The Skylab Program, as the name implies, was designed to conduct experiments from a laboratory in space. The experiments were categorized as solar physics, Earth resources, life sciences, material science, the Skylab student project, and other experiments. While final data analysis on some of the experiments will require a number of years to accomplish, the preliminary results indicate that the Skylab Program has been man's most successful adventure in space to date. Some of the specific results obtained for each of the groups listed above follow.

In the area of solar physics, it was discovered that Sun flares occurred more often than expected and that the mechanisms at work in the different flares could vary significantly in nature. Mysterious bright spots were discovered; as many as 1500 emerged on the Sun each day with an average lifetime of eight hours. Recently discovered coronal holes were found to be persistent for several solar rotations and were a major source of solar wind. Solar observation will enhance future weather forecasting. The amount and quality of the Apollo telescope mount coronal data exceeded the total corona observations since the beginning of civilization and indicated that the notion of homogenous corona is a fiction.

In the Earth resources experiments, an important mineral deposit in Nevada, geothermal sites in the southwestern United States, and a previously unknown river in South America were identified. Several areas of citrus fruit fly infestation on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande were also identified. The use of Earth resources program imagery for inventory of vegetation patterns, regional planning and land use in urbanized areas, and city census updating was demonstrated. Also demonstrated was the use of remote sensing for snow mapping, sea state determination, and ocean current charting. In addition, the Earth resources experiments examined the growth and termination of hurricanes using information gathered for Ava, Christine, and Delia.

For the experiments conducted in the category of life sciences, based on preliminary analyses of data, findings indicated that man has demonstrated his ability to adjust to space environment and to perform useful and valuable work in space. There was evidence that space affected some physiological processes, particularly the cardiovascular system. To counteract this, space crews were advised to maintain adequate physiological reserve by ensuring that they performed adequate amounts of exercise, obtained sufficient sleep, and maintained a regular schedule of eating. While individuals varied, there seemed to be a general physiological, including cardiovascular system, adaptation to space over a period of time. Apparently during the first few days in space, the crewmen became extremely resistant to the effects of motion and maintained this state as long as they remained in space. There was also evidence that fluid and plasma volume changes leveled off in time and during recovery after the flights.

In the field of material science, 54 experiment cartridges comprising 18 experiment sets were processed in the multipurpose electric furnace. These sets are in the process of being analyzed. Three specimen discs in the metals-melting experiment and four brazed-tube specimens in the exothermic heating experiment were successfully processed in space. They, too, are being analyzed. Preliminary findings showed a higher quality and uniformity in the metal specimens which were melted by the electron beam gun. In general, the crystals grown were higher in quality, and in some cases unique crystal growth phenomena occurred. Welding in space of aluminum alloy, stainless steel, and pure tantalum presented no problems. The ability to braze tubes and sleeve joints whose gaps exceeded those required on Earth for a good braze [367] band was successfully demonstrated. Large, perfect, single crystals of indium-antimonide were grown to a perfection not attainable on Earth. The production technology acquired from this experiment may now be applied to other semiconductors. Larger, more perfect crystals should drastically widen the use of the semiconductor in many applications. One large, single crystal of germanium selenide was grown, which was more than a one order of magnitude increase in size over Earth-grown crystals.

Data were obtained for all of the 19 Skylab student project experiments that were selected for flight. The data were poor or marginal in three cases; however, it is expected that several of the experiments will have significant scientific value.

Among the findings obtained from the category designated "other experiments" were the following. The crew activity/maintenance study showed that the full range of human dexterity can be taken advantage of in designing hardware and tasks for future space programs. Crew comments on the habitability/crew quarters experiment indicated that the Orbital Workshop design was satisfactory. No significant contamination was found on the sample array exposed from the antisolar airlock for 46 hours. However, significant contamination was found on the thermal control samples that were continuously exposed during the first mission. Ultraviolet stellar astronomy experiments obtained scientific data on hot stars in two-thirds of the Milky Way region. Scientific observations were made of Comet Kohoutek with 11 different sensors or telescopes, covering spectral ranges down to the X- ray region. Color pictures of significant scientific value of the aurora and airglow were obtained by ultraviolet airglow horizon photography. Astronauts were able to observe and photograph barium clouds released by rocket launchings.

In the remaining pages of this appendix the individual experiments; their purpose; the Principal Investigators; and, where known, the results of the experiments are shown.

M 071 Mineral Balance

 

 

Objective: Define and quantitatively assess body gains and losses of biochemical constituents, particularly water, calcium, and nitrogen.

 

Principal Investigator-G. D. Whedon, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

 

Coinvestigator-L. Lutwak, Veterans Administration Hospital, Sepulveda, California

 

Flight Assignment-SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

 

Results: Significant losses of nitrogen and phosphorus occurred, associated with observed reduction in muscle tissue. Both mineral and muscle losses occurred despite vigorous exercise regimes in flight. Conclusion was that, unless protective measures can be developed, capable musculoskeletal function is likely to be impaired in space flights of one and one-half to three years duration, for example, to Mars.

 

 

M 073 Bio-Assay of Body Fluids

 

 

Objective: Assess the effect of space flight on endocrine-metabolic functions including fluid and electrolyte control mechanisms.

Principal Investigator-C. S. Leach, NASA-JSC

Principal Coordinating Scientist-P. C. Rambaut, NASA-JSC

[369] Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Significant biochemical changes were observed which varied in magnitude and direction but which disappeared shortly after return to Earth. In areas concerned with the metabolism of bone mineral, protein, and carbohydrates unstable states appeared to persist, and it was unclear in which form the ultimate sequelae of these changes would manifest themselves after flights of much longer duration.

M 074 Specimen Mass Measurement

Objective: Demonstrate the feasibility of mass measurement without gravity.

Principal Investigator-W. E. Thornton, NASA-JSC

Coinvestigator-J. W. Ord, USAF Medical Corps, Clark AFB, Philippine Islands

Hardware Contractor-Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: A new instrument for inflight space operations and research was demonstrated; previous unproven mechanisms of weight losses under weightlessness were demonstrated; and it was proven that the human body, properly fed, could sustain long duration n signs without significant obligatory mass loss.

