DISEASES / PARASITES / CONDITIONS
2003
Analysis of field and laboratory data to derive selenium toxicity thresholds for birds. Adams, W.J.; Brix, K.V.; Edwards, M.; Tear, L.M.; DeForest, D.K.; Fairbrother, A. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Sept. 2003, p. 2020-2029. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL call no: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: selenium toxicity, birds, chronic egg thresholds, laboratory mallard ducks, wild black-necked stilts.
Abstract: In this paper, we critically evaluate the statistical approaches and datasets previously used to derive chronic egg selenium thresholds for mallard ducks (laboratory data) and black-necked stilts (field data). These effect concentration thresholds of 3%, 10% (EC10), or 20% have been used by regulatory agencies to set avian protection criteria and site remediation goals, thus the need for careful assessment of the data. The present review indicates that the stilt dataset used to establish a frequently cited chronic avian egg selenium threshold of 6 mg/kg dry weight lacks statistical robustness (r2=0.19-0.28) based on generalized linear models), suggesting that stilt embryo sensitivity to selenium is highly variable or that factors other than selenium are principally responsible for the increase in effects observed at the lower range of this dataset. Hockey stick regressions used with the stilt field dataset improve the statistical relationship (r2=0.90-0.97) but result in considerably higher egg selenium thresholds (EC10=21-31 mg/kg dry wt). Laboratory-derived (for mallards) and field derived (for stilts) teratogenicity EC10 values are quite similar (16-24 mg/kg dry wt). Laboratory data regarding mallard egg inviability and duckling mortality data provide the most sensitive and statistically robust chronic mean egg selenium EC10 values of 12 to 15 mg/kg dry weight (r2=0.75-0.90).
Avian cryptococcosis. Malik, R.; Krockenberger, M.B.; Cross, G.; Doneley, R.; Madill, D.N.; Black, D.; McWhirter, P.; Rozenwax, A.; Rose, K.; Alley, M.; Forshaw, D.; Russell-Brown, I.; Johnstone, A.C.; Martin, P.; O’Brian, C.R.; Love, D.N. Medical Mycology, Apr. 2003, v. 41 (2), p. 115-124. ISSN: 1369-3786.
NAL call no: RC117.A1J68
Descriptors: Cryptococcosus, avian, birds, Australia, captive parrots, pigeon, kiwis, respiratory system.
Abstract: Clinical and laboratory findings in 15 unreported cases of avian cryptococcosis from Australia were collected and contrasted with 11 cases recorded in the literature. Cryptococcosus species produced localized invasive disease of the upper respiratory tract of captive parrots living in Australia. This resulted in signs referable to mycotic rhinitis or to involvement of structures contiguous with the nasal cavity, such as the beak, sinuses, choana, retrobulbar space and palate. Parrots of widely differing ages were affected and of the seven birds for which sex was determinable, six were male. Cryptococcosus bacillisporus (formerly C. neoformans var. gatti) accounted for four of five infections in which the species or variety was determinable, suggesting that exposure to eucalyptus material may be a predisposing factor. In these cases, Cryptococcus appeared to behave as a primary pathogen of immunocompetent hosts. One tissue specimen was available from an Australian racing pigeon with minimally invasive subcutaneous disease; immunohistology demonstrated a C. neoformans var. grubii (formerly C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype A) infection, presumably subsequent to traumatic inoculation of yeast cells into the subcutis. Two similar cases had been reported previously in pigeons domiciled in America. Data for parrots, one pigeon and other birds studied principally in America and Europe (and likely infected with C. neoformans) suggested a different pattern of disease, more suggestive of opportunistic infection of immunodeficient hosts. In this cohort of patients, the organism was not restricted to cool superficial sites such as the upper respiratory tract or subcutis. Instead, infections typically penetrated the lower respiratory tract or disseminated widely to a variety of internal organs. Finally, three captive North Island brown kiwis, one residing in Australia, the other two in New Zealand, died as a result of sever diffuse cryptococcal pneumonia (two cases) or widely disseminated disease (one case). C. bacillisporus strains were isolated from all three cases, as reported previously for another kiwi with disseminated disease in New Zealand.
Comparison of methods to detect Pasteurella multocida in carrier waterfowl. Samuel, M.D.; Shadduck, D.J.; Goldberg, D.R.; Johnson, W.P. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2003, v. 39 (1), p. 125-135. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: waterfowl, Pasteurella, carrier, detection, mallard ducks, Anas platyrhynchos.
Abstract: We conducted laboratory challenge trials using mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) to compare methods for detecting carriers of Pasteurella multocida, the bacterium that causes avian cholera, in wild birds. Birds that survived the initial infection were euthanized at 2-to 4-week intervals up to 14 weeks post-challenge. Isolates of Pasteurella multocida were obtained at necropsy from 23% of the birds that survived initial infection. We found that swab samples (oral, cloacal, nasal, eye, and leg joint) were most effective for detecting carrier birds up to 14 weeks postinfection. No detectable differences in isolation were observed for samples stored in either 10% dimethyl sulfoxide or brain heart infusion broth. The frequency of detecting carriers in our challenge trials appeared to be related to mortality rates observed during the trial, but was not related to a number of other factors including time after challenge, time delays in collecting tissues postmortem, and route of infection. In our trials, there was little association between antibody levels and carrier status. We concluded that swab samples collected from recently dead birds, stored in liquid nitrogen, and processed using selective broth provide a feasible field method for detecting P. multocida carriers in wild waterfowl.
Detection of West Nile Virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Jozan, M.; Evans, R.; McLean, R.; Tangredi, B.; Reed, L.; Scott, J. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, Fall 2003, v. 3 (3), p. 99-110. ISSN: 1530-3667.
NAL call no: RA639.5.V43
Descriptors: West Nile Virus, detection from sera, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, sentinel chickens, wild birds, New Jersey, New York.
Abstract: A blocking ELISA targeting an immunodominant West Nile epitope on the West Nile Virus NSI protein was assessed for the detection of West Nile-specific antibodies in blood samples collected from 584 sentinel chickens and 238 wild birds collected in New Jersey from May-December 2000. Ten mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) experimentally infected with West Nile virus and six uninfected controls were also tested. The ELISA proved specific in detecting WNV antibodies in 9/10 chickens and 4/4 wild birds previously confirmed as positive by Plaque Reduction Neutralization test (PRNT) at the Center for Disease Control, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, fort Collins, CO, USA. Nine out of the ten experimentally infected mallard ducks also tested positive for WN antibodies in the blocking ELISA, while 6/6 uninfected controls did not. Additionally, 1705 wild birds, collected in New Jersey from December 2000-November 2001 and Long Island, New York between November 1999 and August 2001 were also tested for WN antibodies by the blocking ELISA. These tests identified 30 positive specimens, 12 of which had formalin-fixed tissues available to allow detection of WN specific viral antigen in various tissues by WN -specific immunohistochemistry. Our results indicate that rapid and specific detection of antibodies to WN virus in sera from a range of avian species by blocking ELISA is an effective strategy for WN Virus surveillance in avian hosts. In combination with detection of WN-specific antigens in tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the blocking ELISA will also be useful for confirming WN infection in diseased birds.
Feather mites (Acari: Astigmata): Ecology, behavior, and evolution. Proctor, H.C. Annual Review of Entomology, 2003, v. 48, p. 185-209. ISSN: 0066-4170. ref.
NAL call no: 421 An72
Descriptors: feather mites, adaptation, host-parasite relationships, bird parasite.
International standards for the control of avian influenza. Pearson, J.E. Avian Diseases, 2003, v. 47 (3 Suppl), p. 972-975. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: avian influenza, international standards, control, Office International des Epizooties, reporting procedures.
Abstract: The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) has developed international standards to reduce the risk of the spread of high-pathogenicity avian influenza through international trade. These standards include providing a definition of high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), procedures for prompt reporting of HPAI outbreaks, requirements that must be met for a country or zone to be defined as free of HPAI, requirements that should be met to import live birds and avian products to reduce the risk of spread of HPAI through trade. The goal of these standards is to facilitate trade while minimizing the risk of the introduction of HPAI.
Pathogenicity of a ratite-origin influenza A H5 virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Clavijo, A.; Riva, J.; Pasick, J. Avian Diseases, 2003, v. 47 (3 Suppl), p. 1203-1207. ISSN: 0005-2806.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: influenza virus, ostrich, pathogenicity, avian influenza, pathogenic isolate.
Abstract: Ostriches were inoculated with a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of ratite origin, A/emu/Texas/39924/93 (H5N2) done clB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and to assess the ability of routine virologic and serologic tests to detect infection. Avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days postinfection and from cloacal swabs from 3 to 10 days postinfection. AIV was also isolated from a wide range of tissues. Birds seroconverted as early as 7 days postinfection. This study indicates that HPAI virus of ratite origin replicates extensively in infected ostriches without causing significant clinical disease of mortality.
2002
Avian diseases at the Salton Sea. Friend, Milton. Hydrobiologia, 2002, Apr. 1, 2002, v. 473, p. 293-306. ISSN: 0018-8158. www.kluweronline.com/issn/0018-8158
NAL call no: 410 H992
Descriptors: Aves, diseases and disorders, avian botulism, avian cholera, Salmonella, Newcastle disease, cattle egrets Bubulcus ibis, eared grebes, Podiceps nigricollis, pelicans, Pelecanus occidentali, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, Mullet Island cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus, literature review, Salton Sea.
Abstract: A review of existing records and the scientific literature was conducted for occurrences of avian diseases affecting free-ranging avifauna within the Salton Sea ecosystem. The period for evaluation was 1907 through 1999. Records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey and the scientific literature were the data sources for the period or 1907-1939. The narrative reports of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Sonny Bono National Wildlife refuge Complex and the epizootic database of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Wildlife Health Center were the primary data sources for the remainder of the evaluation. The pattern of avian diseases at the Salton Sea has changed greatly over time. Relative to past decades, there was a greater frequency of major outbreaks of avian disease at the Salton Sea during the 1990s than in previous decades, a greater variety of disease agents causing epizootics, and apparent chronic increases in the attrition of birds from disease. Avian mortality was high for about a decade beginning during the mid-1920s, diminished substantially by the 1940s and was at low to moderate levels until the 1990s when it reached the highest levels reported. Avian botulism (Clostridium botulinum type C) was the only major cause of avian disease until 1979 when the first major epizootic of avian cholera (Pasteurella multocidia) was documented. Waterfowl and shorebirds were the primary species affected by avian botulism. A broader spectrum of species have been killed by avian cholera but waterfowl have suffered the greatest losses. Avian cholera reappeared in 1983 and has joined avian botulism as a recurring cause of avian mortality. In 1989, avian salmonellosis (Salmonella typhimurium) was first diagnosed as a major cause of avian disease within the Salton Sea ecosystem and has since reappeared several times, primarily among cattle egrets (Bubulcus ibis). The largest loss from a single epizootic occurred in 1992, when an estimated 155,000 birds, primarily eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis), died from an undiagnosed cause. Reoccurrences of that unknown malady have continued to kill substantial numbers of eared grebes throughout the 1990s. The first major epizootic of type C avian botulism in fish-eating birds occurred in 1996 and killed large numbers of pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis & P. erythrorhynchos). Avian botulism has remained as a major annual cause of disease in pelicans. In contrast, the chronic on-Sea occurrence of avian botulism in waterfowl and shorebirds of previous decades was seldom seen during the 1990s. Newcastle disease became the first viral disease to cause major bird losses at the Salton Sea when it appeared in the Mullet Island cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) breeding colony during 1997 and again during 1998.
Avian GI tract morphology and diseases. Orosz, S.E.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA Apr. 28-30, 2002, p. 116-120.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: anatomy, aviary birds, gastrointestinal diseases, diagnosis.
Avian polyomavirus vaccines in psittacine birds. Poet, Steven; Ritchie, Branson W.; Burnley, Victoria; Pesti, Denise. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents, Dec. 10, 2002, v. 1265 (2), No pagination. ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL call no: T223.A21
Descriptor: avian polyomavirus, pathogen, infection, viral disease.
Abstract: The invention provides a nucleic acid vaccine which is protective against avian polyomavirus infection in a bird which is classified as being a member of the Psittaciformes order comprising a nucleic acid vaccine vector comprising a suitable eukaryotic cis-acting transcription/translation regulatory sequence functionally linked to a nucleic acid encoding an immunogenic avian polyomavirus polypeptide. Methods for preventing avian polyomavirus infection in a bird classified as being a member of the Psittaciformes order, are also provided.
Avian reservoirs of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis? Daniels, Thomas J.; Battaly, Gertrude R.; Liveris, Dionysios; Falco, Richard C.; Schwartz, Ira. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dec. 2002, v. 8 (120, p. 1524-1525. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E64
Descriptors: granulocytic ehrlichosis, bacterial disease, Aves, infection, zoonotic disease.
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy: A newly recognized fatal neurological disease of eagles, waterfowl and other birds. Fischer, John R.; Lewis, Lynn A.; Augspurger, Tom; Rocke, Tonie E. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 2002, v. 67, p. 51-61. Rham, Jennifer (Ed.), Wildlife Management Institute, 1101 14th St., N.W., Suite 801, Washington, C.D. 20005. ISSN: 0078-1355.
Descriptors: avian vacuolar myelinopathy, epidemiology, nervous system disease.
Avian wildlife diseases in New Zealand: Current issues and achievements. Alley, M.R. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 2002, v. 50 (3 Supplement), p. 118-120. ref. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL call no: 41.8 N483
Descriptors: animal health, wild birds, wildlife.
Birds and Borrelia. Humair, Pierre Francois. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Jun. 2002, v. 291 (Supplement 33), p. 70-74. VIth International Potsdam Symposium on tick Borne Diseases, Berlin, Germany, Apr. 26-27, 2001. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: OR1.Z443
Descriptors: borreliosis, bacterial disease, ticks, birds.
A bird in the hand. Dick, A.D. British Journal of Ophthalmology, Dec. 2002, v. 86 (12), p. 1324-1325. ISSN: 0007-1161.
Descriptors: eye diseases, ophthalmology, pathology, symptoms.
Blood parasites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Florida, USA. Dusek, Robert; Forrester, Donald J. Comparative Parasitology, Jan. 2002, v. 69 (1), p. 92-96. ref. ISSN: 1049-233X.
NAL call no: QL392 J68
Descriptors: blood, lymphatics, crows, blood parasites, Haemoproteus, Trypanosoma.
Abstract: Blood films from 46 fish crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) from Florida, U.S.A., were examined for blood parasites. Haemoproteus picae Coatney and Roudabush, Haemoproteus danilewski Kruse, Trypanosoma avium (Danilewsky), and microfilaria of an unidentified filarioid were identified from both species of crows. An unidentified species of Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma ontarioensis Woo and Bartlett were observed in American crow blood films. Fish crow blood films contained Plasmodium relictum Celli and Sanfelice. Prior to this study, T. avium and P. relictum had not been reported from fish crows.
A comparative analysis of PCR-based detection methods for avian malaria. Richard, F. Alexander; Sehgal, Ravinder N.M.; Jones, Hugh I.; Smith, Thomas B. Journal of Parsitology, Aug. 2002, v. 88 (4), p. 819-822. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL call no: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: malaria, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus.
Abstract: Here, 4 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are compared to test for the presence of avian malaria, including both the Plasmodium and Haemoproteus genera, in 29 different species of African rainforest birds. Two of these PCR assays use primer sets that amplify fragments of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of Plasmodium; the other 2 target the 18S ribosomal subunit gene. These PCR assays were performed using genomic DNA extracted from blood and subsequently compared with the results obtained by microscopic examination of blood smears taken from the same individuals. The 2 primer sets amplifying the cyt b gene were found to perform more reliably than those that target the 18S gene and yielded a substantial number of positive samples that were undetected by blood smear analysis. Of all the individuals screened by PCR, 40% tested positive for avian malaria, whereas 27% tested positive by blood smear analysis. Although sequence variation in the parasites may prohibit the specific alignment of primers and the subsequent PCR amplification of some individuals, PCR, once optimized, is faster, cheaper, and more reliable than blood smear analysis for large-scale screening.
Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds, 2002: Diagnosis and treatment. Smith, K.A. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 2002, v. 24 (4), p. 328-331. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, human diseases, medical treatment, psittacosis, zoonotic diseases.
Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (Psittacosis) and pet birds, 2002: Recommendations and requirements. USA, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 2002, v. 24 (5), p. 374-378. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: disease control, disease prevention, importation, pets, psittacosis, zoonotic diseases.
Criptosporidiosi negli uccelli. [Cryptosporidiosis in birds.] D’Agostino, C.; Papini, B.; Nannetti, C.; Tatantino, C.; Perrucci, S. Summa, 2002, v. 19 (3), p. 23-26. ref. Note: In Italian.
Descriptors: cryptosporidiosis, diagnosis, disease control, life cycle.
Detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to West Nile virus in birds. Ebel, Gregory D.; Dupuis, Alan P. II; Nicholas, David: Young, Donna; Maffei, Joseph; Kramer, Laura D. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Sept. 2002, v. 8 (9), p. 979-982. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, viral diseases, ELISA, West Nile virus.
Abstract: We adapted an indirect immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to facilitate studies of West Nile virus (WNV) and evaluated its application to taxonomically diverse avian species. Anti-WNV antibodies were detected in 23 bird species, including many exotic species, demonstrating its value in studies of WNV epizootiology.
Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs from bird carcasses. Komar, Nicholas; Lanciotti, Robert; Brown, Richard; Langevin, Stanley; Bunning, Michel. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Jul. 2002, v. 8 (7), p. 741-742. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: West Nile virus infection, infectious diseases, viral disease.
Abstract: We evaluated if postmortem cloacal and oral swabs could replace brain tissue as a specimen for West Nile virus (WNV) detection. WNV was detected in all three specimen types from 20 dead crows and jays with an average of >105 WNV PFU in each. These findings suggest that testing cloacal or oral swabs might be a low-resource approach to detect WNV in dead birds.
Diseases of farmed crocodiles and ostriches. Huchzermeyer, F.W. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office International des Epizooties, 2002, v. 21 (2), p. 265-276. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: coccidiosis, mycoplasmosis, salmonellosis, stress, thermoregulation.
Diseases in wild (free-living) bird populations. Newton, I. Birds of Prey: Health & Diseases. 3rd ed. Cooper, John E. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, Malden, etc. 2002. i-xvii. 1-345 p, Chapter pagination: 217 -234. ISBN: 0632051159.
Descriptors: Falconiformes, parasite, diseases, disorders, Strigiformes.
Diversification and host switching in avian malaria parasites. Ricklefs, Robert E.; Fallon, Sylvia M. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B, May 2002, v. 269 (1494), p. 885-892. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Descriptors: malaria, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease.
Abstract: The switching of parasitic organisms to novel hosts, in which they may cause the emergence of new diseases, is of great concern to human health and the management of wild and domesticated populations of animals. We used a phylogenetic approach to develop a better statistical assessment of host switching in a large sample of vector-borne malaria parasites of birds (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) over their history of parasite-host relations. Even with sparse sampling, the number of parasite lineages was almost equal to the number of avian hosts. We found that strongly supported sister lineages of parasites, averaging 1.2% sequence divergence, exhibited highly significant host and geographical fidelity. Event-based matching of host and parasite phylogenetic trees revealed significant cospeciation. However, the accumulated effects of host switching and long distance dispersal cause these signals to disappear before 4% sequence divergence is achieved. Mitochondrial DNA nucleotide substitution appears to occur about three times faster in hosts than in parasites, contrary to findings on other parasite-host systems. Using this mutual calibration, the phylogenies of the parasites and their hosts appear to be similar in age, suggesting that avian malaria parasites diversified along with their modern avian hosts. Although host switching has been a prominent feature over the evolutionary history of avian malaria parasites, it is infrequent and unpredictable on time scales germane to public health and wildlife management.
The evolutionary transition to coloniality promotes higher blood parasitism in birds. Tella J.L. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, Jan. 2002, v. 15 (1), p. 32-41. ISSN: 1010-061X.
NAL call no: QH359.J68
Descriptors: avian hosts, colonial breeding, evolution, protozoan parasites.
Abstract: Parasitism has been argued as one of the major costs of breeding sociality in birds. However, there is no clear evidence for an increased parasite pressure associated with the evolutionary transition from solitary to colonial breeding. I used the pairwise comparative method to test whether colonial bird species incur in a greater risk of infection and if they must to face with a greater diversity of blood parasites (Haematozoa), by comparing pairs of congeners that included one solitary and one colonial breeding species. The richness, both in terms of number of species and number of genera, as well as the prevalence of blood parasites resulted higher in colonial species than in their solitary breeding sisters, while controlling for differences in research effort and other potentially confounding effects. These results point towards higher transmission rates of blood parasites among colonial hosts. Given the detrimental effects of blood parasites on their host fitness, the higher risk of infection and the exposition to a more diverse parasite fauna may have imposed an important cost associated to the evolution of avian coloniality. This may help to explain why colonial species have larger immune system organs, as well as to explore differences in other host life history traits potentially shaped by blood parasites.
Ehrlichiosis, Ixodes ticks and migratory birds. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina, H.V. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Jun. 2002, v. 291 (Supplement 33), p. 196. VIth International Potsdam Symposium on Tick Borne Diseases, Berlin, Germany. Apr. 26-27, 2001. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: OR1.Z443
Descriptors: ehrlichiosis, bacterial disease, ticks, migratory birds.
Emerging infectious diseases in wildlife. Williams, E.S.; Yuill, T.; Artois, M.; Fischer, J.; Haigh, S.A. Revue Scientifique et Technique, Office of International des Epizooties. Apr. 2002, v. 21 (1), p. 139-157. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: pathogens, infectious diseases, population dynamics, vectors, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, fungal diseases.
Abstract: The process which gives rise to emerging infectious diseases of wildlife can be categorised as follows: ecosystem alterations of anthropogenic or natural origin; movement of pathogens or vectors, via human or natural agency; and changes in microbes or in the recognition of emerging pathogens due to advances in the techniques of epidemiology. These are simplistic divisions because factors influencing the emergence of diseases of wild animals generally fall into more than one category. Mycoplasmosis among passerines is related to habitat changes and artificial feeding resulting in increased bird densities and subsequent disease transmission. The origin of this strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum is not known. Hantavirus infections in rodents have emerged due to human-induced landscape alterations and/or climactic changes influencing population dynamics of hantavirus reservoir hosts, with disease consequences for humans. Movement of pathogens or vectors is a very important process by which diseases of wildlife expand geographic range. Although the origin of calciviruses of rabbits and hares is somewhat obscure, their movement by humans, either deliberately of accidentally, has greatly expanded the distribution of these viruses. Rabies is an ancient disease, but geographic expansion has occurred by both natural and anthropogenic movements of wild animals. Human movement of amphibians may explain the distribution of the highly pathogenic chytrid fungus around the world. Newly recognised paramyxoviruses may reflect both changes in these pathogens and the development of techniques of identification and classification. Many more such examples of emerging diseases will arise in the future, given the extensive alterations in landscapes world-wide and movements of animals, vectors and pathogens. Those who study and diagnose diseases of wildlife must be alert for emerging diseases so that the impact of such diseases on wild animals, domestic animals and humans can be minimized.
Engineering mosquito resistance to malaria parasites: The avian malaria model. James, A.A. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oct. 2002, v. 32 (10), p. 1317-1323. ISSN: 0965-1748.
NAL call no: QL495.A1I57
Descriptors: malaria, transmission, Aedes aegypti, Plasmodium gallinaceum, blood and lymphatic disease.
Abstract: Genetic approaches to controlling the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases are being developed to augment the available chemical control practices and environmental manipulation methods. Much progress has been made in laboratory-based research that seeks to develop antipathogen or antivector effector genes and methods for genetically manipulating host vector strains. Research is summarized here in the development of a malarial-resistant phenotype using as a model system the avian parasite, Plasmodium gallinaceum, and the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Robust transformation technology based on number of transposable elements, the identification of promoter regions derived from endogenous mosquito genes, and the development of single-chain antibodies as effector genes have made it possible to produce malaria-resistant mosquitoes. Future challenges include discovery of methods for spreading antiparasite genes through mosquito populations, determining the threshold levels below which parasite intensities of infection must be held, and defining the circumstances in which a genetic control strategy would be employed in the field.
Four new species of feather mites (Acari: Analgoidea). Mironov, Sergei V.; Galloway, Terry D. Canadian Entomologist, Sept./Oct. 2002, v. 134 (5), p. 605-618. ISSN: 0008-347X.
NAL call no: 421.C16
Descriptors: parasitology, systematics, taxonomy, morphology, Megniniella ratcliffi sp. nov., Metanalges holderi sp. nov., Metengrassia pelecani sp. nov., Vingrassia cygni sp. nov.
Abstract: Four new species of feather mites are described from birds in Canada: Megniniella ratcliffi sp. nov. (Analgidae) and Metanalges holderi sp. nov. (Analgidae) from the Sora, Prozana carolina (Linnaeus) (Gruiformes: Rallidae); Metengrassia pelecani sp. nov. (Xolalgidae) from the American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrororhynchos Gmelin (Pelicaniformes: Pelicanidae); and Vingrassia cygni sp. nov. (Xolalgidae) from the Tundra Swan, Cygnus columbianus (Ord) (Anseriformes: Anatidae). The genus Vingrassia is reinstated from its previous synonymy with the genus Ingrassia based on the presence of an enlarged prodorsal shield in both sexes, by the shape of the idiosoma and the interlobar membrane on the lobar apices in the male, and by the shape of the hysteronotal shield and the absence of setae ps2 in the female.
Fowl cholera in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) - etiological investigation and effect of therapy with thiamphenical. Popova, T. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2002, v. 5 (1), p. 23-28. ref. ill. ISSN: 1311-1477.
Descriptors: pheasants, fowl cholera, antibiotics, etiology, infectious diseases, Pasteurella multocida.
Abstract: In an outbreak of fowl cholera that occurred in a pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) flock, seventeen per cent of about 1000 birds from the flock died of an acute disease. The established pathological alterations were typical of fowl cholera. Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture from hearts, livers and spleens of three dead birds. Examined characteristics included phenotypic and biochemical determination of the biotype (subspecies) and the in vitro susceptibility of isolates to antimicrobial agents. Isolates were identified as belonging to the multocida subspecies. Their drug susceptibility was identical. All isolates were highly susceptible in vitro to tested amphenicols, including thiamphenicol.
Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in bobwhite quail. Cardona, Carol J.; Ihejirika, Arthur; McClellan, Linda. Avian Diseases, Jan/Mar. 2002, v. 46 (1), p. 249-255. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: parasitic diseases, mortality, blood and lymphatic diseases.
Abstract: This report chronicles recurring outbreaks of Haemoproteus lophortyx infection in captive bobwhite quail. Clinically, the signs of infection included reluctance to move, ruffled appearance, prostration, and death. These signs were associated with parasitemia, anemia, and the presence of large megaloschizonts in skeletal muscles, particularly those of the thighs and back. The average cumulative mortality for flocks experiencing outbreaks was over 20%. In a typical outbreak, mortality rose when birds were 5-6 weeks of age, peaked in 8-10 wk old quail, and declined rapidly when quail were 9-11 wk old. Outbreaks occurred exclusively between the months of May and October, and warm weather was determined to be a risk factor for H. lophortyx mortality. This protozoan most likely overwinters in native California quail in the area and is transmitted to quail on the ranch by an insect vector that emerges in warm weather. Infection of the large population of naive bobwhite quail on the ranch leads to amplification of H. lophortyx, resulting in epidemics in successive flocks.
Helminth and arthropod parasites of the brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, in Puerto Rico, with a compilation of all metazoan parasites reported from this host in the western hemisphere. Dyer, William G.; Williams, Ernest H. Jr.; Mignucci-Giannoni, Antonio A.; Jiminez-Marrero, Nilda M.; Bunkley-Williams, Lucy; Moore, Debra P.; Pence, Danny B. Avian Pathology, Oct. 2002, v. 31 (5), p. 441-448. ISSN: 0307-9457. www.tandf.co.uk/journals/tf/03079457.html
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: parasitic diseases, pelican, infestation, Pelecanus, metazoan parasites, helminths, arthropods.
Abstract: Seven species of helminths and six species of arthropods are reported from 23 of 40 brown pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis, collected from various localities in Puerto Rico. Helminth parasites include three nematodes (Contracaecum multipapillatum, Contracaecum mexicanum, and Eustrongylides sp.), three trematodes (Galactosomum darbyi, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, and Ribeiroia ondatrae), and one cestode (Tetrabothrium sulae). Arthropod parasites include Colpocephalum occidentalis, Neottialges apunctatus, Ornithodoros capensis, Phalacrodectus pelecani, Phalacrodectus punctatissimus, and Phalacrodectus sp. The presence of R. ondatrae in the brown pelican is a new species host record, and P. pelecani, P. punctatissimus and N. apunctatus are new subspecies host records. C. multipapillatum, C. mexicanum, G. darbyi and M. appendiculatoides are new locality records for Puerto Rico, and N. apunctatus, P. punctatissimus and T. sulae are new locality records for the Caribbean. Necrosis produced by C. multipapillatum, C. mexicanum, and R. ondatrae may have contributed to the emaciation and death of the brown pelicans examined in the present study.
The importance of host spatial distribution for parasite specialization and speciation: A comparative study of bird fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae). Tripet, Frederick; Christe, Philippe; Moller, Anders Pape. Journal of Animal Ecology, Sept. 2002, v. 71 (5), p. 735-748. ISSN: 0021-8790.
NAL call no: 410 J826
Descriptors: parasitology, ecology, speciation, parasite-host range.
Abstract: 1. The environment of parasites is determined largely by their hosts. Variation in host quality, abundance and spatial distribution affects the balance between selection within hosts and gene flow between hosts, and this should determine the evolution of a parasite’s host-range and its propensity to locally adapt and speciate. 2. We investigated the relationship between host spatial distribution and (1) parasite-host range, (2) parasite mobility and (3) parasite geographical range, in a comparative study of a major group of avian ectoparasites, the bird fleas belonging to the Ceratophyllidae (Siphonaptera). 3. Flea species parasitizing colonial birds had a narrower host range than those infesting territorial nesters or birds with an intermediate level of nest aggregation. 4. The potential mobility and geographical ranges of fleas decreased with increasing level of aggregation of their hosts and increased with the fleas’ host range. 5. Birds with aggregated nest distribution harboured more flea species mainly due to a larger number of specialists than solitary nesting hosts. 6. These results emphasize the importance of host spatial distribution for the evolution of specialization, and for local adaptation and speciation in Ceratophyllid bird fleas.
Infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in pheasants. Welchman, D. de B.; Bradbury, J.M.; Cavaugh, D.; Aebischer, N.J.; de B. Welchman, D. Veterinary Record, 2002 v. 150 (21), p. 658-664. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: aetiology, disease distribution, outbreaks, respiratory diseases, Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Abstract: In a case-control study of the infectious agents associated with natural outbreaks of respiratory disease in pheasants, 28 batches of birds from sites affected by disease and eight batches of birds from unaffected sites were examined by six veterinary laboratories in England, Wales and Scotland during the 1998-1999 (April 1998) and 1999-2000 (February 2000) seasons and tested for mycoplasmas, other bacteria and viruses. Sinusitis was the commonest sign of disease and was associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the trachea (P<0.05) and conjunctiva (P<0.01). Sinusitis was also associated with Pasteurella cultured from the sinus (P<0.05), antibody to avian pneumovirus (APV) (P<0.01) and avian coronaviruses as detected by reverse- transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) (P<0.05); there was no association between disease and APV as detected by PCR. Avian coronaviruses were the most common infectious agents detected. They were genetically close to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) but differed in their gene sequence from all the serotypes of IBV previously identified in domestic fowl and serological tests with six known IBV types showed little cross reactivity. Mycoplasma species other than M. gallisepticum were cultured in 18 batches of pheasants but, with the exception of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were not associated with disease.
Low humidity reduces ectoparasite pressure: Implications for host life history evolution. Moyer, Brett R.; Drown, Devin M.; Clayton, Dale H. Oikos, May 2002, v. 97 (2), p. 223-228. ISSN: 0030-1299. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970208.x
NAL call no: 410 O14
Descriptors: ecology, evolution, parasitology, adaptation, effects of humidity, arid regions, parasite levels, lice.
Abstract: A parasite’s potential effect, or “pressure”, can influence the life history strategy of its host. In environments with high parasite pressure, hosts invest more in anti-parasite defense, which may limit their investment in other life history components, such as survival. This tradeoff is difficult to study in natural populations because pressure is hard to quantify. Pressure is not necessarily correlated with the abundance of the parasite. A host population can be under high pressure, yet have few parasites, because members of the population have invested heavily in defense. Therefore, the extent to which parasite pressure varies among host populations, and the cause of such variation, remain largely undocumented. In this paper we show that birds in arid regions have fewer ectoparasitic lice than birds in humid regions. We show experimentally that low humidity reduces the number of lice on birds, even when the host defense is held constant. Comparisons of ambient humidity to humidity beneath the plumage demonstrate that plumage does not provide a buffer for lice against low humidity. Our results confirm that an abiotic factor can cause substantial variation in parasite pressure among host populations. We suggest that humidity may influence host life history evolution through its impact on ectoparasites.
The metazoan parasite fauna of loons (Aves: Gaviiformes), its relationship to the bird’s evolutionary history and biology, and a comparison with the parasite fauna of grebes. Storer, Robert W. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, Jun. 18, 2002, i-iv. 191 p. Chapter pagination: 1-44. ISSN: 0076-8405.
NAL call no: 410.9 M58M
Descriptors: parasitism, host, parasite, evolution, relationships, helminths.
Abstract: The data base of this work parallels that of Storer (2000) on the grebes and contains lists of the multicellular parasites known to parasitize loons and a list of the known species of prey taken ny each species of loon. The former includes information on where in the bird the parasites are found, the distribution of the parasite species by continents, the degree of host specificity, and life cycles (whether in fresh of salt water), and lists of known intermediate and parasitic hosts. These data sets are used to show how the parasite faunas are related to the biology of the birds and their evolutionary histories. The known species of helminths of loons include 47 digeneans, 22 cestodes, 14 acanthocephalans, and 15 nematodes, most of which have aquatic life cycles. No families or subfamilies and only 2 genera and 23 species of helminths are considered loon specialists. Several factors appear to have contributed to the greater number of genera and species of parasites in grebes than in loons. Most loons spend the breeding season on bodies of oligotrophic water, which have fewer species and numbers of potential prey than eutrophic waters where most grebes nest. All species of loons winter on salt water, whereas many grebes are resident on fresh waters, although those nesting in regions where fresh waters freeze in winter spend that season on salt waters. Much of the difference can also be attributed to the greater number of genera (7 versus 1) and species (21 versus 5) in the two groups of birds, and the wider distribution (nearly cosmopolitan in the grebes versus holarctic in the loons). The difference is also consistent with the grebes’ greater age and degree of parasite-host specificity. Other factors affecting differences in the two helminth faunas are a presumed marine origin for the loon in contrast with a fresh-water one for the grebes’, and the greater size and hence greater speed of loons under water. The smaller size of grebes for which a greater number of prey species of optimal size is presumably available, the grebes’ breeding on eutrophic bodies of water in which a greater variety of prey species (and hence greater number of species of hosts for parasites) is available, and grebes’ greater diversity in bill form and foot proportions which are associated with specializations for taking a greater variety of prey, may all be involved. Adaptations for pursuit diving, include larger size, which makes possible a relatively larger mass of leg muscles, longer cnemial crests, which provide a larger area for the attachment of these muscles, and the possible effect of the coiled barbules on the outer part of grebe’s contour feathers, which act like capillaries in absorbing water, which may decrease buoyancy and may also cause this part of the combined feathers to act like a flexible skin which cause movement of the water in the feathers to act like the skin of a cetacean in producing laminar flow of water across the surface of the birds. There is still much to be done before an adequate knowledge of the multicellular parasites of loons and grebes is know. The larger number of species of external parasites found on grebes (12 mites and 13 lice versus 1 mite and 2 line on loons) is believed to have resulted from the association of grebes with coots and subsequent speciation on the larger number of species of grebes than loons.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a canary (Serinus canaria L.) And a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona amazona aestiva). Hoop, R.K. Avian Diseases, 2002, v. 46 (2), p. 502-504. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: clinical aspects, diagnosis, tuberculosis, new host records, case report.
Parasites from farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Europe. Ponce, Gordo F.; Herrera, S.; Castro, A.T.; Garcia, Duran B.; Martinez, Diaz R.A. Veterinary Parasitology, 2002, v. 107 (1-2), p. 137-160. ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL call no: SF810.V4
Descriptors: digestive tract, ectoparasites, parasitoses, lice, mites, helminths, ciliates, protozoa.
Abstract: During a 4 year period (1997-2000), more than 500 ostriches and several rheas, all born in European countries and raised in Spain and Portugal, have been analysed for the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites. A total of 29 parasite species have been found, most of them of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the helminth species found may represent spurious parasitoses, as only the eggs (of an ascarid and a trematode) were found in some samples. From the organisms identified, the ectoparasites (lice: Struthiolipeurus rhea, S. nandu; mites: Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata), helminths (Cestoda: Houttuynia struthionis; Nematoda: Libyostongylus sp., Codiostomum struthionis) and the ciliate Balantidium struthionis are known as ratite specific parasites. Capillaria eggs and larvae were also found; there are no previous records of this parasite from ostriches, and the data available do not allow to do a tentative specific diagnosis. Among protozoa, most of the species now found are described for the first time in ratites. They include organisms also found in other birds (Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis and Pleuromonas jaculans), and organisms whose specific status cannot be established until further analysis are performed (Cryptosporidium sp., Elmeria sp. and/or Isospora sp., Entomoeba sp. of the one-nucleate and of the 8-nucleate mature cyst groups, Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp. and euglenids.
Patterns of intermediate host use and levels of association between two conflicting manipulative parasites. Outreman, Yannick; Bollache, Loic; Plaistow, Stewart; Cezilly, Frank. International Journal for Parasitology, Jan. 2002, v. 32 (1), p. 15-20. ISSN: 0020-7519.
NAL call no: QH547.I55
Descriptors: natural selection, selective constraints, transmission, incidence, infection level, Polymorphus minutus, Pomphorhynchus laevis.
Abstract: For many parasites with complex life cycles, manipulation of intermediate host phenotypes is often regarded as an adaptation to increase the probability of successful transmission. This phenomenon creates opportunities for either synergistic of conflicting interests between different parasite species sharing the same intermediate host. When more than one manipulative parasite infect the same intermediate host, but differ in their definitive host, selection should favour the establishment of a negative association between these manipulators. Both Polymorphus minutus and Pomphorhynchus laevis exploit the amphipod Gammarus pulex as intermediate host but differ markedly in their final host, a fish for P. laevis and a bird for P. minutus. The pattern of host use by these two conflicting manipulative parasites was studied. Their incidence and intensity of infection and their distribution among G. pulex were first examined by analysing three large samples of grammarids collected from the river Tille, Eastern France. Both parasites had low prevalence in the host population. However, temporal fluctuation in the level of parasitic infection was observed. Overall, prevalence of both parasite species was higher in male than in female G. pulex. We then assessed the degree of association between the two parasites among their intermediate hosts, using two different methods: a host-centered measure and a parasite-centered measure. Both measures gave similar results; showing random association between the two acanthocephalan species in their intermediate hosts. We discuss our results in relation to the selective forces and ecological constraints that may determine the pattern of association between conflicting manipulative parasites.
Pelecitus helicinus Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Filaroides, Dirofilariinae) and other nematode parasites of Brazilian birds. Oniki, Y.; Kinsella, J.M.; Willis, E.O. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 2002, v. 97 (4), p. 597-598. ref. ISSN: 0074-0276.
NAL call no: 448.9 IN74
Descriptors: nematode infections, taxonomy, geographical distribution.
Abstract: We report Pelecitus helicinus from 13 species of birds of 2 orders and 7 families, collected from the states of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso, Brazil during 1983-84 and 1987-88. All 13 constitute new host records for this nematode. In addition, we report the first record of Aprocta golvani from Brazil and Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae), as well as a number of other nematode records from neotropical birds.
Pet parrot taxonomy and disease predilections: A regional perspective. Speer, B.L.; Lightfoot, T.; Marx, K.L. (ed.); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA, Apr. 28-30, 2002, p, 134-158. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: aviary birds, diseases, clinical aspects, infectious diseases, taxonomy.
Pictorial guide to selected avian skin diseases. Schmidt, R.E. Exotic DVM, 2002, v. 4 (1), p. 27-32. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: dermatitis, diagnosis, feathers, skin diseases, skin lesions, pets.
Psittacosis/avian chlamydiosis. Eidson, Millicent. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Dec. 15, 2002, v. 221 (12), p. 1710-1712. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: psittacosis, avian chlamydiosis, bacterial diseases, diagnosis, therapy.
Redescription and systematic status of Brachydistomum ventricosum (Rudolphi, 1809) comb. N. (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) parasiting passeriformes birds. Sitko, J.; Okulewicz, J. Helminthologia, 2002, v. 39 (2), p. 103-110. ref.
NAL call no: 436.8 H36
Descriptors: nomenclature, synonyms, taxonomy, new combinations, parasite.
Abstract: The morphometrical variability of 373 specimens of Brachydistomum ventricosum was studied. Brachylecithum emberizae, B. mosquensis, Lutztrema sinense, Platynosomum illeciens sensu, P. kirgisensis, P. macrorchis and P. tuvensis are considered synonyms of B. ventricosum.
Reovirus infection in psittacine birds (Psittacus erithacus): Morphologic and immunohistochemical study. Sanchez-Cordon, P.J.; Hervas, J.; de Lara, F. Chacon; Jahn, J.; Saiguero, F.J.; Gomez-Villamandos, J.C. Avian Diseases, Apr./Jun. 2002, v. 46 (2), p. 485-492. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: Pacheco disease, mycosis, grey parrots, herpesvirus infection, diagnosis, transmission, epidemiology.
Abstract: In this paper we report on an outbreak of reovirus, herpesvirus (Pacheco disease), and/or mycosis infection (Aspergillus spp. and Zygomyces spp.) Affecting a batch of young African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), with 80% morbidity and 30% mortality. Study material was taken from five birds (four dead and one euthanized) with a range of clinical symptoms (depression, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms). Diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of avian reovirus, electron microscopy, and virus isolation. Viral antigen of reovirus was detected mainly in large mononuclear cells in the bursa of Fabricus and the spleen, pancreas epithelial cells, and circulating cells; lymphoid organs displayed the largest number of immunopositive cells and severe lymphocyte depletion. Bacteriologic study was negative. Reovirus infection was common in all birds studied, whereas Pacheco disease and mycosis were found in only some, suggesting that reovirus could be the initial cause triggering the outbreak and facilitating infection by other agents and their swift spread through the batch.
A review of toxoplasmosis in wild birds. Dubey, J.P. Veterinary Parasitology, 2002, v. 106 (2), p. 121-153. ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL call no: SF810 V4
Descriptors: animal pathology, blindness, diagnosis, clinical aspects, toxoplasmosis.
Some parasitic nematodes (Nematoda) of birds (Aves) in the Czech republic. Frantova, D. Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae, 2002, v. 66 (1), p. 13-28. ref. ISSN: 1211-376X.
NAL call no: QL1.C4
Descriptors: parasitic nematodes, morphology, epidemiology, disease prevalence.
Abstract: More than 600 birds belonging to 50 species and 8 orders, coming mostly from southern Bohemia in the Czech Republic, were dissected during 1977-1983 and 1999. Parasitic nematodes seemed to be more prevalent in carnivorous than herbivorous birds. 13 species of birds of the orders Falconiformes, Charadriiformes (Larus ridibundus Linnaeus, 1766), Passeriformes and Pelecaniformes (Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758) were infected with 20 nematode species: Capillariidae (11 species), Ascarididae (3), Syngamida (2), Acuariidae (2), Anisakidae (1) and Aproctidae (1). The occurrence of some rare species (Aonchotheca longifilla) (Dujardin, 1845), Baruscapillaria carbonis (Dubinin et Dubonina, 1940), Capillaria cf. Tenuissima (Rudolphi, 1809), Cosmocephalus obvelarus (Creplin, 1825) was recorded. Detailed descriptions of Aonchotheca exilis (Dujardin, 1845) and A. longifilla are given. Baruscapillaria carbonis from Phalacrocorax carbo is new for the nematofauna of the Czech Republic. Parasites of the genus Aonchotheca (Lopex-Neyra, 1947) were recorded from Fringilla coelebs for the first time.
Spot-on formulations for combating parasites. Huet, Anne Marie; Julia, Bruno; Etchegaray, Jean Pierre; Weil, Andre; Jeannin, Philippe. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patents. (e-file) Jul 30, 2002, v. 1260 (5), no pagination. ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL call no: T223.A21
Descriptors: parasitic infection, drug therapy, parasitic disease, treatment, topical treatment.
Abstract: In particular this invention provides for spot-on compositions for the treatment or prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprise: (1) a composition compromising (A) an effective amount of a 1-phenylpyrazole derivative; and/or (B) an effective amount of a macrocyclic lactone antihelmintic or antiparasitic agent; (2) an acceptable liquid carrier vehicle; and (3) optionally, a crystallization inhibitor. The invention also provides for a method of treating parasitic infestations of for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprises topically applying to said mammal treating parasitic infestations or for the prophylaxis of parasite infestations in mammals or birds which comprises topically applying to said mammal or bird an effective amount of a composition according to the present invention.
Thyroid hyperplasia in birds. Schmidt, Robert A.; Reavill, Drury, R. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Jun. 2002, v. 16 (2), p. 111-114. ISSN: 1082-6742.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: Aves, thyroid gland, thyroid hyperplasia, occurrence rate, causes, various species.
Abstract: Thyroid hyperplasia (goiter) has been considered a common problem in birds and is most commonly observed in budgerigars and pigeons. Records of the Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service (West Sacramento, CA, USA) were reviewed for the period from October 1984 tp April 2001. From nearly 12, 500 avian accessions, 30 reported a morphologic diagnosis of thyroid hyperplasia. Twenty-nine of 30 birds from varying species had multiple diagnoses at necropsy, while the remaining bird was diagnosed with thyroid hyperplasia alone. The appearance of all thyroid glands submitted was similar-the glands were enlarged bilaterally (approximately 2.7 x 1.4 cm in size) and red-brown or purple in color. Histologic changes to the thyroid parenchyma were diffuse in all cases (30/30). Thyroid glands contained numerous follicles lined by large cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells. The morphological diagnosis was thyroid follicular hyperplasia (hyperplastic goiter). Macaws were represented disproportionately (20/30), particularly blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna), which represented 15/20 macaws. The cause of thyroid hyperplasia was not determined with certainty in the birds examined.
Two new rhabdoviruses (Rhabdoviridae) isolated from birds during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis, Northern United States. Travassos da Rosa, A.P.A.; Mather, T.N.; Takeda, T.; Whitehouse, C.A.; Shope, R.E.; Popov, V.L.; Guzman, H.; Coffey, L.; Araujo, T.P.; Tesh, R.B.; da-Rosa, A.P.A. Travassos. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2002, v. 8 (6), p. 514-618. ref. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E6
Descriptors: taxonomy, viral diseases, birds.
Abstract: Two novel rhabdoviruses were isolated from birds (i.e. dead pigeons) during surveillance for arboviral encephalitis in the northeastern USA. The first, designated Farmington virus, is a tentative new member of the Vesiculovirus genus. The second, designated Rhode Island virus, is unclassified antigenically, but its ultrastructure and size are more similar to those of some of the plant rhabdoviruses. Both viruses infect birds and mice, as well as monkey kidney cells in culture, but their importance for human health is unknown.
Update on survey of diseases and causes of death in wild birds. Waine, Jason. Fair Isle Bird Observatory Report, 2002, v. 54, p. 16-20. ISSN: 0427-9190.
Descriptors: Aves, diseases and disorders, causes, Scotland, mortality causes.
Variation in tick infestation rate in passerine birds. Strub, O.; Seitz, A.; Kaiser, A. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, Jun. 2002, v. 291 (Supplement 33), p. 236. VIth International Potsdam Symposium on tick Borne Diseases, Berlin, Germany, Apr. 26-27, 2001. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: bird, host, tick, disease vector.
Virus neutralization assays used in exotic bird medicine. Phalen, David N. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Jan. 2002, v. 11 (1), p. 19-24. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: psittaciformes, diagnostic technique, virus neutralization assays.
West Nile virus activity: United States, November 7-13, 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Nov. 15, 2002, v. 51 (45), p. 1026-1027. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL call no: RA407.3.M562
Descriptors: West Nile virus infection, epidemiology, Aves, disease vector, host, birds.
West Nile virus: A threat to North American avian species. McLean, Robert G. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 2002, v. 67, p. 62-74. ISSN: 0078-1355. Wildlife Management Institute, 1101 14th St., N.W., Suite 801, Washington, C.D. 20005.
NAL call no: 412.9 N814
Descriptors: epidemiology, vector biology, disease surveillance in birds.
2001
Air borne transmission of avian pneumovirus (APV). Nagaraja, K.V.; Shin, H.; Halvorson, D.A. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 2001, v. 101, p. 696. ISSN: 1060-2011.
NAL call no: OR1.A5
Descriptors: viral infection, viral respiratory disease, vector biology, avian pneumovirus, metapneumovirus, turkeys.
Abstract: Avian pneumovirus (APV) is a Paramyxovirus that belongs to the genus Metapneumovirus, and is associated with catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory tract in turkeys. APV has been a cause of serious economic problem in turkeys industry in Minnesota, but the mechanism of transmission of the virus is not clearly understood. We investigated the possibility of air borne transmission of APV. Briefly, twenty 2 week old turkey poults were experimentally exposed with 200 ul of vero cell cultured avian pneumovirus MN-2a strain (TCID50 5.3/ml) oculo-nasally. Another 20 birds were exposed with 200 ul of minimum essential media (MEM) through the same route. Turkeys in both groups were kept in two experimental nursery pens (1.2x1.2m) enclosed in 4 aluminum and plexiglass-clad chambers connected by a rectangular duct (0.6x0.6m) that was 1m long. The duct allowed ventilating air to flow from 1 pen housing exposed to the APV unexposed control turkeys. On 3, 6 and 15 days post inoculation (PI), choanal swabs were collected from each bird and examined by M. Gene based RT-PCR. In addition, serum samples were monitored for APV antibody. It is suggested from these results that APV is transmitted through the air. The results of RT-PCR revealed the presence of APV viral nucleic acid in samples from controls by 3 days post exposure of turkeys in one chamber. The serum samples from control showed the presence of APV antibody.
Birds and Borrelia. Humair, P.F.; Suss, J. (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel, H. International Journal of Microbiology, 2001, v. 291, Supplement 33, p. 70-74. ref. ISSN: 1438-4221.
Descriptors: disease vectors, epidemiology, Lyme disease, reservoir hosts, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Abstract: After several years of controversy, the contribution of birds in the ecology of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) has become more and more obvious on the three continents where the pathogens are distributed. Evidence of the reservoir competence of particular bird species has been obtained using tick xenodiagnosis. B. burgdorferi sl circulates not only in terrestrial environment involving Ixodes ricinus and undergrowth-frequenting birds but also in marine environment involving I. uriae and seabirds. Migrating birds contribute to the spread of B. burgdorferi sl and infected tick vectors along migration routes.
Bird schistosomes: do they die in mammalian skin? Horak, Petr; Kolarova, Libuse. Trends in Parasitology, Feb. 2001, v. 17 (2), p. 66-69. ISSN: 1471-4922.
NAL call no: QL757.P374
Descriptors: avian hosts, human hosts, life cycle, skin invasion, transmission.
Bird and their ticks in northwestern California: Minimal contribution to Borrelia bugdorferi enzootiology. Slowik, Ted J; Lane, Robert S. Journal of Parasitology, Aug. 2001, v. 87 (4), p. 755-761. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL call no: 448.8.J824
Descriptors: parasitology, vector biology, tick infestation, Aves, Lyme disease, California.
Abstract: Birds and their attendant ticks were surveyed for infection with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, in chaparral and woodland-grass habitats in northwestern California from March to July, 1998 to 1999. In total, 234 birds were captured and recaptured (15%); nearly 2.5 times more birds were captured in chaparral than in woodland-grass. Overall, 34 species representing 15 families were collected during this study; of these, 24 species were caught in chaparral, 19 in woodland-grass, and 9 in both vegetational types. The most frequently captured birds were sage sparrows (Amphispiza belli) in chaparral, and American robins (Turdus migratorius) and oak titmice (Baelophus inornatus) in woodland-grass. Birds hosted 35 Ixodes pacificus (15 larvae, 20 nymphs) and 9 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (3 larvae, 5 nymphs, 1 adult) ticks, of which 32 were removed from chaparral birds and 12 from woodland birds. The prevalence of tick infestation was 13% (21/167) in chaparral and 5% (3/67) in woodland-grass, but the relative and mean tick intensities of 0.19 and 1.5 for chaparral birds, and 0.18 and 4.0 for woodland birds, respectively, did not differ significantly by habitat. Spirochetes were not detected in either bird-blood or tick-tissue samples when tested by culture, immunofluorescence, or Giemsa-staining. In contrast, over 90% (86/94) of western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) collected in June or July were infested with an average of 6.9 and 8.9 immature I. pacificus in chaparral and woodland-grass, respectively. We concluded that birds contribute little to the enzootiology of B. burgdorferi in chaparral and woodland-grass habitats in northwestern California because of their limited parasitism by tick vectors and lack of detectable spirochetes.
Blood parasites of birds: A plea for more cautious terminology. Cooper, John E.; Anwar, M. Ali. Ibis, Jan. 2001, v. 143 (1), p. 149-150. ISSN: 0019-1019.
NAL call no: SB359.5 B78
Descriptors: blood parasitism, blood and lymphatic diseases, parasitic diseases, taxonomy.
Detection and heterogeneity of herpesviruses causing Pacheco’s disease in parrots. Tomaszewski, E.; Wilson, V.G.; Wigle, W.L.; Phalen, D.N. Journal of clinical Microbiology, 2001, v. 39 (2), p. 533-538. ref. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL call no: QL46.J6
Descriptors: animal diseases, diagnosis, epidemiology, polymerase chain reaction, alphaherpesvirus.
Abstract: Pacheco’s disease (PD) is a common, often fatal, disease of parrots. We cloned a virus isolate from a parrot that had characteristic lesions of PD. Three viral clones were partly sequenced demonstrating that this virus was an alphaherpesvirus most closely related to the gallid herpesvirus. Five primer sets were developed from these sequences. The primer sets were used with PCR to screen tissues or tissue culture media suspected to contain viruses from 54 outbreaks of PD. The primer sets amplified DNA from all but one sample. Ten amplification patterns were detected, indicating that PD is caused by a genetically heterogeneous population of viruses. A single genetic variant (psittacid herpesvirus variant) amplified with all primer sets was the most common virus variant (62.7%). A single primer set (23F) amplified DNA from all of the positive samples, suggesting that PCR could be used as a rapid postmortem assay for these viruses. PCR was found to be significantly more sensitive than tissue culture for the detection of psittacid herpesviruses.
Disease of aviary birds. Resanovic, R. Zivinarstvo, 2001, v. 36 (6-7), p. 143-145. ISSN: 0354-4036.
Descriptors: aviary birds, disease, pets.
Abstract: This is a discussion of handling and treating caged exotic birds at small animal practice.
Disease control in adult pheasants. Pennycott, T. In Practice, 2001, v. 23 (3), p. 132-140. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL call no: SF601.I4
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, helminths, game birds, peritonitis.
Disease emergence in birds: Challenges for the twenty-first century. Friend, M.; McLean, R.G.; Dein, F.J. Auk, 2001, v. 118 (2), p. 290-303. ref. ISSN: 0004-8038.
NAL call no: 413.8 AU4
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, distribution, parasitoses, reviews, zoonoses.
Abstract: Disease occurrences in birds that have increased within the past 3 decades, or threaten to increase in the near future relative to populations affected, geographical distribution, or magnitude of effects are presented. Disease and disease emergence in birds are defined. This paper focuses on the microbes and parasites that cause diseases in unconfined biota and wild avifauna. The following topics are discussed: disease-distribution; geographical-distribution; mycoses; parasitoses; population-dynamics; and zoonoses.
Diseases of caged birds transmissible to humans. Resanovic, R. Zivinarstvo, 2001, v. 36 (11), p. 239-240. ref. ISSN: 0354-4036.
Descriptors: antibiotics, drug therapy, ivermectin, zoonoses, treatment, Knemidokoptes.
Abstract: A parrot beak and feather dystrophy (parvoviral infection), and Knemidokoptes spp. ectoparasitosis of birds are discussed. Parrot and beak and feather dystrophy can be treated by systemic antibiotics, antifungal disinfectants and glucocorticosteroids, and Knemidokoptes spp. ectoparasitosis with ivermectin.
Diseases of penguins. Duignan, P.J. Surveillance-Wellington, 2001, v. 28 (4), p. 5-11. ref. ISSN: 0112-4972.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, starvation, viral diseases, animal welfare.
Ehrlichia-infected ticks on migrating birds. Bjoersdorff, A.; Bergstrom, S.; Massung, R.F.; Haemig, P.D.; Olsen, B. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2001, v. 7 (5), p. 877-879. ref. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: disease transmission, disease vectors, human diseases, tickborne diseases.
Abstract: During the spring of 1996, and estimated 581395 Ehrlichia-infected ticks were imported into Sweden by migrating birds. Ehrlichia gene sequences found 9 of 165 ticks collected from these migrating birds were identical to those of granulocytic ehrlichiosis found in domestic animals and humans in Sweden. These findings support the idea that birds may play a role in dispersing Ehrlichia.
Ehrlichiosis, Ixodes ticks and migratory birds. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina, H.V.; Suss, J.(ed.); Kahl, O.(ed.); Dautel, H. Proceedings of the VIth International Potsdam Symposium on Tick Borne Diseases (IPS VI), Berlin, Germany, Apr. 26-27, 2001. International Journal of Medical Biology, 2001, v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 236. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: disease vectors, human diseases, mixed infections, reservoir hosts, Ehrlichia.
Emerging zoonotic diseases. Hansen, G.R.; Woodall, J.; Brown, C.; Jaax, N.; McNamara, T.; Ruiz, A. International Conference on Infectious Diseases, Jul. 2000, Atlanta, GA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2001, v. 7 (3) Supplement 537. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL call no: RA648.5.E46
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, cat-scratch disease, disease models, exotics.
Encephalitis virus persistence in California birds: Preliminary studies with house finches. Reisen, W.K.; Kramer, L.G.; Chiles, R.E.; Green, E.G.N.; Martinez, V.M. Journal of Medical Entomology, May 2001, v. 38 (3), p. 393-399. ref. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL call no: 421.J828
Descriptors: Fringillidae, western equine encephalitis virus, chronic infections.
Abstract: Field collected house finches of mixed sex and age were infected experimentally with either western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) or St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses during the summer or fall of 1998 and maintained over the winter under ambient conditions. To detect natural relapse during the spring, 32 birds were bled weekly from February through June 1999, and then necropsied 1 yr after infection to detect chronic infections using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After 10 mo, 13/14 surviving birds previously infected with WEE were antibody positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and 11/14 had plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) antibody titers >1:20, whereas only of 8/13 birds previously infected with SLE were positive by EIA and all had PRNT titers < 1:20. When necropsied, 1/14 and 1/13 birds had WEE and SLE RT-PCR positive lung or spleen tissue, respectively; blood, brain, and liver tissues were negative as were all previous blood samples. All tissues from these birds including weekly blood samples tested negative for infectious virus by plaque assay on Vero cell culture. To determine if persistent antibody was protective, birds infected initially with WEE of SLE in November 1998 were challenged 6 mo later with homologous virus. WEE antibody persisted well (5/6 birds remained PRNT positive before challenge) and remained protective, because 0/6 birds were viremic after challenge. In contrast, SLE antibody decayed rapidly (0/6 birds remained PRNT positive before challenge) and was not protective, because 3/6 birds developed an ephemeral viremia on day 1 after infection (mean titer, 10(2.73) plaque forming units/0.1 ml). When necropsied 7 wk after challenge, 1/10 birds infected with WEE and 1/10 birds infected with SLE exhibited an RT-PCR positive spleen, despite the fact that both birds had PRNT antibody titers >1:40 at this time. To determine if immunosuppression would cause a chronic infection to relapse, eight birds initially infected with either WEE or SLE were treated with cyclophosphamide and then tested repeatedly for viremia; all samples were negative for virus by plaque assay. Collectively, our results indicated that a low percentage of birds experimentally infected with WEE or SLE developed chronic infections in the spleen or lung that could be detected by Rt-PCR, but not by plaque assay. Birds did not appear to relapse naturally or after immunosuppression. The rapid decay of SLE, but not WEE, antibody may allow the relapse of chronic infections of SLE, but not WEE, to produce viremias sufficiently elevated to infect mosquitoes.
