Catalogue Query Results
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner)NOMENCLATURE:
Lecanium nigrum Nietner, 1861: 9. Type data: SRI LANKA [=CEYLON]: on coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Lecanium depressum Targioni Tozzetti, 1867: 29. Type data: ITALY: Florence, Royal Botanic Gardens, on Ficus sp. and other plants. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost: G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Lecanium depressum simulans Douglas, 1887a: 28. Type data: ENGLAND: on Ficus elastica and camellias. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).
Lecanium begoniae Douglas, 1892b: 209. Type data: GUYANA: Demerara, on Begonia. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Maskell, 1894a: 166. Notes: Type material probably lost (Williams & Watson, 1990).
Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896: 10. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Passiflora and coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Tao et al., 1983: 76.
Lecanium nigrum begoniae; Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Change of status.
Lecanium nigrum depressum; Cockerell, 1896b: 332. Change of status.
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum begoniae; Cockerell & Parrott, 1899: 163.
Saissetia nigra; Cockerell, 1901e: 32. Change of combination.
Coccus nigrum; Kirkaldy, 1902: 106. Change of combination.
Saissetia nigra; King, 1902a: 296. Change of combination.
Coccus caudatus; Fernald, 1903b: 168. Change of combination. Homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852.
Saissetia depressa; Fernald, 1903b: 201. Change of combination.
Lecanium (Saissetia) pseudonigrum Kuwana, 1909b: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands),on 'Shirotsugi'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 70.
Lecanium (Saissetia) sideroxylium Kuwana, 1909b: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara Islands (=Bonin Islands), on Sideroxylon ferrugineum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1955b: 70.
Saissetia pseudonigrum; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.
Saissetia sideroxylium; Sasscer, 1911: 67. Change of combination.
Saissetia cuneiformis Leonardi, 1913a: 33. Type data: ERITREA: on Rhus aztechesan. Syntypes, female and first instar. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female and first instar. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1956a: 240.
Coccus signatus; Gowdey, 1917: 188. Change of combination.
Lecanium (Saissetia) signatum Newstead, 1917: 363. Type data: UGANDA: Entebbe, on guava. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 135. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum nitidum Newstead, 1920: 191. Type data: UGANDA: Lake Victoria, Bukeke and Sesse Islands, on 'Luzibarziba' [=Alchornea cordifolia]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1990: 135. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.
Saissetia perseae Brain, 1920a: 11. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Natal, Durban, on Persea gratissima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957a: 175.
Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra; Hall, 1922: 22. Change of combination.
Saissetia nigrum depressum; Ramakrishna Ayyar, 1930: 45. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Cockerell" as author.
Lecanium (Saissetia) crassum Green, 1930c: 287. Type data: SUMATRA, on Broussonetia papyrifera; INDIA and WEST BENGAL on Psidium guajava and INDIA (Calcutta) on Ficus religiosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1963: 100.
Coccus asiaticus Lindinger, 1932f: 201. Replacement name for coccus caudatus (Green, 1896).
Saissetia nigra depressa; Balachowsky, 1939: 257. Change of combination and rank.
Saissetia nigra depressa; Balachowsky, 1939: 257. Notes: Incorrect citation of "Douglas" as author.
Lecanium nigrum depressum; Balachowsky, 1939a: 257. Change of combination.
Saissetia cuniformis; Compere, 1939d: 20. Misspelling of species name.
Saisettia nigra; Esaki, 1940a: 277. Misspelling of genus name.
Parasaissetia nigra; Takahashi, 1955d: 26. Change of combination.
Saissetia crassum; Ali, 1971: 44. Change of combination.
