Subject: B1) How are tropical cyclones named? Contributed by Chris Landsea For listings of the current names being used see B2. Tropical cyclones are named to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts, watches, and warnings. Since the storms can often last a week or longer and that more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time, names can reduce the confusion about what storm is being described. According to Dunn and Miller (1960), the first use of a proper name for a tropical cyclone was by an Australian forecaster early in the 20th century. He gave tropical cyclone names "after political figures whom he disliked. By properly naming a hurricane, the weatherman could publicly describe a politician (who perhaps was not too generous with weather-bureau appropriations) as 'causing great distress' or 'wandering aimlessly about the Pacific.'". During World War II, tropical cyclones were informally given women's names by US Army Air Corp and Navy meteorologists (after their girlfriends or wives) who were monitoring and forecasting tropical cyclones over the Pacific. From 1950 to 1952, tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean were identified by the phonetic alphabet (Able-Baker-Charlie-etc.), but in 1953 the US Weather Bureau switched to women's names. In 1979, the WMO and the US National Weather Service (NWS) switched to a list of names that also included men's names. The Northeast Pacific basin tropical cyclones were named using women's names starting in 1959 for storms near Hawaii and in 1960 for the remainder of the Northeast Pacific basin. In 1978, both men's and women's names were utilized. The Northwest Pacific basin tropical cyclones were given women's names officially starting in 1945 and men's names were also included beginning in 1979. As of 1 January 2000, tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific basin are now being named from a new and very different list of names. The new names are Asian names and were contributed by all the nations and territories that are members of the WMO's Typhoon Committee. These newly selected names have two major differences from the rest of the world's tropical cyclone name rosters. The names by and large are not personal names. There are a few men's and women's names, but the majority are names of flowers, animals, birds, trees, or even foods, etc, while some are descriptive adjectives. The names will not be allotted in alphabetical order, but are arranged by contributing nation with the countries being alphabetized. The North Indian Ocean region tropical cyclones are named as of 2006. The Southwest Indian Ocean tropical cyclones were first named during the 1960/1961 season. The Australian and South Pacific region (east of 90E, south of the equator) started giving women's names to the storms in 1964 and both men's and women's names in 1974/1975. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Andrea Arthur Ana Alex Arlene Alberto Barry Bertha Bill Bonnie Bret Beryl Chantal Cristobal Claudette Colin Cindy Chris Dean Dolly Danny Danielle Don Debby Erin Edouard Erika Earl Emily Ernesto Felix Fay Fred Fiona Franklin Florence Gabrielle Gustav Grace Gaston Gert Gordon Humberto Hanna Henri Hermine Harvey Helene Ingrid Ike Ida Igor Irene Isaac Jerry Josephine Joaquin Julia Jose Joyce Karen Kyle Kate Karl Katia Kirk Lorenzo Laura Larry Lisa Lee Leslie Melissa Marco Mindy Matthew Maria Michael Noel Nana Nicholas Nicole Nate Nadine Olga Omar Odette Otto Ophelia Oscar Pablo Paloma Peter Paula Philippe Patty Rebekah Rene Rose Richard Rina Rafael Sebastien Sally Sam Shary Sean Sandy Tanya Teddy Teresa Tomas Tammy Tony Van Vicky Victor Virginie Vince Valerie Wendy Wilfred Wanda Walter Whitney William Eastern North Pacific (east of 140W) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alvin Alma Andres Agatha Adrian Aletta Barbara Boris Blanca Blas Beatriz Bud Cosme Cristina Carlos Celia Calvin Carlotta Dalila Douglas Dolores Darby Dora Daniel Erick Elida Enrique Estelle Eugene Emilia Flossie Fausto Felicia Frank Fernanda Fabio Gil Genevieve Guillermo Georgette Greg Gilma Henriette Hernan Hilda Howard Hilary Hector Ivo Iselle Ignacio Isis Irwin Ileana Juliette Julio Jimena Javier Jova John Kiko Karina Kevin Kay Kenneth Kristy Lorena Lowell Linda Lester Lidia Lane Manuel Marie Marty Madeline Max Miriam Narda Norbert Nora