Feather mites on birds: Costs of parasitism or conditional outcomes? Blanco, Guillermo; Tella, Jose L.; Potti, Jaime; Baz, Arturo. Journal of Avian Biology, Sept. 2001, v. 32 (3), p. 271-274. ISSN: 0908-8857.
Descriptors: Aves, host, feather mite, parasite, symbiont, cost-benefit relations.
Abstract: Feather mites (suborder Astigmata, superfamilies Analgoidea, Pterolichoidea and Freyaniidae) are among the commonest ectosymbionts of birds. Most researchers have assumed they are parasites, having negative effects on hosts. Here we present evidence that suggests that feather mites may not be parasites. We develop a framework for considering conditional outcomes in these interspecific associations, dealing with different kinds of relationships between symbionts. The non-parasitic status of feather mites is supported by a literature review as well as by preliminary data on mites’ food. We illustrate symbiotic relationships with a graphical model showing different scenarios in which hosts’ cost-benefit relations are determined by the interactions among their symbionts.
Fecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility of selected bacterial pathogens and a survey of intestinal parasites in free-living waterfowl. Fallacara, D.M.; Monahan, C.M.; Morishita, T.Y.; Wack, R.F. Avian Diseases, 2001, v. 45 91), p. 128-135. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: parasitic nematodes, bacitracin, parasitoses, multiple drug resistance, nematodes, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella multocida.
Abstract: Free-living waterfowl residing in metropolitan parks in central Ohio, USA were surveyed between October 1998 and August 1999 for faecal shedding and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Pasteurella multocida. In addition, a survey for intestinal parasites was also conducted in these same waterfowl to determine parasite burdens in free-living waterfowl. Prevalences of 67, 50 and 0.2 % of E. coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella, respectively, were observed for all waterfowl species. P. multocida was not isolated from the sample population. S. java was isolated from one mallard duck. Statistically, there was a significantly higher E. coli isolation rate for mallard ducks than for Canada geese, but no difference was observed for C. jejuni isolation rates between waterfowl species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via the disk diffusion method and multidrug resistance was exhibited for penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, erythromycin and bacitracin. In addition, the prevalence of endoparasites in these sampled waterfowl ranged between 5 and 66%. Protozoan oocysts were most prevalent followed by nematode ova. No trematode or cestode ovum was recovered from this sampled population.
Gastrointestinal parasites in ostriches (Struthio camelus). Pennycott, T. Veterinary Record, 2001, v. 148 (5), p. 155-156. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: disease surveys, parasites, gastrointestinal, Libyostrongylus douglassii, Codiostomum struthionis, Balantidium sp., Entamoeba.
Abstract: In 1995 a small survey was carried out by the SAC Veterinary Science Division in which samples from 50 ostriches from Scotland, England and Wales were examined for the eggs or larvae of Libyostrongylus douglassii or Codiostomum struthionis. No evidence of these nematodes was found but in 1998, larger numbers of L. douglassii and their eggs were found in a 3 year old ostrich which had died on a farm in Scotland. Small to large numbers of eggs or larvae were found in faecal samples from 7 of 9 birds on the same site, with the highest counts found in birds from the same paddock as the bird which died. No further losses occurred after remaining birds were given ivermectin. Small numbers of Balantidium sp. cysts have been found in the faeces of several healthy ostriches in Scotland, but large numbers were found in the colon of a young ostrich, aged 3 months, that lost weight and died. Large numbers of Entamoeba-like protozoa were repeatedly found in the faeces of a healthy 4 month old ostrich.
Infestation of a bird and two cats by larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyalidae). Pinckney, Rhonda D.: Kanton, Karin; Foster, Cheryl N.; Steinberg, Howard; Pellitteri, Phillip. Journal of Medical Entomology, Sept. 2001, v. 38 (5), p. 725-727. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL call no: 421 J828
Descriptors: parasite, cat, bird, larva, brain, nervous system, Indian meal moth.
Abstract: The larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), commonly known as the Indian meal moth, often cause enormous losses in stored food supplies. We present three clinical case reports of accidental infestation by P. interpunctella larvae in two domestic cats and one parakeet. A larva gained entry into the avian host and subsequently migrated to the brain. It was alive, covered with “silk-like” fibers and confirmed to be a fourth instar. Plodia interpunctella larvae were excised with forceps from the subcutaneous tissues of the ear and neck of two cats in a different household. Previous reports of infestation by P. interpunctella larvae in vertebrates are unknown.
Influence of host ecology and morphology on the diversity of neotropical bird lice. Clayton, D.H.; Walther, B.A. Oikos, Sept. 2001, v. 94 (3), p. 455-467. ISSN: 0030-1299.
NAL call no: 410.OI4
Descriptors: evolution, adaptation, parasitology, birds, hosts, host ecology, morphology, chewing lice, Peruvian birds.
Abstract: Host-parasite systems can be powerful arenas in which to explore factors influencing community structure. We used a comparative approach to examine the influence of host ecology and morphology on diversity of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) among 52 species of Peruvian birds. For each host species we calculated two components of parasite diversity: 1.) Cumulative species richness, and 2.) Mean abundance. We tested for correlations between these parasite indices and 13 host ecological and morphological variables. Host ecological variables included geographic range size, local population density, and microhabitat use. Host morphological variables included body mass, plumage depth, and standard dimensions of bill, foot and toenail morphology, all of which could influence the efficiency of anti-parasite grooming. Data were analysed using statistical and comparative methods that control for sampling effort and host phylogeny. None of the independent host variables correlated with louse species richness when treated as a dependent variable. When richness was treated as an independent variable, however, it was positively correlated with mean louse abundance. Host body mass was also positively correlated with mean louse abundance. When louse richness and host body mass were held constant, mean louse abundance correlated negatively with the degree to which the upper mandible of the host’s bill overhangs the lower mandible. This correlation suggests that birds with longer overhangs are better at controlling lice during preening. We propose a specific functional hypothesis in which preening damages lice by exerting a shearing force between the overhang and the tip of the lower mandible. This study is the first to suggest a parasite-control function of such a detailed component of bill morphology across species. Avian biologists have traditionally focused almost exclusively on bills as tools for feeding. We suggest that the adaptive radiation of bill morphology should be reinterpreted with both preening and feeding in mind.
Infraorbital sinusitis associated with Pasteurella multocida in pen-raised ring-neck pheasants. Chin, R.P.; Goshgarian, M. Avian Diseases. Apr./Jun. 2001, v. 45 (2), p. 540-543. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.9 AV5
Descriptors: pheasants, sinuses, sinusitis, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella haemolytica, Mycoplasma gallinaceum, Mycoplasma glycophilum, multiple infections, tetracycline.
Abstract: Pateurella mulocida, somatic serotype 6, was isolated from the infraorbital sinuses of 8-wk-old ring-necked pheasants with severe sinusitis. In addition, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella haemolytica like bacteria, Mycoplasma gallinaceum, and Mycoplasma glycophilum were also isolated from some of the sinuses. Clinical signs appeared 3 days after placement on the grow-out ranch. The sinusitis consisted of severe unilateral of bilateral distention of the sinuses by mucoid to caseous exudate. Mortality and morbidity were low. Birds responded to treatment with tetracycline after proper medication procedures. The source of the infection was not determined, though possible sources include the brood ranch, wild animals, or wild waterfowl.
Interspecific variability of prevalence in blood parasites of adult passerine birds during the breeding season in Alaska. Deviche, Pierre; Greiner, Ellis C.; Manteca, Xavier. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Jan. 2001, v. 37 (1), p. 28-35. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: blood parasite infection, parasitic disease, blood and lymphatic disease, Alaska.
Abstract: Blood parasite prevalence based on microscopic examination of stained blood smears was determined in adults of 11 passerine bird species sampled during their breeding season (May and June 1997-98) in interior Alaska (USA). These species included primarily Nearctic migratory species such as the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) and neotropical migratory species such as the blackpoll warbler (Dendrocia striata), alder flycatcher (Empidonax ainorum), Swainson’s thrush (Catharus ustulatus), northern waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), and bank swallow (Riparia riparia) as well as one long-distance palearctic migrant, the arctic warbler (Phylloscopus borealis). The more prevalent parasites were Leucocytozoon dubreuili (73% of the sampled turdinids), L. fringillinarum (42% of the sampled fringillids and parulids), and Trypanosoma avium (39% of the sampled hosts). Other parasites (H. Fallisi: 18% of the sampled turdinids; Haemoproteus paruli: 14% of the sampled parulids; H. fringillae: 5% of the sampled fringillids; microfilaria: 4% of the sampled hosts) were observed less frequently. Plasmodium vaughani was found only in two yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia). Overall parasite prevalence varied between 0% in the alder flycatcher to >80% in Swainson’s thrush, arctic warbler, and Townsend’s warbler (Dendroica townsendi). Prevalence of various hematozoa also was bird species dependent. No relationship was observed between prevalence and either foraging (aerial versus trees/shrubs) or nesting habits (ground versus arboreal) or general location of the wintering area of the different species examined. Prevalence also was unrelated to average dates of arrival on breeding grounds and, therefore, to potential duration of exposure to local insect vectors before capture. Differences in blood parasite prevalence among species breeding in a same region and in the same type of habitat may result from differences in host specificity such as immunological resistance to infection or blood meal preference by potential vectors and/or in behavioral adjustments/physiological traits that alter exposure to vectors.
Mycobacteriosis in birds. Tell, L.A.; Woods, L.; Cromie, R.L. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, 2001, v. 20 (1), p. 180-203. ref. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, prevention, intestinal diseases, treatment, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium genavense.
Abstract: Avian mycobacteriosis is an important disease which affects companion, captive exotic, wild and domestic birds. The disease is most commonly caused by Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium genavense. Lesions are typically found in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, although many other organ systems can potentially be affected. The authors review those species of Mycobacterium reported to affect birds, the epidemiology of avian mycobacteriosis, immunological responses to mycobacterial infection, ante- and post-mortem diagnosis, treatment and prevention or control of the disease.
Mycoplasmas and respiratory disease in pheasants and partridges. Bradbury, Janet M.; Yavari, Christine A.; Dare, Cynthia M. Avian Pathology, Aug. 2001, v. 30 (4), p. 391-396. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: respiratory Mycoplasma infection, bacterial diseases, respiratory infections.
Abstract: Pheasants and partridges with signs of upper respiratory disease were cultured for mycoplasmas and were also examined for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae using commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kits. Sixty-two incidents of disease were investigated in pheasants and 12 in partridges, respectively, but with PCR a further 15 M. gallisepticum-positive incidents were detected in pheasants and another five in partridges. Several fast-growing Mycoplasma species, in particular Mycoplasma glycophilum, Mycoplasma gallinacium and Mycoplasma pullorum, were isolated frequently and were thought to be impeding the isolation of M. gallisetpticum by outgrowing it. Samples yielding M. gallisepticum isolates contained significantly fewer “contaminating” species and were exclusively from specimens submitted as whole heads rather than as swabs or as cultures from other laboratories. M. synoviae was not isolated and was detected in only one specimen by PCR.
Newcastle disease virus: Macromolecules and opportunities. Yusoff, Khatijah; Tan-Wen, Siang. Avian Pathology, Oct. 2001, v. 30 (5), p. 439-455. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, diagnosis, prevention, treatment.
Abstract: Over the past two decades, enormous advances have occurred in the structural and biological characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). As a result, not only the complete sequence of the viral genome has been determined, but also a clearer understanding of the viral proteins and their respective roles in the life cycle has been achieved. This article reviews the progress in the molecular biology of NDV with emphasis on the new technologies. It also identifies the fundamental problems that need to be addressed and attempts to predict some research opportunities in NDV that can be realized in the near future for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease(s).
New feather mite taxa (Acari: Analgoidea) and mites collected from native and introduced birds of New Zealand. Miranov, S.V.; Galloway, T.D. Acarologia, 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 185-201. ref. ISSN: 0044-586X.
NAL call no: 434.8 AC1
Descriptors: anatomy, ectoparasites, morphology, new species, taxonomy.
Abstract: Five new species of feather mites are described from several species of native and introduced birds of New Zealand [date not given]: Hemialges pilgrimi sp. nov. and Trouessartia rhipidurae sp. nov. from Rhipidura fuliginosa fuliginosa (Muscicapidae), Megninia californica sp. nov. from Lophortyx californica brunnescens (Phasianidae), Mouchetia novaezealandica sp. from Zosterops lateralis (Zosteropidae), Proctphyllodes gerygonae sp. nov. from Gerygone igata (Acanthizidae). An additional 22 species of feather mites are recorded, 20 for the first time in New Zealand. One species of nasal mite Turbinoptes strandtmanni, was also collected.
Order Passeriformes (songbirds). Ectoparasites. Guimaraes, Marta Brito. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 209. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56
Descriptors: Acari, avian hosts, ectoparasites, management, Passeriformes.
Order Psittaciformes (parrots, macaws, conures). Fungal Infections. Biasia, Iara; Giovanardi, Attilio A.; Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 163-167. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, care in captivity, fungal diseases, pathology, management.
Order Psittaciformes (parrots, macaws, conures). Viral diseases. Werther, Karin. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001, i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 157-163. Fowler, Murray E, Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, care in captivity, viral diseases, pathology, management.
Order Rheiformes (rheas). Helminth parasites. Gouveia- Arantes, Isau. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001, i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 68-71. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: Sf996.4.B56
Descriptors: Cestoda, avian hosts, parasites, diseases, management.
Order Tinamiformes (tinamous). Helminthiasis of tinamous. do Nascimento, Adjair Antonio; Gouveia Arantes, Isau. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 76-80. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56
Descriptors: parasites, avian hosts, diseases, management, Tinamiformes.
Parasitic cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyloidae) associated with passeriform birds (Aves: Passeriformes) in Canada. Bochkov, Andre V.; Galloway, Terry D. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Nov. 2001, v. 79 (11), p. 2014-2028. ref. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL call no: 470 C16D
Descriptors: birds, parasitology, new species, ectoparasitism, anatomy.
Abstract: Eleven species belonging to four families of cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyletoidae) are recorded from several species of passeriform birds from Manitoba, Canada. Descriptions and diagnoses are provided for four new species, and six species are recorded for the first time in Canada: Ornithocheyletia turdi sp. nov. (Cheyletiellae) ex Turdus migratorius (Turdidae); Ornithocheyletia prognae sp. nov. ex Progne subis (Hirundinidae); Neocheyletiella microrhyncha (Berlese et Trouessart, 1889) (Cheyletiellidae) ex Hirundo rustica and P. subis (Hirundinidae); Harpyrhynchoides zumpti (Fain 1972) (Harpirhynchidae) ex Quiscalus quiscula (Icteridae); Syringophilopsis icteri sp. nov. (Syringophilidaez) ex Icterus galbula (Icteridae); Syringophilopsis troglodytis (Fritsch, 1958) ex Troglodytes aedon (Troglodytidae); Syringophilopsis dendroicae sp. nov. ex Dendroica coronata (Parulidae); Syringophiloidus minor (Berlese, 1887) (Syringophilidae) ex Passer domesticus (Ploceidae); Sryingophiloidus motacillae Bochkov et Mironov, 1998 ex Zonotrichia albicollis (Emberizidae); Syringophiloidus seiuri (Clark, 1964), for which the female is redescribed and the male is described for the first time, ex Q. Quiscula, and has been previously recorded from the redwinged blackbird, Agelaius phoenicius, in Manitoba.
Parasites, immune defences and life-history trade-offs in birds. Ilmonen, Petteri. Annales Universitatis Turkuensis Series A II Biologica, Geographica, Geologica, 2001, v. 146, p. 1-24. ISSN: 0082-6979.
NAL call no: GB1109.F5L45
Descriptors: evolution, adaptation, immune system, parasitology.
Peripheral neuritis in psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease. Berhane, Yohannes; Smith, Dale A.; Newman, Shelley; Taylor, Michael; Nagy, Eva; Binnington, Brian; Hunter, Bruce. Avian Pathology, Oct. 2001, v. 30 (5), p. 563-570. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: adrenalitis, myelitis, viral disease, proventricular dilatation disease.
Abstract: Necropsies were performed on 14 psittacine birds of various species suspected to have proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). Eight of the birds exhibited neurological signs (seizures, ataxia, tremors and uncoordinated movements) and digestive tract signs (crop stasis, regurgitation, inappetance and presence of undigested food in the feces). At necropsy, the birds had pectoral muscle atrophy, proventrucular and ventricular distention, thinning of the gizzard wall, and duodenal dilation. In addition, five birds had a transparent fluid (0.2 to 1.0 ml) in the subarachnoidal space of the brain, and one bird had dilatation of the right ventricle of the heart. The histological lesions differed from earlier reports of PDD in that peripheral (sciatic, brachial and vagal) neuritis was seen in addition to myenteric ganglioneuritis, myocarditis, adrenalitis, myelitis and encephalitis.
Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) and other passerine birds. Kaiser, A.; Seitz, A.; Strub, O. Suss, J. (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel, H. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2001, v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 75-79. ref. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: disease prevalence, disease vectors, epidemiology, human diseases, Lyme disease, Germany.
Abstract: In order to explore the involvement of terrestrial birds in the ecology of Lyme disease spirochetes, we determined the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. DNA in tick larvae feeding on the hosts. Birds were caught at several study sites along the Rhine valley in SW Germany between August 1999 and March 2001. A total of 987 Ixodes ricinus larvae were collected from 225 birds belonging to 20 host species. The following four passerine species that have not yet been subject to detailed reservoir competence analysis were investigated: nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos), dunnock (Prunella modilaris), chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) and reed warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus). Borrelia DNA was analysed in attached ticks and for one species, the nightingale, blood samples were included. Borrelia DNA was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ospA gene of B. burgdorferi s.l. and 1-2 larvae per bird were analysed. On the basis of one larvae per individual bird, Borrelia DNA was detected in 6 0f 9 larval ticks from the nightingale, in one of 10 ticks from the dunnock, in 3 of 9 ticks from the chiffchaff, and in 2 of 21 larval ticks from reed warblers. Five of 9 ticks removed from robins Erithacus rubecula in winter were Borrelia positive. Blood samples from nightingales caught during the breeding period were ospA-gene positive in 71 of 138 birds (51%).
Variation in tick infestation rate in passerine birds. Strub, O.; Seitz, A.; Kaiser, A.; Suss, J. (ed); Kahl, O. (ed); Dautel, H. Proceedings of the VIth International Potsdam Symposium on Tick-Borne Diseases (IPS-VI), Berlin, Germany, Apr. 26-27, 2001. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2001, v. 291 Supplement 33, p. 236. ISSN: 1438-4221.
NAL call no: QR1.Z443
Descriptors: Ixodes, disease prevalence, infestation, ticks.
West Nile encephalitis: An emerging disease in the United States. Marfin, Anthony A.; Gubler, Duane J. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Nov. 15, 2001, v. 33 (10), p. 1713-1719. ISSN: 1058-4838.
NAL call no: RC111.R4
Descriptors: West Nile encephalitis, viral disease, emergent diseases, West Nile virus, current status.
Abstract: In 1999, an epidemic of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis occurred in New York City (NYC) and 2 surrounding New York counties. Simultaneously, an epizootic among American crows and other bird species occurred in 4 states. Indigenous transmission of WNV had never been documented in the western hemisphere until this epidemic. In 2000, the epizootic expanded to 12 states and the District of Columbia, and the epidemic continued in NYC, 5 New Jersey counties, and 1 Connecticut county. In addition to these outbreaks, several large epidemics of WNV have occurred in other regions of the world where this disease was absent or rare >5 years ago. Many of the WNV strains isolated during recent outbreaks demonstrate an extremely high degree of homology that strongly suggests widespread circulation of potentially epidemic strains of WNV. The high rates of severe neurologic illness and death amond humans, horses, and birds in these outbreaks are unprecedented and unexplained. We review the current status of WNV in the United States.
Wild birds as a possible natural reservoir of Borna disease. Berg, M.; Johansson, M.; Montell, H.; Berg, A.L. Epidemiology and Infection, Aug. 2001, v. 127 (1), p. 173-178. ISSN: 0950-2688.
NAL call no: RA651.A1E74
Descriptors: infection, vector biology, animal viruses, Aves, vectors, mallard ducks, jackdaws.
Abstract: The natural reservoir of Borna disease virus (BVD) is unknown. In this paper, we show that mallards (Anas platyhyncos) and jackdaws (Corvus monedula) can be subclinically infected carriers of this virus. From faecal samples collected at a bird pond, we were able to amplify fragments of the BDV p24 and p40 genes. Following cloning and sequencing, a phylogenetic analysis revealed that these birds carry strains of BDV closely related to but distinct from the reference strains BDV V and He/80. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed finding of BVD in wild birds.
2000
Affections des estomacs chez les oiseaux de cage et de voliere. [Stomach diseases in caged and aviary birds.] Andre, J.P. Point Veterinaire, 2000, v. 31 (207), p. 211-217. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French.
NAL call no: SF602.P6
Descriptors: aviary birds, stomach diseases, gastritis, digestive system diseases.
Le affezioni respiratorie negli psittacidi. [Respiratory diseases of psittacine birds.] Andre, J.P. Summa, 2000, v. 17 (2), p. 57-65. ref. Note: In Italian.
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, aviary birds.
Algal toxins: Initiators of avian botulism? Murphy, Tom; Lawson, Annette; Nalewajko, Czesia; Murkin, Henry; Ross, Lisette; Oguma, Keiji; McIntyre, Terry. Environmental Toxicology, Dec. 2000, v. 15 (5), p. 558-567. ISSN: 1520-4081.
NAL call no: RA1221.T69
Descriptors: botulism, bacterial disease, toxicity, birds, algal toxins, Clostridium, sediment, Canada.
Abstract: An outbreak of avian botulism in Whitewater Lake, Manitoba, Canada was associated with reducing sediments. But any linkage between sediments and botulism was only indirect; Clostridium botulinum was not observed in the sediments. The source of the C. botulinum was unclear but carcasses that overwintered appeared to perpetuate the outbreak. The algal toxins anatoxin-a and microcystin LR were present (17 Itoreq mg/L) when many birds were moulting and unable to fly, likely making them more sensitive to botulism. The sediment anoxia released phosphorus into lakewater so that concentrations increased from about 73 to 470 mg/L and enhanced growth of Microcystis and Aphanizomenon. Wind resuspension of sediments resulted in areas with more algal biomass and associated algal toxins.
The annual cycle of Chalmydia psittaci shedding in pigeons. Cohen, Philip. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2000, v. 55 (1), p. 32. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: biosynchronization, infection, Chlamydiaceae, pigeon.
Antibody response to La Sota strain vaccines of Newcastle disease virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus) as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bilgnaut, A.; Burger, W.P.; Morley, A.J.; Bellstedt, D.U. Avian Diseases, 2000, v. 44 (2), p. 390-398. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: diagnosis, disease control, ELISA, immunization, humoral immunity.
Abstract: Because of the fact that South Africa is a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-endemic country, major concerns exist that the export of ostrich meat coul d transmit velogenic strains of this disease. The ability to transmit the virus could be reduced by effective vaccination of South African ostriches. In this study, two vaccination trials were conducted to assess serum antibody production in response to vaccination with La Sota strain NDV vaccines. To this end, a commercially available fowl anti-NDV biotin-avidin ELISA was modified for the detection of anti NDV antibodies in ostrich serum. The results obtained with this ELISA were verified by comparison with an indirect ELISA. In the first trial, 60 ostriches were immunized subcutaneously four times with different volumes of an inactivated vaccine (Lomavac) and their immune response was determined from 2.5 months up to the ideal slaughter age of 14 months. Results indicate that ostriches responded in a dose-dependent manner and gave support for the vaccination schedule currently recommended to South African farmers. In a second trial, immunization by eyedrop with a live La Sota vaccine of 32 5-week-old ostriches did not elicit a humoral immune response. The results indicate that it is highly unlikely that ostriches that have been vaccinated according to the recommended vaccination schedule can transmit the virus.
Avian mite dermatitis. Orton, D.I.; Warren, L.J.; Wilkinson, J.D. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 2000, v. 25 (2), p. 129-131. ref. ISSN: 0307-6983.
Descriptors: dermatitis, skin diseases, ectoparasites, humans, zoonoses.
Abstract: A case of infestation of a 58 year old British woman by Orinthonyssus sylviarum from an abandoned bird’s nest in the roof of the patient’s home is described. This caused a puritic erythematous papular eruption on exposed sites that settled with topical steroids. The authors discuss the diagnosis and range of clinical manifestations produced by avian mites.
Avian mycobacterial infection. Rich, G. Exotic Pet Practice, 2000, v. 5 (6), p. 47.
NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97
Descriptors: aviary birds, case reports, eye diseases, granuloma.
Biocontrol of ticks. Samish, Michael. Tropical Veterinary Diseases: Control and Prevention in the Context of the New World Order, Dec. 2000, v. 916, p. 172-178. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ISSN: 0077-8923. ISBN: 1573312819 (cloth); 1573312827 (paper).
NAL call no: 500 N484
Descriptors: Acarina, bird, parasite, biocontrol agent.
Candidiasis and cryptococcosis in birds. Velasco, Michelle Curtis. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Apr. 2000, v. 9 (2), p. 75-81. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: care in captivity, fungal diseases, pathology, diagnosis, treatment.
Common respiratory disorders in caged birds. Worell, A.B. Exotic Pet Practice, 2000, v. 5 (7), p. 49-50. ref.
NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97
Descriptors: aviary birds, respiratory diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases.
Compendium of measures to control Chalmydia psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (Avian chlamydiosis), 2000. CDC. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Jul. 14, 2000, v. 49 (RR-8), p. 3-17. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL call no: RA407.3.M562
Descriptors: Chlamydia psittaci infection, bacterial disease, control measures.
Crop disorders in Psittacines. Worell, A.B. Exotic Pet Practice, 2000, v. 5 (3), p. 17-18.
NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97
Descriptors: crop disease, treatment, etiology, aviary birds, digestive system diseases, parrots.
Diagnosis of atoxoplasmosis in a canary (Serinus canarius [canaria]) by histopathologic and ultrastructural examination. Quiroga, M.I.; Aleman, N.; Vazquez, S.; Nieto, J.M. Avian Diseases, 2000, v. 44 (2), p. 465-469. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: diagnosis, pathology, ultrastructure, aviary birds, case reports.
Diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl by polymerase chain reaction. Hansen, W.R.; Nashold, S.W.; Docherty, D.E.; Brown, S.E.; Knudson, D.L. Avian Diseases, 2000, v. 44 (2), p. 266-274. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: carrier state, diagnosis, duck plague, waterfowl, polymerase chain reaction, Muscovy ducks.
Abstract: A recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used for diagnosis of duck plague in waterfowl from past and current cases of waterfowl mortality and to identify duck plague virus in combined cloacal/oral-pharyngeal swab samples from healthy mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after a disease outbreak. The PCR was able to detect viral DNA from all the individual or pooled tissues assayed from 10 waterfowl, including liver and spleen samples from three Muscovy ducks (Cirina moschata domesticus; obtained in Virginia, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, USA in 1996) that did not yield viral isolates. The strong staining intensity of the PCR products from the waterfowl tissues indicated that large amounts of virus were present, even when virus was not isolated. Duck plague DNA was also detected in a cloacal swab sample from a wood duck (Alx sponsa) carcass (obtained in Virginia, USA in 1997) submitted for diagnosis. The PCR assay identified duck plague in 13 swab samples that produced virus isolates from carrier mallards sampled in Illinois, USA in 1981 after a duck plague die-off. The duck plague PCR clearly demonstrated the ability to quickly diagnose duck plague in suspect mortality cases and to detect virus shed by carrier waterfowl.
Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of finches. Steinohrt, L.A.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1119-1123. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: diagnosis, treatment, physiology, nutrition, diet, drug therapy.
Diseases of the avian spleen. Powers, L.V. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 2000, v. 22 (10), p. 925-967. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: splenic diseases, reviews, aetiology, aviary birds.
Druhova predispozice korel k onemocnenim. [Species disposition of cockatiels to diseases.] Grymova, V. Veterinarstvi, 2000, v. 50 (4), p. 160. ref. ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: diseases, aviary birds, allergies, predisposition, reviews.
Abstract: Excessive powder-down production in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) can give rise to allergies in their owners. Non-infectious diseases mentioned are the occurrence of bald patches under the crest in lutino cockatiels, the lutino cockatiel syndrome (night panics), obesity and fatty liver, inhalation of foreign bodies, and overproduction of eggs and associated egg binding. Cockatiels are prone to chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract, particularly with Mycoplasma, chlamydia and Bordetella; a trismus syndrome is associated with these in young birds. Treatment of the conditions is discussed.
Ectoparasites of house sparrows (Passer domesticus): An experimental test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and a new model. Poiani, A.; Goldsmith, A.R.; Evans, M.R. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, Mar. 2000, v. 47 (4), p. 230-242. ISSN: 0340-5443.
NAL call no: QL751.B4
Descriptors: immune system, evolution. adaptation, parasitology.
Abstract: Conspicuous secondary sexual traits may have evolved as handicap-revealing signals of as badges of status. We present results of an experiment using males of the sexually dimorphic house sparrow (Passer domesticus), that support the idea that the male-specific bib can be both a handicap-revealing signal and a reliable badge indicating the physical condition of the bird. In a test of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, wild-caught adult male house sparrows were studied in captivity. Birds implanted with elevated doses of testosterone were more dominant, had higher circulating levels of both testosterone and corticosterone and they also harboured relatively larger ectoparasite loads. Higher parasite loads were also associated with individuals showing lower immunocompetence and larger changes in bib size. A new model for immunocompetence effects in sexual selection is introduced, integrating actions that the hypothalamopituitary axis exerts on gonads, adrenals and the thyroid gland. The “integrated immunocompetence model” synthesizes both the “handicap” (i.e. survival-decreasing) and “badge of status” (i.e. survival-enhancing) models for evolution of secondary sexual traits.
Ectoparasites in a pigeon colony. Owiny, James R.; French, Elisa D. Comparative Medicine (Memphis), Apr. 2000. v. 50 (2), p. 229-230.
NAL call no: SF77.C65
Descriptors: parasitology, systematics, taxonomy, pigeons.
