Catalogue Query Results

Kerria Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984b: 365. Type species: Tachardia greeni Chamberlin, by original designation. Homonym of Chamberlinia Machado; discovered by Varshney, 1987a: 361.

Kerria (Chamberliniella) Varshney, 1987a: 361. Replacement name for Kerria (Chamberlinia) Varshney, 1984.

GENERAL REMARKS: Varshney (1984b) provided characters for separating this subgenus from Kerria Kerria.

SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1984b) described Kerria (Chamberlinia) as a subgenus of (Kerria =) Tachardia, and included in it four species. However, Chamberlinia Varshney, 1984b, was a homonym of Chamberlinia Machado, 1951, in the Myriapoda. Varshney (1987a) introduced the replacement name Kerria (Chamberliniella).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Varshney (1984b) indicated that the species belonging to this sub-genus were considered unsuitable for lac production.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 257-258]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 440]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 365-366,384]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361-362].

Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni (Chamberlin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tachardia fici; Morrison, 1920: 178. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 36.

Tachardia (Tachardia) greeni Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Los Banos, on Ficus ulmifolia. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Laccifer greeni; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Kerria greeni; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Laccifer fici; Ali, 1967a: 41. Misidentification; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 67.

Kerria (Chamberlinia) greeni; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberliniella) greeni; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Varshn1976]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia longan [Varshn1976]. Fabaceae: Calliandra haematocephala [Varshn1976]. Lauraceae: Machilus [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus bengalensis [Varshn1976], Ficus ulmifolia [Chambe1923, Varshn1976], Ficus wightiana [Varshn1976]. Myrtaceae: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa [Varshn1976]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [Varshn1976]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Varshn1976]. Sapotaceae: Palaquium formosanum [Varshn1976]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [Varshn1976].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Hong Kong [SchroePeCo2008]; Philippines (Luzon [Chambe1923, Varshn1976]); Taiwan [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941, Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923). Good description of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 258]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 35]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17-18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Morris1920 [host, distribution: 178]; SchroePeCo2008 [taxonomy, DNA, phylogeny, biological control: 256-266]; Takaha1941 [host, distribution: 138-139]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 67-68]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana (Chamberlin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer javanus Chamberlin, 1925: 34. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitenzorg, on Ficus sp., collected by A. Zimmerman. Syntypes. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA, and London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Tachardia iabana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria javanus; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberlinia) javana; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberliniella) javana; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.

FOE: DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dentifibula lacciferi Barnes [Barnes1935].

HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Durio zibethinus [Varshn1976]. Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis [Varshn1976], Macaranga megalophylla [Miller1937NCE], Macaranga populifolia [Varshn1976], Mallotus cochinchinensis [Varshn1976]. Moraceae: Ficus [Chambe1925JC], Ficus polysyce [Miller1937NCE]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [YunusHo1980].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Chambe1925JC]); Malaysia [Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1925) and by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [world].

CITATIONS: Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 525-526]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 258-259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Miller1933 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; Miller1937NCE [economic importance, host, distribution: 1, 21]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; YunusHo1980 [host, distribution, economic importance].

Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis (Chamberlin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tachardia (Tachardia) meridionalis Chamberlin, 1923: 167. Type data: AUSTRALIA: on unknown host, from Bremner Collection of Coccidae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Laccifer meridionalis; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Tachardia meridionalis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberlinia) meridionalis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberliniella) meridionalis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia [Chambe1923].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923).

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 21-22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis (Chamberlin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer rangoonensis Chamberlin, 1925: 35. Type data: MYANMAR (=BURMA): Rangoon, on Quisqualis sp. collected by J.H. Burkill. Syntypes. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Chamberlin (1925) erroneously cited India as the type locality.

Tachardia rangoonensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria rangoonensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberlinia) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1984b: 369. Change of combination.

Kerria (Chamberliniella) rangoonensis; Varshney, 1987a: 361. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Green1930c]. Combretaceae: Quisqualis [Chambe1925JC, SharmaBhSu1999]. Theaceae: Thea chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Burma (=Myanmar) [Chambe1925JC]; India (Assam [Varshn1976]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Green1930c]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1925).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 259]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1948b [host, distribution: 162]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53-54]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 369]; Varshn1987a [taxonomy: 361]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) Targioni Tozzetti

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer Oken, 1815: 430. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Unavailable name; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Notes: Kirkaldy (1906) first noted the priority of Laccifer Oken, 1815 (type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782) over Tachardia R. Blanchard, 1886c, but it was Cockerell (1924) who formally introduced the family-group name Lacciferidae and used it to replace Tachardiidae. Chamberlin (1925) accepted Cockerell's changes and Lacciferidae was subsequently used in lac insect taxonomy. However, Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the names in Oken (1815) were not consistently binomial, hence invalid, and therefore restored Tachardia Blanchard. Oken's (1815) book was intensively studied by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, and an informal opinion was published (ICZN, 1954) which actually supported Lindinger's (1933b) conclusion. The ICZN (1954) opinion invalidated Laccifer, hence also the family-group name Lacciferidae. Nevertheless, several scale insect students continued to use Lacciferidae (e.g. Ferris, 1955a; Kapur, 1958; Munting, 1965a; Wang et al., 1982).

Carteria Signoret, 1874: 101. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903b: 123. Homonym of Carteria in Protozoa, 1866.

Kerria Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Type species: Coccus lacca Kerr, by monotypy.

Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Replacement name for Carteria Signoret; synonymy by Chamberlin, 1925: 33.

Karteria; Berlese, 1894: 66. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: A mis-spelling of Carteria Signoret.

Lakshadia Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Tachardia; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 103.

Tachardia (Tachardia); Chamberlin, 1923: 165. Change of status.

Lackshadia; Mahdihassan, 1931d: 296. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Green (1922), Varshney (1976; 1984b) and by Mishra & Sushil (2000).