Newton Norma Norman Octave Odile Olaf Orlene Otis Olivia Priscilla Polo Patricia Paine Pilar Paul Raymond Rachel Rick Roslyn Ramon Rosa Sonia Simon Sandra Seymour Selma Sergio Tico Trudy Terry Tina Todd Tara Velma Vance Vivian Virgil Veronica Vicente Wallis Winnie Waldo Winifred Wiley Willa Xina Xavier Xina Xavier Xina Xavier York Yolanda York Yolanda York Yolanda Zelda Zeke Zelda Zeke Zelda Zeke Central North Pacific (from the dateline to 140W) Akoni Aka Alika Ana Ema Ekeka Ele Ela Hana Hali Huko Halola Io Iolana Ioke Iune Keli Keoni Kika Kimo Lala Li Lana Loke Moke Mele Maka Malia Nele Nona Neki Niala Oka Oliwa Oleka Oko Peke Paka Peni Pali Uleki Upana Ulia Ulika Wila Wene Wali Walaka Each year the next name is just the one following the last from the previous year. Once through a list the next name will be off of the top of the next list. TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES for the NORTHWEST PACIFIC Contributed by Gary Padgett For over a half-century (since at least 1945) the military weather forecasters, initially members of the U. S. Navy and later also from the U. S. Air Force, have named tropical cyclones forming in the Northwest Pacific basin. The names utilized were almost exclusively English feminine names through 1978, but beginning in 1979 men's names were used with women's names in an alternating fashion. Also, starting in 1963 the meteorological service of the Philippines (now known as PAGASA) began assigning Filipino women's names ending in "ng" to tropical depressions and cyclones forming in or passing through PAGASA's area of warning responsibility. In 2002 a new naming scheme was adopted by PAGASA (see below). Beginning on 1 January 2000, tropical cyclones in the Northwest Pacific basin are named from a new and very different list of names. The new names are Asian names and were contributed by all the nations and territories that are members of the WMO's Typhoon Committee. The new names will be allotted to developing tropical storms by the Tokyo Typhoon Centre of the Japanese Meteorological Agency which is the RSMC for the basin. These newly selected names have two major differences from the rest of the world's tropical cyclone name rosters. One, the names by and large are not personal names. There are a few men's and women's names, but the majority are names of flowers, animals, birds, trees, or even foods, etc, while some are descriptive adjectives. Secondly, the names will not be allotted in alphabetical order, but are arranged by contributing nation with the countries being alphabetized. Fourteen nations or territories contributed ten names each for a total of 140 names. The first 42 names on the roster are: Western North Pacific (west of the dateline) Contributing Nation Names Cambodia Damrey Kong-rey Nakri Krovanh Sarika China Longwang Yutu Fengshen Dujuan Haima DPR Korea Kirogi Toraji Kalmaegi Maemi Meari HK, China Kai-Tak Man-yi Fung-wong Choi-wan Ma-on Japan Tenbin Usagi Kanmuri Koppu Tokage Lao PDR Bolaven Pabuk Phanfone Ketsana Nock-ten Macau Chanchu Wutip Vongfong Parma Muifa Malaysia Jelawat Sepat Nuri Melor Merbok Micronesia Ewinlar Fitow Sinlaku Nepartak Nanmadol Philippines Bilis Danas Hagupit Lupit Talas RO Korea Gaemi Nari Changmi Sudal Noru Thailand Prapiroon Wipha Mekkhala Nida Kulap U.S.A. Maria Francisco Higos Omais Roke Vietnam Saomai Lekima Bavi Conson Sonca Cambodia Bopha Krosa Maysak Chanthu Nesat China Wukong Haiyan Haishen Dianmu Haitang DPR Korea Sonamu Podul Pongsona Mindule Nalgae HK, China Shanshan Lingling Yanyan Tingting Banyan Japan Yagi Kaziki Kujira Kompasu Washi Lao PDR Xangsane Faxai Chan-hom Namtheun Matsa Macau Bebinca Peipan Linfa Malou Sanvu Malaysia Rumbia Tapah Nangka Meranti Mawar Micronesia Soulik Mitag Soudelor Rananin Guchol Philippines Cimaron Hagibis Molave Malakas Talim RO Korea Chebi Noguri Koni Megi Nabi Thailand Durian Rammasun Morakot Chaba Khanun U.S.A. Utor Matmo Etau Aere Vicete Vietnam Trami Halong Vamco Songda Saola PAGASA Names Since 1963 PAGASA has independently named tropical cyclones forming in the Philippines' AOR--from 115E to 135E and from 5N to 25N (except for a portion of the northwestern corner of the above region). Even though the Philippines contributed ten names to the international list of typhoon names, PAGASA still continues to assign their own names for local use within the Philippines. It is felt