Egg laying problems in caged birds. Speer, B.L.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1110-1113. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: dystocia, cages, oviposition, egg production, aviary birds.
Entamoeba sp. (Sarcomastigophora: Endamoebidae) from ostriches (Struthio camelus) (Aves: Struthionidae). Martinez-Diaz, R.A.; Herrera, S.; Castro, A.; Ponce, F. Veterinary Parasitology, Oct. 2000, v. 92 (3), p. 173-179. ref. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL call no: SF810.V4
Descriptors: ostriches, amebiasis, entamoeba, cysts, morphology.
Epizootic West Nile virus in birds. McLean, Robert G. Proceeding of the West Nile Virus Action Workshop, 2000. p.58. USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI. West Nile Action Workshop, Tarrytown, N.Y. Jan. 19-21, 2000. Wildlife Conservation Society, International Conservation, 2300 southern Blvd., Bronx, N.Y. 10460.
Descriptors: West Nile virus, birds, infection, vector, sentinel species.
Genetic variation and prevalence of blood parasites do not correlate among bird species. Poulin, Robert; Marshall, Leigh J.; Spencer, Hamish G. Journal of Zoology (London), Nov. 2000, v. 252 (3), p. 381-388. ISSN: 0952-8369.
NAL call no: QL1.J68
Descriptors: avian hosts, evolution, blood parasites, relationships.
Geographical variation in blood parasites in feral pigeons: the role of vectors. Sol, Daniel; Jovani, Roger; Torres, Jordi. Ecography, Jun. 2000, v. 23 (3), p. 307-314. ISSN: 0906-7590.
NAL call no: QH540.H6
Descriptors: disease vector, parasites, host, parasitology, Caemoproteus columbae, Pseudolynchia canariensis.
Abstract: Prevalence and intensity of blood parasites are known to vary in space within a same species, yet the causes underlying such variation are poorly known. Theoretically, blood parasites variation can be attributed to differences to exposure to parasite vectors and/or differences in host susceptibility. Here, we show that prevalence of Haemoproteus columbae in feral pigeons Columba livia varied among five near-by populations (range 15%-100%), paralleled by variation in the abundance of its main vector, the louse flies Pseudolynchia canariensis. Geographic variation in intensity of blood parasites did not covary with abundance of vectors. Within populations, older individuals had a higher probability of being parasitized than younger ones, whereas younger birds, when infected, suffered higher intensities. Furthermore, we found no evidence of sex related differences neither in prevalence nor intensity of blood parasite infections. To demonstrate that geographical variation in prevalence was actually due to differences in vector exposure, we conducted two experiments based on translocation of unparasitized pigeons from a vector free-area to an area where both the parasite and vector were abundant. With the first experiment, we demonstrated that unparasitized pigeons were not resistant to the parasite because when transmission was possible pigeons became parasitized in a few months. With the second experiment, in which half of the pigeons were prevented from contacts with the vector, we ruled out the possibility that pigeons we considered as unparasitized would have suffered from latent infections. Therefore, both observational and experimental evidence supports the view that vector abundance is the major factor influencing the spatial variation in prevalence of H. columbae in pigeons.
Helminth parasites in six species of shore birds (Charadrii) from Bristol Bay, Alaska, USA. Canaris, Albert G.; Kinsella, John M. Comparative Parasitology, Jul. 2000, v. 67 (2), p. 250-252. ref.
NAL call no: QL392.J68
Descriptors: parasitology, digestive system, parasite, host, shorebirds.
Abstract: Nineteen species of gastrointestinal helminth parasites were recovered from 6 species of charadriid shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) from Bristol Bay, Alaska: the surfbird Aphriza virgata, the western sandpiper Calidris mauri, the rock sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis, the whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, the northern phalarope Phalaropus lobatus, and the blackbellied plover Pluvialis squatarola. Cestode species were dominant (N=14), followed by trematode species (N=4) and an acanthocephalan (–1). No nematodes were observed. Only the cestode Aploparaksis davies infected more than 1 species of host, the surfbird Aphriza virgata and the northern phalarope Phalaropus lobatus. All species of helminths have been reported from birds on other continents, particularly Eurasia.
Host specificity in avian blood parasites: A study of Plasmodium and Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA amplified from birds. Bensh, Staffan; Stjernman, Martin; Hasselquist, Dennis; Ostman, Orjan; Hansson, Bengt; Westerdahl, Helena; Torres- Pinheiro, Renato. Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences Series B, Aug. 7, 2000, v. 267 (1452), p. 1583-1589. ref. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Descriptors: host specificity, parasite-host system, phylogenetic tree.
Abstract: A fragment of the mitochondrial ctyochrome b gene of avian malaria (genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium) was amplified from blood samples of 12 species of passerine birds from the genera Acrocephalus, Phyllosscopus and Parus. By sequencing 478 nucleotides of the obtained fragments, we found 17 different mitochondrial haplotypes of Haemoproteus or Plasmodium among the 12 bird species investigated. Only one out of the 17 haplotypes was found in more than one host species, this exception being a haplotype detected in both blue tits (Parus caeruleus) and great tits (Parus major). The phylogenetic tree which was constructed grouped the sequences into two clades, most probably representing Haemoproteus and Plasmodium, respectively. We found two to four different parasite mitochondrial DNA (MDNA) haplotypes in four bird species. The phylogenetic tree obtained from the mDNA of the parasites matched the phylogenetic tree of the bird hosts poorly. Foe example, the two tit species and the willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilis) carried parasites differing by only 0.6% sequence divergence, suggesting that Haemoproteus shift both between species within the same genus and also between species in different families. Hence, host shifts seem to have occurred repeatedly in this parasite-host system. We discuss this in terms of the possible evolutionary consequences for these bird species.
Iron storage disease in birds. Cork, Susan C. Avian Pathology, Feb. 2000, v. 29 (1), p. 7-12. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: iron storage disease, etiology, metabolic diseases, treatment.
Abstract: Parenteral iron is toxic to many species but, because the uptake of iron from the diet is regulated in the intestine, acute intoxication is not seen under natural conditions. Chronic ingestion of large amounts of absorbable iron in the diet can lead to the storage of iron in the liver in many species, including humans. The excess iron is stored in hapatocytes as haemosiderin and can be quantitatively assessed by liver biopsy of at necropsy using special stains such as Perls iron stain and/or biochemical tests. Iron may also be found within the Kupffer cells in the liver and the macrophage cells of the spleen especially where concurrent diseases are present such as haemolytic anaemia, septicemia, neoplasia and starvation. Iron accumulation in the liver, also known as haemosiderosis, may not always be associated with clinical disease although in severe cases hepatic damage may occur. It is probable that concurrent disease conditions are largely responsible for the degree and nature of the pathological changes described in most cases of haemosiderosis. In some human individuals there may be a genetic predisposition to iron storage disease, haemochromatosis, associated with poor regulation of iron uptake across the intestine. In severe cases iron pigment will be found in the liver, spleen, gut wall, kidney and heart with subsequent development of ascites, heart failure and multi-system pathology. Clinical disease associated with accumulation of iron in the liver, and other tissues, has been reported in many species of bird although it is most commonly reported in Indian hill mynas (Gracula religiosa) and toucans (Ramphastos sp.) It is likely that the tolerance to the build up of tissue iron varies in individual species of bird and that the predominant predisposing factors may differ, even within closely related taxonomic groups.
The Metazoan parasite fauna of grebes (Aves: Podicipediformes) and its relationship to the birds’ biology. Storer, Robert W. Miscellaneous Publications of Zoology, The University of Michigan, May 31, 2000, (188): i-iv. 1-90 p. ref. ISSN: 0076-8405.
NAL call no: 410.8 M58M
Descriptors: birds, parasite-host, digestive system.
Abstract: The data base of this work consists of a list of the multicellular parasites known to infect grebes and a list of the known species of prey taken by each species of grebe. The former includes information on where in the bird the parasites are found, the distribution of the parasite species by continents, degree of host specificity, and life cycles (whether on fresh of salt water and list of known intermediate and paratenic hosts). These data sets are used to show how the parasite faunas are related to the biology of the birds. The aquatic existence of grebes and the wide range of prey taken by individuals and species of grebes are reflected in the wide range of helminths infecting the birds (113 species of digenes, 86 of cestodes, 13 of acanthocephalans, and 37 of nematodes, most of which have aquatic life cycles). One family, one subfamily (each with the exception of a single species). Several genera, and 104 species of helminths are considered grebe specialists, as are most of the species of ectoparasites. Of the well-studied species of grebe helminths specialists, almost all have been found in more than one grebe species and many more in more than one grebe genus. This is believed related to the fact that even grebes adapted for taking particular kinds of prey will usually take many other kinds. Thus where several species of grebes are sympatric, there is a considerable overlap in diet and consequently, overlap in the intermediate hosts ingested. On the other hand, most of the ectoparasites appear to be confined to a single grebe species. Grebes contain large numbers of intestinal helminths. In a study of these parasites of 91 grebes from breeding grounds in Alberta (Stock 1985), all were found infected with numbers ranging 2 to 15 species and 112 to 33,169 individuals, the majority (96 percent) of which were cestodes. Most grebes spend the breeding season on eutrophic bodies of water, which have an abundant supply of kinds and individuals of potential prey for the birds. More than half of the species of grebes winter on salt water where a variety of helminths with salt-water intermediate hosts can infect the birds, but unfortunately, very few grebes taken on salt-water habitats have been examined for parasites. Still other kinds of helminths may be acquired bodies of water along the birds’ migration routes. Most of the helminths that are obtained on fresh waters presumably are lost shortly after the birds’ arrival on salt water and vise versa. What causes theses changeovers is unknown, but it is suggested that the mechanisms for this are the reversals of the salt gradient in the intestines. Eared grebes coming to the highly saline Mono lake on their molt migration after the breeding season presumably soon loose their helminth parasites. Grebes have a unique habit of swallowing their own feathers which form pellets containing other indigestible materials and, when cast, are believed also to rid the stomach of nematodes that feed on the grebes food there. A separate plug of feathers is lodged in the pyloric outlet of the stomach where it acts as a sieve preventing large pieces of indigestible material from passing through the intestine. This is believed to reduce the likelihood of parasites being dislodged from the wall of the gut. Grebes are the only birds that do not nest on land but regularly build floating nests of materials taken from the water. As a consequence, they are not known to be parasitized by animals like flies, fleas, bedbugs, and ticks that require a stay on land as part of their life cycle, and because of their limited physical contact with other birds, but few species of external arthropod parasites (12 mites and 13 lice) have been reported from them. Infections by several of theses external parasites are thought to have resulted from crossovers from coots (Fulica). Although grebes are found on all continents except Antarctica, with a minimum of three species on each, studies of their parasites have been few outside of the Northern Hemisphere. This is especially unfortunate because the greatest numbers of grebe species and endemics are found in South America. The virtual lack of information on the parasites of these birds severely limits the potential for parallel studies on the evolution of grebes and their parasites. The parasites of grebes offer many possibilities for research from regional surveys and working out life cycles to studies on biogeography and evolution of these animals.
Mites and birds: Diversity, parasitism and coevolution. Proctor, Heather; Owens, Ian. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Sept. 2000, v. 15 (9), p. 358-364. ISSN: 0169-5347.
NAL call no: QH540.T742
Descriptors: evolution, adaptation, parasitology, birds, parasite-host.
Nematode parasite species richness and the evolution of spleen size in birds. Morand, Serge; Poulin, Robert. Canadian Journal of Zoology, Aug. 2000, v. 78 (8), p. 1356-1360. ref. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL call no: 470 C16D
Descriptors: spleen, blood and lymphatics, immune, size, parasites.
Abstract: Some of the interspecific variation in spleen sizes among birds can be explained by interspecific variation in the proportion of birds infected by parasitic nematodes. Because prevalences of parasitic infections vary considerably in space and time within host species, other variables may provide better measures of the selective pressure exerted by parasites on their hosts. For instance, the number of parasite species (species richness) exploiting a host population or species provides a more reliable index of the pressure exerted by parasites across generations. Among bird species, relative spleen size correlated positively with the species richness of nematode parasites exploiting a host species. This relationship was found after correcting for avian body mass (g), avian phylogeny, and sampling effort. A possible trade-off between investment in resistance against parasites and investment in reproduction was highlighted by a negative relationship between relative spleen size and relative testis mass. Parasitic nematodes could influence the trade-off, increasingly favoring investment in resistance as their species richness increases. The results of this comparative analysis and of previous ones suggest a causative role for parasitic nematodes in the evolution of avian spleen size.
Newcastle disease in ostriches (Struthio camelus) - a review. Alexander, D.J. Avian Pathology, 2000, v. 29 (2), p. 95-100. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: reviews, diagnosis, treatment, disease control.
Nonspecific cellular defense of the avian respiratory system: a review. Toth, Thomas E. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, Mar./Apr. 2000, v. 24 (2-3), p. 121-139. ISSN: 0145-305X.
NAL call no: QR180.D4
Descriptors: bacterial infection, mycoplasma infection, immune system, avian respiratory phagocytes.
Abstract: The normal steady-state, avian respiratory system has very low numbers of residing avian respiratory phagocytes (ARP). Birds must rely heavily on the influx of ARP to defend against infectious agents. The system is refractory to elicitation by inert stimulants, but responds efficiently to replicating bacteria, with very rapid influx of large numbers of activated ARP (polymorphnuclear neutrophils, heterophils, and macrophages) with increased phagocytic proportions and capacities. The numbers subside within a few days. Activated ARP act in a non agent specific manner. Pasturella multocida-activated ARP can defend against a severe Escherichia coli airsacculitis. Parenteral routes of stimulation generally are not, respiratory routes are very, efficient in activating ARP. Heterophils are the most efficient in defensive actions, such as oxidative burst, production of nitric oxide and killing of bacteria. Respiratory viruses may stimulate, but also may diminish some of the defensive functions of ARP. This is also true for attenuated, modified live virus vaccines. These vaccines must be used carefully in the presence of subclinical bacterial, mycoplasmal infections. Published literature on non-specific cellular defense of the avian respiratory system is very limited, particularly about interactions among multiple infectious agents and the system.
Occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in excreta of pigeons and pet birds. Kielstein, P.; Hotzel, H.; Schmalreck, A.; Kaschabi, D.; Glawischnig, W. Mycosis, Mar./Apr. 2000, v43 (1-2), p. 7-15. ISSN: 0933-7407.
Descriptors: feces, digestive system, pathogen content, pigeons, Austria.
Abstract: In pooled samples of feces from 25 pet birds in Thuringia, a high rate of contamination with Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans was found. The prevalence of Cr. neoformans in the bird-breeding establishments correlated with the numbers of the different per bird species in these flocks. The differentiation between varieties of Cr. neoformans by means of proline chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting, sequencing of PCR products as well as with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed uniform results which also corresponded to the serological differentiation between serovars A and D. A predominance of serovar A could be observed among the pet bird breeding flocks. This corresponds to the frequency distribution of serovars A and D in cases of human disease in Germany. In 50% of the samples of pigeon excreta examined (n=30) in Innsbruck (Austria), Cryptococcus albidus could be isolated but not Cr. neoformans. However, this Cryptococcus species is of minor pathogenic importance for man. Cryptococcus albidus may be clearly distinguished from Cr. neoformans by means of microbiological methods, PCR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Ostrich diseases (avian influenza, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Newcastle disease, Salmonella). Verwoerd, D.J. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’ OIE, 2000, v. 19 (2), p. 638-661. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: ostriches, animal diseases, infectious diseases, epidemiology.
Parasites take control. Gregory, R.D.; Hudson, P.J. Nature (London), 2000, v. 406 (6791), p. 33-34. ref. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL call no: 472 N21
Descriptors: parasites, wild birds, dynamics, host-parasite relationship.
Abstract: The stable regulation of natural host populations by parasites, and a study by Hochachka, W.M. and Dhondt, A.A. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2000) 97, 5303-5306) on the infection of Carpodacus mexicanus by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in North America are briefly discussed. The study is the first demonstration of density-dependent regulation of an animal host under natural conditions.
A review of avian influenza in different bird species. Alexander, D.J.; Reeth, K van (ed.); Pensaert, M. Special issue: Animal Influenza viruses. Keynote lectures and selected papers from the European Society for Veterinary Virology (ESVV) Symposium on Animal Influenza Viruses, May 16-18, 1999. Ghent, Belgium. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000, v. 74 (1-2), p. 3-13. ref. ISSN: 0378-1135.
NAL call no: SF780.2.V48 1999
Descriptors: review, disease transmission, diagnosis.
A review of the most common viruses affecting Psittaciformes. Ritchie, B.W.; Gregory, C.R.; Latimer, K.S.; Pesti, D.; Campagnoli, R.; Lukert, P.D. International Zoo Yearbook, 2000, v. 37, p. 257-273. ISSN: 0074-9664.
NAL call no: QL76.I5
Descriptors: Pacheco’s disease, viral disease, proventricular dilatation disease.
Abstract: Four of the most common viral diseases affecting psittacine birds have been studied in detail: (1) avian polyomavirus, (2) proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), (3) Pacheo’s disease and (4) psittacine beak and feather disease (PBF). The Psittacine Disease Research Group, University of Georgia, has been actively involved in this research. Proventricular dilatation disease has been reported in more than 50 psittacine species and in species in other families, while PBFD affects over 40 psittacine species. The acute and chronic clinical characteristics of the diseases, pathological features, diagnosis, and transmission prevention and control, including vaccination, are described. The vaccine for avian polyomavirus is safe and effective in captive birds, and when uses in high-risk situations, vaccination against Pacheco;s disease (a psittacine herpesvirus) can prevent high mortality. A safe vaccine for PBFD is being evaluated. Specific tests for viral nucleic acid (DNA probe tests) for avian polyomavirus and PBFD virus, and anti-virus antibody assays for avian polyoma virus and Pacheco’s diseases have been developed which will facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring of disease. The benefits and limitations of screening psittacines for diseases are also discussed.
The role of fimbriae and flagella of Escherichia coli 078:K80 in avian colibacilosis. La Ragione, R.M.; Woodward. M.J. Research in Veterinary Science, Jun. 2000, v. 68 (Supplement A), p. 14. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL call no: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: airsacculitis, avian colibacillosis, respiratory disease, pericarditis.
Salmonellosis in birds. Lamberski, N.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1123-1125. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, treatment, diagnosis.
The status of Plasmodium corradettii Laird, 1998 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae): A malarial parasite of birds. Valkiunas, G.; Peirce, M.A. Systematic Parasitology, Feb. 2000, v. 45 (2), p. 141-143. ISSN: 0165-5752.
NAL call no: QL757.A1S9
Descriptors: malaria, blood and lymphatic diseases, parasitic disease.
Wybrane zagadnienia chorob zakaznych strusi. [Selected issues of infectious diseases in ostrich (Struthio camelus).] Weiliczko, Alina; Kuczkowski, Maciej. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, Jan. 2000, v. 56 (1), p. 23-28. ISSN: 0025-8628. Note: In Polish.
NAL call no: 41.8 M463
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, veterinary medicine, viruses.
Abstract: A dynamic development of African ostrich breeding (Struthio camelus) has been observed in the recent years all over the world and since 1993 in Poland as well. In natural conditions the birds inhabit semidesert and grassy regions of African savannah. However, they can adapt easily to different European climatic conditions. Despite the high popularity of ostrich breeding in Poland, breeders and veterinarians face various problems connected with the birds’ acclimatization to new environmental and feeding conditions. The ostriches’ state of health is affected not only by numerous etiological factors such as viruses, bacteria or fungi, but also breeding and feeding conditions. The most threatening viral infections in ostrich are: Newcastle disease, Avian influenza, Avian pox and adenovirus infections. Bacterial infections are also an important issue in intensive ostrich breeding. The most alarming thing is high level of ostriches’ infection with Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. instantly after hatching. In older birds the etiologic agents of diseases are often Mycolplasma sp., Campylobacter sp., Megabacteria, Chlamydia psittaci or Clostiridium.
Zoonotic diseases of pet birds. Morris, P.J.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII: Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1113-1116. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: zoonoses, pets.
1999
Amphipod intermediate host of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephala), parasite of water birds, with notes on ultrastructure of host-parasite interface. Dezfuli, B.S.; Glari, L. Folia Parasitologica, 1999, v. 46 (2), p. 117-122. ref. ISSN: 0015-5683.
NAL call no: 436.8 C33
Descriptors: intermediate hosts, morphology, ultrastructure, host-parasite relationship, Italy.
Abstract: From November 1997 to June 1998, 3118 specimens of Echinogammarus stammeri were collected from the River Brenta (Northern Italy) and examined for larval helminths. Larvae of Polymorphus minutus singly infected the haemocoele of 23 (0.74%) of the crustaceans; all were cystacanth stages. This is the first record of P. minutus in E. stammeri. Some cystacanths had their forebody and hindbody fully inverted. Parasites were bright orange and each was surrounded by s thin acellular envelope. It is considered that this envelope protects the developing parasite larva from cellular responses of the amphipod. Haemocytes were seen adherent to the outer surface of the envelope. The sex ration among the parasitized E. stammeri was almost 1:1. All P. minutus larva were central in the amphipod body, made intimate contact with host organs, and frequently induced a marked displacement of them. None of the infected females of E. stammeri carried eggs or juveniles in their brood pouch. In 5 hosts, P. minutus co-occurred with the cystacanth of another acanthocephalan, Pomphorhynchus laevis, a parasite of fish.
Ascaridosis in a group of psittacine birds. Wilson, G.H.; Greenacre, C.B.; Howerth, E.W.; Ambrose, D.L.; Fontenot, D. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1999, v. 13 (1), p. 32-39. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: aviary birds, pathology, feces, diagnosis, macaw, amazon parrot, cockatoos.
Abstract: Severe ascardiosis was diagnosed in an adult green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera), in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva), and in 2 juvenile white (umbrella) cockatoos (Cacatua alba) from one aviary. Three of those psittacine birds were examined PM. Lesions in individual birds variably included intestinal obstruction with ascarids, hepatic nematodiasis, and adult nematodes in the pancreatic and bile ducts. In 2 birds, ascarid eggs were detected antemortem by direct flotation of faecal samples with sodium nitrate solution. However, in one bird, repeated examination of faecal samples by direct smears and floatation failed to detect a heavy ascarid infection. When compared with 9 species of Ascaridia, the specimens in these cases matched no currently described species.
Avian dermatology. Hillyer, E.V.; Birchard, S.J.(ed); Sherding, R.G. Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2. p. 1417-1427. ref. ISBN: 0721670784. W. B. Saunders; Philadelphia, USA.
NAL call no: SF981.S29 2000
Descriptors: bird dermatology, skin diseases, feathers, bacterial diseases, nutritional.
Avian digestive system disorders. Oglesbee, B.L.; McDonald, S.; Warthen, K.; Birchard, S.J. (ed); Sherding, R.G. Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2. p. 1437-1448. ref. ISBN: 0721670794.
NAL call no: SF981.S29 2000
Descriptors: diagnosis, digestive disorders, nutritional disorders, neoplasms, birds.
Avian host spectrum of avipoxviruses. Bolte, A.L.; Meurer, J.; Kaleta, E.F. Avian Pathology, Oxforshire: Carfax Publishing Ltd. Oct. 1999, v. 28 (5), p. 415-432. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: birds, susceptibility, host range, treatment, disease prevention.
Abstract: A review is given of the occurrence of poxviruses in different bird species. The first publications appeared in Europe around 1850. At that time, pox as a defined disease entity was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, while later the detection of Bollinger’s inclusion bodies (1877) allowed an aetiological diagnosis by microscopically visible viral aggregates. Virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs and direct electron microscopy gained importance as diagnostic tools in the 1950s. Also briefly described are avipoxvirus taxonomy, virus characteristics, clinical signs, modes of prevention and diagnostic procedures. Of the approximately 9000 bird species about 232 species in 23 orders have been reported to have acquired a natural poxvirus infection. However, it is likely that many more birds are susceptible to avipoxviruses.
Avian infectious diseases. Oglesbee, B.L.; Bishop, C.L.; Birchard, S.J. (ed.); Sherding, R.G. Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2. p. 1403-1416. ref. ISBN: 0721670784.
NAL call no: SF981.S29
Descriptors: stress, malnutrition, adverse effects, bacterial diseases.
Avian neurological disorders. Quesenberry, K.; Birchard, S.J. (ed).; Sherding, R.G. Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2. p. 1459-1463. ref.
NAL call no: SF981.S29
Descriptors: bird nervous system diseases, metabolic disorders, nutritional disorders.
Avian Ophthalmology, Part 2: Review of ophthalmic diseases. Willis, A.M.; Wilkie, D.A. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1999, v. 13 (4), p. 245-251. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: eye diseases, eyes, reviews, aviary birds.
Avian respiratory system. Nye, R.R.; Birchard, S.J. (ed.); Sherding, R.G. Saunder’s Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2. p. 1428-1436. ref. ISBN: 0721670784.
NAL call no: SF981.S29
Descriptors: pet birds, respiratory diseases, bacterial diseases, parasitoses, nutritional.
Birds and their parasites: Victims of infection or fashion? Hudson, P. Parasitology Today, 1999, v. 15 (1), p. 4-5. ref.
NAL call no: QL757.P3742
Descriptors: parasites, ecology, epidemiology, host-parasite relationship.
Abstract: A short account is given of a joint meeting between the Baltic and Scandinavian Societies of Parasitology held in Vilinius, Lithuania, Jun. 25-28, 1998. Topics are discussed under headings flight and parasite dispersal, and host fitness and population consequences.
Blood parasites in penguins and their potential impact on conservation. Jones, H. I.; Shellam, G.R. Marine Ornithology, 1999, v. 27, p. 181-184. ISSN: 1018-3337.
Descriptors: animals, birds, parasites, hosts, penguin.
Abstract: This paper reviews the reported blood parasites from wild and captive penguins, discusses the dynamics of haematozoan infection, considers factors which could alter the present equilibrium, draws attention to potential risks from exposure to intensified or introduced infection, and suggests standardized methodologies to increase understanding and facilitate timely detection of any changes in infection dynamics.
Chlamydiosis in pen-raised bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) with high mortality. Erbeck, D.H.; Nunn, S.A. Avian Diseases, Oct./Dec. 1999, v. 43 (4), p. 798-803. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8.AV5
Descriptors: morbidity, mortality, flocks, clinical aspects, histopathology, Colinus virginianus, Chlamydia psittaci.
Abstract: In a flock of 12,000 bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) and 7200 chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), the owner had 100% morbidity and 40%-50% mortality in birds between the ages of 2 and 4 wk. Affected birds were stunted and anorexic and had yellow/green diarrhea. Two-and 4-wk-old birds submitted for necropsy all had slight nasal discharge. Histopathologic examination revealed mild (bobwhite) to severe (chukar) rhinitis. Immunohistochemistry was positive for Chlamydia psittaci in all birds. Chlamydia psittaci organisms were demonstrated histopathologically in hematoxylin and eosin and Gimenez-stained slides. Management sanitation and treatment with chlortetracycline stopped further excessive losses. The owners were also infected. Treatment by their local physician with tetracycline alleviated symptoms.
[Clinical aspects of aviary birds. 5. Diseases affecting feathers (part 1).] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 1999, v. 52 (11), p. 951-956. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: feathers, aviary birds.
Cryptosporidium sp. in birds. Larramendy, R.; Perez, A.; Szczypel, B.; Espinosa, V.; Gomez , E. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Avicola, 1999, v. 23 (2), p. 137-140. ref. ISSN: 0138-6352.
NAL call no: SF481.R48
Descriptors: protozoal infections, cryptosporidiosis, detection, Cuba.
Abstract: A total of 551 birds of different age was analysed in Cuba for the presence of Cryptosporidium, using the flotation coprovoscopic technique. The modified Zielh-Neelsen dying technique was used to confirm the result. Cryptosporidium spp. were found more often in younger birds (less than 5 weeks old), and in the bursa of Fabricius and the rectum.
The control and prevention of avian polyomavirus infection. Topor, S.V. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1999, v. 13 (3), p. 157-159.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: disease control, disease prevention, vaccination, disease resistance.
Diseases acquired by captive penguins: What happens when they are released into the wild? Brossy, J.J.; Plos, A.L.; Blackbeard, J.M.; Kline, A. Marine Ornithology, 1999, v. 27, p. 185-186. ISSN: 1018-3337.
Descriptors: captive penguins, parasites, hosts, release into wild, possible new disease introduction.
Abstract: The possibility of diseases being picked up by penguins and other birds during captivity and the effects which could follow if such birds are released into the wild are discussed. Ways of mitigating such problems are suggested for the African penguin Spheniscus demersus.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Psittaciformes. Schremmer, Caroline; Lohr, J.E.; Wastlhuber, U.; Koesters, J.; Ravelshofer, K.; Steinrueck, H.; Wieler, L.H. Avian Pathology, Aug. 1999, v. 28 (4), p. 349-354. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: diarrhea, digestive system, bird isolates, Escherichia coli isolates.
Abstract: A total of 103 Escherichia coli isolates from psittaciform birds were examined for the presence of genes coding for shigatoxin 1 (Stx1), shigatoxin 2 (Stx2) and for intimin (eae), using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sixty-eight E. coli strains were isolated from necropsy cases and faecal samples, the other 35 were from 205 cloacal swabs from Psittaciformes with various conditions. All isolates were tested for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli-haemolysin (HlyEHEC), some also for Stx production, but there was no geno-typic or phenotypic evidence of Stx in any of them. Seven isolates, six from birds with diarrhea, harboured the eae gene, three of them belonging to the 0110:H6 serotype; one each to serotypes 0153:H10; 0131:H-; 063:H6 and Osp:H6. These seven eae-positive strains were negative for shigatoxin and HlyEHED, and the hlyEHEC gene was not detectable by PCR. However, a PCR amplifying the enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)-specific bundle-forming pili structural gene bfpA detected four bfpA positive strains (three of serotype 0110:H6; one 0131:H-) among the seven eae positive strains, which classifies them as EPEC. Our findings suggest that shigatoxin-producing E. coli are uncommon, but that EPEC should be considered as potential pathogens in psittaciform birds, which may be a source of human EPEC infections.
Estrildid finch dermatology. Ryan, T.P. Exotic Pet Practice, 1999, v. 4 (3), p. 17-19. ref.
Descriptors: skin diseases, dermatology, treatment, diagnosis, aviary birds.
Fowl cholera in pen-raised ring-neck pheasants. Chin, R.P.; Goshgarian, M. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference, Meeting Apr. 24-27, 1999, Vancouver, Canada. 1999, (48), p. 83-84.
