LG-B) was located to the east of the islet, and this feature provided roosting habitat for shorebirds and terns at low tide. Marine Survey (Date: 12/10/96) Station LG-1: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef from the harbor to a point off the northeastern corner of the islet. This area is a windward, high-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a south to north direction. The harbor bottom was primarily sand. Coral coverage was an estimated 10% along the northern wall of the harbor entrance. The outer reef flat and slope north of the harbor was excellent habitat, and coral coverage was estimated to be 95%. Fish: Reef fishes were abundant and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), surgeonfishes (Naso lituratus), snappers (Aprion virescens), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), black- tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus), false albacore (Euthynnus affinis), snappers (Lutjanus bohar and Macolor niger), and triggerfishes (Balistoides conspicillum). Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceous and A. lineatus) were observed in the surge zone near the mouth of the harbor. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus maculatus and T. niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus hippopus). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), and red encrusting sponges (Crella sp). Corals: of the 50 coral species recorded within this station, 34 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Millepora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Stylophora, Favia, Heliopora, Fungia, and Platygyra. Other corals from the genera Symphyllia, Favites, Montastrea, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Porites, Hydnophora, Leptoria, Montipora, Psammacora, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed. Sea turtles: marginally potential sea turtle nesting habitat was observed approximately 100 m north of the helicopter pad on the lagoon side of the islet, but the area may be too inundated during high tides to allow successful egg incubation and no evidence of successful nesting was found. Station LG-2: Habitat: This station is the small abandoned quarry hole near the southeastern corner of the islet. The station is a windward, wave-swept area with very little protection. Coral diversity and abundance in the quarry hole was low to moderate. The bottom of the hole was scoured pavement, with some sand and rubble. The quarry hole walls had an estimated 15% coral cover. A nudibranch (Nembrotha kubaryana) was commonly observed in the hole. Fish: Reef fish abundance was low and the species observed included flagtails (Kuhlia mugil), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus and A. olivaceous), goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis), parrotfishes (Scarus rubroviolaceus), and several groupers (Plectropomus sp). Species of Concern: Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp). Corals: of the 28 coral species observed within this station, 21 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Heliopora, Favia, Stylophora, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Astreopora, Porites, Leptoria, Leptastrea, Montipora, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. Station LG-3: Habitat: This station is the seaward atoll reef surrounding the quarry hole (LG-2), which is in an exposed, high-energy environment. The station extends between the reef seaward of the quarry hole and the southwest corner of the islet. It was surveyed in an east to west direction. The reef seaward of the hole had high coral cover and diversity. Some notably large, old colonies, including a colony of bright yellow coral (Turbinaria reniformis) that was estimated to be 12 m both in diameter and height, were present south of the islet near the reef pass. Coral coverage on the reef near the quarry hole was estimated to be 60% or more. The inner reef habitat along the shoreline was primarily shallow, scoured pavement, and coral coverage in that area was estimated to be 10%. At the southwestern corner of the islet, the substrate was comprised of scattered boulders of various sizes. Fish: Reef fish were abundant and included parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus, L. bohar, and Aprion virecens), emperors (Lethrinus xanthochilus and L. monostigmus) in the lagoon. On the oceanside of the islet were surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus), groupers (Plectropomus areolatus), white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp) and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 38 coral species seen within this station, 24 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Favia, Pavona, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Favites, Alveopora, Astreopora, Diploastrea, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Porties, Leptoria, Montipora, and Galaxea were also observed. Station LG-4: Habitat: This station extends between the southwestern and northwestern corners of the islet in a leeward, low-energy environment. It was surveyed in a south to north direction. The reef flat was comprised of scoured pavement and rubble. Coral coverage on the inner reef was estimated to be 5% at the southwestern corner of the islet. Coral coverage was estimated to be 70% over much of the outer reef along the leeward shore. Farther seaward, the reef is a well-developed system of spurs and grooves with high coral diversity and cover (up to 100% on tops of spurs). At the northwestern end of the station, pinnacles were abundant, and coral coverage was an estimated 90%. Fish: Reef fish were abundant and included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus lineatus), parrotfishes (Hipposcarus longiceps), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus laevis, jacks (Caranx ignobilis), white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and nurse sharks (Nebrius ferrugineus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black sponges (Axinyssa sp). Corals: of the 51 coral species recorded within this station, 36 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Heliopora, Halomitra, Stylophora, Platygyra, Fungia, Lobophyllia, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Favites, Hydnophora, Alveopora, Astreopora, Monitpora, Herpolitha, Symphillia, Leptastrea, Porties, Leptoria, and Cyphastrea were also observed. Sea Turtles: two adult green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) were observed along the fringing reef west of the islet. Station LG-5: Habitat: This station extends across the atoll reef between the northwestern and northeastern corners of the islet in a moderate to high-energy environment that is commonly current-swept. It was surveyed from west to east. The shallow reef substrate was primarily scoured pavement with a fair diversity of corals. Overall coral coverage was estimated to be 10%. Several bleached Acropora colonies were seen within the station. Fish: Reef fish were not abundant during the survey, however, observations included schools of parrotfishes (Scarus spp) and round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: black bunchy sponges (Hippospongia sp), white/yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 31 coral species observed within this station, 25 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Tubipora, Stylophora, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Millepora and Stylophora. Other corals from the genera Favites, Herpolitha, Montipora, and Porites, were also observed. ILLEGINNI Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/6/96) Illeginni is 12.5 hectares (31 acres) in area. The terrestrial habitat is a mixture of cleared land and forest. The western interior of the islet was primarily grassy lawns with low vegetation (IL-D). These areas were commonly used by wintering shorebirds. The helicopter pads (H) on this and other islets form impervious surfaces that commonly collect water during heavy rains, and are expected to attract wintering shorebirds and some seabirds. White terns (Gygis alba) were observed in patches of Pisonia trees at the western, central, and eastern portions of the islet (IL-A, IL-B, & IL-C). Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed roosting near the revetment and shoreline at the harbor entrance. Numerous black and brown noddy terns (Anous minutus and A. stolidus, respectively) were observed nesting in Pisonia trees at the southeastern corner of the islet (IL-B). Black-naped terns were also observed nesting along the western side of the islet. Pacific reef herons (Egretta sacra)were seen in a coconut tree within the central interior section of the islet. It is possible that the two herons may have been nesting. Two rats, which may have been young Rattus rattus or Rattus exulans, were observed. [The rats' tails were longer than their bodies and their ventral areas were white.] Long-legged ants (Anoplolepis sp) were present. Marine Survey (Date: 12/11/96) Station IL-1: Habitat: This station includes the western half of the harbor and extends along the lagoon reef northwest of the harbor to a point across from the northwestern corner of the islet. This station is in a windward, high-energy environment. The station was surveyed in an east to west direction. Coral coverage along the harbor wall was estimated to be 20%, and coral coverage was estimated to be 100% along the lagoon reef. The high-relief habitat along this reef supported a complex community of coral, fish, and invertebrate species, including many SOCs. Other sensitive species observed were bright yellow coral (Disticophora sp), several species of sea fans (Class Crinoidea), and a crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci). Fish: Surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus) were common in the harbor. Along the reef margin, common fish species included rainbow runners (Elagatis bipinnulatus), snappers (Aphareus furca, Aprion virescens, Lutjanus bohar, L. monostigmus, L. gibbus, and Macolor niger), emperors (Monotaxis grandoculus), rabbitfishes (Siganus vulpinus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers (Plectropomus areolatus, Variola louti, Cephalopholis argus, and Anyperodon leucogrammicus), round herrings (Spratelloides delicatulus), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus), and white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridana maxima, T. squamosa, and Hippopus hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 61 coral species recorded within this station, 38 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Heliopora, Halomitra, Lobophyllia, Stylophora, Millepora, Fungia, and Platygyra. Other corals from the genera Montastrea, Symphyllia, Montipora, Psammocora, Herpolitha, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Astreopora, Leptastrea, Alveopora, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Oulophyllia, Leptoria, Porites, Disticophora, and Cirrhipathes were observed. Sea Turtles: the western end of the islet provides viable sea turtle nesting habitat, and nest pits were observed at this location. Station IL-2: Habitat: This station includes the eastern side of the harbor and the eastern and southern lagoon fringing reef. This station is in a windward, high-energy environment on the exposed lagoon side of the islet. It was surveyed from north to south. Coral coverage was estimated to be 50% in the harbor and 90 % along the lagoon reef. Coral coverage was an estimated 30% at the southeastern corner of the islet, probably due to previous dredging impacts (e.g., pipes laid across reef). Many corals of the genus Acropora and several other SOCs were present. Fish: Reef fish species observed within this station included schools of snappers (Lutjanus bohar and L. gibbus), mixed schools of parrotfishes (Scarus sp) and rabbitfishes (Siganus vulpinus), large groupers (Plectropomus laevis, Variola louti, and Cephalopholis argus), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos), and wrasses (Epibulus insidiator). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna gigas, and T. maxima), and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), white encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), bright green turfy encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 49 coral species seen within this station, 31 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Favia, Fungia, Halomitra, Stylophora, Millepora, and Platygyra. Other corals from the genera Montastrea, Symphyllia, Montipora, Psammocora, Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Herpolitha, Sandalolitha, Hydnophora, Leptoria, Astreopora, Leptastrea, Alveopora, Porites, Disticophora, and Cirrhipathes were also observed within this station. Station IL-3: Habitat: This station extends along the seaward reef between the southern and northwestern corners of the islet. Most of the station is sheltered by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment. It was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction. Coral coverage was estimated to be 55% and many species of Acropora were observed. Farther seaward, large ridges alternated with deep sand channels to form a well-developed spur and groove system. Marine life was quite abundant and diverse on the tops of the spurs. A wide variety of debris littered the bottom in the vicinity of the munitions disposal pit near the northwest end of the islet. This indicated that the disposal is commonly incomplete and that the pit may be used to dispose of more than just munitions. Fishing line was wrapped around a Pocillopora eydouxi coral colony and several ridges appear to have been impacted by anchors. Fish: Reef fish species observed within the station included snappers (Lutjanus bohar), jacks (Caranx ignobilis), groupers (Plectropomus obscurus), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), triggerfishes (Balistoides conspicillim), and surgeonfishes (Acanthurus nigricans and A. lineatus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp) and orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 49 coral species observed within this station, 28 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Favia, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Halomitra, Millepora, and Merulina. Other corals from the genera Favites, Symphyllia, Herpolitha, Alveopora, Astreopora, Monitpora, Hydnophora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Montastrea, and Disticophora were also observed. Sea Turtles: an adult green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed swimming along the top of a seaward spur. GAGAN Terrestrial Survey (Date: 9/24/96) Gagan (Map 8) is a 2.4-hectare (6-acre) islet southeast of Roi Namur. The shoreline and exposed reef at this islet provide foraging habitat for wintering migratory shorebirds. The lawns surrounding the structures (GA-D) were being used by golden plovers (Pluvialis dominica). The helicopter pad (H) may collect water during heavy rain and attract wintering shorebirds. Some Pisonia trees, the most attractive of all the native trees to white terns (Gygis alba) and black noddies (Anous minutus), were present on the northern half of the islet, but no tern nests were observed in the grove (GA-B). Large numbers of long-legged ants (Anoplolepis longipes) were seen in the vegetated areas, and this may have contributed to the low number of observed tree-nesting birds. A mixed grove of Pisonia grandis and Tournefortia, located at the southern tip of the islet (GA-E) had recently been leveled by earth-moving machinery. Reportedly, this grove had supported nesting white terns. Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were seen roosting on the rock revetment and jetties (GA-C) and on the northern end of the islet (GA-A). Marine Survey (Date: 9/24/96) Station GA-1: Habitat: This station includes the seaward reef flat between the western corner of the islet and an abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole. This windward, ocean-swept reef flat is in a high-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction. Corals were sparse except within depressions, and most of the substrate was algal-covered pavement. Small colonies of the coral (Porites lutea) were scattered along the inner reef flat. Fish: Few reef fish were observed within this station. The most notable observation was a juvenile black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus). Species of Concern: Corals: of the 10 coral species identified within this station, 6 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Favia, Pocillopora, and Heliopora. Others corals from the genera Porites, Goniastrea, and Montipora were also seen. Station GA-2: Habitat: This station is the abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole on seaward reef off the southeastern corner of the islet. The reef is in a windward, high-energy environment. The hole was surveyed in a counterclockwise manner. The quarry was home to a rich and diverse community of marine organisms including corals, reef fishes, sponges, bivalve and mollusks. Corals were very abundant especially along the walls and in shallows. Many species of Acropora and other SOCs were present. Fish: A diverse community of reef fishes was observed including parrotfishes (Scarus sp), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus gutattus), schools of mullet (Mugilidae), and goatfishes (Mulloides vanicolensis). Striped bristletooth surgeonfishes (Ctenochaetus striatus) with unusual yellow blotches was observed. A single black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was seen in the quarry. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. gigas). Sponge: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 42 coral species identified within this station, 29 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Favia, Heliopora, Platygyra, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Pavona, and Millepora. Others from the genera Turbinaria, Goniastrea, Cyphastrea, Montipora, Hydnophora, Leptoria, Astreopora, Leptastrea, and Disticophora were also present. Station GA-3: Habitat: This station extends across the interislet reef from the quarry hole to the southern harbor jetty at the southwestern corner of the islet. The reef is in a windward, high-energy environment. It was surveyed in a north to south direction. Immediately lagoonward of the quarry, the reef flat is current-swept pavement. Porites lutea coral colonies (micro-atolls) dot the bottom closer to the lagoon. Off the southeast corner of the islet is a deeper, more protected shelf with coral covered outcrops and other high spots that had 100% coral coverage. Fish: Few reef fish were observed on the reef flat, but many fish were observed on the shelf off the southwest corner of the islet. The most common species observed included large parrotfishes (Scarus sp), wrasses (Cheilinus undulatus), snappers (Lutjanus bohar), and groupers (Plectropomus laevis). Fish abundance and size at this station suggested that Gagan had been subjected to relatively little fishing pressure. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 30 coral species observed within this station, 18 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Stylophora, Pavona, Halomitra, Millepora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Favia, and Fungia. Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Porities, Astreopora, Turbinaria, Goniopora, Symphyllia, Cyphastrea, Leptoria, and Monitpora were also observed. Sea Turtles: potential nesting habitat occurred at the southwest corner of the islet, but the area had recently been disturbed by bulldozing/earthmoving activities, and no evidence of turtle nests were found. Station GA-4: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef between the north harbor jetty and the northwestern corner of the islet. The reef is sheltered by the islet and in a relatively low-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction. The habitat was largely sand flats with coral covered pinnacles dotting the bottom beyond the shallower lagoon reef. Coral cover was 100% along the fringing reef. Mushroom corals (Fungiidae) and bivalves were particularly prolific within this station. Fish: The coral pinnacles supported a variety of reef fish including a number of juvenile groupers (Epinephelus sp and Plectropomus sp). The small harbor jetties supported an unusual black and yellow form of striped bristle-tooth surgeonfishes (Ctenochaetus striatus). Four spotted eagle rays (Aetobatus narinari) were observed within the harbor. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas and T. squamosa). Sponges: orange sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 24 species of corals recorded within this station, 14 were SOCs from the genera Favia, Heliopora, Halomitra, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Acropora, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Symphyllia, Montipora, Porties, Turbinaria, Hydnophora, Herpolitha, Alveopora, and Cyphastrea were also observed. GELLINAM Terrestrial Survey (Date: 12/5/96) Gellinam is about 2 hectares (5 acres) in size and actively used by seabirds for nesting. The shoreline and exposed reef provide foraging habitat for wintering migratory shorebirds. Seabirds were observed foraging in the boat harbor (GL-E) and east of the islet (GL-D). The lawns surrounding structures (GL-B) and in the northern section of the islet (GL-A) supported various shorebirds. The helicopter pad (H) may collect water during heavy rain and attract wintering shorebirds. The rocky shoreline was used by shorebirds for feeding and by black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) for roosting. Surveys in 1988 indicated large numbers of black noddies (Anous minutus) nesting in this area, however, there was no evidence seen during the survey of recent nesting. Black noddies were observed nesting in six Pisonia trees adjacent to a building (GL-B). We observed black-naped terns nesting in the coral rubble on both sides of the helicopter pad (GL- C). The beaches at the northern and southern ends of the islet (GL-F) were also used by black- naped terns for nesting, and one nest with a single egg was found at the northern beach. Marine Survey (Date: 12/5/96) Station GL-1: Habitat: This station is an abandoned "Japanese" quarry hole on the seaward reef flat east of the islet. The station is in a windward, high-energy environment. It was surveyed in a southeast to northwest direction. Many coral species have become well established to create excellent habitat within the relatively shallow hole. The quarry is irregularly shaped with many ridges and high spots that afford suitable relief to support a community of coral and fish species that is both diverse and abundant. Coral coverage on the walls of the hole was estimated to be 80%. Fish: Reef fish species observed included emperors (Gnathodentex aurolineatus), snappers (Lutjanus gibbus), rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), and several schools of parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow rubbery tube sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 35 coral species recorded within this station, 24 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Millepora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Platygyra, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptastrea, Leptoria, Goniastrea, Hydnophora, Cyphastrea, Turbinaria, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. Station GL-2: Habitat: This station extends across the interislet reef between the northeastern end of the quarry hole and the northwestern corner of the islet. The reef is in a windward, high-energy environment, and the benthic habitat can be characterized as scoured pavement, exposed to strong incoming currents. The station was surveyed in an east to west direction. Coral coverage was estimated to be 5%. Off the northern point of the islet, rubble had formed a small berm. Fish: Very few reef fish were observed within this station. Species of Concern: Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 6 coral species observed within this station, 3 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, and Goniastrea were also observed within this station. Sea Turtles: nesting habitat for sea turtles was observed behind the northern rubble berm where 9 possible old turtle nest pits were found. No evidence of recent nesting was observed. Station GL-3: Habitat: This station extends along the reef on the lagoon side of the islet from its northwest corner to the northern harbor jetty. The station is protected by the islet and in a relatively low-energy environment. It was surveyed in a northwest to southeast direction. Coral coverage was from an estimated 5% near the northwest corner of the islet and an estimated 60% near the jetty. A shallow reef that is wave-swept at times occurs near the jetty. Several species of Acropora were present. A fouling filamentous algae was common throughout the shallow areas of this station. The area north of the jetty supported abundant top shell snails (Trochus sp). Fish: Many parrotfishes (Scarus sp) were observed throughout this station. Close to the northernmost harbor jetty, several big schools of rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp), groupers (Plectropomus areolatus), and one white-tip and one black-tip shark (Triaenodon obesus and Carcharhinus melanopterus, respectively) were observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. gigas) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange rubbery branch sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 34 coral species observed at this site, 22 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Heliopora, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Favites, Symphyllia, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Turbinaria, and Leptoseris were also recorded at this station. Station GL-4: Habitat: This station extends across the interislet reef flat between the southern end of the quarry and the southern harbor jetty. The reef is in a windward, high energy environment although the lagoonward portion between the end of the islet and the jetty is somewhat protected. The station was surveyed in an east to west direction. On the reef flat southeast of islet, coral coverage was estimated to be 10%. In contrast, coral coverage on the lagoon reef off the southwestern corner of the islet was an estimated 90%. Fish: Reef fish species observed included snappers (Lutjanus gibbus) and groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus sp). Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) and giant clams (Tridacna squamosa, T. gigas, T. maxima, and Hippopus hippopus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange rubbery tube sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 35 coral species recorded at this site, 21 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Millepora, Halomitra, Platygyra, Pocillopora, Pavona, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Stylocoeniella, Goniastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed. Station GL-5: Habitat: This station extends from a large pinnacle on the lagoon floor northwest of the islet to the harbor channel off the southeastern corner of the islet. The area is in a moderate-energy environment being less sheltered by the islet and subject to strong tidal currents. Coral coverage on the large pinnacle was estimated to be 50%, and Acropora spp and other SOCs were abundant. The bottom substrate between the pinnacle and the harbor was mostly low-relief sand and rubble mixed with smaller outcrops of coral. Fish: Reef fishes observed were snappers (Lutjanus gibbus), groupers (Plectropomus laevis and Variola louti), jacks (Caranx sexfasciatus), spotted eagle rays (Aetobatis narinari), grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrynchos), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), surgeonfishes (Naso sp), snake eels (Myrichthys maculosus) and garden eels (Heteroconger hassi). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas and T. maxima). Sponges: brown sponges with one siphon (Halisarch sp), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange rubbery sponges (unidentified), and orange stalk sponges (Stylissa sp). Corals: of the 46 coral species observed at this site, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Heliopora, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Halomitra, Merulina, Stylophora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Symphyllia, Astreopora, Herpolitha, Sandalolitha, Montastrea, Favites, Anacropora, Stylocoeniella, Montipora, Porites, Leptoria, Goniopora, Turbinaria, Oulophyllia, Leptoseris, and Cirrhipathes were also observed within this station. Sea turtles: one adult green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was observed. ENIWETAK Terrestrial Survey (Dates: 12/4 & 5/96) Eniwetak is approximately 6 hectares (15 acres) in area with vegetation mostly comprised of native species. Although small, this islet contained the largest number of nesting seabirds seen on the USAKA islets during the survey. The shoreline and exposed reef at low tide provide habitat for foraging shorebirds. The islet's vegetation was comprised mostly of mature stands of Pisonia, Cocos, and Pandanus. At the time of the survey, there were no mowed areas on Eniwetak. The helicopter pad (H) may collect water during heavy rain and may attract both seabirds and shorebirds. Black noddies (Anous minutus) were the most common birds breeding in the Pisonia canopy (EK- A), which was about 30 m in height. Vegetation on the western and northern sections of the islet was primarily comprised of Pisonia. Scaevola and Cocos were observed above tidal influence on the southern shore. Mixed stands of and Pandanus occurred along the eastern shoreline. A small patch of Pandanus supported a few brown noddies (Anous stolidus), which appeared to be breeding. White terns (Gygis alba) were observed on the eastern edge of the stand. Although it was likely that they were breeding, no chicks or eggs were located. Great frigate birds (Fregata minor) were not observed to be nesting, but they were spotted soaring above the islet. Great crested terns (Sterna bergii) and black-naped terns (Sterna sumatrana) were observed roosting on the harbor jettys (EK- B). Whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) were the primary shorebird observed on the islet. Marine Survey (Dates: 12/6/96 & 12/7/96) Station EK-1: Habitat: This station is a large pinnacle located northeast of Eniwetak on a lagoon floor ridge that appears to extend between Eniwetak and Kwadack islets. Although the pinnacle is on the windward side of the atoll, it is in a moderate-energy environment since it receives some protection from the atoll reef. The periphery of the pinnacle was surveyed in a clockwise direction. Corals on this pinnacle were diverse and abundant, and coral cover on the sides of the pinnacle was estimated to be nearly 90%. Many coral species observed belonging to the genera Acropora were present. Scallops (Pedum spondyloideum) were common on the pinnacle. Fish: Reef fish diversity and abundance at the pinnacle was low, possibly as a result of fishing pressure. Fish species recorded included snappers (Lutjanus bohar, Macolor niger, and Aprion virescens, and several large schools of Lutjanus gibbus ), parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), groupers (Cephalopholis argus and Plectropomus sp), and snake eels (Myrichthys maculosus). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas, T. squamosa and T. maxima). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black bunchy sponges (Hippospongia amata), black sponges (Axinyssa sp), yellow tube sponges with a single siphon (unidentified), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 37 coral species recorded within this station, 23 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Halomitra, Stylophora, Merulina, Platygyra, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, Fungia, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Astreopora, Herpolitha, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Montipora, Porites, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed at this station. Station EK-2: Habitat: This station extends along the northern side of the islet from its northeastern corner to the northern harbor jetty on the western side of the islet. Though well inside the lagoon, the area around Eniwetak is influenced by currents that sweep into the lagoon through Eniwetak Channel. The eastern end of the station is in a wave-swept, high-energy environment and the western end is somewhat more protected. Coral coverage was estimated to be 5% close to shore and 50% farther out on a gently sloping shelf. Within this station, overall benthic habitat complexity was greatest in the area north of the jetty. Fish: Reef fish species observed at this station included surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus and Naso lituratus), groupers (Variola louti), rabbitfishes (Siganus argenteus), and mixed schools of parrotfishes (Scarus spp). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), black sponges (Axinyssa sp), orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), and yellow lumpy sponges (Hippospongia metachomma). Corals: of the 38 coral species observed within this station, 24 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Tubipora, Platygyra, Lobophylla, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Millepora, Pavona, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Astreopora, Montastrea, Hydnophora, Alveopora, Porites, Leptastrea, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. Station EK-3: Habitat: This station extends along the southern shoreline from the eastern corner of the islet to the southern harbor jetty. The reef flat is exposed to strong currents associated with Eniwetak Channel, and this station is in a high-energy environment. In general, the reef flat is slightly more protected and deeper near the southwestern corner of the islet. Coral coverage within this area was greater. The station was surveyed in a roughly east to west direction. Coral coverage on the reef flat was estimated to be less than 20 % except for along the reef margin where it was estimated to be 90%. It appeared that trenching for cables extending across the reef flat and down the reef slope had caused a high degree of localized impact to the coral community at this location. Fish: Reef fish species included aggregations of parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos), groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus laevis), emperors (Lethrinus sp), and white-tip, black-tip, and grey reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus, Carcharhinus melanopterus, and C. amblyrhynchos, respectively). On the leeward side of islet, near the harbor, schools of surgeonfishes (Acanthurus olivaceus and A. lineatus), and rudderfishes (Kyphosus sp) were observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange lumpy sponges (Acanthella cavernosa), black sponges (Axinyssa sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified), orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), and yellow lumpy sponges (Hippospongia metachroma). Corals: of the 47 coral species recorded at this site, 33 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Platygyra, Millepora, Stylophora, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, and Favia. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Goniastrea, Alveopora, Leptastrea, Montastrea, Symphyllia, Herpolitha, Oulophyllia, Porites, Turbinaria, Hydnophora, and Leptoseris were also observed at this station. Sea turtles: adjacent to the harbor boat ramp near the helicopter pad, a turtle nest pit was found in an area of weedy vegetation above the beach. A turtle egg shell was recovered from the site. Several more turtle nest pits were found within the same area fronting the harbor. Station EK-4: Habitat: This station extends along the southern upper reef slope from the eastern end to the western end of the islet. Strong currents flow from east to west through the station. The station was surveyed in an east to west direction. The survey was conducted at depths between 16 and 26 m. Coral coverage within this station was estimated to be 90% and was comprised of many SOCs. Other macro-invertebrates included several species of sea feathers (Comanthus spp) and a crown-of- thorns-starfish (Acanthaster planci). Fish: Reef fish were abundant and included snappers (Lutjanus bohar, L. gibbus, and Macolor niger), mixed aggregations of parrotfishes (Scarus spp), surgeonfishes (Acanthurus pyroferus), groupers (Variola louti and Plectropomus laevis), large triggerfishes (Balistoides sp), white-tip reef sharks (Triaenodon obesus), and manta rays (Manta birostris). Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima and T. squamosa). Sponges: orange encrusting sponges (Stylinos sp), yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified), pink branching sponges (unidentified), purple encrusting sponges (Clathria sp), red encrusting sponges (Clathria sp and Crella sp), blue sponges (unidentified), black sponges (Axinyssa sp), and orange rubbery branching sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 45 coral species observed within this station, 26 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Platygyra, Merulina, Favia, Millepora, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Pavona, and Seriatopora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Galaxea, Favites, Psammocora, Cyphastrea, Alveopora, Porites, Turbinaria, Astreopora, Scaphophyllia, and Leptoseris were also observed within this station. ENNUGARRET Terrestrial Survey (Date: 9/25/96) Ennugarret is a heavily forested 9.7-hectare (24-acre) islet immediately southeast of Roi-Namur. The shoreline and exposed reef provide foraging habitat for wintering shorebirds. The forest (ET-A) was a mixture of Pandanus sp, Pisonia, and other coastal trees that are all valuable for tree-nesting seabirds. Historical information indicates that a cleared area was present at one time; but at the time of the survey, the forest cover was almost continuous over the islet. Bird density was low and only noddies (Anous spp) and white terns (Gygis alba) were seen in the interior. The habitat and the behavior of the few seabirds seen suggested that the islet was used for breeding, but no nests were located. The sand spit at the southwestern corner of the islet was being used by black-naped terns for roosting. A new landbird record for the entire atoll was a single Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis), which was observed in the forest interior. This species breeds in New Zealand and migrates to Pacific Island and atolls during its non-breeding season. A large, unidentified brown rat was observed under a tree. Marine Survey (Dates: 9/24 & 25/96) Station ET-1: Habitat: This station extends along the lagoon reef between the southwestern and northwestern corners of the islet. This station is sheltered by the islet and in a relatively low-energy environment. It was surveyed in a south to north direction. The reef substrate is sand with large thickets of branching Acropora corals and clusters of reef outcrops that are nearly 100% covered with corals. In general, coral cover is greatest within the southern portion of the station. Corals on several of these outcrops appeared to have been damaged by anchors. On the beach near the northwestern corner of the islet, a pile of giant clam shells (Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus) were observed, indicating recent harvesting. Fish: Surprisingly few large reef fish were seen. Two large triggerfishes (Balistoides viridescens) were observed defending their territory. The several areas of damaged coral indicated recent anchoring, which may explain the lack of fish due to fishing pressure. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and Hippopus hippopus) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange sponges (Unidentified) and yellow encrusting sponges (Unidentified). Corals: of the 38 species of corals recorded within this station, 24 were SOC's from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Favia, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Pavona, and Millepora. Other corals from the genera Montipora, Goniopora, Porties, Leptoseris, Turbinaria, Leptoria, Hydnophora, and Leptastrea were also seen. Sea Turtles: good potential sea turtle nesting habitat occurred on shore at the northern end of the station. Station ET-2: Habitat: This station extends across the interislet atoll reef between the northwestern and northeastern corners of the islet. The shallow reef flat is current-swept, partially exposed during low tides, and in a moderate to high-energy environment. Coral abundance and diversity on the reef flat was low with Porites lutea being dominant. On the outer reef flat and in deeper water toward the lagoon, corals were slightly more abundant. Thickets of branching Acropora sp corals were observed at the lagoon-ward end of the station. Fish: Several schools of juvenile parrotfishes (Scarus sp) and a small black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) were seen. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Hippopus hippopus and Tridacna maxima) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange sponges (unidentified) and red encrusting sponges (Crella sp). Corals: of the 8 coral species identified within this station, 5 are SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, and Heliopora. Other corals from the genera Monitpora, Porties, and Goniastrea were also seen. Sea Turtles: good potential sea turtle nesting habitat occurred on shore at the western end of the station. Station ET-3: This station extends along the seaward reef flat roughly between the northeastern and southeastern corners of the islet. This windward station is current-swept and in a high-energy environment. The station was surveyed in a north to south direction. Coral abundance and diversity on the reef flat was low to moderate, with Porites lutea and Montipora digitata being dominant. Patches of zooanthids (Palythoa sp) were extensive on the outer reef flat. Fish: Relatively few reef fish were seen within this shallow, exposed station. One juvenile black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) was observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Corals: of the 8 species recorded within this station, 4 were SOCs from the genera Acropora and Pocillopora. Other corals from the genera Goniastrea, Porties, Montipora, and Leptoria were also seen. Station ET-4: Habitat: This station extends along the interislet atoll reef roughly between the islet's southeastern and southwestern corners. The shallow reef flat is current-swept with low coral diversity. The station was surveyed in an east to west direction. Coral diversity and abundance was generally low with Porites lutea being dominant. However, off the southwestern corner of the islet on the lagoon side, coral diversity and abundance was dramatically higher. At this location, coral coverage was an estimated 60%. Fish: Very few fish were observed within this station. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna maxima, T. gigas, and T. squamosa) and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: orange sponges (Stylinos sp). Corals: of the 9 species of corals identified at this station, 5 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Heliopora, and Pocillopora. Other corals from the genera Leptoria, Goniastrea, Montipora, and Porties were also seen. Station ET-5: Habitat: This deeper station is on the lagoon reef slope, approximately 500 m from the west side of the islet. The station is protected by the islet and is in a relatively low-energy environment. It was surveyed in a south to north direction between depths of 7 and 15 m. Large reef outcrops on the sand terrace supported many corals, and thickets of Acropora were present at shallower depths. In some areas coral coverage was estimated to be 90%. A crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) was seen feeding on a coral colony. A current line moving through this station contained much plastic debris, some of which was entangling corals. Fish: Larger reef fish were observed on the large outcrops. The primary fish species included several groupers (Anyperdon leucogrammicus, Epinephelus cyanopodus, and Plectropomus areolatus). Also common in this area were snappers (Lutjanus monostigmus) and schools of parrotfishes (Scarus microrhinos). A single large adult black-tip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)was observed. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas). Corals: of the 17 species of coral identified within this station, 13 are SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Lobophyllia, Fungia, Pectinia, Seriatopora, and Pavona. Other corals from the genera Herpolitha, Montipora, and Porites were also seen. Station ET-6: Habitat: This station is a pinnacle on the lagoon floor that is marked with a red buoy and located approximately 1000 m west of the islet where it is in a moderate-energy environment. It was surveyed in a clockwise direction at an average depth of 18 m. Coral diversity was high and coral coverage was estimated to be 90% around the periphery of the pinnacle. Evidence of coral destruction, presumably as a result of anchor placement on the pinnacle was seen in three different places. Fish: Reef fish species were diverse, and the most conspicuous species included snappers (Lutjanus gibbus, L. fulvus, L. monostigmus, Macolor niger, and Aprion virescens) and groupers (Plectropomus laevis and P. areolatus). An adult male white-tip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) was seen. Species of Concern: Mollusks: giant clams (Tridacna gigas), black-lip pearl oysters (Pinctada margaritifera), and top shell snails (Trochus niloticus). Sponges: red encrusting sponges (Crella sp), orange lumpy sponges (unidentified), brown sponges (Axinyssa sp), and yellow encrusting sponges (unidentified). Corals: of the 37 coral species recorded within this station, 26 were SOCs from the genera Acropora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Lobophyllia, Halomitra, Pavona, Seriatophora, Merulina, Stylophora, and Pectinia. Other corals from the genera Leptoseris, Favites, Montipora, Porties, Goniopora, Leptastrea, Acrhelia, and Pachyseris were also seen. RECOMMENDATIONS The avian communities of the Marshall Islands are made up predominantly of breeding seabirds, resident either seasonally or year-round, and migratory shorebirds either passing through or spending their entire non-breeding season on the low atolls and coral islands of the country. Seabirds do all their foraging at sea, coming to land only to lay eggs and raise chicks and for some species to loaf and rest. Their habitat requirements on land, therefore, are very simple. The correct substrate for nesting at a site is one that is free from the predators and disturbance that would preclude successful breeding. Migrant shorebirds, waterfowl, the reef heron, and the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis) on the other hand do require both roosting sites that are safe from predators and acceptable foraging habitat. Great-crested terns (Sterna bergii) are not on the Migratory Bird Treaty List but are one of the most common and widespread seabird species on the USAKA islets. They should be included on lists of birds considered as protected at Kwajalein. Likewise the Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis) should be added because it is a winter migrant using forest habitat on the atoll. The very small islets such as Gellinam and Gagan could be very easily cleared of rats which would enhance seabird breeding success at those sites. All Black-naped tern colonies should be marked off and all traffic should be excluded from entering these colonies. Their preference for open sites induces them to nest in dangerous places near the helicopter pads and on beach areas with the potential for disturbance by those that do not notice their cryptic nests. This is a problem at Meck Islet where there is a high degree of human activity. The white chain fence that was placed around the bird colony on Meck has fallen down and it should be repaired. Similar fences should be placed around colonies on Omelek and Gellinam. Abandoned buildings create a hazard to seabirds that may be attracted to ponding water and then