Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, The University of Montana Publication_Date: 19980930 Title: Montana Gap Analysis - Predicted Terrestrial Vertebrate Distributions Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, The University of Montana Description: Abstract: This dataset is made up of ARC/INFO grids (raster files, 90 m resolution) that map predicted distributions for 425 terrestrial vertebrate species found in Montana, including 16 amphibians, 17 reptiles, 290 birds, and 102 mammals. Of the 425, 9 were exotic species (1 amphibian and 8 birds). Two others, Idaho giant salamander (Dicamptodon aterrimus) and wood frog (Rana sylvatica) have been reported but not confirmed in the state; predicted distributions were created only to guide future field surveys. Each of the 425 grids is named according to a modification of the species' element code, which is a 10-character unique identifier assigned by The Nature Conservancy. Codes beginning with AA indicate amphibians; AR, reptiles; AB, birds; and AM, mammals. To conform with 8.3 conventions when naming grids, element codes have been truncated by dropping the first and last characters; now, grid names beginning with A indicate amphibians; R, reptiles; B, birds; and M, mammals. These truncated names remained unique in all but one case, the Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse subspecies. Here, the grid name has been adjusted to BNLC1304 to distinguish it from the grid for the Sharp-tailed Grouse species, BNLC1303. Please see Entity_and_Attribute_Overview, as well as MTVERT.DBF (dBase file) and MTVERT.DAT (INFO database), for a list of species names, element codes, and grid names. Grids were constructed using an iterative five-step process: 1) determine species to be included in the modeling process; 2) delineate known ranges for each species using latilongs for birds and EPA hexagons for amphibians, reptiles, and mammals; 3) develop a Wildlife-Habitat Relationships (WHR) database to document associations between species and habitat features such as land cover, elevation, and distance to water; 4) prepare necessary GIS layers, then use a raster-based modeling approach to combine known distributions and WHR databases into predicted distributions for each species (see below); and 5) subject modeling rules and distribution maps to review by more than 50 biologists from around the state. After review, changes were made and the process was repeated. Once all predicted distributions were complete, species checklists for wildlife refuges and other management units were used to evaluate the accuracy of these maps. For 14 validation areas, mean accuracy was calculated as 59.0% for amphibians, 64.1% for reptiles, 67.2% for birds, and 55.0% for mammals. For more information, please refer to the the Montana Gap Analysis Final Report (Redmond et al. 1998; see below). Each species was assigned to one MT-GAP staff member. Amphibians and reptiles were coordinated by Melissa Hart, but were modeled by a group of biologists, including Paul Hendricks (Montana Natural Heritage Program, MTNHP), Bryce Maxell (University of Montana), Chuck Peterson (Idaho State University), and the late Jim Reichel (MTNHP). Wendy Williams, Poody McLaughlin, Claudine Tobalske, and Melissa Hart were responsible for birds, and mammals were handled by Polly Thornton. Primary inputs to the modeling process include land cover, topography, and hydrography, in addition to hexagon and latilong distribution maps. Of the 425 models developed, 136 were based solely on land cover, 73 on land cover and forest canopy, 28 on land cover and elevation, and 9 on land cover, elevation, and canopy. Many of the rest were based on some combination of land cover, canopy, elevation, and buffers on hydrographic features, although additional layers such as slope were used to a limited degree. Models were created using 5 AMLs (Arc Macro Language programs). These AMLs contain 19 different loops (some of which are repeated among AMLs) used to create output maps from a specified set of inputs (e.g., "land cover only" vs. "land cover plus elevation"). In addition to loops, 123 species had unique queries written for them. Models for all species, however, follow the same logic: 1. Create a grid delineating the known distribution based on either hexagons or polygons. 2. Generalize the edges of the known distribution using land cover polygons merged to 100 ha MMU. Assign each land cover polygon the highest probability of occurrence within its borders so that distributions are effectively extrapolated outward by one polygon, always favoring the highest code when land cover polygons span hexagons or latilongs. 3. Query layers for predicted habitat based on land cover types and other features. Code all areas selected as habitat using values from the extrapolated hexagon or latilong boundaries. Assign a special code to predicted habitat outside the known distribution to distinguish it from areas not predicted to be habitat. 4. Recode the output of Step 3 to reduce it from a range of values (probabilities of occurrence) to 1/0 values indicating a species' presence or absence. Eliminate areas with lower probability of species occurrence. For amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, keep hexagon codes 1-3 (confirmed-possible). For breeding birds, keep latilong codes 1-4 (breeding and possible breeding); for wintering birds, codes 5 and 7, and for migrating birds, codes 5 and 6. For more detailed methods, results, and discussion, please see: Redmond, R.L., M.M. Hart, J.C. Winne, W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, Z. Ma, C.M. Tobalske, M.M. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, T.P. Tady, F.B. Fisher, S.W. Running. 1998. The Montana Gap Analysis Project: final report. Unpublished report. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, The University of Montana, Missoula. xiii + 136 pp. + appendices. (Available digitally in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.) For writeups of species-habitat relationships, key references, modeling rules, input data layers, and predicted distribution maps, please see: Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998. Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. Unpublished report. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, The University of Montana, Missoula. vii + 1302 pp. (Also available digitally in Adobe Acrobat PDF format.) The following metadata elements are required by GAP, but do not parse using the FGDC ms parser (although similar elements can be found later in this document for several of these). For the convenience of GAP users, these elements are listed here. Data Set Identity: MT-GAP Predicted Vertebrate Distributions; Raster File Format: ARC/INFO GRIDs; Raster File Sensor: NA; Vector File Format: NA; Nonspatial File Format: NA; Source Distance Resolution: 90 meters; Raster File Number of Bytes per Pixel: 4; Native Data Structure: Raster. Purpose: These data were produced to map predicted vertebrate distributions in a standardized, consistent manner across the state for use in Montana Gap Analysis. By incorporating habitat conditions, these maps are intended to provide more refined information about the current distribution of terrestrial vertebrates within their general range extents than can typically be obtained from published range maps. The predicted species distributions may be used individually or in groups to answer a wide variety of management, planning, and research questions. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19980630 Currentness_Reference: Publication date; however, currentness varies for the numerous sources used to compile information on species occurrences and habitat assocations. Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None scheduled, but updates would be valuable. Species distributions are by nature dynamic; these distributions are predictions, presented as a model that would benefit from further input (additional species locations, improved habitat information) to best represent species' actual distributions. Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -115.72800919 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -103.46514406 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 49.11842777 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 44.14107633 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: species distribution maps Theme_Keyword: amphibians Theme_Keyword: reptiles Theme_Keyword: birds Theme_Keyword: mammals Theme_Keyword: vertebrates Theme_Keyword: native terrestrial vertebrates Theme_Keyword: Montana wildlife Theme_Keyword: wildlife-habitat relationships Theme_Keyword: habitat models Theme_Keyword: species models Theme_Keyword: habitat Theme_Keyword: land cover Theme_Keyword: topography Theme_Keyword: hydrography Theme_Keyword: range maps Theme_Keyword: predicted distributions Theme_Keyword: Gap Analysis Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Montana Access_Constraints: This dataset is in the public domain, and the recipient may not assert any proprietary rights thereto nor represent it to anyone as other than a dataset produced by the Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab at the University of Montana. The datasets comprising MT-GAP were created with the ARC/INFO Grid module running on IBM RS/6000 workstation computers (under AIX 4.1) with at least 128 megabytes of RAM and 4 gigabytes of local disk. The vertebrate dataset is large (1.125 gigabytes) and complex, made up of 425 separate grids with fairly high spatial resolution (90 m cell size). Because of this, software constraints prevented construction of a "hypercoverage" intersecting all predicted species distributions and habitat inputs on a cell-by-cell basis, which might have simplified use, especially queries. Dataset size and complexity also translates to potentially time-consuming queries and analyses on some computers, although powerful computers should not be necessary to process the data. For users without access to ARC/INFO, display and query should be feasible using ARC/VIEW Spatial Analyst software. Use_Constraints: This dataset is provided "as-is" without warranty of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The user assumes all responsibility for the accuracy and suitability of this dataset for a specific application. In no event will the creators, The University of Montana, or the US Geological Survey be liable for any damages, including lost profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of or inability to use this dataset. Use of these data requires the ability to read ARC/INFO Grid datasets. Users must assume responsibility for determining the suitability of these data for their purposes. Not for use at scales greater than 1:100,000. MT-GAP data were produced with the intent that they be analyzed and applied at the ecoregional level, that is, across geographic areas extending from several hundred thousand to millions of hectares in size. Because every occurrence of every species or habitat could not be mapped in the state, the data are best suited for coarse-filter applications (1:100,000+ scale), or for providing context for finer-level applications. Appropriate uses include: 1. statewide biodiversity planning; 2. regional and large area resource planning; 3. coarse-filter evaluation of potential impacts or benefits of major projects/initiatives on biodiversity, such as utility or transportation corridors, wilderness proposals, open space or recreation proposals; 4. environmental impact assessment for large projects; and 5. education at all levels for both students and citizens. It is far easier to identify appropriate uses than inappropriate ones. A "fuzzy line" eventually is crossed, however, when differences in resolution of these data, size of geographic area being analyzed, and precision of the answer required for the question are no longer compatible. Examples include: 1. use of the data to map small areas (less than thousands of hectares) that typically require mapping resolution at 1:24,000 scale and using aerial photographs or ground surveys; 2. combining these data with any data finer than 1:100,000 scale for analysis; 3. generating specific measurements from the data finer than the nearest thousand hectares; 4. establishing exact boundaries for regulation or acquisition; 5. establishing definite presence or absence of any element (e.g. vertebrate species); 6. determining abundance, health, or condition of any element; 7. establishing a measure of accuracy for any other data by comparison with these data; 8. using the data withouth acquring and reviewing not only this document, but also associated reports as cited in the Abstract above; and 9. altering the data in any way, then redistributing it as a GAP product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, The University of Montana Contact_Person: Roland L. Redmond Contact_Position: Principal Investigator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, The University of Montana City: Missoula State_or_Province: MT Postal_Code: 59812-1063 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406 243 5208 (email preferred) Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 406 243 6064 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: red@wru.umt.edu Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8-5, Mountain Time Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: mtvert.jpg Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Sample image of the dataset and/or its extent (predicted distribution for Great Gray Owl, Strix varia). Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: The Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab for creation of the geospatial dataset. Native_Data_Set_Environment: The Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab uses IBM RS/6000 workstation computers running AIX 4.1 with ARC/INFO software versions 7.04 and 7.11, Erdas version 7.5, and Imagine version 8.1. The datasets comprising MT-GAP were created with the ARC/INFO Grid module (version 7.04) on workstations with at least 128 megabytes of RAM and 4 gigabytes of local disk. Again, the vertebrate dataset is large (1.125 gigabytes) and complex, made up of 425 separate grids with fairly high spatial resolution (90 m cell size). Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Properly designed, long-term field surveys would provide the best source of independent data for assessing the accuracy of predicted species distributions; however, Montana's large size and the sheer number of vertebrates involved precluded any surveys of this sort. Hence, a limited assessment of accuracy was conducted using species checklists for 14 wildlife refuges and other managed areas in the state. For these 14 validation areas, mean accuracy was calculated as 59.0% for amphibians, 64.1% for reptiles, 67.2% for birds, and 55.0% for mammals. Errors of commission, where a species was predicted to occur where it had not been recorded, were much higher than errors of omission, where a species had been recorded but we failed to predict its presence (29.2% vs. 6.8% averaged across all taxonomic groups). From a conservation standpoint, this is a desirable outcome: failure to predict a species' presence in an area where it actually occurs may create potential for inadvertent harm if land-use decisions are then made without that species in mind. If, however, a species is predicted to occur where it has never been recorded, it is more likely that the species will be targeted in future surveys and also considered in subsequent land-use decisions -- a more conservative outcome. Errors of commission were highest for mammals (41.2%), followed by amphibians (39.8%), reptiles (35.9%), and birds (24.3%). Errors of omission were highest for birds (8.5%), followed by mammals (3.8%), amphibians (1.2%), and reptiles (0%). For more information on accuracy assessment, please refer to the Montana Gap Analysis Final Report (Redmond et al. 1998; see Abstract for full citation). Of course, the accuracy of the overall dataset depends on the accuracy of its inputs, including species' known range extents (populated by latilong or hexagon), land cover, topography, and hydrography; the whole cannot be better than the sum of its parts. Logical_Consistency_Report: All grid attributes were checked for consistency of appropriate range values. Completeness_Report: All areas in Montana are included in grids for this dataset; each grid cell is coded as 1 (predicted habitat) or 0 (not predicted habitat). Because of the probabilistic and dynamic nature of species distributions, it is not possible to determine how complete the information is related to their distribution, as far as correctness. The 425 terrestrial vertebrate species included in this dataset are considered to be complete for Montana. They were selected from roughly 565 terrestrial vertebrates known to occur in Montana. Many of those 565 species are rare or accidental migratory birds, found in the state only a handful of times, or other species with similarly uncertain occurrence in the state. For Montana Gap Analysis, we selected species known to breed in the state, and those that are regularly occurring non-accidentals. Decisions were made primarily based on state ranks assigned to each species by Montana Natural Heritage Program, although other sources were also consulted. For more information, please see the Montana Gap Analysis Final Report (Redmond et al. 1998; full citation provided in the Abstract). Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Not assessed. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Montana Natural Heritage Program Publication_Date: 1997 Title: EPA Hexagon Distributions for Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: atlas Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Helena, Montana Publisher: Montana Natural Heritage Program Other_Citation_Details: This dataset was produced by the EPA as a grid system to encompass the entire world, and is intended for analysis purposes. The hexagons, each 635 sq km in area, are available for the entire United States or just for Montana. For Montana, 656 hexagons fall entirely or partly within the state boundaries. Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 1950 Calendar_Date: 199712 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HEX Source_Contribution: These INFO files provided a database of amphibian, reptile, and mammal observations by hexagon, which was then converted to GIS format and used to delineate known ranges for these species. The GIS version underwent further modifications during the vertebrate modeling process and review period (see process steps). Calendar date 1950 refers to the date of the earliest observations used in final vertebrate distribution maps (earlier ones were coded historical); calendar date 199712 refers to delivery of final versions of the INFO files to MT-GAP by MTNHP; and calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to any modifications of the GIS version of these EPA hexagon distributions. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Montana Bird Distribution Committee Publication_Date: 1996 Title: P.D. Skaar's Montana Bird Distribution, Fifth Edition. Special Publication No. 3. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: atlas Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Helena, Montana Publisher: Montana Natural Heritage Program Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 1996 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: LAT Source_Contribution: Published book used as reference. Associated dBase files on which the book was based were acquired from MTNHP. These dBase files provided a database of bird observations by latilong, which was then converted to GIS format and used to delineate known ranges for these species. As with the hexagons, the GIS version of the latilong data underwent further modifications during the vertebrate modeling process and review period (see process steps). Calendar date 1996 refers to the book's publication date; calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to any modifications of the GIS version of these latilong distributions. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Montana Land Cover -- Regiongrouped, 100 ha MMU Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Source_Scale_Denominator: 100000 Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 19980410 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: COVREG Source_Contribution: This ARC/INFO grid (90 m resolution) provided a database of land cover, merged to 100 ha minimum mapping unit and regiongrouped to identify individual polygons, used in extrapolating hexagon and latilong boundaries (see process step 4B). Source scale is listed as 1:100,000 because that is the intended scale for use of Gap Analysis datasets; however, raster data are better described by their resolution. Calendar date refers to the date of the grid's creation; this modeling input was not modified after this time. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Montana Land Cover Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Source_Scale_Denominator: 100000 Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 19980109 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: LANDCOV Source_Contribution: This ARC/INFO grid was created by classifying Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data at 30 m resolution on a scene-by-scene basis, then edgematching the scenes to create a single layer for the entire state, and resampling that layer to its final resolution, 90 m. It provided a database of land cover to be used in queries of habitat for predicted species distributions. In all, 50 cover types were mapped; riparian types had a 90 m minimum mapping unit (MMU), and upland types had a 2 ha MMU. This version of the land cover layer included a habitat matrix: attributes were added to the grid's value attribute table (VAT) for each species (named according to element code), then populated with 1/0 values that indicated whether or not a given cover type was predicted to provide habitat for a given species. This habitat matrix is also stored in FileMaker Pro format, and is documented in the Montana Atlas of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Source scale is listed as 1:100,000 because that is the intended scale for use of Gap Analysis datasets; however, raster data are better described by their resolution. Calendar date 19980109 refers to the completion of the land cover grid, after which an initial habitat matrix was attached by transferring data from FileMaker Pro to ARC/INFO (see process step 3); calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to any modifications of the land cover grid's habitat matrix (spatial data were not modified after 19980109). Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Montana Forest Canopy Closure Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Source_Scale_Denominator: 100000 Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 19980512 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: CANOPY Source_Contribution: This ARC/INFO grid was created by classifying Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data at 30 m resolution on a scene-by-scene basis, then edgematching the scenes to create a single layer for the entire state, and resampling that layer to its final resolution, 90 m. It provided a database of forest canopy closure to be used in queries of habitat for predicted species distributions. Forest canopy was mapped at three levels: low, medium, and high. As with the land cover layer, the grid's VAT contained a habitat matrix associating each vertebrate species with forest canopy levels. This habitat matrix is also stored in FileMaker Pro format, and is documented in the Montana Atlas of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Source scale is listed as 1:100,000 because that is the intended scale for use of Gap Analysis datasets; however, raster data are better described by their resolution. Calendar date 19980512 refers to the final completion of the canopy grid, although earlier working copies existed; calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to any modifications of the canopy grid's habitat matrix. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Montana Digital Elevation Model Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Source_Scale_Denominator: 100000 Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 19980401 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: ELEV Source_Contribution: This ARC/INFO grid (90 m resolution) is a composite layer that incorporates 7.5' digital elevation models (DEMs) wherever possible, patched with three-arc second data (Defense Mapping Agency, source scale 1:250,000) where needed (mostly in eastern Montana). It provided databases of elevation, slope, and aspect to be used in queries of habitat for predicted species distributions. As with land cover and canopy, the elevation database included a habitat matrix associating each vertebrate species with elevational ranges defined by 150 m contour intervals. This habitat matrix is also stored in FileMaker Pro format, and is documented in the Montana Atlas of Terrestrial Vertebrates. Source scale is listed as 1:100,000 because that is the intended scale for use of Gap Analysis datasets; however, raster data are better described by their resolution. Calendar date 19980401 refers to the final completion of this grid, although earlier working copies existed; calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to any modifications of the elevation grid's habitat matrix. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Publication_Date: 1998 Title: Montana Hydrography Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Missoula, Montana Publisher: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Source_Scale_Denominator: 100000 Type_of_Source_Media: Online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 19980202 Calendar_Date: 19980531 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: HYDRO Source_Contribution: These coverages (MTHYGAP, MTLAKE, MTRIVERP, and MTRIVERA) provided a database of hydrographic features to be used in queries of habitat for predicted species distributions. They were modified from USGS Digital Line Graphs (DLGs), source scale 1:100,000; DLGs were edited in-house to match corresponding published maps. They were then appended into a coverage for the entire state and its surroundings (MTHYGAP), and further editing took place to correct minor coding and spatial errors. Lakes (MTLAKE) and major rivers (polygons in MTRIVERP and arcs in MTRIVERA) were extracted from MTHYGAP into separate coverages, then assigned attributes such as lake size and presence of islands as desired for vertebrate modeling. The coverages themselves were not used directly in the modeling process, but numerous intermediate grids were created from them. For example, an intermediate grid might delineate 500 m buffers along lakes greater than 100 ha. Calendar date 19980202 refers to the completion of MTHYGAP; calendar date 19980531 refers to the completion of the vertebrate distributions, and hence an end to creation of new intermediate grids from these coverages. Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Montana Gap Reviewers Publication_Date: 19980501 Title: Expert review of predicted species distributions for Montana Gap Analysis. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Publication_Information: Publication_Place: hardcopy comments on file at Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, Missoula, Montana Publisher: na Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Multiple_Dates/Times: Calendar_Date: 199800101 Calendar_Date: 19980501 Source_Currentness_Reference: calendar date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: GAPREV Source_Contribution: During January-April 1998, more than 50 biologists from around Montana provided review comments. These included additional species observations to supplement hexagon and latilong distributions, as well as comments on improving the modeling rules and predicted distribution maps. Process_Step: Process_Description: 1. DETERMINE LIST OF SPECIES TO BE MODELED: 425 species were selected from roughly 565 terrestrial vertebrates known to occur in Montana. Many of those 565 species are rare or accidental migratory birds, found in the state only a handful of times, or other species with similarly uncertain occurrence in the state. For Montana Gap Analysis, we selected species known to breed in the state, and those that are regularly occurring non-accidentals. Decisions were made primarily based on state ranks assigned to each species by Montana Natural Heritage Program (MTNHP), although other sources were also consulted. Although for the most part, this list was determined in late 1996, it was subject to change until the modeling process was complete; changes were most likely during the review period. For more information on this and other process steps, please see the Montana Gap Analysis Final Report (Redmond et al. 1998; full citation provided in the Abstract). Note that throughout the vertebrate modeling process, which was iterative, the inputs and outputs are intertwined. It can be hard to distinguish between the two in some cases: the steps below for the most part were ongoing tasks that occurred simultaneously. They only approached sequential order for the final modeling run, which took place in May 1998 after the review period (step 5) had ended. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: MTNHP databases, various publications Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: LIST Process_Step: Process_Description: 2. DELINEATE KNOWN RANGES FOR EACH SPECIES IN LIST: Inputs to the vertebrate modeling process, the HEX and LAT sources listed above, were also modified during this process step to assume their final forms. These data began life as INFO databases that were converted to/are maintained as coverages, but they were typically used in grid format (see process step 4 for background on vector-raster conversion). For birds, distributional limits were mapped using an existing latilong grid system, P.D. Skaar's Montana Bird Distribution database (fifth edition, Montana Bird Distribution Committee, 1996). A copy of the database was acquired from Montana Natural Heritage Program and converted to GIS format. Our GIS layer differs from the published version in four ways: 1. all observations are mapped at the latilong level, collapsing quarter-latilong observations to this coarser scale; 2. observation types were combined into a new coding scheme devised for MT-GAP; 3. new observations were added by MT-GAP reviewers; 4. after the review period, an in-house update was conducted to fill in holes in species' distributions using professional judgment. For each species, latilongs were coded as: 1. breeding and winter observations (B + W/w from the Skaar database); 2. breeding only (B); 3. possible breeding only (b); 4. possible breeding and wintering observations (b + W/w); 5. transient and wintering observations (t + W/w); 6. transient only (t); and 7. wintering only (W/w). For amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, distributional limits were mapped using the EPA's EMAP hexagon grid system. MTNHP was contracted to compile species point locations and populate hexagons. Point observations were compiled from museum specimens, published literature, unpublished reports and theses, existing MTNHP databases, wildlife observations recorded by agency and independent biologists, and a U.S. Forest Service database on carnivores. Approximately 16,000 records were compiled. Next, an overlay analysis was used for initial population of hexagons; observations were buffered by their data precision, then overlayed with the hexagon coverage. Draft maps were then subjected to in-house (MTNHP) review, and later versions were reviewed by biologists around the state during the overall review period for vertebrate modeling. The following confidence levels were assigned to hexagons for each species: 1. confirmed: >95% of an observation's precision-buffered area within the hexagon, or professional estimate of >95% probability that the species occurs within the hexagon; 2. probable: 80-95% of an observation's buffered area within the hexagon, or corresponding professional estimate; 3. possible: 10-80% of an observation's buffered area within the hexagon, or corresponding professional estimate; 4. historical: reported prior to 1950; 5. excluded: eliminated from species' range based on professional judgment (mostly observations deemed accidental; occasionally, detected species misidentifications). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: HEX, LAT Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: HEXGRID, LATGRID Process_Step: Process_Description: 3. DEVELOP A WILDLIFE-HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS (WHR) DATABASE: For each species, associations were documented with habitat features such as land cover, topography, and hydrography. A set of databases were developed for Montana; at the core of this system are: 1. descriptions of habitats with which each species is associated, related references, and modeling assumptions and caveats; 2. descriptions of modeling rules per species, and matrices that associated each species with land cover type, elevation ranges, hydrographic features, and other data layers. WHR databases were created and maintained using FileMaker Pro software (Macintosh version 4.0 v1); data were transferred between FileMaker Pro and ARC/INFO as needed, using dBase as an intermediate format. These databases evolved into the Montana Atlas of Terrestrial Vertebrates (see Abstract). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: myriad sources, including GAPREV; documented per species in the above Atlas Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: WHR Process_Step: Process_Description: 4. PREPARE INPUT GIS LAYERS, THEN USE RASTER-BASED APPROACH TO MODEL PREDICTED DISTRIBUTIONS: All layers were created in or converted to ARC/INFO grid format, cell size 90 m. The Grid commands SETMASK and SETWINDOW (with "snapgrid" option) were used to ensure that all layers had the same statewide extent and that their pixels aligned (e.g., SETMASK STATEGRID, SETWINDOW STATEGRID LANDCOV). In all instances, NODATA was set to 0 to facilitate the modeling process. Land cover (including forest canopy), topography, and hydrography were the basic input layers for the modeling process. From these, other specialized layers were developed to refine species distributions. Most of these derived layers incorporated spatial queries that require consideration of each 90 m cell's surroundings, not just its own value. For example, a 500 m buffer might have been applied to all lakes and major rivers. Once input layers were ready, modeling began; all modeling was conducted in the ARC/INFO Grid environment. Each species was approached individually, yielding the potential for 425 unique models, although we made every effort to simply the process by developing groups of similar models. To create predicted distribution layers, five programs were written in Arc Macro Language (AML): one for amphibians and reptiles, one for mammals, and three for birds. Nineteen separate loops were developed for groups of species, and unique queries were created for 123 species. Models for each species follow the same approach (see subsequent process steps). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: none Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: HEXGRID, LATGRID, COVREG, LANDCOV, CANOPY, ELEV, HYDRO, SPECIALIZED Process_Step: Process_Description: 4A. KNOWN RANGE: For each species in LIST, create grid delineating the species' known distribution based on either hexagons or latilongs. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: HEX, LAT Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: RANGEMAP Process_Step: Process_Description: 4B. GENERALIZE: For each species in LIST, generalize the edges of the known distribution using land cover polygons merged to 100 ha MMU. Using the ZONALMIN function, assign each land cover polygon the lowest code (highest probability of occurrence) within its borders so that distributions are effectively extrapolated outward by one polygon, always favoring the highest probability of occurrence when land cover polygons span hexagons or latilongs. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: HEX, LAT, COVREG Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: ZONALMIN Process_Step: Process_Description: 4C. QUERY: For each species in LIST, query layers for predicted habitat based on land cover types and other features. Code all areas selected as habitat using values from the extrapolated hexagon or latilong boundaries (ZONALMIN). Assign a special code to predicted habitat outside the known distribution to distinguish it from areas not predicted to be habitat. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: ZONALMIN, LANDCOV, CANOPY, ELEV, HYDRO Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: CODEHAB Process_Step: Process_Description: 4D. RECODE: For each species in LIST, recode the output of the habitat query (CODEHAB) to reduce it from a range of values (probabilities of occurrence) to 1/0 values indicating a species' presence or absence. Eliminate areas with lower probability of species occurrence. For amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, keep hexagon codes 1-3 (confirmed-possible). For breeding birds, keep latilong codes 1-4 (breeding and possible breeding); for wintering birds, codes 5 and 7; and for migrating birds, codes 5 and 6 (see step 2 above). Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: CODEHAB Process_Date: 19980531 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: 425 OUTPUT GRIDS Process_Step: Process_Description: 5. SUBJECT MODELING RULES AND DISTRIBUTION MAPS TO OUTSIDE REVIEW: More than 50 biologists from around the state participated in this process. Review was conducted by mail and telephone during January-April 1998; response was remarkable given this short time period. Each reviewer received a letter outlining the modeling process and how they could help us improve it; a description of each input data layer; a list of cover type descriptions and a statewide map of land cover; a transparency of the state, with towns, county lines, and rivers, to be overlayed with distribution maps; and a response sheet on which suggested changes per species could be summarized. In addition, for each species, reviewers received a map of the known range (hexagons or latilongs); a map of the predicted distribution (from step 4C); a summary sheet with modeling rules and all data layers included in each model; and a description of habitat preferences with pertinent references. Upon request, reviewers also were provided with finer-scale maps specific to their area of geographic expertise. Yes, reams of paper were involved. At least one reviewer commented on every species. Our goal was three people per species; we met or exceeded that target for all but 88 of 425 species (21%; 16 birds and 72 mammals). Reviewer comments could affect any of the above steps; once all comments had been received, updates and modifications were made to the above inputs, and the entire modeling process through step 4 was repeated. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: LIST, WHR, HEXGRID, LATGRID, COVREG, LANDCOV, CANOPY, ELEV, HYDRO, SPECIALIZED, RANGEMAP, CODEHAB Process_Date: 199805 Source_Produced_Citation_Abbreviation: GAPREV, 425 OUTPUT GRIDS Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid cell Row_Count: 6115 Column_Count: 10430 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area Albers_Conical_Equal_Area: Standard_Parallel: 46 Standard_Parallel: 48 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -109.5 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 44.25 False_Easting: 600000.00000 False_Northing: 0.00000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: .1 Ordinate_Resolution: .1 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: NGVD29 Altitude_Resolution: 1 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Implicit coordinate Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: GRIDNAME.VAT Entity_Type_Definition: Value Attribute Table for ARC/INFO grid. GRIDNAME is generic; specific names for each of the 425 grids in this dataset are provided below in Overview_Description. For example, the value attribute table for the long-toed salamander's distribution grid would be AAAA0108.VAT. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: None Attribute: Attribute_Label: VALUE Attribute_Definition: Indicates species' predicted presence (1) or absence (0). Attribute_Definition_Source: na Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Numeric, 1 Attribute: Attribute_Label: COUNT Attribute_Definition: Number of 90m x 90m grid cells assigned the 1/0 values above. Each grid cell represents 0.81 ha. The range listed below, 0-47014689, is hypothetical and represents the total number of cells in the state. If, for example, in the distribution grid for a given species, VALUE 1 had count 47014689 and VALUE 0 had count 0, that would indicate that the species was predicted to occur in every cell in the state. Actual ranges will vary widely depending on species' predicted distributions. Attribute_Definition_Source: none Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 47014689 Attribute_Units_of_Measure: Numeric, 8 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: This dataset includes 425 ARC/INFO grids, each with VALUE and COUNT attributes as described above, for terrestrial vertebrate species found in Montana. The following entries provide grid names, TNC element codes, common names, and scientific names (in that order) for these species. Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AAAA0108, AAAAA01080, LONG-TOED SALAMANDER, Ambystoma macrodactylum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AAAA0114, AAAAA01140, TIGER SALAMANDER, Ambystoma tigrinum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AAAD1227, AAAAD12270, COEUR D'ALENE SALAMANDER, Plethodon idahoensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AAAH0103, AAAAH01030, IDAHO GIANT SALAMANDER, Dicamptodon aterrimus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABA0101, AAABA01010, TAILED FROG, Ascaphus truei Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABB0103, AAABB01030, WESTERN TOAD, Bufo boreas Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABB0105, AAABB01050, GREAT PLAINS TOAD, Bufo cognatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABB0108, AAABB01080, CANADIAN TOAD, Bufo hemiophrys Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABB0118, AAABB01180, WOODHOUSE'S TOAD, Bufo woodhousii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABC0507, AAABC05070, WESTERN CHORUS FROG, Pseudacris triseriata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABC0510, AAABC05100, PACIFIC CHORUS FROG, Pseudacris regilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABF0201, AAABF02010, PLAINS SPADEFOOT, Spea bombifrons Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABH0107, AAABH01070, BULLFROG, Rana catesbeiana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABH0117, AAABH01170, NORTHERN LEOPARD FROG, Rana pipiens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABH0129, AAABH01290, COLUMBIA SPOTTED FROG, Rana luteiventris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: AABH0120, AAABH01200, WOOD FROG, Rana sylvatica Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNBA0103, ABNBA01030, COMMON LOON, Gavia immer Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0201, ABNCA02010, PIED-BILLED GREBE, Podilymbus podiceps Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0301, ABNCA03010, HORNED GREBE, Podiceps auritus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0302, ABNCA03020, RED-NECKED GREBE, Podiceps grisegena Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0303, ABNCA03030, EARED GREBE, Podiceps nigricollis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0401, ABNCA04010, WESTERN GREBE, Aechmophorus occidentalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNCA0402, ABNCA04020, CLARK'S GREBE, Aechmophorus clarkii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNFC0101, ABNFC01010, AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNFD0102, ABNFD01020, DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, Phalacrocorax auritus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNGA0102, ABNGA01020, AMERICAN BITTERN, Botaurus lentiginosus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNGA0401, ABNGA04010, GREAT BLUE HERON, Ardea herodias Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNGA1101, ABNGA11010, BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON, Nycticorax nycticorax Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNGE0202, ABNGE02020, WHITE-FACED IBIS, Plegadis chihi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0201, ABNJB02010, TUNDRA SWAN, Cygnus columbianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0203, ABNJB02030, TRUMPETER SWAN, Cygnus buccinator Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0304, ABNJB03040, GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, Anser albifrons Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0401, ABNJB04010, SNOW GOOSE, Chen caerulescens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0402, ABNJB04020, ROSS'S GOOSE, Chen rossii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0503, ABNJB05030, CANADA GOOSE, Branta canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB0901, ABNJB09010, WOOD DUCK, Aix sponsa Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1001, ABNJB10010, GREEN-WINGED TEAL, Anas crecca Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1006, ABNJB10060, MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1011, ABNJB10110, NORTHERN PINTAIL, Anas acuta Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1013, ABNJB10130, BLUE-WINGED TEAL, Anas discors Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1014, ABNJB10140, CINNAMON TEAL, Anas cyanoptera Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1015, ABNJB10150, NORTHERN SHOVELER, Anas clypeata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1016, ABNJB10160, GADWALL, Anas strepera Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1018, ABNJB10180, AMERICAN WIGEON, Anas americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1102, ABNJB11020, CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1103, ABNJB11030, REDHEAD, Aythya americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1104, ABNJB11040, RING-NECKED DUCK, Aythya collaris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1106, ABNJB11060, GREATER SCAUP, Aythya marila Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1107, ABNJB11070, LESSER SCAUP, Aythya affinis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1501, ABNJB15010, HARLEQUIN DUCK, Histrionicus histrionicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1801, ABNJB18010, COMMON GOLDENEYE, Bucephala clangula Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1802, ABNJB18020, BARROW'S GOLDENEYE, Bucephala islandica Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB1803, ABNJB18030, BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB2001, ABNJB20010, HOODED MERGANSER, Lophodytes cucullatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB2101, ABNJB21010, COMMON MERGANSER, Mergus merganser Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB2102, ABNJB21020, RED-BREASTED MERGANSER, Mergus serrator Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNJB2201, ABNJB22010, RUDDY DUCK, Oxyura jamaicensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKA0201, ABNKA02010, TURKEY VULTURE, Cathartes aura Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC0101, ABNKC01010, OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1001, ABNKC10010, BALD EAGLE, Haliaeetus leucocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1101, ABNKC11010, NORTHERN HARRIER, Circus cyaneus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1202, ABNKC12020, SHARP-SHINNED HAWK, Accipiter striatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1204, ABNKC12040, COOPER'S HAWK, Accipiter cooperii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1206, ABNKC12060, NORTHERN GOSHAWK, Accipiter gentilis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1905, ABNKC19050, BROAD-WINGED HAWK, Buteo platypterus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1907, ABNKC19070, SWAINSON'S HAWK, Buteo swainsoni Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1911, ABNKC19110, RED-TAILED HAWK, Buteo jamaicensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1912, ABNKC19120, FERRUGINOUS HAWK, Buteo regalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC1913, ABNKC19130, ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK, Buteo lagopus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKC2201, ABNKC22010, GOLDEN EAGLE, Aquila chrysaetos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKD0602, ABNKD06020, AMERICAN KESTREL, Falco sparverius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKD0603, ABNKD06030, MERLIN, Falco columbarius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKD0607, ABNKD06070, PEREGRINE FALCON, Falco peregrinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKD0608, ABNKD06080, GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNKD0609, ABNKD06090, PRAIRIE FALCON, Falco mexicanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC0101, ABNLC01010, GRAY PARTRIDGE, Perdix perdix Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC0301, ABNLC03010, CHUKAR, Alectoris chukar Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC0701, ABNLC07010, RING-NECKED PHEASANT, Phasianus colchicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC0901, ABNLC09010, SPRUCE GROUSE, Falcipennis canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC0902, ABNLC09020, BLUE GROUSE, Dendragapus obscurus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1003, ABNLC10030, WHITE-TAILED PTARMIGAN, Lagopus leucurus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1101, ABNLC11010, RUFFED GROUSE, Bonasa umbellus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1201, ABNLC12010, SAGE GROUSE, Centrocercus urophasianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1303, ABNLC13030, SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, Tympanuchus phasianellus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1304, ABNLC13033, COLUMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE, Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC1401, ABNLC14010, WILD TURKEY, Meleagris gallopavo Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNLC2102, ABNLC21020, NORTHERN BOBWHITE, Colinus virginianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNME0101, ABNME01010, YELLOW RAIL, Coturnicops noveboracensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNME0503, ABNME05030, VIRGINIA RAIL, Rallus limicola Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNME0802, ABNME08020, SORA, Porzana carolina Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNME1402, ABNME14020, AMERICAN COOT, Fulica americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNMK0101, ABNMK01010, SANDHILL CRANE, Grus canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNMK0103, ABNMK01030, WHOOPING CRANE, Grus americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNB0201, ABNNB02010, BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER, Pluvialis squatarola Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNB0306, ABNNB03060, SEMIPALMATED PLOVER, Charadrius semipalmatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNB0307, ABNNB03070, PIPING PLOVER, Charadrius melodus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNB0309, ABNNB03090, KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNB0310, ABNNB03100, MOUNTAIN PLOVER, Charadrius montanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNND0101, ABNND01010, BLACK-NECKED STILT, Himantopus mexicanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNND0201, ABNND02010, AMERICAN AVOCET, Recurvirostra americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0102, ABNNF01020, GREATER YELLOWLEGS, Tringa melanoleuca Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0103, ABNNF01030, LESSER YELLOWLEGS, Tringa flavipes Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0107, ABNNF01070, SOLITARY SANDPIPER, Tringa solitaria Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0201, ABNNF02010, WILLET, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0402, ABNNF04020, SPOTTED SANDPIPER, Actitis macularia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0601, ABNNF06010, UPLAND SANDPIPER, Bartramia longicauda Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0707, ABNNF07070, LONG-BILLED CURLEW, Numenius americanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF0804, ABNNF08040, MARBLED GODWIT, Limosa fedoa Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1104, ABNNF11040, SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER, Calidris pusilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1105, ABNNF11050, WESTERN SANDPIPER, Calidris mauri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1110, ABNNF11100, LEAST SANDPIPER, Calidris minutilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1111, ABNNF11110, WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER, Calidris fuscicollis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1112, ABNNF11120, BAIRD'S SANDPIPER, Calidris bairdii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1113, ABNNF11130, PECTORAL SANDPIPER, Calidris melanotos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1119, ABNNF11190, STILT SANDPIPER, Calidris himantopus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1601, ABNNF16010, SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER, Limnodromus griseus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1602, ABNNF16020, LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER, Limnodromus scolopaceus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF1801, ABNNF18010, COMMON SNIPE, Gallinago gallinago Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF2001, ABNNF20010, WILSON'S PHALAROPE, Phalaropus tricolor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNF2002, ABNNF20020, RED-NECKED PHALAROPE, Phalaropus lobatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0302, ABNNM03020, FRANKLIN'S GULL, Larus pipixcan Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0305, ABNNM03050, BONAPARTE'S GULL, Larus philadelphia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0310, ABNNM03100, RING-BILLED GULL, Larus delawarensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0311, ABNNM03110, CALIFORNIA GULL, Larus californicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0802, ABNNM08020, CASPIAN TERN, Sterna caspia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0807, ABNNM08070, COMMON TERN, Sterna hirundo Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0809, ABNNM08090, FORSTER'S TERN, Sterna forsteri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM0810, ABNNM08100, LEAST TERN, Sterna antillarum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNNM1002, ABNNM10020, BLACK TERN, Chlidonias niger Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNPB0101, ABNPB01010, ROCK DOVE, Columbia livia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNPB0404, ABNPB04040, MOURNING DOVE, Zenaida macroura Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNRB0201, ABNRB02010, BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO, Coccyzus erythropthalmus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNRB0202, ABNRB02020, YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO, Coccyzus americanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSA0101, ABNSA01010, BARN OWL, Tyto alba Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0102, ABNSB01020, FLAMMULATED OWL, Otus flammeolus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0103, ABNSB01030, EASTERN SCREECH-OWL, Otus asio Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0104, ABNSB01040, WESTERN SCREECH-OWL, Otus kennicottii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0501, ABNSB05010, GREAT HORNED OWL, Bubo virginianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0601, ABNSB06010, SNOWY OWL, Nyctea scandiaca Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0701, ABNSB07010, NORTHERN HAWK OWL, Surnia ulula Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB0801, ABNSB08010, NORTHERN PYGMY-OWL, Glaucidium gnoma Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1001, ABNSB10010, BURROWING OWL, Athene cunicularia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1202, ABNSB12020, BARRED OWL, Strix varia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1204, ABNSB12040, GREAT GRAY OWL, Strix nebulosa Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1301, ABNSB13010, LONG-EARED OWL, Asio otus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1304, ABNSB13040, SHORT-EARED OWL, Asio flammeus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1501, ABNSB15010, BOREAL OWL, Aegolius funereus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNSB1502, ABNSB15020, NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL, Aegolius acadicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNTA0202, ABNTA02020, COMMON NIGHTHAWK, Chordeiles minor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNTA0401, ABNTA04010, COMMON POORWILL, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUA0101, ABNUA01010, BLACK SWIFT, Cypseloides niger Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUA0301, ABNUA03010, CHIMNEY SWIFT, Chaetura pelagica Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUA0302, ABNUA03020, VAUX'S SWIFT, Chaetura vauxi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUA0601, ABNUA06010, WHITE-THROATED SWIFT, Aeronautes saxatalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUC4501, ABNUC45010, RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD, Archilochus colubris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUC4502, ABNUC45020, BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD, Archilochus alexandri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUC4801, ABNUC48010, CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD, Stellula calliope Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNUC5102, ABNUC51020, RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD, Selasphorus rufus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNXD0102, ABNXD01020, BELTED KINGFISHER, Ceryle alcyon Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0401, ABNYF04010, LEWIS'S WOODPECKER, Melanerpes lewis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0404, ABNYF04040, RED-HEADED WOODPECKER, Melanerpes erythrocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0503, ABNYF05030, WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER, Sphyrapicus thyroideus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0504, ABNYF05040, RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER, Sphyrapicus nuchalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0703, ABNYF07030, DOWNY WOODPECKER, Picoides pubescens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0704, ABNYF07040, HAIRY WOODPECKER, Picoides villosus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0708, ABNYF07080, THREE-TOED WOODPECKER, Picoides tridactylus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF0709, ABNYF07090, BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER, Picoides arcticus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF1002, ABNYF10020, NORTHERN FLICKER, Colaptes auratus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BNYF1202, ABNYF12020, PILEATED WOODPECKER, Dryocopus pileatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3201, ABPAE32010, OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER, Contopus cooperi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3205, ABPAE32050, WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE, Contopus sordidulus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3303, ABPAE33030, ALDER FLYCATCHER, Empidonax alnorum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3304, ABPAE33040, WILLOW FLYCATCHER, Empidonax traillii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3307, ABPAE33070, LEAST FLYCATCHER, Empidonax minimus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3308, ABPAE33080, HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER, Empidonax hammondii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3309, ABPAE33090, DUSKY FLYCATCHER, Empidonax oberholseri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3316, ABPAE33160, CORDILLERAN FLYCATCHER, Empidonax occidentalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE3503, ABPAE35030, SAY'S PHOEBE, Sayornis saya Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE5203, ABPAE52030, CASSIN'S KINGBIRD, Tyrannus vociferans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE5205, ABPAE52050, WESTERN KINGBIRD, Tyrannus verticalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAE5206, ABPAE52060, EASTERN KINGBIRD, Tyrannus tyrannus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAT0201, ABPAT02010, HORNED LARK, Eremophila alpestris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0301, ABPAU03010, TREE SWALLOW, Tachycineta bicolor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0304, ABPAU03040, VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW, Tachycineta thalassina Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0701, ABPAU07010, NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW, Stelgidopteryx serripennis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0801, ABPAU08010, BANK SWALLOW, Riparia riparia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0901, ABPAU09010, CLIFF SWALLOW, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAU0903, ABPAU09030, BARN SWALLOW, Hirundo rustica Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0101, ABPAV01010, GRAY JAY, Perisoreus canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0201, ABPAV02010, STELLER'S JAY, Cyanocitta stelleri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0202, ABPAV02020, BLUE JAY, Cyanocitta cristata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0701, ABPAV07010, PINYON JAY, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0801, ABPAV08010, CLARK'S NUTCRACKER, Nucifraga columbiana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV0901, ABPAV09010, BLACK-BILLED MAGPIE, Pica pica Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV1001, ABPAV10010, AMERICAN CROW, Corvus brachyrhynchos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAV1011, ABPAV10110, COMMON RAVEN, Corvus corax Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAW0101, ABPAW01010, BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE, Poecile atricapillus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAW0104, ABPAW01040, MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE, Poecile gambeli Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAW0106, ABPAW01060, BOREAL CHICKADEE, Poecile hudsonicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAW0107, ABPAW01070, CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE, Poecile rufescens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAZ0101, ABPAZ01010, RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Sitta canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAZ0102, ABPAZ01020, WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Sitta carolinensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPAZ0103, ABPAZ01030, PYGMY NUTHATCH, Sitta pygmaea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBA0101, ABPBA01010, BROWN CREEPER, Certhia americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBG0301, ABPBG03010, ROCK WREN, Salpinctes obsoletus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBG0401, ABPBG04010, CANYON WREN, Catherpes mexicanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBG0901, ABPBG09010, HOUSE WREN, Troglodytes aedon Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBG0905, ABPBG09050, WINTER WREN, Troglodytes troglodytes Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBG1002, ABPBG10020, MARSH WREN, Cistothorus palustris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBH0101, ABPBH01010, AMERICAN DIPPER, Cinclus mexicanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ0501, ABPBJ05010, GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET, Regulus satrapa Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ0502, ABPBJ05020, RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET, Regulus calendula Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ0801, ABPBJ08010, BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER, Polioptila caerulea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1501, ABPBJ15010, EASTERN BLUEBIRD, Sialia sialis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1502, ABPBJ15020, WESTERN BLUEBIRD, Sialia mexicana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1503, ABPBJ15030, MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD, Sialia currucoides Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1601, ABPBJ16010, TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE, Myadestes townsendi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1808, ABPBJ18080, VEERY, Catharus fuscescens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1809, ABPBJ18090, GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH, Catharus minimus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1810, ABPBJ18100, SWAINSON'S THRUSH, Catharus ustulatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ1811, ABPBJ18110, HERMIT THRUSH, Catharus guttatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ2017, ABPBJ20170, AMERICAN ROBIN, Turdus migratorius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBJ2201, ABPBJ22010, VARIED THRUSH, Ixoreus naevius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBK0101, ABPBK01010, GRAY CATBIRD, Dumetella carolinensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBK0401, ABPBK04010, SAGE THRASHER, Oreoscoptes montanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBK0601, ABPBK06010, BROWN THRASHER, Toxostoma rufum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBM0205, ABPBM02050, AMERICAN PIPIT, Anthus rubescens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBM0206, ABPBM02060, SPRAGUE'S PIPIT, Anthus spragueii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBN0101, ABPBN01010, BOHEMIAN WAXWING, Bombycilla garrulus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBN0102, ABPBN01020, CEDAR WAXWING, Bombycilla cedrorum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBR0102, ABPBR01020, NORTHERN SHRIKE, Lanius excubitor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBR0103, ABPBR01030, LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE, Lanius ludovicianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBT0101, ABPBT01010, EUROPEAN STARLING, Sturnus vulgaris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBW0116, ABPBW01160, SOLITARY VIREO, Vireo solitarius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBW0121, ABPBW01210, WARBLING VIREO, Vireo gilvus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBW0124, ABPBW01240, RED-EYED VIREO, Vireo olivaceus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0104, ABPBX01040, TENNESSEE WARBLER, Vermivora peregrina Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0105, ABPBX01050, ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, Vermivora celata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0106, ABPBX01060, NASHVILLE WARBLER, Vermivora ruficapilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0301, ABPBX03010, YELLOW WARBLER, Dendroica petechia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0306, ABPBX03060, YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER, Dendroica coronata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0308, ABPBX03080, TOWNSEND'S WARBLER, Dendroica townsendi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0323, ABPBX03230, BLACKPOLL WARBLER, Dendroica striata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0501, ABPBX05010, BLACK-AND-WHITE WARBLER, Mniotilta varia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX0601, ABPBX06010, AMERICAN REDSTART, Setophaga ruticilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX1001, ABPBX10010, OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapillus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX1002, ABPBX10020, NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH, Seiurus noveboracensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX1104, ABPBX11040, MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER, Oporornis tolmiei Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX1201, ABPBX12010, COMMON YELLOWTHROAT, Geothlypis trichas Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX1602, ABPBX16020, WILSON'S WARBLER, Wilsonia pusilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX2401, ABPBX24010, YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT, Icteria virens Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX4505, ABPBX45050, WESTERN TANAGER, Piranga ludoviciana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX6104, ABPBX61040, BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK, Pheucticus melanocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX6402, ABPBX64020, LAZULI BUNTING, Passerina amoena Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX6403, ABPBX64030, INDIGO BUNTING, Passerina cyanea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX6501, ABPBX65010, DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX7401, ABPBX74010, GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE, Pipilo chlorurus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX7408, ABPBX74080, SPOTTED TOWHEE, Pipilo maculatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9401, ABPBX94010, AMERICAN TREE SPARROW, Spizella arborea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9402, ABPBX94020, CHIPPING SPARROW, Spizella passerina Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9403, ABPBX94030, CLAY-COLORED SPARROW, Spizella pallida Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9404, ABPBX94040, BREWER'S SPARROW, Spizella breweri Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9405, ABPBX94050, FIELD SPARROW, Spizella pusilla Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9501, ABPBX95010, VESPER SPARROW, Pooecetes gramineus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9601, ABPBX96010, LARK SPARROW, Chondestes grammacus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9801, ABPBX98010, LARK BUNTING, Calamospiza melanocorys Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBX9901, ABPBX99010, SAVANNAH SPARROW, Passerculus sandwichensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA001, ABPBXA0010, BAIRD'S