NAL call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: pheasants, Pasteurella multocida.
Infectious and parasitic diseases of raptors. Deem, S.L. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 1999, v. 21 (4), p. 329-338. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF602.C66
Descriptors: diagnosis, lesions, abscesses, foot disease, differential diagnosis.
The intra- and interspecific relationships between abundance and distribution in helminth parasites of birds. Poulin, Robert. Journal of Animal Ecology, Jul. 1999, v. 68 (4), p. 719-725. ISSN: 0021-8790.
NAL call no: 410.J826
Descriptors: birds, parasites, host, relationships.
Abstract: 1. Positive correlations between local abundance and distribution on a larger spatial scale are commonly observed among related species. 2. Within parasite species, the same relationship may be expected between prevalence and intensity of infection across host species used. Across parasitic species, a positive relationship is expected between average abundance in a host population and the number of host species that can be exploited based on the resource breadth hypothesis. Trade-offs between the ability to exploit many host species and the potential for heavy infections, however, could result in a negative relationship. 3. Intraspecifically, using data on 51 helminth species parasitic in birds, prevalence and intensity of infection among host species used are generally only weakly correlated. Only in nematodes is there an overall positive relationship between prevalence and intensity. 4. A comparative analysis was performed on data from 389 species of cestodes, trematodes and nematode parasitic in birds to determine how host specificity covaries interspecifically with abundance, measured both as prevalence and intensity of infection. 5. After controlling for phylogenetic influences and sampling effort, the number of host species used correlated positively with prevalence in all three parasite taxa, and with intensity of infection in trematodes only. 6. These results do not support the existence of a trade-off between abundance and the use of many host species, as has been found for fish parasites. Instead, whatever makes helminth parasites of birds abundant within a host population may facilitate their successful colonization of the new host species.
Ivermectin: A novel endectocide. Bhatia, Nitin; Kaur, Soninder. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal, 1999, v. 23 (2), p. 81-84. ISSN: 0250-5266.
NAL call no: SF601.I45
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, parasitology, pharmacology, birds.
Medical management of the California condor. Ensley, P.K.; Fowler, M.E. (ed); Miller, R.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed. 1999, p. 277-292. ref. ISBN: 0721686648. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.
NAL call no: SF996 Z66 1999
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, wild birds, animal husbandry, diseases.
Mites infesting two migratory birds, Coturnix c. coturnix (quail or simmaan) and Sturnus v. vulgaris (starling or zarzuur) with reference to avian zoonosis. Mazyad, Said A.M.; Morsy, Tosson A.; Fekry, Ahmed A.; Faarag, Abdel; Mageed M.K. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, Dec. 1999, v. 29 (3), p. 745-761. ISSN: 0253-5890.
NAL call no: QL757.J65
Descriptors: parasitology, quail, starling, hosts, Egypt.
Abstract: Birds are a marvelous group of creatures. Their beautiful coloration, singing, dancing and their attractive ways of life offer great pleasure to bird watcher. Egypt is one of the most important countries of migratory birds. Not less than 300 species of birds visit Egypt annually from all over the world. The mite fauna of two migratory birds was studied in North Sinai Governorate and Suez Canal Zone. Thirty-one species of mites were recovered from quail and 39 from starling. Both types of birds serve hosts for 26 species of mites. Besides, five species were only recovered from quail and 13 species from starling. These totaled 44 species belonging to 30 families of three suborders (Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes and Sarcoptidiformes). The mites index on quail ranged between 1.0 to 5.0 in North Sinai G. And 1.0 to 17.0 in Suez Canal Z. The mite index on starling ranged between 1.0 to 4.75 in North Sinai G. And 1.0 to 4.5 in Suez Canal Z. Sixteen of the recovered species of mites were not recorded before on the Egyptian resident birds (house sparrow and laughing dove). The medical and veterinary importance of avian zoonosis was discussed. It is hoped to stimulate the awareness to migratory birds as reservoir hosts for microorganisms and parasites from all over the world. Besides, there is an urgent need to protect the resident and the visiting birds.
Mites and ticks - bird parasites and pathogen vectors. Alekseev, A.N.; Dubinina, H.V. Ekologija, 1999, v. 1, p. 44-55. ISSN: 0235-7224.
NAL call no: QH540.E43
Descriptors: avian hosts, diseases, transmission, parasites, pathogens.
Molecular fingerprinting of Salmonela typhimurium from birds. Clark, D.E.; Wolcott, M.; Daoust, P.; Shaw, J.J.; Delvecchio, V.G. Abstracts of the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, 1999, v. 99, p. 113. ISSN: 1060-2011.
NAL call no: QR1.A5
Descriptors: Salmonella typhimurium, infection, bacterial diseases, birds.
Nonpathogenic infectious bursal disease virus and vaccine. van der Marel, Piet; Thijssen, Martinus A.; Snyder, David; Lutticken, Dieter; Hein, Ruud. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents, Jul. 6, 1999, v. 1224 (1): no pagination. ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL call no: T223.A21
Descriptors: bird, infectious bursal disease, pathogen, animal viruses.
Origin and evolution of feather mites (Astigma). Dabert, Jacek; Mironov, Serge V. Series Entomologica (Dordrecht). Ecology and Evolution of the Acari. Bruin, J. Van der Geest, L.P.S.; Sabelis, M.W. 1999, v. 55, p. 103. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. ISSN: 0924-4611. ISBN: 0792356586 (cloth). Proceedings or the 3rd Symposium of the European Association of Acarologists, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Jul. 1-5, 1996.
Descriptors: Acarina, ectoparasites, Aves, parasite-host.
Parasites of the greater egret (Ardea albus) in Florida and a review of the helminths reported for the species. Sepulveda, M.S.; Spaulding, M.G.; Kinsella, J.M.; Forrester, D.J. Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 1999, v. 66 (1), p. 7-13. ref. ISSN: 0018-0130.
NAL call no: QL392.J68
Descriptors: disease prevalence, infections, helminths, parasites, Posthodipiostomum macrocoytle, P. minimum, P. boydae, Ascocotyle gemina, A. mcintosh, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Echinochasmus dietzevi, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum ardeae, Mesorchis denticulatus, Ribeirola ondatrae, Pholeter anterouterus, Diasiella diasi, Renicola sp., Tetrameres microspinosa, unidentified Tetrameres sp., Desmidocercella numidica, Capillaria herodiae, Desportesius invaginatus, Avioserpens galliardi, Acuaria multispinosa, Chandleeronema longigutterata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Glossocercus caribaensis, Dendrouterina ardeae, unidentified plerocercolds, Polymorphus brevis, Arhymorhynchus pumilirostris, Contracaecum multipapillatum.
Abstract: 39 species of helminths (21 trematodes, 12 nematodes, 2 acantocephalans, and 4 cestodes) were collected from 103 of 106 (97%) great egrets (Ardea albus) from Florida, USA, collected between 1987 and 1997. Infected birds harboured a mean of 6 helminths (range, 1-23). Details of prevalence, intensity and abundance are given in a table. 28 species are new host records: Posthodipiostomum macrocoytle, P. minimum, P. boydae, Ascocotyle gemina, A. mcintosh, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Echinochasmus dietzevi, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum ardeae, Mesorchis denticulatus, Ribeirola ondatrae, Pholeter anterouterus, Diasiella diasi, Renicola sp., Tetrameres microspinosa, unidentified Tetrameres sp., Desmidocercella numidica, Capillaria herodiae, Desportesius invaginatus, Avioserpens galliardi, Acuaria multispinosa, Chandleeronema longigutterata, Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Glossocercus caribaensis, Dendrouterina ardeae, unidentified plerocercolds, Polymorphus brevis and Arhymorhynchus pumilirostris. The most prevalent helminths were trematodes of the genera Posthodiplostomum and Ascocotyle (represented by at least 4 species each) and the nematode Contracaecum multipapillatum. A review of the parasitic helminths reported from great egrets is also presented.
Pigeon pneumonia in Provence: A bird-borne Q fever outbreak. Stein, Andreas; Raoult, Didier. Clinical Infectious Diseases, Sept. 1999, v. 29 (3), p. 617-620. ISSN: 1058-4838.
NAL call no: RC111.R4
Descriptors: Q fever, bacterial diseases, bird borne, Coxiella burnetii, zoonoses.
Abstract: Q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, which humans usually acquire through the inhalation of infected dust from subclinically infected mammals. Human infection commonly takes place when an infected mammal gives birth, since high concentrations of the organism are found in the products of conception. Worldwide, cattle, sheep, and goats are the most common reservoirs for C. burnetii. A few investigators have also reported parturient cats and dogs as the sources of human outbreaks of Q fever. During a 10 day period in May 1996, all five members of one family had acute Q fever. An epidemiological investigation suggested that this outbreak resulted from exposure to contaminated pigeon feces and ticks.
Poznamky ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on diseases of ostriches (Ratitae).] Jerabek, J. Veterinarstvi, 1999, v. 49 (5), p. 222-223. ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: helmintosis, ectoparasites, viral diseases, reviews.
Poznamky ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on diseases of ratites. Part 2.] Jerabek, J. Veterinarstvi, 1999, v. 49 (6), p. 266-269. ref. ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, reviews.
Poznamky ze zprav o onemocnenich bezcu (Ratitae). [Notes on the health and diseases of ostriches.] Jerabek, J. Veterinarstvi, 1999, v. 49 (4), p. 169-171. ISSN: 0506-8231. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: diseases, bacterial diseases.
Prevalence of various endoparasites of domestic pigeons. Hayat, C.S.; Maqbool, A.; Hayat, B.; Badar, N.; Ayub, S. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal, Mar. 1999, v. 23 (1), p. 55-56. ISSN: 0250-5266.
NAL call no: SF601.I45
Descriptors: endoparasite infection, parasitic disease, pigeon.
Qualitatssichernde Strategie in der Diagnostik mikrobiell bedingter Infektionskrankheiten beim Ziervogel. [High quality strategy for diagnosing microbial diseases of cage birds.] Hinz, K.H.; Kummerfeld, N. Praktische Tierarzt, 1999, v. 80 (9), p. 750-760. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.
NAL call no: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: infectious diseases, pet birds, bacterial and fungal diseases.
Abstract: Procedure for laboratory diagnosis of bacterial and fungal diseases in parrots and other cage birds was outlined, with reference to the dispatch of samples to the laboratory and interpretation of results. Chlamydia psittaci infection was mentioned.
Respiratory nematodiasis in raptors in Quebec. Lavoie, Martin; Mikaelian, Igor; Sterner, Mautitz; Villeneuve, Alain; Fitzgerald, Guy; McLaughlin, John D.; Lair, Stephane; Martineau, Daniel. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr. 1999, v. 35 (2), p. 375-380. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: respiratory nematodiases, parasitic diseases, raptors, Cyathostoma spp.
Abstract: This is a retrospective study on wild raptors submitted to the Universite de Montreal (Quebec, Canada) from 1989 to 1996. Cyathostoma spp. (Nematoda: Syngamidae) adults and/or eggs were found in air sacs, lungs, bronchi, and trachea of 12 raptors (Falconiformes and Strigiformes) from Quebec, Canada, belonging to eight different species, five of which are first host records for this parasite: barred owl (Strix varia), snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca), northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), and broad-winged hawk (Buteo platypterus). The infection was considered fatal in four birds, while no significant clinical signs were observed in the other cases. Major pathological changes included diffuse pyogranulomatous air sacculitis, pneumonia, and bronchitis. A few unidentified larval nematodes embedded in a granuloma were found in the lungs of an additional Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperii); they were not considered clinically significant. A dead nematode, surrounded by necrotic inflammatory cells, was found in the air sac of a northern goshawk. The presence of nematodes in air sacs or lungs should be considered in wild raptors demonstrating respiratory problems.
Review of Newcastle disease in Cormorants. Kuiken, T. Waterbirds, 1999, v. 22 (3), p. 333-502. ref. ISSN: 1524-4695.
Descriptors: epidemiology, reviews, Newcastle disease virus.
Small pox in cage and aviary birds. Gelly, G. Point Veterinaire, 1999, v. 30 (199), p. 287-292. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997.
NAL call no: SF602.P6
Descriptors: aviary birds, reviews, lesions, septicemia, clinical aspects, histopathology.
Speciation and diversification of parasite lineages: An analysis of congeneric parasite species in vertebrates. Poulin, R. Evolutionary Ecology, 1999, v. 13 (5), p. 455-467. ref. ISSN: 0269-7653.
NAL call no: QH541.P52
Descriptors: evolution, ecology, helminths, diversification, speciation, phylogeny.
Abstract: The evolutionary diversification of living organisms is a central research theme in evolutionary ecology, and yet it remains difficult to infer the action of evolutionary processes from patterns in the distribution of rates of diversification among related taxa. Using data from helminth parasite communities in 76 species of birds and 114 species of mammals, the influence of 4 factors that may either be associated with or modulate rates of parasite speciation were examined in a comparative analysis. Two measures of the relative number of congeneric parasite species/host species were used as indices of parasite diversification, and related to host body mass, host density, latitude, and whether the host is aquatic or terrestrial. The occurrence of congeneric parasites was not distributed randomly with respect to these factors. Aquatic bird species tended to harbor more congeneric parasites than terrestrial birds. Large-bodied mammal species, or those living at low latitudes, harboured more congeneric parasites than small-bodied mammals, or than those from higher latitudes. Host density had no apparent association with either measures of parasite diversification. These patterns, however, reflect only the present-day distribution of parasite diversification among host taxa, and not the evolutionary processes responsible for diversification, because the apparent effects of the factors investigated disappeared once corrections were made for host phylogeny. This indicates that features other than host body size, host density, latitude, and whether the habitat is terrestrial or aquatic, have been the key driving forces in the diversification of parasitic helminth lineages.
Survey of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living passerines. Morishita, T.Y.; Aye, P.P.; Ley, E.C.; Harr, B.C. Avian Diseases, American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc., Jul./Sept. 1999, v. 43 (3), p. 549-552. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 A5
Descriptors: passeriformes, disease prevalence, animal diseases.
Abstract: To determine the disease prevalence of free-living passerines, 1709 passerines were sampled from 38 different field sites in Ohio. Choanal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and cultured for the presence of Pasturella multocida, Salmonella ssp., and Escherichia coli by standard microbiologic techniques. In addition, the serum from each bird was analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus. A blood smear was also made to examine for the presence of blood parasites. Results indicated that the isolation of E. coli varied with bird species, with the European starling having the higher (21.4%) isolation of E. coli. Salmonella spp. Were also isolated from these free-living passerines. Pasturella multocida was not isolated from any of the sampled passerines. These birds did not have antibodies to M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, or avian influenza virus. Blood parasites were not detected in any of the birds sampled.
Therapeutic effects of some antihaematozoal drugs against Haemoproteus columbae in domestic pigeons. El Metenawy, T.M. DTE-Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift, Feb. 1999, v. 106 (2), p. 72. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL call no: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: Haemoproteus columbae infection, blood parasitic diseases, pigeons.
Abstract: Three antihaematozoal drugs were tested for the treatment of pigeons naturally infected with Haemoproteus columbae. Butalex (Buparvaquone) was found effective against the parasite either by using the recommended doses (R.D.) Or the double (D.D.) doses. The R.D. of Berenil (Diminazene aceturate) was not effective while the D.D. reduced the number of gametocytes circulating in the infected blood. Triquine was found very toxic to the pigeons both the R.D. and the D.D.
Trichobilharzia regenti, a pathogen of the avian and mammalian central nervous systems. Horak, P.; Dvorak, J.; Kolarova, L.; Trefil, L. Parasitology, Dec. 1999, v. 119 (6), p. 577-581. ISSN: 0031-1820.
NAL call no: 448.8 P21
Descriptors: parasitic disease, leg paralysis, nervous system disease, nasal schistosomes, experimental infection.
Abstract: The development of nasal avian shistosomes of the genus Trichobilhazia in their final host is poorly known. Therefore, an experimental infection of ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) by T. regenti was performed. The infection resulted in leg paralysis and orientation/balance disorders of birds. The examination of the duck’s spinal cord and brain confirmed the presence of developing parasites in pre-patent as well as patent periods. The absence of the worms in other tissues strongly supports our hypothesis that the parasite migrates through the central nervous system (CNS) to its final location in bird nasal mucosa. The injury level is probably dependent on number of parasites as well as yet unknown host factors. The affinity to the CNS seems to be high; also by exposure of experimental animals to low cercarial doses the growing worms in the CNS were found. In addition to the generally accepted view that bird schistosomes may cause cercarial dermatitis of mammals (including man), there is evidence of a partial development of T. regenti in mouse CNS, in certain cases leg paralysis was also recorded. Therefore, the pathogenesis spectrum caused by bird schistosomes in birds/mammals need to be reconsidered.
Visceral lesions caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, serotype II, in different species of bird. Cork, Susan C.; Collins-Emerson, J.M.; Alley, M.R.; Fenwick, S.G. Avian Pathology, Aug. 1999, v. 28 (4), p. 393-399. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, host pathology, case reports, Aves.
Wing web dermatitis in psittacines. Rich, G. Exotic Pet Practice, 1999, v. 4 (4), p. 25-26. ref.
Descriptors: dermatitis, aviary birds, skin diseases, treatment, diagnosis.
Zoonoses acquired from birds. Flammer, K.; Fowler, M.E.(ed); Miller, R.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed., p. 151-156. ref. ISBN: 0721686648. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.
NAL call no: SF996 Z66
Descriptors: zoonoses, zoo animals, infectious diseases, veterinarians, transmission to humans.
1998
Adenovirus infections in pigeons: A review. Vereecken, M.; Herdt, P. de; Ducatelle, R. Avian Pathology, 1998, v. 27 (4), p. 333-338. ref.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian adenovirus, pigeons, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis.
Adenovirusinfektion bei Psittaziden. [Adenoviral infection in psittacine birds.] Soike, D.; Hess, M.; Prusas, C.; Albrecht, K. Tierarzliche Praxis, Ausgabe K. Kleintlere Heimtiere, 1998, v. 26 (5), p. 354-359. ref. Note: In German.
Descriptors: viral diseases, mortality, hepatitis, enteritis, aviary birds.
Abstract: The death of several African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and Cape parrots (Poicephalus rebustus) in a large commercial aviary, from severe necrotic hepatitis and haemorrhagic enteritis, was traced to an avianadenovirus of serotype 4.
Les affections repiratoires chez les psittacides. [Respiratory conditions in Psittacine birds.] Andre, J.P. Point Veterinaire, May 1998, v. 29 (191), p. 53-60. ref. ill. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French with an English summary.
NAL call no: SF602.P6
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, captivity, respiratory diseases, neoplasms.
Anche la selvaggina si ammala. [Diseases of game [birds].] Mani, P. Rivista di Avicoltura, 1998, v. 67 (9), p. 40-44. ref. ISSN: 0005-2213. Note: In Italian.
NAL call no: 47.8 R523
Descriptors: game birds, diseases, game animals.
Avian aspergillosis. Morrisey, J.K. Exotic Pet Practice, 1998, v. 3 (10), p. 73-74. ref.
Descriptors: aspergillosis, pet birds, symptoms, treatment, clinical aspects.
An avian reservoir (Turdus merula) of the Lyme borreliosis spirochetes. Humair, Pierre Francois; Postic, Daniele; Wallich, Reinhard; Gern, Lise. Zentrablatt fuer Bakteriologie, May 1998, v. 287 (4), p. 521-538. ISSN: 0934-8840.
Descriptors: Lyme disease, bacterial disease, disease transmission.
Abstract: The reservoir competence of passerine birds for the Lyme borreliosis spirochetes was studied in an enzootic focus in Switzerland. Skin aspirates and skin biopsies were used to isolate Borrelia spirochetes from Turdus species. B. burgdorferi sensu lato was isolated and/or PCR-detected in BSK medium containing skin biopsy or skin aspirate from 5 blackbirds (T. merula) and one song thrush (T. philomelos). Seven isolates were obtained from 3 different blackbirds. Either B. garinii or Borrelia from the genomic group VS116 was found in bird skin samples. Mixed infection occurred in 2 cases. Tick xenodiagnosis was used to determine whether blackbirds transmitted Borrelia to ticks. Five xenodiagnoses were performed on 3 different blackbirds. Borrelia DNA was detected in BSK medium inoculated with xenodiagnostic ticks from all the passerines tested. Isolates cultured from xenodiagnostic ticks were obtained from 2 blackbirds. Isolates belonged to group VS116 (n=10) and to B. garinii (n=1). Our study has shown that Turdus sp. are infected by B. garinii and by Borrelia from group VS116 and that blackbirds are implicated as reservoirs for these 2 genomic groups of Borrelia, as they transmit living borreliae to ticks. An association seems to exist between birds and Borrelia VS116, and to a lesser extent, B. garinii, similar to the association existing between small rodents and B. afzelii. Our observations emphasize the fact that different enzootic cycles maintain Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in nature.
Beak disease in psittacines. Lierz, M.; Gobel, T. Kleintlerpraxis, 1998, v. 43 (8), p. 595-600. ref. ISSN: 0023-2076.
Descriptors: beak, trauma, parasitoses, treatment, ivermectin.
Choroby inwazyjne strusi - nematodozy. [Infectious diseases of ostriches - nematode infections.] Zuchowska, E. Magazyn Weterynaryjny, 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 111. ref. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note: In Polish.
Descriptors: pathology, parasites, helminths.
Choroby zwiazane z upierzeniem. [Feather diseases in birds.] Kruszewicz, A.G. Magazyn Weternaryjny, 1998, v. 7 (2), p. 106-108. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note: In Polish.
Descriptors: cysts, feathers, skin diseases, deficiency diseases, aetiology.
Competence of pheasants as reservoirs for Lyme disease spirochetes. Kurtenbach, Klaus; Carey, Dorothy; Hoodless, Andrew N.; Nuttall, Patricia A.; Randolph, Sarah E. Journal of Medical Entomology, Jan. 1998, v. 35 (1), p. 77-81. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL call no: 421.J828
Descriptors: Lyme borrelliosis, Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, ticks, Ixodes ricinus, UK, bacterial disease, reservoir.
Abstract: Pheasants, Phasianus colchicus L., constitute a major part of the ground-feeding avifauna of England and Wales and are important hosts to immature stages of Ixodes ricinus L., the principal tick vector of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in Europe. Therefore, their competence as hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Steigerwalt & Brenner sensu lato was investigated. One group of pheasants was inoculated by needle with 1x106 cultured B. burgdorferi s.s. organism, and a 2nd group of birds was infested with I. ricinus nymphs collected from a focus of Lyme borreliosis in southern England. Both bird groups were subjected to Kenodiagnosies using uninfected I. ricinus nymphs. All recovered engorged ticks, as well as pheasant skin biopsies, were analyzed by a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the 5S-23S rRNA genes of B. burgdorferi s.l. Both groups proved to be infective for ticks. The birds that were infected by tick bites proved to be significantly more infective for ticks (23% of the xenodiagnostic ticks positive) than those infected by needle (5%). The results show that pheasants can be infected experimentally with B. burgdorgeri s.l., that they can pass the spirochetes to ticks and that their infectivity for ticks may persist as long as 3 mo. We conclude that pheasants are reservoir competent for Lyme borreliosis spirochetes and potentially play an important role in the maintenance of B. burgdorferi s.l. in England and Wales.
Cryptosporidiosis in birds. Sreter, T. Journal of Protozoology Research, Apr. 1988, v. 8 (2), p. 44-57. ISSN: 0917-4427.
NAL call no: QL366.J68
Descriptors: digestive system, parasitology, ingestion, assimilation, Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridis, diagnosis, therapy, clinical picture.
Abstract: The morphology, life cycle, host specificity, incidence of Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. meleagridis, and the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, immunity diagnosis, therapy, and control of cryptosporidiosis in birds are reviewed.
Disease entities of farmed ratites in New Zealand. Cooke, M. Surveillance - Wellington, 1998, v. 25 (4), p. 10-12. ref. ISSN: 0112-4927.
NAL call no: SF604.63.N45S87
Descriptors: viral diseases, bacterial diseases, nutritional disorders, neoplasms.
Diseases affecting the central nervous system of ostriches in Southern Africa. Vorster, J.H.; Olivier, A.J.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. Proceeding of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998. p. 201-204. ref.
Descriptors: nervous system diseases, CNS, diagnosis.
Diseases of Ostriches and Other Ratites. Huchzemeyer, F.W. 1998, Revised edition, 296 pp. 63 fig., 26 colour, 28 pp. ref. ISBN: 186849103X.
Descriptors:: diseases, veterinary medicine, ratites, South Africa.
Abstract: The 1994 edition of Huchzemeyer’s book has been expanded from 120 pages to 296 pages, and is now the best available book on diseases of ostriches, drawing on extensive experience of ostrich farming gained in South Africa.
DNA amplification methods for diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of avian mycoplasmosis. Kempf, Isabelle. Avian Pathology, Feb. 1998, v. 27 (1), p. 7-14. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: mycoplasmosis, bacterial disease, epidemiology, Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Abstract: This review describes some applications of DNA amplification methods for diagnosis or epidemiological investigations of avian mycoplasmosis. Tests. For direct detection of pathogenic Mycoplasmas have been developed. Moreover, most avian mycoplasma species can be differentiated, according to their unique restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated after digestion of PCR products with different restriction enzymes. In order to characterize isolates below the species level, PCR-based subtyping methods have been introduced. One of them, arbitrarily primed-PCR, results in strain-specific arrays of DNA fragments that can distinguish even closely related strains of a given species. This method was successfully used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of vaccine strains and of Mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in songbirds. Major issues in the development of DNA-amplification tests concern the selection of the appropriate target, specimen collection, DNA preparation and detection of amplification reaction inhibitors. Careful consideration to the design and work flow of the facility are necessary to avoid false-positive results.
Ecology of Bird-Parasite Interactions. Alekseev, A.N.; Belozerov, V.N.; Dubinina, H.V. Acarina, 1998 (publ. 1999) v. 6 91-2), p. 101-102.
NAL call no: IPSP12251
Descriptors: ectoparasites, parasites, host-parasite-relationships.
Abstract: A report is given on the Symposium “Ecology of Bird-Parasite Interactions”, which was held in Vilinius, Lithuania, on Jun. 25-28, 1998.
Encephalomalacia associated with vitamin E deficiency in commercially raised emus. Aye, Pyone Pyone; Morishita, Teresa; Grimes, Sheila; Skowronek, Anthony; Mohan, Ram. Avian Diseases, Jul/Sept. 1998, v. 42 (3), p. 600-605. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: encephalomalacia, nervous system disease, vitamin E deficiency, symptoms, Ohio.
Abstract: Thirteen of 64 emus on a commercial emu farm in, Ohio exhibited neurological signs that included backward staggering, incoordination, generalized weakness, and sitting on their hocks with head retracted backward. Eight of the birds showing such signs were found dead. Two of theses emus were necropsied, and no significant gross lesions were observed. Major histopathological lesions were found in the cerebellum and included multiple malacic foci in association with neuropil rarefaction and astrogliosis within the white matter of folia. In addition, the hepatic vitamin E level of one emu was determined at Michigan State University animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory (MSU-AHDL) to be 14.61 mug/g dry weight. This vitamin E level was in the lower percentile (35%) of 30 emu liver samples examined at MSU-AHDL. A diagnosis of vitamin E-associated encephalomalacia was made based on clinical signs, gross and histological lesions, and liver vitamin E levels.
Epidemic mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern North America. Dhondt, Andre A.; Tessaglia, Diane L.; Slothower, Roger L. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr. 1998, v. 34 (2), p. 265-280. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.7 W64B
Descriptors: mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, bacterial disease, eye disease, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Carpodacus mexicanus.
Abstract: In the winter of 1993-94, house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with severe conjunctivitis (later shown to be caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum) were first observed in suburban Washington D.C. (USA) and adjacent states. Using a large network of volunteer observers in eastern North America, we were able to track the monthly prevalence of the disease between November 1994 and March 1997. Using the information on 24,864 monthly data forms, we described the very rapid spread of the conjunctivitis epidemic through the eastern house finch population. The epidemic first expanded mainly north, probably carried along by house finches on their return migration, then mainly toward the southeast, and later west. By March 1997, conjunctivitis had been reported from most of the eastern range of the house finch. The prevalence of the disease seemed to fluctuate seasonally with increases in the fall, probably as a result of dispersing juveniles. House finch numbers decreased throughout winter in areas with cold winters and high conjunctivitis prevalence, suggesting significant mortality associated with the disease.
On the evolution of sexually transmitted diseases in birds. Lombardo, Michael P. Journal of Avian Biology, Sept. 1998, v. 29 (3), p. 314-321. ISSN: 0908-8857.
Descriptors: sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases, life history, life span, importance, ecological conditions.
Abstract: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in animals are caused by pathogens that are transmitted during copulation. Birds have played an important role in the development of STD-centered theories of mating behavior. However, it is not known whether STDs exist in wild bird populations. While the avian cloaca with its dual functions of gamete transfer and excretion seemingly predisposes birds for the evolution of STDs, the life history patterns of most birds (i.e., seasonal breeders with relatively brief annual periods of sexual activity) suggests otherwise. The importance of STDs as selective forces that shape host biology depends on whether host life history patterns provide the necessary conditions for the evolution and spread of virulent pathogens that rely on host copulation for dispersal. Infrequent dispersal opportunities for microbes that rely on host sexual contact for dispersal should favor the evolution of low pathogen virulence, persistent infection, and lengthened infectious periods. I examine the disease characteristics of documented STDs that are relevant to birds in order to evaluate the (1) importance of STDs as selective forces in birds and (2) ecological conditions in which avian STDs are likely to be discovered. I conclude that socially monogamous short-lived birds with short breeding cycles and altrical nestlings (e.g. temperate zone songbirds) are not likely to have coevolved with highly virulent STDs which would be important selective forces. However, virulent STDs may have evolved in birds with one or more of the following life history characteristics: long life spans, long breeding cycles, multiple matings, and precocial young because these conditions produce increased opportunities for pathogen transmission and can favor the evolution if virulence. These life history characteristics are found and exaggerated in birds for which STDs have been documented, the domestic fowl and waterfowl.
Helminth parasites of the bald eagle, Hallaeetus leucocephalus, in Florida. Kinsella, J.M.; Foster, G.W.; Cole, R.A.; Forrester, D.J. Journal of the Helminthology Society of Washington, 1998, v. 65 (1), p. 65-68. ref. ISSN: 0018-0130.
