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NIOSH Publication No. 97-141:

Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors

July 1997
 

A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and
Low Back


Chapter 2. Neck Musculoskeletal Disorders: Evidence for Work-Relatedness - Tables and Figures

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of:
2.1 Neck MSDs associated with repetition/Risk indicator
2.2 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with repetition/Risk indicator
2.3 Neck MSDs associated with force/Risk indicator
2.4 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with force/Risk indicator
2.5 Neck MSDs associated with posture/Risk indicator
2.6 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with posture/Risk indicator
2.7 Epidemiologic studies evaluating work-related neck musculoskeletal disorders
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2.8 Epidemiologic studies evaluating work-related neck/shoulder disorders
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2.1 Neck MSDs associated with repetition/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck MSDs associated with repetition

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck exposure to repetition
Met all four criteria:
Ohlsson 1995 3.6† Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Met at least one criterion:
Andersen 1993b 6.8† Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Baron 1991 2.0 No Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Bergqvist 1995b 6.9† Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Hales 1989 1.6 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Kamwendo 1991 1.65† Yes No NR‡ Job titles or self-reports
Kiken 1990 1.3 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Knave 1985 NR† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Kuorinka 1979 4.1† Yes Yes NR Job titles or self-reports
Luopajärvi 1979 1.6 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Onishi 1976 3.8† NR Yes NR Observation or measurements
Sakakibara 1987 NR† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Schibye 1995 3.3† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Yu 1996 28.9† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Met none of the criteria:
Liss 1995 1.7† No No No Job titles or self-reports
Ohlsson 1989 1.9 NR No NR Job titles or self-reports

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on repetition alone (i.e., repetition plus force, posture, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance. If combined with NR, a significant association was reported without a numerical value.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.1 Chart

2.2 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with repetition/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck/shoulder MSDs associated with repetition

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck/shoulder exposure to repetition
Met all four criteria:
Jonsson 1988 NR†,‡ Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Ohlsson 1995 4.6† Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Met at least one criterion:
Andersen 1993a 4.6† Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Bergqvist 1995a 3.6 Yes No Yes Observation or measurements
Blåder 1991 NR† Yes Yes No Job titles or self-reports
Ekberg 1994 15.6† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Ekberg 1995 1.2† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Hünting 1981 9.9† NR Yes NR Observation or measurements
Milerad 1990 2.1† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Punnett 1991 1.8 Yes No NR Observation or measurements
Rossignol 1987 1.8–4.6† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Vihma 1982 1.6† NR No NR Observation or measurements

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on repetition alone (i.e., repetition plus force, posture, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance. If combined with NR, a significant association was reported without a numerical value.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.2 Chart

2.3 Neck MSDs associated with force/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck MSDs associated with force

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck exposure to force
Met at least one criterion:
Baron 1991 2.0 No Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Hales 1989 1.6 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Kiken 1990 1.3 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Kuorinka 1979 4.1† Yes Yes NR‡ Job titles or self-reports
Luopajärvi 1979 1.6 Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Veiersted 1994 6.7† No Yes NR Observation or measurements
Viikari-Juntura 1994 3.0† Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Wells 1983 2.57† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Met none of the criteria:
Liss 1995 1.7† No No No Job titles or self-reports

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on force alone (i.e., force plus repetition, posture, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.3 Chart

2.4 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with force/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck/shoulder MSDs associated with force

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck/shoulder exposure to force
Met at least one criterion:
Åaras 1994 NR†,‡ NR No NR Observation or measurements
Andersen 1993a 3.2 Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Bjelle 1981 NR† NR Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Jonsson 1988 NR† Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Punnett 1991 0.9 (females)
1.8 (males)		 Yes No NR Observation or measurements

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on force alone (i.e., force plus repetition, posture, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance. If combined with NR, a significant association was reported without a numerical value.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.4 Chart

2.5 Neck MSDs associated with posture/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck MSDs associated with posture

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck exposure to posture
Met at least one criterion:
Bernard 1994 1.4† Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Ferguson 1976 NR‡ Yes No No Observation or measurements
Hales 1994 3.8† Yes Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Kamwendo 1991 1.65† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Kukkonen 1983 3.6† NR Yes Yes Job titles or self-reports
Kuorinka 1979 4.1† Yes Yes NR Job titles or self-reports
Linton 1990 3.5† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Onishi 1976 3.8† NR Yes NR Observation or measurements
Sakakibara 1987 NR† Yes No NR Observation or measurements
Sakakibara 1995 1.5 Yes Yes NR Observation or measurements
Veiersted 1994 7.2† No Yes NR Observation or measurements
Viikari-Juntura 1994 3.9–4.2† Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Welch 1995 7.5 Yes No No Job titles or self-reports
Wells 1983 2.57† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Yu 1996 784.4† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on posture alone (i.e., posture plus force, repetition, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance. If combined with NR, a significant association was reported without a numerical value.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.5 Chart

2.6 Neck/shoulder MSDs associated with posture/Risk indicator

Epidemiologic criteria used to examine studies of neck/shoulder MSDs associated with posture

Study (first author and year) Risk indicator (OR, PRR, IR or p-value)*,† Participation rate >70% Physical examination Investigator blinded to case and/or exposure status Basis for assessing neck/shoulder exposure to posture
Met all four criteria:
Jonsson 1988 NR†,‡ Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Kilbom 1986 NR† Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Ohlsson 1995 NR† Yes Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Met at least one criterion:
Åaras 1994 NR† NR No NR Observation or measurements
Bergqvist 1995a 4.4† Yes No Yes Observation or measurements
Bjelle 1981 NR† NR Yes Yes Observation or measurements
Blåder 1991 NR† Yes Yes No Job titles or self-reports
Ekberg 1994 4.8†, 3.6† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Holmström 1992 2.0† Yes No Yes Job titles or self-reports
Hünting 1981 9.9† NR Yes NR Observation or measurements
Milerad 1990 2.6† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Rossignol 1987 1.8, 4.0†, 4.6† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Ryan 1988 NR† Yes No Yes Observation or measurements
Tola 1988 1.8† Yes No NR Job titles or self-reports
Vihma 1982 1.6† NR No NR Observation or measurements
Viikari-Juntura 1991a 1.5 Yes Yes NR Job titles or self-reports

*Some risk indicators are based on a combination of risk factors—not on posture alone (i.e., posture plus force, repetition, or vibration). Odds ratio (OR), prevalence rate ratio (PRR), or incidence ratio (IR).

†Indicates statistical significance. If combined with NR, a significant association was reported without a numerical value.

‡Not reported.

Figure 2.6 Chart

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