SYSTEMATICS: The name Laccifer Oken, 1815, antedated Tachardia Blanchard in Signoret, 1886c, but this priority was first noted by Kirkaldy (1906) and accepted by Cockerell (1924) and by Chamberlin (1925). Lindinger (1933b) pointed out that the principles of binominal nomenclature were not consistently applied in Oken (1815). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature studied the case of Oken Lehrbuch and published an informal opinion (Hemming, 1954) which seems to confirm Lindinger's (1933b) finding. Morrison & Morrison (1966: 101) concluded that stability in lac insect nomenclature will not be disturbed by the removal of Laccifer, since several name changes have already been made, from Carteria to Tachardia to Laccifer to Kerria. In addition, many species already described in Tachardia have been transferred to other genera. Morrison & Morrison (1966) interpretation is followed in this catalogue.

KEYS: Kondo & Gullan 2007: 5-6 (female) [Genera of Kerriidae]; Kondo & Gullan 2005: 403 (female) [genera of Kerriidae]; Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [India]; Zhang 1992: 386-387 (female) [Kerriidae]; Varshney 1984b: 367 (female) [Oriental region]; Varshney 1976: 14 (female) [Genera of Tachardiinae ]; Varshney 1976: 20-22 (female) [Species of India]; Kapur 1958: 8 (female) [World]; Chamberlin 1925: 33-34 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy: 63]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 260]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; Berles1896 [taxonomy: 66]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy: 248]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description: 164-165]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33-34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy: 209]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 123]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: 5]; Green1896e [taxonomy: 17]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description: 402-406]; GullanCo2001 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 91-99]; Hemmin1954 [taxonomy: 193-201]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy: 13-23]; Kirkal1905 [taxonomy: 78]; Kirkal1906 [taxonomy: 247-249]; KondoGu2005 [taxonomy: 403]; KondoGu2007 [taxonomy: 5-6]; KosztaBeKo1986 [taxonomy, catalogue: 9]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 453]; Lindin1933a [taxonomy: 166]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 187]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy: 119-126]; MacGil1921 [taxonomy: 153-154]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1931d [taxonomy: 296]; Mahdih1935a [taxonomy: 365-366]; Maskel1895b [taxonomy: 70]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description: 215-217]; Morris1920 [taxonomy: 178]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 98-103, 191]; Oken1815 [taxonomy: 425]; Russel1970 [taxonomy: 11]; SharmaRa1999 [taxonomy: 439-440]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description: 101-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue, taxonomy: 657]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy: 138]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 48]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; Targio1885 [taxonomy: 106]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1970 [catalogue: i-vi]; Varshn1976 [taxonomy, description: 19-22]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy: 14-15,19-22]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy, description: 366-368,382-383]; Varshn1999 [taxonomy: 61-62]; Willia1969a [taxonomy: 327-328]; Zhang1992Z [taxonomy: 386-387]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy: 273].

Kerria (Kerria) albizziae (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tachardia albizziae Green, 1903a: 98. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.

Tachardia albizziae Maxwell-Lefroy, 1908: 129. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.

Tachardia albizziae Green, 1908a: 42. Nomen nudum; discovered by Green, 1908a: 42.

Tachardia albizziae Green, 1911: 32. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Landolphia sp., Albizia stipulata, Filicium decipium, Harpullia cupanioides, Theobroma cacao, Sleichera trijuga and Croton lacciferum. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female and first instar. Illust.

Lakshadia albizziae; Mahdihassan, 1923: 50. Change of combination.

Laccifer albizziae; Cockerel1, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Laccifer albissiae; Ali, 1970: 64. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria (Kerria) albizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) alvizziae; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria albizzae; Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Misspelling of species name.

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Landolphia [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton aromaticus [Ali1967a], Croton caudatum [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Croton lacciferum [Green1911], Hemicyclia sepiaria [Ali1967a]. Fabaceae: Albizia chinensis [SharmaBhSu1999], Albizia stipulata [Green1911], Amherstia nobilis [Ali1967a]. Moraceae: Ficus nervosa [Ali1967a]. Sapindaceae: Filicium decipiens [Green1911, Ali1967a], Harpullia cupanioides [Green1911, Ali1967a], Litchi chinensis [Ali1967a, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Green1911]. Sterculiaceae: Pterospermum acerifolium [Varshn1976], Theobroma cacao [Green1911, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Sri Lanka [Green1911].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Green (1911), Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40-41]; Ali1970 [taxonomy: 64]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 261]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 34]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy: 98]; Green1908a [taxonomy: 42]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-35]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-414]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 50, 99]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy: 129]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 8]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 22-23]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27]; VarshnGa1968 [taxonomy: 60].

Kerria (Kerria) brancheata Varshney

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria brancheatus Varshney, 1966a: 357. Type data: INDIA: Namkum, Ranch, Bihar, on Schleichera oleosa. Holotype. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Notes: Varshney (1976) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.

Kerria brancheata; Varshney, 1977: 24.

Kerria (Kerria) brancheata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Albizia lucidia [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1977).

SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1977: 24) referred to this species again as "sp. n.", however, the description by Varshney (1966a: 357) validated this species.

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 261-262]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 357]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 24-25]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 27].

Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini Varshney

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria chamberlini Varshney, 1966a: 356. Type data: INDIA: Jodhpur, Rajasthan, on Ficus infectoria. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Notes: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.

Kerria chamberlini; Varshney, 1977: 27. Notes: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.

Kerria (Kerria) chamberlini; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Moghania macrophylla [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus infectoria [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976], Ficus virens [SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Rajasthan [Varshn1966b, Varshn1976]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1977).

SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1977) referred to it as "n. sp.", however the description of 1966a was an available one.

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 262]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1966b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 356-357]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis (Mahdihassan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lakshadia chinensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: CHINA (south) and BURMA: host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958; Varshney, 1976).