NAL call no: QL392.J68
Descriptors: helminths, parasites, new host records, wild animals, Renicola thapari, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Phagicola nana, Microparyphium facetum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Desportesius invaginatus, Chandleronema longigutturata, Centrorhynchus kuntzi, Hamatospiculum, Hamaospiculum.
Abstract: Twenty species of helminths (8 trematodes, 9 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans), including 9 new host records (Renicola thapari, Mesostephanus appendiculatoides, Phagicola nana, Microparyphium facetum, Posthodiplostomum minimum, Desportesius invaginatus, Chandleronema longigutturata, Centrorhynchus kuntzi, Hamatospiculum), were collected from 40 bald eagles Hallaeetus leucocephalus from Florida, USA. Intensities of infection were low and no lesions were attributed to the parasites. No species were considered specialists in bald eagles. Five species were considered raptor generalists and the remainder, generalists in other orders of fish-eating birds. An undescribed species of Hamaospiculum was found in 3 birds. Most of the common helminths were acquired from eating fish intermediate hosts.
The incidence of internal parasites in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) in the United States. Raines, A.M.; Huchzermeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Oudtshoorn, South Africa, Sept. 21-25, 1998, p. 210-211. ref.
Descriptors: parasites, disease prevalence, helminths.
Infectious diseases and parasites of ratites. Shane, S.M. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 455-483. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.
NAL call no: SF601.V535
Descriptors: infectious diseases, parasites, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, organs affected.
Abstract: This article deals with a wide range of infectious and parasitic diseases of ratites. Diseases are categorised by organ systems into the following categories: respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, integumental diseases, central nervous system diseases and systemic diseases. Aetiological agents are reviewed including bacteria, viruses, endoparasites, exoparasites, fungi and protozoa. Brief description of each disease is given covering aetiology and occurrence, transmission, epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Infektionssygdomme hos farmede strudsefugle under danske forhold. [Infectious diseases of farmed ratites under Danish conditions. A review.] Nielsen, Soren Saxmose; Bertelsen, Mads Frost; Christiansen, Anders Hein; Christensen, Jens Peter; Bisgaard, Magne. Dansk Veterinaertidsskrift, Jun. 1, 1998. v. 81 (10-11), p. 376-383. ISSN: 0106-6854. Note: In Danish.
NAL call no: 41.9 D23
Descriptors: production animal husbandry, infection, veterinary medicine, Struthio camelus, Dromaius novahollandia, Rhea americana.
Abstract: During the past decade interest in the production of meat from ratites (Struthio camelus, Dromaius novahollandia, and Rhea americana) has increased in several countries. In Denmark, the farmers are planning an annual production of 150,000 birds. As a profession the veterinarians are supposed to advise the industry to prevent losses from diseases and poor management. In many countries, however, the veterinary profession has not received formal education covering the problems that the ratite production might be facing. Under these conditions the profession has to rely on published literature, including textbooks. The present review which should not be taken as complete, consequently summarized the conditions required for ratite production in Denmark. Based upon original publications on infectious diseases in these birds, it provides the profession with background information and a chance to seek further information, when confronted with a problem.
[Parasites of ostriches.] Theodoropoulos, G. Deltion tes Ellenikes Kteniatrikes Etairelas, [Bulletin of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society], 1998, v. 49 (2), p. 99-103. ref. Note: In Greek.
NAL call no: 41.9 So18
Descriptors: protozoal infections, helminthoses, antiparasitic agents, parasites.
Abstract: A review is given of the protozoa, helminths and arthropods that parasitize ostriches, with brief mention of some antiparasitic agents (fenbendazole, ivermectin and carbaryl).
Parasitic mites and ticks of birds. Nagahori, Masayuki. Journal of the Acrological Society of Japan, May 1998, v. 7 (1), p. 1-11. ISSN: 0918-1067.
Descriptors: Acarina, literature review, avian hosts, parasite review, Aves.
Piroplasmosis. Wooley, Ian. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, Feb. 15, 1998, v. 20 (4), p. 25-28. ISSN: 0196-4399.
Descriptors: birds, piroplasmosis, diagnosis, transmission, treatment, parasitic diseases.
Potential for transmission of the finch strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum between house finches and chickens. Stallknecht, D.E.; Lutrell. M.P.; Fischer, J.R.; Kleven, S.H. Avian Diseases, Apr./Jun. 1998, v. 42 (2), p. 352-358. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: Fringillidae, chicken susceptibility, infections, disease transmission, diagnosis.
Abstract: Although Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is established in house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) populations in at least 33 states, the potential risk of MG introduction to domestic poultry by infected finches currently is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine if chickens could be infected with the finch strain of MG via direct contact, across wire-wire, and proximity (across-room) contact with naturally infected house finches and to determine if house finches could be infected through direct contact with experimentally infected chickens. Chickens were infected with the finch strain of MG through direct contact with naturally infected house finches, as determined by seroconversion (80%), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (20%), and culture of MG (30%). Clinical disease was not observed in infected chickens. Isolates from chickens were identified as the original finch strain by arbitrary primed PCR. Transmission required an extended period of direct contact (10wk) with infected finches, and no evidence of MG infection was detected in chickens exposed to infected finches across wire or across the room. Evidence of contact transmission of MG from infected chickens to house finches was limited to positive serum plate agglutination results, and infection could not be confirmed by PCR of culture. Results suggest that minimal biosecurity measures that restrict direct contact between chickens and house finches should significantly reduce the potential for MG transmission between these species.
Prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar colonies. Filippich, L.J.; Hendrikz, J.K. Australian Veterinary Journal, Feb. 1998, v. 76 (2), p. 92-95. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: megabacteria infection, bacterial disease, prevalence.
Abstract: Objective: To measure the prevalence of megabacteria in budgerigar-breeding colonies and to evaluate possible methods to reduce the prevalence. Design: A monitoring study over several years. Sample population: Two budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) colonies with over 300 birds each. Procedure: the prevalence of megabacteria in the faeces in two budgerigar breeding colonies, colony 1 and 2 was determined by faecal examination of each bird. Following an initial survey (1990), most of the birds that were scored 2+ or more were culled and a management practice was implemented to discriminate against positive birds. Consecutively yearly (1991, 1992) were conducted on the young birds bred in these colonies. The prevalence of megabacteria in colony 2 was also evaluated in 1994 and 1996 after all the birds were treated with amphotericin B administered in drinking water. Results: The prevalence of megabacteria in the two colonies was significantly (P<0.001) different. Overall the prevalence of megabacteria adjusted for colony differences was significantly higher (P.<0.025) in males compared to females. Age was not an influencing factor. After the initial survey, the prevalence in the offspring did not significantly (P>0.05) decrease in the following two annual breeding seasons but by inference it did significantly decrease after amphotericin B treatment. Conclusion: The practice of culling most birds with more magabacteria in faeces and discriminating against positive birds when selecting for birds for breeding or culling birds on show quality does not decrease megabacteria prevalence in the offspring. However, a reduction in prevalence does occur with administration of amphotericin B. Birds may have amphotericin B-resistant organisms and these birds need to be identified and culled.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in some common rodents and birds. Devada, K.; Anandan, R. Indian Veterinary Journal, Jun. 1998, v. 75 (6), p. 581-582. ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL call no: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors: animals, birds, toxoplasmosis, prevalence.
Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Hudson, Peter J.; Dobson, Andy P.; Newborn, Dave. Science, Washington, D.C. Dec. 1998, v. 282 (5397), p. 2256-2258. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL call no: 470 SCI2
Descriptors: ecology, population studies, models and simulations, red grouse, U.K.
Abstract: The regular cyclic fluctuations in vertebrate numbers have intrigued scientists for more than 70 years, and yet the cause such cycles has not been clearly demonstrated. Red grouse populations in Britain exhibit cyclic fluctuations in abundance. With periodic crashes. The hypothesis that these fluctuations are caused by the impact of a nematode parasite on host fecundity was tested by experimentally reducing parasite burdens in grouse. Treatment of the grouse population prevented population crashes, demonstrating that parasites were the cause of the cyclic fluctuations.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecology of Bird-Parasite Interactions. Arranged on Behalf of the Baltic Society for Parasitology and the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology in Vilnius, Lithuania, Jun. 25-28, 1998. Valkiunas, Gediminas; Fagerholm, Hans Peter (eds.). Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, Dec. 1998, v. 8 (2): i-ix. p. 1-87. ISSN: 0803-4907.
Descriptors: avian hosts, host-parasite interactions, ecology.
Psittacine beak and feather disease infected cells show a pattern of apoptosis in psittacine skin. Trinkaus, K.; Wenisch, S.; Leiser, R.; Gravendyck, M.; Kaleta, E.F. Avian Pathology, 1998, v. 27 (6), p. 555-561. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: skin, apoptosis, morphology, ultrastructure, microscopy.
Abstract: Skin biopsies from 23 psittacine birds with psittacine beak and feather disease were examined by light and electron microscopy. Affected cells, preferentially found in the layers of the feather follicles, could be clearly identified by the presence of intracytoplasmic virus inclusion bodies. Ultrastructurally, the degenerative process in these cells was morphologically suggestive of apoptosis.
A review: Diseases, nutritional and toxic affections of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Amin, A.E.; Faki, A.E. Sudan Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, 1998, v. 37 (1-2), p. 151-176. ref.
NAL call no: 41.9 SU22
Descriptors: disease prevalence, reviews, parasitoses, viral, bacterial, nutritional.
Risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches. Hartup, Barry K.; Mohammed, Hussni O.; Kollias, George V.; Dhondt, Andre A. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Apr. 1998, v. 34 (2), p. 281-288. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, bacterial disease, eye disease, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, feeders, survey, multivariate analysis, Eastern U.S.
Abstract: Observations from a citizen based survey were used to identify potential risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) in eastern house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Between November 1994 and October 1996, 778 volunteers provided 7,224 monthly observations at residential bird feeding sites across an eight state region in the eastern USA. Information collected by questionnaires included health status of house finches and four sympatric passerine species, types and n umber of bird feeders maintained, neighborhood housing locale and altitude of the observation site. Bivariate analysis revealed that house finches were 14 to 72 times as likely to be observed with conjunctivitis than the sympatric species studied. Year of the study, season, and the presence of platform, hopper, and tube type feeders were significantly associated with conjunctivitis in house finches. Multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model suggests that increased risk of conjunctivitis in house finches was associated with the second year of the study (the third year of the outbreak), the cooler non-breeding periods from September through March, and the presence of tube style feeders. In addition, the presence of raised platform type feeders may have been protective against conjunctivitis in house finches. Prevention of spread of this disease may include modifying bird feeding activities based on season and type of feeder.
Subacute to chronic fowl cholera in a flock of Pharaoh breeder quail. Miguel, B.; Wang, C.; Maslin, W.R.; Keirs, R.W.; Glisson, J.R. Avian Diseases, Jan/.Mar. 1998, v. 42 (1), p. 204-208. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: mortality, clinical signs, Pateurella multocida.
Abstract: A total of 1300 birds in a flock of breeder Pharaoh quail (Coturnix coturnix) experienced a moderate rate of mortality (13%) during a 7-day period. Clinical signs included depression, ruffled feathers, prostration, lameness, inapetence, diarrhea, and periorbital sinus swelling with mucoid discharge and lameness. Gross lesions observed in dead quail were emaciation, carcass congestion, mild hepatomegaly with green discoloration, congested intestinal mucosa, caseous purulent arthritis-osteomyelitis, and thickened crop mucosal epithelium. Histopathologic examination revealed mild hepatic amyloidosis, proliferative parabronchitis, splenic reticular cell hyperplasia, thymic cortical atrophy, subacute bacterial osteomyelitis, periarthritis, and crop mycosis. Pateurella multocida was isolated from the joints of these birds and the isolates were serotype 3x4. These findings suggest that Pharaoh quail are susceptible to P. multocida and are likely to develop subacute to chronic fowl cholera.
Ticks and mites as permanent and temporary bird ectoparasites, vectors and disseminators of pathogens. Alekseev, Andrey N. Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, Dec. 1998, v. 8, p. 1-8. ISSN: 0803-4907.
Descriptors: permanent and temporary ectoparasites of Aves, hosts, review.
Use of live oocyst vaccines in the control of avian coccidiosis: Experimental studies and field trials. Danforth, H.D. International Journal of Parasitology, Elsevier Science Ltd. Jul. 1998, v. 28 (7), p. 1099-1109. ref. ISSN: 0020-7519.
NAL call no: QH547.I55
Descriptors: disease control, live vaccines, oral administration, oocysts.
Abstract: Areas addressed in this study on the use of live oocyst vaccines to control coccidiosis include: the influence of immunocompetency of the strains and sex of the birds used; methods of delivery of vaccine; immunological variation between different strains of the same coccidial species; and the effects of combining vaccine with anticoccidial medication. The results show that vaccination with live oocysts elicited significant protection against coccidiosis, both with experimentally induced and naturally acquired coccidial infection, resulting in average bird weight gains and feed efficiency similar to that obtained with conventional anticoccidial medication.
The veterinary significance of Mycoplasma. Nicholas, Robin. Methods in Molecular Biology; Mycoplasma Protocols. 1998, v. 104, p. 17-23. Miles, R.; Nicholas, R.(eds.). Humana Press, Inc. Totowa, N.J. ISSN: 0097-0816. ISBN: 0896035255.
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, respiratory system diseases, birds, host.
1997
Appendix A: Collection and Identification of Avian Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi. Gough, Richard E. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 379-395. Oxford University Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: Aves, viruses, bacteria, fungi, infection, microorganisms.
Appendix B: Collection and quantification of avian helminths and protozoa. Doster, Gary L.; Goater, Cameron P. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Chapter pagination: 396-418. Oxford University Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: Aves, parasite-host, helminths, protozoa.
Appendix C: Collection and quantification of arthropod parasites of birds. Clayton, Dale H.; Walther, Bruno A. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Chapter pagination:. 419-440. Oxford University Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: Arthropoda, animals, birds, parasites.
Avian botulism: another perspective. Wobeser, G. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1997, v. 33 (2), p. 181-186. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: bacterial disease, botulism, pathogen, toxin production, waterfowl, marshes, predictive model, toxin in maggots.
Abstract: Waterfowl botulism is unique among intoxications because toxin produced within its victims leads to secondary poisoning of other birds. Because of this phenomenon, the epizootiology of the carcass-maggot cycle of botulism resembles that of an infectious disease and the reproductive rate (R) of the disease could be defined as the average number of secondary intoxications attributable to a single carcass introduced into a marsh. I propose that toxin production and botulism occur commonly at a low level in many marshes and that factors which influence R determine when the disease expands into a large epizootia. A model that incorporates the number of carcasses occurring in a marsh, the probability of a carcass containing spores, the probability of a carcass persisting until toxin-bearing maggots emerge, and the contact rate between live birds and toxin, may be useful for predicting the extent of secondary poisoning, for identifying questions for research, and as a theoretical basis for management.
Avian pasteurellosis: Taxonomy of the organisms involved and aspects of pathogenesis. Christensen, J.P.; Bisgaard, M. Avian Pathology, 1997, v. 26 (3), p. 461-483. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: bacterial disease, pathogenicity, host specificity, birds, Pasteurella multocida.
Abstract: The taxonomy of the family Pasteurellaceae Phol 1981 appears to be as complex as that of Enterobacteriaceae. 16SrRNA sequencing indicates that the family should be divided into more than 20 genera. According to phylogenetic investigations, the genus Pasteurella sensu stricto includes three subclusters, two of which represent taxa mainly associated with avian hosts. True species of the genera Actinobaccillus and Haemophilus have not been reported from birds. Some of theses seem to represent genus- like structures. Due to a high degree of host specificity observed for many taxa belonging to the family, the existence of many more species can be foreseen as more avian species are examined. The pathogenesis of Pasteurella infections in birds is poorly understood. However, it has long been recognized that the severity of the disease and its incidence may vary considerably depending on several factors associated with the host, the environment or the bacterial strain. Several virulence factors of P. multocida, may be of importance for infection of birds and are discussed. There is some evidence that the capsule of P. multocida is of importance in the protection against phagocytosis by immunocompetent cells and that it mediates resistance to complement. Endotoxin is another factor which has consistently been associated with pathogenicity of P. multocida. There are some indications that the P. multocida exotoxin (PMT), which is involved in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis in swine, may play a role in some avian infections. High molecular weight outer membrane proteins of P. multocida have been speculated to be the main iron acquisition system of avian strains of P. multocida and thereby representing virulence factors. An outer membrane protein with anti-phagocytic activity has also been demonstrated. The potential role of different enzymes in the pathogenesis of P. multocida has been investigated, but not conclusively demonstrated. Apart from the knowledge concerning the PMT encoding gene toxA, very little is known about the genetic basis of diseases caused by pasteurellas associated with avian species.
Bacterial infections in ratites. Welsh, R.D.; Nieman, R.W.; Vanhooser, S.L.; Dye, L.B. Veterinary Medicine, 1997, v. 92 (11), p. 992-998. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL call no: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: disease transmission, eggs, drug therapy, antiinfective agents.
[Bird Haemosporidia.] Valkiunas, G. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 1997, v. 3 (5), p. 1-607. ISSN: 1392-1657. Note: In Russian.
NAL call no: 436.9 AC8
Descriptors: avian parasites, Haemosporidia, comprehensive parasite study.
Birds as habitat for parasites. Crompton, D.W.T. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 253-270. ref. Oxford University Press Inc. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: Aves, parasite-host, organisms, micro-habitat.
Abstract: This review covers aspects of the extent of bird-parasite relations (estimates of numbers of birds and their parasites) and microhabitats for parasites provided by birds (alimentary tract, blood system, skin, nest).
Blood parasites found in three passerine species during spring migration. Rintamaki, Pekka T.; Halonen, Matti; Kilpimaa, Janne; Lundberg, Arne. Ornis Fennica, 1997, v. 74 (4), p. 195-200. ISSN: 0030-5685.
NAL call no: 413.8 OR66
Descriptors: parasitology, blood and lymphatics, parasite-host, birds, Turdidae, Sylviidae, Finland.
Abstract: Blood samples from three common passerine species, Robin, Redstart and Lesser Whitethroat, were collected during spring migration in the southwestern archipelago of Finland. A total of 10 parasitic haemosporidian and trypanosomid species were recorded. The proportion of parasitized samples of all three bird species was 18.0%, with no significant differences between them. Furthermore, the prevalence of parasites did not differ between the sexes in Redstarts and between age classes in Robins and Lesser Whitethroats. Instead, species that belong to the same family (Turdidae: Redstart and Robin) were partly infected with the same parasite species. The Lessor Whitethroat, belonging to the family Sylviidae, was infected with different blood parasite species compared with the Turdids. Our results indicate that during migration, the prevalence of blood parasites is rather low and that the taxonomic relationships of bird species is related to their parasitic fauna.
Cecal spirochetosis associated with Serpulina pilosicoli in captive juvenile ring-necked pheasants. Webb, D.M.; Duhamel, G.E.; Mathiesen, M.R.; Muniappa, N.; White, A.K. Avian Diseases, Oct./Dec. 1997, v. 41 (4), p. 997-1002. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: pheasants, Serpulina, cecum, diagnosis, diseases, symptoms.
Abstract: Spirochetes similar to those described in the ceca of broilers with diarrhea and in laying hens with decreased egg production and growth were identified in the ceca of captive-raised juvenile ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus cholchicus). The birds were submitted for diagnostic investigation of an illness characterized by a seromucoid ocular discharge, sneezing, swollen infraorbital sinuses, and weight loss. In addition to cecal spirochetosis, the birds had mild enteric coccidiosis, capillariasis; trichomoniasis, and nematodiasis (Heterakis spp.); esophageal capillariasis; and respiratory mycoplasmosis. Weakly beta-hemolytic spirochetes isolated from the ceca of one pheasant were identified as Serpulina pilosicoli with the use of a 16S tRNA sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification assay. Diffuse cecal enterocyte attachment was reproduced in a 1-day-old chick challenged with the pheasant S. pilosicoli isolate. Immunohistochemical staining of sections of ceca from the pheasant and challenged chick with a Serpulina spp. flagellar antigen-specific monoclonal antibody confirmed spirochetal attachment to cecal enterocytes. The etiologic significance of the spirochete infection is unknown because respiratory signs and multiple gastroenteric pathogens dominated the clinicopathologic manifestations and an intestinal disorder was not a clinical complaint.
Chlamydiosis in captive white-winged doves (Zenaida asiatica). Grimes, James E.; Small, Michael F.; French, Lewanne L.; Sneed, Lloyd W.; Andersen, Arthur A. Avian Diseases, 1997, v. 41 (2), p. 505-508. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8-Av5
Descriptors: bacterial disease, antibody activity, diagnostic method, Chlamydia psittaci.
Abstract: Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the spleen of a moribund white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica). The isolate was serotyped as the serovar B that is commonly isolated from pigeons. A fourfold increase in titer of antichlamydial IgM activity occurred in that bird in paired serum samples tested by chlamydial elementary body agglutination (EBA) and a greater than or equal to fourfold decrease of IgG occurred by direct complement fixation (DCF). The increases or decreases of EBA and DCF titers in other clinically ill birds that were treated with tetracycline varied, as normally occurs in cases of avian chlamydiosis. Titers in clinically normal birds were consistent with past infections. These birds were from a captive group of about 200 birds to be used for breeding and reproduction research. A small sample of recently caught wild birds was serologically negative for chlamydial antibody activity.
Collection and identification of arthropod parasites of birds. Clayton, D.H.; Walther, B.A.; Clayton, D.H. (ed); Moore, J. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models, 1997, p. 419-440. ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0198548923.
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: ectoparasites, collection, sampling, birds, reviews, techniques.
Abstract: This appendix describes techniques for collection and quantification of avian arthropod ectoparasites with sections on: previous reviews; host handling and data; live birds (4 subsections); dead birds (5 subsections); preserved birds; nests (in situ) (2 subsections); nests (removed) (4 subsections); handling and preservation of parasites.
Collection and identification of avian viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Gough, R.E.; Clayton, D.H.(ed); Moore, J. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models, 1997, p. 379-395. ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0198548923.
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: identification, fungal diseases, bacteria, diagnostic techniques, birds.
Abstract: This appendix describes techniques involved in the collection and identification of avian viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Following a section on sample collection and handling, the sections on viral diseases, and bacterial and fungal diseases contain 11 an 7 subsections, respectively. Finally, there is a 10-part section on serological techniques.
Collection and quantification of avian helminths and protozoa. Doster, G.L.; Goater, C.P.; Clayton, D.H. (ed); Moore, J. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models, 1997, p. 396-418. ref. ISBN: 0198548923.
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: evolution, host-parasite relationship, collection, techniques.
Abstract: This appendix gives a brief overview of methods for the collection of helminth and protozoan parasites of birds, and then discusses collection by anatomical locations of the parasites.
Comparative studies of host-parasite communities. Gregory, Richard D. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 198-211.Oxford University Press. N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: host-parasite community, phylogeny, animals, birds.
Common diseases and injuries of wild urban songbirds. Miller, Erica A. Wildlife Rehabilitation, 1997, v. 15, p. 109-117. ISSN: 0737-1829.
NAL call no: SF996.45 W55
Descriptors: Passeriformes, treatment techniques, diseases, disorders.
Community ecology of parasites and free-living animals. Simberloff, Daniel; Moore, Janice. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Oxford University Press. London, New York. Chapter pagination: 174-197. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: free-living birds, parasite-host, organisms.
Compendium of psittacosis (chlamydosis) control, 1997. Centers for Disease Control (USA). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1997, v. 46 (RR-13) I-II, 1-13. ISSN: 0149-2195.
NAL call no: RA407.3.M56
Descriptors: avian psittacosis, bacterial disease, chlamydosis, infection.
Gastric disorders in pet birds. Hoefer, H.L. Proceedings 18th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1997, v. 27 (29), p, 106-110. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: stomach diseases, digestive system diseases, foreign bodies, radiography.
Host-parasite co-speciation: History, principles, and prospects. Hoberg, Eric P.; Brooks, Daniel R.; Siegal, Causey Douglas. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination: 212-235. Oxford University Press, London, New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: parasite-host, evolution, adaptation, parasitology, phylogeny.
Host-parasite co-speciation, host switching, and missing the boat. Paterson, Adrian M.; Gray, Russell D. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Chapter pagination: 236-250. ref. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, N.Y., N.Y. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: parasite-host, host switching, Aves, phylogeny.
Host-Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, Dale H.; Moore, Janice. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. xiii. 473 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0198548931.
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: birds, parasites, host-parasite relationship, parasite evolution.
Host-parasite processes and demographic consequences. Hudson, Peter J.; Dobson, Andrew P. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Oxford University Press Inc. 1997. Chapter pagination: 128-154. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931(cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: parasitology, population studies, demographics, distribution.
Les infections a Chlamydia psittaci chez les oiseaux de compagnie: etude serologique et antigenique d' un echantillonnage. [Chlamydia psittaci infections in pet birds: A serological and antigenic study of a sample of birds.] Bougerol, C.; Peirano, Valerie; Matic, Nathalie. Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire de l’Ecole-d’Alfort. 1997, v. 173 (1-3), p. 43-48. ISSN: 0034-1843. Note: In French.
NAL call no: 41.9 R24
Descriptors: bacterial disease, antigenic diagnosis, pathogen, serological diagnosis.
Abstract: In a sample of 174 birds (mainly psittacine birds) screened for avian chlamydiosis, 125 were infected, while only 32 showed symptoms linked to the disease. This disease is contagious for man, and is often under diagnosed because of the exigence of numerous healthy asymptomatic carriers. Serological and antigenic tests can be used to detect infection by avarian chlamydosis and reveal the presence of chlamydia excretors. The same tests performed before and after treatment could be used as a guide in the choice of treatment and to give a prognosis of the likely evolution of the disease.
Immune defence: Genetic control. Wakelin, Derek; Apanius, Victor. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination: 30-58. Oxford University Press, Oxford. New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: immune system, parasitology, genetic control, parasite resistance.
Management of disease in game birds. Dalton, P. [Correspondence], Veterinary Record, 1997, 141 (9), p. 231-232. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: protozoal infection, drug therapy, disease control, parasites, Mycoplasma.
Abstract: The management and control of mycoplasmosis and protozoan infections in game birds are discussed briefly. The use of drugs for the prevention and treatment are described.
Mycobacterium infection of birds. Keymer, I.F. Veterinary Record, 1997, v. 140 (11), p. 292. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: zoonoses, disease transmission, bacterial diseases, Columbus palumbus, Mycobacterium, feral psittacines.
Abstract: The possible role of wood pigeons (Columbus palumbus) and other birds, particularly feral psittacines, in the epizootiology of Mycobacterium infections, including non-avian strains, is discussed. It is suggested that since birds may harbour unusual strains of Mycobacterium which may pose a threat to domestic livestock and even man, all isolates from birds should be identified and typed.
Non-viral diseases of psittacines. Smits, B. Surveillance Wellington, 1997, v. 42 (2), p. 17-18. ISSN: 0112-4927.
NAL call no: SF604.63.N45S87
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, protozoal infections, psittacosis, mycosis.
Obesity in pet birds. Part 2. LaBonde, J. Exotic Pet Practice, 1997, v. 2 (11), p. 81-85. ref.
Descriptors: pet birds, obesity, diets, diseases.
Parasitism and the evolution of host life history. Moller, Anders Pape. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). 1997. Chapter pagination: 105-127. Oxford University Press, London, New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: birds, parasite-host, organisms, evolution, adaptation.
Parasite mediated sexual selection: Endocrine aspects. Hillgarth, Nigella; Wingfield, John C. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.).1997. Chapter pagination: 78-104. Oxford University Press, Oxford. New York. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67
Descriptors: endocrine system, birds, parasite defense, hormonal regulation.
Parasitois por helmintos y protozoos en aves rapaces. [Helminth and protozoal infections in birds of prey.] Munoz, Lopez, E.; Gutierrez, Galindo J.F.; Castella, Espuny J.; Ferrer, Bermejo D. Medicina Veterinaria, 1997, v. 14 (12), p. 657-674. ref. ISSN: 0212-8292. Note: In Spanish.
NAL call no: SF604.R482
Descriptors: protozoal infections, diagnosis, drug therapy.
Patterns in the distribution of avian lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera). Rekasi, Jozsef; Rozsa, Lajos; Kiss, Botond J. Journal of Avian Biology, 1997, v. 28 (2), p. 150-156. ISSN: 0908-8857.
Descriptors: parasitology, parasite-host, prevalence, distribution, 15 species, territorial birds, colonial birds.
Abstract: The frequency distributions of 15 species of avian lice among individuals within populations are described and 12 previously described distributions are reviewed. All of these distributions were aggregated, but some of them do not conform to the negative binomial model (4 at P It 0.05 out of the 25 examined). Distribution measures (prevalence, mean and variance of louse subpopulations, the exponent k of the negative binomial distribution, and the index of discrepancy) of lice in colonial birds are compared to those of territorial ones. Minimum sample size requirement is calculated for each case study. Louse subpopulation size and variance do not correlate with host social system, however, residuals from log mean-log variance regression do. Lice of territorial hosts tend to form more variable subpopulations than those predicted by the regression curve, while those of colonial birds tend to form less variable subpopulations. Prevalence and k are higher, while the index of discrepancy is lower, for the distributions of lice of colonial hosts, indicating less aggregated louse distributions compared to those of territorial host species.
Protozoa, helminths, and arthropods of birds. Janovy, John Jr.; Clayton, D.H. (ed). Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Oxford University Press Inc. 1997. Chapter pagination: 303-337. ref. ISBN: 0198548923.
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67
Descriptors: arthropods, helminths, bird parasites, hosts.
Abstract: This review discusses the protozoa, helminths (Platyhelminths, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Annelida) and arthropods (Acari, insects, Pentastomida) of birds. Major taxa are listed with their host families.
Proventricular dilatation disease. Clubb, S.L.; Taylor, M.; Gregory, C.; Schmidt, R. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1997, v. 11 (3), p. 201-203. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: diagnosis etiology, viral diseases, birds.
Psittcine [psittacine] beak and feather disease (PBFD)- the latest news. Fenton, Vicki; Fenton, John; Pyle, Josie. Bird Keeping in Australia, Mar. 1997, v. 40 (3), p. 35-39. ISSN: 0045-2076.
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, diagnostic techniques, viral diseases, treatment.