are unable to escape. Seabirds need a large area to take off and even the lowest walls can prevent the birds from being able to escape. Uncovered tanks such as the one on Illeginni may be trapping seabirds and should be either covered or removed. Antennae also cause a hazard to seabirds, since the seabirds often are unable to see guy-wires and will accidentally fly into them. Therefore, any antennae that are no longer needed should be removed. Buildings that are no longer in use on Eniwetak, Omelek, and Gellinam may be encouraging camping, increasing the likelihood of harvesting of reef species, adult birds, and bird eggs. On Gagan, batteries were found in the forest on the northern end of the islet , and these should be removed. The relationship between seabird nesting success and the presence or absence of the long-legged ants should be examined. An attempt to control or eradicate this introduced ant on selected islets should be considered. The seagrass beds on Roi-Namur likely support moderate to large numbers green sea turtles. These beds should be protected through the establishment of a conservation zone that would restrict the disturbance of the seagrass beds. RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued) We recommend analysis of sediments and selected marine organisms for contaminants (e.g. PCBs and Metals) at the southern corner of Meck Islet. This recommendation is based on observations of debris in the marine environment at this location that may contain such contaminants as PCBs and metals. An assessment of potential impacts of the debris on marine organisms should be conducted. Herpolitha limax and Sandolitha robusta (Family FUNGIIDAE) were two species of unattached corals that occurred on the upper reef slopes of several USAKA islets. These species are particularly vulnerable to environmental variations (e.g. typhoons which alter coastal sand transport and result in smothering corals) and anthropogenic impacts (e.g. harvesting for aquarium trade or personal collection). Therefore, we recommend that these species be added to the Species of Concern list of Corals (Coelenterates). Two species of cone shells (Lambis truncata and L. scorpius) occur in shallow waters of several USAKA islets and are particularly vulnerable to shell collecting activities. Therefore, we recommend that these species be added to the Species of Concern list of Mollusks. Although coconut crabs (Birgus latro) occur throughout the USAKA islets, none were observed during the inventory surveys. Coconut crabs are vulnerable to human harvest activities and should be protected when possible. Therefore, we recommend that the coconut crab be added to the Species of Concern list of Crustaceans. Biologists observed a wide variety of debris littering the shallow marine environment in the vicinity of the munitions disposal pit near the northwest end of the Illeginni islet. Some of the small caliber munitions were unexploded. The future release of chemicals within these unexploded ordinance may impact marine organisms. We recommend that future burns be conducted in a manner that completely detonates both large and small caliber ordinance. Furthermore, the recommend that small caliber ordinance observed in the near shore marine environment be collected and properly disposed. REFERENCES Clapp, R.B. 1990. Notes on the birds of the Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin No. 342. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Colin, C.L. 1995. Tropical Pacific Invertebrates - A Field Guide to the Marine Invertebrates Occurring on Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs, Seagrass Beds, and Mangroves. Beverly Hills, California: Coral Reef Press. 296 p. Hooper, J.N.A. and F. Wiedenmayer. 1994. Zoological Catalogue of Australia Volume 12 Porifera, Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO. 624 p. Myers, R.F. 1991. Micronesian Reef Fishes - A Practical Guide to the Identification of the coral Reef Fishes of the Tropical Central and Western Pacific (2nd ed.). Agana, Guam: Coral Graphics. 298 p. Schipper, W.L. 1985. Observations of Birds on Kwajalein Atoll 1978-1983. Elepaio 46:27-32. Veron, J.E.N. 1993. Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. 644 p. Table 1. Seabirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK= Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=Dead. *= nest not found but behavior suggests active breeding. USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Short-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris) - - - D - - - - - - - Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) - - - - - P - O - O - Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) O O - - - - - - - - - Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) O - - - - P - - - - - Great Crested Tern (Sterna bergii) P O - P P P P P P P O P P Black-naped Tern (Sterna sumatrana) P O - P B B* O P B P P O - B* White Tern (Gygis alba) B* O B* O - B* P B* - B* B* B B* Black Noddy (Anous minutus) O O O B O B P P O P B B Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus) O B* O O - - B* O O P P P Table 2. Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=Dead. *= nest not found but behavior suggests active breeding. USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominica) P P P P P P P P P P P Ringed or Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) P - - - - - - - - - - Black Bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola) - - - - - - - - - - - Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) P P P P P - P P P P P Grey-tailed Tattler (Heteroscelus brevipes) P - - - - - - - P P - Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) P P P - P P P P P P - Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) - - - - - - - P - - P Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) - - - - - - P - - - USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) - - - - - - - - - - - Godwit sp. (Limosa sp. ) - - - - - - P - - - - Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) P P P P P P P P P P P Japanese Snipe (Gallinago hardwickii) - - - - - - - P - - - Sanderling (Calidris alba) - - - - - - - P - - - Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) P - - - - - - P - - - Pacific Reef-Heron (Egretta sacra) B* P P - P P P P P P B* Mallard (Anas platyrhyncos) - - - - - - - P - - - Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) - - - - - - - - - - - USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Table 2(Continued). Waterfowl, Landbirds, and Shorebirds observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. B=Breeding, P=Present, O=Offshore foraging, D=found dead. *=Nest not found but behavior suggests active breeding. USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis) - P - - - - - - - - - Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) - - - - - - - B - - - Domestic Ducks (Anati sp. ) B - - - - - - - - - - Chickens (Gallus gallus) B - - - - - - - P - - USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Table 3. Seabird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. Note: Black noddy count for large colonies = number of active nests x 2. This number is likely to be an underestimate since the highest nests could not be seen. USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Brown Booby (Sula Leucogaster) - - - - - - - - - 3 - Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor) 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - Great Crested Tern (Sterna bergii) 27 - 4 7 1 6 2 9 2 4 4 Black-naped Tern (Sterna sumatrana) - - 4 29 7 - 33 3 2 - 13 Black-naped eggs/chicks (Sterna sumatrana) - - - - - - 6/3 - - - - White Tern (Gygis alba) 10 2 - 5 1 8 1 2 7 24 6 Black Noddy Adults (Anous minutus) - - - 9 1 656 8 7 47 40 184 Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus) 1 18 2 - - 1 1 4 1 2 1 USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Table 4. Waterfowl, Shorebird, and Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. USAKA Islets Common Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Pacific Reef-Heron (Egretta sacra) 6 6 2 - 1 1 1 6 5 1 6 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) - - - - - - - 1 - - - Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) - - - - - - - 11 - - - American Wigeon (Anas americana) - - - - - - - - - - - Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominica) 92 16 10 1 2 12 45 406 41 14 31 Ringed or Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius hiaticula or C. semipalmatus) 1 - - - - - - - - - - Black Bellied Plover (Pluvialis dominica) - - - - - - - - - - - Wandering Tattler (Heteroscelus incanus) 6 1 3 - 1 - 3 18 13 7 10 Grey-tailed Tattler (Heteroscelus brevipes) 2 - - - - - - - 1 2 - Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) 3 1 2 - 5 10 4 49 6 1 10 Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis) - - - - - - - - - - 1 Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica) - - - - - - - - - - - Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa haemastica) - - - - - - - - - - - USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Table 4 (Continued). Waterfowl, Shorebird, Landbird populations estimated at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. Islet Keys: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. Bold indicates current USAKA Species of Concern. USAKA Islets Bird Name RN ET GA GL OM EK MK KI EL LG IL Godwit sp (Limosa sp) - - - - - - 1 1 - - - Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) 96 5 5 6 9 - 12 379 13 2 42 Japanese Snipe (Gallinago hardwickii) - - - - - - - 1 - - - Sanderling (Calidris alba) - - - - - - - 2 - - - Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Calidris acuminata) - - - - - - - 7 - - - Long-tailed Cuckoo (Eudynamis taitensis) - 1 - - - - - - - - - Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) - - - - - - - 2 - - - USAKA 1996 BIOLOGICAL INVENTORY Table 5. Comparisons of Shorebird and Waterfowl counts on Kwajalein Islet during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources with those made in 1988 by R.B. Clapp. Islet Key: RN=Roi-Namur, ET=Ennugarret, GA=Gagan, GL=Gellinam, OM=Omelek, EK=Eniwetak, MK=Meck, KI=Kwajalein, EL=Ennylabegan, LG=Legan, IL=Illeginni. All birds observed were USAKA Species of Concern. 