1 - International System of Units (SI) Prefixes
2 - Useful Quantities in CO2
3 - Common Conversion Factors
4 - Common Energy Unit Conversion Factors
5 - Geologic Time Scales
6 - Factors and Units for Calculating Annual CO2 Emissions
Using Global Fuel Production Data
PREFIX | SI SYMBOL | MULTIPLICATION FACTOR |
---|---|---|
exa | E | 1018 |
peta | P | 1015 |
tera | T | 1012 |
giga | G | 109 |
mega | M | 106 |
kilo | k | 103 |
hecto | h | 102 |
deka | da | 10 |
deci | d | 10-1 |
centi | c | 10-2 |
milli | m | 10-3 |
micro | 10-6 | |
nano | n | 10-9 |
pico | p | 10-12 |
femto | f | 10-15 |
atto | a | 10-18 |
QUANTITY | SYMBOL1 | VALUE |
---|---|---|
Solar constant | S | 1.367 kW/m2 |
Earth mass | M | 5.976 × 1024 kg |
Equatorial radius | a | 6.378 × 106 m |
Polar radius | c | 6.357 × 106 m |
Mean radius | R | 6.371 × 106 m |
Surface area | Ae | 5.101 × 1014 m2 |
Land area | Al | 1.481 × 1014 m2 |
Ocean area | As | 3.620 × 1014 m2 |
Ice sheets and glaciers area | Is | 0.14 × 1014 m2 |
Mean land elevation | hl | 840 m |
Mean ocean depth | hs | 3730 m |
Mean ocean volume | Vs | 1.350 × 1018 m3 |
Ocean mass | Ms | 1.384 × 1021 kg |
Mass of atmosphere | Ma | 5.137 × 1018 kg |
Equatorial surface gravity | ge | 9.78 m/s2 |
Polar surface gravity | gp | 9.83 m/s2 |
Average surface | g | 9.805 m/s2 |
1Symbols generally follow reference standards used in Bolin, B. (ed.). 1981. Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE 16, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
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J | Quad | kcal | mtce | boe | mtoe | m3gas | TWyr | 1 J = | 1 | 947.9 × 10-21 | 239 × 10-6 | 34.14 × 10-12 | 163.4 × 10-12 | 22.34 × 10-12 | 26.84 × 10-9 | 31.71 × 10-21 |
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1 Quad = | 1055 × 1015 | 1 | 252 × 1012 | 36.02 × 106 | 172.4 × 106 | 23.57 × 106 | 28.32 × 109 | 33.45 × 10- 3 |
1 kcal = | 4184 | 3966 × 10-18 | 1 | 142.9 × 10-9 | 683.8 × 10-9 | 93.47 × 10-9 | 112.3 × 10-6 | 132.7 × 10-18 |
1 mtce = | 29.29 × 109 | 27.76 × 10-9 | 7 × 106 | 1 | 4.786 | 0.6543 | 786.1 | 928.7 × 10-12 |
1 boe = | 6119 × 106 | 5.8 × 10-9 | 1462 × 103 | 0.2089 | 1 | 0.1367 | 164.2 | 194 × 10-12 |
1 mtoe = | 44.76 × 109 | 42.43 × 10-9 | 10.7 × 106 | 1.528 | 7.315 | 1 | 1201 | 1419 × 10-12 |
1 m3gas = | 37.26 × 106 | 35.31 × 10-12 | 8905 | 1272 × 10-6 | 6089 × 10-6 | 832.3 × 10-6 | 1 | 1181 × 10-15 |
1 Twyr = | 31.54 × 1018 | 29.89 | 7537 × 1012 | 1076 × 106 | 5154 × 106 | 704.5 × 106 | 846.4 × 109 | 1 |
Notes: J = Joule; Quad = Quadrillion BTU (British thermal unit); kcal =
kilogram calorie; mtce = metric ton of coal equivalent; boe = barrel of oil
equivalent; mtoe = metric ton of oil equivalent; m3gas = cubic
meter of natural gas; Twyr = terawatt-year
From: Clark, W. C. (ed.). 1982. Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982, p. 468, Oxford
University Press, New York.
Era | Period | Epoch | Beginning (Millions Years Before Present) |
---|---|---|---|
Cenozoic | Quarternary | Recent (Holocene) | 0.01 |
Pleistocene | 2-3 | ||
Tertiary | Pliocene | 5 | |
Miocene | 25 | ||
Oligocene | 37 | ||
Eocene | 54 | ||
Paleocene | 65 | ||
Mesozoic | Cretaceous | 135 | |
Jurassic | 190 | ||
Triassic | 225 | ||
Paleozoic | Permian | 280 | |
Carboniferous | 345 | ||
Devonian | 400 | ||
Silurian | 440 | ||
Ordovician | 500 | ||
Cambrian | 570 | ||
Precambrian | >570 |
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Contents taken from Glossary: Carbon Dioxide and Climates, 1990. ORNL/CDIAC-39, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
This electronic document was originally created by Julie Watts on June 28, 1996.
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