Coccus caudaus; Tao, 1978: 80. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: escama negra lisa [QuezadCoDi1972]; lapa-da-anoineira [CarvalAg1997]; lapa-preta [CarvalAg1997]; nigra scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, BenDov1993, SmithBeBr1997].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Prococcophagus varius Silvestri [AnneckMy1979a]. Encyrtidae: Aloencyrtus obscuratus (Waterston) [LePell1968], Aloencyrtus saissetiae Compere [Comper1939], Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) [BlumbeGo1992, Blumbe1997], Encyrtus lecaniorum (Mayr) [BlumbeGo1992], Metaphycus helvolus [Flande1953a], Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) [Blumbe1997], Microterys bizanensis Compere [Comper1939d], Microterys nicholsoni Compere [Comper1939d]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Motschulsky) [LePell1968].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda visica [BenDov1978a], Andrographis paniculata [RaniSr2005], Eranthemum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990], Graptophyllum [Hodgso1994a], Graptophyllum pictum [BenDov1978a], Hygrophila erecta [Ali1968a], Hygrophila spinosa [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Justicia [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Justicia macdonaldi [BenDov1993], Odontonema [WilliaWa1990], Pseuderanthemum [WilliaWa1990], Ruttya ovata [DeLott1967b]. Agavaceae: Agave [Green1904d, Nakaha1981a, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Agave americana [Green1904d], Agave sisalana [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1994a], Dracaena [Nakaha1981a], Furcraea gigantea [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Polyanthes [BenDov1978a]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1990]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [BenDov1978a], Mangifera indica [EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1983, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus [Hall1935], Rhus abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Rhus culmenum [Hodgso1969a], Rhus simarubaefolia [WilliaWa1990], Schinus [Nakaha1981a], Schinus molle [Hall1923, DeLott1956a, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a], Schinus terebinthifolius [BenDov1978a], Spondias dulcis [WilliaWa1990]. Annonaceae: Annona [Green1904d, Hall1935, Green1937, Ali1971, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Annona cherimolia [Green1923b, GomezM1958b, BenDov1978a, BenDov1993], Annona chrysophylla [DeLott1956a], Annona macrocarpa [CarnerPe1986], Annona muricata [Newste1913, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1983], Annona reticulata [Mamet1943a, Mamet1956, WilliaWi1988, EtiennMa1993], Annona senegalensis [Hall1935], Artabotrys odoratissimus [CarnerPe1986], Brieya fasciculata [CouturMaRi1985], Rollinia occidentalis [Granar1999], Xylopia quintasii [CouturMaRi1985]. Apocynaceae: Acocanthera [Newste1917b], Adenium obesum [BenDov1978a], Arduina edulis [Hodgso1994a], Carissa bispinosa acuminata [DeLott1967b], Carissa edulis [DeLott1956a], Nerium [HodgsoHi1990], Nerium indicum [TangLi1988], Nerium oleander [Bodenh1935, WilliaWa1990], Plumeria acutifolia [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1990], Plumeria tricolor [VieiraCaPi1983], Rauwfolia caffra [Hall1935]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [HodgsoHe2000], Ilex mitis [Hodgso1969a]. Araceae: Anthurium [Nakaha1981a], Anthurium digitatum [BenDov1978a], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1990], Dieffenbachia regina [BenDov1978a], Monstera [Nakaha1981a], Philodendron [Matile1978, Nakaha1981a], Syngonium [HodgsoHi1990], Zantedeschia aethiopica [VieiraCaPi1983]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [HamonWi1984], Brassaia actinophylla [Nakaha1981a], Cussonia arborea [Hall1935], Cussonia paniculata [DeLott1967b], Cussonia spicata [Hodgso1967, BenDov1978a], Hedera helix [BenDov1978a], Schefflera [WilliaWa1990]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Cocos nucifera [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Elaeis guineensis [WilliaWa1990], Erythea armata [VieiraCaPi1983]. Asclepiadaceae: Stephanotis [HodgsoHi1990]. Asteraceae: Artemisia [TaoWoCh1983], Artemisia capillaris [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Baccharis [HodgsoHi1990], Bidens [Hall1935, HodgsoHi1990], Bidens pilosa [Hall1935, WilliaWa1990], Chrysanthemum [Nakaha1981a], Elephantopus scaber [WilliaWa1990], Helianthus annuus [WilliaWa1990], Parthenium [HodgsoHi1990], Pluchea odorata [BenDov1978a], Solidago [WilliaWa1990], Vernonia amygdalina [DeLott1956a, Hodgso1994a]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Green1896, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a, Hodgso1994a], Begonia [Green1904d]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [Matile1976], Jacaranda mimosaefolia [Green1907], Tecoma [Hodgso1969a]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1990], Eriodendron anfractuosum [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Ochroma [WilliaWa1990]. Boraginaceae: Cordia subcordata [WilliaWa1990]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Bromelia [BenDov1978a], Neoregelia spectabilis [CarnerPe1986]. Burseraceae: Garuga pacifica [WilliaWa1990]. Cactaceae [BenDov1978a]. Canellaceae: Warburgia salutaris [CrouchCr2001]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1904d, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1969a, Nakaha1981a], Canna indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Canna speciosa [BenDov1978a]. Capparidaceae: Capparis [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a], Capparis sepiaria [Green1908a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Ferris1920b, BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990], Gymnosporia arbutifolia [DeLott1956a], Maytenus cymosa [DeLott1967b], Maytenus senegalensis [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b, Hodgso1994a]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [HodgsoHi1990]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Clusia grandiflora [BenDov1978a], Clusia rosea [Nakaha1981a], Harungana [CouturMaRi1985], Mammea americana [Nakaha1983]. Cobaeaceae: Cobaea [Green1896, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Cobaea scandens [CarnerPe1986]. Combretaceae: Combretum [Hall1935], Terminalia brassii [WilliaWa1990], Terminalia catappa [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983, Matile1984c]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea tuberosa [Nakaha1981a]. Crassulaceae: Bryophyllum [Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Bryophyllum daigrimontianum [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Bryophyllum pinnatum [Nakaha1981a], Kalanchoe pinnata [DeLott1967b], Sedum [HodgsoHi1990]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus [DeLott1967b], Cucurbita moschata [BenDov1978a], Cucurbita pepo [WilliaWa1990], Luffa [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Sechium edule [VieiraCaPi1983]. Ebenaceae: Euclea kellau [DeLott1956a]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia [Nakaha1983, WilliaBu1987], Cordia abyssinica [DeLott1956a], Cordia myxa [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Ehretia silvatica [DeLott1956a]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea cordifolia [Newste1920], Aleurites fordii [WilliaWa1990], Antidesma venosum [DeLott1967b], Bridelia [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1969a], Bridelia micrantha [Hodgso1967], Codiaeum [Mamet1943a, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990], Codiaeum variegatum [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Croton [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, DeLott1968a, Ali1971, Almeid1973b], Croton [Green1896, ShafeeYoKh1989], Croton macrostachys [DeLott1956a], Croton tiglium [Green1937, BenDov1978a], Discogypremna caloneura [CouturMaRi1985], Erythrococca [DeLott1956a], Euphorbia [HodgsoHi1990], Euphorbia fulgens [BenDov1978a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Nakaha1981a], Glochidion [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Hevea [Ramakr1930, Green1937, Ali1971], Hevea brasiliensis [Green1904a, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Hodgso1994a], Hevea brasiliensis [ShafeeYoKh1989], Jatropha acontifolia [BenDov1978a], Manihot [Green1937, Ali1971], Manihot esculentus [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a, WilliaBu1987, Nakaha1983], Manihot utilissima [Green1904d, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Mareya spicata [CouturMaRi1985], Phyllanthus [Mamet1954, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Poinsettia [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Poinsettia pulcherima [Hodgso1967], Ricinus communis [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978, BenDov1978a], Sapium sebiferum [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Uapaca kirkiana [Hall1935]. Fabaceae: Acacia [KfirRo1980], Cassia grandis [Nakaha1981a], Crotalaria [WilliaWa1990], Delonix regia [BenDov1978a], Erythrina corallodendron [TaoWoCh1983], Erythrina indica [Morris1920, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Parkinsonia aculeata [Mamet1951]. Flacourtiaceae: Aberia caffra [DeLott1956a], Caloncoba brevipes [CouturMaRi1985], Dovyalis caffra [DeLott1956a]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [BenDov1978a, HodgsoHi1990], Pelargonium [HodgsoHi1990]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Nakaha1981a], Scaevola frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Scaevola koenigii [BenDov1978a]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [Nakaha1981a], Heliconia metallica [Newste1903, Lizery1942c]. Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea [HodgsoHi1990]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus illyricus [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a], Iris germanica [HodgsoHe2000], Moraea bicolor [Nakaha1981a]. Lamiaceae: Coleus [Nakaha1981a], Coleus blumei [BenDov1978a], Ocimum basilicum [Mamet1943a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum zeylanicum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1990], Ocotea usambarensis [BenDov1978a], Persea americana [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b, Nakaha1983], Persea gratissima [Brain1920a, DeLott1967b]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1990]. Liliaceae: Agapanthus [Nakaha1983], Aloe [Nakaha1981a], Aloe vera [BenDov1978a], Asparagus [Green1896, Green1904d, Green1929, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WilliaWa1990], Asparagus falcatus [Green1904d], Cordyline terminalis [Nakaha1981a]. Loganiaceae: Geniostoma [WilliaWa1990], Strychnos lucens [Hodgso1967, BenDov1978a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [DeLott1956a], Loranthus quequensis [BenDov1978a, Hodgso1969a]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Lawsonia alba [Newste1917b], Lawsonia inermis [Matile1984c]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [Bodenh1924]. Malpighiaceae: Malpighia coccigera [BenDov1978a]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [ShafeeYoKh1989], Abutilon [Green1904d, Hodgso1994a], Abutilon molle [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Gossypium [Green1908a, Newste1914, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ali1968a, Ali1971], Gossypium [Ramakr1930, Hall1935, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Gossypium arboreum [TaoWoCh1983], Gossypium barbadense [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Gossypium herbaceum [Ali1971], Gossypium hirsutum [WilliaWa1990], Gossypium tomentosum [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Hibiscus [Ferris1935, Mamet1943a, Hodgso1969a, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Hibiscus [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k, Green1907, Balach1957c, WilliaBu1987], Hibiscus [Marott1987], Hibiscus esculentum [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, DeLott1968a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1983, Hodgso1994a], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Green1937, ShafeeYoKh1989, Granar1999], Hibiscus sabdariffa [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus sinensis [DeLott1968a, Matile1978], Hibiscus syriacus [WilliaWa1990], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1990], Kokia drynarioides [Nakaha1981a], Malvaviscus arboreus [BenDov1978a], Sida [HodgsoHi1990], Sida acuta [Mamet1943a, BenDov1978a], Sida rhombifolia [Hodgso1967, WilliaWa1990], Thespesia [Ramakr1930, HodgsoHi1990], Thespesia populnea [Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica [Schmut1998], Cedrela toona [Hall1935], Melia [HodgsoHi1990], Melia azedarach [BenDov1978a, DeLott1967b]. Melianthaceae: Bersama [Hall1935]. Monimiaceae: Tambourissa [Mamet1954, Matile1978]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Nakaha1981a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1990], Broussonetia papyrifera [Green1930c, Ali1971], Castilla elastica [BenDov1978a], Ficus [Brain1920a, Newste1911, Ferris1921, Mamet1943a, Mamet1954, DeLott1957a, Hodgso1967], Ficus [DeLott1967b, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, HodgsoHi1990], Ficus [Green1904d, Green1917a, Hall1924a, Marott1987], Ficus capensis [Hall1935, BenDov1978a], Ficus carica [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, EzzatHu1969, Ali1971, BenDov1978a, Matile1984c], Ficus dekdekena [DeLott1956a], Ficus elastica [Ali1971, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995], Ficus erecta [Kuwana1931b], Ficus gibbosa [Ali1971], Ficus ingens [Hodgso1969a], Ficus lutea [DeLott1956a], Ficus mallatocarpa [DeLott1956a], Ficus megapoda [Mamet1950, Mamet1951], Ficus melleri [Mamet1950, Mamet1951], Ficus microcarpa [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus nekbuda [BenDov1978a], Ficus nitida [BenDov1978a], Ficus palmata [DeLott1956a], Ficus religiosa [Green1930c, ShafeeYoKh1989], Ficus retusa [Ali1971], Ficus rotus [Kuwana1931b], Ficus scabra [WilliaWa1990], Ficus sycomorus [Hall1923, Bodenh1924, EzzatHu1969, BenDov1978a], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1990], Ficus vasculosa [TaoWoCh1983], Ficus vasta [DeLott1956a], Ficus wightiana [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Ficus wrightii [CarnerPe1986], Maclura africana [Hodgso1969a], Morus [Ali1971, Nakaha1981a], Morus alba [Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Morus indica [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Musaceae: Musa [Green1923b, Ramakr1930, Ali1971, Nakaha1981a, HodgsoHi1990, Hodgso1994a], Musa paradisiaca [Nakaha1981a], Musa sapientum [Ali1971, WilliaWa1990]. Myristicaceae: Myristica fragrans [Ali1968a]. Myrsinaceae: Ardisia quinquegona [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Myrsine [BenDov1978a]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [BenDov1978a], Eugenia javanica [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Feijoa sellowiana [WilliaWa1990, HodgsoHe2000], Metrosideros [Nakaha1981a], Psidium [Kirkal1902, Marott1987, HodgsoHi1990], Psidium cattleyanum [VieiraCaPi1983], Psidium guajava [Newste1917, DeLott1957a, DeLott1967b, Ali1968a, Ali1971, BenDov1978a], Psidium guajava [Green1930c, KfirRo1980, Nakaha1981a, Nakaha1983, ShafeeYoKh1989], Psidium guajava [DanzigKo1990], Psidium littorale [Willia1985a], Syzygium cordatum [Hodgso1967, DeLott1967b], Syzygium guiniense [Hodgso1969a]. Naucleaceae: Uncaria africana [CouturMaRi1985]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [Nakaha1981a]. Ochnaceae: Ochna [Hall1935]. Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Mamet1954], Cymbidium [VieiraCaPi1983], Piperia [BenDov1978a], Vanda [Nakaha1981a]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]. Passifloraceae: Adenia glauca [DeLott1967b], Passiflora [DeLott1967b, HodgsoHi1990], Passiflora edulis [WilliaWa1990, WysokiBeSw1993, DeLott1967b], Passiflora quadrangularis [Hall1922, BenDov1978a]. Piperaceae: Piper [Hall1924a], Piper betle [Nakaha1981a], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1990]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Hall1922], Pittosporum arborescens [WilliaWa1990], Pittosporum undulatum [BenDov1978a]. Poaceae: Bambusa [Kirkal1902, Marott1987], Cyperus rotundus [Nakaha1981a], Panicum distachyum [WilliaWa1990], Panicum maximum [BenDov1978a]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [HodgsoHi1990], Emex spinosa [Nakaha1981a], Homalocladium platycladum [HamonWi1984], Muehlenbeckia [HodgsoHi1990]. Proteaceae: Hakea [Marott1987]. Pteridaceae: Adiantum [HodgsoHi1990]. Rhamnaceae: Ziziphus spina-christi [Hall1923]. Rosaceae: Crataegus mexicana [Mamet1959a], Malus sylvestris [DeLott1956a], Prunus armeniaca [HodgsoHe2000], Prunus capuli [Mamet1954], Pyrus [Ali1971], Pyrus malus [DeLott1956a], Rosa [Hall1935], Rubus hawaiiensis [Nakaha1981a]. Rubiaceae: Canthium [Green1904d], Canthium obovatum [DeLott1967b], Canthium odoratum [Nakaha1981a], Canthium parviflorum [Green1904d], Cinchona [Green1937], Cinchona officinalis [Green1904d], Cinchona succirubra [Green1904d], Coffea [Green1896, Newste1917b, Green1937, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Coffea arabica [Green1904d, Hodgso1967, Ali1968a, CarnerPe1986], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1990], Coffea liberica [Green1904d], Gardenia jasminoides [TangLi1988], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1990], Ixora [Nakaha1981a], Ixora coccinea [BenDov1978a], Ixora macrothyrsa [WilliaWa1990], Morinda [Ramakr1930, Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989], Morinda citrifolia [BenDov1978a]. Rutaceae [DanzigKo1990], Casimiroa edulis [DeLott1956a], Citrus [Ali1968a, Ali1971, QuezadCoDi1972, ShafeeYoKh1989, HodgsoHi1990, CarvalAg1997], Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1990], Citrus aurantium [Hall1935], Citrus limon [DeLott1956a], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1990], Evodia hortensis [WilliaWa1990], Fagara macrophylla [CouturMaRi1985], Pelea [Nakaha1981a], Zanthoxylum [HodgsoHi1990]. Salicaceae: Salix warburgii [Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983]. Santalaceae: Santalum album [Ali1968a], Santalum paniculatum [Nakaha1981a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988, WysokiBeSw1993], Sapindus saponaria [Ferris1935]. Sapotaceae: Achras sapota [Hodgso1994a], Chrysophyllum [Green1917a], Chrysophyllum cainito [Ali1968a, Ali1971, TaoWoCh1983], Malacantha [Green1917a], Sideroxylon ferrugineum [Sassce1911], Sideroxylon oxyacantha [DeLott1956a]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Nakaha1981a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [Nakaha1983], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1990], Cestrum [Nakaha1981a], Solanum [HodgsoHi1990], Solanum jasminoides [DeLott1956a], Solanum melongena [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Solanum nigrum [BenDov1978a], Solanum wendlandii [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Withania origanifolia [CockerRo1915a, Ali1968a, Ali1971]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [BenDov1978a]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia [Nakaha1981a], Strelitzia nicolai [VieiraCaPi1983], Strelitzia reginae [Nakaha1981a]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [BenDov1978a]. Theaceae: Thea [BenDov1978a], Thea chinensis [Ali1968a, Ali1971, ShafeeYoKh1989]. Thymelaeaceae: Daphne [HodgsoHe2000]. Tiliaceae: Grewia [DeLott1956a]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus [DeLott1956a], Zelkova [HodgsoHi1990]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum [BenDov1978a]. Urticaceae: Pilea cadierei [HamonWi1984]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1990], Duranta plumieri [Mamet1943a, WilliaWi1988], Premna taitensis [Ferris1935, WilliaWa1990]. Vitaceae: Cissus [DeLott1967b], Vitis vinifera [Hall1923, Hall1924a, DeLott1956a, BenDov1978a, Granar1999]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans [Kuwana1931b], Alpinia purpurata [BenDov1978a, Nakaha1981a], Hedychium flavum [WilliaWa1990], Zingiber [Nakaha1981a], Zingiber officinale [BenDov1978a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Agalega Islands [Mamet1943a, Mamet1978]; Angola [DeLott1968a, Almeid1973b]; Ascension Island [WilliaMe2007]; Burkina Faso [CABI1997b]; Cameroon [CABI1997b]; Cape Verde [Fernan1975, VanHarCoWi1990]; Chad [Hodgso1994a]; Comoros [CABI1997b]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CABI1997b]; Eritrea [DeLott1957a, DeLott1956a, Hodgso1994a]; Ghana [CABI1997b]; Guinea [Fernan1987a]; Kenya [Newste1917b, DeLott1956a, Schmut1998]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, Mamet1951, Mamet1954, Mamet1959a, Mamet1962]; Mauritius [Mamet1943a]; Mozambique [DeLott1968a, Hodgso1969a]; Namibia (=South West Africa) [CABI1997b]; Nigeria [CABI1997b]; Reunion [CABI1997b]; Saint Helena [CABI1997b]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Seabra1925, Fernan1993]); Senegal [EtiennMa1993]; Seychelles [Green1907, Mamet1943a] (Aldabra Island [CABI1997b]); Sierra Leone [CABI1997b]; South Africa [Brain1920a, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957a, DeLott1967b]; Sudan [CABI1997b]; Tanzania [CABI1997b]; Uganda [Newste1911, Newste1913, Newste1917, Newste1917b, Newste1920, Mamet1943a, DeLott1957a]; Zambia [Hodgso1969a]; Zanzibar [Mamet1956]; Zimbabwe [Hall1935, DeLott1957a, Hodgso1967, Hodgso1969a]. Australasian: American Samoa [DoaneFe1916] (Swains' Island [CABI1997b]); Australia [Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a] (New South Wales [Frogga1915], Northern Territory [Green1916e], Queensland [SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Mamet1943a, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [CABI1997b]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Mamet1943a]); Fiji [CABI1997b]; French Polynesia (Society Islands [DoaneHa1909, Ferris1935], Tahiti [CABI1997b]); Guam [CABI1997b]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Frogga1915, Mamet1943a]); Johnston Island [CABI1997b]; Kiribati [CABI1997b] (Gilbert Islands [CABI1997b], Phoenix Islands [BenDov1993]); Line Islands (Palmyra Island [CABI1997b]); Marcus Island [Mamet1943a]; Nauru [CABI1997b]; New Caledonia [CABI1997b]; New Zealand [Kirkal1902, Frogga1915, Green1929, Mamet1943a, HodgsoHe2000]; Northern Mariana Islands [Mamet1943a]; Palau [Mamet1943a]; Papua New Guinea [CABI1997b]; Tonga [BenDov1993]; Tuvalu [BenDov1993]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987]; Volcano Islands (=Kazan-Reto) [CABI1997b]; Wallis and Futuna Islands (Futuna Island [CABI1997b]); Western Samoa [CABI1997b]. Nearctic: Canada [CABI1997b]; Mexico [CABI1997b] (Baja California Norte [Ferris1921]). Nearctic: Mexico (Chihuahua [CABI1997b]). Nearctic: Mexico (Colima [CABI1997b], Guanajuato [CABI1997b], Guerrero [CABI1997b], Jalisco [CABI1997b], Michoacan [CABI1997b], Morelos [CABI1997b], Nayarit [CABI1997b], Nuevo Leon [CABI1997b], Oaxaca [CABI1997b], Puebla [CABI1997b], Queretaro [CABI1997b], Sinola [CABI1997b], Sonora [CABI1997b]); United States of America (Alabama [CABI1997b], California [Ferris1920b], Florida [CABI1997b], Louisiana [CABI1997b], Maryland [CABI1997b], Missouri [CABI1997b], New Mexico [CABI1997b], New York [CABI1997b], Ohio [CABI1997b], Oklahoma [CABI1997b], Pennsylvania [CABI1997b], Texas [CABI1997b], Virginia [CABI1997b]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [CABI1997b]); Argentina (Tucuman [GranarCl2003]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil [Frogga1915, Mamet1943a, LongoMaPe1995, Jansen1995] (Rio Grande do Sul [CABI1997b], Sao Paulo [CABI1997b]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [CABI1997b]; Cuba [MestreHaBa2001]; Dominican Republic [CABI1997b]; Ecuador [CABI1997b]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [CABI1997b]; Guyana [Newste1914, Mamet1943a]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [CABI1997b]; Jamaica [Cocker1896a]; Martinique [Balach1957c, MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [CABI1997b]; Panama [CABI1997b]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Mamet1943a, Martor1976, NakahaMi1981]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cocker1894c, Cocker1896k]); U.S. Virgin Islands [CABI1997b]. Oriental: Brunei [Hodgso1994a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; India [Green1908a, Newste1917b, Ramakr1919a, Ramakr1930, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a] (Assam [Ali1971], Bihar [Ali1968a, Ali1971], Tamil Nadu [Ali1971], West Bengal [Green1908a, Ali1971]); Indonesia [CABI1997b]. Oriental: Indonesia (Java [CABI1997b]). Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Ali1968a, Ali1971]); Laos [Hodgso1994a]; Malaysia [Ali1971] (Sabah [CABI1997b], Sarawak [CABI1997b]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995]; Pakistan [CABI1997b]; Philippines [Cocker1905f, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, LongoMaPe1995] (Luzon [Ali1971]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [KinjoNaHi1996]; Singapore [CABI1997b]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Green1937, Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, Hodgso1994a]; Taiwan [Mamet1943a, Ali1968a, Ali1971, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Ali1968a, Ali1971]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990]. Palaearctic: Azores [CABI1997b]; Belgium [CABI1997b]; Canary Islands [GomezM1967O, PerezGCa1987]; China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [CABI1997b]); Denmark [CABI1997b]; Egypt [Hall1922, Hall1923, Hall1924a, Mamet1943a, EzzatHu1969]; France [Balach1939, Mamet1943a, GermaiBe2003]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Bodenh1935, KfirRo1980, BenDov1993]; Italy [Mamet1943a, LongoMaPe1995, Marott1987]; Japan [Sassce1911, Mamet1943a]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Netherlands [Jansen1995]; Portugal [Fernan1992]; Saudi Arabia [CABI1997b]; Spain [GomezM1958b]; Turkey [CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007]; United Kingdom (England [Newste1903, Green1917a]).