Laccifer chinensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 39. Change of combination.

Laccifer longispina Misra, 1930: 161. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Laflong, on Cajanus indicus. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Varshney, 1976: 28. Notes: Varshney (1976: 28) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia chinensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Tachardia longispina; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Laccifer siamensis Takahashi, 1941: 140. Type data: THAILAND: Mt. Sutep, near Chiengmai, on unknown tree. Holotype female. Described: female. Synonymy by Mahdihassan, 1952: 39. Notes: The type was lost, according to information given by R. Takahashi to A.P. Kapur (Kapur, 1958).

Kerria chinensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAME: Chinese lac insect [Cardon2007].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Cajanus cajan [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera [SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bhutan [Varshn1976]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; India (Assam [Misra1930, Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Thailand [Takaha1941]; Vietnam [Varshn1997]. Palaearctic: China (Xizang (=Tibet) [Varshn1976]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Chamberlin (1925) noted that it was quite impossible to speculate safely as to the real identity of this species. Varshney (1976, 1984b) regarded it as a distinct sub-species. Varshney (1976) gave a good description and illustration of the adult female, based on material from Thailand, Chiengmai, coll. D.C. Thurman, June 5, 1952 (deposited at USNM).

STRUCTURE: Mahdihassan (1952) reported and described in great detail the oldest specimens of lac in the world, which he identified as belonging to Kerria chinensis. The specimens have been imported in the eight century A.D. from Siam [=Thailand] and are deposited in the "Shso-in" (the Imperial warehouse) at Nara, Japan.

SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "Next darkest lac comes from Assam and Indo-China. I feel sure, it is the same insect as found in South China and also in Burma. I therefore propose naming it Lakshadia chinensis. The long spinoid process and the rib-like chitinous extensions of the stigmatic processes should be additional guides in its identification (Mahdihassan, 1923: 98). Kapur (1958) and Varshney (1976) noted that the depository of type material was unknown. However, Varshney (1976) indicated that Mahdihassan informed him (in litt.) that he sent his specimens to the British Museum, London. Varshney inquired at the BMNH about such material and was informed that no information was available in London regarding material submitted by S. Mahdihassan.

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [as India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 262-263]; Cardon2007 [economic importance, host, distribution: 659-660]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 39]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 15-16, 21]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 98]; Mahdih1948a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 441-457]; Mahdih1948b [taxonomy: 161-163]; Mahdih1952 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-43]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 140-141]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 116-118]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) chinensis kydia (Misra)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer kydia Misra, 1930: 162. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Silchar, on Kydia calycina. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia kydia; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria chinensis kydia; Varshney, 1977: 30. Change of combination and rank.

HOST: Malvaceae: Kydia calycina [Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Assam [Misra1930, Kapur1958, Varshn1976]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).

SYSTEMATICS: This species is very close to Kerria (Kerria) chinensis chinensis, with which it was synonymized by Mahdihassan (1936). Varshney (1976) restored it as a subspecies and gave characters for distinguishing between the two.

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 263]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) communis (Mahdihassan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lakshadia communis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka (=Mysore), host plant not specified. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958).

Laccifer communis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination.

Tachardia communis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) communis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Chambe1925JC]. Fabaceae: Albizia lebbek [Chambe1925JC]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Chambe1925JC], Ficus drupacea pubesens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus mysorensis [Mahdih1923], Ficus religiosa [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Chambe1925JC]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium litchi [Chambe1925JC]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [Chambe1925JC].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Mahdih1923]).

GENERAL REMARKS: In the BMNH collection is deposited one slides (3 specimens) labelled "Tachardia communis, Ficus mysorensis, India, Bangalore, ex-coll. Mahdihassan"; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this "species" (quotation marks by Chamberlin) is probably a synonym of Kerria lacca, although perhaps forming a distinct race. Varshney (1976) regarded it as "sp. inquirenda".

SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "The darkest lac almost garnet-coloured or ruby-coloured variety, comes from F. mysorensis. It is also found in Hyderabad on F. benghalensis and also to a lesser extent on F. religiosa. In Bombay I found the same species on Albizia lebbek in December 1916. My friend Mr. Swaminathan, of the National University, Adyar, sent me specimens of lac, found on F. benjamina in the Botanical gardens, Madras, which again belongs to this insect. It might be the same species, which also occurs more or less rarely in Indo-China and in the Philippines. Considering its wide distribution with regard to host-plants and geography, I propose calling it Lakshadia communis." (Mahdihassan, 1923).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 263-264]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 218-223]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 38-39]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 16-17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98-99]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 32-33]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata (Chamberlin)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tachardia ebrachiata Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Manbhum district, on unknown host plant. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Notes: Chamberlin (1923) supposed that the host plant was "manbhum", but Kapur (1958) clarified that Manbhum is the name of a district.

Laccifer ebrachiatus; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Laccifer (Tachardia) ebrachiata; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination.

Laccifer brachiata; Takahashi, 1949: 9. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria ebrachiata; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) ebrachiata; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

Kerria ebracheata; Sharma et al., 1999: 116. Misspelling of species name.

HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus elastica [Chambe1925JC]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Chambe1923] (Bihar [Ali1967a], Karnataka [Chambe1925JC, Kapur1958]); Pakistan [Varshn1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Chamberlin (1923, 1925).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 264]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [taxonomy, host: 116]; Takaha1949 [taxonomy: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 33-34]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) fici fici (Green)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tachardia fici Green, 1903a: 97. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Monghyr, on Ficus religiosa and F. benghalensis. Syntypes. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Tachardia (Tachardia) fici; Chamberlin, 1923: 168. Change of combination.

Lakshadia ficii; Mahdihassan, 1923: 57. Change of combination.

Laccifer fici; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Laccifer (Tachardia) fici; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 66. Change of combination.

