Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI [[pp. 35999-36048]]

[Federal Register: June 17, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 116)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 35999-36048]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr17jn03-10]

[[pp. 35999-36048]]
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations
or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the
Island of Oahu, HI

[[Continued from page 35998]]
[[Page 35999]]

Federal and State governments will have taken private property.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.g. of the DEA and Section 5.e.
of the addendum address costs involved in redistricting lands from the
Agricultural District to the Conservation District. About 3,319 acres
of the intended designation are in the agricultural district, 2,070
acres of which are privately owned. In the event that all of these
lands are redistricted to the conservation district, the loss in land
value would be approximately $18.6 million.
However, as discussed more fully in Chapter VI, Section 4.g. of the
DEA and Section 5.e. of the addendum, agency-initiated and court-
ordered redistricting of some of the privately owned land is reasonably
foreseeable (moderate to high probability). But more to the point, any
redistricting of land to Conservation, and any corresponding loss of
economically beneficial use, would be decided by the LUC and the
courts, not the Service, based on an array of State statutory factors.
As such, the Federal government would not have taken private property.
(58) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: While the
Service has stated that critical habitat affects only activities that
require Federal permits or funding, and does not require landowners to
carry out special management or restrict use of their land, this fails
to address the breadth of Federal activities that affect private
property in Hawaii and the extent to which private landowners are
required to obtain Federal approval before they can use their property.
These requirements also extend to State agencies requiring Federal
funds or approvals.
Our Response: As discussed in Chapter V, Section 2.b. of the DEA,
not every single project, land use, and activity that has a Federal
involvement has historically been subject to section 7 consultation
with the Service (e.g., a federally guaranteed mortgage). Thus, the
analysis was confined to those projects, land uses, and activities that
are, in practice, likely to be subject to consultation. The analysis
based this assessment on a review of past consultations, current
practices, and the professional judgments of Service staff and other
Federal agency staff.
(59) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: The impact
of the proposed designations under State law is potentially more
extensive than under Federal law since the Act contains at least
general criteria for determining when alteration of critical habitat
constitutes ``destruction or adverse modification.'' The lack of
analogous provisions under State law lends itself to a much broader
interpretation of what activities might be considered injurious to the
species (and therefore prohibited). One commenter asked if, to the
extent that the Service has considered the potential interplay between
the Act and State statutes, whether the Service is aware of any
circumstances where similar issues have been raised under other State
conservation statutes when critical habitat was designated. Another
commenter noted, however, that because Hawaii's land use laws are
uniquely onerous, precedent from other States is of little value. The
current wave of proposals to designate critical habitat are the first
time that the Act has been applied to significant areas of private land
in Hawaii. Consequently, even prior experience in Hawaii is of little
relevance.
Our Response: The DEA and the addendum discuss costs resulting from
the interplay of the Endangered Species Act and Hawaii State law in the
sections on Indirect Costs. The uncertainties regarding the occurrence
of many indirect costs and their magnitudes reflect the lack of
extensive experience in Hawaii with critical habitat.
(60) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: The DEA
fails to consider economic impacts of critical habitat that result
through interaction with State law, specifically Hawaii's Environmental
Impact Statement Law. HRS Sec. 343-5 applies to any use of
conservation land, and a full Environmental Impact Statement is
required if any of the significance criteria listed in Hawaii
Administrative Rule 11-200-12 apply. One of these criteria is that an
action is significant if it ``substantially affects a rare, threatened
or endangered species or its habitat.'' This will result in costly
procedural requirements and delays. However, the DEA does not
acknowledge that any impact on endangered species habitat will be
deemed to be ``significant.'' In addition, multiple commenters stated
that the DEA fails to evaluate the practical effect critical habitat
designation will have on development. Special Management Area permits
administered by the City & County of Honolulu, as required by Hawaii's
Coastal Zone Management Act, will be harder to obtain, will result in
delays, will cause a decline in property values, and might make it
impossible to develop. This economic impact disappears because the
DEA's bottom line erroneously counts only so-called ``direct'' costs of
consultation. The Service has taken the position in other States that
it has a right to intervene in local land use proceedings if they
affect endangered species on private property, as evidenced by the
Service's petition to the local zoning board in Arizona to postpone
approval of a rezoning petition pending a survey to determine the
extent to which an endangered plant was present on the property even
though no Federal approval was being sought. That the Service does not
address these activities in the DEA is a fundamental error of the
analysis.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.h. of the DEA discussed
additional State and county environmental review that would be required
for projects in critical habitat. However, as mentioned in the
addendum, even with the added State and county environmental review,
the intended designation will have little or no practical effect on
residential, resort, commercial, or industrial development because the
analysis anticipates that no such development will occur in the
intended critical habitat. Reasons for this are: (1) Most of the
intended critical habitat is in mountainous areas that are unsuitable
for development due to difficult access and terrain; (2) approximately
96 percent of the intended designation is in the State Conservation
District where existing land-use controls severely limit development;
(3) almost all of the remaining agricultural land in the intended
designation is in areas that are not subject to development pressure
because of steep slopes and little or no nearby infrastructure; (4) the
small amount of land in the urban district (0.6 acre) is on steep
slopes that cannot support development; and (5) all of the land
intended for critical habitat designation that is in the Special
Management Area is also within the conservation district.
(61) Comment: Several commenters stated the following: The DEA
fails to consider economic impacts of critical habitat that result
through interaction with State law, specifically the State Water Code.
HRS Sec. 174C-2 states that ``adequate provision shall be made for
protection of fish and wildlife''. HRS Sec. 174C-71 instructs the
Commission of Water Resource Management to establish an instream use
protection program to protect fish and wildlife. Since landowners might
depend on water pumped from other watersheds, these effects can be far-
reaching. It is impossible to tell from the descriptions in the
proposal whether any water diversions will have to be reduced as a
result of listing and critical habitat designation. It is unfair to
dismiss costly but vital sources of energy and inexpensive irrigation
water while maintaining the highest level of effort to

[[Page 36000]]

protect primary constituent elements for species that do not physically
reside in the area but might somehow be transported. If the critical
habitat proposal would require reducing water diversions from any
stream, the Service should investigate whether that would take anyone's
vested water rights. The Service has an obligation to thoroughly
investigate this issue and refrain from designating critical habitat
until it has determined whether its actions will affect water use. At
minimum, portions of specific parcels that include water sources or
water systems should be removed.
Our Response: Existing irrigation ditch systems and potable water
systems are manmade features that to not contain the primary
constituent elements for the plants. Because the Service does not
include these manmade features in critical habitat designations, the
intended designation will not affect the operation and maintenance of
irrigation and potable water systems (DEA, Chapter II, Section 4).
Regarding new stream diversions, Chapter VI, Section 3.j. of the
DEA stated that it is highly unlikely that new or expanded ditch
systems would be proposed or approved within the proposed designation
because it would directly or indirectly reduce stream flow, which is a
major environmental concern. But if a stream diversion were to be
proposed, critical habitat designation might result in an expanded
biological assessment, project delays, project modifications, and an
increased probability of denial (DEA, Chapter VI, Section 4.f.).
Activities that alter watershed characteristics in ways that would
appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or alter natural, dynamic
wetland or other vegetative communities may directly or indirectly
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Such activities may
include water diversion or impoundment, excess groundwater pumping,
manipulation of vegetation such as timber harvesting, residential and
commercial development, and grazing of livestock that degrades
watershed values. However, without more specific information on the
scope and location of a future (and currently unplanned) stream
diversion project, it is not possible to estimate the potential
indirect costs.
(62) Comment: Any water diversion in, or upstream of, critical
habitat will be challenged by people who oppose all diversions on
principle. They will contend that diverting water from endangered
plants risk driving them to extinction. Opponents of diversions could
use the critical habitat designations to invent a colorable argument
sufficient to delay and confuse water use decisions.
Our Response: See the response to the previous comment (61).
(63) Comment: The DEA fails to recognize that the indirect costs to
private landowners to investigate the implications of critical habitat
on their lands are sunk costs associated with the designation process.
Our Response: Chapter VI, Section 4.k. of the DEA indicated that
landowners might want to learn how the designation may affect (1) the
use of their land (either through restrictions or new obligations), and
(2) the value of their land. The cost-estimate to investigate the
implications of critical habitat was $80,000 to $400,000.
Section 5.g of the addendum revised the estimate to reflect the
reduction in the number of potentially affected landowners as a result
of the intended modifications to the critical habitat. The revised
estimate ranges between $26,500 and $227,500. For completeness, the
estimate includes expenditures made during the designation process
(i.e., sunk costs) and expenditures that will be made after the final
designation.

Summary of Changes From the Proposed Rule

Based on a review of public comments received on the proposed
determinations of critical habitat, we have reevaluated our proposed
designations and included several changes to the final designations of
critical habitat. These changes include the following:
(1) We published 303 single species critical habitat units for 99
plant species on the island of Oahu. As proposed, units were identified
for multiple species. Delineation of critical habitat for each
individual species will assist landowners, Federal agencies, and the
Service in focusing and streamlining section 7 consultations.
(2) We changed the scientific names for the following species
associated with the listed species found in the ``SUPPLEMENTARY
INFORMATION: Discussion of the Plant Taxa'' section: Athyrium
sandwichianum changed to Diplazium sandwichianum for Alsinidendron
trinerve, Cyanea acuminata, and Diellia falcata; Athyrium arnottii
changed to Diplazium arnottii for Schiedea kaaclae; Blechnum
occidentale changed to Blechnum appendiculatum in the discussions of
Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea pinnatifida,
Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia
falcata, Diellia unisora, Flueggea neowawraea, Hedyotis degeneri,
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lysimachia filifolia, Neraudia angulata,
Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Phyllostegia mollis, Schiedea kaalae, and Schiedea hookeri; Bryophyllum
sp. changed to Kalanchoe sp. for Lipochaeta tenuifolia; Glycine wightii
changed to Neonotonia wightii for Hibiscus brackenridgei; Lipochaeta
sp. changed to Melanthera sp. for Sesbania tomentosa; Lipochaeta
integrifolia changed to Melanthera integrifolia for Peucedanum
sandwicense; Lipochaeta remyi changed to Melanthera remyi in the
discussions of Hibiscus brackenridgei and Schiedea kealiae; Lipochaeta
tenuis changed to Melanthera tenuis in the discussions of Lipochaeta
lobata var. leptophylla, Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea hookeri;
Lycopodium sp. changed to Lycopodium cernua for Lobelia oahuensis;
Lycopodium cernuum changed to Lycopodium cernua for Platanthera
holochila; Morinda sandwicensis changed to Morinda trimera for Flueggea
neowawraea; Myrica faya changed to Morella faya in the discussions of
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Hedyotis parvula, Melicope saint-johnii,
Schiedea kaalae, Silene perlmanii, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; Phymatosorus scolopendria changed to
Phymatosorus grossus for Diellia erecta; Pluchea symphytifolia changed
to Pluchea carolinensis for Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana;
Setaria gracilis changed to Setaria parviflora for Labordia cyrtandrae;
Styphelia tameiameiae changed to Leptecophylla tameiameiae in the
discussions of Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agriminiodes, Eugenia
koolauensis, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis degeneri, Lepidium arbuscula,
Lobelia niihauensis, Platanthera holochila, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
hookeri, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; Thelypteris
cyatheoides changed to Christella cyatheoides in the discussion of
Cyanea crispa; Thelypteris parasitica changed to Christella parasitica
in the discussions of Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Phyllostegia kaalaensis,
Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Pteris lidgatei, Schiedea
kaalae, Schiedea hookeri, and Urera kaalae; Thelypteris sandwicensis
changed to Dryopteris sandwicensis in the discussions of Cyanea
acuminata, Cyrtandra

[[Page 36001]]

subumbellata, and Pteris lidgatei; and Sphenomeris chusana changed to
Sphenomeris chinensis for Pteris lidgatei.
(3) In order to avoid confusion regarding the number of location
occurrences for each species (that do not necessarily each represent a
viable population) and the number of recovery populations (8 to 10 with
100, 300, or 500 reproducing individuals), we changed the word
``population'' to ``occurrence'' where appropriate and updated the
number of occurrences and/or individuals for the following species
found in the ``SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion of the Plant
Taxa'' section and ``Table 1.--Summary of existing occurrences on Oahu,
and landownership for 101 species reported from Oahu'': Abutilon
sandwicense changed from 16 populations to 30 occurrences; Alectryon
macrococcus changed from 34 populations to 82 occurrences;
Alsinidendron obovatum changed from 5 populations to 6 occurrences;
Alsinidendron trinerve changed from 3 populations to 13 occurrences;
Bonamia menziesii changed from 16 populations to 18 occurrences;
Cenchrus agrimonioides changed from 8 populations to 7 occurrences;
Centaurium sebaeoides changed from 3 populations to 2 occurrences;
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana changed from 13 populations to 15
occurrences; Chamaesyce kuwaleana changed from 4 populations to 5
occurrences; Chamaesyce rockii changed from 16 populations to 20
occurrences; Ctenitis squamigera changed from 4 populations to 8
occurrences; Cyanea acuminata changed from 22 populations to 20
occurrences; Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana changed from 6
populations to 7 occurrences; Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae changed
from 6 populations to 8 occurrences; Cyanea humboltiana changed from 8
populations to 9 occurrences; Cyanea koolauensis changed from 25
populations to 42 occurrences; Cyanea st.-johnii changed from 6
populations to 7 occurrences; Cyrtandra dentata changed from 8
populations to 11 occurrences; Cyrtandra subumbellata changed from 2
populations to 5 occurrences; Cyrtandra viridiflora changed from 8
populations to 23 occurrences; Delissea subcordata changed from 18
populations to 21 occurrences; Diellia falcata changed from 29
populations to 30 occurrences; Dubautia herbstobatae changed from 4
populations to 12 occurrences; Eugenia koolauensis changed from 10
populations to 12 occurrences; Euphorbia haeleeleana changed from 6
populations to 8 occurrences; Flueggea neowawraea changed from 19
populations to 23 occurrences; Gardenia mannii changed from 31
populations to 49 occurrences; Gouania meyenii changed from 3
populations to 4 occurrences; Hedyotis degeneri changed from 5
populations to 4 occurrences; Hedyotis parvula changed from 5
populations to 7 occurrences; Hesperomannia arborescens changed from 23
populations to 36 occurrences; Isodendrion longifolium changed from 4
populations to 7 occurrences; Lepidium arbuscula changed from 10
populations to 12 occurrences; Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla
changed from 5 populations to 4 occurrences; Lipochaeta tenuifolia
changed from 12 populations to 41 occurrences; Lobelia gaudichaudii
ssp. koolauensis changed from 4 populations to 5 occurrences; Lobelia
niihauensis changed from 21 populations to 40 occurrences; Lobelia
oahuensis changed from 10 populations to 12 occurrences; Marsilea
villosa changed from 4 populations to 5 occurrences; Melicope lydgatei
changed from 4 populations to 18 occurrences; Melicope saint-johnii
changed from 5 populations to 6 occurrences; Neraudia angulata changed
from 5 populations to 27 occurrences; Nototrichium humile changed from
21 populations to 25 occurrences; Phlegmariurus nutans changed from 5
populations to 3 occurrences; Phyllostegia hirsuta changed from 23
populations to 26 occurrences; Phyllostegia kaalaensis changed from 4
populations to 7 occurrences; Phyllostegia mollis changed from 8
populations to 5 occurrences; Phyllostegia parviflora changed from 2
populations to 6 occurrences; Plantago princeps changed from 6
populations to 11 occurrences; Pteris lidgatei changed from 5
populations to 9 occurrences; Sanicula purpurea changed from 4
populations to 5 occurrences; Schiedea kaalae changed from 8
populations to 7 occurrences; Schiedea nuttallii changed from 5
populations to 7 occurrences; Silene lanceolata changed from 2
populations to 4 occurrences; Spermolepis hawaiiensis changed from 2
populations to 6 occurrences; Tetramolopium filiforme changed from 6
populations to 21 occurrences; Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum
changed from 4 populations to 5 occurrences; Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa
changed from 20 populations to 30 occurrences; Urera kaalae changed
from 11 populations to 12 occurrences; Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana changed from 5 populations to 15 occurrences; and Viola
oahuensis changed from 9 populations to 18 occurrences.
(4) We revised the list of excluded, manmade features in the
``Criteria Used to Identify Critical Habitat'' and Sec. 17.99(i) to
include additional features based on information received during the
public comment periods. We added other water system features including
but not limited to pumping stations, irrigation ditches, pipelines,
siphons, tunnels, water tanks, gaging stations, intakes, reservoirs,
diversions, flumes, and wells to aquaducts; existing trails;
campgrounds and their immediate surrounding landscaped area; scenic
lookouts; remote helicopter landing sites; existing fences; towers and
associated structures to telecommunications equipment; other
archaelogical sites to heiaus (indigenous places of worship or
shrines); and electrical power transmission lines and distribution and
communication facilities and regularly maintained associated rights-of-
way and access ways.
(5) We made revisions to the unit boundaries based on information
supplied by commenters, as well as information gained from field visits
to some of the sites, that indicated that the primary constituent
elements were not present in certain portions of the proposed unit,
that certain changes in land use had occurred on lands within the
proposed critical habitat that would preclude those areas from
supporting the primary constituent elements, or that the areas were not
essential to the conservation of the species in question.
(6) Based on information received during the public comment
periods, we updated the elevation ranges in Sec. 17.99(j) ``Plants on
the island of Oahu: Constituent elements''.
(7) All Army lands were excluded under 3(5)(A) and 4(b)(2) of the
Act because we believe the benefit of excluding these lands outweigh
the benefits of including these lands in the final designation (See
``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
A brief summary of the modifications made to each unit is given
below (see also Figure 1).
BILLING CODE 4310-55-U

[[Page 36002]]
[GRAPHIC]
[TIFF OMITTED]
TR17JN03.000

Oahu A

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 65 species: Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum,
Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides,
Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
herbstii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
superba, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata,
Diellia falcata,

[[Page 36003]]

Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis degeneri,
Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia,
Lobelia niihauensis, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope pallida, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago
princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae,
Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene
lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne
kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuense, and Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat on Army lands at Makua
Military Reservation for Alsinidendron obovatum, Diellia falcata,
Dubautia herbstobatae, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis
parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia
niihauensis, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum
sandwicense, Schiedea hookeri, Silene lanceolata, Tetramolopium
filiforme, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana and at Schofield
Barracks for Alsinidendron trinerve, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea
grimesiana ssp. obatae, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia mollis, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme, Urera kaalae, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana because the benefits of excluding
these areas outweigh the benefits of including these areas as critical
habitat (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other
Impacts'').
In addition, modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas
that do not contain the primary constituent elements of Alectryon
macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hesperomannia
arborescens, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis,
Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
nuttallii, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuense, all multi-
island species. In order to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations within the historical range of each of these 21 species,
locations on other islands have been designated as critical habitat
(i.e., locations on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and/or Kahoolawe), other
locations on Oahu are being designated as critical habitat in this
rule; and/or other locations have been proposed for designation on the
island of Hawaii. In addition, some essential areas were excluded under
4(b)(2) because active management of the area by the landowner
outweighed the benefits of including that area as critical habitat.
Modifications were also made to this unit to exclude areas that do not
contain the primary constituent elements of Abutilon sandwicense,
Alsinidendron obovatum, Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea superba, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea
subcordata, Diellia falcata, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis parvula,
Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Schiedea kealiae, Tetramolopium filiforme, and Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, all Oahu-endemic species. In order to
meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations within the historical
range of each of these 20 species, other locations on Oahu are either
being designated as critical habitat in this rule, or areas were
excluded under 4(b)(2) in this rule because active management of the
area by the landowner outweighed the benefits of including that area as
critical habitat.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 29 Oahu-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Cyanea acuminata and Eragrostis fosbergii; two
populations of Diellia falcata, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Schiedea kaalae, Tetramolopium filiforme, and
Urera kaalae; three populations of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and
Cyrtandra dentata; four populations of Alsinidendron trinerve,
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Delissea subcordata, Dubautia
herbstobatae, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Sanicula mariversa, and Schiedea
kealiae; five populations of Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea longiflora,
and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; six populations of
Alsinidendron obovatum, Cyanea superba, and Neraudia angulata; seven
populations of Abutilon sandwicense; and nine populations of Hedyotis
degeneri and Phyllostegia kaalaensis.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 33 multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyperus trachysanthos, Diplazium
molokaiense, Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago
princeps, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Solanum sandwicense,
Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Vigna o-wahuense; three populations of
Colubrina oppositifolia, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion longifolium, Melicope pallida, and
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum; four populations of Mariscus
pennatiformis and Schiedea nuttallii; five populations of Cenchrus
agrimonioides, Isodendrion laurifolium, Nototrichium humile, and
Schiedea hookeri; and six populations of Gouania vitifolia.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 8,503 ha (21,013
ac) to 3,921 ha (9,689 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 4--Abutilon
sandwicense--a, Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--b, Oahu 4--Abutilon
sandwicense--c, Oahu 4--Alectryon macrococcus--a, Oahu 4--Alsinidendron
obovatum--a, Oahu 4--Alsinidendron obovatum--b, Oahu 4--Alsinidendron
trinerve--a, Oahu 4--Bonamia menziesii--c, Oahu 4--Cenchrus
agrimonioides--a, Oahu 4--Cenchrus agrimonioides--b, Oahu 1--Centaurium
sebaeoides--a, Oahu 1--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--a, Oahu
4--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--c, Oahu 5--Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana--d, Oahu 4--Chamaesyce herbstii--a, Oahu 4--
Colubrina oppositifolia--a, Oahu 15--Ctenitis squamigera--a, Oahu 4--
Cyanea acuminata--a, Oahu 4--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--a, Oahu 4--
Cyanea longiflora--a, Oahu 4--Cyanea longiflora--b, Oahu 4--Cyanea
superba--a, Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--b, Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--c, Oahu
1--Cyperus trachysanthos--a, Oahu 4--Cyrtandra dentata--a, Oahu 4--
Delissea subcordata--a, Oahu 4--Diellia falcata--a, Oahu 4--Diellia
falcata--b, Oahu 4--Diplazium molokaiense--a,

[[Page 36004]]

Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--a, Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--b,
Oahu 7--Dubautia herbstobatae--c, Oahu 4--Eragrostis fosbergii--a, Oahu
4--Eugenia koolauensis--a, Oahu 4--Euphorbia haeleeleana--b, Oahu 4--
Flueggea neowawraea--a, Oahu 4--Gouania meyenii--a, Oahu 4--Gouania
meyenii--b, Oahu 5--Gouania vitifolia--c, Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--d,
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--e, Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--f, Oahu 4--
Gouania vitifolia--g, Oahu 8--Gouania vitifolia--h, Oahu 4--Hedyotis
degeneri--a, Oahu 4--Hedyotis degeneri--b, Oahu 4--Hedyotis parvula--a,
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arborescens--a, Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula--
a, Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b, Oahu 1--Hibiscus brackenridgei--
a, Oahu 4--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b, Oahu 5--Hibiscus brackenridgei--
c, Oahu 4--Isodendrion laurifolium--a, Oahu 4--Isodendrion
laurifolium--b, Oahu 4--Isodendrion longifolium--a, Oahu 5--Isodendrion
pyrifolium--a, Oahu 4--Labordia cyrtandrae--a, Oahu 4--Lepidium
arbuscula--a, Oahu 4--Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla--a, Oahu 4--
Lipochaeta tenuifolia--c, Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--d, Oahu 4--
Lipochaeta tenuifolia--e, Oahu 4--Lobelia niihauensisa, Oahu 4--
Mariscus pennatiformis--a, Oahu 4--Mariscus pennatiformis--b, Oahu 4--
Melicope pallida--a, Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--b, Oahu 4--Neraudia
angulata--c, Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--d, Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--
e, Oahu 4--Nototrichium humile--b, Oahu 4--Nototrichium humile--c, Oahu
4--Nototrichium humile--d, Oahu 4--Peucedanum sandwicense--a, Oahu 4--
Phyllostegia hirsuta--a, Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis--a, Oahu 4--
Phyllostegia kaalaensis--b, Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis--c, Oahu
4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis--d, Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis--e, Oahu
Oahu 4--Plantago princeps--a, Oahu 4--Plantago princeps--b, Oahu 4--
Sanicula mariversa--a, Oahu 4--Sanicula mariversa--b, Oahu 4--Sanicula
mariversa--c, Oahu 6--Sanicula mariversa--d, Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--
b, Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--c, Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--d, Oahu 4--
Schiedea kaalae--a, Oahu 1--Schiedea kealiae--a, Oahu 4--Schiedea
nuttallii--a, Oahu 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a, Oahu 4--Silene
lanceolata--a, Oahu 4--Solanum sandwicense--a, Oahu 5--Spermolepis
hawaiiensis--a, Oahu 4--Tetramolopium filiforme--a, Oahu 4--
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum--a, Oahu 4--Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum--b, Oahu 4--Urera kaalae--a, Oahu 4--Urera
kaalae--b, Oahu 1--Vigna o-wahuensis--a, Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana
ssp. chamissoniana--a, Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana--
b, and Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana--c.