BIOLOGY: Smith (1944) studied the life history, ecology, and natural enemies in California. The nigra scale successfully develops under laboratory conditions on Cucurbita squashes, and on sprouting potato tubers. On squashes, at 24C a generation is completed within 45-60 days. The encapsulation of eggs of Encyrtus infelix (Embleton) was studied by Blumberg & Goldenberg (1992). Life history and pest status on coffee discussed bt Le Pelley (1968).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & Hussein (1969), Ben-Dov (1978a), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Tang (1991), Hodgson (1994a) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980, Figs 6,44), Hamon & Williams (1984) Gill (1988), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999), and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
SYSTEMATICS: The species Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896, was transferred to Coccus (by Fernald, 1903b: 168), thus becoming a secondary homonym of Coccus caudatus Walker, 1852. The former was replaced (Lindinger, 1932f: 201) with Coccus asiaticus Lindinger, Finally, Lecanium caudatum Green, 1896, was synonymized with P. nigra by Tao et al., 1983: 76.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A potential pest of litchi in Israel (Wysoki et al., 1993).
KEYS: Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 199 (female) [New Zealand]; Ezzat & Hussein 1969: 374 (female) [Egypt]; Beardsley 1966: 494 (female) [Micronesia]; Borchsenius 1957: 332 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 320 (female) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: Ali1968a [host, distribution: 37]; Ali1971 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40,44]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 5]; AnneckMy1979a [host, distribution, biological control: 290-292]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 257]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Ballou1915 [host, distribution: 121]; Bartle1969 [biological control, host, distribution: 875-878]; Bartle1978 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 66-67]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494-496]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; BenDov1978a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 115-127]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 209-213]; Blumbe1997 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 225-236]; BlumbeGo1992 [life history, biological control, structure: 57-65]; Bodenh1924 [host, distribution: 70]; Bodenh1935 [host, distribution: 249]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 153]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 340-343]; Bordag1914 [host, distribution]; Brain1920a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 10-11]; BrainKe1917 [host, distribution: 183]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 226]; CarvalAg1997 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 210]; Clause1958 [biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cocker1893g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52-55]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1894c [host, distribution: 307]; Cocker1894d [distribution: 311]; Cocker1896a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 256]; Cocker1896b [distribution: 331-332]; Cocker1896k [host, distribution: iv]; Cocker1898r [host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1901e [taxonomy: 32]; Cocker1902p [distribution: 255]; Cocker1905f [host, distribution: 130]; CockerRo1915a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 427]; Comper1937 [biological control: 43-51]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 17-20]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 240]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 277]; CrouchCr2001 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DahlstHa1999 [economic importance: 919-933]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 45]; Das1959 [host, distribution: 437-448]; DeLott1956a [host, distribution: 240-241]; DeLott1957a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 175-177]; DeLott1967b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 789-792,807]; DeLott1968a [host, distribution: 83]; DoaneFe1916 [host, distribution: 399]; DoaneHa1909 [host, distribution: 297]; Dougla1887a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 28]; Dougla1891a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95-96]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; ElMinsAbHa1971 [host, distribution, chemical control]; EMPPO2002a [taxonomy, description, illustration: 293-298]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution, taxonomy: 277]; EtiennMa1993 [host, distribution: 256]; EzzatHu1969 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 86]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 200-201,204-205]; Fernan1975 [host, distribution: 43-45]; Fernan1987a [host, distribution: 36]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 60]; Fernan1993 [host, distribution: 111]; Ferris1920b [host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1921 [host, distribution: 90]; Ferris1935 [host, distribution: 128]; Flande1953a [biological control: 266-269]; Frogga1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 605,610]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; GermaiBe2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 42-44]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 61-62]; GomezM1967O [host, distribution: 133]; Gowdey1917 [host, distribution: 188]; Granar1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896 [host, distribution: 9]; Green1904a [host, distribution: 206]; Green1904d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 229-231]; Green1907 [host, distribution: 200]; Green1908a [host, distribution: 31]; Green1916e [host, distribution: 64]; Green1917a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 201-202]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Green1929 [host, distribution: 376]; Green1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280,288]; Green1937 [host, distribution: 304]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1922 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 22]; Hall1923 [host, distribution: 41]; Hall1924a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 12]; Hall1935 [host, distribution: 80-81]; HamonWi1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 68-70]; Hempel1900a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425-426]; Hodgso1967 [host, distribution: 11]; Hodgso1969a [host, distribution: 24-25]; Hodgso1994a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 446-449]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 