Kerria fici; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) fici fici; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.

HOSTS: Bombacaceae: Adansonia digitata [MishraBhSu1998]. Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Ali1967a, Varshn1976], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999], Peltophorum inermis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Samanea saman [Varshn1976], Samanea saman [SharmaBhSu1999]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus lacor [Varshn1976], Ficus lucescens [SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus religiosa [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus rumphii [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Ali1967a, MishraBhSu1998], Rajasthan [Varshn1976], Tamil Nadu [Varshn1976], Uttar Pradesh [Varshn1976], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Pakistan [Varshn1997]; Thailand [Varshn1976]. Palaearctic: China [Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976, 2005).

STRUCTURE: Test of mature female subglobular in isolated examples, often with supplementary globules of lac attached to the surface. Even where the insects are crowded together and the tests have become confluent, the original form can be roughly distinguished. Colour bright fulvous or castaneous. Apex pierced with the usual three apertures, the two stigmatic apertures closer together than their distance from the anal orifice: the anal aperture the largest surrounded by a prominent rim; the stigmatic apertures small and slightly sunk, usually blocked by white pulverulent wax (Green, 1903a).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 265]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; Green1903a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 97-99]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 17]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 57, 99]; MishraBhSu1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 2,49]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; Ramakr1930 [taxonomy: 66]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 115-118]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 48]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2005 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 145-146].

Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis (Misra)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer jhansiensis Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Jhansi, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 37) reported that no type material of this species was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia jhangensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria jhansiensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1977: 37. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) fici jhansiensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930]).

GENERAL REMARKS: This species is known so far only from the original description.

KEYS: Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 265-266]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37-38]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) indicola (Kapur)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer indica Misra, 1930: 164. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Jamunia, on Ziziphus jujuba. Syntypes. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia indica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Laccifer indicola Kapur, 1958: 18. Replacement name for Laccifer indica Misra.

Kerria (Kerria) indicola; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [Ali1967a, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Ali1967a]).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 266]; Kapur1958 [taxonomy, catalogue: 18]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 10]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39-40]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua (Misra)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer ambigua Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Guna, Jhansi, on "Jheolia" [a botanical or vernacular name of unknown plant (Kapur, 1958)]. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 30) reported that no type material of the species described by Misra, was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia ambigua; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria ambigua; Varshney, 1966: 177. Change of combination.

Kerria lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1977: 43. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambiqua; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Misspelling of species name.

HOST: Not traceable: "jheolia" [Varshn1966, Misra1930, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Uttar Pradesh [Misra1930, Varshn1976]).

BIOLOGY: Misra (1930) reported this species from "Jheolia", a vernacular name that was not verified by Kapur (1958) and by Varshney (1976).

GENERAL REMARKS: Takahashi (1949) regarded this species as a form or subspecies of Kerria lacca. Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis.

KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 266]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 14]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9, 11]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 177]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-46]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca (Kerr)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gummilaccae Goeze, 1778: 342. Nomen nudum; discovered by Lindinger, 1933b: 228.

Coccus lacca Kerr, 1782: 374. Type data: INDIA: uncultivated mountains on both sides of the Ganges. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female and first instar. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Varshney, 1976).

Coccus ficus Fabricius, 1787: 319. Type data: INDIA: on Ficus religiosa and Indica gummi. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 859. Notes: Type material lost (Ziemsen, 1964).

Chermes lacca; Roxburgh, 1791: 228. Change of combination.

Carteria lacca; Signoret, 1874: 102. Change of combination.

Kerria lacca; Targioni Tozzetti, 1884: 410. Change of combination.

Tachardia lacca; Signoret, 1886c: lxii. Change of combination.

Tachardia (Tachardia) lacca; Chamberlin, 1923: 170. Change of combination.

Lakshadia indica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Unjustified replacement name for Coccus lacca Kerr.

Laccifer lacca; Cockerell, 1924: 47. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination and rank.