Rapid diagnosis of avian infectious bronchitis virus by the polymerase chain reaction. Falcone, Emiliana; D’Amore, Emanuela; Di Trani, Livia; Sili, Amalia; Tollis, Maria. Journal of Virological Methods, 1997, v. 64 (2), p. 125-130. ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL call no: QR355.J6
Descriptors: infection, methods and techniques, microbiology.
Abstract: A simple, sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed in order to detect infectious bronchitis virus B (IBV) directly in tissue samples. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluids and cell cultures infected experimentally with different strains of IBV and from tissues of naturally infected birds. Viral RNA was then amplified and identified by a nested RT-PCR assay using two sets of primers flanking a well-conserved region of the nucleocapsid gene. The selected IBV nucleocapsid sequence was detected successfully by simple direct electrophoresis of amplified material.
The role of parasites in bird conservation. Dobson, Andrew P.; McCallum, Harnish. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. Clayton, Dale H.; Moore, Janice (eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, etc. 1997. i-xiii. 1-473 p. Chapter pagination: 155-173. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.H67 1997
Descriptors: avian hosts, ecology, parasites, diseases and disorders, literature review.
Some protozoal diseases of game birds - an unfolding story. Pennycott, T. State Veterinary Journal, 1997, v. 7 (2), p. 6-9. ref. ISSN: 0269-5545.
NAL call no: SF601.S8
Descriptors: game birds, Trichomonas phasiani, Hexamita meleagridis, UK, treatments, pheasants, partridges, diagnosis, clinical signs.
Abstract: The epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and diseases associated with Trichomonas phasiani, Hexamita meleagridis and Blastocystis in pheasants (Phasianus colhicus) and partridges (Alectoris rufa and Perdix perdix) in the UK are described. It is concluded that Hexamita sp. are more pathogenic and causing greater concern than T. phasiani and Blastocystis, both of which can remain in the digestive tract without causing adverse effects.
A survey of diseases of raptorial birds. Morishita, T.Y.; Aye, P.P.; Brooks, D.L. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1997, v. 11 (2), p. 77-92. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: morbidity, infectious diseases, predatory birds, injuries, reviews.
Veterinary Entomology: Arthropod Ectoparasites of Veterinary Importance. Wall, R.; Shearer, D. 1997, xv. 439 pp. ref. ISBN: 041261510X.
NAL call no: SF810 A3W36 1997
Descriptors: diagnosis, myiasis, ectoparasites, veterinary entomology, farm species, small mammals and birds.
Abstract: This textbook, aimed mainly at veterinary students and practicing veterinarians, should also be of interest to medical entomologists, parasitologists and those working in related livestock disciplines. It concentrates on the arthropod ectoparasites of most significance in temporate northern Europe and North America. Following a chapter on the importance and diversity of arthropod ectoparasites, the chapters are on: mites (Acari); ticks (Acari); Adult flies (Diptera); myiasis; fleas (Siphonaptera); and, lice (Phthiraptera). Most of theses chapters have diagnostic keys for identification of species or genera of arthropods in that group. The final, extensive chapter is on the control and treatment of ectoparasite infestation, with sections on: diagnosis; chemical control of ectoparasites; mode of ectoparasiticide application; problems with chemical control; non-chemical control of ectoparasites; and then sections dealing specifically with the ectoparasites of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, small mammals and birds.
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi of birds. Nuttal, Patricia A. Host Parasite Evolution: General Principles and Avian Models. 1997. Clayton, D.H.; Moore, J. (eds.). Oxford university Press, Inc. N.Y., N.Y, Chapter pagination: 271-302. ISBN: 0198548923 (paper); 0198548931 (cloth).
NAL call no: QL698.95.K67 1997
Descriptors: viruses, bacteria, fungi, birds, transmission, parasite-host evolution.
Zdravotni problemy v chovu dravcu. I. Parazitarni, bakterialni, virova a neinfekcni onemocneni dospelych ptaku. [Health problems in keeping birds of prey. I. Parasitic, bacterial, viral and non-infectious diseases of adult birds.] Pavlik, I.; Barta, J.; Lany, P.; Fischer, O.; Cernik, J.; Zendulkova, D.; Kundera, J. Veterinarstvi, 1997, v. 47 (9), p. 385-388. ref. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: animal diseases, predators, parasites, bacterial diseases, helminths.
Zdravotni problemy v chovu dravcu. II. Nejvyznamnejsi onemocneni pri odchovu. [Health problems in keeping birds of prey. II. Principal diseases in rearing young birds.] Pavlik, I.; Siska, M.; Docekalova, H.; Diblikova, I.; Bendova, J.; Lany, P.; Barta, J.; Kundera, J. Veterinarstvi, 1997, v. 47 (10), p. 426-428. ref. Note: In Czech.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6439
Descriptors: animal diseases, predators, aviary birds, young animal diseases.
1996
Avian chlamydiosis. Fudge, A.M.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, 3rd ed. p. 572-585. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, drug therapy, aviary birds.
Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune response to Eimeria parasites. Lillehoj, Hyun S.; Trout, James M. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 1996, v. 9 (3), p. 349-360. ISSN: 0893-8512.
NAL call no: QR67.C54
Descriptors: digestive system, immune system, parasitology, Aves, birds.
Avian tick paralysis caused by Ixodes brunneus in the Southeastern United States. Luttrell, M.P.; Creekmore, L.H.; Mertins, J.W. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1996, v. 32 (1), p. 133-136. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: avian tick paralysis epidemiology, parasite, parasitic disease, birds, Ixodes brunneus, Southeastern U.S.
Abstract: Between 1988 and 1994, 16 definitive and 26 presumptive cases of tick paralysis were diagnosed in 10 species of birds from five southeastern states in the USA. All birds had engorged adult female Ixodes brunneus ticks on the head region and were partially paralyzed or dead. Cases occurred in the winter and early spring months, and most birds were passerines found in private yards or near feeders. All stages of I. brunneus feed exclusively on birds, and this species previously has been associated with avian tick paralysis. Little is known concerning the life cycle of this ixodid tick and its impact on wild bird populations.
Avian viral diseases. Cross, Garry. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds. 3rd ed. 1996, p. 548-567. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: viral diseases, infection, immunosuppression.
Bacterial diseases. Resvill, Drury. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds,1996, p. 596-612. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, infection, Aves, common pathogens.
Bird parasites. Windsor, Donald A. Kingbird, Sept. 1996, v. 46 (3), p. 190-192. ISSN: 0023-1606.
Descriptors: Aves, parasites, diseases, disorders, role in avian biology.
Borna disease of ostriches. Ashash, E.; Weisman, Y.; Malkinson, M.; Perl, S.; Mechany, S. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 149-150. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: reviews, Borna disease, ostriches.
Cerebellar nematodiasis in an emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Suedmyer, Wm Kirk; Bermudez, Alex; Kazacos, Kevin R. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1996, v. 27 (4), p. 544-549. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL call no: SF601.J6
Descriptors: cerebellar nematodiasis, ivermectin treatment, female, parasitology, Baylisascaris.
Abstract: A 3-mo-old female emu (Dromaius novaegollandiae) died of cerebellar nematodiasis caused by Baylisascaris sp. infection. Another emu exhibited cerebellar signs identical to those of the bird that died, but no parasite was observed. Two additional emus are clinically normal as of this report. The three emus were first treated prophylactically once weekly with ivermectin and then given daily pyrantel tartrate pellets.
Degenerative diseases. Pence, Patricia A. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 458-463. Rosskopf. W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: bone disease, degenerative diseases, skeletal system, vascular diseases, captive birds.
Developmental anomalies. Pence, Paticia. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 463-469. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: beak deformity, bone disease, cardiac anomaly, eye disease, captive birds.
Diagnosis of psittacine viral diseases using DNA in situ hybridisation. Ramis, A.; Latimer, K.S.; Naigro, F.D.; Ritchie, B.W. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 151. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: infection, viruses, genetic methods, DNA, techniques.
Diarrhoea and vomiting. Hall, Christopher J. BSVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 171-185. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, bacterial diseases, diarrhea, liver disorder, digestive tract.
Diseases of the avian eye. Lavach, J.D.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, 3rd ed. p. 380-386. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: reviews, eye diseases, aviary birds.
Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. (eds.). 1996, xv. 1088 p. fig. ref. Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London, Eng. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, behavior, nutrition, pathology, grooming, veterinary medicine.
Abstract: This third edition text, with contributions from more than forty experts in their field, has seventy-seven chapters and is aimed at veterinarians in training and in practice. The book addresses various aspects of caged and aviary birds. Chapters are organized into two sections. Section one is about such aspects as the behavior, grooming, anatomy, communication, and nutrition in caged and psittacine birds. This segment also covers the diagnosis and treatment of avian diseases and disorders of the different organ systems. The concluding section examines the diagnosis and surgery required for treatment of disorders in non-psittacine and non-caged birds. A subject index, end of chapter references, black-and-white photographs, and other illustrations supplement the text. Twelve appendices providing such information as common and scientific names of frequently kept birds, addresses of drug companies, drug dosages, and a list of most commonly used medications in pet avian medicine are included at the end.
Diseases and care of wild passerines. Asterino, Rosemarie. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 965-980. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: infection, nutrition, parasitology, veterinary medicine, captive birds.
Diseases of the endocrine system. Lothrop, Clinton D. Jr. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 368-379. ref. Lothrop, C.D, Jr.; Rosskopf, W.J.Jr.; Woerpel R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: adrenal gland disease, endocrine diseases, pancreas, thyroid, captive birds.
Disorders of the nervous system. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 406-414. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: avian neuroanatomy, clinical examination, laboratory tests, captive birds.
Disorders of the respiratory system. Spira, Annelsia. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, p. 415-428. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: pathology, diagnosis, patient examination, diagnostic method, captive birds.
Epilepsie und andere Anfalle bei Vogeln. [Epilepsy and other bird diseases.] Sandmeier, Peter. Voliere, Jun. 1996, v. 19 (6), p. 185-187. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.
Descriptors: Aves, diseases and disorders, pathology, treatment.
Feather and skin problems. Malley, A.Dermod. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 96-105. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: bacterial infections, endoparasites, skin, fungal diseases, feathers, psittacine birds.
Fits, incoordination and coma. Forbes, Neil A. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 190-197. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: coma, emergency therapy, fits, incoordination, neurological diseases.
Fungal diseases. Reavill, Drury. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 586-612. ref. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: infection, pathogen, fungi, Aves, captive birds.
Gamebird diseases: The need for more research. Pennycott, T. Game Conservancy Review, 1996, no. 28, p. 63-65.
NAL call no: SK351.G3
Descriptors: trichomoniasis, game birds, histomoniasis, signs of disease.
Abstract: The following aspects of game bird diseases are described: the rising number of reported cases of hexamitiasis and trichomoniasis, and the falling numbers of cases of histomoniasis; the decreased availability of antiprotozoal drugs, particularly dimetridazole; research on alternative methods of controlling these diseases (showing that pheasants can often carry Trichomonas without obvious signs of disease); and the need for more such research.
Gastrointestinal parasites. Greve, J.H.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd rd. ed. 1996, p. 613-619. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: helminthoses, aviary birds, parasites, reviews.
Hemoparasites. Van Der Heyden, Nicole. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). 1996, p. 627-629. ISBN: 0683073826. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: diagnosis, parasitology, therapeutic method, therapy, blood parasites, captive birds.
Husbandry practices employed by private aviculturists, bird markets and zoo collections, which may be conducive to fostering infectious diseases. Wolff, P.L. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, Mar. 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 55-71. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: care in captivity, parasites, diseases, disorders, review.
Husbandry practices as related to infectious and parasitic diseases of farmed ratites. Tully, T.N.; Shane, S.M. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 73-89. ref.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: parasitoses, bacterial diseases, mycoses, husbandry, disease control, ostriches, emus, rheas.
Abstract: Since the mid-1980s, there has been a world-wide increase in the number of farm raised ratites. The focus of ostrich production remains in south Africa, but other countries are initiating production of this bird in addition to the emu and rhea. Ostriches, emus and rheas are being produced commercially outside their native habitat, resulting in new and unique disease presentations. The authors describe bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases which are emerging in production settings. It is suggested that biosecurity, together with adequate management and nutrition, will reduce the likelihood of flock exposure and limit mortality in the event of infection. The problem currently facing the industry is that most ratite facilities do not incorporate separate quarantine areas. Newly-introduced birds may contaminate soil and facilities with pathogens such as Mycobacterium spp. and Salmonella spp. Ratites have excellent production potential if producers can profitably multiply and rear healthy stock. Diseases which may affect the viability of an intensive production facility are discussed.
Gastrointestinal parasites. Greve, John H. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 613-619. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: digestive system diseases, parasitology, parasitic disease, captive birds.
Gut parasite load and diet of waders: Methods and first results. Drean, Quenec’ hdu S le; Goss, Custard J.; LeDrean Quenec’ hdu S.; Skirnisson, K.(ed); Skorping, A. Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, 1996, v. 6 (2), p. 122. ISSN: 0803-4907.
Descriptors: parasites, sea birds, ecology, helminths, Haematopus ostralegus, Psilostomum brevicolle, Meiogymnophallus minutus, Capillaria sp.
Abstract: The helminth ova detected in the faeces of Haematopus ostralegus from the Exe estuary, UK are reported. The commonest ova found were Psilostomum brevicolle, Meiogymnophallus minutus and Capillaria sp.
Hemoparasites. Heyden, N. Van der; Van der Heyden, N.; W.J Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed, 1996, p. 627-629. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: protozoal infections, parasites, aviary birds.
Lyme disease spirochetes in ticks collected from birds in midwestern United States. Nicholls, Thomas H.; Callister, Steven M. Journal of Medical Entomology, 1996, v. 33 (3), p. 379-384. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL call no: 421.J828
Descriptors: birds, Passeriformes as species, vector biology, spirochetes, ticks, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Abstract: In a tick-spirochete survey conducted from fall 1989 through fall 1992 in north-western Wisconsin, 4,256 bird (composed of 91 species) were examined for ticks. Infestations were recorded for 400 birds (composed of 30 species). Of 1,184 ticks taken from 335 birds (composed of 26 species), 60 (5%) Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard) from 8 species of birds were infected with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Scmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt & Brenner. Similar surveys conducted in 1990 and 1991 in Minnesota and Michigan yielded 223 H. Leporispalustris from 61 birds (composed of 23 species), all free of spirochetes. However, 1 B. burgdorderi-infected Ixodes scapularis (Say) was found in 1 bird species in Minnesota. Most ticks were collected in fall from ground-foraging birds such as thrushes and sparrows. These results confirm that tick-infested birds are important in disseminating Lyme disease spirochetes and may also play a role as sources for infecting ticks.
Malaria in a captive Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) from Florida. Fox, Jonathan H.; Greiner, Ellis C.; Bain, Perry; Jones, Robert. Avian Diseases, 1996, v. 40 (2), p. 477-479. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: ecology, parasitology, physiology, Aves, animal husbandry, schizonts, merozites, gametocytes, young animal, red blood cells.
Abstract: Severe anemia and intraeryrthrocytic stages of an unusual Plasmodium sp. Were identified in the blood of a 5 month-old female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) that had a 4-week history of malaise. Examination of blood taken 3 days prior to the death of the bird revealed a packed cell volume of 10%. Erythrocytes showed a marked regenerative response. Approximately 4% of erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions, mainly within immature cells, resembling malarial parasites. The schizonts were a combination of the Haemamoeba and Huffia subgenera type with 8-16 merozites in mature forms. The gametocytes were elongate. The abnormal morphology was probably a reflection of a new host-parasite relationship. Exoerythrocytic parasite stages were not identified at necropsy. The anemia was tentatively attributed to the Plasmodium infection.
Nematode parasites of marine and shore birds and their role as pathogens. Fagerholm, H.P.; Skirnisson, K. (ed); Skorping, A. Proceedings from the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology Special Symposium, Parasites and Ecology of Marine and Coastal Birds, Stykkisholmur, Iceland, June 15-18, 1996. Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, 1996, v. 6 (2), p. 16-30. ref. ISSN: 0803-4907.
Descriptors: sea birds, parasites, helminths, reviews.
Abstract: The nematodes parasitic in marine and shore birds are reviewed under the heading: Enoplea (Trichinelloidea, Dioctophymatoidea, Muspiceoidea, Acuariodea, Filarioidea, Diplotriaenoidea, Aproctoidea). Notes on disease are given where appropriate: It is concluded that there are numerous parasites which have a detrimental impact on these birds.
Neoplasms. Bauck, Louise. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 480-489. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.) Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. London ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, surgery, therapeutic method, captive birds.
Parasites and the ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in a passerine bird. Potti, Jaime; Merino, Santiago. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 1996, v. 263 (1366), p. 9-12. ISSN: 0962-8452.
NAL call no: 501.L84B
Descriptors: development, ecology, sexual selection, genetics, pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca.
Abstract: Explanations of sexual size dimorphism in animals have generally relied on theoretical predictions of sexual selection, niche differentiation, and sex ratio theories, whereas proximate influences on size dimorphisms are undescribed in wild populations. We described the differential effects of mite nest ectoparasites on the growth of the tarsus, a measure of skeletal size, in nesting pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, depending on sex. The detrimental effects of mites were suffered by males to a higher degree than females. It is proposed that parasites may interact with both host hormones and host immune system to cause sexual size dimorphism in young animals.
Parasites of the skin. Greve, John H. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed . 1996, p. 623-626. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD, London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: eyeworm, feather mite, scaly mange, integument system, captive birds.
Abstract: The parasites are of the mite genera Knemidocoptes, Mylalges, Ornithonyssus and Syringophilus and the nematode genus Pelecitus.
Parasitosen des Jagdfasans. [Parasites of Free-Living Pheasants.] Hospes, R. 1996, 132 pp. ref. Note: In German.
Descriptors: game birds, disease prevalence, ectoparasites, parasitoses, Eimeria phasiani , E. duodenalis, E. pacifica, E. colchici, Syngamus trachea, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria spp., Argas reflexus, Ixodes ricinus, Megninia ginglymura, Menopon gallinae, Eomenacanthus stramineus [Menacanthus stramineus], Goniocotes spp., Liperus spp., Reticulipeurus spp., Goniodes spp.
Abstract: Of 159 pheasants killed by hunting from October 1989 to January 1990 and from October 1990 to January 1991 in 2 areas of Germany (Walbeck/Stenden and Hiddingsel), 51.3% were infected with endoparasites and 18.8% with ectoparasites. The parasites found were: Eimeria phasiani (in 23), E. duodenalis (in 15), E. pacifica (in 3), E. colchici (in 14), Syngamus trachea (in 8), Heterakis gallinarum (in 29), Capillaria spp. (in 19), Argas reflexus (in 1), Ixodes ricinus (in 4), Megninia ginglymura (in 2), Menopon gallinae (in 15), Eomenacanthus stramineus [Menacanthus stramineus] (in 6), Goniocotes spp. (in 12), Liperus spp. (in 11), Reticulipeurus spp. (in 7) and Goniodes spp. (in 8). No differences in endoparasites were seen in pheasants from the 2 different hunting areas, but in the Walbeck/Stenden area, where artificially-bred and reared pheasants are released every year, the level of infection with ectoparasites was approximately 3.5 times that in Hiddingsel, where no release occurs. Host age and sex had no effect on the prevalence of infection, and no differences in prevalence of ectoparasites were seen between the 2 hunting seasons: prevalence of endoparasites was almost twice as high in the 1989/1990 hunting season as in the 1990/1991 hunting season. E. colchici had more pronounced effects on the intestinal mucosa than did other Elmiria spp. Syngamus trachea caused mucosal swelling at the site of attachment. A. reflexus is recorded on pheasants for the first time.
Pelvic limb problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H., BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 123-133. Benyon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, bone disease, injury, pelvic limb, nutritional disease, psittacine birds.
Polydipsia and polyuria. McLoughlin, Anne P. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 158-170. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: clinical assessment, diagnosis, treatment, polydipsia, polyuria, psittacine birds.
Prevention of paramyxovirus infection in pet birds using a new vaccine. Hoojmeijer, J.; Flore, H.; Duchatel, J.P.; Vindevogel, H. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 153-157. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: Bourkes parakeets, Neophema bourkii, immune system, infection, viruses, diagnosis, genetic method, vaccination, potency testing in chickens.
Abstract: In this paper results are described of vaccination with a tissue culture-derived product uses to vaccinate Bourkes parakeets (Neophema bourkii), which were subsequently challenged with virulent PMV-3. The paper also deals with the development of challenge assay and potency testing of the product in chickens before release for sale.
Reproductive disorders in birds. Smith, Richard E. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996. p. 449-457. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds.). Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. London. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, breeding failure, housing nutrition, captive birds.
Respiratory parasites. Rosskopf, W.J. Jr.; Woerpel, R.W.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, 3rd ed. p. 620-622. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, parasites, aviary birds, reviews, captive birds.
Respiratory problems. Forbes, Neil A. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 147-157. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: bronchi, fungal diseases, respiratory tract, trachea, medication methods, psittacine birds.
A review of some orthopedic diseases in ostriches, emus and rheas. Gnad, D.; St. Jean, G.; Homco, L.D.; Honnas, C. Agri. Practice, 1996, v. 17 (10), p. 28-32. ref. ISSN: 0745-452X.
NAL call no: SF601.B6
Descriptors: bone diseases, foot diseases, tendons, genetics, nutrition, orthopedics.
Role of bird migration in the long-distance dispersal of Ixodes dammini, the vector of Lyme disease. Smith, Robert P.; Rand, Peter W.; Lacombe, Eleanor H.; Morris, Arar R.; Holmes, David W.; Caporale, Diane A. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996, v. 174 (1), p. 221-224. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL call no: 448.8 J821
Descriptors: Aves, Ixodes, ticks, migration, ecology, Borrelia burgdorferi.
Abstract: To evaluate the role of migratory birds in the long-distance dispersal of Ixodes dammini ticks and the spread of Lyme disease, a 6-year study of migrating birds to an offshore New England island was conducted during 1989-1994. I. dammini are not endemic on this island, therefore allowing assessment of long-distance tick dispersal rather than local infestation. Of 11,324 spring migrants examined, 1.2% were infested with I. dammini. Of 8,607 fall migrants examined, 0.2% were infested. Of nymphal ticks examined, 20% were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. OspB DNA sequencing of 6 B. burgdorferi isolates was identical to sequences of 2 strains common in coastal Maine. It is evident that bird migration allows for long-distance dispersal of I. dammini from areas where they are endemic to areas where they are not and that a few bird species account for the majority of tick dispersal. The likelihood of establishment of enzootic Lyme disease by this mechanism is discussed.
Special challenges of maintaining wild animal in captivity in Australia and New Zealand: Prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases. Schultz, D.J.; Hough, I.J.; Boardman, W. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties, 1996, v. 15 (1), p. 289-308. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL call no: SF781.R4
Descriptors: infection, parasitology, veterinary medicine, wildlife management, captive management.
Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza. Panigraphy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen, J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. Avian Diseases, American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc. Jul/Sept. 1996, v. 40 (3), p. 600-604. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza, pigeons, susceptibility, disease resistance, viral diseases.
Abstract: Susceptibility to infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) was studied in pigeons inoculated via oculonasal (Experiment 1) or intravenous (Experiment 2) route. Chickens were included as susceptible hosts in both experiments. Two subtypes each of the highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV; HP CK/PA H5N2 and HP CK/Australia H7N7) and nonpathogenic AIV (NPIV; NP CK/PA H5N2 and NP emu/TX H7N1) at a dose of 10(5) embryo infective doses per bird were used as inoculum. The pigeons inoculated with HP CK/PA H5N2 or HP CK/Australia H7N7 remained apparently healthy throughout the 21 day observation period, did not shed viruses on 3, 7, 14 and 21 days postinoculation (DPI), and had no demonstrable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI. On the other hand, 9 of 12 chickens inoculated with the HPAIV died of highly pathogenic avian influenza; the viruses were recovered from their respiratory and intestinal tissues, and the surviving chickens had antibodies to AIV. Regarding responses of pigeons to inoculation with NP CK/PA H5N2 or NP emu/TX H7N1, the pigeons remained clinically healthy throughout the 21 day observation period and did not have detectable levels of antibodies on 21 DPI; only one pigeon yielded the NP emu/TX H7N1 on 3 DPI. The virus was isolated from a tracheal swab and was believed to be the residual inoculum virus. Based on the responses of pigeons to NPAIV, it was concluded that the pigeons were resistant or minimally susceptible to infection with HPAIV of NPAIV.
Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are retained upon intestinal passage through a refractory avian host. Graczyk, T.K.; Cranfield, M.R.; Fayer, R.; Anderson, M.S. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Sept. 1996, v. 62 (9), p. 3234-3237. ref. ISSN: 0099-2240.
NAL call no: 448.3 AP5
Descriptors: oocysts, defecation, feces viability, infectivity, waterfowl, Peking ducks, Anas platyrhynchos.
Abstract: Six Cryptosporidium-free Peking ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were each orally inoculated with 2.0X10(6) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts infectious to neonatal BALB/c mice. Histological examination of the stomachs, jejunums, flea, ceca, cloacae, larynges, tracheae, and lungs of the ducks euthanized on day 7 postinoculation (p.i.) Revealed no life-cycle stages of C. parvum. However, inoculum-derived oocysts extracted from duck feces established severe infection in eight neonatal BALB/c mice (inoculum dose, 2.5 X 10(5) per mouse). On the basis of acid-fast stained direct wet smears, 73% of the oocysts in duck feces were intact (27% were oocyst shells), and their morphological features conformed to those of viable and infectious oocysts of the original inoculum. The flouresence scores of the inoculated oocysts, obtained by use of the MERIFLUOR test, were identical to those obtained for the feces-recovered oocysts (the majority were 3+ to 4+). The dynamics of oocyst shedding showed that the birds released a significantly higher number of intact oocysts than the oocyst shells (P<0.01). The number of intact oocysts shed (87%) during the first 2 days p.i. was significantly higher than the number shed during the remaining 5 days p.i. (P<0.01) and significantly decreased from day 1 to day 2 p.i. (P<0.01). The number of oocyst shells shed during 7 days p.i. did not vary significantly (P>0.05). The retention of infectivity of C. parvum oocysts after intestinal passage through an aquatic bird has serious epidemiological ans epizootiological implications. Waterfowl may serve as mechanical vectors for the waterborne oocysts and may enhance contamination of surface waters with C. parvum. As the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in source waters is attributable to watershed management practices, the watershed protection program should consider waterfowl as a potential factor enhancing contamination of the source water with C. parvum.
Why should marine and coastal bird ecologists bother about parasites? Skorping, Arne. Bulletin of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, Nov. 1996, v. 6 (2), p. 98-102. ISSN: 0803-4907.
Descriptors: comprehensive zoology, literature review, avian hosts, parasites.
Wing problems. Coles, Brian H. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 134-146. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawto n. M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: diagnosis, muscle disease, injury, neoplasia, nutritional deficiency, psittacine birds.
Zoonoses and health implications. Cooper, John E.; Cooper, Margaret E. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Edition, 1996, p. 222-227. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: bacterial disease, chlamydiosis, health implications, zoonoses, psittacine birds.
Zoonotic disorders. McCluggage, D.M.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed.); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, 3rd. ed. p. 535-547. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0693073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: psittacosis, salmonellosis, parasitoses, zoonoses, aviary birds, reviews.
1995
Avian hematology and cytology, Second edition. Campbell, Terry W. 1995, viii. 1-104 p. Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813829074.
NAL call no: SF994 C35 1995
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, cell biology, morphology, birds.
Abstract: Clinicians, veterinary students, and clinical laboratory technicians will find this text on the identification and interpretation of avian cellular responses to be a valuable source of information. This second edition text includes broadly updated information and references. Topics addressed in the fourteen chapters include avian hematology and common parasites, evaluation of avian bone marrow and ectopic hematopoietic tissue, basic cytotechnology, artifacts, and the cytology of the abdomen, respiratory tract, skin, eye, cloaca, and internal organs. Three appendices are also included covering hematology and cytology stains and scientific bird named. Supplementing the text are numerous figures, a reference list, and an extensive index.
Chlamydiosis. Ritchie, Branson W.; Niagro, Frank D.; Tully Thomas N.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Pesti, Denise; Campagnoli, Raymond; Van Vreede, Kelly; Lukert, Phil D. Psittacine Disease Research Group, Univ. Georgia, Coll. Vet. Med., Athens, GA. 1995, p. 191-192. Junge, R.E. (ed.). Proceedings of a Joint Conference American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Diseases Association, and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Aug. 12-17, 1995.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: ecology, infection, veterinary medicine, wildlife management.
Common digestive tract disorders in pet birds. Gould, W.J. Veterinary Medicine, 1995, v. 90 (1), p. 40-52. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL call no: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: pet birds, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, pathology, drug therapy, diagnosis.
Common diseases of game birds. Lister, S.A. Veterinary Annual, 1995, v. 35, p. 331-339. ref. ISSN: 0083-5870.
NAL call no: 41.8 V6456
Descriptors: egg production, hatching, game bird diseases, helminthosis.
Diagnosis of psittacine viral diseases using DNA in situ hybridisation. Ramis, A.; Latimer, K.S.; Niagro, F.D.; Ritchie, B.W. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 51 (3-4), p. 151. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: viral diseases, diagnosis, DNA probes.
Epidemiology of infectious diseases in aquatic birds. Astorga, R.J.; Leon, L.; Miranda, A.; Cubero, M.J.; Maldonado, A.; Tarradas, M.C.; Arenas, A.; Perea, A. Medicina Veterinaria, 1995, v. 12 (7-8), p. 439-444. ref. ISSN: 0212-8292. Note: In Spanish.
NAL call no: SF604.R482
Descriptors: waterfowl, infectious diseases, epidemiology, Newcastle disease.
An improved method for collecting bird ectoparasites. Bear, A. Journal of Field Ornithology, Spring 1995, v. 66 (2), p. 212-214. ISSN: 0273-8570.
NAL call no: 413.8 B534
Descriptors: collection of parasites, Aves, improved technique, hosts.
Lymphoid neoplasia in pet birds: A review. Coleman, C.W. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1995, v. 9 (1), p. 3-7. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: pets, lymphosarcoma, diagnosis, drug therapy, neoplasms.
Parasaiten bei Vogein. [Bird parasites.] Sandmeier, Peter. Voliere, Aug. 1995, v. 18 (8), p. 245-248. ISSN: 0344-9270. Note: In German.
Descriptors: avian hosts, parasite list, treatment for parasites, pathology, medication.