199-200,205-206]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-7,9-12,14-18,20-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; HuffakMeDe1971 [biological control: 16-67]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; Hui1988 [biological control: 395-398]; JadhavAj1984 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 248-249]; JadhavAj1985 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 63-65]; Jansen1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134,141]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 13]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 159]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 17]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 92]; KfirRo1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 115-116]; King1902 [taxonomy: 296]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 106]; Kirkal1904 [distribution: 228]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 78]; Kozarz1992 [taxonomy, life history, host, distribution: 266-268]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 25-26]; Kuwana1909 [host, distribution: 153-154]; Kuwana1909a [host, distribution: 159]; Kuwana1931b [host, distribution: 165]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 39]; Leonar1913a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-35]; LePell1968 [economic importance, host, distribution]; LoJi1982 [biological control: 20-22]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 123]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 154-155]; Mamet1949 [distribution: 29-30]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 22]; Mamet1951 [host, distribution : 225]; Mamet1954 [host, distribution: 14]; Mamet1956 [host, distribution: 136]; Mamet1959a [host, distribution: 378]; Mamet1962 [host, distribution: 161]; Mamet1978 [host, distribution: 105]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 106]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 76]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 21-259]; Maskel1895a [distribution: 15]; Matile1970 [host, distribution: 175]; Matile1976 [host, distribution: 295-296]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 46-48]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 220]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 166]; MatileNo1984 [host, distribution: 63]; MestreHaBa2001 [host, distribution: 59-61]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MillerWi1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 350]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; Nakaha1981a [host, distribution: 391]; Nakaha1983 [host, distribution: 5]; NakahaMi1981 [host, distribution: 30]; Newste1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124-126]; Newste1911 [host, distribution: 92]; Newste1913 [host, distribution: 76]; Newste1914 [host, distribution: 306]; Newste1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 363-364]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 130]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-192]; Nietne1861 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 9]; OlkowsOlKa1978 [biological control: 311-347]; Ossian1959 [host, distribution: 199]; Painte1951 [economic importance, chemical control]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 213]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Quiros1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 161-195]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 625]; Ramakr1919a [host, distribution: 32,36-37]; Ramakr1920 [economic importance, host, distribution: 932-936]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 348-349]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 42-45]; RaniSr2005 [host, distribution: 89-91]; Rao1969 [biological control: 785-792]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 56]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 124]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 97]; Sander1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 440-441]; SankarPa1977 [host, distribution, biological control: 145-150]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 67]; Schmut1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 36]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 97]; Seabra1925 [host, distribution: 37]; ShafeeYoKh1989 [host, distribution: 52-54]; ShreeMa2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-96]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 851]; Signor1873a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 439-440]; Silves1915b [biological control, host, distribution: 337-377]; Simmon1957 [host, distribution: 9]; SivaraNaRa1987 [host, distribution: 101-103]; Smith1944 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution. life history, biological control, economic importance: 225-288]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 50-51]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 111]; Steinw1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 567-569]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 92]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 342]; Takaha1929 [host, distribution: 57-58]; Takaha1929a [host, distribution: 430]; Takaha1932a [host, distribution: 103]; Takaha1936c [host, distribution: 116-117]; Takaha1939b [host, distribution: 263]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 218]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 22]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 354]; Takaha1955c [host, distribution: 26]; Takaha1955f [host, distribution: 240]; Tang1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 186-187]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 84-86]; Tao1978 [host, distribution: 84]; Tao1989 [host, distribution: 59]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 62]; TaoWoCh1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 76-78]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 50]; vandenNe2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 169-170]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 134]; Varshn1994 [host, distribution: 346]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 99-100]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution, life history: 51]; Willia1963 [taxonomy: 100]; Willia1985b [host, distribution: 53]; Willia2001 [distribution: 225-227]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 93]; WilliaMe2007 [host, distribution: 132]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-140]; WilliaWi1988 [host, distribution: 57]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 106]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 16,55]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178]; Zacher1913 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 324-328].
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