M 078 Bone Mineral Measurement

Objective: Determine the occurrence of bone mineral changes due to weightlessness.

Principal Investigator-J. M. Vogel, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California

Coinvestigator-M. W. Whittle, NASA-JSC

Hardware Contractor-U.S. Public Health Service, San Francisco, California

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: It was concluded that mineral losses occurred from the bones of the lower extremities during missions of up to 84 days. In general, they followed the loss patterns observed in a heterogeneous group of bed-rested subjects.

M 092 Lower Body Negative Pressure

Objective: Evaluate space flight cardiovascular deconditioning and establish the time course of any changes.

Principal Investigator-R. L. Johnson, NASA-JSC

Coinvestigator-J. W. Ord, USAF Medical Corps, Clark AFB, Philippine Islands

Hardware Contractors-MSFC; Martin Marietta Aerospace Corp., Denver

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Vectorcardiograms taken on all crewmen during the Skylab flights showed several consistent changes apparently related to space flight. Principal among the changes were [370] temporal intervals, vector magnitudes and their orientations, and certain derived parameters, presumably resulting from altered autonomic neutral inputs upon the myocardial conduction system or major fluid shifts known to have occurred in flight.

All observed measurements were well within accepted limits of normal and were considered to represent adaptative phenomena rather than pathological conditions.

M 093 Vectorcardiogram

Objective: Measure electrocardiographic potentials during weightlessness and the immediate postflight period to obtain precise measurements of the changes that occur.

Principal Investigator-N. W. Allebach, U.S. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, Florida

Coinvestigator-R. F. Smith, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

Hardware Contractors-MSFC; Martin Marietta Aerospace Corp., Denver

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: No adverse electrocardiographic changes, with the exception of arrhythmias, were observed in the Skylab crews that could be attributed to long exposure to a weightless environment or to the other stresses of extended space flight. T here was no evidence of myocardial ischemia or changes in the electrocardiogram that would suggest vasoregulatory abnormalities. The vectorcardiographic techniques utilized in the experiment added both accuracy and precision to the data acquisition and facilitated both scientific investigation and monitoring for crew safety.

M 111 Cytogenetic Studies of Blood

Objective: Determine pre- and postflight chromosome aberration frequencies in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the Skylab crew members and provide in-vivo radiation dosimetry.

Principal Investigator-L. H. Lockhart, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas

Coinvestigator-P. C. Gooch, Brown & Root-Northrop, Houston, Texas

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Data did not seem to indicate that the external sources of radiation to which the crews had been exposed in orbit resulted in any aberration increase.

M 112 Man's Immunity In-vitro Aspects

Objective: Assay changes in humoral and cellular immunity as reflected by the cone' "rations of plasma and blood cell proteins, blastoid transformations, and synthesis ribonucleic (RNA) and desoxy-ribonucleic acids (DNA) by the lymphocytes.

Principal Investigator-S. E. Ritzmann, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas

[371] Coinvestigator-W. C. Levin, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas

Contractors-MSFC; McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Eastern Division, St. Louis

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Changes noted, in general in the preliminary evaluation, were minor and were not expected to be of any clinical significance.

M 113 Blood Volume and Red Cell Life Span

Objective: To determine the effect of orbital missions on the plasma volume and the red blood cell populations, particularly changes in red cell mass, red cell destruction rate, red cell life span, and red cell production rate.

Principal Investigator-P. C. Johnson, Jr., Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Contractors-MSFC; McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Eastern Division, St. Louis

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The Skylab data, taken in its totality with previous flight data, confirm that a decrease in red cell mass is a constant occurrence in space flight. After the initial loss, there is at least a 30-day delay before the red cell mass begins to reconstitute itself.

M 114 Red Blood Cell Metabolism

Objective: Determine if any metabolic or membrane changes occur in the human red blood cell as a result of exposure to the space flight environment.

Principal Investigator-C. E. Mengel, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri

Contractors-MSFC; McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Eastern Division, St. Louis

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: It was concluded that there were no evidences of lipid peroxidation, that the biochemical effect known to be associated with irreversible red cell damage and the changes observed in glycolytic intermediates and enzymes cannot be directly implicated as indicating red cell damage from exposure to the space flight environment.

M 115 Special Hematologic Effects

Objective: Examine critical physiochemical blood parameters relative to the maintenance of a stable equilibrium between certain blood elements and evaluate the effects of space flight on these parameters.

Principal Investigator-S. L. Kimzey, NASA-JSC

Coinvestigator-C. L. Fischer, Eisenhower Memorial Hospital, Palm Springs, California

Contractors-MSFC; McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., Eastern Division, St. Louis

Flight Assignment SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

[372] Results: Until questions about the specific cause and impact of the red-cell shape change on cell survival in-vivo have been resolved, individuals with diagnosed hematologic abnormalities should not be considered as prime candidates for missions, especially long-duration missions.

M 131 Human Vestibular Function

Objective: Evaluate the requirement for an artificial gravitational force for space flight and compare vestibular response in space with preflight baseline data.

Principal Investigator-A. Graybiel, Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Pensacola, Florida

Coinvestigators-E. Miller, Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Pensacola, Florida, and J. L. Homick, JSC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3

Results: Prevention of motion sickness in any stressful environment involves selection, adaptation, and the use of drugs. There is a lack of laboratory tests to predict accurately susceptibility to motion sickness in weightlessness. Susceptibility to motion sickness in the weightless phase of parabolic flight is promising but has not been validated.

M 133 Sleep Monitoring

Objective: Evaluate quantity and quality of sleep during prolonged space flight.

Principal Investigator-J. D. Frost, Jr., Baylor School of Medicine, Houston, Texas

Coinvestigators-W. H. Shumate, JSC; C. R. Booher, JSC; J. G. Salamy, Technology, Inc., Houston, Texas

Hardware Contractors-MSFC; Martin Marietta Aerospace Corp., Denver

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The experiments indicated that man was able to obtain at least adequate sleep over prolonged periods of time in space and during regularly scheduled eight-hour sleep periods. The most notable changes in the sleep patterns occurred in the postflight period, perhaps suggesting that readaptation to one-g is somewhat more disruptive to sleep than the adaptation to zero-g.