1988 1996 SURVEY DATE 3/24 3/25 3/28 3/28 3/29 9/27 9/28 12/8 START TIME 17:00 16:27 07:13 15:20 08:30 15:40 15:20 15:20 STOP TIME 18:32 18:08 08:46 16:39 09:57 17:15 17:00 17:00 Pacific Golden Plover 184 151 158 93 149 207 266 165 Wandering Tattler - - - - - - - 2 Whimbrel 4 3 5 5 3 26 21 19 Bar-tailed Godwit - - 1 - 1 - - 1 Hudsonian Godwit - 1 - - 1 - - - Ruddy Turnstone 323 372 213 337 289 176 209 126 Sanderling - - - - - 2 2 - Sharp-tailed Sandpiper 7 6 13 1 4 6 2 1 Curlew Sandpiper - 1 - - 1 - - - Northern Pintail - - - - - - - 11 Mallard - - - - - - - 1 Table 6. Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan _____________________________________________________________________________ APLYSILLIDAE x Chelonaplysilla sp AXINELLIDAE Acanthella cavernosa x x x Stylissa flabelliformis x Stylissa sp x ANCORINIDAE Dorypleres splendens x CHALINIDAE Nara nematifera x x CRELLIDAE Crella calypta x x x x x x DESMACIDIDAE Liosina paradoxa x HALICHONDRIIDAE Stylinos sp x x x x x x x Stylotella sp x Axinyssa sp x x x x x x HALISARCIDAE Harlisarch sp x IRDINIIDAE Ircinia sp x Table 6 (Continued). Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan ______________________________________________________________________________ MICROCIONIDAE Clathria plintina x Clathria mima x x NIPHATIDAE Cribochalina olemda x SPONGIIDAE Hippospongia amata x THORECTIDAE Hippospongia metachroma x Table 6 (Continued). Sponge Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan _____________________________________________________________________________ Unidentified Sponges Orange Sponge x x x Orange Encrusting Sponge x Orange Lumpy Sponge x x Orange Stalk Sponge x x Orange Tube Sponge x Yellow Sponge x Yellow Encrusting Sponge x x x x x Yellow Tube Sponge x x Brown Sponge x Gray Lumpy Sponge x Pink Branch Sponge x Bright Green Encrusting Sponge x Red Lumpy Sponge x Table 7. Marine Mollusk Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan _____________________________________________________________________________ TRIDACNIDAE (Giant Clams) Tridacna maxima x x x x x x x x x x x T. gigas x x x x x x x T. squamosa x x x x x x x x Hippopus hippopus x x x x x x x TROCHIDAE (Top Shell Snails) Trochus niloticus x x x x x x x x x x x T. maculatus x T. intextus x PTERIIDAE (Black-lip Pearl Oyster) Pinctada margaritifera x x Table 8. Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x x x x x A. aspera x x x x x x A. austera x x x x x x x x x x A. aculeus x x x x x x x A. clathrata x x x x x x A. cytherea x x x x x x x x x A. cerealis x x x x x x x x x x A. cuneata x A. danai x x x x x A. digitifera x x x x x x x A. florida x x x x x x x A. formosa x x x x x x x x A. gemmifera x x x x x x x x x x A. glauca x A. grandis x x x A. granulosa x x x A. horrida x x x x A. humilis x x x x x x x x x x x A. hyacinthus x x x x x x x x x A. meandrina x A. monitculosa x x x x x x x x x A. microphthalma x x x x x x x x x A. millepora x x x A. nasuta x x x x x x x x x x x A. nobilis x x x x x A. palifera x x x x x x x x x x x A. palmerae x A. paniculata x A. polystoma x A. robusta x x x x x x x x x x A. secale x x x x x A. tenuis x x x A. valida x x x x x x x x x x x A. vaughani x x x x x x x A. sp x Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan ______________________________________________________________________________ AGARICIIDAE Pavona cactus x x x x P. clavus x x x x x x x x P. decussata x P. duerdeni x P. maldivensis x P. minuta x x x x x x x x P. varians x x x x x x x x x x x P. venosa x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x x x x x x x x F. favus x x x x x x x x x F. abdita x x F. matthaii x x x x F. speciosa x x x x x x x F. stelligera x x x x x x x x x F. rotundata x P latygyra daedalea x x x x x x x x P. pini x P. sp x Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan ______________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x x x x x x x F. danai x x x x x x F. fungites x x x x x x x x x x F. horrida x F. paumotensis x F. scutaria x x x x x x x x x x F. repanda x x x x x F. echinata x Polyphyllia talpina x Halomitra pileus x x x x x x x x x H. sp x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x x x x x x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x x x x x x x x M. platyphylla x x x x x x M. tenella x x x x x x x x x x x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x x x x x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x x x x L. hemprichii x x x x x x x x x x PECTINIIDAE Pectinia paeonia x x Table 8 (Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at USAKA during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY (KI) (MK) (EK) (OM) (GL) (GA) (ET) (RN) (EL) (LG) (IL) Species Kwajalein Meck Enewitak Omelek Gellinam Gagan Ennugarret Roi- Enny- Legan Illeginni Namur labagan ______________________________________________________________________________ POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora danae x x x P. damicornis x x x x x x x x x x P. eydouxi x x x x x x x x x x x P. meandrina x x x x x x x x x P. verrucosa x x x x x x x x x x x Seriatopora hystrix x x x x x Stylophora pistillata x x x x x x x x x x x TUBIPORIDAE Tubipora musica x x Table 8(a). Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x A. aspera x A. austera x x x x x x x A. aculeus x x x x A. clathrata x x A. cytherea x x x x x x x x A. cerealis x x x x x x A. digitifera x x A. florida x x x x A. formosa x x x x x A. gemmifera x x A. glauca x A. granulosa x x A. horrida x A. humilis x x x x x x x x x A. hyacinthus x x x x x x A. monitculosa x x A. microphthalma x x x x A. millepora x A. nasuta x x x x x x x x A. palifera x x x A. paniculata x A. polystoma x A. robusta x x x A. secale x x A. valida x x x x x x x A. sp x Table 8(a)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 AGARICIIDAE Pavona cactus x x P. clavus x x x P. minuta x x x x x P. varians x x x x x x x P. venosa x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x F. favus x x x x x F. matthaii x F. speciosa x x F. stelligera x x x x x x F. rotundata x x FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x x F. danai x x x x x x F. fungites x x x x x F. scutaria x x x x x F. repanda x x Polyphyllia talpina x Halomitra pileus x x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x x x x x x M. tenella x x x x x x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x x x x x x L. hemprichii x x x x x x x x Table 8(a)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Kwajalein Islet (KI) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 PECTINIIDAE Pectinia paeonia x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora danae x x x x x P. damicornis x x x x x x x x x P. eydouxi x x x x x x x x x P. meandrina x x x x x x x x P. verrucosa x x x x x x x x x x Seriatopora hystrix x Stylophora pistillata x x Table 8(b). Coral Species of Concern observed at Roi-Namur Island (RN) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _____________________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE A. aspera x x x x x A. austera x A. cytherea x A. cuneata x x A. digitifera x x x x x A. humilis x x x x A. gemmifera x x x A. microphthalma x A. nasuta x x x x x x x A. palifera x x x A. valida x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona cactus x P. varians x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. danai x x x F. fungites x Halomitra pileus x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x x M. tenella x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x Table 8(b)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Roi-Namur Islet (RN) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ______________________________________________________________________________ POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x x x x x x P. eydouxi x x x x x x P. meandrina x x x P. verrucosa x x x x x x Stylophora pistillata x x TUBIPORIDAE Tubipora musica x Table 8(c). Coral Species of Concern observed at Meck Islet (MK) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 _____________________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x x x A. austera x x x x x x A. cytherea x x x x x A. cerealis x x x x x A. digitifera x x A. formosa x x A. gemmifera x A. horrida x x A. humilis x x x x x x A. hyacinthus x x A. monitculosa x x A. nasuta x x x x x A. palifera x A. robusta x x A. valida x A. vaughani x x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x x x P. minuta x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x x F. favus x x x F. stelligera x Platygyra daedalea x x x FUNGIIDAE Fungia fungites x x x F. scutaria x x x x x Halomitra pileus x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x M. platyphylla x M. tenella x x x Table 8(c)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Meck Islet (MK) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 ______________________________________________________________________________ MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora danae x P. damicornis x x x x x P. eydouxi x x x x x x P. meandrina x x x x P. verrucosa x x x x x x Stylophora pistillata x Table 8(d). Coral Species of Concern observed at Omelek Islet (OM) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x A. aspera x x A. austera x x x A. aculeus x A. clathrata x x A. cerealis x x x A. digitifera x x A. formosa x x x A. humilis x x x x A. hyacinthus x x x A. gemmifera x A. monitculosa x A. microphthalma x x x A. nasuta x x x A. palifera x x A. palmerae x A. robusta x x x A. tenuis x A. valida x x A. vaughani x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x P. minuta x x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x F. favus x x F. abdita x F. speciosa x F. stelligera x x x Platygyra daedalea x x Table 8(d)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Omelek Islet (OM) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 _____________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. fungites x F. scutaria x x x F. repanda x x x Halomitra pileus x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x M. tenella x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x x L. hemprichii x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x x x P. eydouxi x x x x P. verrucosa x x Stylophora pistillata x x x TUBIPORIDAE Tubipora musica x x Table 8(e). Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennylabegan Islet (EL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora austera x x x A. aculeus x x A. clathrata x x A. cytherea x x x x A. cerealis x x x A. danai x x A. florida x A. humilis x x A. hyacinthus x x x A. gemmifera x x A. granulosa x A. monitculosa x x A. microphthalma x x A. millepora x A. nasuta x x A. palifera x x x x A. robusta x x A. secale x x x x A. tenuis x A. valida x x x A. vaughani x x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x x x P. maldivensis x P. minuta x x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x F. favus x x x F. matthaii x x F. speciosa x x x Platygyra daedalea x x Table 8(e)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennylabegan Islet (EL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. danai x x F. fungites x x F. horrida x F. scutaria x x x F. repanda x x x Halomitra pileus x x x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x M. platyphylla x x x M. tenella x x x x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x x x L. hemprichii x x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x P. eydouxi x x x x P. meandrina x x P. verrucosa x x x Seriatopora hystrix x Stylophora pistillata x Table 8(f). Coral Species of Concern observed at Legan Islet (LG) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x A. austera x x x x A. aculeus x x x A. clathrata x x A. cytherea x x x x A. cerealis x x x x x A. danai x A. formosa x x A. grandis x x x A. horrida x x A. humilis x x x x A. hyacinthus x x x x A. gemmifera x x x A. monitculosa x x x x A. microphthalma x A. millepora x x A. nasuta x x x x x A. palifera x x x x A. robusta x x x x A. tenuis x x x A. valida x x x A. vaughani x x x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x x x x P. minuta x x x x x P. varians x x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x x F. favus x x x x F. speciosa x x x F. stelligera x x Platygyra pini x P. daedalea x Table 8(f)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Legan Islet (LG) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. fungites x x F. horrida x F. scutaria x x F. repanda x Halomitra pileus x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x x x M. platyphylla x x x M. tenella x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x L. hemprichii x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x P. eydouxi x x x x x P. meandrina x P. verrucosa x x x x x Stylophora pistillata x x x x TUBIPORIDAE Tubipora musica x Table 8(g). Coral Species of Concern observed at Illeginni Islet (IL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora austera x x A. clathrata x x A. cytherea x x x A. cerealis x x A. danai x A. florida x x A. grandis x x A. horrida x A. humilis x x x A. hyacinthus x x A. gemmifera x x x A. monitculosa x A. microphthalma x A. nasuta x x x A. nobilis x A. palifera x x x A. robusta x x A. secale x x A. valida x x x A. vaughani x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x x P. minuta x x x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x F. favus x x x F. matthaii x F. speciosa x x x Platygyra daedalea x x Table 8(g)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Illeginni Islet (IL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 ______________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia danai x F. fungites x x F. paumotensis x F. scutaria x x F. repanda x x Halomitra pileus x x x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x M. platyphylla x x M. tenella x x x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia corymbosa x L. hemprichii x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x P. eydouxi x x x P. verrucosa x x x Stylophora pistillata x x Table 8(h). Coral Species of Concern observed at Gagan Islet (GA) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE A. aspera x x A. austera x A. aculeus x A. cytherea x x A. cerealis x x A. digitifera x x A. formosa x x A. humilis x x x A. hyacinthus x A. gemmifera x A. microphthalma x A. nasuta x A. palifera x A. robusta x A. valida x x x A. vaughani x AGARICIIDAE Pavona varians x x x P. venosa x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x F. favus x F. stelligera x x x Platygyra sp x FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. danai x x F. fungites x x F. scutaria x x Halomitra pileus x x Table 8(h)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Gagan Islet (GA) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 _____________________________________________________________________________ HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x x M. platyphylla x x M. tenella x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x x P. eydouxi x P. meandrina x P. verrucosa x x x Stylophora pistillata x Table 8(i). Coral Species of Concern observed at Gellinam Islet (GL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x x A. austera x x x x A. aculeus x x A. clathrata x A. cytherea x x x A. cerealis x x x x A. danai x A. digitifera x A. formosa x x x A. grandis x A. humilis x x x A. hyacinthus x x x A. gemmifera x x A. monitculosa x A. nasuta x A. nobilis x A. palifera x x x x A. robusta x x A. valida x x x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x P. minuta x x x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x x F. favus x F. matthaii x F. speciosa x F. stelligera x x Platygyra daedalea x P. lamellina x Table 8(i)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Gellinam Islet (GL) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 ______________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x F. fungites x x x F. scutaria x x x Halomitra pileus x x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x M. tenella x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora damicornis x x x P. eydouxi x x x x P. meandrina x x x P. verrucosa x x x Stylophora pistillata x Table 8(j). Coral Species of Concern observed at Eniwetak Islet (EK) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ______________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x x A. aspera x A. austera x x x x A. aculeus x x x A. clathrata x x A. cytherea x x x A. cerealis x x x x A. danai x x x A. florida x x A. formosa x x A. gemmifera x A. humilis x x x x A. hyacinthus x x x x A. monitculosa x A. microphthalma x A. nasuta x x x x A. palifera x x x x A. robusta x x x A. secale x A. tenuis x A. valida x x x A. vaughani x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona clavus x x x x P. minuta x x P. varians x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x x x F. favus x x x F. speciosa x F. stelligera x x Platygyra daedalea x x x x Table 8(j)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Eniwetak Islet (EK) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 _____________________________________________________________________________ FUNGIIDAE Fungia concinna x x F. fungites x x F. scutaria x Halomitra pileus x HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora exaesa x x M. platyphylla x M. tenella x x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora eydouxi x x x x P. meandrina x P. verrucosa x x Seriatopora hystrix x Stylophora pistillata x x TUBIPORIDAE Tubipora musica x Table 8(k). Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennugarret Islet (ET) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. ____________________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 ______________________________________________________________________________ ACROPORIDAE Acropora accuminata x A. aspera x x A. austera x x A. cytherea x x A. cerealis x x A. digitifera x x A. florida x A. formosa x x A. humilis x x x x x A. granulosa x x A. monitculosa x A. microphthalma x A. nasuta x x x A. nobilis x x A. palifera x x A. robusta x A. valida x x AGARICIIDAE Pavona cactus x x P. decussata x P. duerdeni x P. varians x x x FAVIIDAE Favia pallida x FUNGIIDAE Fungia danai x x x F. fungites x x F. scutaria x F. stelligera x F. echinata x Halomitra pileus x Table 8(k)(Continued). Coral Species of Concern observed at Ennugarret Islet (ET) during the 1996 inventory of endangered species and wildlife resources. _____________________________________________________________________________ FAMILY SURVEY STATIONS Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 ______________________________________________________________________________ HELIOPORIDAE Heliopora coerulea x x x MILLEPORIDAE Millepora tenella x MERULINIDAE Merulina ampliata x MUSSIDAE Lobophyllia hemprichii x x x PECTINIIDAE Pectinia paeonia x x POCILLOPORIDAE Pocillopora danae x P. damicornis x x x x x P. eydouxi x x P. meandrina x x P. verrucosa x x x x Seriatopora hystrix x x Stylophora pistillata x