COMMON NAMES: common lac insect [Varshn1976]; Indian lac insect [Cardon2007]; lac insect [Kapur1958, Varshn1976].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Hadzib1983], Coccophagus tschirchii Mahdihassan [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Marietta javanensis How. [Hadzib1983]. Braconidae: Bracon greeni Ashmead [SharmaJaBh1997]. Encyrtidae: Erencyrtus dewitzi [SharmaJaBh1997], Ooencyrtus kerriae Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Parechtrodryinus clavicornis (Cam.) [SharmaJaBh1997]. Eulophidae: Aprostocetus bangaloricus Hayat [HayatNaRe2003], Tachardiaephagus tachardiae (Howard) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997], Tetrastichus purpureus (Cam.) [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. Eupelmidae: Eupelmus tachardiae [Hadzib1983, SharmaJaBh1997]. LEPIDOPTERA Blastobasidae: Holocera pulverea Mayr. [Hadzib1983], Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyr) [BhattaNaSe1998]. Gelechiidae: Lacciferophaga yunnanea Zagu. [Hadzib1983]. Noctuidae: Eublema amabilis Moore [Hadzib1983, Cock1985], Eublema scitula Rambr. [Hadzib1983]. Tineidae: Nemapogon granellus L. [Hadzib1983]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa madestes [MishraSuSh1996]. PULMONATA Planorbidae: Anisus [Hadzib1983].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [SubbarRa1997]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Carter1861, SubbarRa1997], Polyalthia longifolia [SubbarRa1997]. Apocynaceae: Thevetia peruviana [Sharma1997]. Betulaceae: Corylus avenae [Hadzib1983]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [Sharma1991, SharmaRa1997]. Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea assamica [SubbarRa1997], Shorea robusta [SubbarRa1997], Shorea roxburghii [SubbarRa1997]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Hadzib1983]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylon timeheri [Cocker1893r]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton oblongifolius [SubbarRa1997], Ricinus communis [SubbarRa1997]. Fabaceae: Acacia auriculaeformis [SubbarRa1997], Acacia catechu [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Acacia farnesiana [SubbarRa1997], Acacia nilotica indica [SubbarRa1997], Albizia [Takaha1941], Albizia julibrissin [Hadzib1983], Albizia lebbek [SubbarRa1997], Albizia lucida [SubbarRa1997], Atylosia mollis [SubbarRa1997], Butea frondosa [Takaha1941], Butea monosperma [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999], Cajanus cajan [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Cajanus indicus [Hadzib1983], Dalbergia latifolia [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia siemaoensis [SubbarRa1997], Dalbergia sisso [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium pulchellum [SubbarRa1997], Desmodium tortuosum [SubbarRa1997], Eriolaena spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia chappar [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia macrophylla [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia paniculata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia semialata [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia spectabilis [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia stricta [SubbarRa1997], Flemingia strobilifera [SubbarRa1997], Millettia extensa [SubbarRa1997], Mimosa pudica [SubbarRa1997], Ougenia dalbergioides [SubbarRa1997], Pithecellobium dulce [Takaha1941, JalaluMoSa1999], Pongamia pinnata [SubbarRa1997], Samanea saman [Takaha1941, SubbarRa1997], Tamarindus indica [SubbarRa1997]. Juglandaceae: Carya pecan [Hadzib1983], Pterocarya pterocarpa [Hadzib1983]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus syriacus [SubbarRa1997]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [SubbarRa1997]. Moraceae: Ficus benghalensis [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999], Ficus carica [Hadzib1983], Ficus lacor [SubbarRa1997], Ficus racemosa [SubbarRa1997], Ficus religiosa [SubbarRa1997, SharmaBhSu1999]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [SubbarRa1997]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [SubbarRa1997]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Miller1937NCE], Ziziphus mauritiana [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999, Varshn2000], Ziziphus oenoplia [SubbarRa1997], Ziziphus xylopyra [SubbarRa1997]. Rosaceae: Rosa chinensis [SubbarRa1997]. Rutaceae: Citrus paradisi [Glover1935]. Salicaceae: Salix babilonica [Hadzib1983], Salix matsudana [Hadzib1983]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [SubbarRa1997], Litchi chinensis [HsiehHw1983], Schleichera oleosa [SubbarRa1997, SequeiBe1998, SharmaBhSu1999]. Tiliaceae: Grewia hirsuta [SubbarRa1997], Grewia tiliaefolia [SubbarRa1997], Tilia caucasica [Hadzib1983]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [SubbarRa1997].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Cocker1893r]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1976]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Varshn1976]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India (Andhra Pradesh [Varshn1976], Bihar [Varshn1976], Gujarat [Varshn2000], Karnataka [Varshn1976], Tamil Nadu [JalaluMoSa1999], West Bengal [Varshn1976]); Malaysia [Varshn1997]; Nepal [Varshn1976]; Pakistan [Varshn1976]; Sri Lanka [Varshn1976]; Taiwan [HsiehHw1983]. Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Hadzib1983]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1983, Varshn1997]).

BIOLOGY: In India, there are two varieties, commonly called 'strains', of K. lacca, the Rangeeni strain and the Kusumi strain. Each strain is specific to particular host trees, has a different life cycle and produces different body extracts. However, morphologically these strains could not be separated into different species (Varshney, 1976; Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj, 1998). Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Chamberlin (1923) and by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis. Description and illustration of the first, second and third instar nymphs given by Hadzibejli (1983).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Wong et al. (1999). Misra (1930a) gave a detailed account on the post-embryonic development, including life cycle, form of the body, migration of spiracles, wax secretion, lac glands, muscular system and nervous system. Takahashi (1941) illustrated the remarkable variation, from flat elongate to almost globular, in the body shape of the adult female. The adult female of this species possesses a pair of long, slender and beaded malpighian tubes, which open by a common ampulla into the alimentary canal. Chromatographic analysis showed a positive relationship between the aqueous solution of lac dye and the malpighian tubes. Varshney & Ganguli (1972) presumed that the tubes absorb the lac-dye from body fluid together with other excretory matter and water. However, Varshney & Ganguli (1972) noted that the dye is not excreted, but stored in the tubes, as the honeydew drops are colourless. Varshney (1978) analysed the honeydew of adult females and found that it contains glucose, fructose, sucrose and an unidentified oligosaccharide. Varshney & Srivastava (1989) analysed the amino acids and carbohydrate constituents of the Kerria lacca f. rangeeni developing on Moghania macrophylla in India, and correlated them with the developmental stages and the annual generations of the insect.

SYSTEMATICS: Varshney (1976) recognized in Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca of India, two infra sub-specific forms, which have been referred to by earlier workers as varieties or strains: 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. rangeeni which grows on Ficus spp., Butea monosperma and many other host plants, but not on Schleichera oleosa. The summer generation of this form lasts about 8 months, from October-November to June-July, is called the Baisakhi lac crop. The rainy season generation lasts about 4 months, from June-July to October-November, is called the Katki lac crop. The rangeeni is the major form found in India, though the quality of the lac produced by it is inferior. 1. Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca f. kusumi which grows on Schleichera oleosa and some other host plants but not on Ficus spp. and not on Butea monosperma. The life cycle of both generations is about 6 months. The summer generation from January-February to June-July, is called the Jethwi lac crop. The winter generation from June-July to January-February, is called the Aghani lac crop. The kusumi is the minor form found in India, but the quality of the lac produced by it is superior to that of the rangeeni form. Varshney (1976) reported on differences between the two forms in their body extracts, and in chromatographic and ultra-violet analyses.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Varshney (1970) published a bibliography of about 3000 references on all aspects of Lac insect studies - taxonomy, cultivation, natural enemies and economic importance. Miller (1937) presented a detailed account on attempts (1933-1937) to introduce Kerria lacca into Malaya from India, for commercial lac production. The attempts were abortive, and it was concluded that climatic conditions and other circumstances were wholly unsuitable in Malaya for lac propagation. Takahashi (1941) reported that "the lac cultivation is one of the outstanding industries in Siam [=Thailand]". Sequeira & Bezkorowajnyj (1998) gave a detailed account on the economy of lac production in India. Sharma (1991) and Sharma & Ramani (1997) found the pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata a suitable host for laboratory rearing of the two strains Kerria lacca f. rangeeni and Kerria lacca f. kusumi. The development period was shorter than on natural host plants. The pumpkin-developing insects produced about 30% less lac, and the rate of males increased significantly. The species was introduced into and became established in the Black sea coast of Georgia and Caspian Sea Coast of Azerbaijan (Kachibaya, 1965; Hadzibejli, 1983). Hsieh & Hwang (1983) reported on experiments on chemical control of this species on litchi in Taiwan.