M 151 Time and Motion Study

Objective: Evaluate the relative consistency between ground-based and inflight task performance as conducted by astronauts and as measured by time and motion determina tions.

Principal Investigator-J. F. Kubis, Fordham University, Bronx, New York

Coinvestigator-E. J. McLaughlin, NASA-OMSF

[373] Hardware Contractor-MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Inflight task performance was relatively equivalent among the three Skylab crews. Behavioral performance continued to improve from beginning to end of all Skylab missions. Performance adaptation was very rapid. There was no evidence of performance deterioration that could be attributed to the effects of long-duration exposure to the Skylab environment.

M 171 Metabolic Activity

Objective: Evaluate man's metabolic effectiveness in space.

Principal Investigator-E. L. Michel, NASA-JSC

Coinvestigator-J. A. Rummel, NASA-JSC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: From experiment results, it was hypothesized that inflight exercise had a beneficial effect not only in the maintenance of a normal inflight response to exercise and well-being but also in reducing the period of time required for readaptation post flight. However, this hypothesis would have to be evaluated by proper experimentation.

M 172 Body Mass Measurement

Objective: Validation of a mass measuring device large enough to contain a n

Principal Investigator-W. E. Thornton, NASA JSC

Coinvestigator-J. W. Ord, USAF Medical Corps, Clark AFB, Philippine Islands

Hardware Contractors-MSFC; Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: See results of M074 Specimen Mass Measurement.

• Biomedical results show that man can adapt and function effectively in weightless environment for extended periods.
• Daily inflight personal-exercise regimens coupled with appropriate dietary intake and adequate sleep, work, and recreation periods are essential for maintaining crew health and well-being.
• No untoward physiological changes were noted that would preclude longer duration manned space flights; however, further research is required to understand the mechanisms responsible for many observed changes.
• Remedial or preventive measures may be required for mission durations in excess of 9 to 12 months, e.g., bone demineralization countermeasures.
• [374] Ideally, further observations of man in Earth orbit for an uninterrupted period of months should precede a Mars-type mission.

S 015 Zero-g Single Human Cells

Objective: Study the influence of zero gravity on living human cells and tissue cultures.

Principal Investigator-P. O'B. Montgomery, Dallas County Hospital District, Da] Texas

Coinvestigators-J. Paul, Dallas County Hospital District, Dallas, Texas; P. Kruse, Jr., Noble Foundation; and L. Hayflick, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

Hardware Contractors-JSC; Dallas County Hospital, Dallas, Texas

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Minor unexplained differences were found in biochemical constituents of the used flight and control media. These changes were apparently not significant. Within the limits of the experimental design, zero-g environment produced no detectable effects on Wistar-38 human embryonic lung cells in tissue culture.

S 071 (Passive) Circadian Rhythm-Pocket Mice

Objective: Study the stability of the circadian rhythm of a mammalian system under conditions of space flight.

Principal Investigator-R. G. Lindberg, Northrop Corp., Hawthorne, California

Hardware Contractors-JSC; Northrop Corp., Electronics Division, Norwood, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: The experiment was not successful because of equipment failure, which prevented the acquisition of telemetry data.

S 072 (Passive) Circadian Rhythm-Vinegar Gnat

Objective: Examine the phenomenon of temperature compensation in the circadian rhythm of an insect.

Principal Investigator-C. Pittendrigh, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California

Hardware Contractors-JSC; Northrop Corp., Electronics Division, Norwood, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: The experiment failed because of equipment failure similar to that of S 071, which prevented the acquisition of telemetry data.

ED 11 Atmospheric Absorption of Heat

Objective: Determine the attenuation of visible and near infrared radiant energy through the Earth's atmosphere at various locations and under varying atmospheric conditions.

Principal Investigator-J. B. Zmolek, 12th Grade, Lourdes High School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin

Science Advisors-D. R. Norris, NASA-JSC; E. E. Comer, NASA-MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Data are being analyzed in preparation for a final report.

ED 12 Volcanic Study

Objective: Perform infrared surveys from Skylab of volcanoes to support data from ground instrumentation, gathered to establish a methodology for predicting volcanic activity.

Principal Investigator-T. A. Crites, 9th Grade, Kent Junior High School, Kent, Washington

Science Advisors-D. L. Amsbury, NASA JSC; E. E. Comer, NASA-MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Results have not yet been reported.

ED 21 Libration Clouds

Objective: Photograph the two libration clouds on the Moon's orbit at the Lagrangian Points, L4 and L5 of the Earth-Moon system (points within the Earth-Moon system which particles experience zero force).

Principal Investigator-A. Hopfield, 9th Grade, Princeton Day School, Princeton, New Jersey

Science Advisors-J. T. Humphreys, NASA MSFC; R. M. MacQueen, High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: No definite results are available.

ED 22 Objects Within Mercury's Orbit

Objective: Photograph objects (Vulcan hoped for) within the orbit of the planet Mercury.

Principal Investigator-D. C. Bochsler, 9th Grade, Silverton Union High School, Silverton, Oregon

Science Advisors-J. T. Humphreys, NASA- MSFC; R. M. MacQueen, High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

[376] Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: No new objects have been identified between Mercury and the Sun.

ED 23 Ultraviolet from Quasars

Objective: Obtain spectra from quasars in the ultraviolet region.

Principal Investigator-J. C. Hamilton, 11th Grade, Aiea High School, Aiea, Hawaii

Science Advisors-K. G. Henize, NASA JSC; J. T. Humphreys, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Data from this experiment are still being analyzed.

ED 2/ X Ray Stellar Classes

Objective: Determine the general characteristics and location of celestial X ray source

Principal Investigator-J. W. Reihs, 11th Grade, Tara High School, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Science Advisors-J. T. Humphreys, NASA MSC; M. Zombeck, American Science Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: No data available on this experiment. Results, when known, will be on solar X ray data, an alternative to this experiment.