SPARROW, Ammodramus bairdii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA002, ABPBXA0020, GRASSHOPPER SPARROW, Ammodramus savannarum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA004, ABPBXA0040, LE CONTE'S SPARROW, Ammodramus leconteii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA007, ABPBXA0070, NELSON'S SHARP-TAILED SPARROW, Ammodramus nelsoni Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA201, ABPBXA2010, FOX SPARROW, Passerella iliaca Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA301, ABPBXA3010, SONG SPARROW, Melospiza melodia Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA302, ABPBXA3020, LINCOLN'S SPARROW, Melospiza lincolnii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA402, ABPBXA4020, WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, Zonotrichia albicollis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA404, ABPBXA4040, WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW, Zonotrichia leucophrys Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA405, ABPBXA4050, HARRIS'S SPARROW, Zonotrichia querula Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA502, ABPBXA5020, DARK-EYED JUNCO, Junco hyemalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA601, ABPBXA6010, MCCOWN'S LONGSPUR, Calcarius mccownii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA602, ABPBXA6020, LAPLAND LONGSPUR, Calcarius lapponicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA604, ABPBXA6040, CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR, Calcarius ornatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA801, ABPBXA8010, SNOW BUNTING, Plectrophenax nivalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXA901, ABPBXA9010, BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB001, ABPBXB0010, RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD, Agelaius phoeniceus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB203, ABPBXB2030, WESTERN MEADOWLARK, Sturnella neglecta Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB301, ABPBXB3010, YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB501, ABPBXB5010, RUSTY BLACKBIRD, Euphagus carolinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB502, ABPBXB5020, BREWER'S BLACKBIRD, Euphagus cyanocephalus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB607, ABPBXB6070, COMMON GRACKLE, Quiscalus quiscula Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB703, ABPBXB7030, BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD, Molothrus ater Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB907, ABPBXB9070, ORCHARD ORIOLE, Icterus spurius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBXB922, ABPBXB9220, BULLOCK'S ORIOLE, Icterus bullockii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0201, ABPBY02010, BLACK ROSY-FINCH, Leucosticte atrata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0203, ABPBY02030, GRAY-CROWNED ROSY-FINCH, Leucosticte tephrocotis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0301, ABPBY03010, PINE GROSBEAK, Pinicola enucleator Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0402, ABPBY04020, PURPLE FINCH, Carpodacus purpureus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0403, ABPBY04030, CASSIN'S FINCH, Carpodacus cassinii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0404, ABPBY04040, HOUSE FINCH, Carpodacus mexicanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0501, ABPBY05010, RED CROSSBILL, Loxia curvirostra Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0502, ABPBY05020, WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL, Loxia leucoptera Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0601, ABPBY06010, COMMON REDPOLL, Carduelis flammea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0602, ABPBY06020, HOARY REDPOLL, Carduelis hornemanni Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0603, ABPBY06030, PINE SISKIN, Carduelis pinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0611, ABPBY06110, AMERICAN GOLDFINCH, Carduelis tristis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBY0902, ABPBY09020, EVENING GROSBEAK, Coccothraustes vespertinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: BPBZ0101, ABPBZ01010, HOUSE SPARROW, Passer domesticus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0101, AMABA01010, MASKED SHREW, Sorex cinereus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0103, AMABA01030, PREBLE'S SHREW, Sorex preblei Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0107, AMABA01070, VAGRANT SHREW, Sorex vagrans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0108, AMABA01080, DUSKY OR MONTANE SHREW, Sorex monticolus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0113, AMABA01130, DWARF SHREW, Sorex nanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0115, AMABA01150, WATER SHREW, Sorex palustris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0123, AMABA01230, MERRIAM'S SHREW, Sorex merriami Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0125, AMABA01250, PYGMY SHREW, Sorex hoyi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MABA0128, AMABA01280, HAYDEN'S SHREW, Sorex haydeni Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0101, AMACC01010, LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS, Myotis lucifugus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0102, AMACC01020, YUMA MYOTIS, Myotis yumanensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0107, AMACC01070, LONG-EARED MYOTIS, Myotis evotis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0109, AMACC01090, FRINGED MYOTIS, Myotis thysanodes Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0111, AMACC01110, LONG-LEGGED MYOTIS, Myotis volans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0112, AMACC01120, CALIFORNIA MYOTIS, Myotis californicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0114, AMACC01140, WESTERN SMALL-FOOTED MYOTIS, Myotis ciliolabrum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0115, AMACC01150, NORTHERN MYOTIS, Myotis septentrionalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0201, AMACC02010, SILVER-HAIRED BAT, Lasionycteris noctivagans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0401, AMACC04010, BIG BROWN BAT, Eptesicus fuscus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0503, AMACC05030, HOARY BAT, Lasiurus cinereus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0701, AMACC07010, SPOTTED BAT, Euderma maculatum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC0801, AMACC08010, TOWNSEND'S BIG-EARED BAT, Corynorhinus townsendii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MACC1001, AMACC10010, PALLID BAT, Antrozous pallidus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEA0102, AMAEA01020, AMERICAN PIKA, Ochotona princeps Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0104, AMAEB01040, EASTERN COTTONTAIL, Sylvilagus floridanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0106, AMAEB01060, MOUNTAIN COTTONTAIL, Sylvilagus nuttallii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0107, AMAEB01070, DESERT COTTONTAIL, Sylvilagus audubonii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0301, AMAEB03010, SNOWSHOE HARE, Lepus americanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0304, AMAEB03040, WHITE-TAILED JACKRABBIT, Lepus townsendii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0305, AMAEB03050, BLACK-TAILED JACKRABBIT, Lepus californicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAEB0401, AMAEB04010, PYGMY RABBIT, Brachylagus idahoensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0202, AMAFB02020, LEAST CHIPMUNK, Tamias minimus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0203, AMAFB02030, YELLOW-PINE CHIPMUNK, Tamias amoenus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0213, AMAFB02130, RED-TAILED CHIPMUNK, Tamias ruficaudus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0219, AMAFB02190, UINTA CHIPMUNK, Tamias umbrinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0302, AMAFB03020, YELLOW-BELLIED MARMOT, Marmota flaviventris Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0304, AMAFB03040, HOARY MARMOT, Marmota caligata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0504, AMAFB05040, RICHARDSON'S GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus richardsonii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0505, AMAFB05050, UINTA GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus armatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0507, AMAFB05070, COLUMBIAN GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus columbianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0509, AMAFB05090, THIRTEEN-LINED GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0517, AMAFB05170, GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus lateralis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0519, AMAFB05190, WYOMING GROUND SQUIRREL, Spermophilus elegans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0601, AMAFB06010, BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG, Cynomys ludovicianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0602, AMAFB06020, WHITE-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG, Cynomys leucurus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0801, AMAFB08010, RED SQUIRREL, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFB0902, AMAFB09020, NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL, Glaucomys sabrinus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFC0104, AMAFC01040, NORTHERN POCKET GOPHER, Thomomys talpoides Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFC0107, AMAFC01070, IDAHO POCKET GOPHER, Thomomys idahoensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFD0101, AMAFD01010, OLIVE-BACKED POCKET MOUSE, Perognathus fasciatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFD0107, AMAFD01070, GREAT BASIN POCKET MOUSE, Perognathus parvus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFD0301, AMAFD03010, ORD'S KANGAROO RAT, Dipodomys ordii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFD0505, AMAFD05050, HISPID POCKET MOUSE, Chaetodipus hispidus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFE0101, AMAFE01010, AMERICAN BEAVER, Castor canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0203, AMAFF02030, WESTERN HARVEST MOUSE, Reithrodontomys megalotis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0304, AMAFF03040, DEER MOUSE, Peromyscus maniculatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0307, AMAFF03070, WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, Peromyscus leucopus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0601, AMAFF06010, NORTHERN GRASSHOPPER MOUSE, Onychomys leucogaster Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0809, AMAFF08090, BUSHY-TAILED WOODRAT, Neotoma cinerea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF0902, AMAFF09020, SOUTHERN RED-BACKED VOLE, Clethrionomys gapperi Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1001, AMAFF10010, HEATHER VOLE, Phenacomys intermedius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1101, AMAFF11010, MEADOW VOLE, Microtus pennsylvanicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1102, AMAFF11020, MONTANE VOLE, Microtus montanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1106, AMAFF11060, LONG-TAILED VOLE, Microtus longicaudus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1114, AMAFF11140, PRAIRIE VOLE, Microtus ochrogaster Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1119, AMAFF11190, WATER VOLE, Microtus richardsoni Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1301, AMAFF13010, SAGEBRUSH VOLE, Lemmiscus curtatus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1501, AMAFF15010, MUSKRAT, Ondatra zibethicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFF1702, AMAFF17020, NORTHERN BOG LEMMING, Synaptomys