that familiar names are more easily remembered in the rural areas and that having a PAGASA- assigned name helps to underscore the fact that the cyclone is within PAGASA's AOR and potentially a threat to the Philippines. Another consideration may be PAGASA's desire to assign a name when a system is first classified as a tropical depression. Since tropical and/or monsoon depressions can bring very heavy rainfall to the nation which often results in disastrous flooding, the weather service feels that assigning a name helps to enhance public attention given to a system. Beginning with 2001 PAGASA began using new sets of cyclone names. These do not all end in "ng" as did the older names. Four sets of 25 names will be rotated annually; thus, the set for 2002 will be re-used in 2006. In case more than 25 systems are named in one season, an auxiliary set will be used. PAGASA names 2005 2006 2007 2008 Auring Agaton Amang Ambo Bising Basyang Bebeng Butchhoy Crising Caloy Chedeng Cosme Dante Domeng Dodong Dindo Emong Ester Egay Enteng Feria Florita Falcon Frank Gorio Gloria Goring Gener Huaning Henry Hanna Helen Isang Inday Ineng Igme Jolina Juan Juaning Julian Kiko Katring Kabayan Karen Labuyo Luis Lando Lawin Maring Milenyo Mina Marce Nando Neneng Nonoy Nina Ondoy Ompong Onyok Ofel Paeng Pedning Pablo Pepeng Quedan Queenie Quiel Quinta Ramil Reming Ramon Rolly Santi Seiang Sendong Siony Tino Tomas Tisoy Tonyo Undang Usman Ursula Unding Vinta Venus Viring Violeta Wilma Waldo Weng Winnie Yolanda Yayang Yoyoy Yoyong Zoraida Zeny Zigzag Zosimo Auxillary Names Alamid Agila Abe Alakdan Bruno Bagwis Berto Baldo Conching Chito Charo Clara Dolor Diego Dado Dencio Ernie Elena Estoy Estong Florante Felino Felion Felipe Gerardo Gunding Gening Gardo Hernan Harriet Herman Heling Isko Indang Irma Ismael Jerome Jessa Jaime Julio INDIAN OCEAN TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES Contributed by Gary Padgett North Indian Ocean List 1 List 2 List 3 List 4 Onil Ogni Nisha Giri Agni Akash Bijli Jal Hibaru Gonu Aila Kella Pyarr Yemyin Phyan Thane Baaz Sidr Ward Murjan Fanoos Nargis Laila Nilam Mala Abe Bandu Mahasen Mukda KhaiMuk Phet Phailin Southwest Indian (west of 90E) 2006/2007 2007/2008 Anita Ariel Bondo Bongwe Clovis Celina Dora Dama Enok Elnus Favio Fame Gamede Gula Humba Hondo Indlada Ivan Jaya Jokwe Katse Kamba Lisebo Lola Magoma Marabe Newa Nungu Olipa Ofella Panda Pulane Quincy Qoli Rabeca Rossana Shyra Sama Tsholo Tuma Unokubi Uzale Vuyane Vongai Warura Warona Xylo Xina Yone Yamba Zouleha Zefa SOUTHERN PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES Contributed by Julian Heming, Jack Beven, Gary Padgett, Frank Woodcock and Jon Gill WESTERN REGION (PERTH TCWC) NORTHERN REGION (DARWIN TCWC) EASTERN REGION (BRISBANE TCWC) Isobel George Nelson Jacob Helen Odette Kara Ira Pierre Lee Jasmine Rebecca Melanie Kim Sheryl Nicholas Laura Tania Ophelia Matt Vernon Pancho Narelle Wendy Rosie Oswald Alfred Selwyn Penny Blanch Tiffany Russell Caleb Victor Sandra Denise Zelia Trevor Ernie Alison Valerie Frances Billy Warwick Greg Cathy Amelia Hilda Damien Bruno Ivan RSMC NADI'S AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY LIST A LIST B LIST C LIST D LIST E (Standby) Ami Arthur Atu Amos Ana Beni Becky Bune Bart Bina Cilla Cliff Cyril Colin Cody Dovi Daman Daphne Donna Denia Eseta Elisa Evan Ella Eva Fili Funa Freda Frank Fotu Gina Gene Garry Gita Glen Heta Hettie Haley Hali Hagar Ivy Innis Ian Iris Irene Judy Joni June Jo Julie Kerry Ken Koko Kala Kofi Lola Lin Lusi Leo Louise Meena Mick Mike Mona Mal Nancy Nisha Nute Neil Nat Olaf Oli Odile Oma Olo Percy Pat Pam Pami Pate Rae Rene Reuben Rita Rex Sheila Sarah Solo Savai Suki Tam Tomas Tuni Tino Troy Urmil Ula Vaianu Vania Victor Vicky Vanessa Wati Wilma Winston Wiki Wano Xavier Yasi Yalo Yolande Yvonne Yani Zaka Zena Zoe Zazu Zita The name of a new cyclone is determined by sequentially cycling through lists A, B, C and D, then starting list A again. Names from the standby list E are used as replacements when necessary. PORT MORESBY'S Area of Responsibility Alu Buri Dodo Emau Fere Guba Hibu Ila Kama Lobu When a cyclone is located or is expected to be located such that two or more tropical cyclone warning centers are involved, every attempt is made to resolve any differences of opinion on the cyclone and its expected behavior through discussions. After