ED 25 X-Rays from Jupiter

Objective: Detect X rays from Jupiter and search for a correlation of the X ray emission with both solar activity and jovian decametric radio emission.

Principal Investigator-J. L. Leventhal, 11 th Grade, Berkeley High School, Berkeley, California

Science Advisors-J. T. Humphreys, NASA MSFC; M. Zombeck, American Science Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Target observations were unobtainable on both the Skylab 3 and Skylab 4 missions.

ED 26 Ultraviolet from Pulsars

Objective: Study and photograph pulsars in the ultraviolet wavelengths.

Principal Investigator-N. W. Shannon, 11th Grade, Dekalb High School, Atlanta, Georgia

Science Advisors-K. G. Henize, NASA JSC; J. T. Humphreys, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Spectral photographs are being studied, but no conclusions have been reached this time.

[377] ED 31 Bacteria and Spores

Objective: Observe under controlled conditions the survival, growth, and mutations of bacterial spores in the Skylab environment.

Principal Investigator-R. L. Staehle, 11th Grade, Harley School, Rochester, New York

Science Advisors G. R. Taylor, NASA JSC; S. B. Hall, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Bacterial growth showed definite changes in behavior in the Skylab environment. Study continues to determine whether the changes are environmental or genetic.

ED 32 In vitro Immunology

Objective: Determine the effects of zero g on these representative life processes: Part A, Chemotaxis; Part B, Antigenicity.

Principal Investigator-T. A. Meister, 12th Grade, Bronx High School of Science, Jackson Heights, New York

Science Advisors-S. L. Kimzey, NASA JSC; R. E. Allen, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Analyses and comparison with the ground control samples showed that results were consistent.

ED 41 Motor Sensory Performance

Objective: Measure changes in motor sensory performance resulting from prolonged space flight and compare Skylab performance data with existing baseline data and those obtained during pre and postflight analysis.

Principal Investigator-K. L. Jackson, 11th Grade, Clear Creek High School, Houston, Texas

Science Advisors-W. E. Feddersen, NASA JSC; R. E. Allen, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: A final report on this experiment has not been completed.

ED 52 Web Formation

Objective: Observe the web building process and detailed structure of the web of common cross spider (Araneus Diadematus) in both a normal environment and Skylab environment.

Principal Investigator-J. S. Miles, 11th Grade, Lexington High School, Lexington Massachusetts

[378] Science Advisors-J. B. MacLeod, NASA JSC; R. L. Gause, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Although the final report has not been completed at this time, initial study verifies that spiders use a gravity sensing organism to size the thread used in spinning a web.

ED 61 Plant Growth

Objective: Observe and record differences in root and stem growth and orientation radish seeds that were germinated in the Skylab environment compared with seeds germinated and developed in a normal environment.

Principal Investigator-J. G. Wordekemper, 9th Grade, Central Catholic High School, West Point, Nebraska

Science Advisors-C. H. Walkinshaw, NASA JSC; L. A. Gross, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: Analysis is continuing preparatory to preparing a final report.

ED 62 Plant Phototropism

Objective: Assess whether or not phototropism can serve as a substitute for geotropism for radish seeds germinated and developed in the Skylab environment.

Principal Investigator-D. W. Schlack, 11 th Grade, Downey High School, Down California

Science Advisors-C. H. Walkinshaw, NASA JSC; L. A. Gross, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: A final report is in the process of being written.

ED 63 Cytoplasmic Streaming

Objective: Observe the effects of zero g on cytoplasmic streaming in plants.

Principal Investigator-C. A. Peltz, 10th Grade, Arapahoe High School, Littleton, Colorado

Science Advisors-C. H. Walkinshaw, NASA JSC; A. Cothran, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-MSFC (in house)

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Elodea plants used in this experiment did not survive. The hypothesis advanced in the final report is that this may have been caused by the plants' waste products and lack of carbon dioxide due to circulation problems in the agar.

[379] ED 72 Capillary Study

Objective: Demonstrate capillary tubes and capillary wicks in the Skylab environment.

Principal Investigator-R. G. Johnston, 12th Grade, Alexander Ramsey High School

St. Paul, Minnesota

Science Advisors-J. B. MacLeod, NASA JSC; R. L. Gause, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: Fluid loss occurred, which threatened the experiment. However, film data and sketches of the experiment are still being studied.

ED 74 Mass Measurement

Objective: Demonstrate the methods of mass measurement utilized on baseline Skylab systems.

Principal Investigator-V. W. Converse, 12th Grade, Harlem High School, Rockford, Illinois

Science Advisors-J. B. MacLeod, NASA JSC; R. R. Head, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: An excellent film demonstration of mass measurement in zero g was obtained. Results correlated well with the theoretical data.

ED 76 Neutron Analysis

Objective: Measure the ambient neutron flux in the Orbital Workshop and attempt to identify the contribution from each of three sources: Earth albedo neutrons, solar neutrons, and cosmic ray secondary neutrons.

Principal Investigator-T. C. Quist, 12th Grade, Thomas Jefferson High School,, San Antonio, Texas

Science Advisors- D. E. Robbins, NASA JSC; C. L. Peacock, NASA JSC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Although the study is continuing, preliminary results indicate that ambient neutron fluxes may be significantly higher than previously predicted.

ED 78 Liquid Motion in Zero Gravity

Objective: Observe the motion of a gas bubble in a fluid excited by a simple mechanical system of calibrated driving force of simple frequency.

Principal Investigator-W. B. Dunlap, 10th Grade, Austintown Fitch High School, Youngstown, Ohio

Science Advisors-J. B. MacLeod, NASA JSC; R. R. Head, NASA MSFC

Results: An experiment hardware failure negated this experiment.

 

M 487 Habitability/Crew Quarters

Objective: Evaluate the features of the Skylab living quarters, provisions, and support facilities that affect the crew's comfort, safety, and operational effectiveness.