Oahu B

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for seven species:
Bonamia menziesii, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Neraudia angulata, and
Nototrichium humile. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for
Euphorbia haeleeleana, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium,
and Nototrichium humile, all multi-island species. This area is not
essential for the conservation of these four species because it lacks
one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion
of associated native species than other areas we consider to be
essential to their conservation, and is less likely to contain the
primary constituent elements long-term because it is not currently
managed for conservation of these species. In addition, there are 10
other locations in historical ranges of these four species on Oahu and
other islands that provide habitat for these species and that are
either designated as critical habitat in this rule on Oahu, have been
previously designated on Kauai, Molokai, and/or Maui, are found in
areas on Oahu or other islands that are excluded under 4(b)(2) of the
Act because active management of the area by the landowner outweighed
the benefits of including that area as critical habitat, or have been
proposed for designation on the island of Hawaii.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Neraudia angulata, a
species endemic to Oahu. This area is not essential for the
conservation of Neraudia angulata because it lacks one or more of the
primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated
native species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of N. angulata, and is less likely to contain the primary
constituent elements long-term because it is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. In addition, there are 10 other locations
in its historical range on Oahu that provide habitat for this species
and that are either designated as critical habitat in this rule or are
found in areas excluded under 4(b)(2) of the Act (Makua Military
Reservation) because active management of the unit by the landowner
outweighed the benefits of including it as critical habitat.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Bonamia menziesii and Gouania vitifolia.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 34 ha (83 ac) to
23 ha (58 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 2--Bonamia menziesii--a and
Oahu 2--Gouania vitifolia--a.

Oahu C

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for one species: Bonamia
menziesii, a multi-island species. This area is not essential for the
conservation of Bonamia menziesii because it lacks one or more of the
primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated
native species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of B. menziesii, and is less likely to contain the primary
constituent elements long-term because it is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. In addition, there are 10 other locations
in its historical range on Oahu and other islands that provide habitat
for this species and that are either designated as critical habitat in
this rule, are found in an area managed for the species on Lanai, have
been designated on Kauai or Maui, or have been proposed for designation
on the island of Hawaii. Exclusion of this area from critical habitat
for Bonamia menziesii resulted in the complete removal of this unit (14
ha (35 ac)) from the final designation.

Oahu D

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for nine species:
Bonamia menziesii, Chamesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Euphorbia
haeleeleana, Gouania vitifolia, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
pyrifolium, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea
hookeri. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for Hibiscus
brackenridgei and Isodendrion pyrifolium, both multi-island species.
This area is not essential for the conservation of Hibiscus
brackenridgei and Isodendrion pyrifolium because it lacks one or more
of the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of
associated native species than other areas we consider to be essential
to the two species' conservation, and is less likely to contain the
primary constituent elements long-term because it is not currently
managed for conservation of these species. In addition, there are 10

[[Page 36005]]

other locations for Isodendrion pyrifolium and at least 9 other
locations for Hibiscus brackenridgei in their historical ranges on Oahu
and other islands that provide habitat for these species and that are
either designated as critical habitat in this rule, are found in an
area managed for the species on Lanai, have been designated on Molokai
and Maui, or have been proposed for designation on the island of
Hawaii.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following Oahu
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Chamesyce celastroides var. kaenana and Neraudia
angulata. The area designated as critical habitat for the following
multi-island species provides habitat within their historical ranges
for one population each of Bonamia menziesii, Euphorbia haeleeleana,
Gouania vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, and Schiedea hookeri.
These modifications resulted in the reduction from 110 ha (271 ac)
to 67 ha (164 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 3--Bonamia menziesii--b,
Oahu 3--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--b, Oahu 3--Euphorbia
haeleeleana--a, Oahu 3--Gouania vitifolia--b, Oahu 3--Neraudia
angulata--a, Oahu 3--Nototrichium humile--a, and Oahu 3--Schiedea
hookeri--a.

Oahu E

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for one species:
Chamaesyce kuwaleana. Modifications were made to this unit to exclude
small areas that do not contain the primary constituent elements of C.
kuwaleana. The area designated as critical habitat for C. kuwaleana
provides habitat within its historical range for one population. These
modifications resulted in the slight reduction from 94 ha (38 ac) to 93
ha (37 ac). The unit was renamed Oahu 12--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--c.

Oahu F

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species:
Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Isodendrion pyrifolium. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat for I. pyrifolium, a multi-island species.
This area is not essential for the conservation of this species because
it lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of Isodendrion pyrifolium, and is less
likely to contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it
is not currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition,
there are 10 other locations in its historical range on Oahu and other
islands that provide habitat for this species and that are either
designated as critical habitat in this rule, are found in an area
managed for the species on Lanai, have been designated on Molokai and
Maui, or have been proposed for designation on the island of Hawaii.
The area designated as critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana
provides habitat within its historical range for one population. This
modification resulted in the reduction from 81 ha (200 ac) to 53 ha
(131 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 11--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--b.

Oahu G

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species:
Tetramolopium filiforme and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. We
excluded the proposed critical habitat for Tetramolopium filiforme on
Army lands at Schofield Barracks because the benefits of excluding this
area outweigh the benefits of including this area (see ``Analysis of
Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). The area designated as
critical habitat for Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana provides
habitat within its historical range for one population. This
modification resulted in the reduction from 16 ha (40 ac) to 6 ha (15
ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 10--Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana--d.

Oahu H

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for Chamaesyce
kuwaleana. The area designated as critical habitat for Chamaesyce
kuwaleana provides habitat within its historical range for one
population. No modifications were made to the acreage of this unit,
which was renamed Oahu 9--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--a.

Oahu I

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 42 species: Abutilon
sandwicense, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyrtandra
dentata, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora,
Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus
brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta
lobata var. leptophylla, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora,
Plantago princeps, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
kaalae, Schiedea nuttallii, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense,
Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Urera
kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana. We excluded the
proposed critical habitat on Army lands at Schofield Barracks for
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Gardenia mannii, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia mollis, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne kanehoana, Urera
kaalae, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana because the benefits
of excluding this area outweigh the benefits of including this area
(see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). We
also excluded the proposed critical habitat for Cyrtandra dentata,
Flueggea neowawraea, and Hibiscus brackenridgei. This area is not
essential for the conservation of these three species because it lacks
one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion
of associated native species than other areas we consider to be
essential to the conservation of these three species, and is less
likely to contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it
is not currently managed for conservation of these species. In
addition, there are at least 8 other locations for Cyrtandra dentata,
and at least 10 other locations for Flueggea neowawraea and Hibiscus
brackenridgei, in their historical ranges on Oahu and other islands
that provide habitat for these species and that are either designated
as critical habitat in this rule; are found on lands managed for the
species on Lanai or Oahu's Army lands; have been designated on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui; or have been proposed for designation on the island
of Hawaii.
Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas that do not
contain the primary constituent elements for Alectryon macrococcus,
Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, and Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, all multi-island species. In order to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations within the historical range of each of
these 21 species, other locations either have been designated as
critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and/or Kahoolawe; were
excluded under 4(b)(2) on one or more of the Hawaiian islands because
active management of an area by the landowner outweighed the benefits
of including that area as critical habitat;

[[Page 36006]]

are being designated as critical habitat in this rule; and/or have been
proposed for designation on the island of Hawaii. Modifications were
also made to this unit to exclude areas that do not contain the primary
constituent elements for Abutilon sandwicense, Chamaesyce herbstii,
Cyanea pinnatifida, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Melicope saint-
johnii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Urera kaalae, all
Oahu-endemic species. In order to meet the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations within the historical range of each of these 20 species,
other locations on Oahu are either being designated as critical habitat
in this rule or were excluded under 4(b)(2) in this rule because active
management of an area by the landowner outweighed the benefits of
including that area as critical habitat.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 24 Oahu-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Alsinidendron obovatum, Neraudia angulata, and
Phyllostegia kaalaensis; two populations each of Chamaesyce herbstii,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Sanicula
mariversa, and Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana; three
populations each of Abutilon sandwicense, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
obatae, Hedyotis parvula, Lepidium arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Stenogyne kanehoana; four populations each of
Cyanea pinnatifida, Delissea subcordata, Schiedea kaalae, and Urera
kaalae; six populations each of Diellia unisora and Silene perlmanii;
seven populations of Diellia falcata; and eight populations of
Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 15 multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Hedyotis
coriacea, Lobelia niihauensis, and Plantago princeps; two populations
each of Hesperomannia arbuscula, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Schiedea
hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, and Solanum sandwicense; three populations
each of Cenchrus agrimonioides, Melicope pallida, Phyllostegia mollis,
and Phyllostegia parviflora; and five populations of Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum.
This modification resulted in the reduction from 5,109 ha (12,623
ac) to 1,917 ha (4,736 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 15--Abutilon
sandwicense--d, Oahu 15--Abutilon sandwicense--e, Oahu 17--Abutilon
sandwicense--f, Oahu 15--Alectryon macrococcus--b, Oahu 15--
Alsinidendron obovatum--c, Oahu 17--Bonamia menziesii--d, Oahu 15--
Cenchrus agrimonioides--c, Oahu 15--Cenchrus agrimonioides--d, Oahu
15--Chamaesyce herbstii--b, Oahu 15--Chamaesyce herbstii--c, Oahu 15--
Chamaesyce kuwaleana--d, Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--b,
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--c, Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae--d, Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--a, Oahu 15--Cyanea
pinnatifida--b, Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--c, Oahu 15--Delissea
subcordata--b, Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--c, Oahu 15--Delissea
subcordata--d, Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--c, Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--
d, Oahu 15--Diellia unisora--a, Oahu 15--Gardenia mannii--a, Oahu 15--
Gouania meyenii--c, Oahu 15--Hedyotis coriacea--a, Oahu 4--Hedyotis
parvula--b, Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--c, Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--d,
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--c, Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--
d, Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--e, Oahu 16--Isodendrion
pyrifolium--b, Oahu 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--c, Oahu 15--Lepidium
arbuscula--b, Oahu 15--Lepidium arbuscula--c, Oahu 15--Lipochaeta
lobata var. leptophylla--b, Oahu 17--Lobelia niihauensis--b, Oahu 15--
Melicope pallida--b, Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--c, Oahu 15--Melicope
pallida--d, Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--e, Oahu 15--Melicope saint-
johnii--a, Oahu 15--Melicope saint-johnii--b, Oahu 15--Neraudia
angulata--f, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia hirsuta--b, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia
hirsuta--c, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia kaalaensis--f, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia
mollis--a, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia mollis--b, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia
parviflora--a, Oahu 15--Phyllostegia parviflora--b, Oahu 15--
Phyllostegia parviflora--c, Oahu 15--Plantago princeps--c, Oahu 15--
Sanicula mariversa--e, Oahu 15--Sanicula mariversa--f, Oahu 15--
Schiedea hookeri--e, Oahu 15--Schiedea hookeri--f, Oahu 15--Schiedea
hookeri--g, Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--b, Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--c,
Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--d, Oahu 15--Schiedea nuttallii--b, Oahu 15--
Schiedea nuttallii--c, Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--a, Oahu 15--Silene
perlmanii--b, Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--c, Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--
d, Oahu 15--Solanum sandwicense--b, Oahu 15--Solanum sandwicense--c,
Oahu 15--Stenogyne kanehoana--a, Oahu 15--Stenogyne kanehoana--c, Oahu
15--Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum--c, Oahu 15--Tetramolopium
lepidotum ssp. lepidotum--d, Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp.
lepidotum--e, Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum--f, Oahu
15--Urera kaalae--c, Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--d, Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--
e, Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--f, Oahu 10--Viola chamissoniana ssp.
chamissoniana--e, and Oahu 15--Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana--
f.

Oahu J

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for Marsilea villosa.
The area designated as critical habitat for Marsilea villosa provides
habitat within its historical range for one population. No
modifications were made to the acreage of this unit, which was renamed
Oahu 13--Marsilea villosa--a.

Oahu K

Oahu L

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for 45 species:
Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata,
Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humboltiana,
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea
superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata,
Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis
coriacea, Hesperomannia arborescens, Isodendrion laurifolium,
Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia
filifolia, Melicope lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans,
Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps,
Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea
kaalae, Solanum sandwicense, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia
singularis, and Viola oahuensis. We excluded the proposed critical
habitat on Army lands

[[Page 36007]]

at Schofield Barracks East Range for Cyanea acuminata, Cyrtandra
viridiflora, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Myrsine
juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, and Viola oahuensis; at Kahuku Training
Area for Cyanea longiflora and Eugenia koolauensis; and at Kawailoa
Training Area for Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea
longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra
viridiflora, Gardenia mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Melicope lydgatei,
Myrsine juddii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pteris
lidgatei, Sanicula purpurea, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, and Viola
oahuensis because the benefits of excluding this area outweigh the
benefits of including this area (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). We excluded the proposed critical
habitat for Solanum sandwicense, a multi-island species. This area is
not essential for the conservation of this species, because it lacks
one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion
of associated native species than other areas we consider to be
essential to the conservation of S. sandwicense, and is less likely to
contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it is not
currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition, there
are 10 other locations in its historical range on Oahu and Kauai that
provide habitat for this species, which are either designated as
critical habitat in this rule, in an area excluded under 4(b)(2) of the
Act because active management of the area by the landowner outweighed
the benefits of including that area as critical habitat (Schofield
Barracks), or have been designated on Kauai.
Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas that do not
contain the primary constituent elements essential to the conservation
of Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana, Diellia erecta, Eugenia koolauensis, and Hesperomannia
arborescens, all multi-island species. In order to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations within the historical range of each of
these six species, other locations either have been designated as
critical habitat on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and/or Kahoolawe; were
excluded under 4(b)(2) on Oahu, Lanai, and Maui because active
management of an area by the landowner outweighed the benefits of
including that area as critical habitat; are being designated as
critical habitat in this rule; and/or have been proposed for
designation on the island of Hawaii. Modifications were also made to
this unit to exclude areas that do not contain the primary constituent
elements essential to the conservation of Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea
acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis,
Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea truncata, Cyrtandra
polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea
subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia monostachya,
Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Phyllostegia hirsuta, and Viola
oahuensis, all island-endemic species. In order to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations within the historical range of each of
these 19 species, other locations on Oahu are either being designated
as critical habitat in this rule or were excluded under 4(b)(2) in this
rule because active management of an area by the landowner outweighed
the benefits of including that area as critical habitat.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 27 Oahu-
endemic species provides habitat within their historical ranges for two
populations each of Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce
deppeana, Cyanea superba, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, and
Phyllostegia hirsuta; three populations each of Cyanea longiflora, and
Schiedea kaalae; four populations of Cyanea acuminata; five populations
each of Chamaesyce rockii, Cyrtandra polyantha, and Cyrtandra
viridiflora; six populations each of Labordia cyrtandrae, Melicope
lydgatei, Myrsine juddii, and Trematolobelia singularis; seven
populations each of Cyanea crispa, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyrtandra
subumbellata, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
monostachya, and Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa; eight populations of Cyanea
humboltiana; nine populations each of Cyanea st.-johnii and Cyanea
truncata; and 10 populations each of Lobelia oahuensis and Viola
oahuensis.
The area designated as critical habitat for the following 16 multi-
island species provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population each of Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Diellia
erecta, Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, and Plantago princeps; two populations each of
Hesperomannia orborescens and Platanthera holochila; three populations
each of Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and Pteris lidgatei; four
populations each of Eugenia koolauensis and Sanicula puprurea; five
populations of Phlegmariurus nutans; and six populations each of
Lysimachia filifolia and Phyllostegia parviflora.
This modification resulted in the reduction from 30,068 ha (74,301
ac) to 15,727 ha (38,863 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 20--
Adenophorus periens--a, Oahu 35--Bonamia menziesii--e, Oahu 35--
Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--e, Oahu 20--Chamaesyce deppeana--
a, Oahu 25--Chamaesyce deppeana--b, Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--a, Oahu
20--Chamaesyce rockii--b, Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--c, Oahu 20--
Cyanea acuminata--b, Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--a, Oahu 20--Cyanea
crispa--b, Oahu 35--Cyanea crispa--c, Oahu 20--Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana--a, Oahu 35--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--b, Oahu 19--
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--c, Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--a,
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--b, Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--c, Oahu
20--Cyanea humboltiana--d, Oahu 35--Cyanea humboltiana--e, Oahu 20--
Cyanea koolauensis--a, Oahu 20--Cyanea koolauensis--b, Oahu 35--Cyanea
koolauensis--c, Oahu 35--Cyanea koolauensis--d, Oahu 19--Cyanea
longiflora--c, Oahu 20--Cyanea st.-johnii--a, Oahu 35--Cyanea st.-
johnii--b, Oahu 35--Cyanea superba--d, Oahu 20--Cyanea truncata--a,
Oahu 35--Cyrtandra polyantha--a, Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata--a,
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata--b, Oahu 20--Cyrtandra viridiflora--a,
Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--e, Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--f, Oahu
35--Diellia erecta--a, Oahu 19--Eugenia koolauensis--b, Oahu 20--
Eugenia koolauensis--c, Oahu 20--Gardenia mannii--b, Oahu 20--Gardenia
mannii--c, Oahu 35--Hedyotis coriacea--b, Oahu 20--Hesperomannia
arborescens--b, Oahu 35--Isodendrion laurifolium--c, Oahu 20--
Isodendrion longifolium--b, Oahu 20--Labordia cyrtandrae--b, Oahu 20--
Labordia cyrtandrae--c, Oahu 20--Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis--a, Oahu 30--Lobelia monostachya--a, Oahu 32--Lobelia
monostachya--b, Oahu 33--Lobelia monostachya--c, Oahu 25--Lobelia
monostachya--d, Oahu 20--Lobelia oahuensis--a, Oahu 35--Lobelia
oahuensis--b, Oahu 20--Lysimachia filifolia--a, Oahu 20--Melicope
lydgatei--a, Oahu 20--Myrsine juddii--a, Oahu 20--Phlegmariurus
nutans--a, Oahu 20--Phyllostegia hirsuta--d, Oahu 20--Phyllostegia
parviflora--d, Oahu 20--Plantago princeps--d, Oahu 20--

[[Page 36008]]

Plantago princeps--e, Oahu 20--Platanthera holochila--a, Oahu 20--
Platanthera holochila--b, Oahu 20--Pteris lidgatei--a, Oahu 20--Pteris
lidgatei--b, Oahu 20--Pteris lidgatei--c, Oahu 20--Sanicula purpurea--
a, Oahu 20--Schiedea kaalae--e, Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--a,
Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--b, Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra
gymnocarpa--c, Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--d, Oahu 35--
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--e, Oahu 35--Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa--f,
Oahu 20--Trematolobelia singularis--a, Oahu 20--Trematolobelia
singularis--b, Oahu 34--Trematolobelia singularis--c, Oahu 35--
Trematolobelia singularis--d, Oahu 35--Trematolobelia singularis--e,
Oahu 20--Viola oahuensis--a, and Oahu 20--Viola oahuensis--b.

Oahu M

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat for this multi-island
species. This area is not essential for the conservation of S.
tomentosa because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent
elements, has a lower proportion of associated native species than
other areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of S.
tomentosa, and is less likely to contain the primary constituent
elements long-term because it is not currently managed for conservation
of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other locations in
its historical range on Oahu and other islands that provide habitat for
this species, which are either designated as critical habitat in this
rule; have been designated on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or have been proposed for designation on
the island of Hawaii. Exclusion of this unit from critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa resulted in the removal of this 100 ha (246 ac) unit
from the final designation.

Oahu N

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species:
Centaurium sebaeoides and Sesbania tomentosa. We excluded the proposed
critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides, a multi-island species.
This area is not essential for the conservation of this species because
it lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of C. sebaeoides, and is less likely
to contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it is not
currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition, there
are at least 10 other locations in its historical range on Oahu and
other islands that provide habitat for this species, which are either
designated as critical habitat in this rule; have been designated on
Kauai, Molokai, and Maui; or are found in an area managed for the
species on Lanai. The area designated as critical habitat for Sesbania
tomentosa provides habitat within its historical range for one
population. The exclusion of Centaurium sebaeoides did not result in a
change to the acreage of this unit, which was renamed Oahu 18--Sesbania
tomentosa--b.

Oahu O

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Cyanea crispa, Cyanea truncata, and Schiedea kaalae. Modifications were
made to this unit to exclude areas that do not contain the primary
constituent elements essential to the conservation of Cyanea crispa and
Cyanea truncata, both endemic to Oahu. The area designated as critical
habitat for the three Oahu-endemic species provides habitat within
their historical ranges for one population each of Cyanea crispa,
Cyanea truncata, and Schiedea kaalae. In order to meet the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations within the historical range of each of
these three species, other locations on Oahu are being designated as
critical habitat in this rule. Modifications to this unit resulted in
the reduction from 431 ha (1,066 ac) to 312 ha (772 ac). This unit was
renamed Oahu 21--Cyanea crispa--c, Oahu 21--Cyanea truncata--b, and
Oahu 21--Schiedea kaalae--f.