discussion, the decision of the warning centre with prime responsibility prevails. The warning centre with prime responsibility for the cyclone issues the warning for that cyclone. The warning includes all regions affected by the tropical cyclone, even when these extend into another centre's area of responsibility. Fiji Area (160E to 120W) Ana Arthur Atu Alan Amos Bina Becky Bune Bart Bobby Cody Cliff Cyril Colin Chris Dovi Daman Daphne Donna Daphne Eya Elisa Evan Ella Eva Fili Funa Freda Frank Fanny Gina Gene Garry Gita Garry Hagar Hettie Haley Hali Helene Irene Innis Ian Iris Irene Judy Joni June Jo Julie Kerry Kina Koko Kala Ken Lola Lin Lusi Leo Louise Meena Mick Mike Mona Mike Nancy Nisha Nute Neil Nat Olaf Oli Osea Oma Odile Percy Prema Pam Pami Pat Rae Rewa Ron Rita Rene Sina Sarah Susan Sarai Sheila Tam Tomas Tui Tino Tui - Usha Ursala Uka Ula Vaianu Vania Veli Vicky Victor Wati William Wes Wiki Wilma - Yasi Yali Yolande Yalo Zita Zaka Zuman Zazu Zena Papua New Guinea (140E to 160E, north of ~10S) Alu Maila Buri Nou Dodo Obaha Emau Paia Fere Ranu Guba Sabi Hibu Tau Ila Ume Kama Vali Lobu Wau Last updated June 1, 2007 Subject: B3) What names have been retired in the Atlantic and East Pacific basin? Kindly provided by Gary Padgett, Jack Beven, and James Lewis Free. In the Atlantic basin, tropical cyclone names are "retired" (that is, not to be used again for a new storm) if it is deemed to be quite noteworthy because of the damage and/or deaths it caused. This is to prevent confusion with a historically well-known cyclone with a current one in the Atlantic basin. The following list gives the names that have been retired and the year of the storm in question. Retired hurricane names Atlantic Audrey 1957, Agnes 1972, Anita 1977, Allen 1980, Alicia 1983, Andrew 1992, Allison 2001 Betsy 1965, Beulah 1967, Bob 1991 Connie 1955 ,Carla 1961, Cleo 1964, Carol 1965, Camille 1969, Celia 1970, Carmen 1974, Cesar 1996, Charley 2004 Diane 1955, Donna 1960, Dora 1964, David 1979, Diana 1990, Dennis 2005 Edna 1968, Eloise 1975, Elena 1985 Flora 1963, Fifi 1974, Frederic 1979, Fran 1996, Floyd 1999, Fabian 2003, Frances 2004 Gracie 1959, Gloria 1985, Gilbert 1988, Georges 1998 Hazel 1954, Hattie 1961, Hilda 1964, Hugo 1989,Hortense 1996 Ione 1955, Inez 1966, Iris 2001, Isidore 2002, Isabel 2003, Ivan 2004 Janet 1955, Joan 1988, Juan 2003, Jeanne 2004 Klaus 1990, Keith 2000, Katrina 2005 Luis 1995, Lenny 1999, Lili 2002 Marilyn 1995, Mitch 1998, Michelle 2001 Opal 1995 Roxanne 1995, Rita 2005 Stan 2005 Wilma 2005 Name retired because of previous storm in 1954 with the same name. Although rarer, some East Pacific names have been retired from the list. The climatology of this basin has most hurricanes moving away from the shore, so chances are rare that these storms would adversely affect people necessitating the name be retired. Retired hurricane names East Pacific Adele 1970, Adolph 2001 Knut 1988, Kenna 2002 Hazel 1965 Iva 1988, Ismael 1995,Israel 2001 Pauline 1997 Name retired because of political considerations A few Central Pacific names have been retired from their list. All of them were removed for inflicting damage in the Hawai'ian Islands. Retired hurricane names Central Pacific Fico 1978, Fefa 1991 Iwa 1982, Iniki 1992 Last updated December 8, 2006 Subject: B4) What is the origin of the word "hurricane"? Contributed by Chris Landsea "HURRICANE derived from 'Hurican', the Carib god of evil... alternative spellings: foracan, foracane, furacana, furacane, furicane,furicano, haracana, harauncana, haraucane, haroucana, harrycain, hauracane, haurachana, herican, hericane, hericano, herocane, herricao, herycano, heuricane, hiracano, hirecano, hurac[s]n, huracano, hurican, hurleblast, hurlecan, hurlecano, hurlicano, hurrican, hurricano, hyrracano, urycan, hyrricano, jimmycane, oraucan, uracan, uracano" From the AMS Glossary of Meteorology It should be noted that the Carib god 'Hurican' was derived from the Mayan god 'Hurakan', one of their creator gods, who blew his breath across the Chaotic water and brought forth dry land and later destroyed the men of wood with a great storm and flood . Subject: B5) What happens to the name of a tropical cyclone if it moves from the Atlantic regions to the Northeast Pacific, or vice versa? Contributed by Chris Landsea The rule used to be that if the tropical storm or hurricane moved into a