Principal Investigator-C. C. Johnson, Jr., NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., St. Louis

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Habitability requirements for spacecraft, except in the areas of mobility and restraint, are similar to those on Earth.

M 509 Astronaut Maneuvering Equipment

Objective: Evaluate, with a "test bed" maneuvering unit, the utility of several astronaut maneuvering techniques that differ in the degree of man machine integration.

Principal Investigator-C. E. Whitsett, Jr., USAF Space and Missiles System Office, Los Angeles, California

Coinvestigators-B. McCandless II, and D. C. Schultz, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver

Flight Assignment-SL 1/2, SL 3, SL 4

Results: The operation of the astronaut maneuvering unit was considered successful.

M 516 Crew Activities/Maintenance Study

Objective: Evaluate man machine relations by gathering data concerning the crew's capability to perform work in the zero g environment throughout long duration missions.

Principal Investigator-R. L. Bond, NASA JSC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, S-4

Results: Man can conduct inflight maintenance tasks as effectively in orbit as on Earth if given the proper tools, restraints, accessibility, and procedures.

T 013 Crew/Vehicle Disturbance

Objective: Measure the effects of various crew motions on the dynamics of manned spacecraft, specifically the torques, forces, and vehicle motions produced by the astronauts' body motions.

Principal Investigator-B. A. Conway, LaRC

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver Division

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

[381] Results: Results indicate that crew motion disturbances in a manned spacecraft can provide appreciable inputs to the spacecraft attitude control system.

T 020 Foot Controlled Maneuvering Unit

Objective: Provide information pertaining to the design and use of astronaut maneuvering systems by conducting inflight and ground based evaluations of an unstabilized experimental device.

Principal Investigator-D. E. Hewes, LaRC

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver Division

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Preliminary results indicate that hands free operation and other design features of the foot controlled maneuvering unit are feasible for incorporation into a future system.

S 052 White Light Coronagraph

Objective: The solar coronagraph views the corona out to 3 million miles (six solar radii) in visible light. Measure polarization, shape, and intensity of the solar corona by photographs taken at rates up to one every 13 seconds.

Principal Investigator-R. M. MacQueen, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado

Coinvestigator-E. Hildner, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado

Hardware Contractor-High Altitude Laboratory with subcontractor Ball Brothers Research Corp., Boulder, Colorado

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The Skylab coronagraph obtained observations comparable to the best ground based eclipse observation at least daily for eight and one half months with few gaps. During this period, coronal evaluation on time scales including months, weeks, days, hours, and even minutes were observed. The most rapid change in coronal form, called coronal transients, occurred at an unexpectedly high frequency of one every few days. Diversity of behavior of coronal transients was noted.

S 054 X-Ray Spectrographic Telescope

Objective: Obtain time development of X ray producing events (flares and active regions) in the various X ray wavelengths.

Principal Investigator-R. Giacconi, American Science and Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

[382] Hardware Contractor-American Science and Engineering, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Good resolution of the coronal X ray structure was obtained. Data are still being analyzed.

S 055 Ultraviolet Spectrometer

Objective: Observe temporal changes in the extreme ultraviolet radiation emitted several types of solar regions.

Principal Investigator- . M. Reeves, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Hardware Contractor-Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Some data have been reduced to photographic form. Clear, detailed loops of ionized particles streaming away from the Sun's surface more than 41 000 km into space have been obtained. Some details of structure, composition, and active processes revealed in the ultraviolet photographs were the first seen by man. Data reduction and analyses are continuing.

S 056 Dual X Ray Telescope

Objectives: Take X ray photographs in six bands from 6-33Å; observe the total X emission of the Sun in the wavelength region from 2.5 -20Å in 10 channels.

Principal Investigator-J. E. Milligan, NASA MSFC

Coinvestigator-R. X. Meyer, The Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, California

Hardware Contractors-GSFC; MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Data obtained from the experiment have been analyzed based on the assumption that the magnetic fields in the chromosphere and lower corona were force free. Although the data analyzed are consistent with the force free field model, a more extensive analysis of the available data is required to definitely establish the nature of the X ray arches obtained in the experiment observations.

S 082 Ultraviolet Spectrograph /Heliograph

Objective: Photograph the Sun in selected ultraviolet wavelengths.

Principal Investigator-R. Tousey, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

Hardware Contractor-Naval Research Laboratory with subcontractor Ball Brothers Research Corp., Boulder, Colorado

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

[383] Results: Structural patterns in the chromosphere, corona holes, and active regions of large flares were photographed. Line spectra on and off the solar disc and across the limb were recorded, and an image of the full solar disc was observed. Data studies are continuing.

S 190A Multispectral Photographic Facility

Objective: Evaluate high quality, repetitive multispectral photography from space detailed analysis in the Earth resources disciplines.

Principal Investigator-K. J. Demel, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-ITEK Corp., Lexington, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The multispectral photographic facility performance was satisfactory.

S 190B Earth Terrain Camera

Objective: Obtain high resolution data of small areas to aid interpretation of data gathered by EREP remote sensors.

Principal Investigator-K. J. Demel, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractors-Actron Industries, Inc., Monrovia, California; North American Rockwell, El Segundo, California

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The Earth terrain camera performed very well. The photography obtained is being used in conjunction with experiment S 190A data and other sensor outputs to perform land use inventories, including studies of soil erosion, timberline location, snow extent and water equivalency, plankton production, fishing productivity, and African drought areas.

S 191 Infrared Spectrometer

Objective: Produce multispectral imagery of visible solar and thermal infrared spectra to assess Earth surface composition and condition.

Principal Investigator-T. L. Barnett, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractors-Block Engineering Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, for IR Sensor; Martin Marietta Aerospace Group, Denver, for Viewfinder/Tracking System

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Data obtained by this experiment are being used to evaluate the dynamics of upper air flow and to improve stratospheric structure models that might prove useful for weather forecasting.

[384] S 192 Multispectral Scanner

Objective: Evaluate quantitatively the applicability of spectral data for Earth resources sensing.