Oahu P

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa.
We excluded the proposed critical habitat for this multi-island
species. This area is not essential for the conservation of S.
tomentosa because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent
elements, has a lower proportion of associated native species than
other areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of Sesbania
tomentosa, and is less likely to contain the primary constituent
elements long-term because it is not currently managed for conservation
of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other locations in
its historical range on Oahu and other islands that provide habitat for
this species which are either designated as critical habitat in this
rule; have been designated on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, and the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or have been proposed for designation on
the island of Hawaii. Exclusion of this unit from critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa resulted in the removal of this entire unit (2 ha (3
ac)) from the final designation.

Oahu Q

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species:
Chamaesyce kuwaleana and Sesbania tomentosa. We excluded the proposed
critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa, a multi-island species. This
area is not essential for the conservation of this species because it
lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of S. tomentosa, and is less likely to
contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it is not
currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition, there
are at least 10 other locations in its historical range on Oahu and
other islands that provide habitat for this species, which are either
designated as critical habitat in this rule; have been designated on
Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or
have been proposed for designation on the island of Hawaii. The area
designated as critical habitat for the Oahu-endemic, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, provides habitat within its historical range for one
population. No modifications were made to the acreage of this unit,
which was renamed Oahu 22--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--e.

Oahu R

[[Page 36009]]

habitat within its historical range for one population. No
modifications were made to the acreage of this unit, which was renamed
Oahu 23--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--f.

Oahu S

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two species:
Sesbania tomentosa and Vigna o-wahuensis. We excluded the proposed
critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa, a multi-island species. This
area is not essential for the conservation of this species because it
lacks one or more of the primary constituent elements, has a lower
proportion of associated native species than other areas we consider to
be essential to the conservation of S. tomentosa, and is less likely to
contain the primary constituent elements long-term because it is not
currently managed for conservation of this species. In addition, there
are at least 10 other locations in its historical range on Oahu and
other islands that provide habitat for this species which are either
designated as critical habitat in this rule; have been designated on
Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or
have been proposed for designation on the island of Hawaii. The area
designated as critical habitat for the multi-island species, Vigna o-
wahuensis, provides habitat within its historical range for one
population. No modifications were made to the acreage of this unit,
which renamed Oahu 24--Vigna o-wahuensis--b.

Oahu T

Oahu U

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuense. We
excluded the proposed critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa, a multi-
island species. This area is not essential for the conservation of this
species because it lacks one or more of the primary constituent
elements, has a lower proportion of associated native species than
other areas we consider to be essential to the conservation of S.
tomentosa, and is less likely to contain the primary constituent
elements long-term because it is not currently managed for conservation
of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other locations in
its historical range on Oahu and other islands that provide habitat for
this species which are either designated as critical habitat in this
rule; have been designated on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui, and the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or have been proposed for designation on
the island of Hawaii. The area designated as critical habitat for the
multi-island species, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Oahu endemic, Chamaesyce
kuwaleana, provides habitat within their historical ranges for one
population of each. No modifications were made to the acreage of this
unit, which was renamed Oahu 26--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--g and Oahu 26--
Vigna o-wahuensis--d.

Oahu V

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for one species:
Sesbania tomentosa. We excluded the proposed critical habitat for
Sesbania tomentosa, a multi-island species. This area is not essential
for the conservation of this species because it lacks one or more of
the primary constituent elements, has a lower proportion of associated
native species than other areas we consider to be essential to the
conservation of S. tomentosa, and is less likely to contain the primary
constituent elements long-term because it is not currently managed for
conservation of this species. In addition, there are at least 10 other
locations in its historical range on Oahu and other islands that
provide habitat for this species which are either designated as
critical habitat in this rule; have been designated on Kauai, Molokai,
and Maui, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands; or have been proposed
for designation on the island of Hawaii. Exclusion of this unit from
critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa resulted in the removal of this
entire unit (4 ha (10 ac)) from the final designation.

Oahu W

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for three species:
Centaurium sebaeoides, Cyperus trachysanthos, and Marsilea villosa.
Modifications were made to this unit to exclude areas that do not
contain the primary constituent elements essential to the conservation
of Centaurium sebaeoides, a multi-island species. The area designated
as critical habitat for the three multi-island species, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Cyperus trachysanthos, and Marsilea villosa, provides
habitat within their historical ranges for one population of each.
Modifications to this unit resulted in the reduction from 340 ha (840
ac) to 43 ha (106 ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 27--Centaurium
sebaeoides--b, Oahu 28--Cyperus trachysanthos--b, Oahu 29--Cyperus
trachysnthos--c, Oahu 28--Marsilea villosa--c, and Oahu 29--Marsilea
villosa--d.

Oahu X1

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two multi-island
species: Gouania meyenii and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Modifications
were made to this unit to exclude areas that do not contain the primary
constituent elements essential to the conservation of Gouania meyenii
and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. The area designated as critical habitat
for Gouania meyenii and Spermolepis hawaiiensis provides habitat within
their historical ranges for one population of each. These modifications
resulted in the reduction from 117 ha (290 ac) to 116 ha (286 ac). This
unit was renamed Oahu 31--Gouania meyenii--d and Oahu 31--Spermolepis
hawaiiensis--b.

Oahu X2

This unit was proposed as critical habitat for two multi-island
species: Cyperus trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa. Modifications were
made to this unit to exclude small areas that do not contain the
primary constituent elements essential to the conservation of Cyperus
trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa. The area designated as critical
habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos and Marsilea villosa provides habitat
within their historical ranges for one population of each. This
modification resulted in the reduction from 8 ha (21 ac) to 6 ha (15
ac). This unit was renamed Oahu 36--Cyperus trachysanthos--d and Oahu
36--Marsilea villosa--e.

[[Page 36010]]

Critical Habitat

Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as--(i) the
specific areas within the geographic area occupied by a species, at the
time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those
physical or biological features (I) essential to the conservation of
the species and (II) that may require special management considerations
or protection; and, (ii) specific areas outside the geographic area
occupied by a species at the time it is listed, upon a determination
that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species.
``Conservation,'' as defined by the Act, means the use of all methods
and procedures that are necessary to bring an endangered or a
threatened species to the point at which listing under the Act is no
longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against destruction or adverse modification of
critical habitat with regard to actions carried out, funded, or
authorized by a Federal agency. Section 7 also requires conferences on
Federal actions that are likely to result in the destruction or adverse
modification of proposed critical habitat. In our regulations at 50 CFR
402.02, we define destruction or adverse modification as ``* * * a
direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of
critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed
species. Such alterations include, but are not limited to, alterations
adversely modifying any of those physical or biological features that
were the basis for determining the habitat to be critical.'' The
relationship between a species' survival and its recovery has been a
source of confusion for some in the past. We believe that a species'
ability to recover depends on its ability to survive into the future
when its recovery can be achieved; thus, the concepts of long-term
survival and recovery are intricately linked. However, in the March 15,
2001, decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth
Circuit (Sierra Club v. Fish and Wildlife Service et al., 245 F.3d 434)
regarding a not prudent finding, the court found our definition of
destruction or adverse modification as currently contained in 50 CFR
402.02 to be invalid. In response to this decision, we are reviewing
the regulatory definition of adverse modification in relation to the
conservation of species.
In order to be included in a critical habitat designation, areas
within the geographical range of the species at the time of listing
must contain the physical or biological features essential to the
conservation of the species or, for an area outside the geographical
area occupied by the species at the time of listing, the area itself
must be essential to the conservation of the species (16 U.S.C.
1532(5)(A)).
Section 4 requires that we designate critical habitat for a
species, to the extent such habitat is determinable, at the time of
listing. When we designate critical habitat at the time of listing or
under short court-ordered deadlines, we may not have sufficient
information to identify all the areas essential for the conservation of
the species, or we may inadvertently include areas that later will be
shown to be nonessential. Nevertheless, we are required to designate
those areas we know to be critical habitat, using the best information
available to us.
Within the geographic areas occupied by the species, we will
designate only areas that have features and habitat characteristics
that are necessary to sustain the species. If the information available
at the time of designation does not show that an area provides
essential life cycle needs of the species, then the area should not be
included in the critical habitat designation.
Our regulations state that ``The Secretary shall designate as
critical habitat areas outside the geographical area presently occupied
by a species only when a designation limited to its present range would
be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species' (50 CFR
424.12(e)). Accordingly, when the best available scientific and
commercial data do not demonstrate that the conservation needs of the
species require designation of critical habitat outside of occupied
areas, we will not designate critical habitat in areas outside the
geographic area occupied by the species.
Our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species
Act, published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271),
provides criteria, establishes procedures, and provides guidance to
ensure that our decisions represent the best scientific and commercial
data available. It requires our biologists, to the extent consistent
with the Act and with the use of the best scientific and commercial
data available, to use primary and original sources of information as
the basis for recommendations to designate critical habitat. When
determining which areas are critical habitat, a primary source of
information should be the listing package for the species. Additional
information may be obtained from recovery plans, articles in peer-
reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by States and counties,
scientific status surveys and studies, and biological assessments or
other unpublished materials.
It is important to clearly understand that critical habitat
designations do not signal that habitat outside the designation is
unimportant or may not be required for recovery. Areas outside the
critical habitat designation will continue to be subject to
conservation actions that may be implemented under section 7(a)(1) and
to the regulatory protections afforded by the Act's 7(a)(2) jeopardy
standard and section 9 prohibitions, as determined on the basis of the
best available information at the time of the action. We specifically
anticipate that federally funded or assisted projects affecting listed
species outside their designated critical habitat areas may still
result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly, critical habitat
designations made on the basis of the best available information at the
time of designation will not control the direction and substance of
future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans, or other species
conservation planning efforts if new information available to these
planning efforts calls for a different outcome. Furthermore, we
recognize that designation of critical habitat may not include all of
the habitat areas that may be determined to be necessary for the
recovery of the species.

A. Prudency

Designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of
the following situations exist: (i) The species is threatened by taking
or other human activity, and identification of critical habitat can be
expected to increase the degree of such threat to the species; or (ii)
such designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the
species (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)).
To determine whether critical habitat would be prudent for each
species, we analyzed the potential threats and benefits for each
species in accordance with the court's order. One species, Cyrtandra
crenata, a Oahu endemic species, is no longer extant in the wild.
Cyrtandra crenata was last seen in the wild in 1947 (HINHP Database
2001). In addition, this species is not known to be in storage or under
propagation. Under these circumstances, we have determined that
designation of critical habitat for Cyrtandra crenata is not prudent
because such designation would be of no benefit to this species. If
this species is relocated, we may revise this final determination to
incorporate or address new information

[[Page 36011]]

as it becomes available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532(5)(B); 50 CFR 424.13(f)).
Due to low numbers of individuals and/or populations and their
inherent immobility, the other 100 plant species could be vulnerable to
unrestricted collection, vandalism, or disturbance. We examined the
evidence currently available for each of these species and found
specific evidence of vandalism, disturbance, and/or the threat of
unrestricted collection for one species of Pritchardia, the native
palm. At the time of listing, we determined that designation of
critical habitat was not prudent for Pritchardia kaalae because it
would increase the degree of threat from vandalism or collecting and
would provide no benefit (61 FR 53108). Since then, we have received
information on the commercial trade in palms conducted through the
Internet (Grant Canterbury, Service, in litt. 2000). Several nurseries
advertise and sell seedlings and young plants, including 13 species of
Hawaiian Pritchardia. Seven of these species are federally protected,
including Pritchardia kaalae. In light of this information, we believe
that designation of critical habitat would likely increase the threat
from vandalism or collection to this species of Pritchardia on Oahu.
These plants are easy to identify, and they are attractive to
collectors of rare palms, either for their personal use or to trade or
sell for personal gain (Johnson 1996). We believe that the evidence
shows that Pritchardia kaalae may be attractive to such collectors. The
final listing rule for this species contained only general information
on its distribution, but the publication of precise maps and
descriptions of critical habitat in the Federal Register would make
Pritchardia kaalae more vulnerable to incidents of vandalism or
collection and, therefore, contribute to its decline and make recovery
more difficult (61 FR 53089).
For Pritchardia kaalae, we believe that the benefits of designating
critical habitat do not outweigh the potential increased threats from
vandalism or collection. Given all of the above considerations, we
determine that designation of critical habitat for Pritchardia kaalae
is not prudent.
In the final rule designating critical habitat for plants on Lanai,
published on January 9, 2003 (68 FR 1220), we explained why we believe
that critical habitat was prudent for the following 17 multi-island
species that also occur on Oahu: Adenophorus periens, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Ctenitis
squamigera, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyperus trachysanthos,
Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Sesbania tomentosa,
Silene lanceolata, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium lepidotum
ssp. lepidotum, and Vigna o-wahuensis. In the final rule designating
critical habitat for plants on Kauai and Niihau, published on February
27, 2003 (68 FR 9116), we explained why that critical habitat was
prudent for the following 16 multi-island species that are also found
on Oahu: Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea
neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Lobelia niihauensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Melicope pallida, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus
nutans, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Schiedea nuttallii,
and Solanum sandwicense. In the final rule designating critical habitat
for plants on Molokai, published on March 19, 2003 (68 FR 12982), we
indicated why that critical habitat was prudent for the following four
multi-island species that are also found on Oahu: Eugenia koolauensis,
Marsilea villosa, Phyllostegia mollis, and Pteris lidgatei. In the
final rule designating critical habitat for plants on Maui and
Kahoolawe, published on May 14, 2003 (68 FR 25934) we indicated why we
believe that critical habitat was prudent for the following eight
multi-island species that are also found on Oahu: Colubrina
oppositifolia, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia parviflora, Sanicula
purpurea, and Schiedea hookeri.
We examined the potential threats and benefits for the other 54
taxa and have not, at this time, found specific evidence of taking,
vandalism, collection, or trade of these taxa or of similarly situated
species. Consequently, while we remain concerned that these activities
could potentially threaten these 54 plant species in the future,
consistent with applicable regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the
court's discussion of these regulations, we do not find that any of
these species are currently threatened by taking or other human
activity. None of these threats would be exacerbated by the designation
of critical habitat.
In the absence of finding that critical habitat would increase
threats to a species, if there are any benefits to critical habitat
designation, then a prudent finding is warranted. The potential
benefits of designation of critical habitat for these 54 species
include: (1) Triggering section 7 consultation in new areas where it
would not otherwise occur because, for example, it is or has become
unoccupied or the occupancy is in question; (2) focusing conservation
activities on the most essential areas; (3) providing educational
benefits to State or county governments or private entities; and 4)
preventing people from causing inadvertent harm to the species.
In the case of these 54 species, there would be some benefits to
critical habitat. The primary regulatory effect of critical habitat is
the section 7 requirement that Federal agencies refrain from taking any
action that is likely to destroy or adversely affect critical habitat.
Thirty-seven of these species are reported on or near Federal lands
(see Table 1), where actions are subject to section 7 consultation.
Although a majority of the species considered in this rule are located
exclusively on non-Federal lands with limited Federal activities, there
could be Federal actions affecting these lands in the future. While a
critical habitat designation for habitat currently occupied by these
species would not likely change the section 7 consultation outcome,
since an action that destroys or adversely modifies such critical
habitat would also be likely to result in jeopardy to the species,
there may be instances where section 7 consultation would be triggered
only if critical habitat were designated. There would also be some
educational or informational benefits to the designation of critical
habitat. Benefits of designation would include the notification of land
owners, land managers, and the general public of the importance of
protecting the habitat of these species and dissemination of
information regarding their essential habitat requirements.
Therefore, designation of critical habitat is prudent for these 54
plant species: Abutilon sandwicense, Alsinidendron obovatum,
Alsinidendron trinerve, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana,
Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana,
Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora,
Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata,
Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata,
Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Diellia falcata, Diellia
unisora, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,

[[Page 36012]]

Gardenia mannii, Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
monostachya, Lobelia oahuensis, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope saint-
johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Phyllostegia hirsuta,
Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Sanicula mariversa, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea
kealiae, Silene perlmanii, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium
filiforme, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Urera
kaalae, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis
because the potential benefits of critical habitat designation outweigh
the potential threats.

B. Methods

As required by the Act and regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR
424.12), we used the best scientific information available to determine
areas that contain the physical and biological features that are
essential for the conservation of Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus
periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron
trinerve, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium
sebaeoides, Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana,
Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina
oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa,
Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae,
Cyanea humboltiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea
pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyanea superba, Cyanea truncata,
Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra polyantha,
Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata,
Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora, Diplazium
molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii, Eugenia
koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea, Gardenia
mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis
degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens, Hesperomannia
arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion
longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium
arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla, Lipochaeta tenuifolia,
Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Lobelia
niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia filifolia, Mariscus
pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope lydgatei, Melicope pallida,
Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia angulata, Nototrichium
humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus nutans, Phyllostegia
hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia mollis, Phyllostegia
parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei,
Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea
kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa,
Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis
hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana, Tetramolopium filiforme,
Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum, Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa,
Trematolobelia singularis, Urera kaalae, Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola
chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola oahuensis. This information
included the known locations; site-specific species information from
the HINHP database and our own rare plant database; species information
from the Center for Plant Conservation's (CPC's) rare plant monitoring
database housed at the University of Hawaii's Lyon Arboretum; island-
wide Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages (e.g., vegetation,
soils, annual rainfall, elevation contours, landownership); the final
listing rules for these 99 species; the May 28, 2002, proposal;
information received during the public comment periods and public
hearings; recent biological surveys and reports; our recovery plans for
these species; discussions with botanical experts; and recommendations
from the Hawaii and Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating Committee
(HPPRCC) (see also the discussion below) (CPC in litt. 1999; GDSI 2000;
HINHP Database 2000; HPPRCC 1998; Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a,
1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; 67 FR 37108).
In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an effort to identify and map habitat
it believed to be important for the recovery of 282 endangered and
threatened Hawaiian plant species. The HPPRCC identified these areas on
most of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and in 1999, we published
them in our Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island Plants (Service 1999).
The HPPRCC expects there will be subsequent efforts to further refine
the locations of important habitat areas and that new survey
information or research may also lead to additional refinement of
identifying and mapping of habitat important for the recovery of these
species.
The HPPRCC identified essential habitat areas for all listed,
proposed, and candidate plants and evaluated species of concern to
determine if essential habitat areas would provide for their habitat
needs. However, the HPPRCC's mapping of habitat is distinct from the
regulatory designation of critical habitat as defined by the Act. More
data have been collected since the recommendations made by the HPPRCC
in 1998. Much of the area that was identified by the HPPRCC as
inadequately surveyed has now been surveyed to some degree. New
location data for many species have been gathered. Also, the HPPRCC
identified areas as essential based on species clusters (areas that
included listed species as well as candidate species and species of
concern), while we have only delineated areas that are essential for
the conservation of the 99 listed species at issue. As a result, the
critical habitat designations in this rule include not only some
habitat that was identified as essential in the 1998 recommendations
but also habitat that was not identified as essential in those
recommendations.

C. Primary Constituent Elements

In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and regulations at
50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas to propose as critical
habitat, we are required to base critical habitat determinations on the
best scientific and commercial data available and to consider those
physical and biological features (primary constituent elements) that
are essential to the conservation of the species. These features
include, but are not limited to: Space for individual and population
growth, and for normal behavior; food, water, air, light, minerals, or
other nutritional or physiological requirements; cover or shelter;
sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing of offspring, germination,
or seed dispersal; and habitats that are protected from disturbance or
are representative of the historic geographical and ecological
distributions of a species.
Much of what is known about the specific physical and biological
requirements of Abutilon sandwicense, Adenophorus periens, Alectryon
macrococcus, Alsinidendron obovatum, Alsinidendron trinerve, Bonamia
menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce
celastroides var. kaenana, Chamaesyce deppeana, Chamaesyce herbstii,
Chamaesyce kuwaleana, Chamaesyce rockii, Colubrina oppositifolia,
Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea crispa, Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae, Cyanea humboltiana,
Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea pinnatifida, Cyanea st.-
johnii, Cyanea

[[Page 36013]]

superba, Cyanea truncata, Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra dentata,
Cyrtandra polyantha, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora,
Delissea subcordata, Diellia erecta, Diellia falcata, Diellia unisora,
Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia herbstobatae, Eragrostis fosbergii,
Eugenia koolauensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Flueggea neowawraea,
Gardenia mannii, Gouania meyenii, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea,
Hedyotis degeneri, Hedyotis parvula, Hesperomannia arborescens,
Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Isodendrion
laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Labordia
cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla,
Lipochaeta tenuifolia, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia
monostachya, Lobelia niihauensis, Lobelia oahuensis, Lysimachia
filifolia, Mariscus pennatiformis, Marsilea villosa, Melicope lydgatei,
Melicope pallida, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Neraudia
angulata, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phlegmariurus
nutans, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Phyllostegia
mollis, Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago princeps, Platanthera
holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Sanicula mariversa, Sanicula purpurea,
Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Schiedea
nuttallii, Sesbania tomentosa, Silene lanceolata, Silene perlmanii,
Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne kanehoana,
Tetramolopium filiforme, Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum,
Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa, Trematolobelia singularis, Urera kaalae,
Vigna o-wahuensis, Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana, and Viola
oahuensis is described in the ``Background'' section of this final
rule.
All areas designated as critical habitat are within the historical
range of the 99 species at issue and contain one or more of the
physical or biological features (primary constituent elements)
essential for the conservation of the species.
As described in the discussions for each of the 99 species for
which we are designating critical habitat, we are defining the primary
constituent elements on the basis of the habitat features of the areas
from which the plant species are reported, as described by the type of
plant community (e.g., mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest),
associated native plant species, locale information (e.g., steep rocky
cliffs, talus slopes, gulches, stream banks), and elevation. The
habitat features provide the ecological components required by the
plant. The type of plant community and associated native plant species
indicate specific microclimate (localized climatic) conditions,
retention and availability of water in the soil, soil microorganism
community, and nutrient cycling and availability. The locale indicates
information on soil type, elevation, rainfall regime, and temperature.
Elevation indicates information on daily and seasonal temperature and
sun intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of the physical elements of
the locations of each of these species, including habitat type, plant
communities associated with the species, location, and elevation, as
described in the ``SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Discussion of the Plant
Taxa'' section above, constitute the primary constituent elements for
these species on the island of Oahu.

D. Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat

The lack of detailed scientific data on the life history of these
plant species makes it impossible for us to develop a robust
quantitative model (e.g., population viability analysis (National
Research Council 1995)) to identify the optimal number, size, and
location of critical habitat units to achieve recovery (Beissinger and
Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and
Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995).
However, based on the best information available at this time,
including information on which the listing of and recovery plans for
these species were based, we have concluded that the current size and
distribution of the extant populations are not sufficient to expect a
reasonable probability of long-term survival and recovery of these
plant species.
For each of these species, the overall recovery strategy outlined
in the approved recovery plans includes: (1) Stabilization of existing
wild populations, (2) protection and management of habitat, (3)
enhancement of existing small populations and reestablishment of new
populations within historic range, and (4) research on species biology
and ecology (Service 1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d,
1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999). Thus, the long-term recovery of these
species is dependent upon the protection of existing population sites
and suitable unoccupied habitat within their historic range.
The overall recovery goal stated in the recovery plans for each of
these species includes the establishment of 8 to 10 populations with a
minimum of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population for long-
lived perennials; 300 mature, reproducing individuals per population
for short-lived perennials; and 500 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for the annual. (Please note that there are some specific
exceptions to this general recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
species that are believed to be very narrowly distributed.) To be
considered recovered, the populations of a multi-island species should
be distributed among the islands of its known historic range (Service
1994, 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 1996d, 1997, 1998a, 1998b,
1999). A population, for the purposes of this discussion and as defined
in the recovery plans for these species, is a unit in which the
individuals could be regularly cross-pollinated and influenced by the
same small-scale events (such as landslides), and which contains a
minimum of 100, 300, or 500 mature, reproducing individuals, depending
on whether the species is a long-lived perennial, short-lived
perennial, or annual.
Marsilea villosa, a short-lived perennial aquatic fern, was
historically known from six populations on three different islands,
Molokai, Oahu, and Niihau. This species is now extant only on Oahu and
Molokai. Delisting objectives for this species include protection and
stabilization of at least six (rather than 8 to 10) geographically
distinct, self-sustaining populations (either three on Oahu and three
on Molokai or three on Oahu, two on Molokai, and one on Niihau), stable
or increasing population sizes, no active management needed, and self-
maintenance of each population through two successive floods resulting
in sexual reproduction. Delisting objectives for Marsilea villosa do
not include a specific number of mature individuals per population
because of its clonal nature, as it is extremely difficult to
distinguish between individuals in clonal plant species (Service
1996a).
By adopting the specific recovery objectives enumerated above, the
adverse effects of genetic inbreeding and random environmental events
and catastrophes, such as landslides, hurricanes or tsunamis, which
could destroy a large percentage of a species at any one time, may be
reduced (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery objectives were
initially developed by the HPPRCC and are found in all of the recovery
plans for these species. While they are expected to be further refined
as more information on the population biology of each species becomes
available, the justification for these objectives is found in the
current conservation biology

[[Page 36014]]

literature addressing the conservation of rare and endangered plants
and animals (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et
al.1996; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; Karieva and
Wennergren 1995; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1996; Menges
1990; Murphy et al.1990; Podolsky 2001; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges
1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). The
overall goal of recovery in the short-term is a successful population
that can carry on basic life history processes, such as establishment,
reproduction, and dispersal, at a level where the probability of
extinction is low. In the long-term, the species and its populations
should be at a reduced risk of extinction and be adaptable to
environmental change through evolution and migration.
Many aspects of a species' life history are typically considered to
determine guidelines for its interim stability and recovery, including
longevity, breeding system, growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant that
is an independent member of a clone) production, survivorship, seed
longevity, environmental variation, and successional stage of the
habitat. Hawaiian species are poorly studied, and the only one of these
characteristics that can be uniformly applied to all Hawaiian plant
species is longevity (i.e., long-lived perennial, short-lived
perennial, and annual). In general, long-lived woody perennial species
would be expected to be viable at population levels of 50 to 250
individuals per population, while short-lived perennial species would
be viable at population levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or more
per population. These population numbers were refined for Hawaiian
plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due to the restricted distribution
of suitable habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and the likelihood of
smaller genetic diversity of several species that evolved from a single
introduction. For recovery of Hawaiian plants, the HPPRCC recommended a
general recovery guideline of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per
population for long-lived perennial species; 300 mature, reproducing
individuals per population for short-lived perennial species; and 500
mature, reproducing individuals per population for annual species.
The HPPRCC also recommended the conservation and establishment of 8
to 10 populations to address the numerous risks to the long-term
survival and conservation of Hawaiian plant species. Although absent
the detailed information inherent to the types of population viability
analysis models described above (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach
employs two widely recognized and scientifically accepted goals for
promoting viable populations of listed species--(1) creation or
maintenance of multiple populations so that a single or series of
catastrophic events cannot destroy the entire listed species (Luijten
et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana-Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2)
increasing the size of each population in the respective critical
habitat units to a level where the threats of genetic, demographic, and
normal environmental uncertainties are diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl
2000; Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll 1996; Podolsky 2001;
Service 1997; Tear et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In general,
the larger the number of populations and the larger the size of each
population, the lower the probability of extinction (Meffe and Carroll
1996; Raup 1991). This basic conservation principle of redundancy
applies to Hawaiian plant species. By maintaining 8 to 10 viable
populations in several critical habitat units, the threats represented
by a fluctuating environment are alleviated and the species has a
greater likelihood of achieving long-term survival and recovery.
Conversely, loss of one or more of the plant populations within any
critical habitat unit could result in an increase in the risk that the
entire listed species may not survive and recover.
Due to the reduced size of suitable habitat areas for these
Hawaiian plant species, they are now more susceptible to the variations
and weather fluctuations affecting quality and quantity of available
habitat, as well as direct pressure from hundreds of species of
nonnative plants and animals. Establishing and conserving 8 to 10
viable populations on one or more islands within the historic range of
the species will provide each species with a reasonable expectation of
persistence and eventual recovery, even with the high potential that
one or more of these populations will be eliminated by normal or random
adverse events, such as the hurricanes that occurred in 1982 and 1992
on Kauai, fires, and nonnative plant invasions (HPPRCC 1998; Luijten et
al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper
1992). We conclude that designation of adequate suitable habitat for 8
to 10 populations as critical habitat is essential to give the species
a reasonable likelihood of long-term survival and conservation, based
on currently available information.
In summary, the long-term survival and conservation of Hawaiian
plant species requires the designation of critical habitat units on one
or more of the Hawaiian islands with suitable habitat for 8 to 10
populations of each plant species. Some of this habitat is currently
not known to be occupied by these species. To recover the species, it
is essential to conserve suitable habitat in these unoccupied units,
which in turn will allow for the establishment of additional
populations through natural recruitment or managed reintroductions.
Establishment of these additional populations will increase the
likelihood that the species will survive and recover in the face of
normal and stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, and nonnative
species introductions) (Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey
and Taper 1992).
In this rule, we have defined the primary constituent elements
based on the general habitat features of the areas from which the
plants are reported, such as the type of plant community, the
associated native plant species, the physical location (e.g., steep
rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and elevation. The areas we
are designating as critical habitat provide some or all of the habitat
components essential for the conservation of the 99 plant species as
discussed in the individual unit descriptions.
Our approach to delineating critical habitat units was applied in
the following manner:
1. Critical habitat was proposed and has been designated on an
island by island basis for ease of understanding for landowners and the
public, for ease of conducting the public hearing process, and for ease
of conducting public outreach. In Hawaii, landowners and the public are
most interested and affected by issues centered on the island on which
they reside.
2. We focused on designating units representative of the known
current and historical geographic and elevational range of each
species; and
3. We designed critical habitat units to allow for expansion of
existing wild populations and reestablishment of wild populations
within the historic range, as recommended by the recovery plans for
each species.
The proposed critical habitat units were delineated by creating
rough units for each species by screen digitizing polygons (map units)
using ArcView (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.), a
computer GIS program. We created polygons by overlaying current and
historic plant location points onto digital topographic maps of each of
the islands.
We then evaluated the resulting shape files (delineating historic
elevational range and potentially suitable habitat). We refined
elevation ranges, and we

[[Page 36015]]

avoided areas identified as not suitable for a particular species
(i.e., not containing the primary constituent elements). We then
considered the resulting shape files for each species to define all
suitable habitat on the island, including occupied and unoccupied
habitat.
We further evaluated these shape files of suitable habitat. We used
several factors to delineate the proposed critical habitat units from
these land areas. We reviewed the recovery objectives, as described
above and in recovery plans for each of the species, to determine if
the number of populations and population size requirements needed for
conservation would be available within the suitable habitat units
identified as containing the appropriate primary constituent elements
for each species. If more than the area needed for the number of
recovery populations was identified as potentially suitable, only those
areas within the least disturbed suitable habitat were included as
proposed critical habitat. A population for this purpose is defined as
a discrete aggregation of individuals located a sufficient distance
from a neighboring aggregation such that the two are not affected by
the same small-scale events and are not believed to be consistently
cross-pollinated. In the absence of more specific information
indicating the appropriate distance to assure limited cross-
pollination, we are using a distance of 1,000 m (3,280 ft) based on our
review of current literature on gene flow (Barret and Kohn 1991;
Fenster and Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; Schierup and Christiansen 1996).
We further refined the resulting critical habitat units by using
satellite imagery and parcel data to eliminate areas that did not
contain the appropriate vegetation or associated native plant species,
as well as features such as cultivated agriculture fields, housing
developments, and other areas that are unlikely to contribute to the
conservation of one or more of the 99 plant species for which critical
habitat was proposed on May 28, 2002. We used geographic features
(ridge lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) or manmade features
(roads or obvious land use) that created an obvious boundary for a unit
as unit area boundaries.
Following publication of the proposed critical habitat rules, some
of which were revised, for 255 Hawaiian plants (67 FR 3940, 67 FR 9806,
67 FR 15856, 67 FR 16492, 67 FR 34522, 67 FR 36968, 67 FR 37108), we
reevaluated proposed critical habitat. State-wide, for each species
using the applicable recovery guidelines (generally 8 to 10 populations
with a minimum of 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population
for long-lived perennial species; 300 mature, reproducing individuals
per population for short-lived perennial species; and 500 mature,
reproducing individuals per population for annual species) to determine
if we had inadvertently proposed for designation too much or too little
habitat to meet the essential recovery goals (HINHP Database 2000,
2001; Wagner et al. 1990, 1999).
Based on comments and information we received during the comment
periods, we assessed the proposed critical habitat in order to
ascertain which areas contained the highest quality habitat, had the
highest likelihood of species conservation, were geographically
distributed within the species' historical range, and were located a
sufficient distance from each other such that populations of a single
species are unlikely to be impacted by a single catastrophic event. We
ranked areas of the proposed critical habitat by the quality of the
primary constituent elements (e.g., intact native plant communities,
predominance of associated native plants versus nonnative plants),
potential as a conservation area (e.g., whether the land is zoned for
conservation or whether the landowner is already participating in plant
conservation actions), and current or expected management of known
threats (e.g., ungulate control; weed control; nonnative insect, slug,
and snail control). Of these most essential areas, we selected adequate
area to provide for 8 to 10 populations distributed among the islands
of each species' historical range.
Areas that contain high quality primary constituent elements and
conservation potential (e.g., are zoned for conservation and have
ongoing or expected threat abatement actions) were ranked the most
essential. This ranking process also included determining which
habitats were representative of the historic geographical and
ecological distributions of the species (see ``Primary Constituent
Elements''). Of the proposed critical habitat for a species, areas that
were not ranked most essential and that may provide habitat for
populations above the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations were
determined not essential for the conservation of the species and were
excluded from the final designation. Areas that were excluded because
the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion under
4(b)(2) of the Act are included in the total count of habitat for 8 to
10 populations.
In selecting areas of designated critical habitat, we made an
effort to avoid developed areas, such as towns and other similar lands,
that are unlikely to contribute to the conservation of the 99 species.
However, the minimum mapping unit that we used to approximate our
delineation of critical habitat for these species did not allow us to
exclude all such developed areas from the maps. Existing manmade
features and structures within the boundaries of the mapped areas, such
as buildings; roads; aqueducts and other water system features,
including, but not limited to pumping stations, irrigation ditches,
pipelines, siphons, tunnels, water tanks, gaging stations, intakes,
reservoirs, diversions, flumes, and wells; existing trails; campgrounds
and their immediate surrounding landscaped area; scenic overlooks;
remote helicopter landing sites; existing fences; telecommunications
towers and associated structures and equipment; electrical power
transmission lines and distribution, and communication facilities and
regularly maintained associated rights-of-way and access ways; radars;
telemetry antennas; missile launch sites; arboreta and gardens; heiau
(indigenous places of worship or shrines) and other archaeological
sites; airports; other paved areas; lawns and other rural residential
landscaped areas do not contain one or more of the primary constituent
elements and are therefore excluded from critical habitat designation
under the terms of this regulation. Federal actions limited to those
areas would not trigger a section 7 consultation unless they affect the
species or primary constituent elements in adjacent critical habitat.
In summary, for these species, we utilized the approved recovery
plan guidance to identify appropriately sized land units containing
essential occupied and unoccupied habitat. Based on the best available
information, we believe these areas constitute the essential habitat on
Oahu to provide for the recovery of these 99 species.
The critical habitat areas described below constitute our best
assessment of the physical and biological features needed for the
conservation and special management needs of the 99 plant species, and
are based on the best scientific and commercial information available
(as described above). We publish this final rule acknowledging that we
have incomplete information regarding many of the primary biological
and physical requirements for these species. However, both the Act and
the relevant court orders require us

[[Page 36016]]

to proceed with designation at this time based on the best information
available. As new information accrues, we may consider reevaluating the
boundaries of areas that warrant critical habitat designation.

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units

The approximate areas of proposed critical habitat by landownership
or jurisdiction are shown in Table 3. The approximate final critical
habitat area (ha (ac)), essential area, and excluded area, are shown in
Table 4.

Table 3.--Approximate Critical Habitat Designated Area by Unit and Landownership or Jurisdiction, Oahu, City and
County of Honolulu, Hawaii \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unit name State/local Private Federal Total
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--a. 453 ha (1,120 ac). 151 ha (372 ac)... .................. 604 ha (1,492 ac)
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--b. 26 ha (65 ac)..... .................. .................. 26 ha (65 ac)
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--c. 41 ha (102 ac).... .................. .................. 41 ha (102 ac)
Oahu 15--Abutilon sandwicense--d .................. .................. 49 ha (121 ac).... 49 ha (121 ac)
Oahu 15--Abutilon sandwicense--e 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 32 ha (80 ac)..... 33 ha (81 ac)
Oahu 17--Abutilon sandwicense--f 30 ha (74 ac)..... .................. .................. 30 ha (74 ac)
Oahu 20--Adenophorus periens--a. 606 ha (1,500 ac). 105 ha (259 ac)... .................. 711 ha (1,759 ac)
Oahu 4--Alectryon macrococcus--a 23 ha (58 ac)..... .................. .................. 23 ha (58 ac)
Oahu 15--Alectryon macrococcus-- .................. 112 ha (278 ac)... .................. 112 ha (278 ac)
b.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron obovatum-- 176 ha (436 ac)... .................. .................. 176 ha (436 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron obovatum-- 25 ha (62 ac)..... .................. .................. 25 ha (62 ac)
b.
Oahu 15--Alsinidendron obovatum-- 1 ha (2 ac)....... 31 ha (75 ac)..... .................. 32 ha (76 ac)
c.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron trinerve-- 60 ha (149 ac).... .................. .................. 60 ha (149 ac)
a.
Oahu 2--Bonamia menziesii--a.... 21 ha (51 ac)..... .................. .................. 21 ha (51 ac)
Oahu 3--Bonamia menziesii--b.... 42 ha (104 ac).... .................. .................. 42 ha (104 ac)
Oahu 4--Bonamia menziesii--c.... 3 ha (8 ac)....... 91 ha (225 ac).... .................. 94 ha (233 ac)
Oahu 17--Bonamia menziesii--d... 77 ha (191 ac).... .................. .................. 77 ha (191 ac)
Oahu 35--Bonamia menziesii--e... 121 ha (300 ac)... 253 ha (624 ac)... .................. 374 ha (924 ac)
Oahu 4--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- 529 ha (1,306 ac). .................. .................. 529 ha (1,306 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- 40 ha (99 ac)..... .................. .................. 40 ha (99 ac)
b.
Oahu 15--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- .................. 200 ha (495 ac)... .................. 200 ha (495 ac)
c.
Oahu 15--Cenchrus agrimonioides-- .................. 117 ha (290 ac)... .................. 117 ha (290 ac)
d.
Oahu 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a 61 ha (149 ac).... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 61 ha (149 ac)
Oahu 27--Centaurium sebaeoides-- 30 ha (74 ac)..... .................. .................. 30 ha (74 ac)
b.
Oahu 1--Chamaesyce celastroides 233 ha (571 ac)... .................. .................. 233 ha (571 ac)
var. kaenana--a.
Oahu 3--Chamaesyce celastroides 4 ha (11 ac)...... .................. .................. 4 ha (11 ac)
var. kaenana--b.
Oahu 4--Chamaesyce celastroides 43 ha (107 ac).... .................. .................. 43 ha (107 ac)
var. kaenana--c.
Oahu 5--Chamaesyce celastroides 32 ha (80 ac)..... 4 ha (9 ac)....... .................. 36 ha (89 ac)
var. kaenana--d.
Oahu 35--Chamaesyce celastroides 1 ha (2 ac)....... 237 ha (585 ac)... .................. 238 ha (587 ac)
var. kaenana--e.
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce deppeana--a. 3 ha (8 ac)....... 14 ha (33 ac)..... .................. 17 ha (41 ac)
Oahu 35--Chamaesyce deppeana--b. 16 ha (40 ac)..... 2 ha (6 ac)....... .................. 18 ha (46 ac)
Oahu 4--Chamaesyce herbstii--a.. 429 ha (1,059 ac). .................. .................. 429 ha (1,059 ac)
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce herbstii--b. .................. 47 ha (116 ac).... .................. 47 ha (116 ac)
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce herbstii--c. .................. 21 ha (53 ac)..... .................. 21 ha (53 ac)
Oahu 9--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--a. .................. .................. 27 ha (68 ac).... 27 ha (68 ac)
Oahu 11--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--b 19 ha (47 ac)..... .................. 34 ha (83 ac)..... 53 ha (130 ac)
Oahu 12--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--c 37 ha (92 ac)..... .................. .................. 37 ha (92 ac)
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--d 117 ha (288 ac)... 67 ha (166 ac).... .................. 184 ha (454 ac)
Oahu 22--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--e 1 ha (3 ac)....... .................. .................. 1 ha (3 ac)
Oahu 23--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--f 6 ha (15 ac)...... .................. .................. 6 ha (15 ac)
Oahu 26--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--g 26 ha (63 ac)..... .................. .................. 26 ha (63 ac)
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--a... 612 ha (1,512 ac). 214 ha (527 ac)... .................. 826 ha (2,039 ac)
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--b... 8 ha (20 ac)...... 25 ha (63 ac)..... 164 ha (405 ac)... 197 ha (488 ac)
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--c... 85 ha (210 ac).... 173 ha (429 ac)... .................. 258 ha (639 ac)
Oahu 4--Colubrina oppositifolia-- 766 ha (1,894 ac). 16 ha (41 ac)..... .................. 782 ha (1,935 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Ctenitis squamigera--a.. 120 ha (297 ac)... .................. .................. 120 ha (297 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea acuminata--a..... 82 ha (205 ac).... .................. .................. 82 ha (205 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea acuminata--b.... 916 ha (2,260 ac). 1,022 ha (2,525 585 ha (1,446 ac). 2,522 ha (6,231
ac). ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--a....... 958 ha (2,367 ac). 873 ha (2,158 ac). .................. 1,831 ha (4,525
ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--b....... 597 ha (1,475 ac). 3,243 ha (8,010 20 ha (49 ac)..... 3,860 ha (9,534c)
ha).
Oahu 21--Cyanea crispa--c....... 114 ha (282 ac)... 188 ha (465 ac)... .................. 302 ha (747 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea crispa--d....... 1,041 ha (2,573 295 ha (728 ac)... .................. 1,336 ha (3,301
ac). ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 342 ha (845 ac)... 2,292 ha (5,661 .................. 2,634 ha (6,506
grimesiana--a. ac). ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 149 ha (367 ac)... 181 ha (447 ac)... .................. 330 ha (814 ac)
grimesiana--b.
Oahu 4--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 523 ha (1,289 ac). .................. .................. 523 ha (1,289 ac)
obatae--a.
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. 1 ha (1 ac)....... 184 ha (454 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 185 ha (455 ac)
obatae--b.