borealis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFH0101, AMAFH01010, MEADOW JUMPING MOUSE, Zapus hudsonius Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFH0102, AMAFH01020, WESTERN JUMPING MOUSE, Zapus princeps Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAFJ0101, AMAFJ01010, COMMON PORCUPINE, Erethizon dorsatum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJA0101, AMAJA01010, COYOTE, Canis latrans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJA0103, AMAJA01030, GRAY WOLF, Canis lupus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJA0301, AMAJA03010, RED FOX, Vulpes vulpes Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJA0303, AMAJA03030, SWIFT FOX, Vulpes velox Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJB0101, AMAJB01010, BLACK BEAR, Ursus americanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJB0102, AMAJB01020, GRIZZLY OR BROWN BEAR, Ursus arctos Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJE0201, AMAJE02010, COMMON RACCOON, Procyon lotor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0101, AMAJF01010, AMERICAN MARTEN, Martes americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0102, AMAJF01020, FISHER, Martes pennanti Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0201, AMAJF02010, ERMINE, Mustela erminea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0202, AMAJF02020, LEAST WEASEL, Mustela nivalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0203, AMAJF02030, LONG-TAILED WEASEL, Mustela frenata Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0204, AMAJF02040, BLACK-FOOTED FERRET, Mustela nigripes Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0205, AMAJF02050, MINK, Mustela vison Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0301, AMAJF03010, WOLVERINE, Gulo gulo Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0401, AMAJF04010, AMERICAN BADGER, Taxidea taxus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0502, AMAJF05020, WESTERN SPOTTED SKUNK, Spilogale gracilis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0601, AMAJF06010, STRIPED SKUNK, Mephitis mephitis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJF0801, AMAJF08010, NORTHERN RIVER OTTER, Lutra canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJH0102, AMAJH01020, MOUNTAIN LION, Felis concolor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJH0301, AMAJH03010, LYNX, Lynx canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MAJH0302, AMAJH03020, BOBCAT, Lynx rufus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALC0101, AMALC01010, WAPITI OR ELK, Cervus elaphus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALC0201, AMALC02010, MULE DEER, Odocoileus hemionus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALC0202, AMALC02020, WHITE-TAILED DEER, Odocoileus virginianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALC0301, AMALC03010, MOOSE, Alces alces Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALD0101, AMALD01010, PRONGHORN, Antilocapra americana Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALE0101, AMALE01010, AMERICAN BISON, Bos bison Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALE0201, AMALE02010, MOUNTAIN GOAT, Oreamnos americanus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: MALE0401, AMALE04010, MOUNTAIN SHEEP, Ovis canadensis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RAAB0101, ARAAB01010, SNAPPING TURTLE, Chelydra serpentina Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RAAD0101, ARAAD01010, PAINTED TURTLE, Chrysemys picta Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RAAG0103, ARAAG01030, SPINY SOFTSHELL, Apalone spinifera Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RACB0101, ARACB01010, NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD, Elgaria coerulea Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RACF1203, ARACF12030, SHORT-HORNED LIZARD, Phrynosoma douglasii Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RACF1403, ARACF14030, SAGEBRUSH LIZARD, Sceloporus graciosus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RACH0111, ARACH01110, WESTERN SKINK, Eumeces skiltonianus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADA0101, ARADA01010, RUBBER BOA, Charina bottae Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB0701, ARADB07010, RACER, Coluber constrictor Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB1701, ARADB17010, WESTERN HOGNOSE SNAKE, Heterodon nasicus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB1905, ARADB19050, MILK SNAKE, Lampropeltis triangulum Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB4701, ARADB47010, SMOOTH GREEN SNAKE, Liochlorophis vernalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB2601, ARADB26010, PINE OR GOPHER SNAKE, Pituophis melanoleucus Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB3605, ARADB36050, WESTERN TERRESTRIAL GARTER SNAKE, Thamnophis elegans Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB3610, ARADB36100, PLAINS GARTER SNAKE, Thamnophis radix Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADB3613, ARADB36130, COMMON GARTER SNAKE, Thamnophis sirtalis Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: RADE0212, ARADE02120, WESTERN RATTLESNAKE, Crotalus viridis Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: The 425 terrestrial vertebrate species included in this dataset were selected from roughly 565 terrestrial vertebrates known to occur in Montana. Many of those 565 species are rare or accidental migratory birds, found in the state only a handful of times, or other species with similarly uncertain occurrence in the state. For Montana Gap Analysis, we selected species known to breed in the state, and those that are regularly occurring non-accidentals. Decisions were made primarily based on state ranks assigned to each species by Montana Natural Heritage Program, although other sources were also consulted. For more information, please see the Montana Gap Analysis Final Report (Redmond et al. 1998; full citation provided in the Abstract). The information found above -- grid names, TNC element codes, common names, and scientific names -- also can be found in database format in MTVERT.DBF (dBase file) and MTVERT.DAT (INFO file). Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: USGS/BRD/Gap Analysis Program Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 530 S. Asbury St., Suite 1 City: Moscow State_or_Province: Idaho Postal_Code: 83843 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 208 885 3555 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 208 885 3618 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gap@uidaho.edu Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8-5, Pacific Time Contact_Instructions: Please see web page for information on data availability and for placing data requests (http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/gap). This office will not be directly distributing data, but will be able to provide information on where data can be acquired. Resource_Description: MTVERT dataset; 425 ARC/INFO grids representing predicted distributions for terrestrial vertebrates in Montana. Distribution_Liability: This dataset is in the public domain, and the recipient may not assert any proprietary rights thereto nor represent it to anyone as other than a dataset produced by The University of Montana under contract to the US Geological Survey; it is provided "as-is" without warranty of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The user assumes all responsibility for the accuracy and suitability of this dataset for a specific application. In no event will the dataset producers at The University of Montana or the US Geological Survey be liable for any damages, including lost profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of or the inability to use this dataset. It is strongly recommended that these data be directly acquired from the distributor described above or from another USGS Biological Resource Division server, rather than indirectly through other sources that may have changed the data in some way. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ARC/INFO dataset consisting of 425 different grids, each about 2.65 Mb in size (most <5 Mb, all <10 Mb), for a total size of about 1.125 Gb, as listed below. Format_Version_Number: 7.0.4 Format_Specification: None Transfer_Size: 1125 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: See website for information on acquiring data and links to any sites where data can be directly downloaded (http://www.gap.uidaho.edu/gap). Fees: None. Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Montana State Library, Natural Resource Information System Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 1515 East Sixth Avenue City: Helena State_or_Province: Montana Postal_Code: 59620-1800 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406 444 5354 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 406 444 0581 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gdaumiller@nris.state.mt.us Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8-5, Mountain Time Contact_Instructions: Please see web page for placing data requests and contacting GIS staff (http://nris.state.mt.us/gis/contact.html). Resource_Description: MTVERT dataset; 425 ARC/INFO grids representing predicted distributions for terrestrial vertebrates in Montana. Distribution_Liability: This dataset is in the public domain, and the recipient may not assert any proprietary rights thereto nor represent it to anyone as other than a dataset produced by The University of Montana under contract to the US Geological Survey; it is provided "as-is" without warranty of any kind, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The user assumes all responsibility for the accuracy and suitability of this dataset for a specific application. In no event will the dataset producers at The University of Montana or the US Geological Survey be liable for any damages, including lost profits, lost savings, or other incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of or the inability to use this dataset. It is strongly recommended that these data be directly acquired from the distributor described above or from another USGS Biological Resource Division server, rather than indirectly through other sources that may have changed the data in some way. Standard_Order_Process: Non-Digital_Form: Contact the Montana State Library to see if the data are available as hardcopy maps. Fees: For-profit organizations must pay costs to reproduce the data. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ARC/INFO dataset consisting of 425 different grids, each about 2.65 Mb in size (most <5 Mb, all <10 Mb), for a total size of about 1.125 Gb, as listed below. Format_Version_Number: 7.0.4 Format_Specification: None Transfer_Size: 1125 Digital_Transfer_Option: Offline_Option: Offline_Media: 8mm tape cartridge Recording_Format: tar Offline_Option: Offline_Media: CD-ROM Recording_Format: ISO 9660 with Joliet (Windows 95) extensions Fees: For-profit organizations must pay costs to reproduce the data. Fees can be waived if performing government work. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 19980601 Metadata_Review_Date: 19981215 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab Contact_Person: Melissa Hart Contact_Position: MT-GAP Coordinator Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: Wildlife Spatial Analysis Lab, The University of Montana City: Missoula State_or_Province: Montana Postal_Code: 59812-1063 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 406 243 5208 (email preferred) Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 406 243 6064 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: mhart@wru.umt.edu Hours_of_Service: Monday-Friday, 8-5, Mountain Time Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards For Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608 Metadata_Time_Convention: local time