Principal Investigator-C. L. Korb, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-Honeywell Radiation Center, Boston, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Skylab S 192 data provide a useful tool for synoptic appraisal of land water cover types and environmental analysis.

S 193 Microwave Radiometer/Scatterometer, Altimeter

Objective: To simultaneously measure radar differential backscattering cross section and passive microwave emissivity of land and sea on a global scale.

Principal Investigator-D. Evans, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-General Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Data from this experiment are being used for studies of means and methods to improve remote sensing techniques. Studies of storm systems and the dynamics of the upper air flow are being made to improve weather forecasting. Sea state studies, wind field studies, and determination of sea surface brightness temperatures are being conducted. During the last manned Skylab mission an around the world altimeter data pass was made to provide previously unavailable data on the Earth.

S 194 L-Band Radiometer

Objective: Measure thermal radiation in the microwave (L band) range.

Principal Investigator-D. Evans, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-Airborne Instruments Laboratory Division, Cutler Hammer, Inc., Deer Park, Long Island, New York

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Data from this experiment are being used for analysis of snow fields to improve radiation models and energy transfer processes. Data collected over the western United States are being used to determine soil and snowpack moisture content for use in crop planning and predicting the effects of snow melt.

S 009 Nuclear Emulsion

Objective: Study charge spectrum of primary cosmic rays with emphasis on heavy nuclei.

Principal Investigator-M. M. Shapiro, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

[385] Hardware Contractor-Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: The experiment operated normally for approximately the first two thirds of the visit, after which the detector package would not move to the closed position. However, by improvisation, the experiment was continued.

S 019 Ultraviolet Stellar Astronomy

Objectives: Obtain a large number of stellar spectra down to 1400 angstroms (UV spectra beyond limits of ground based instruments). Obtain spectra of early type stars a photographs of Milky Way fields.

Principal Investigator-K. G. Henize, NASA JSC, and Northwestern University, Evan ston, Illinois

Hardware Contractor-Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: A preliminary review of this experiment film indicated that the spectra quality was good and fully recoverable by spectrophotometry but that some film fogging had occurred. Computer programs for quantitative data reduction were in the final stages of development.

S 020 Ultraviolet X Ray Solar Photography

Objective: Photograph extreme UV and X ray emissions of the Sun in the 10 to 200 angstrom wavelengths.

Principal Investigator-R. Tousey, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

Hardware Contractor-Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The experiment was originally planned to be carried out from the solar scientific airlock; however, because of the parasol deployment, experiment operations were performed during EVA. Revised functional objectives were successfully completed and one of the major original objectives, spectra of a solar flare, was also obtained.

S 063 Ultraviolet Airglow Horizon Photography

Objective: Photograph the twilight airglow and Earth's ozone layer simultaneously in the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths.

Principal Investigator-D. M. Packer, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver

[386] Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: A preliminary visual review of the film indicated some large variations in image quality, although color photography appeared to be very good. Experiment success would require some film processing enhancements and microdensitometry.

S 073 Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light

Objective: Measure the surface brightness and polarization of the night glow over a large portion of the celestial sphere in the visible light spectrum and determine the extent nature of the spacecraft corona during daylight.

Principal Investigator-J. L. Weinberg, Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Hardware Contractor-Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The experiment performed normally, except for one instance in which shaft and trunnion positioning control was lost (Skylab 2).

S 149 Particle Collection

Objective: Determine the mass distribution of micrometeorites in near Earth space.

Principal Investigator-C. L. Hemenway, Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Hardware Contractor-Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Full study and calibration of the S 149 materials will take a number of years, but initial results show promise of determining accurately the near Earth population of cosmic dust particles over a wide mass range.

S 150 Galactic X Ray Mapping

Objective: Survey a portion of celestial sphere for galactic X ray sources in the 0.2 to 10 KeV energy range.

Principal Investigator-W. L. Kraushaar, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Hardware Contractor-University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Flight Assignment- SL-4

Results: The experiment collected X ray data for only 110 minutes before the experiment high voltage switched off because of low gas pressure in the X ray sensor. The planned operating time was 265 minutes.

S183 Ultraviolet Panorama

Objective: Obtain wide field of view photographs of individual stars and extended star fields in the ultraviolet range.

Principal Investigator-G. Courtes, Laboratoire d'Astronomie Spatiale du CRNS, Marseille, France

[387] Hardware Contractor-French Government

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: The equipment malfunctioned once. However, after a new film cassette was inserted, equipment operated properly.

S 228 Traps Uranic Cosmic Rays

Objective: Provide detailed knowledge of relative abundance and energies of the nuclei in cosmic radiation.

Principal Investigator-K. A. Anderson, University of California, Berkeley, California

Hardware Contractor-University of California, Berkeley, California

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-4

Results: Detector assemblies were deployed and retrieved by the SL 4 crew. Results are being analyzed.

S 230 Magnetospheric Particle Composition

Objective: Measure fluxes and composition of precipitating magnetospheric ions and trapped particles.

Principal Investigator-D. L. Lind, NASA JSC

Coinvestigators-J. Geiss and W. Stettler, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Hardware Contractor-Engineering Division, JSC

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Deposits similar to those on the D 024 samples were also found on the S 230 surfaces, but the data were still usable for primary experiment objectives. Processing of the preliminary data from the first two sets of foil sections indicated that the foils collected precipitated magnetospheric particles as expected. The majority of the particles participating in the aurora were identified to be of solar wind origin. Preliminary results also showed no indications of interstellar gas atoms and revealed that fluxes of epithermal noble gas ions at low latitudes are very small.

D 008 Radiation in Spacecraft

Objectives: Advance active and passive dosimetry instrumentation. Test theoretical computer codes. Accumulate detailed information of SC radiation environment as supplement to NASA system.

Principal Investigator-A. D. Grimm, USAF Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico

Coinvestigator-J. F. Janni, USAF Weapons Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico

[388] Hardware Contractors-AVCO Electronics, Cincinnati, Ohio; Century Electronics and Instruments, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Doses to third visit crewmen were greater than those to the previous crews because of the longer visit, longer duration of EVA, and a slight increase in dose rates as the use of food, water, and other expendables reduced overall radiation shielding of habitation areas. However, all doses were less than 25 percent of the third visit guidelines.