[[Page 36017]]

Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. .................. 34 ha (84 ac)..... .................. 34 ha (84 ac)
obatae--c.
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. <1 ha (1 ac)...... 83 ha (204 ac).... .................. 83 ha (205 ac)
obatae--d.
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--a.. 398 ha (982 ac)... 105 ha (259 ac)... .................. 503 ha (1,241 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--b.. 24 ha (61 ac)..... 103 ha (254 ac)... .................. 127 ha (315 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--c.. 88 ha (219 ac).... 212 ha (522 ac)... .................. 300 ha (741 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--d.. 20 ha (48 ac)..... 137 ha (340 ac)... 3 ha (5 ac)....... 160 ha (393 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea humboltiana--e.. 493 ha (1,221 ac). 45 ha (110 ac).... .................. 538 ha (1,331 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea koolauensis--a.. 94 ha (233 ac).... 374 ha (924 ac)... .................. 468 ha (1,157 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea koolauensis--b.. 68 ha (170 ac).... 254 ha (629 ac)... .................. 322 ha (799 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea koolauensis--c.. 209 ha (517 ac)... .................. .................. 209 ha (517 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea koolauensis--d.. 181 ha (448 ac)... 131 ha (322 ac)... .................. 312 ha (770 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea longiflora--a.... 362 ha (894 ac)... .................. .................. 362 ha (894 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea longiflora--b.... 61 ha (150 ac).... .................. .................. 61 ha (150 ac)
Oahu 19--Cyanea longiflora--c... 243 ha (602 ac)... 81 ha (199 ac).... .................. 324 ha (801 ac)
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--a.. .................. 154 ha (380 ac)... .................. 154 ha (380 ac)
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--b.. .................. 42 ha (104 ac).... .................. 42 ha (104 ac)
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--c.. <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 129 ha (318 ac)... .................. 129 ha (318 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea st.-johnii--a... 240 ha (593 ac)... 414 ha (1,023 ac). 43 ha (107 ac).... 697 ha (1,723 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea st.-johnii--b... 123 ha (305 ha)... 12 ha (29 ac)..... .................. 135 ha (334 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--a....... 303 ha (747 ac)... .................. .................. 303 ha (747 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--b....... 115 ha (286 ac)... .................. .................. 115 ha (286 ac)
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--c....... 183 ha (453 ac)... 1 ha (3 ac)....... .................. 184 ha (456 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyanea superba--d...... 170 ha (420 ac)... 111 ha (277 ac)... .................. 281 ha (697 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyanea truncata--a..... 900 ha (2,226 ac). 1,129 ha (2,793 .................. 2,029 ha (5,019
ac). ac)
Oahu 21--Cyanea truncata--b..... 59 ha (146 ac).... 151 ha (374 ac)... .................. 210 ha (520 ac)
Oahu 1--Cyperus trachysanthos--a 78 ha (194 ac).... .................. .................. 78 ha (194 ac)
Oahu 28--Cyperus trachysanthos-- 8 ha (20 ac)...... .................. .................. 8 ha (20 ac)
b.
Oahu 29--Cyperus trachysanthos-- 4 ha (10 ac)...... .................. .................. 4 ha (10 ac)
c.
Oahu 36--Cyperus trachysanthos-- 5 ha (13 ac)...... .................. .................. 5 ha (13 ac)
d.
Oahu 4--Cyrtandra dentata--a.... 307 ha (758 ac)... .................. .................. 307 ha (758 ac)
Oahu 35--Cyrtandra polyantha--a. 112 ha (277 ac)... 78 ha (192 ac).... .................. 190 ha (469 ac)
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata-- 589 ha (1,455 ac). 240 ha (593 ac)... .................. 829 ha (2,048 ac)
a.
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata-- .................. .................. 67 ha (167 ac).... 67 ha (167 ac)
b.
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra viridiflora-- 505 ha (1,247 ac). 206 ha (509 ac)... 71 ha (176 ac).... 782 ha (1,932 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Delissea subcordata--a.. 762 ha (1,879 ac). 2 ha (6 ac)....... .................. 764 ha (1,885 ac)
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--b. .................. 220 ha (545 ac)... .................. 220 ha (545 ac)
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--c. .................. 32 ha (78 ac)..... .................. 32 ha (78 ac)
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--d. .................. 81 ha (200 ac).... .................. 81 ha (200 ac)
Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--e. 88 ha (217 ac).... 204 ha (504 ac)... .................. 292 ha (721 ac)
Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--f. 1 ha (3 ac)....... 128 ha (314 ac)... .................. 129 ha (317 ac)
Oahu 35--Diellia erecta--a...... 173 ha (430 ac)... 120 ha (301 ac)... .................. 293 ha (731 ha)
Oahu 4--Diellia falcata--a...... 59 ha (148 ac).... .................. .................. 59 ha (148 ac)
Oahu 4--Diellia falcata--b...... 22 ha (54 ac)..... .................. .................. 22 ha (54 ac)
Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--c..... 23 ha (58 ac)..... 314 ha (776 ac)... 4 ha (10 ac)...... 341 ha (844 ac)
Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--d..... 7 ha (17 ac)...... 170 ha (419 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 178 ha (437 ac)
Oahu 15--Diellia unisora--a..... 68 ha (167 ac).... 253 ha (626 ac)... 41 ha (101 ac).... 362 ha (894 ac)
Oahu 4--Diplazium molokaiense--a 139 ha (340 ac)... .................. .................. 139 ha (340 ac)
Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--a 12 ha (29 ac)..... .................. .................. 12 ha (29 ac)
Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--b 76 ha (191 ac).... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 76 ha (191 ac)
Oahu 7--Dubautia herbstobatae--c 3 ha (7 ac)....... .................. .................. 3 ha (7 ac)
Oahu 4--Eragrostis fosbergii--a. 81 ha (199 ac).... .................. .................. 81 ha (199 ac)
Oahu 4--Eugenia koolauensis--a.. 114 ha (280 ac)... .................. .................. 114 ha (280 ac)
Oahu 19--Eugenia koolauensis--b. 38 ha (94 ac)..... 111 ha (275 ac)... .................. 149 ha (369 ac)
Oahu 20--Eugenia koolauensis--c. 71 ha (176 ac).... 51 ha (127 ac).... .................. 122 ha (303 ac)
Oahu 3--Euphorbia haeleeleana--a 14 ha (38 ac)..... .................. .................. 14 ha (38 ac)
Oahu 4--Euphorbia haeleeleana--b 94 ha (233 ac).... 262 ha (648 ac)... .................. 356 ha (881 ac)
Oahu 4--Flueggea neowawraea--a.. 845 ha (2,087 ac). .................. .................. 845 ha (2,087 ac)
Oahu 15--Gardenia mannii--a..... .................. 266 ha (658 ac)... .................. 266 ha (658 ac)
Oahu 20--Gardenia mannii--b..... .................. 206 ha (510 ac)... .................. 206 ha (510 ac)
Oahu 20--Gardenia mannii--c..... .................. .................. 1,311 ha (3,239 1,311 ha (3,239
ac). ac)
Oahu 4--Gouania meyenii--a...... 47 ha (118 ac).... .................. .................. 47 ha (118 ac)
Oahu 4--Gouania meyenii--b...... 39 ha (96 ac)..... .................. .................. 39 ha (96 ac)
Oahu 15--Gouania meyenii--c..... 2 ha (6 ac)....... 206 ha (509 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 208 ha (515 ac)
Oahu 31--Gouania meyenii--d..... 116 ha (286 ac)... .................. .................. 116 ha (286 ac)
Oahu 2--Gouania vitifolia--a.... 20 ha (49 ac)..... .................. .................. 20 ha (49 ac)
Oahu 3--Gouania vitifolia--b.... 48 ha (120 ac).... .................. .................. 48 ha(120 ac)
Oahu 5--Gouania vitifolia--c.... 176 ha (434 ac)... 20 ha (48 ac)..... .................. 196 ha (482 ac)
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--d.... 85 ha (208 ac).... .................. .................. 85 ha (208 ac)
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--e.... 102 ha (252 ac)... .................. .................. 102 ha (252 ac)

[[Page 36018]]

Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--f.... 27 ha (67 ac)..... .................. .................. 27 ha (67 ac)
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--g.... 17 ha (42 ac)..... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 17 ha (43 ac)
Oahu 8--Gouania vitifolia--h.... 41 ha (101 ac).... 23 ha (57 ac)..... .................. 64 ha (158 ac)
Oahu 15--Hedyotis coriacea--a... .................. 185 ha (458 ac)... .................. 185 ha (458 ac)
Oahu 35--Hedyotis coriacea--b... 9 ha (22 ac)...... 155 ha (382 ac)... .................. 164 ha (404 ac)
Oahu 4--Hedyotis degeneri--a.... 917 ha (2,265 ac). .................. .................. 917 ha (2,265 ac)
Oahu 4--Hedyotis degeneri--b.... 12 ha (29 ac)..... .................. .................. 12 ha (29 ac)
Oahu 4--Hedyotis parvula--a..... 387 ha (956 ac)... .................. .................. 387 ha (956 ac)
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--b.... .................. .................. 8 ha (19 ac)...... 8 ha (19 ac)
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--c.... 42 ha (105 ac).... 22 ha (54 ac)..... 31 ha (77 ac)..... 95 ha (236 ac)
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--d.... 20 ha (48 ac)..... .................. 30 ha (74 ac)..... 50 ha (122 ac)
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia 122 ha (301 ac)... 3 ha (7 ac)....... .................. 125 ha (308 ac)
arborescens--a.
Oahu 20--Hesperomannia 405 ha (1,001 ac). 184 ha (455 ac)... .................. 589 ha (1,456 ac)
arborescens--b.
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula-- 597 ha (1,472 ac). .................. .................. 597 ha (1,472 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula-- 32 ha (78 ac)..... .................. .................. 32 ha (78 ac)
b.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia 2 ha (4 ac)....... 161 ha (398 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 163 ha (402 ac)
arbuscula--c.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia 2 ha (4 ac)....... 23 ha (56 ac)..... .................. 25 ha (60 ac)
arbuscula--d.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia 3 ha (5 ac)....... 67 ha (167 ac).... .................. 70 ha (172 ac)
arbuscula--e.
Oahu 1--Hibiscus brackenridgei-- 20 ha (49 ac)..... 58 ha (144 ac).... .................. 78 ha (193 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Hibiscus brackenridgei-- 75 ha (185 ac).... 485 ha (1,200 ac). .................. 560 ha (1,385 ac)
b.
Oahu 5--Hibiscus brackenridgei-- 23 ha (56 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... .................. 23 ha (56 ac)
c.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion laurifolium-- 616 ha (1,524 )... .................. .................. 616 ha (1,524 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion laurifolium-- 62 ha (154 ac).... .................. .................. 62 ha (154 ac)
b.
Oahu 35--Isodendrion 109 ha (270 ac)... 168 ha (414 ac)... .................. 277 ha (684 ac)
laurifolium--c.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion longifolium-- 529 ha (1,306 ac). 23 ha (57 ac)..... .................. 552 ha (1,363 ac)
a.
Oahu 20--Isodendrion .................. .................. 162 ha (399 ac)... 162 ha (399 ac)
longifolium--b.
Oahu 5--Isodendrion pyrifolium-- 29 ha (71 ac)..... 1 ha (3 ac)....... .................. 30 ha (74 ac)
a.
Oahu 16--Isodendrion pyrifolium-- 129 ha (317 ac)... 1 ha (1 ac)....... .................. 130 ha (318 ac)
b.
Oahu 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium-- 73 ha (181 ac).... .................. .................. 73 ha (181 ac)
c.
Oahu 4--Labordia cyrtandrae--a.. 161 ha (397 ac)... .................. .................. 161 ha (397 ac)
Oahu 20--Labordia cyrtandrae--b. 472 ha (1,168 ac). 123 ha (305 ac)... .................. 595 ha (1,473 ac)
Oahu 20--Labordia cyrtandrae--c. 205 ha (508 ac)... 412 ha (1,017 ac). .................. 617 ha (1,525 ac)
Oahu 4--Lepidium arbuscula--a... 330 ha (813 ac)... .................. .................. 330 ha (813 ac)
Oahu 15--Lepidium arbuscula--b.. 38 ha (94 ac)..... 6 ha (16 ac)...... 74 ha (183 ac).... 118 ha (293 ac)
Oahu 15--Lepidium arbuscula--c.. 38 ha (93 ac)..... .................. 61 ha (151 ha).... 99 ha (244 ac)
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta lobata var. 139 ha (345 ac)... .................. .................. 139 ha (345 ac)
leptophylla--a.
Oahu 15--Lipochaeta lobata var. 207 ha (514 ac)... 53 ha (131 ac).... 274 ha (676 ac)... 534 ha (1,321 ac)
leptophylla--b.
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--a 23 ha (57 ac)..... .................. .................. 23 ha (57 ac)
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--b 66 ha (167 ac).... .................. .................. 66 ha (167 ac)
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--c 118 ha (292 ac)... .................. .................. 118 ha (292 ac)
Oahu 20--Lobelia guadichaudii 371 ha (915 ac)... 458 ha (1,132 ac). 97 ha (241 ac).... 926 ha (2,288 ac)
ssp. koolauensis--a.
Oahu 30--Lobelia monostachya--a. 48 ha (118 ac).... 11 ha (32 ac)..... .................. 59 ha (150 ac)
Oahu 22--Lobelia monostachya--b. 1 ha 2 (ac)....... 46 ha (113 ac).... .................. 47 ha (115 ac)
Oahu 33--Lobelia monostachya--c. 70 ha (173 ac).... <1 ha (1 ac)...... .................. 70 ha (174 ac)
Oahu 35--Lobelia monostachya--d. 123 ha (303 ac)... 367 ha (906 ac)... 3 ha (8 ac)....... 493 ha (1,217 ac)
Oahu 4--Lobelia niihauensis--a.. 44 ha (108 ac).... .................. .................. 44 ha (108 ac)
Oahu 17--Lobelia niihauensis--b. 41 ha (102 ac).... .................. .................. 41 ha (102 ac)
Oahu 20--Lobelia oahuensis--a... 204 ha (504 ac)... 240 ha (593 ac)... 46 ha (114 ac).... 490 ha (1,211 ac)
Oahu 35--Lobelia oahuensis--b... 139 ha (342 ac)... 13 ha (32 ac)..... .................. 152 ha (374 ac)
Oahu 20--Lysimachia filifolia--a 992 ha (2,450 ac). 512 ha (1,263 ac). 8 ha (21 ac)...... 1,512 ha (3,734
ac)
Oahu 4--Mariscus pennatiformis-- 166 ha (410 ac)... .................. .................. 166 ha (410 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Mariscus pennatiformis-- 171 ha (421 ac)... .................. .................. 171 ha (421 ac)
b.
Oahu 13--Marsilea villosa--a.... .................. .................. 10 ha (25 ac)..... 10 ha (25 ac)
Oahu 14--Marsilea villosa--b.... .................. .................. 7 ha (18 ac)...... 7 ha (18 ac)
Oahu 28--Marsilea villosa--c.... 7 ha (18 ac)...... .................. .................. 7 ha (18 ac)
Oahu 29--Marsilea villosa--d.... 5 ha (11 ac)...... .................. .................. 5 ha (11 ac)
Oahu 36--Marsilea villosa--e.... 6 ha (14 ac)...... .................. .................. 6 ha (14 ac)
Oahu 20--Melicope lydgatei--a... 351 ha (864 ac)... 2,613 ha (6,458 535 ha (1,323 ac). 3,499 ha (8,645
ac). ac)
Oahu 4--Melicope pallida--a..... 846 ha (2,089 ac) 9 ha (21 ac)...... .................. 855 ha (2,110 ac)
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--b.... .................. 174 ha (431 ac)... .................. 174 ha (431 ac)
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--c.... 2 ha (5 ac)....... .................. 27 ha (66 ac)..... 29 ha (71 ac)
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--d.... 10 ha (25 ac)..... .................. 10 ha (26 ac)..... 20 ha (51 ac)
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--e.... .................. 243 ha (602 ac).. .................. 243 ha (602 ac)
Oahu 15--Melicope saint-johnii-- 2 ha (6 ac)....... 242 ha (598 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 244 ha (604 ac)
a.
Oahu 15--Melicope saint-johnii-- 28 ha (69 ac)..... 149 ha (368 ac)... 37 ha (92 ac)..... 214 ha (529 ac)
b.
Oahu 20--Myrsine juddii--a...... 386 ha (954 ac)... 291 ha (719 ac)... 273 ha (674 ac)... 950 ha (2,347 ac)
Oahu 3--Neraudia angulata--a.... 39 ha (97 ac)..... .................. .................. 39 ha (97 ac)
Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--b.... 83 ha (205 ac).... 7 ha (17 ac)...... .................. 90 ha (222 ac)

[[Page 36019]]

Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--c.... 298 ha (736 ac)... .................. .................. 298 ha (736 ac)
Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--d.... 33 ha (81 ac)..... .................. .................. 33 ha (81 ac)
Oahu 4--Neraudia angulata--e.... 40 ha (98 ac)..... .................. .................. 40 ha (98 ac)
Oahu 15--Neraudia angulata--f... 17 ha (44 ac)..... .................. 66 ha (163 ac).... 83 ha (207 ac)
Oahu 3--Nototrichium humile--a.. 20 ha (51 ac)..... .................. .................. 20 ha (51 ac)
Oahu 4--Nototrichium humile--b.. 168 ha (416 ac)... 61 ha (152 ac).... .................. 229 ha (568 ac)
Oahu 4--Nototrichium humile--c.. 55 ha (138 ac).... 181 ha (448 ac)... .................. 236 ha (586 ac)
Oahu 4--Nototrichium humile--d.. 30 ha (75 ac)..... .................. .................. 30 ha (75 ac)
Oahu 4--Peucedanum sandwicense-- 76 ha (186 ac).... .................. .................. 76 ha (186 ac)
a.
Oahu 20--Phlegmariurus nutans--a 713 ha (1,762 ac). 514 ha (1,269 ac). 398 ha (983 ac)... 1,625 ha (4,014
ac)
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia hirsuta--a. 113 ha (282 ac)... .................. .................. 113 ha (282 ac)
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia hirsuta--b 1 ha (2 ac)....... 130 ha (322 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 131 ha (324 ac)
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia hirsuta--c .................. 69 ha (171 ac).... .................. 69 ha (171 ac)
Oahu 20--Phyllostegia hirsuta--d 719 ha (1,777 ac). 285 ha (706 ac)... .................. 1,004 ha (2,483
ac)
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis-- 57 ha (141 ac).... .................. .................. 57 ha (141 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis-- 589 ha (1,456 ac). .................. .................. 589 ha (1,456 ac)
b.
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis-- 119 ha (295 ac)... 3 ha (9 ac)....... .................. 122 ha (304 ac)
c.
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis-- 28 ha (69 ac)..... .................. .................. 28 ha (69 ac)
d.
Oahu 4--Phyllostegia kaalaensis-- 16 ha (39 ac)..... .................. .................. 16 ha (39 ac)
e.
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia .................. 30 ha (74 ac)..... .................. 30 ha (74 ac)
kaalaensis--f.
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia mollis--a. .................. 152 ha (376 ac)... .................. 152 ha (376 ac)
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia mollis--b. .................. 85 ha (210 ac).... .................. 85 ha (210 ac)
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia .................. 70 ha (173 ac).... .................. 70 ha (173 ac)
parviflora--a.
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia .................. 21 ha (51 ac)..... .................. 21 ha (51 ac)
parviflora--b.
Oahu 15--Phyllostegia .................. 69 ha (171 ac).... .................. 69 ha (171 ac)
parviflora--c.
Oahu 20--Phyllostegia 806 ha (1,992 ac). 436 ha (1,078 ac). 188 ha (463 ac)... 1,430 ha (3,533
parviflora--d. ac)
Oahu 4--Plantago princeps--a.... 15 ha (37 ac)..... .................. .................. 15 ha (37 ac)
Oahu 4--Plantago princeps--b.... 52 ha (131 ac).... .................. .................. 52 ha (131 ac)
Oahu 15--Plantago princeps--c... .................. 63 ha (157 ac).... .................. 63 ha (157 ac)
Oahu 20--Plantago princeps--d... 99 ha (246 ac).... 733 ha (1,810 ac). 160 ha (394 ac)... 992 ha (2,450 ac)
Oahu 20--Plantago princeps--e... 194 ha (477 ac)... 103 ha (252 ac)... .................. 297 ha (729 ac)
Oahu 20--Platanthera holochila-- .................. 35 ha (86 ac)..... .................. 35 ha (86 ac)
a.
Oahu 20--Platanthera holochila-- <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 4 ha (9 ac)....... 161 ha (397 ac)... 165 ha (407 ac)
b.
Oahu 20--Pteris lidgatei--a..... 847 ha (2,091 ac). 386 ha (953 ac)... .................. 1,233 ha (3,044
ac)
Oahu 20--Pteris lidgatei--b..... 153 ha (377 ac)... 25 ha (61 ac)..... 111 ha (273 ac)... 289 ha (711 ac)
Oahu 20--Pteris lidgatei--c..... 267 ha (660 ac)... 577 ha (1,424 ac). .................. 844 ha (2,084 ac)
Oahu 4--Sanicula mariversa--a... 7 ha (17 ac)...... .................. .................. 7 ha (17 ac)
Oahu 4--Sanicula mariversa--b... 6 ha (15 ac)...... .................. .................. 6 ha (15 ac)
Oahu 4--Sanicula mariversa--c... 25 ha (61 ac)..... .................. .................. 25 ha (61 ac)
Oahu 6--Sanicula mariversa--d... 3 ha (8 ac)....... .................. .................. 3 ha (8 ac)
Oahu 15--Sanicula mariversa--e.. .................. 14 ha (34 ac)..... .................. 14 ha (34 ac)
Oahu 15--Sanicula mariversa--f.. 19 ha (46 ac)..... 20 ha (49 ac)..... .................. 39 ha (95 ac)
Oahu 20--Sanicula purpurea--a... 366 ha (903 ac)... 289 ha (715 ac)... 46 ha (114 ac).... 701 ha (1,732 ac)
Oahu 3--Schiedea hookeri--a..... 22 ha (56 ac)..... .................. .................. 22 ha (56 ac)
Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--b..... 710 ha (1,755 ac). .................. .................. 710 ha (1,755 ac)
Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--c..... 248 ha (612 ac)... .................. .................. 248 ha (612 ac)
Oahu 4--Schiedea hookeri--d..... 31 ha (78 ac)..... .................. .................. 31 ha (78 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea hookeri--e.... .................. .................. 14 ha (34 ac)..... 14 ha (34 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea hookeri--f.... .................. 10 ha (25 ac)..... .................. 10 ha (25 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea hookeri--g.... 33 ha (81 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 50 ha (123 ac).... 83 ha (204 ac)
Oahu 4--Schiedea kaalae--a...... 426 ha (1,051 ac). .................. .................. 426 ha (1,051 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--b..... .................. 134 ha (331 ac)... .................. 134 ha (331 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--c..... .................. 22 ha (53 ac)..... .................. 22 ha (53 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea kaalae--d..... .................. 39 ha (97 ac)..... .................. 39 ha (97 ac)
Oahu 20--Schiedea kaalae--e..... 371 ha (915 ac)... 8 ha (19 ac)...... .................. 379 ha (934 ac)
Oahu 21--Schiedea kaalae--f..... 6 ha (15 ac)...... 99 ha (245 ac).... .................. 105 ha (260 ac)
Oahu 1--Schiedea kealiae--a..... 145 ha (357 ac)... 49 ha (121 ac).... .................. 194 ha (478 ac)
Oahu 4--Schiedea nuttallii--a... 527 ha (1,304 ac). .................. .................. 527 ha (1,304 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea nuttallii--b.. 1 ha (1 ac)....... 140 ha (346 ac)... .................. 141 ha (347 ac)
Oahu 15--Schiedea nuttallii--c.. .................. 41 ha (102 ac).... .................. 41 ha (102 ac)
Oahu 1--Sesbania tomentosa--a... 101 ha (250 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 101 ha (250 ac)
Oahu 18--Sesbania tomentosa--b.. 5 ha (12 ac)...... .................. .................. 5 ha (12 ac)
Oahu 4--Silene lanceolata--a.... 113 ha (281 ac)... .................. .................. 113 ha (281 ac)
Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--a.... 29 ha (73 ac)..... .................. 36 ha (89 ac)..... 65 ha (162 ac)
Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--b.... .................. 5 ha (12 ac)...... .................. 5 ha (12 ac)
Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--c.... 18 ha (46 ac)..... .................. 31 ha (78 ac)..... 49 ha (124 ac)
Oahu 15--Silene perlmanii--d.... .................. 52 ha (130 ac).... .................. 52 ha (130 ac)
Oahu 4--Solanum sandwicense--a.. 104 ha (258 ac)... .................. .................. 104 ha (258 ac)
Oahu 15--Solanum sandwicense--b. <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 146 ha (361 ac)... .................. 146 ha (361 ac)
Oahu 15--Solanum sandwicense--c. <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 78 ha (192 ac).... .................. 78 ha (192 ac)
Oahu 5--Spermolepis hawaiiensis-- 20 ha (51 ac)..... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 21 ha (53 ac)
a.