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca].

CITATIONS: Ali1967a [host, distribution: 41-42]; BahuguSh2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 63-70]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 267-271]; BenDovLi1998 [taxonomy: 455-456]; BhattaChMi1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 69-71]; BhattaJaMi1995 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; BhattaJaMi1999 [life history, ecology: 62-63]; BhattaJaSh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 365-369]; BhattaMiCh1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 75-76]; BhattaMiNa1995 [life history, behaviour: 205-206]; BhattaMiSh1999 [chemical control: 59-61]; BhattaMiSu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 301-303]; BhattaNaSe1998 [biological control: 83-87]; BhattaShSu1996 [biological control, host, distribution: 57-58]; BhattaSuJa2000 [biological control: 155]; BhattaSuMi1998 [behaviour, biological control: 15-16]; Blanch1883 [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, chemistry: 248-262]; Bohmer2000 [chemistry, economic importance: 57-60]; Cardon1999a [economic importance, chemistry: 18-29]; Cardon2007 [economic importance, host, distribution: 656-659]; Carter1861 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-10]; Chambe1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 33, 37]; Chauha1970b [structure, chromosomes: 341-344]; Chauha1977 [structure, chromosomes: 155-159]; ChauhaMi1970 [behaviour, life history: 102-103]; ChauhaMi1970a [life history, behaviour: 390-392]; ChenChLi2004 [host, distribution, ecology, life history: 159-166]; ChenChLi2004a [chemistry: 362-367]; ChenHo1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 69-73]; ChenXuCh2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 411-417]; ChiuChCh1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 9-11]; Chou1986 [illustration, structure, anatomy: 441]; Cock1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control : 213-223]; Cocker1893r [taxonomy: 181]; Cocker1924 [taxonomy: 47]; ColombBoGa2003 [chemistry, economic importance: 357-364]; Comsto1882 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-211]; CruzHeGaRo2003 [chemistry: 37-45]; Doming1906 [taxonomy: 222]; Fabric1787 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 124-125]; Ferrie1928 [biological control: 171-176]; Ferrie1935 [biological control: 391-406]; Ghorai1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1-167]; Glover1930 [life history, taxonomy, anatomy, biological control, economic importance: 261-266]; Glover1932 [life history, ecology, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-18]; Glover1933 [economic importance, host, distribution: 1-23]; Glover1935 [host, distribution, economic importance: 151-153]; Glover1937 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, taxonomy: 1-147]; Goeze1778 [taxonomy: 342]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-163]; HayatNaRe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 309-334]; HeShDe2003 [host, distribution, life history: 604-609]; HsiehHw1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 31-40]; Huffak1977 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 329-339]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JaiswaShAg1998 [biological control: 81-86]; JaiswaShAg1999 [biological control: 106-110]; JaiswaShBh1996 [life history, behaviour, chemistry: 349-353]; JaiswaShSu1998 [economic importance, biological control: 133-136]; JalaluMoSa1999 [host, distribution: 161]; KapoorPu2002 [chemistry, economic importance: 8-14]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19-21]; Kerr1782 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 374-381]; KondoKa1995a [host, distribution: 97-98]; KozarDr1998l [catalogue: 454]; KozielSa2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Lepesm1947 [host, distribution: 268]; LiHoLi1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 519-524]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lin2002 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 121-127]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LinSu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 65-67]; Lit2002 [taxonomy, structure: 25-38]; Lit2002a [structure: 122-136]; LitGu2001 [taxonomy, structure: 119-126]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy: 98]; Mahdih1961 [structure, anatomy: 115-126]; Mahdih1963 [life history, structure, anatomy: 423-435]; MehandRaSh1968 [chemistry: 2231-2234]; Miller1937NCE [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 1-21]; MishraBh1995 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 6-8]; MishraBhNa1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 189-190]; MishraBhSi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 28-29]; MishraBhSi1996 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 54-55]; MishraBhSu1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 351-355]; MishraBhSu1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 291-293]; MishraNaBh1995 [host, distribution, control: 14-15]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217,219]; MishraSuBh1995 [economic importance: 28-29]; MishraSuBh1998 [taxonomy: 171-172]; MishraSuBh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 121-124]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 343-348]; MishraSuCh2000 [life history, economic importance, host: 343-348]; MishraSuKu2000 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 19-26]; MishraSuSh1996 [chemical control, biological control: 17-20]; Misra1923 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, biological control, chemistry: 1-83]; Misra1930 [taxonomy: 161]; Misra1930a [life history, structure, anatomy: 455-466]; NegiMiGu1930 [host, distribution, life history: 182-188]; NegiMiGu1930 [host, distribution, life history: 182-188]; NiranjPaKu2006 [economic importance: 35-37]; Olivie1791 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; PrasadJaKu2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 54-58]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 340]; RamaniSh1991 [life history, economic importance: 47-53]; RamaniSh1995 [economic importance: 19-20]; Roxbur1791 [taxonomy, life history, economic importance: 228-235]; SahaJaSi2000 [life history, economic importance, ecology, host, distribution: 125-132]; SequeiBe1998 [economic importance, life history, chemistry, host: 225-234]; Sharma1991 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 544-545]; Sharma1997 [host, distribution: 29]; SharmaBhSu1999 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 115-118]; SharmaJaBh1997 [life history, biological control, host, distribution: 17-22]; SharmaJaKu1999 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 95-99]; SharmaJaKu2000 [biological control: 156]; SharmaJaKu2001 [biological control: 369-371]; SharmaKuKu2005 [distribution, ecology, economic importance: 95-96]; SharmaRa1997 [life history, economic importance, host, distribution: 169-174]; SharmaRa2001 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 456-459]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 853, 859]; Signor1874 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 102-105]; Signor1877 [catalogue: 649, 668]; Signor1886c [taxonomy: lxii]; SinghMiKu2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 166-170]; SinghMiSu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 490-493]; Speigh2001 [distribution: 1-5]; Srivas1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 83-91]; SrivasKuMi1998 [life history, host, distribution, economic importance: 1,9-12]; SrivasKuSa2002 [life history, chemistry: 3250328]; SubbarRa1997 [host, distribution: 187-192]; SunLiCh2003 [host, distribution: 129-132]; SushilBhJa2002 [biological control: 100-101]; SushilBhMi2000 [biological control, host: 152-154]; SushilMiBh1997 [chemical control, biological control: 39-41]; SushilMiBh1999 [biological control: 365-368]; Takaha1941 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 139-140]; Takaha1949 [host, distribution: 8-11]; Tanaka1997 [chemistry: 373-380]; TandonBaJa2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-354]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Targio1884 [taxonomy: 410]; ThakurJaSh2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 79-82]; ThamasGu2003 [host, distribution, life history: 77-79]; Thomas2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 24-27]; TulsyaBo1970 [structure: 99-106]; Varshn1970 [taxonomy: i-v]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 40-43]; Varshn1978 [chemistry, physiology: 95-98]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 367-368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Varshn2000 [host, distribution: 27]; VarshnGa1972 [structure, anatomy: 195-201]; VarshnSr1989 [taxonomy, chemistry, life history: 380-382]; WadaKoAo2005 [chemistry: 2097-2106]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; Waller1986 [chemistry: 145-155]; WenLuHa2002 [host, distribution: 56-64]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7-8,45]; WouterVe1989a [chemistry: 189-200]; XieXuZh2004a [chemistry: 512-518]; YangLiSu2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 204-208]; YangZhCa1998 [host, distribution, ecology: 647-651]; ZhouLiZh2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 55-57].

Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis (Mahdihassan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lakshadia mysorensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, on Shorea talura, let. S. Mahdihassan, Nov. 1922, No. 1st 9/14/23. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 46. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Laccifer mysorensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 38. Change of combination.

Tachardia mysorensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria mysorensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Laccifer mysorensia; Ali, 1970: 67. Misspelling of species name.

Kerria lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1977: 46. Change of status.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; mysore lac insect [Varshn1976]; trivoltine lac insect [Varshn1976].

HOSTS: Dipterocarpaceae: Shorea roxburghii [SharmaBhSu1999], Shorea talura [Chambe1925JC, Varshn1976].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Kapur1958]).

BIOLOGY: This subspecies was reported to develop 3 generations, in 12-13 months, in South India on Shorea talura. However, the same subspecies developed 2 generations, in 12 months, in Bihar, India on Shorea talura (Varshney, 1976).

GENERAL REMARKS: In the BMNH collection are deposited two slides (6 specimens) labelled "Tachardia mysorensis, Shorea talura, India, Bangalore, ex-coll. Mahdihassan"; (Jon Martin, The Natural History Museum, London, February 24, 1999, in letter to Yair Ben-Dov). Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976). Varshney (1976) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between Kerria (Kerria) lacca lacca, Kerria (Kerria) lacca ambigua and Kerria (Kerria) lacca mysorensis.

SYSTEMATICS: The original description reads: "The next darkest lac is the product of the Mysore lac insect. It is the smallest commercial lac insect in India. It is the only trivoltine insect of its kind. It is to be called Lakshadia mysorensis" (Mahdihassan, 1923).

KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca].

CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 67]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 271-272]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 38]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, distribution: 98]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-48]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii Varshney

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1974: 23. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 70.

Kerria lacca takahashii Varshney, 1977: 70. Type data: THAILAND: Chieng-Mai, from "old lac samples of Siam lac", Coll. R.K. Varshney, 1966. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Illust.

Kerria (Kerria) lacca takahashii; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Varshney 1976: 72 (female) [Subspecies of Kerria lacca.].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272]; Varshn1974 [taxonomy: 23]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 70-72, 90]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S.

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria (Kerria) mengdingensis Zhang, Z.S., 1993a: 276. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Mengding of gengma-hsien, on Ficus benjamina and Ficus lacor, host plant of holotype not indicated, 3.V.1965, Coll. Zhang Z. S. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus benjamina [Zhang1993a], Ficus lacor [Zhang1993a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [Zhang1993a]). Palaearctic: China [Varshn1997].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Zhang (1993a).

STRUCTURE: Isolated resinous test of adult female globose or approximately hemispherical; surface smooth or granulose, diameter of test 6-8 mm; colour orange brown. Male pupal resinous test cigar-like; length 2.7-3.3 mm, width 0.7-0.9 mm, color reddish yellow. Adult male and female normally uniform orange or yellow but a variety with rich crimson color in all stages is seen (Zhang, 1993a).

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; Zhang1993a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-277, 284-285].

Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis (Mahdihassan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lakshadia nagoliensis Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: INDIA: Madhya Pradesh, Raipur and Sohagpur, on Schleichera trijuga. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Notes: Depository of type material unknown (Kapur, 1958).

Laccifer nagoliensis; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination.

Tachardia nagoliensis; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria nagoliensis; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) nagoliensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

COMMON NAMES: Nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; nagoli lac [Varshn1976]; Schleichera trijuga lac [Varshn1976].

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia auriculaeformis [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia catechu [MishraKuSu1999], Acacia farnesiana [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999], Flemingia macrophylla [MishraKuSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus mauritiana [MishraKuSu1999]. Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [SharmaBhSu1999], Schleichera trijuga [Mahdih1923, Kapur1958, Varshn1976].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Madhya Pradesh [Mahdih1923, Varshn1976, Varshn1984b]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Chamberlin (1925) suggested that this species is probably a synonym of Kerria Kerria lacca lacca. Varshney (1976) regarded it as "sp. inquirenda".

SYSTEMATICS: The original description (Mahdihassan, 1923, p. 98) of this species reads "... on S. trijuga. This insect exudes a thick layer of resin and has very strongly developed stigmatic processes and a spinoid process."

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 272-273]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 22]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 98]; MishraKuSu1999 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 130-131]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 48-49]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis Varshney

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1973: 12. Nomen nudum; discovered by Varshney, 1976: 49.

Kerria nepalensis Varshney, 1977: 49. Type data: INDIA: North Bihar, Valmikinagar, Indo-Nepal border, on Litchi chinensis, coll. R.K. Varshney, 31.12.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India. Described: female. Illust.

Kerria (Kerria) nepalensis; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOST: Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Varshn1976, SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Varshn1976]); Nepal [Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 216]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Varshn1973 [taxonomy: 12]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, illustration: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) pusana (Misra)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer pusana Misra, 1930: 163. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Pusa, on Ziziphus jujuba and Butea frondosa. Syntypes, female and first instar. Described: female. Illust. Notes: Varshney (1976: 52) reported that no type material was found at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, where Dr. A.B. Misra has been working.

Tachardia pusana; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria (Kerria) pusana; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Butea frondosa [Misra1930], Butea monosperma [SharmaBhSu1999]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Misra1930], Ziziphus mauritiana [SharmaBhSu1999].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Misra1930, Varshn1976]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Misra (1930) and by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India]; Misra 1930: 161 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 19]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Misra1930 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163]; SharmaBhSu1999 [host: 116-117]; Takaha1949 [host: 9]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51-53]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

Kerria (Kerria) ruralis (Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang)

NOMENCLATURE:

Laccifer ruralis Wang, Yao, Teiu & Liang, 1982: 53. Type data: China: Yunnan Province, on branches of Mallotus philippinensis, June 10, 1969. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.

Kerria (Kerria) ruralis; Varshney, 1997: 28. Change of combination.

HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus philippinensis [WangYaTe1982].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [WangYaTe1982]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang et al. (1982).

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 273-274]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; WangYaTe1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 53-57].

Kerria (Kerria) sharda Mishra & Sushil

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria (Kerria) sharda Mishra & Sushil, 2000: 217. Type data: INDIA: Orissa, Sarat, on Schleichera oleosa; collected 10.vii.1997. Holotype female. Type depository: Calcutta: National Zoological Collection, Zoological Survey of India, India; type no. LR5331. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Sapindaceae: Schleichera oleosa [MishraSu2000].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Orissa [MishraSu2000]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mishra & Sushil (2000).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India].

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-220]; Varshn2003 [taxonomy: 22-23].

Kerria (Kerria) sindica (Mahdihassan)

NOMENCLATURE:

Lakshadia sindica Mahdihassan, 1923: 98. Type data: PAKISTAN: Sind, near Hyderabad, on Acacia arabica, Nov. 1922; let S. Mahdihassan, Sept. 14, 1923host plant not indicated. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Varshney, 1976: 73. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Laccifer sindica; Chamberlin, 1925: 37. Change of combination.

Tachardia sindica; Lindinger, 1933b: 228. Change of combination.

Kerria sindica; Varshney, 1966: 117. Change of combination.

Lakashadia sindica; Ali, 1970: 68. Misspelling of genus name.

Kerria (Kerria) sindica; Varshney, 1984b: 368. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia arabica [Kapur1958, Varshn1976], Albizia lebbek [Varshn1976]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus jujuba [Varshn1976].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Kapur1958, Varshn1976].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Varshney (1976).

KEYS: Mishra & Sushil 2000: 216-217 (female) [Kerria species of India]; Varshney 1976: 21 (female) [India].

CITATIONS: Ali1970 [taxonomy: 68]; BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; Chambe1925JC [taxonomy: 37-38]; Kapur1958 [catalogue: 23]; LiHu1994 [host, distribution, life history: 224-226]; Lindin1933b [taxonomy: 228]; LiYaWa1991 [host, distribution, chemistry: 555-559]; LiZhLi1994 [host, distribution, chemistry: 456-459]; Mahdih1923 [taxonomy, description: 98]; MishraSu2000 [taxonomy: 217]; Varshn1966 [taxonomy: 117]; Varshn1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; Varshn1984b [taxonomy: 368]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28]; YanLiWa1992 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, economic importance: 71-77].

Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & Hong

NOMENCLATURE:

Kerria (Kerria) yunnanensis Ou & Hong, 1990: 15. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Jingdong, on Dalbergia obtusifolia, May 4, 1987. Holotype female. Type depository: Kunming: Institute of Lac, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Yunnan, China.. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Fabaceae: Dalbergia obtusifolia [OuHo1990].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: China (Yunnan [OuHo1990]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ou & Hong (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov2006b [taxonomy, catalogue: 274]; OuHo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-18]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49]; Varshn1997 [taxonomy, distribution: 28].

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