D 024 Thermal Control Coatings (Airlock Module)

Objective: Expose selected thermal control coatings to space environment in order to compare results with ground based simulations and to determine mechanisms of degradation caused by space radiation.

Principal Investigator-W. L. Lehn, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio

Coinvestigator-University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio

Hardware Contractors-Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio; Goodyear Aerospace Corp., Akron, Ohio

Flight Assignment-SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: Sample trays returned from the first two manned missions were so badly contaminated that a radiation degradation analysis could not be performed. Major objectives of the experiment were also affected by contamination of the samples returned on the last mission. In future manned space flights contamination control must receive special attention in order to prevent loss of valuable data.

M 415 Thermal Control Coatings (Instrument Unit)

Objective: Determine degradation effects of prelaunch, launch, and space environments on absorptivity/emissivity characteristics of thermal control coatings.

Principal Investigator-E. C. McKannan, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Loss of the solar array system wing requires thermal design modifications to minimize electrical power consumption. CSM temperatures were maintained within acceptable limits.

M 479 Zero-g Flammability

Objective: Determine extent of surface flame propagation, surface and bulk flame propagation rates under zero convection, self extinguishment properties, and extinguishment by vacuum and water spray.

Principal Investigator-J. H. Kimzey, NASA JSC

Flight Assignment- SL-4

[389] Results: Data on toxicity, contamination, cleaning, timeline, and hardware performance were provided.

M 512 Materials Processing Facility

Objective: Explore space manufacturing applications of molten phenomena, such as molten metal flow, freezing patterns, thermal stirring, fusion across gaps, and surface tension, by performing five experimental tasks and Experiment 479.

Principal Investigator-P. G. Parks, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The facility and the returned samples were identical to the training hardware and samples. The welding went extremely well. The materials processing facility was used to conduct experiments M 479, M 551, M 552, M 553, and M 555.

M 551 Metals Melting

Objectives: Study the behavior of molten metals in microgravity. Characterize the structures formed in metals melted and rapidly solidified in zero gravity. Test means joining metals by electron beam welding in zero gravity.

Principal Investigator-R. M. Poorman, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: Ground specimens contained large elongated grains and a wide chill zone. The Skylab specimen contained more equiaxed fine grains and a more symmetrical pattern of grain structure. The finer grain structure observed in the space specimen was attributed to constitutional supercooling, which results when a solid freezes with a composition slightly different from that of the liquid from which it forms.

M 552 Exothermic Brazing

Objectives: Test and demonstrate a method of brazing components in space repair and maintenance operations. Study surface wetting and capillary flow effects in weightless molten metals.

Principal Investigator-J. R. Williams, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-Whittaker Corp., Los Angeles, California

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2

Results: In the same time and at the same temperature conditions, nickel dissolved more rapidly in liquid silver copper alloys in space than on Earth. The experiment indicated that this occurred not because the nickel was more soluble in space, but because the speed of dissolution was greater. This suggests that saturated liquid metal solutions can be more easily produced and true solubility more easily determined in space than on Earth.

 

[390] M 553 Sphere Forming

Objective: Demonstrate the effects of zero gravity on fundamental solidification phenomena..

Principal Investigator-E. A. Hasemeyer, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

Flight Assignment- SL-1 /2

Results: Gun problems resulted in the specimen being pear shaped instead of spherical following gun cutoff. Incomplete melting occurred, and sometimes the spike would retract and the sphere would stick on the ceramic. At about the same time the gun problems were occurring, the time required to create a vacuum in the system seemed tremendously long. Apparently, outgassing in the gun was causing the vacuum problem.

M 555 Gallium Arsenide Crystal Growth

Objective: Grow single crystals of gallium arsenide from solution in order to produce material of exceptionally high chemical and crystalline perfection.

Principal Investigators-M. Rubenstein, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; M. C. Davidson, NASA MSFC

Flight Assignment- SL-1 /2

Results: The experiment was successfully carried out. Knowledge of the role of gravity in materials processing has made substantial progress.

M 518 Multipurpose Furnace System

Objective: Enhance the capabilities of existing Skylab hardware by providing means to perform experiments on solidification, crystal growth, and other processes involving phase changes in materials.

Principal Investigator-H. A. Ray, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Flight Assignment- SL 4

Results: The furnace system performed well and no malfunctions were encountered. Experiments M 556, M 557, M 558, M 559, M 560, M 561, M 562, M 563, M 564, M 565, and M 566 were performed using the multipurpose electric furnace system or the material processing facility. All samples processed in the furnace were returned to Earth. Results from some of the processes were far superior to the results obtained on Earth.

M 556 Vapor Growth of II-VI Compounds

Objective: Determine the degree of improvement that can be obtained in the perfection and chemical homogeneity of crystals grown by chemical vapor transport under weightless conditions in space.

[391] Principal Investigator-H. A. Wiedemeier, Rennselaer Polytechnical Institute, Troy, New York

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Mixed crystals of compound, semiconductor germanium selenide and germanium telluride were grown by chemical transport through a temperature gradient in a transport agent, iodine vapor, from polycrystalline sources of the two component materials. The growth process was carried out in sealed quartz ampoules contained in the sample cartridges. The experiment was considered a success.

M 557 Immiscible Alloy Compositions

Objective: Determine the effects of near zero g on the processing of material composition that normally segregate on Earth.

Principal Investigator-J. L. Reger, TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, California

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: It was demonstrated that a completely stable dispersion of the two immiscible liquids, which were very unstable on Earth, can be prepared in space. Since the important parameters of immiscible liquids, such as viscosity and density differences, are similar to those found for common liquid metal immiscible systems, the metallic systems should also be very stable in low gravity.

M 558 Radioactive Tracer Diffusion

Objective: Measure self diffusion and impurity diffusion effects in liquid metals in space flight, and characterize the disturbing effects, if any, due to spacecraft accelerations.