[[Page 36020]]

Oahu 31--Spermolepis 116 ha (286 ac)... .................. .................. 116 ha (286 ac)
hawaiiensis--b.
Oahu 15--Stenogyne kanehoana--a. 1 ha (2 ac)....... 138 ha (342 ac)... 1 ha (3 ac)....... 140 ha (347 ac)
Oahu 15--Stenogyne kanehoana--b. 1 ha (2 ac)....... 42 ha (105 ac).... .................. 43 ha (107 ac)
Oahu 4--Tetramolopium filiforme-- 111 ha (273 ac)... .................. .................. 111 ha (273 ac)
a.
Oahu 4--Tetramolopium lepidotum 167 ha (413 ac)... .................. .................. 167 ha (413 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--a.
Oahu 4--Tetramolopium lepidotum 23 ha (56 ac)..... .................. .................. 23 ha (56 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--b.
Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum .................. .................. 11 ha (28 ac)..... 11 ha (28 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--c.
Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum 34 ha (84 ac)..... 12 ha (29 ac)..... 48 ha (120 ac).... 94 ha (233 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--d.
Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum <1 ha (1 ac)...... 1 ha (2 ac)....... .................. 1 ha (3 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--e.
Oahu 15--Tetramolopium lepidotum 37 ha (92 ac)..... 182 ha (450 ac)... 40 ha (99 ac)..... 259 ha (641 ac)
ssp. lepidotum--f.
Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra 454 ha (1,122 ac). 3 ha (7 ac)....... .................. 457 ha (1,129 ac)
gymnocarpa--a.
Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra 71 ha (175 ac).... 32 ha (79 ac)..... 132 ha (327 ac)... 235 ha (581 ac)
gymnocarpa--b.
Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra 119 ha (295 ac)... 292 ha (723 ac)... .................. 411 ha (1,018 ac)
gymnocarpa--c.
Oahu 20--Tetraplasandra 121 ha (299 ac)... 231 ha (571 ac)... 10 ha (24 ac)..... 362 ha (894 ac)
gymnocarpa--d.
Oahu 35--Tetraplasandra 152 ha (377 ac)... .................. .................. 152 ha (377 ac)
gymnocarpa--e.
Oahu 35--Tetraplasnadra 131 ha (323 ac)... 82 ha (205 ac).... .................. 213 ha (528 ac)
gymnocarpa--f.
Oahu 20--Trematolobelia 58 ha (147 ac).... 27 ha (69 ac)..... 1 ha (3 ac)....... 86 ha (219 ac)
singularis--a.
Oahu 20--Trematolobelia 1 ha (3 ac)....... 9 ha (22 ac)...... <1 ha (1 ac)...... 10 ha (26 ac)
singularis--b.
Oahu 34--Trematolobelia <1 ha (1 ac)...... 2 ha (4 ac)....... .................. 2 ha (5 ac)
singularis--c.
Oahu 35--Trematolobelia 13 ha (33 ac)..... .................. .................. 13 ha (33 ac)
singularis--d.
Oahu 35--Trematolobelia 23 ha (56 ac)..... 3 ha (8 ac)....... .................. 26 ha (64 ac)
singularis--e.
Oahu 4--Urera kaalae--a......... 53 ha (133 ac).... .................. .................. 53 ha (133 ac)
Oahu 4--Urera kaalae--b......... 17 ha (43 ac)..... .................. .................. 17 ha (43 ac)
Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--c........ .................. 224 ha (555 ac)... <1 ha (<1 ac)..... 224 ha (555 ac)
Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--d........ .................. 35 ha (87 ac)..... .................. 35 ha (87 ac)
Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--e........ 13 ha (31 ac)..... .................. 38 ha (94 ac)..... 51 ha (125 ac)
Oahu 15--Urera kaalae--f........ 2 ha (5 ac)....... 80 ha (197 ac).... .................. 82 ha (202 ac)
Oahu 1--Vigna o-wahuensis--a.... 180 ha (447 ac)... .................. .................. 180 ha (447 ac)
Oahu 24--Vigna o-wahuensis--b... 4 ha (12 ac)...... .................. .................. 4 ha (12 ac)
Oahu 25--Vigna o-wahuensis--c... 4 ha (9 ac)....... .................. .................. 4 ha (9 ac)
Oahu 26--Vigna o-wahuensis--d... 26 ha (63 ac)..... .................. .................. 26 ha (63 ac)
Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana ssp. 199 ha (491 ac)... .................. .................. 199 ha (491 ac)
chamissoniana--a.
Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana ssp. 10 ha (25 ac)..... .................. .................. 10 ha (25 ac)
chamissoniana--b.
Oahu 4--Viola chamissoniana ssp. 22 ha (55 ac)..... .................. .................. 22 ha (55 ac)
chamissoniana--c.
Oahu 10--Viola chamissoniana .................. .................. 6 ha (15 ac)...... 6 ha (15 ac)
ssp. chamissoniana--d.
Oahu15--Viola chamissoniana ssp. .................. .................. 13 ha (31 ac)..... 13 ha (31 ac)
chamissoniana--e.
Oahu 15--Viola chamissoniana .................. 11 ha (28 ac)..... 18 ha (44 ac)..... 29 ha (72 ac)
ssp. chamissoniana--f.
Oahu 20--Viola oahuensis--a..... 402 ha (994 ac)... 373 ha (923 ac)... 125 ha (308 ac)... 900 ha (2,225 ac)
Oahu 35--Viola oahuensis--b..... 74 ha (186 ac).... .................. .................. 74 ha (186 ac)
---------------------
Grand Total *............... 9,035 ha (22,326 10,985 ha (27,143 2,254 ha (5,571 2,274 ha (55,040
ac). ac). ac). ac)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or
differences due to rounding.
* Totals take into consideration overlapping individual species units.

Table 4.--Approximate Final Critical Habitat Area (ha (ac)), Essential
Area, and Excluded Area
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
Area considered essential................. 33,179 ha
81,987 ac
Area not included because of species 10,905 ha
management or protection/Area excluded 26,946 ac
under4(b)(2).
Final Critical Habitat.................... 22,274 ha
55,040 ac
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Critical habitat includes habitat for these 99 species primarily in
the upland portions of Oahu, as well as some coastal and off-shore
lands. Lands designated as critical habitat have been divided into a
total of 304 units. A brief description of each unit is presented
below.
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 604
ha (1,492 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala NAR) and
private land, containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This unit provides
habitat for 5 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Abutilon sandwicense and is currently occupied by
56 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the

[[Page 36021]]

expansion of the present population, which is currently considered
nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other five units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--b
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 26 ha
(65 ac) on State land. This unit contains no named natural features.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Abutilon
sandwicense and is currently occupied by 40 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other five units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Abutilon sandwicense--c
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 41 ha
(102 ac) on State land. This unit contains no named natural features.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Abutilon
sandwicense and is currently occupied by 4 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes or gulches in dry to mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other five units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Abutilon sandwicense--d
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 49 ha
(121 ac) on Federal land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Abutilon sandwicense and is currently
occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or gulches in dry to
mesic lowland forest. This unit is geographically separated from the
other five units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Abutilon sandwicense--e
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 33 ha
(81 ac) on State and Federal land (Lualualei Naval Reservation). This
unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Abutilon sandwicense and is
currently occupied by 7 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or gulches in dry
to mesic lowland forest. This unit is geographically separated from the
other five units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 17--Abutilon sandwicense--f
This unit is critical habitat for Abutilon sandwicense and is 30 ha
(74 ac) on State land (Nanakuli Forest Reserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Abutilon sandwicense and is currently
occupied by 115 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or gulches in dry to
mesic lowland forest. This unit is geographically separated from the
other five units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Adenophorus periens--a
This unit is critical habitat for Adenophorus periens and is 711 ha
(1,759 ac) on State (Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve,
Sacred Falls State Park , and Kahana Valley State Park) and private
land. This unit contains portions of the Summit Trail and Puu Pauao
Summit. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Adenophorus
periens and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
essential to the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, tree trunks in Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros rugosa wet
forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui for this species in order to
avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Alectryon macrococcus--a
This is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 23 ha (58
ac) on State land. This unit contains no named natural features. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Alectryon macrococcus and is
currently occupied by 78 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is essential for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, slopes, ridges, or gulches
within mesic lowland forests. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai,
Molokai, and Maui for

[[Page 36022]]

this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed
by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Alectryon macrococcus--b
This is critical habitat for Alectryon macrococcus and is 112 ha
(278 ac) on private (Honouliuli Preserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Alectryon macrococcus and is currently occupied by 83 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
essential for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, slopes, ridges, or gulches within mesic lowland forests. This unit
provides for one population within this multi-island species'
historical range on Oahu that is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated on Oahu and other islands for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron obovatum--a
This is critical habitat for Alsinidendron obovatum and is 176 ha
(436 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole NAR). This
unit provides habitat for five populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Alsinidendron obovatum and is
currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, ridges and slopes in lowland
diverse mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros
polymorpha. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron obovatum--b
This is critical habitat for Alsinidendron obovatum and is 25 ha
(62 ac) on State land (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve). This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Alsinidendron obovatum and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, ridges and slopes in lowland diverse
mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha.
Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this
unit is geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Alsinidendron obovatum--c
This is critical habitat for Alsinidendron obovatum and is 32 ha
(76 ac) on Federal and State land (Nanakuli Forest Reserve), containing
a portion of Palikea Summit. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Alsinidendron obovatum and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, ridges and slopes in lowland diverse
mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa and Metrosideros polymorpha.
Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this
unit is geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Alsinidendron trinerve--a
This unit is critical habitat for Alsinidedron trinerve and is 60
ha (149 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve, Waianae Kai Forest
Reserve, and Kaala NAR), containing a portion of Kaala Summit. This
unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Alsinidedron trinerve and is
currently occupied by 10 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, slopes in wet forest or the
wetter portions of diverse mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha or Ilex anomala and Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet
forest. We do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach
the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species. However, we
have identified habitat for an additional three populations on Army
lands at Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (see ``Analysis of
Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
Oahu 2--Bonamia menziesii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 21 ha
(51 ac) on State land (Kaena Point State Park). This unit, in
combination with unit Oahu 3--Bonamia menziesii--b, provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Bonamia menziesii and is currently occupied by 4
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, steep slopes or level ground in dry or mesic forest in open
or closed canopy. This unit, together with unit Oahu 3--Bonamia
menziesii--b, is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai and Maui for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 3--Bonamia menziesii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 42 ha
(104 ac) on State land (Kaena Point State Park and Kuaokala Forest
Reserve). This unit, in combination with unit Oahu 2--Bonamia
menziesii--a, provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,

[[Page 36023]]

reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Bonamia menziesii
and is currently occupied by 18 individuals. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or level ground
in dry or mesic forest in open or closed canopy. This unit, together
with units Oahu 2--Bonamia menziesii--a, is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai and
Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Bonamia menziesii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 94 ha
(233 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve) and private land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Bonamia menziesii and is currently occupied by 5 individuals.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep slopes or level ground in dry or mesic forest in open or
closed canopy. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai and Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 17--Bonamia menziesii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 77 ha
(191 ac) on State land (Nanakuli Forest Reserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Bonamia menziesii and is currently occupied
by one individual. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or level ground in dry or
mesic forest in open or closed canopy. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai and Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 35--Bonamia menziesii--e
This unit is critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii and is 374 ha
(924 ac) on State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve) and private land.
This unit contains a portion of Kulepiamoa Ridge and Laulaupoe Gulch.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Bonamia menziesii
and is currently occupied by 5 individuals. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes or level ground
in dry or mesic forest in open or closed canopy. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai and Maui for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cenchrus agrimonioides--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 529
ha (1,306 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve, and Pahole and
Kaala NAR). This unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cenchrus
agrimonioides and is currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, dry
ridges or upper slopes or ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest. It
provides habitat for the westernmost range of the species. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Cenchrus agrimonioides--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 40
ha (99 ac) on State land (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cenchrus agrimonioides and is
currently occupied by 9 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, dry ridges or upper slopes or
ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cenchrus agrimonioides--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 200
ha (495 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Cenchrus agrimonioides and is currently
occupied by 45 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, dry ridges or upper slopes or ridges
in lowland mixed mesic forest. It provides habitat for the westernmost
range of the species. This unit is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cenchrus agrimonioides--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cenchrus agrimonioides and is 117
ha (290 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Cenchrus agrimonioides

[[Page 36024]]

and is currently occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, dry ridges or upper slopes or
ridges in lowland mixed mesic forest. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 1--Centaurium sebaeoides--a
This unit is critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and is 61
ha (149 ac) on State (Kaena Point NAR), private, and Federal land. This
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Centaurium sebaeoides and is currently occupied by one
plant. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in arid coastal areas or
on coral plains. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 27--Centaurium sebaeoides--b
This unit is critical habitat for Centaurium sebaeoides and is 30
ha (74 ac) on State land, containing a portion of the eastern flank of
Koko Head Crater. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Centaurium
sebaeoides and is currently occupied by one individual. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in arid coastal areas or on coral
plains. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 1--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana and is 233 ha (571 ac) on State land (Kaena Point State Park).
This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce celastroides and is
currently occupied by 543 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, windward talus slopes, leeward
rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or vegetated cliff faces in coastal
dry shrubland. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other four
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 3--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana and is 4 ha (11 ac) on State land (Kaena Point State Park and
Kuaokala Forest Reserve). This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce celastroides and is currently occupied by one individual.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or
vegetated cliff faces in coastal dry shrubland. Although we do not
believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal
of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other four units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--c
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana and is 43 ha (107 ac) on State land (Waianae Kai Forest
Reserve). This unit contains no named natural features. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce celastroides and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, windward
talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy slopes, or vegetated
cliff faces in coastal dry shrubland. Although we do not believe that
enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other four units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 5--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--d
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana and is 36 ha (89 ac) on State and private land, containing a
portion of Ohikilolo Ridge. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Chamaesyce celastroides and is currently occupied by 2
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, windward talus slopes, leeward rocky cliffs, open grassy
slopes, on vegetated cliff faces in coastal dry shrubland. Although we
do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10

[[Page 36025]]

populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other four units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana--e
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce celastroides var.
kaenana and is 238 ha (587 ac) on State and private land. This unit
contains a portion of Hawaii Loa Ridge, Kupaua Valley, Kuleplamoa
Ridge, and Pia Valley. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce celastroides and is currently unoccupied. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, windward talus slopes, leeward rocky
cliffs, open grassy slopes, or vegetated cliff faces in coastal dry
shrubland. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other four
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce deppeana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce deppeana and is 17 ha
(41 ac) on State and private land, containing a portion of the Wilson
Tunnel. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce
deppeana and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, windward-facing ridge crests, cliff faces, and mixed native cliffs.
Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to
reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this
unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Chamaesyce deppeana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce deppeana and is 18 ha
(46 ac) on State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve) and private land,
containing a portion of Nuuanu Pali. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Chamaesyce deppeana and is currently occupied by 50
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, windward-facing ridge crests,
cliff faces, and mixed native cliffs. Although we do not believe that
enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed
by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Chamaesyce herbstii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii and is 429 ha
(1,059 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole NAR). This
unit provides habitat for 5 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce herbstii and is
currently occupied by 60 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, shaded gulch bottoms and
slopes in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or
diverse mesic forests. Although we do not believe that enough habitat
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce herbstii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii and is 47 ha
(116 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce herbstii and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, shaded gulch bottoms and
slopes in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or
diverse mesic forests. Although we do not believe that enough habitat
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce herbstii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce herbstii and is 21 ha
(53 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce herbstii and is currently occupied
by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, shaded gulch bottoms and slopes in
mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forests or diverse
mesic forests. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 9--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 27 ha
(53 ac) on Federal land (Lualualei Naval Reservation), containing a
portion of Mauna Kuwale. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce

[[Page 36026]]

kuwaleana and is currently occupied by one individual. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, thin
guano soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs; dry or
mesic rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. Although we do not
believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal
of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other six units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 11--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 53 ha
(130 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) and State land
(Waianae Kai Forest Reserve), containing a portion of Kauaopuu Summit.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce
kuwaleana and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, thin guano soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs;
dry or mesic rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. Although we do
not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other six units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 12--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--c
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 37 ha
(92 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Puu Kailio. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, thin guano
soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs; dry or mesic
rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. Although we do not believe
that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other six units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--d
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 184
ha (454 ac) on State and private land, containing a portion of Puu
Heleakala. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce
kuwaleana and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, thin guano soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs;
dry or mesic rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. Although we do
not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other six units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 22--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--e
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 1 ha
(3 ac) on State land (Moku Manu Island State Seabird Sanctuary). This
unit, in combination with unit Oahu 23--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--f,
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, thin guano
soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs; dry or mesic
rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. This unit, together with
unit 23--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--f, provides for one population within
this island-endemic species' historical range on Oahu. Although we do
not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other six units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 23--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--f
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 6 ha
(15 ac) on State land (Moku Manu Island State Seabird Sanctuary). This
unit, in combination with unit Oahu 22--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--e,
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, thin guano
soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs; dry or mesic
rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. This unit, together with
unit 22--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--e, provides for one population within
this island-endemic species' historical range on Oahu. Although we do
not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species., this unit is
geographically separated from the other six units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 26--Chamaesyce kuwaleana--g
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is 26 ha
(63 ac) on State land (Manana Island State Seabird Sanctuary),
containing a portion of Manana Island. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Chamaesyce kuwaleana and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary for the

[[Page 36027]]

establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, thin guano
soil on basaltic rock; arid, exposed volcanic cliffs; dry or mesic
rocky ridges; or sparsely vegetated slopes. Although we do not believe
that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to
10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other six units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce rockii and is 826 ha
(2,039 ac) on Federal (Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge), private,
and State land (Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, Kahana Valley State Park, and Ewa Forest Reserve).
This unit contains a portion of Puu Kainapuaa, Koolau Summit Trail, Puu
Pauao, and Puu Kaaumakua. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce rockii and is currently occupied by 563 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present populations. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge
crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and
shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce rockii and is 197 ha
(487 ac) on private and State land (Kahana Valley State Park),
containing Puu Kaaumakua. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce rockii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and shrubland. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Chamaesyce rockii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Chamaesyce rockii and is 258 ha
(639 ac) on State (Ewa Forest Reserve) and private land, containing a
portion of Eleao Summit. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Chamaesyce rockii and is currently occupied by one individual. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, gulch slopes, gulch bottoms, and ridge crests in wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest and shrubland. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Colubrina oppositifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Colubrina oppositifolia and is
782 ha (1,935 ac) on private and State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve
and Kaala and Pahole NARs), containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This
unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived Colubrina oppositifolia and is currently
occupied by 53 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, lowland dry or mesic forests dominated
by Diospyros sandwicensis. It provides habitat for the westernmost
range of the species. This unit provides is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated on Maui for this species in order to
avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Ctenitis squamigera--a
This unit is critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera and is 120 ha
(297 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala NAR),
containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Colubrina oppositifolia and is currently occupied by 12
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, gentle to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros
sandwicensis mesic forest or diverse mesic forest. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated on Kauai,
Maui, and Molokai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea acuminata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata and is 82 ha
(205 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve, Kaala NAR, and Waianae
Kai Forest Reserve). This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea
acuminata and is currently occupied by 20 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes,
ridges, or stream banks in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha wet or mesic forest or
shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
mesic forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other unit
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.

[[Page 36028]]

Oahu 20--Cyanea acuminata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea acuminata and is 2,522 ha
(6,231 ac) on private and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, Kahana Valley State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve,
and Waiahole Forest Reserve). This unit contains a portion of Castle
Trail, Koolau Summit Trail, Puu Pauao, Puu Kaaumakua, Kipapa Trail, and
Eleao Summit. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea
acuminata and is currently occupied by 30 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes,
ridges, or stream banks in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris
linearis or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha wet or mesic forest or
shrubland, or Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
mesic forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other unit
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea crispa and is 1,831 ha
(4,525 ac) on private and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, and Kaipapau Forest Reserve). This unit contains
Sacred Falls and a portion of Castle Trail. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Cyanea crispa and is currently occupied by 11
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes, moist gullies, or stream banks in open mesic
forests or closed wet forests. This unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea crispa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea crispa and is 3,860 ha
(9,529 ac) on private, Federal, and State land (Waiahole Forest
Reserve, Kaneohe Forest Reserve, Keaiwa Heiau State Recreation Area,
and Fort Shafter). This unit contains a portion of Aiea Loop Trail,
Halawa Trail, Luluku Tunnel, Puu Kahuauli, Puu Kawipoo, Puu
Keahiakahoe, and Puu Uau. This unit provides habitat for 3 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Cyanea crispa and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, slopes, moist gullies, or stream banks in open mesic forests or
closed wet forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other three units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 21--Cyanea crispa--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea crispa and is 302 ha (747
ac) on private and State land (Kahana Valley State Park), containing a
portion of Hidden Valley. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Cyanea crispa and is currently occupied by 13 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, slopes,
moist gullies, or stream banks in open mesic forests or closed wet
forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other three
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea crispa--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea crispa and is 1,336 ha
(3,301 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest
Reserve). This unit contains a portion of Kaau Crater, Kainawaaunui
Summit, Konahuanui Summit, Manoa Falls, Manoa Tunnel, Mount Olympus,
Palikea Summit, Puu Lanipo, and Waaloa Spring. This unit provides
habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Cyanea crispa and is currently occupied by 27
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes, moist gullies, or stream banks in open mesic
forests or closed wet forests. This unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
and is 2,634 ha (6,506 ac) on State (Ewa Forest Reserve and Keaiwa
Heiau State Recreation Area) and private land. This unit contains a
portion of Aiea Loop Trail, Puu Kawipoo, Puu Uau, and Waimano Trail.
This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea grimesiana ssp.
grimesiana and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in mesic forest often
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Metrosideros polymorpha and
Acacia koa. It provides habitat for the westernmost range of the
species. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and Maui for this species
in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana
and is 330 ha (814 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed
Forest Reserve). This unit contains no named natural features. This
unit provides habitat for

[[Page 36029]]

one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and is currently
occupied by 6 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rocky or steep slopes of stream banks
in mesic forest often dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or
Metrosideros polymorpha and Acacia koa. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and
Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and
is 523 ha (1,289 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole
NAR). This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae and is currently occupied by 4 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep,
moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland forests. This unit
is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and
is 185 ha (455 ac) on State, private, and Federal land (Lualualei Naval
Reservation). This unit contains a portion of Puu Hapapa and Puu
kanehoa. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea grimesiana
ssp. obatae and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland
forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other three
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and
is 34 ha (84 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and is currently occupied by
three individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse
mesic to wet lowland forests. This unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and
is 83 ha (205 ac) on State and private land (Honouliuli Preserve),
containing the Palikea Summit. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae and is currently occupied by 5
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, steep, moist, shaded slopes in diverse mesic to wet lowland
forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other three
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana and is 503 ha
(1,241 ac) on private and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, and Kaipapau Forest Reserve), containing a portion of
the Koolau Summit Trail. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Cyanea humboltiana and is currently occupied by 9 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland
shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the other four
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana and is 127 ha
(315 ac) on private and State land (Ewa Forest Reserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea humboltiana and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, wet
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. This
unit is geographically separated from the other four units designated
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.