different basin (see F1 for more about the basins), then it was renamed to whatever name was next on the list for the area. The last time that this occurred was in July 1996 when Atlantic basin Tropical Storm Cesar moved across Central America and was renamed Northeast Pacific basin Tropical Storm Douglas. The last time that a Northeast Pacific system moved into the Atlantic basin was in June 1989 when Cosme became Allison. However, these rules have now changed at the National Hurricane Center and if the system remains a tropical cyclone as it moves across Central America, then it will keep the original name. Only if the tropical cyclone dissipates with just a tropical disturbance remaining, will the tropical warning center give the system a new name assuming it becomes a tropical cyclone once again in its new basin. Subject: B6) What happens if they run out of names on the list? Contributed by Neal Dorst Well, we all found out the answer in 2005. In the Atlantic and East Pacific, when they have run through the name list they then use the Greek alphabet : Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon,... etc. . At present there are no plans to retire letters of the Greek alphabet from the list, but if a very bad hurricane occurs with a Greek letter name, this may have to be revised. In the Central and West Pacific they have a perpetual lists of names, so when one list is through they simply start on the next. Since the name list has been started in the Atlantic in 1950 the furthest they have gone down the list has been Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005. Revised May 8, 2007 Subject: B7) How can I nominate a new name for the list? Contributed by Frank Lepore (NHC) Since 1978, the United Nations' World Meteorological Organization, a group representing some 120 different countries, has used pre-determined lists of names for tropical storms for each ocean basin of the world. The Atlantic basin, which falls under Regional Association IV, has a six year supply of names with 21 names for each year. Why 21 names? Well, the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z are not used because names beginning with those letters are in short supply (you would need at least 3 male and 3 female names for each letter, plus a back-up supply for those retired). Think about it; how many men and women do you know whose names begin with these letters? When a damage or casualty producing storm like Mitch, Andrew,or Katrina strikes, the country most affected by the storm may recommend to the World Meteorological Organization's Regional Association that the name be "retired." Retiring a name is an act of respect for its victims, and reduces confusion in the insurance, legal or scientific literature. A retired name is replaced with a like-gender name beginning with the same letter. For example, Honduras recommended (1998) the name Mitch be retired and proposed the replacement name, Matthew, for consideration (and vote) by the 25-member countries of the Regional Association-IV. Sixty-eight names have been retired in the Atlantic basin. The names used on the list must meet some fundamental criteria. They should be short, and readily understood when broadcast. Further the names must be culturally sensitive and not convey some unintended and potentially inflammatory meaning. The potential for misunderstanding increases when you figure that in the Atlantic basin there are twenty-four countries, reflecting an international mix of English, Spanish and French cultures. Typically, over the historical record, about one storm each year causes so much death and destruction that its name is considered for retirement. This means that in a "normal" year, the odds are about 1 in 8 of requiring a replacement name, given that over the last 57 years (of reliable record) we've averaged slightly over 8 tropical storms and hurricanes per season (actually 8.6). So, it's more likely that letters/ names toward the front of the alphabet (letters A through H) might be retired. The Director of TPC has a rather large file folder of nominated names that have already been submitted. The next time the need arises and it's a storm affecting mainly the United States, the NHC Director will be casting about for a replacement tropical cyclone name. He will take out THE file to make a selection. But as we say, it's pure chance from there.