Principal Investigator-A. O. Ukanwa, Howard University, Washington

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: A marked decrease in zinc 65 movement along the length of a cylinder of liquid zinc in space was apparently caused by the absence of convective mixing. The radial distribution observed in the Skylab samples also indicated that convective mixing was negligible in space.

M 559 Microsegregation in Germanium

Objective: Determine the degree of microsegregation of doping impurities in germanium caused by convectionless directional solidification under conditions of weightlessness.

Principal Investigator-F. A. Padovani, Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

[392] Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: Space grown crystals were compared with identical crystals resolidified on Earth. Microsegregation in space is one half to one fifth that on Earth in the bulk material which implies a reduced diffusion or mass transport of the solute through the host material during solidification.

M 560 Growth of Spherical Crystals

Objective: Grow doped germanium crystals of high chemical homogeneity and structural perfection and study their resulting physical properties in comparison with theoretical values for ideal crystals.

Principal Investigator-H. U. Walter, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Single crystals with extremely low density of defects were obtained. Even though the crystals were small, very large crystals could be prepared by this approach. The technique would seem to be ideal for processing of highly reactive and high melting temperature materials. Since no mechanical feedthroughs are required, the technique could be most readily adapted to high pressure or encapsulated growth.

M 561 Whisker Reinforced Composites

Objective: Produce void free samples of silver or aluminum, reinforced with oriented silicon carbide whiskers.

Principal Investigator-T. Kawada, National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo, Japan

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: The experiment produced void free samples of silver, reinforced with oriented silicon carbide whiskers. Sintered rods of silver containing distributions of unidirectionally oriented silicon carbide whiskers, one micron in diameter by one millimeter long, were melted in the furnace. Pressure was exerted to force voids from the melt and promote wetting of the whiskers by the matrix material.

M 562 Indium Antimonide Crystals

Objective: Produce doped semiconductor crystals of high chemical homogeneity and structural perfection and to evaluate the influence of weightlessness in attaining these properties.

Principal Investigator-H. C. Gatos, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Coinvestigator-A. F. Witt, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

[393] Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: High quality single crystals of indium antimonide, doped with tellerium, were precision machined and etched to fit into heavy quartz ampoules, sealed, and enclosed in metal cartridges. Half of each crystal (7.62 cm in length) was melted in the furnace and regrown at the rate of 1.27 cm per hr using the unmelted half as seed.

M 563 Mixed III-V Crystal Growth

Objective: Determine how weightlessness affects directional solidification of binary semi conductor alloys and, if single crystals are obtained, determine how their semiconducting properties depend on alloy composition.

Principal Investigator-W. R. Wilcox, Seaver Science Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Alloys of indium antimonide and gallium antimonide in varying proportions were placed in separate, fused silica ampoules, encased in cartridges, melted in the furnace, and directionally solidified at the slowest available rate.

M 564 Metal and Halide Eutectics

Objective: Produce highly continuous, controlled structures in samples of the fiberlike NaF NaCI and platelike Bi Cd and Pb Sn eutectics, and measure their physical properties.

Principal Investigator-A. S. Yue, University of California, Los Angeles, California

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: The experiment produced controlled structures in samples of fiberlike, fluoridesodium chloride eutectic, and measured their physical properties. Three ingots of the eutectic, 1.27 cm in diameter and 10.16 cm long, were grown by melting the alloys and then cooling them directionally at the slowest available rate.

M 565 Silver Grids Melted in Space

Objective: Determine how pore sizes and pore shapes change in grids of fine silver wires when they are melted and resolidified in space.

Principal Investigator-A. Deruytherre, Katholieke Universiteit, Heverlee, Belgium

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3

Results: The action of diffusion and of the remaining convection due to the variations in [394] the surface tensions appeared to be reduced in space from the rapid leveling of concentration gradients on Earth experiments.

M 566 Copper Aluminum Eutectic

Objective: Determine the effects of weightlessness on the formation of lamellar structure in eutectic alloys when directionally solidified.

Principal Investigator-E. A. Hasemeyer, NASA MSFC

Hardware Contractor-Westinghouse Electric Corp., Baltimore, Maryland

Flight Assignment- SL-3, SL-4

Results: Three aluminum copper alloy rods 0.64 cm in diameter were partially melted and directionally solidified.

T 003 Inflight Aerosol Analysis

Objective: Measure aerosol particle concentration and size distribution inside spacecraft and assess adequacy of air distribution, circulation, and filtration.

Principal Investigator-W. Z. Leavitt, U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), Cambridge, Massachusetts

Hardware Contractors-DOT; Bendix Corp., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: The equipment operated properly and data cards are being analyzed.

T 025 Coronagraph Contamination Measurement

Objectives: Determine the presence of an induced particulate atmosphere surrounding the orbital assembly. Measure changes in the atmosphere due to thruster firings, waste dumps, and vehicle orientation.

Principal Investigator-J. M. Greenberg, Dudley Observatory, Albany, New York

Coinvestigator-G. P. Bonner, NASA JSC

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver

Flight Assignment- SL-1/2, SL-3, SL-4

Results: All EVA for this experiment was satisfactory, except for one occasion when the 35 mm camera EVA viewfinder became loose.

T 027 ATM Contamination Measurement

Objective: Determine the change in optical properties of various surfaces due to contaminants near the spacecraft on a real time basis plus postflight analysis. Measure sky brightness background caused by solar illumination of contaminants.

Principal Investigator-J. A. Muscari, Martin Marietta Corp., Denver

Hardware Contractor-Martin Marietta Corp., Denver

[395] Flight Assignment-SL-1/2

Results: Valuable quantitative deposition information was supplied, which was used daily for mission support and contamination prediction calculations.

Objective: Provide long term viewing, near perihelion viewing, astronaut response, and payload optimization, allowing Kohoutek to be monitored in the ultraviolet and visiblelight ranges regardless of its angular separation from the Sun.

Project Scientist-W. C. Snoddy, MSFC

Experiment Integration Engineer-R. J. Barry, Bendix Corp., Burbank, California

Results: Preliminary results indicate that the experiment was highly successful.