Parasitic infection of migratory bird species. Sodhi, N.S.; Loye, J.; Carroll, S. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1995, v. 10 (10), p. 417-418. ref. ISSN: 0169-5347.
NAL call no: QH540.T742
Descriptors: habitats, seasonal migration, parasites, susceptibility, transmission.
Abstract: The author refers to a paper by J. Loye and S. Caroll (Trends in Ecology and Evolution (1995) 10, 232-235), in which they hypothesize that birds are more susceptible to parasite infections in fragmented compared to continuous habitats. Outside the breeding season, many North American migratory birds form intra-and interspecific flocks when they are more likely to pick up parasitic infections. Individuals then settle into habitats for breeding according to their body condition, fragmented habitats being of lower quality than continuous ones, more infected individuals may settle in fragments than in continuous habitat. Habitat fragmentation may therefore play an indirect role in parasitism and this should be considered in conservation strategies.
Parasites and the avian spleen: Helminths. John, Jeremy L. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 1995, v. 54 (1), p. 87-106. ISSN: 0024-4066.
NAL call no: QH301.B56
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, parasitology, helminths, immune system.
Abstract: A comparative analysis of the relationship between the spleen - a major organ of immunity - and helminths was undertaken with bird species, using the phylogenetic regression technique. Species in which many individuals are infected with nematodes relative to the number of individuals examined for the presence of helminths (termed “relative nematode presence”) have significantly larger spleens, for a given body weight, in females (though not in males). There was little indication that this relationship depends on incidental ecological indices, the weights of other organs, or the “relative presence” of trematodes, cestodes or haematozoa. Combined with previous, experimental, work it suggests that the avian spleen is important in resisting nematodes. Body weight is correlated with the relative presence of helminths; but even after removing body size effects, bird species which tend to be infected with nematodes are also more likely to be infected with cestodes. This paper indicates that the spleens of wild bird species are associated with macroparasites in the natural environment.
Preventing psittacine beak and feather disease virus infections. Ritchie, Branson W.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Lukert, Phil D.; Greenacre, Cheryl B.; Pesti, Denise; Campagnoli, Raymond; Van Vreede, Kelly. Psittacine Disease Research Group, Univ. Of Georgia, Coll. Vet. Med. 1995, p. 193-198. Junge, R.E. (ed.). Proceedings of a Joint Conference American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, Wildlife Disease Association, and American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, Aug. 12-17, 1995.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: ecology, infection, birds, veterinary medicine.
Ratite neuromuscular diseases. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 16th Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May2, 1995. p. 167-184. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: anatomy, muscles, nervous system, nutrition, toxic substances, congenital.
Viral diseases of psittacines. Smits, B. Surveillance Wellington, 1995, v. 22 (4), p. 14-19. ref. ISSN: 0112-4927.
NAL call no: Sf604.63 N45S87
Descriptors: viral diseases, psittacines.
1994
Avian chlamydiosis. Flammer, K. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 787-788. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: aviary birds, Chlamydia psittaci.
Experimental infection of northern bobwhite quail with Borrelia burgdorferi. Bishop, Katherine L.; Khan, Mazhar I.; Nielsen, Svend W. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1994, v. 30 (4), p. 506-513. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: birds, bacteria, lyme disease, polymerase chain reaction, organs affected, transmission.
Abstract: Four week old northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10-6 organisms from a low passage culture of Borrelia burgdorferi. Blood was collected weekly for culture, antibody detection, and immunoblot analysis. Three weeks postinoculation, viable spirochetes were isolated from the blood of one bird but not from kidney, spleen, liver, or heart; all infected birds from which preinfection anitbody titer had been established, had antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inoculated birds did not show clinical signs of disease and there were no detectable gross or histopathologic lesions. Borrelia burgdorferi was detected in sections of kidneys on fluorescent antibody tests. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissue samples, the expected PCR product (DNA) of 246 base pairs was visible on agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. The identity of the PCR product was confirmed by slot blot hybridization with Borrelia burgdorferi specific DNA probe. Thus, these birds sustained infections for at least 3 weeks without clinical signs and may play a role in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi.
Flavobacterium meningosepticum, a pathogen in birds. Vancanneyt, M.; Segers, P.; Hauben, L.; Hommez, J.; Deviese, L.A.; Hoste, B.; Vandamme, P.; Kersters, K. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Washington: American Society for Microbiology, Oct. 1994, v. 32, (10), p. 2398-2403. ref. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: pathogens, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, species differences.
Abstract: Five bacterial isolates were recovered from various diseased birds (chicken, a pigeon, and a zebra finch) and were identified a Flavobacterium meningosepticum. Four of them were isolated in pure or nearly pure culture of samples from internal organs, and one strain was isolated in mixed culture of a tarsal joint fluid sample. Except for the last case, there was no evidence of other disease agents. By using phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genomic methods, the strains were taxonomically characterized and could not be differentiated from the human clinical reference strains of the species. Two avian strains were different in their phenotypic behaviors and constituted another genotypic subgroup. In general, all F. meningosepticum strains constituted a single species which was easily differentiated from biochemically similar species and phylogenetically closely related taxa.
Ostrich Diseases. Huchzemeyer, F.W. 1994, xiii. 120 pp. fig. ref. ISBN: 1868490017.
NAL call no: SF995,H83 1994
Descriptors: monographs, diseases, ostriches,
Abstract: The author, who had studied diseases of ostriches in South Africa since 1988, presents a review of his own experience and of the literature on the subject, covering transmissible diseases, nutritional diseases and miscellaneous disorders. There is also brief information on immobilization, husbandry and breeding in captivity.
Tuberculosis in farmed rheas (Rhema americana). Sanford, S. Ernest; Rehmtulla, Abdul J.; Josephson, Gaylan, K.A. Avian Diseases, 1994, v. 38 (1), p. 193-196. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: Mycobacterium avium, Rheiformes, TB infection, birds.
Abstract: Avian tuberculosis was diagnosed in two mature rheas on different ratite farms over a 2-year period. Both birds had died after progressively losing body condition. Caseo-necrotic granulomas were scattered throughout the liver and spleen in both birds. Similar granulomas were in the lung of one bird and bilaterally in the subcutis cranial to the shoulder in the other bird. Smears of several granulomas from both rheas revealed large numbers of acid-fast bacilli. Histologically, the granulomas had caseonecrotic, non-mineralized centers surrounded by giant cells. Large numbers of acid-fast bacilli were seen free in the necrotic material and within inflammatory cells. Amyloidosis of the liver and spleen occurred in one rhea. Mycobacterium avium complex was isolated at a reference laboratory from hepatic granulomas submitted from one rhea.
1993
Affections respiratoires chez les oiseaux de cage et de voliere. [Respiratory disease in cage and aviary birds.] Wailly, P. De; De Wailly, P. Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Veterinaire Pratique de France, 1993, v. 77 (3), p. 137-156. Note: In French.
NAL call no: 41.9 SO12
Descriptors: drug therapy, respiratory diseases, aviary birds, pets.
Abstract: The anatomy and physiology of the avian respiratory system is described. The principal symptoms of respiratory diseases caused by fungi, parasites, bacteria and viruses are given. The diagnosis of the diseases, drugs used and their methods of administration are discussed.
Avian aspergillosis. Redig, P.T.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 178-181. ref. W.B. Saunders, Co. Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: zoo animals, mycosis, diagnosis, therapy, disease prevention.
Abstract: Approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of avian aspergillosis infection are discussed.
Avian Haematozoa: Mortality and pathogenicity. Bennett, G.F.; Peirce, M.A,; Ashford, R.W. Journal of Natural History, 1993, v. 27 (5), p. 993-1001. ISSN: 0022-2933.
NAL call no: QH7.J6
Descriptors: wild birds, parasitology, control, blood parasite, Aves, literature review.
Abstract: A review of 5640 articles on avian blood parasites showed that 236 reported mortality or gross pathogenicity in birds, and 89% of them were concerned with mortality in domesticated birds and how to control the blood parasites involved. Only 6% of records concerned birds in zoological gardens; the remainder referred to mortality in wild birds.
Avian mites. Philips, J.R. Compendium for Continuing Education for Practicing Veterinarians, May 1993, v. 15 (5), p. 671-674, 675-683. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SH601.C66
Descriptors: birds, mites, infestation, skin, feather mites, treatment, diagnosis.
Bird blood parasites - a new dimension to bird ringing. Earle, R.A. Safring News, 1993, v. 22 (1), p. 5-9. ISSN: 0379-878X.
Descriptors: Aves, Protozoan parasites, transmission, blood parasites, vectors.
Bird blood parasite project: Report for 1993. Earle, R.A.; Bennett, G.F. Safring News, 1994, v. 23 (1), p. 38-40. ISSN: 0379-878X.
Descriptors: avian hosts, Protozoa, blood parasite project 1993 report.
Common avian diseases seen in pet bird practice. Rosskopf, Walter J.; Shindo, Myra K. Proceedings Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1993, p. 388-421.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: Aves, parasite diseases and disorders, overview, pet species.
Common infectious and parasitic diseases of quail and pheasants. Olsen, G.H. Proceedings 1993, Annual Conference Association of Avian Veterinarians, Aug. 31-Sept. 4, 1993, Nashville, TN. p. 146-150. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: parasites, helminths, protozoal infections.
Diseases of turacos, go-away birds, and plantain eaters. Brannian, R.E.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 237-240. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: wild birds, animal diseases, parasitoses, infectious diseases, nutrition.
The feather-picking pet bird. Rosenthal, Karen. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1994, v. 15, p. 125-130.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: Aves, feather picking, diagnostic techniques, diseases, disorders.
Infectious and parasitic diseases of cranes. Carpenter, J.W.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 229-237. ref. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, viral diseases, protozoal infections, diagnosis, therapy.
Infectious and parasitic diseases of raptors. Cooper, J.E.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 221-229. ref. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: predatory birds, infectious diseases, pathology, diagnosis, therapy.
Infectious and parasitic diseases of ratites. Jensen, J.M.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 200-203. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, viral diseases, parasitoses, ratites.
Ocular lesions in birds of prey. Murphy, C.J.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 211-221. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: predatory birds, anatomy, surgery, eye diseases, congenital abnormalities.
An outbreak of Pacheco’s parrot disease in a psittacine bird collection and an attempt to control it by vaccination. Kaleta, E.F.; Bueno-Brinkmann, Miguel. Avian Pathology, 1993, v. 22 (4), p. 785-789. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: viral diseases, vaccination, treatment techniques, case report.
Penguin and alcid medicine. Stoskopf, M.K.; Fowler, M.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, v. p. 189-194. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: zoo animals, reproduction, physiology, pathology, diseases, parasitoses.
Psittacine birds as reservoirs of serious diseases. Schmidt, R.E.; Fowler, M.E, Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, 1993, p. 244-247. ref. ISBN: 0721636675.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, viral diseases, mycoses, protozoal infection, parrot family.
Vaccination and challenge studies with psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Raidal, S.R.; Firth, G.A.; Cross, G.M. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1993, v. 70 (12), p. 437-441. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: immune system, viruses, Psittaciformes, pharmacology, cockatoos, galahs, experimental infection, antibody response.
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) was administered to adult galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) by mouth or by intramuscular injection. Concentration of PBFDV antibodies in serum and excretion of PBFDV were monitored by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and hemagglutination (HA) respectively. After oral administration, 17 of 18 galahs remained clinically normal and a small rise in antibody titre was detected in 3 of 18 birds. After intramuscular administration, antibody was detected in all birds. PBFDV was not detected in the feather dander of birds in either group. One bird developed diarrhoea and high faecal HA titres within 4 days of oral administration and then died. Adult and nestling cockatoos were vaccinated with an experimental inactivated double-oil emulsion vaccine. PBFDV antibody responses are comparable to those induced by a primary-oil emulsion vaccination regimen using Freund’s adjuvants. Both vaccines protected nestlings. Three sibling wild-caught sulphur-crested cockatoos were vaccinated but died of PBFDV before experimental challenge despite antibody responses in all birds. Unvaccinated control chicks developed acute PBFDV within 4 weeks of challenge, probably from PBFDV-induced hepatitis since high concentrations of PBFDV were detected in their livers.
Virus Infections of Vertebrates, Vol. 4. Virus Infection of Birds. McFerren, J.B.; McNulty, M.S. (eds.). 1993; 4: xviii. 1-621 p. ISBN: 0444898999. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. N.Y., N.Y.
NAL call no: SF780.4 V55 1993
Descriptors: control, diagnosis, disease signs, virus properties, pathogenesis, pathogenesis, various viruses, epizootiology.
Abstract: Viruses cause a wide array of diseases in birds. Some are highly infectious. Some are well defined and can be grown in-vitro. Some cause simultaneous infections in concert with other viruses. This text reviews current knowledge of the full range of bird viruses. It is organized by family following the scheme presented in the Fifth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. An overview of each family is presented. For those viruses about which a substantial amount is known, chapters are divided into sections covering virus properties, epizootiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, pathology, laboratory diagnosis, and prophylaxis and control. The text is illustrated, heavily referenced, and indexed.
1992
A clinical approach to neoplastic disease in the pet bird. Bauck, Louise D. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, Oct. 1992, v. 1 (2), p. 65-72. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, bacterial diseases, clinical aspects, cancers.
Comparative ecology of Neotropical bird lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Clayton, D.H.; Gregory, R.D.; Price, R.D. Journal of Animal Ecology, 1992, v. 61 (3), p. 781-795. ISSN: 0021-8790.
NAL call no: 410 J826
Descriptors: Avian hosts, Insecta, parasites, diseases and disorders, ecology.
Enfermedades mas frecuentes en las gallinas de Guinea. [The most common diseases of guinea fowls.] Boado, E.; Herrera, C.; Lopez, S.; Quintero, D. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Avicola, 1992, v. 90 (1), p. 40-52. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943. Note: In Spanish.
NAL call no: SF481.R48
Descriptors: age, diseases, guinea fowl.
Vogelkrankheiten : Ursachen, Erkennung, Behandlung. [Bird Diseases.] Hahn, Ute. Alfred Hannover: M&H Schaper, c1992. 134 p. ill. ISBN: 3794401697. Note: In German.
NAL call no: SF994.H36 1992
Descriptors: birds, ornamental diseases, cage birds diseases.
1991
Bird Keeping as a Source of Lung Cancer and Other Human Diseases: A Need for Higher Hygienic Standards. Holst, P.A.J. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, etc. 1991. i-xiii. 1-123 p. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health - supplement.
Descriptors: Aves, source of human diseases, care in captivity, transmission, zoonotic potential.
Bird Parasite Interactions: Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour. Loye, J.E.; Zuk, M. Oxford Ornithology Series, No. 2, Oxford, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1991. i-xv.1- 406 p. ill. maps. ref. ISBN: 0198577389.
NAL call no: QL698.95.B57 1991
Descriptors: Aves, behavior, parasites, host ecology, evolution and behavior, birds, host-pathogen interactions.
Giardiasis in wild and captive bird populations: High prevalence in herons and budgerigars. Erlandsen, S.L.; Weisbrod, A.R.; Knudson, L.W.; Olereich, R.; Dodge, W.E.; Jakubowski, W.J. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1991, v. 1 (3), p. 132-143. ISSN: 0960-3123.
Descriptors: avian hosts, Giardia, prevalence in wild and captive host species.
Helminth parasites of wild birds. Borgsteede, F.H.M. Wild Bird Mortality in the Netherlands 1975-1989. Baars, A.J.; Over, H.J. (eds.). Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds, Zeist & Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lelystad. 1991. 1-59 p. Chapter pagination: 37-42.
NAL call no: SF994.W54 1989
Descriptors: avian hosts, parasitological survey, Netherlands.
Parasite load reduces song output in a passerine bird. Moller, A.P. Animal Behaviour, 1991, v. 41 (4), p. 723-730. ISSN: 0003-3472.
NAL call no: 410 B77
Descriptors: avian hosts, parasite load, effect on song output, acoustic signals.
Pathology and diagnostics on wild bird mortality. Smit, T. Wild Bird Mortality in The Netherlands 1975-1989. Baars, A.J.; Over, H.J. (eds.). Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds, Zeist & Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lelystad. 1991. 1-59 p. Chapter pagination: 15-22.
NAL call no: SF994.W54 1989
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, Aves, parasitic diseases and disorders, deaths, Netherlands.
Routes and prevalence of shedding of psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Ritchie, B.W.; Niagro, F.D.; Latimer, K.S.; Steffens, W.L.; Pesti, D.; Ancona, J.; Lukert, P.D. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Nov. 1991. v. 52 (11), p. 1804-1809. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, viruses, disease transmission, feces, dust, crop, contaminated feather dust, colonial housed birds, virus, feces, crops.
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus was recovered from the feces and crop washings from various species of psittacine birds diagnosed with PBFD. High concentrations of the virus could also be demonstrated in feather dust collection from a room where 22 birds with active cases of PBFD were being housed. The virons recovered from the feces, crop, and feather dust were confirmed to be PBFD virus by ultrastructural, physical, or antigenic characteristics. Virus recovered from the feather dust and feces hemagglutinated cockatoo erythrocytes. The specificity of the hemagglutination was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition, using rabbit antibodies against PBFD virus. During the test period, 26% (8 of 31) of the birds screened were found to be excreting PBFD virus in their feces, and 21% (3 of 14) of crop washings were positive for PBFD virus. Some birds in the sample group had active cases of diarrhea, whereas others had normal-appearing feces. Diarrhea was found to be the only significant indicator of whether a bird was likely to be excreting virus from the digestive tract. These findings suggest that exposure of susceptible birds to PBFD virus may occur from contact with contaminated feather dust, feces, or crop secretions. Viral particles that were morphologically similar to parvovirus (2-to24 nm-icosahedral nonenveloped virons) also were recovered from feces of some of the birds.
1990
Les maladies des oiseaux de cages et de volieres. [Diseases of Caged and Free-Flying Birds.] 1st ed. Andre, J.P. Maisons-Alfort: Editions du Point Veterinaire, 1990. 380 p. plates, ill. ref. ISBN: 2863269480. Note: In French.
NAL call no: SF994.A53 1990
Descriptors: birds, diseases.
A retrospective study of disease and mortality in zebra finches. Prattis, S.M.; Cioffee, C.J.; Reinhard, G.; Zaoutis, T.E. Lab. Animal Science, July 1990, v. 40 (4), p. 402-405. ref. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL call no: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: animal diseases, morbidity, mortality, symptoms, Fringillidae, domestic colonies, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter spp., and Candida albicans.
Abstract: Few public reports exist describing morbidity and mortality in domestic zebra finch colonies maintained in a laboratory animal setting. A retrospective study of clinical disease and mortality in quarantined adult zebra finches was performed. Animals were observed during the 2 week quarantine period and for at least 1 month afterwards (42 days). Signs of disease, including feather and beak abnormalities, oculonasal discharge, increased respiratory rate or stridor, abdominal enlargement, pasty vent, diarrhea, lameness and pectoral muscle loss, were evaluated in out colony during this time. History, physical examination, laboratory testing and postmortem evaluation were used to determine causes of clinical diseases. Common clinical findings in sick finches included sudden death, ruffled feathers, increased respiratory rate or gape mouthed breathing, pasty vent or frank diarrhea, and beak discoloration. Organisms frequently isolated were Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Enterobacter spp., and Coccidia spp. of the finches that died while in the colony (29.5%), 23.0% died in the first week after arrival. Pathogens frequently isolated from tissues cultured at necropsy included E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter spp., and Candida albicans. When observed, pathological lesions consisted of air sacculitis, fibrinopurulent polyserositis and ventriculitis.
1989
Avian pathogens: Their biology and methods of spread. Reece, R.L. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989. p. 1-23. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32 1980
Descriptors: Aves, parasite and disease biology and dispersal, significance, birds.
Bill abnormalities. McCulloch, E.M. Bird Observer, 1989, v. 82, No. 689. ISSN: 0313-5888.
NAL call no: QL684.M4B54
Descriptors: birds, bill, abnormalities, developmental disorders, records.
Diseases and threatened birds. Cooper, J.E. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989. i-xi. p.1-200. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32
Descriptors: Aves, endangered species, diseases, significance, birds.
Exclusion, elimination and control of avian pathogens. Ashton, W.L.G.; Cooper, J.E. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989, p. 31-38. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32
Descriptors: Aves, pathogen exclusion, elimination and control, significance, birds.
Hematazoa from the spotted owl. Gutierrez, R. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1989, v. 25 (4), p. 614-618. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: microfilaria, hosts, mixed infections, parasites, disease prevalence, California, New Mexico, Strix occidentalis, Haemoproteus noctuae, H. syrnii, Leucocytozoon ziemanni, Trypanosoma avium, Atoxoplasma sp.
Abstract: One-hundred-and-five spotted owls (Strix occidentalis) from 7 populations (in California and New Mexico) and 3 subspecies were examined between April and August from 1987 to 1988 for hematozoa. Haemoproteus noctuae, H. syrnii, Leucocytozoon ziemanni, Trypanosoma avium, Atoxoplasma sp. and unidentified microfilaria were recorded. All subspecies (S. occidentalis caurina, S. occidentalis occidentalis and S. occidentalis lucida) were infected with at least one haematozoan; 79% had multiple infections. Twenty-two percent of the owls were infected with as many as 4 species of parasites. There were significant differences in the prevalences of these species of parasites occurring among the 5 populations of northern and California spotted owls sampled in California. H. noctuae, H. synrii and Atoxoplasma sp. represented new host records for this host species.
The significance of avian Haematozoa in conservation strategies. Peirce, M.A. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989, p. 69-76. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32
Descriptors: Haematozoa, Aves, bird hosts, parasites, conservation strategies.
The role of birds in the long-distance dispersal of disease. Bourne, W.R.P. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989, p. 121-128. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32
Descriptors: Aves, transmission, long distance disease dispersal role, disease transmission.
The role of pathogens in threatened populations: An historical review. Cooper, J.E. International Council for Bird Preservation Technical Publication, 1989, p. 51-61. No. 10. ISSN: 0277-1330.
NAL call no: QL696.P7I32
Descriptors: parasites, diseases and disorders, pathogens, extinction, threatened bird populations.
1988
Psittacine beak and feather disease - a personal perception. Schmidt, M. Bird Keeping in Australia, 1988, v. 31 (10), p. 173-174. ISSN: 0045-2076.
Descriptors: Psittacine beak and feather disease, symptoms, pathogenicity.
Ticks among the seabirds. Duffy, D.C. Living Bird Quarterly, 1988, v. 7 (3), p. 8-13. ISSN: 0732-9210.
NAL call no: QL671.L57
Descriptors: avian hosts, host nest desertion role, reaction of host to parasite.
1987
Avian dermatology. Perry, R.A. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 40-50.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, feathers, treatment in captivity, disorders, skin diseases.
Bird parasites. Donaldson, J. WBC News, 1987, v.6, No. 136. ISSN: 0250-1481.
Descriptors: avian hosts, mortality records, prevalence, starvation.
Chlamydiosis. Eamens, G.J.; Cross, G.M.J. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 114-119.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, bacterial diseases, symptoms, treatment, captive birds.
Digestive tract protozoa. Burr, E.W. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 129-134.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: protozoa, diagnosis of parasites, avian hosts, treatment, digestive tract, pet birds.
Entomology. Stehlik, M. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 51-57.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: avian hosts, treatment in captivity, insect parasites, pet birds.
Gastro-intestinal diseases. Schultz, D.J.; Rich, B.G. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 80-86.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, digestive system, disorders, treatment, pet birds.
Helminthology. Shanthikumar, S.R. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 135-146.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: diagnosis of parasites, diseases, treatment, parasite life cycles, pet birds.
Hematozoa. Bennett, G.F. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W, (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 120-128.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Protozoa, diagnosis of parasites, treatment, diseases, pet birds.
Herpesvirus infestations. Gaskin, J.M. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 107-110.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, viral diseases, symptoms and treatment, Herpesvirus, pet birds.
Metabolic diseases. Brugere, Picoux J.; Brugere, H. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 72-79.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: metabolic biochemistry, metabolic disorders, symptoms, treatment, pet birds.
Mutations and hereditary disorders. Olszewski, A.B. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 33-35.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, genetics, diseases in captivity, disorders, brief survey, pet birds.
Neoplasms, cysts and obstructive diseases. Choudary, C. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 231-239.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, neoplastic diseases and disorders, diagnosis, treatment, pet birds.
Nephritis. Mandelker, L. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 87-88.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, kidney, disorders, treatment, pet birds.
Papovavirus infections of birds. Pass, D.A.; Wylie, S.L.; Forshaw, D. Bird Keeping in Australia, 1987, v. 30 (8), p. 122. ISSN: 0045-2076.
Descriptors: Aves, viral diseases, Papovavirus, review, pet birds.
Quarantine and isolation. Gilchrist, P.T. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 216-220.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, care in captivity, treatment of diseases, quarantine, isolation, pet birds.
Reproductive diseases. Reece, R.L. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 89-100.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, reproductive system, disorders, treatment, diseases, pet birds.
Systemic mycoses. Patgiri, G.P. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 102-106.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, fungal diseases and disorders, symptoms and treatment, pet birds.
Toxic conditions. Butler, R. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1997. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 226-230.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: care in captivity, toxic substances, symptoms, treatment, pet birds.
Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease. Fowler, M.E. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 11-113.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, viral diseases, symptoms, treatment, Newcastle disease, pet birds.
Wild bird and mammal ectoparasites. Zlotorzycka, J. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne, 1987, v. 32 (4-6), p. 449-457. ISSN: 0043-5163.
NAL call no: 436.8 W63
Descriptors: Avian hosts, ectoparasite biology, review, Aves, Mammalia.
Zoonotic diseases. Turner, G.V. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, G.V.(ed.). Iowa State University Press, ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247 p. Chapter pagination: 221-225.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1C66
Descriptors: Aves, epizootiology, epidemiology, survey of diseases, pet birds.
1985
Bird ectoparasites. Goff, L.M. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 1985, v. 25. p. 5. ISSN: 0073-134X.
NAL call no: 420 H312
Descriptors: Avian hosts, parasites, diseases, disorders.
Bird fleas, genus (Ceratophyllus, from Alaska (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae). Haas, G.E.; Wilson, N.; Rumfelt, T. Pan-Pac-Entomol. San Francisco, CA. Pacific Coast Entomological society, Apr. 1985, v. 61 (2), p. 180-183. ref. ISSN: 0031-0603.
NAL call no: 421 P193
Descriptors: birds, Ceratophyllus, hosts, nests, behavior, habitats.
1984
Birds and human diseases. Barraclough, B. Bird Observer, 1984, p. 25-26, No. 627. ISSN: 0313-5888.
NAL call no: QL684.M4B54
Descriptors: Aves, allergy producing animals, transmission, human diseases, survey, zoonoses.
Bird fleas (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) of the genera Dasypsyllus and Mioctenopsylla in Alaska. Haas, G.E.; Wilson, N. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 1984, v. 42 (1-2), p. 72-77. ISSN: 0043-0927.
NAL call no: 442.8 W28
Descriptors: nest and burrow fauna, parasites, disease, disorders, bird fleas.
Histoplasmosis and its Relations to Bird Roosts: A Review. Weeks, Robert J.; Stickley, Allen R. Denver, CO. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Wildlife Research Center. [1984] 23 p. Cover title. “November 1984"-P.[1]. “Project no. 897, work unit no. 31"-P.[1].
NAL call no: RC147.H7W43
Descriptors: histoplasmosis, birds, diseases.
Pacheco’s parrot disease: A serious threat to the pet bird industry. Giambrone, J.J. Auburn Veterinarian, 1984, v. 40 (2), p. 4-5.
NAL call no: 41.8 Au1
Descriptors: Psittaciformes, viral diseases, Pacheco’s parrot disease.
1983
The bird blowfly. Lewis, D. Gwent Bird Report, 1983, p. 17-18, No. 18. ISSN: 0962-6301.
Descriptors: nest parasite larvae, blood sucking larvae, prey, fledgling mortality, fly.
Control of bacterial diseases in a psittacine bird nursery. Flammer, K. American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Proceedings, 1983, p. 164-167. ISSN: 0095-0610.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, treatment, prevention and control in captivity.
A trombiculid mite infestation of canaries. Pass, D.A.; Jue, Sue L. Australian Veterinary Journal, Jul. 1983, v. 60 (7), p. 218-219. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL call no: 41.8 AU72
Descriptors: canaries host, Arthropoda, Trombiculidae.
1982
A Basic Guide to the Health and Common Diseases of Game Birds: Including Quail, Pheasant, Grouse, Partridge, etc. Hayes, Leland B. [S.l.: s.n.] 1982. 60 p. ill.
NAL call no: SF994.4.A1H3
Descriptors: game bird diseases, bird diseases, game bird culture.
Bird ticks and arboviruses in Australia. Kemp, D.H.; George, T.D.; McKillgan, N. Arbovirus Research in Australia, 1982, p. 152-156. ISSN: 0725-4989.
NAL call no: RC114.5.A7
Descriptors: avian hosts, parasites, viral diseases, rookery habitats.
1981
Banding and bird blood. Ervin, S. North American Bird Bander, 1981, v. 5 (4), p. 140-142. ISSN: 0363-8979.
Descriptors: avian hosts, blood smear techniques, parasite identification, protozoa.
1978
Avian pox virus infection. Barker, J.K. Australian Bird Watcher, 1978, v. 7 (5), p. 162-163. ISSN: 0045-0316.
Descriptors: avian pox, viral diseases, occurrence, parasites and disorders.
Haltung von Vogeln, Krankheiten der Vogel. [Care of Birds, Diseases of Birds.] Kronberger, Harry. Stuttgart; New York: G. Fisher, 1978. 384 pp. ill. ISBN: 3437302884. Note: In German.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1K76 1978
Descriptors: cage birds, diseases.
1973
Parasite-host relationships in feather mites. [Analgoidea, bird pests]. Cerny, V. In International Congress of Acarology, 3rd, Prague, 1971, Proceedings, 1973, p. 761-764.
NAL call no: QL458.A215
Descriptors: birds, parasites, feather mites, host relationship.
1972
Doencas das aves e organismos que se encontram em aviario, transmissiveis ao homem e a outros mamiferos. [Avian diseases and organisms found in bird houses transmissible to man and other mammals.] Chiu-Kong-Son, Rev-Agr-Mocambique, Feb. 1972, v. 14 (143), p. 20-25. Note: In Portuguese.
NAL call no: 24 R323
Descriptors: avian diseases, organisms, transmissible, man, mammals, zoonoses.