[[Page 36030]]

Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana and is 300 ha
(741 ac) on private and State land (Waiahole Forest Reserve),
containing a portion of Puu Kawipoo. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea humboltiana and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. This unit is geographically
separated from the other four units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea humboltiana--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana and is 160 ha
(393 ac) on private, Federal, and State land (Kaneohe Forest Reserve),
containing a portion of Puu Keahiakahoe. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Cyanea humboltiana and is currently occupied by one
plant. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland
shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the other four
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea humboltiana--e
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea humboltiana and is 538 ha
(1,331 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest
Reserve). This unit contains a portion of Kainawaaunui Summit,
Konahuanui Summit, Manoa Falls, Mount Olympus, Palikea Summit, and Puu
Lanipo. This unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea humboltiana
and is currently occupied by 21 individuals. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, wet Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. This unit is geographically
separated from the other four units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea koolauensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis and is 468 ha
(1,157 ac) on private and State land (Sacred Falls State Park, Kaipapau
Forest Reserve, and Kahuku Forest Reserve). This unit contains a
portion of Kawailoa Trail, Puu Kainapuaa, and Koolau Summit Trail. This
unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea koolauensis and is
currently occupied by 46 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, slopes, stream banks, and
ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
forest or shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the
other three units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea koolauensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis and is 322 ha
(799 ac) on private and State land (Ewa Forest Reserve and Waiahole
Forest Reserve), containing a portion of Eleao Summit. This unit
provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea koolauensis and is
currently occupied by 4 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, slopes, stream banks, and
ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
forest or shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the
other three units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea koolauensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis and is 209 ha
(517 ac) on State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve). This unit
contains a portion of Konahuanui Summit and Manoa Falls. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea koolauensis and is
currently occupied by 10 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, slopes, stream banks, and
ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
forest or shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the
other three units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea koolauensis--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea koolauensis and is 312 ha
(770 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve).
This unit contains a portion of Kaau Crater, Kainawaaunui Summit,
Palikea Summit, and Puu Lanipo. This unit provides habitat for two
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyanea koolauensis and is currently occupied by seven
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes, stream banks, and

[[Page 36031]]

ridge crests in wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis
forest or shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the
other three units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea longiflora--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora and is 362 ha
(894 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole Kaala NARs).
This unit contains a portion of Kamaohanui Summit. This unit provides
habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Cyanea longiflora and is currently occupied by 3
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic
Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea longiflora--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora and is 61 ha
(150 ac) on State land (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Cyanea longiflora and is currently occupied
by 15 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep slopes, bases of cliffs, or
ridge crests in mesic Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 19--Cyanea longiflora--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea longiflora and is 324 ha
(801 ac) on private and State land (Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve).
This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea longiflora and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes, bases of cliffs, or ridge crests in mesic Acacia koa-
Metrosideros polymorpha lowland forest. This unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida and is 154 ha
(380 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Cyanea pinnatifida and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, wet, rocky slopes in diverse
mesic forest. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida and is 42 ha
(104 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Cyanea pinnatifida and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, wet, rocky slopes in
diverse mesic forest. Although we do not believe that enough habitat
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Cyanea pinnatifida--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea pinnatifida and is 129 ha
(318 ac) on State and private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea pinnatifida and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep, wet,
rocky slopes in diverse mesic forest. Although we do not believe that
enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other two units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea st.-johnii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea st.-johnii and is 697 ha
(1,723 ac) on private, Federal (Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge),
and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred Falls State Park, Kahana
Valley State Park, and Waiahole Forest Reserve). This unit contains a
portion of Eleao Summit, Puu Kaaumakua Summit, and Puu Pauao Summit.
This unit provides habitat for 6 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea st.-johnii and is
currently occupied by 44 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, wet, windswept slopes and

[[Page 36032]]

ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland or
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. This
unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea st.-johnii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea st.-johnii and is 135 ha
(334 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve).
This unit contains a portion of Kainawaaunui Summit, Konahuanui Summit,
Mount Olympus, Palikea Summit, and Puu Lanipo Summit. This unit
provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea st.-johnii and is
currently occupied by 12 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, wet, windswept slopes and
ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha mixed lowland shrubland or
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis lowland shrubland. This
unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea superba and is 303 ha (747
ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole NAR). This unit
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea superba and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sloping
terrain on well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest. This unit
is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea superba and is 115 ha (286
ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole NAR). This unit
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea superba and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sloping
terrain on well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest. This unit
is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyanea superba--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea superba and is 184 ha (456
ac) on private and State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala NAR).
This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea superba and
is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of
the species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sloping
terrain on well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest. This unit
is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Cyanea superba--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea superba and is 281 ha (697
ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve). This
unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea superba and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sloping
terrain on well drained rocky substrate within mesic forest. This unit
is geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyanea truncata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea truncata and is 2,029 ha
(5,019 ac) on private and State land (Sacred Falls State Park, Kaipapau
Forest Reserve, Hauula Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park, and
Waiahole Forest Reserve). This unit contains a portion of Castle Trail,
Puu Pauao, Sacred Falls, Sacred Falls Trail, and Waiahole Ditch Tunnel.
This unit provides habitat for 9 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyanea truncata and is
currently occupied by one plant. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, windward slopes and stream
banks in mesic to wet forests. This unit is geographically separated
from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 21--Cyanea truncata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyanea truncata and is 210 ha
(520 ac) on private and State land (Kahana Valley State Park),
containing a portion of Hidden Valley. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Cyanea truncata and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, windward slopes and stream banks in
mesic to wet forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species,

[[Page 36033]]

in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 1--Cyperus trachysanthos--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos and is 78
ha (194 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Kaena Point. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyperus trachysanthos and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, seasonally
wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff
seeps) on seepy flats, coastal cliffs, or talus slopes. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai and Niihau for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 28--Cyperus trachysanthos--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos and is 8 ha
(20 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Nonoula Crater. This
unit, in combination with unit Oahu 29--Cyperus trachysanthos--c,
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyperus trachysanthos and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, seasonally
wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff
seeps) on seepy flats, coastal cliffs, or talus slopes. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai and Niihau for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 29--Cyperus trachysanthos--c
This unit is critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos and is 4 ha
(10 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Ihelhelauakea Crater.
This unit, in combination with unit Oahu 28--Cyperus trachysanthos--b,
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyperus trachysanthos and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, seasonally
wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet cliff
seeps) on seepy flats, coastal cliffs, or talus slopes. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai and Niihau for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 36--Cyperus trachysanthos--d
This unit is critical habitat for Cyperus trachysanthos and is 5 ha
(13 ac) on State land (Diamond Head State Park), containing a portion
of Diamond Head. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyperus
trachysanthos and is currently occupied by 40 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
seasonally wet sites (mud flats, wet clay soil, seasonal ponds, or wet
cliff seeps) on seepy flats, coastal cliffs, or talus slopes. This unit
is geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere
on Oahu and on Kauai and Niihau for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Cyrtandra dentata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra dentata and is 307 ha
(758 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole NAR. This
unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyrtandra dentata and is
currently occupied by 20 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gulches, slopes, stream banks,
or ravines in mesic or wet forest. This unit is geographically
separated from Army lands at Kawailoa Training Area that provide
habitat for five populations of this species, in order to avoid all
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2):
Other Impacts'').
Oahu 35--Cyrtandra polyantha--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra polyantha and is 190 ha
(469 ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve
and Kuliouou Forest Reserve), containing a portion of Puu o Kona. This
unit provides habitat for 5 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Cyrtandra polyantha and is
currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, ridges in Metrosideros
polymorpha mesic or wet forests. We do not believe that enough habitat
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this species.
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra subumbellata and is 829
ha (1,457 ac) on private and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park,
and Ewa Forest Reserve), containing a portion of Castle Trail, Puu
Kaaumakua, and Puu Pauao. This unit provides habitat for 6 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Cyrtandra subumbellata and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, moist slopes or gulch bottoms in wet
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa. Although we
do not believe that enough

[[Page 36034]]

habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed
by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra subumbellata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra subumbellata and is 67
ha (167 ac) on State land. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyrtandra subumbellata and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, moist slopes or gulch bottoms in wet
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of
Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa. Although we
do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Cyrtandra viridiflora--a
This unit is critical habitat for Cyrtandra viridiflora and is 782
ha (1,932 ac) on private and State land (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park,
and Ewa Forest Reserve). This unit contains Puu Kaaumakua, Puu Pauao,
and portions of the Koolau Summit Trail. This unit provides habitat for
5 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Cyrtandra viridiflora and is currently occupied by 33
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moist slopes or gulch bottoms in wet forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture of Metrosideros polymorpha-
Dicranopteris linearis-Acacia koa.
Oahu 4--Delissea subcordata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 764 ha
(1,885 ac) on private and State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and
Pahole and Kaala NARs). This unit contains no named natural features.
This unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Delissea subcordata and is
currently occupied by 4 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, moderate to steep gulch slopes
in mixed mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other five units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 220 ha
(545 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit, in
combination with unit Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--c, provides habitat
for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Delissea subcordata and is currently occupied by 9
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests. This
unit is geographically separated from the other five units designated
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--c
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 32 ha
(78 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit, in
combination with unit Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--b, provides habitat
for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Delissea subcordata and is currently occupied by 3
plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests. This
unit is geographically separated from the other five units designated
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Delissea subcordata--d
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 81 ha
(200 ac) on private land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Delissea subcordata and is currently occupied
by 3 plants. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests. This
unit is geographically separated from the other five units designated
as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--e
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 292 ha
(721 ac) on private and State land (Honouliuli Preserve), containing a
portion of Mauumae Ridge. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Delissea subcordata and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it includes habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery. The habitat features contained in this unit
that are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
moderate to steep gulch slopes in mixed mesic forests. This unit is
geographically

[[Page 36035]]

separated from the other five units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Delissea subcordata--f
This unit is critical habitat for Delissea subcordata and is 129 ha
(317 ac) on State and private land. This unit contains a portion of
Kulepiamoa Ridge, Pia Valley, and Kupaua Valley. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Delissea subcordata and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it includes habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, moderate to steep gulch slopes in
mixed mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from the
other five units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Diellia erecta--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia erecta and is 293 ha (731
ac) on private and State land (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve). This
unit contains a portion of Kulepiamoa Ridge and Laulaupoe Gulch. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Diellia erecta and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, moderate to
steep gulch slopes or sparsely vegetated rock faces in mesic forest.
This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Diellia falcata--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia falcata and is 59 ha (148
ac) on State land (Pahole NAR and Mokuleia Forest Reserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Diellia falcata and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, deep shade
or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch
bottoms in diverse mesic forest. This unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Diellia falcata--b
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia falcata and is 22 ha (54
ac) on State land (Pahole NAR and Mokuleia Forest Reserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Diellia falcata and is
currently occupied by 20 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, deep shade or open understory
on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse
mesic forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other
three units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--c
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia falcata and is 341 ha
(844 ac) on State, Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), and private
land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit contains a portion of Puu Hapapa,
Puu Kanehoa, and Puu Kaua. This unit provides habitat for 4 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Diellia falcata and is currently occupied by 297 individuals. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, deep
shade or open understory on moderate to moderately steep slopes and
gulch bottoms in diverse mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from the other three units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Diellia falcata--d
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia falcata and is 178 ha
(437 ac) on State, Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), and private
land (Honouliuli Preserve), containing a portion of Palikea Summit.
This unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Diellia falcata and is
currently occupied by 1,230 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and habitat that is necessary to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, deep shade or open understory
on moderate to moderately steep slopes and gulch bottoms in diverse
mesic forest. This unit is geographically separated from the other
three units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Diellia unisora--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diellia unisora and is 362 ha
(894 ac) on State, Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), and private
land (Honouliuli Preserve). This unit contains a portion of Palikea
Summit, Laikea Trail, Pohakea Pass, Puu Kanehoa, and Puu Kaua. This
unit provides habitat for 6 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Diellia unisora and is
currently occupied by 697 plants. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moderate to steep slopes or gulch bottoms in deep shade or
open understory in mesic forest. We do not believe that enough habitat
currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for
this species, but this unit is large enough that one naturally
occurring

[[Page 36036]]

catastrophic event is unlikely to destroy habitat for all six
populations.
Oahu 4--Diplazium molokaiense--a
This unit is critical habitat for Diplazium molokaiense and is 139
ha (340 ac) on State land (Mokuleia Forest Reserve, Kaala NAR, and
Waianae Kai Forest Reserve). This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Diplazium molokaiense and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, steep, rocky, wooded gulch walls in
wet forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--a
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia herbstobatae and is 12
ha (29 ac) on State land (Makua Keauu Forest Reserve). This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Dubautia herbstobatae and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, rock
outcrops, ridges, moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic
shrubland. Although we do not believe that enough habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event. In addition, this unit is geographically
separated from Army lands at Makua Military Reservation that provide
habitat for two populations of this species (see ``Analysis of Impacts
Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
Oahu 4--Dubautia herbstobatae--b
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia herbstobatae and is 76
ha (191 ac) on private and State land (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve),
containing a portion of Puu Kawiwi Summit. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Dubautia herbstobatae and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, rock outcrops, ridges, moderate
slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic shrubland. Although we do
not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event. In addition, this unit is geographically separated
from Army lands at Makua Military Reservation that provide habitat for
two populations of this species (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
Oahu 7--Dubautia herbstobatae--c
This unit is critical habitat for Dubautia herbstobatae and is 3 ha
(7 ac) on State land (Makua Keauu Forest Reserve). This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Dubautia herbstobatae and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, rock outcrops, ridges,
moderate slopes, or vertical cliffs in dry or mesic shrubland. Although
we do not believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event. In addition, this unit is geographically separated
from Army lands at Makua Military Reservation that provide habitat for
two populations of this species (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under
Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts'').
Oahu 4--Eragrostis fosbergii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Eragrostis fosbergii and is 81 ha
(199 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Eragrostis fosbergii and is currently occupied by 6 plants.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, ridge crests or moderate slopes in dry or mesic forests. We do not
believe that enough habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal
of 8 to 10 populations for this species.
Oahu 4--Eugenia koolauensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis and is 114 ha
(280 ac) on State land, containing a portion of Kaukonahua Stream. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Eugenia koolauensis and is
currently occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gentle to steep slopes or
ridges in mesic or dry forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or
Diospyros sp. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 19--Eugenia koolauensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis and is 149 ha
(369 ac) on private and State (Pupukea-Paumalu Forest Reserve) land,
containing a portion of Mount Kawela. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Eugenia koolauensis and is currently occupied by 8
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes

[[Page 36037]]

habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic or dry forests
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sp. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Molokai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 20--Eugenia koolauensis--c
This unit is critical habitat for Eugenia koolauensis and is 122 ha
(303 ac) on private and State (Hauula Forest Reserve) land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for 2
populations of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Eugenia koolauensis and is currently occupied by 2
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, gentle to steep slopes or ridges in mesic or dry forests
dominated by Metrosideros polymorhpha or Diospyros sp. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Molokai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 3--Euphorbia haeleeleana--a
This unit is critical habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana and is 14
ha (38 ac) on State (Kaena State Park, Kuaokala Forest Reserve) land.
This unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of
the short-lived perennial Euphorbia haeleeleana and is currently
occupied by 50 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. It provides
habitat for the easternmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, dry forest dominated by Diospyros sp. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Euphorbia haeleeleana--b
This unit is critical habitat for Euphorbia haeleeleana and is 356
ha (881 ac) on private and State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve) land. This
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Euphorbia haeleeleana and is currently occupied by 49
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
easternmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, dry forest dominated by Diospyros sp. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Flueggea neowawraea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Flueggea neowawraea and is 845 ha
(2,087 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole and Kaala NARs)
land. This unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial Flueggea neowawraea and is currently occupied
by 10 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes, ridge crests, or areas
near streams in dry or mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated on Kauai, Molokai, and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Gardenia mannii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Gardenia mannii and is 266 ha
(658 ac) on private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing Honouliuli
Contour Trail. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Gardenia
mannii and is currently occupied by 4 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, gulch bottoms,
and stream banks in mesic or wet forests. This unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations
from being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
This unit is also geographically separated from Army lands at Schofield
Barracks and Kawailoa that provide habitat for six populations of this
species.
Oahu 20--Gardenia mannii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Gardenia mannii and is 206 ha
(510 ac) on private land, containing Kaluakauila Gulch. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Gardenia mannii and is
currently occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, moderate to moderately steep
gulch slopes, ridge crests, gulch bottoms, and stream banks in mesic or
wet forests. This unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event. This unit is also
geographically separated from Army lands at Schofield Barracks and
Kawailoa that provide habitat for six populations of this species.

[[Page 36038]]

Oahu 20--Gardenia mannii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Gardenia mannii and is 1,311 ha
(3,239 ac) on private land, containing a portion of Puu Kamana. This
unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Gardenia mannii and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, moderate to
moderately steep gulch slopes, ridge crests, gulch bottoms, and stream
banks in mesic or wet forests. This unit is geographically separated
from the other two units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event. This
unit is also geographically separated from Army lands at Schofield
Barracks and Kawailoa that provide habitat for six populations of this
species.
Oahu 4--Gouania meyenii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania meyenii and is 47 ha (118
ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Gouania meyenii and is currently occupied by 62 individuals. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the easternmost range of
the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, moderate to
steep slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other units designated on Oahu and
Kauai as critical habitat for this multi-island species to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Gouania meyenii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania meyenii and is 39 ha (96
ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Gouania meyenii and is currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the easternmost range of
the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, moderate to
steep slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other units designated on Oahu and
Kauai as critical habitat for this multi-island species to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Gouania meyenii--c
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania meyenii and is 208 ha
(515 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State, and private
(Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Hapapa and Puu
Kanehoa. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Gouania meyenii
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. It provides habitat for the easternmost range of the
species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, moderate to steep
slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland forest. This unit is
geographically separated from the other units designated on Oahu and
Kauai as critical habitat for this multi-island species to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 31--Gouania meyenii--d
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania meyenii and is 116 ha
(286 ac) on State (Diamond Head State Park) land, containing a portion
of Kuilei Cliffs. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Gouania
meyenii and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. It provides habitat for the easternmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to,
moderate to steep slopes in dry shrubland or mesic lowland forest. This
unit is geographically separated from the other units designated on
Oahu and Kauai as critical habitat for this multi-island species to
avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 2--Gouania vitifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 20 ha
(49 ac) on State (Kaena Point State Park and Kuaokala Forest Reserve)
land. This unit contains no named natural features. This unit, along
with Oahu 3--Gouania vitifolia--b, provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Gouania vitifolia and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. It provides habitat for the westernmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sides
of ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 3--Gouania vitifolia--b
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 48 ha
(120 ac) on State (Kuaokala Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit, along with Oahu 2--Gouania
vitifolia--a, provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Gouania vitifolia
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, sides of
ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being

[[Page 36039]]

destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--c
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 196 ha
(482 ac) on private and State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve) land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Gouania vitifolia and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to
mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and Maui for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--d
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 85 ha
(208 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Gouania vitifolia and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to
mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and Maui for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--e
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 102 ha
(252 ac) on State land in the Waianae Kai area. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Gouania vitifolia and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Gouania vitifolia--f
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 27 ha
(67 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Gouania vitifolia and is currently occupied by one
individual. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests. This
unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and Maui for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 5--Gouania vitifolia--g
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 17 ha
(43 ac) on private and State land in the Waianae Kai area. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Gouania vitifolia and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to
mesic forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and Maui for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 8--Gouania vitifolia--h
This unit is critical habitat for Gouania vitifolia and is 64 ha
(158 ac) on private and State (Makua Keaau Forest Reserve) land. This
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Gouania vitifolia and is currently occupied by 45
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, sides of ridges or gulches in dry to mesic forests. This
unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and Maui for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hedyotis coriacea--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea and is 185 ha
(458 ac) on private (Honouliuli Preserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Hedyotis coriacea and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. It provides habitat for the westernmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep,
rocky slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea viscosa dominated shrublands or
forests. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this species in order to
avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Hedyotis coriacea--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea and is 164 ha
(404 ac) on State and private land, containing a portion of Kulepiamoa
Ridge. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Hedyotis coriacea
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports

[[Page 36040]]

habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep, rocky slopes in dry to mesic Dodonaea
viscosa dominated shrublands or forests. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Hedyotis degeneri--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis degeneri and is 917 ha
(2,265 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala and Pahole NARs)
land. This unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides
habitat for 8 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Hedyotis degeneri and is currently occupied by
201 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, ridge crests in diverse mesic forest.
This unit is geographically separated from the other unit designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event. In addition, this unit is extensive enough that one
catastrophic event would be unlikely to affect habitat for all eight
populations.
Oahu 4--Hedyotis degeneri--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis degeneri and is 12 ha
(29 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Hedyotis degeneri and is currently occupied by 6 individuals.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, ridge crests in diverse mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Hedyotis parvula--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula and is 387 ha
(956 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala NAR) land and
contains a portion of Dupont Trail and Kamaohanui Summit. This unit
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Hedyotis parvula and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, cliff faces
or their bases, rock outcrops, or ledges in mesic habitat. This unit is
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula and is 8 ha (19
ac) on State land, containing a portion of Puu Hapapa. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Hedyotis parvula and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, cliff faces
or their bases, rock outcrops, or ledges in mesic habitat. This unit is
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--c
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula and is 95 ha
(236 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State, and private
(Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Kaua and Puu
Kanehoa. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Hedyotis parvula
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, cliff faces
or their bases, rock outcrops, or ledges in mesic habitat. This unit is
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hedyotis parvula--d
This unit is critical habitat for Hedyotis parvula and is 50 ha
(122 ac) on State and Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) land,
containing a portion of Palikea Summit. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Hedyotis parvula and is currently occupied by 4
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, cliff faces or their bases, rock outcrops, or ledges in
mesic habitat. This unit is geographically separated from the other
three units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arborescens--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens and is
125 ha (308 ac) on private and State (Kaala NAR) land, containing a
portion of Kamaohanui Summit. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Hesperomannia arborescens and is currently occupied by 5
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides

[[Page 36041]]

habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep slopes, ridge tops, or gulches in lowland wet
forests or shrublands. This unit is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Hesperomannia arborescens--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arborescens and is
589 ha (1,456 ac) on private and State (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred
Falls State Park, and Kaipapau Forest Reserve) land, containing a
portion of Sacred Falls. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Hesperomannia arborescens and is currently occupied by 24 individuals.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the westernmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes, ridge tops, or gulches in lowland wet forests or shrublands.
This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is
597 ha (1,472 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Pahole and
Kaala NARs) land. This unit contains no named natural features. This
unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Hesperomannia arbuscula and is
currently occupied by 13 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. It
provides habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest
dominated by Acacia koa or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 4--Hesperomannia arbuscula--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is 32
ha (78 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived
perennial Hesperomannia arbuscula and is currently occupied by 70
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia
koa or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--c
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is
163 ha (402 ac) on Federal, State, and private (Honouliuli Preserve)
land, containing a portion of Puu Kanehoa. This unit provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial Hesperomannia arbuscula and is currently occupied by 7
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia
koa or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--d
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is 25
ha (60 ac) on State and private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing
a portion of Puu Kaua. This unit, in combination with Oahu 15--
Hesperomannia arbuscula--e, provides habitat for one population of 100
mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Hesperomannia arbuscula and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by
Acacia koa or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--e
This unit is critical habitat for Hesperomannia arbuscula and is 70
ha (172 ac) on State and private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing
a portion of Palikea Summit and Palikea Trail. This unit, in
combination with Oahu 15--Hesperomannia arbuscula--d, provides habitat
for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-
lived perennial Hesperomannia arbuscula and is currently occupied by 12
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, slopes or ridges in dry to wet forest dominated by Acacia
koa or Metrosideros polymorpha. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Maui for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.

[[Page 36042]]

Oahu 1--Hibiscus brackenridgei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 78
ha (193 ac) on State and private land, containing a portion of Peacock
Flat Trail. This unit provides habitat for one population of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Hibiscus
brackenridgei and is currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the westernmost range of
the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus include, but are
not limited to, slopes, cliffs, or arid ledges in lowland dry forest or
shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and Maui for this species
in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Hibiscus brackenridgei--b
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 560
ha (1,385 ac) on private and State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve) land,
containing a portion of Puu Iki. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Hibiscus brackenridgei and is currently occupied by 158
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp.
mokuleianus include, but are not limited to, slopes, cliffs, or arid
ledges in lowland dry forest or shrubland. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Molokai and Maui for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 5--Hibiscus brackenridgei--c
This unit is critical habitat for Hibiscus brackenridgei and is 23
ha (56 ac) on State and private land in the Waianae Kai area. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Hibiscus brackenridgei and is currently occupied by 4
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. molokaiana
include, but are not limited to, dry shrublands. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Molokai and Maui for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion laurifolium--a
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion laurifolium and is
616 ha (1,524 ac) on State (Mokuleai Forest Reserve and Pahole and
Kaala NARs) land, containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This unit
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Isodendrion laurifolium and is
currently occupied by 19 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes, ravines, or
ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or Diospyros
sandwicensis. This unit is geographically separated from critical
habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion laurifolium--b
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion laurifolium and is 62
ha (154 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Isodendrion laurifolium and is currently occupied by 46
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, gulch slopes, ravines, or ridges in diverse mesic or dry
forest dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia
reinwardtiana, or Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Isodendrion laurifolium--c
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion laurifolium and is
277 ha (684 ac) on private and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest
Reserve) land, containing a portion of Laulaupoe Gulch. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Isodendrion laurifolium and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. It provides habitat for the easternmost range of the
species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential
for this species include, but are not limited to, gulch slopes,
ravines, or ridges in diverse mesic or dry forest dominated by
Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, Eugenia reinwardtiana, or
Diospyros sandwicensis. This unit is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Isodendrion longifolium-a
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion longifolium and is
552 ha (1,363 ac) on private and State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and
Kaala NAR) land, containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This unit
provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Isodendrion longifolium and is
currently occupied by 40 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently

[[Page 36043]]

considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
slopes or stream banks in mixed mesic or lowland wet Metrosideros
polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Isodendrion longifolium--b
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion longifolium and is
162 ha (399 ac) on private land. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Isodendrion longifolium and is currently unoccupied. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the easternmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, steep slopes or stream banks in mixed mesic or
lowland wet Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis forest. This
unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 5--Isodendrion pyrifolium--a
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium and is 30
ha (74 ac) on State and private land in the Waianae Kai area. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Isodendrion pyrifolium and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, bare, rocky hills or wooded ravines in dry
shrublands. This unit provides is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 16--Isodendrion pyrifolium--b
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium and is 130
ha (318 ac) on private and State (Nanakuli Forest Reserve) land. This
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Isodendrion pyrifolium and is currently unoccupied.
This unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, bare, rocky hills or wooded ravines in dry
shrublands. This unit provides is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 17--Isodendrion pyrifolium--c
This unit is critical habitat for Isodendrion pyrifolium and is 73
ha (181 ac) on State (Nanakuli Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Isodendrion pyrifolium and is currently unoccupied. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. It provides
habitat for the westernmost range of the species. The habitat features
contained in this unit that are essential for this species include, but
are not limited to, bare, rocky hills or wooded ravines in dry
shrublands. This unit provides is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Molokai and Maui
for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Labordia cyrtandrae--a
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae and is 161 ha
(397 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve, Kaala NAR, and Waianae Kai
Forest Reserve) land, containing a portion of Kamaohanui Summit. This
unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Labordia cyrtandrae and is
currently occupied by 17 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, shady gulches, slopes, or
glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands dominated by Metrosideros
polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Labordia cyrtandrae--b
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae and is 595 ha
(1,473 ac) on private and State (Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred Falls
State Park, and Kaipapau Forest Reserve) land, containing a portion of
the Koolau Summit Trail. This unit provides habitat for 4 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Labordia cyrtandrae and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential
to the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, shady gulches, slopes, or glens in mesic to wet forests and
shrublands dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium
pinnatum, and/or Acacia koa. This unit is geographically separated from
the other two units designated as critical habitat for this island-
endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Labordia cyrtandrae--c
This unit is critical habitat for Labordia cyrtandrae and is 617 ha
(1,525 ac) on private and State (Waiahole Forest Reserve and Ewa Forest
Reserve) land, containing a portion of Eleao, Nanaikaalaea, and
Ulimakoli Summits. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations of 300
mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Labordia
cyrtandrae and is currently occupied by one individual. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an

[[Page 36044]]

extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, shady
gulches, slopes, or glens in mesic to wet forests and shrublands
dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or
Acacia koa. This unit is geographically separated from the other two
units designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species,
in order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Lepidium arbuscula--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula and is 330 ha
(813 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land, containing a
portion of Kamaileunu Ridge, Puu Kawiwi, and Puu Kepauala. This unit
provides habitat for 4 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lepidium arbuscula and is
currently occupied by 51 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, exposed ridge tops and cliff
faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Lepidium arbuscula--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula and is 118 ha
(293 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State, and private
(Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Kaua. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lepidium arbuscula and is
currently occupied by 150 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, exposed ridge tops and cliff
faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Lepidium arbuscula--c
This unit is critical habitat for Lepidium arbuscula and is 99 ha
(244 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) and State land. This
unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for
2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Lepidium arbuscula and is currently occupied by 613
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population.
The habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, exposed ridge tops and cliff
faces in mesic and dry vegetation communities. This unit is
geographically separated from the other two units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all
recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla and is 139 ha (345 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest
Reserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Kawiwi. This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla and is
currently occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, cliffs, ridges, or slopes in
dry or mesic shrubland. This unit is geographically separated from the
other unit designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic
species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta lobata var.
leptophylla and is 534 ha (1,321 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval
Reservation), State, and private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing
a portion of Palikea Summit, Pohakea Pass, Puu Hapapa, Puu Kanehoa, and
Puu Kaua. This unit provides habitat for 8 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Lipochaeta lobata
var. leptophylla and is currently occupied by 144 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, cliffs, ridges, or slopes in dry or mesic shrubland. This unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is 23
ha (57 ac) on State (Makua Keaau Forest Reserve) land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for 2
populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived
perennial Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is currently occupied by 50
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, ridge tops or bluffs in open areas or protected pockets of
dry to mesic forest or shrublands. Although we do not believe that
enough critical habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of
8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event. In
addition, this unit is separated from Army lands at Makua Military
Reservation that provide

[[Page 36045]]

habitat for one population of this species.
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is 66
ha (167 ac) on State (Kaala NAR) land. This unit provides habitat for
one population of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-
lived perennial Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is currently occupied by 100
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, ridge tops or bluffs in open areas or protected pockets of
dry to mesic forest or shrublands. Although we do not believe that
enough critical habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of
8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is geographically
separated from the other two units designated as critical habitat for
this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event. In
addition, this unit is separated from Army lands at Makua Military
Reservation that provide habitat for one population of this species.
Oahu 4--Lipochaeta tenuifolia--c
This unit is critical habitat for Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is 118
ha (292 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lipochaeta tenuifolia and is
currently occupied by 150 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, ridge tops or bluffs in open
areas or protected pockets of dry to mesic forest or shrublands.
Although we do not believe that enough critical habitat currently
exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this
species, this unit is geographically separated from the other two units
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid
all recovery populations from being destroyed by one naturally
occurring catastrophic event. In addition, this unit is separated from
Army lands at Makua Military Reservation that provide habitat for one
population of this species.
Oahu 20--Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp.
koolauensis and is 926 ha (2,287 ac) on private and State (Oahu Forest
National Wildlife Refuge, Hauula Forest Reserve, Sacred Falls State
Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State Park, Ewa Forest
Reserve, and Waiahole Forest Reserve) land, containing a portion of
Eleao, Puu Kaaumakua, and Puu Pauao Summits, and the Koolau Summit
Trail. This unit provides habitat for 7 populations of 300 mature,
reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial Lobelia
gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis and is currently occupied by 247
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained
in this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, moderate to steep slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha lowland
wet shrublands or bogs. This unit is extensive and is geographically
separated from Army lands at Kawailoa Training Area that provide
habitat for two populations of this species (see ``Analysis of Impacts
Under Section 4(b)(2): Other Impacts''). It is therefore unlikely that
all populations would be destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 30--Lobelia monostachya--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya and is 59 ha
(150 ac) on private and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve) land.
This unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides
habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of
the long-lived perennial Lobelia monostachya and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, sparsely vegetated
cliffs in mesic shrubland. Although we do not believe that enough
critical habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 32--Lobelia monostachya--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya and is 47 ha
(115 ac) on private and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve) land,
containing a portion of Kulepiamoa, Mauumae, and Wiliwilinui Ridges.
This unit provides habitat for 4 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Lobelia monostachya and is
currently occupied by 3 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep, sparsely vegetated
cliffs in mesic shrubland. Although we do not believe that enough
critical habitat currently exists to reach the recovery goal of 8 to 10
populations for this species, this unit is geographically separated
from the other three units designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species to avoid all recovery populations from being
destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 33--Lobelia monostachya--c
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya and is 70 ha
(174 ac) on private and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve and
Waahila Ridge State Park) land, containing a portion of Waahila Ridge.
This unit provides habitat for one population of 100 mature,
reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial Lobelia monostachya
and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep,
sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland. Although we do not
believe that enough critical habitat currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.

[[Page 36046]]

Oahu 35--Lobelia monostachya--d
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia monostachya and is 493 ha
(1,217 ac) on private, Federal, and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest
Reserve) land. This unit contains no named natural features. This unit
provides habitat for one population of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Lobelia monostachya and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep,
sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland. Although we do not
believe that enough critical habitat currently exists to reach the
recovery goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other three units designated as
critical habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Lobelia niihauensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis and is 44 ha
(108 ac) on State (Waianae Kai Forest Reserve) land, containing a
portion of Puu Kawiwi. This unit provides habitat for one population of
300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Lobelia niihauensis and is currently occupied by 14 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the easternmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, exposed
mesic or dry cliffs or ledges. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai for
this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed
by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 17--Lobelia niihauensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia niihauensis and is 41 ha
(102 ac) on State (Nanakuli Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Lobelia niihauensis and is currently occupied by 37 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the easternmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, exposed
mesic or dry cliffs or ledges. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai for
this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed
by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Lobelia oahuensis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia oahuensis and is 493 ha
(1,218 ac) on private, Federal, and State (Oahu Forest National
Wildlife Refuge, Kahana Valley State Park, Ewa Forest Reserve, and
Waiahole Forest Reserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Pauao, and
Eleao, Puu Kaaumakua, Puu Kahuauli, and Puu Keahiakahoe Summits. This
unit provides habitat for 7 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lobelia oahuensis and is
currently occupied by 13 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes on summit cliffs
in cloudswept wet forests or in lowland wet shrublands that are
frequently exposed to heavy wind and rain. This unit is rather
extensive and is geographically separated from the other unit
designated as critical habitat for this island-endemic species, in
order to avoid all recovery populations from being destroyed by one
naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 35--Lobelia oahuensis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Lobelia oahuensis and is 152 ha
(374 ac) on private and State (Honolulu Watershed Forest Reserve and
Kuliouou Forest Reserve) land, containing a portion of Kaiawaaunui,
Konahuanui, and Palike Summits, Mount Olympus, and Puu o Kona. This
unit provides habitat for 3 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lobelia oahuensis and is
currently occupied by 38 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, steep slopes on summit cliffs
in cloudswept wet forests or in lowland wet shrublands that are
frequently exposed to heavy wind and rain. This unit is geographically
separated from the other unit designated as critical habitat for this
island-endemic species, in order to avoid all recovery populations from
being destroyed by one naturally occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 20--Lysimachia filifolia--a
This unit is critical habitat for Lysimachia filifolia and is 1,512
ha (3,734 ac) on private, Federal, and State (Hauula Forest Reserve,
Sacred Falls State Park, Kaipapau Forest Reserve, Kahana Valley State
Park, Waiahole Forest Reserve, and Kaneohe Forest Reserve) land,
containing a portion of Castle Trail, Keaahala Spring, Nanaikaalaea
Summit, Nuuanu Pali, Puu Kaaumakua, Puu Kahuauli, Puu Keahiakahoe, Puu
Pauao, Sacred Falls, Waiahole Ditch, and the Luluku Tunnels. This unit
provides habitat for 6 populations of 300 mature, reproducing
individuals of the short-lived perennial Lysimachia filifolia and is
currently occupied by 160 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports an extant colony of
this species and includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion
of the present population, which is currently considered nonviable. It
provides habitat for the easternmost range of the species. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, mossy banks at the base of cliff faces
within the spray zone of waterfalls or along streams. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated on Kauai for
this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed
by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Mariscus pennatiformis--a
This unit is critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis and is 166
ha (410 ac) on State (Pahole NAR and Mokuleia Forest Reserve) land.
This unit contains no named natural features. This unit provides
habitat for 2 populations of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the
short-lived perennial Mariscus pennatiformis and is currently

[[Page 36047]]

unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, mesic and wet Metrosideros
polymorpha forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest. This
unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu and on Kauai, Maui, and the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations
being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 4--Mariscus pennatiformis--b
This unit is critical habitat for Mariscus pennatiformis and is 171
ha (421 ac) on State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations
of 300 mature, reproducing individuals of the short-lived perennial
Mariscus pennatiformis and is currently unoccupied. This unit is
essential to the conservation of the species because it supports
habitat that is necessary for the establishment of additional
populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, mesic and wet Metrosideros polymorpha
forest and Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa forest. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai, Maui, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands for this
species in order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by
one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 13--Marsilea villosa--a
This unit is critical habitat for Marsilea villosa and is 10 ha (25
ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) land. This unit contains
no named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one
population of an unknown number of mature, reproducing individuals of
the annual Marsilea villosa and is currently occupied by 50
individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports an extant colony of this species and includes
habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present population,
which is currently considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the
westernmost range of the species. The habitat features contained in
this unit that are essential for this species include, but are not
limited to, seasonal wetlands in cinder craters, vernal pools
surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats, and lowland
grasslands. This unit is geographically separated from critical habitat
designated elsewhere on Oahu for this species in order to avoid all
recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 14--Marsilea villosa--b
This unit is critical habitat for Marsilea villosa and is 7 ha (18
ac) on State (Lualualei Naval Reservation) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of an unknown number of mature, reproducing individuals of the annual
Marsilea villosa and is currently occupied by one individual. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the westernmost range of
the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, seasonal
wetlands in cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded by lowland dry
forest vegetation, mud flats, and lowland grasslands. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 28--Marsilea villosa--c
This unit is critical habitat for Marsilea villosa and is 7 ha (18
ac) on State land, containing a portion of the flanks of Koko Head
Crater. This unit, in combination with unit Oahu 29--Marsilea villosa--
d, provides habitat for one population of an unknown number of mature,
reproducing individuals of the annual Marsilea villosa and is currently
occupied by 10 individuals. This unit is essential to the conservation
of the species because it supports an extant colony of this species and
includes habitat that is necessary for the expansion of the present
population, which is currently considered nonviable. The habitat
features contained in this unit that are essential for this species
include, but are not limited to, seasonal wetlands in cinder craters,
vernal pools surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats,
and lowland grasslands. This unit is geographically separated from
critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu for this species in order
to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one naturally-
occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 29--Marsilea villosa--d
This unit is critical habitat for Marsilea villosa and is 5 ha (11
ac) on State land, containing a portion of the flanks of Koko Head
Crater. This unit, in combination with unit Oahu 28--Marsilea villosa--
c, provides habitat for one population of an unknown number of mature,
reproducing individuals of the annual Marsilea villosa and is currently
unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the species
because it supports habitat that is necessary for the establishment of
additional populations on Oahu in order to reach recovery goals. The
habitat features contained in this unit that are essential for this
species include, but are not limited to, seasonal wetlands in cinder
craters, vernal pools surrounded by lowland dry forest vegetation, mud
flats, and lowland grasslands. This unit is geographically separated
from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu for this species in
order to avoid all recovery populations being destroyed by one
naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 36--Marsilea villosa--e
This unit is critical habitat for Marsilea villosa and is 6 ha (14
ac) on State (Diamond Head State Park) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of an unknown number of mature, reproducing individuals of the annual
Marsilea villosa and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, seasonal wetlands in cinder craters, vernal pools surrounded by
lowland dry forest vegetation, mud flats, and lowland grasslands. This
unit is geographically separated from critical habitat designated
elsewhere on Oahu for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 20--Melicope lydgatei--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope lydgatei and is 3,499 ha
(8,645 ac) on private and State (Ewa Forest Reserve and Keaiwa Heiau
State Park) land, containing a portion of Puu Uau, and Aiea, Kipapa,
and Waimano Trails.

[[Page 36048]]

This unit provides habitat for 6 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope lydgatei and is
currently occupied by 2 individuals. This unit is essential to the
conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, ridges in mesic or wet forests. This unit is geographically
separated from Army lands at Kawailoa Training Area that provide
habitat for five populations of this species, in order to avoid all
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event (see ``Analysis of Impacts Under Section 4(b)(2):
Other Impacts'').
Oahu 4--Melicope pallida--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope pallida and is 855 ha
(2,110 ac) on private and State (Mokuleia Forest Reserve and Kaala and
Pahole NARs) land, containing a portion of Dupont Trail. This unit
provides habitat for 3 populations of 100 mature, reproducing
individuals of the long-lived perennial Melicope pallida and is
currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to the conservation of the
species because it supports habitat that is necessary for the
establishment of additional populations on Oahu in order to reach
recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep rock
faces in lowland dry or mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope pallida and is 174 ha
(431 ac) on private (Honouliuli Preserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope pallida and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. It provides habitat for the easternmost
range of the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that
are essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep
rock faces in lowland dry or mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--c
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope pallida and is 29 ha (71
ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) and State land. This unit
contains no named natural features. This unit, in combination with unit
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--d, provides habitat for one population of
100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope pallida and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic forest. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--d
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope pallida and is 20 ha (51
ac) on State and Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation) land. This unit,
in combination with unit Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--c, contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope pallida and is currently unoccupied. This unit is essential to
the conservation of the species because it supports habitat that is
necessary for the establishment of additional populations on Oahu in
order to reach recovery goals. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, steep rock faces in lowland dry or mesic forest. This unit is
geographically separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on
Oahu and on Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery
populations being destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic
event.
Oahu 15--Melicope pallida--e
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope pallida and is 243 ha
(602 ac) on private (Honouliuli Preserve) land. This unit contains no
named natural features. This unit provides habitat for one population
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope pallida and is currently occupied by one individual. This unit
is essential to the conservation of the species because it supports an
extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is necessary
for the expansion of the present population, which is currently
considered nonviable. It provides habitat for the easternmost range of
the species. The habitat features contained in this unit that are
essential for this species include, but are not limited to, steep rock
faces in lowland dry or mesic forest. This unit is geographically
separated from critical habitat designated elsewhere on Oahu and on
Kauai for this species in order to avoid all recovery populations being
destroyed by one naturally-occurring catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Melicope saint-johnii--a
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope saint-johnii and is 244
ha (604 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State, and
private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing a portion of Puu Hapapa,
Puu Kanehoa, and Puu Kaua. This unit provides habitat for 2 populations
of 100 mature, reproducing individuals of the long-lived perennial
Melicope saint-johnii and is currently occupied by 4 individuals. This
unit is essential to the conservation of the species because it
supports an extant colony of this species and includes habitat that is
necessary for the expansion of the present population, which is
currently considered nonviable. The habitat features contained in this
unit that are essential for this species include, but are not limited
to, ridges or gulch bottoms in mesic forest. Although we do not believe
that enough critical habitat currently exists to reach the recovery
goal of 8 to 10 populations for this species, this unit is
geographically separated from the other unit designated as critical
habitat for this island-endemic species to avoid all recovery
populations from being destroyed by one naturally occurring
catastrophic event.
Oahu 15--Melicope saint-johnii--b
This unit is critical habitat for Melicope saint-johnii and is 214
ha (529 ac) on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State (Nanakuli
Forest Reserve), and private (Honouliuli Preserve) land, containing a
portion of Palikea Summit. This unit provides habitat for one
population of 100

[[Continued on page 36049]]

Notices For
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994

Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Designations or Nondesignations of Critical Habitat for 101 Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, HI [[pp. 35999-36048]]

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