EPA 749-F-94-019a CHEMICAL SUMMARY FOR 2-METHOXYETHANOL prepared by OFFICE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION AND TOXICS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY August 1994 This summary is based on information retrieved from a systematic search limited to secondary sources (see Appendix A). These sources include online databases, unpublished EPA information, government publications, review documents, and standard reference materials. No attempt has been made to verify information in these databases and secondary sources. I. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES The chemical identity and physical/chemical properties of 2-methoxyethanol are summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1. CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF 2-METHOXYETHANOL __________________________________________________________________________ Characteristic/ Property Data Reference __________________________________________________________________________ CAS No. 109-86-4 Common Synonyms EGMME; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; Methyl Cellosolve Solvent; Dowanol EM Glycol Ether Rowe and Wolf 1982 Molecular Formula C3H8O2 Chemical Structure CH3OCH2CH2OH Physical State liquid @ 20øC, colorless U.S. Air Force 1989 Molecular Weight 76.09 Budavari et al. 1989 Melting Point -85.00øC U.S. Air Force 1989 Boiling Point 124.43øC @ 760 mm Hg Budavari et al. 1989 Water Solubility miscible in all proportions U.S. Air Force 1989 Density 0.9746 g/mL @ 20øC U.S. Air Force 1989 Vapor Density (air=1) 2.6 Rowe and Wolf 1982 KOC 9 CHEMFATE 1994 Log KOW -0.77 CHEMFATE 1994 Vapor Pressure 9.5 mm HG at 25øC CHEMFATE 1994 Reactivity in air, forms explosive peroxides HSDB 1994 Flash Point 115øF Budavari et al. 1989 Henry's Law Constant 8.1 x 10-8 atm m3/mole at 25øC CHEMFATE 1994 Fish Bioconcentration Factor <1 (estimated) CHEMFATE 1994 Odor Threshold 60 ppm (in air) U.S. Air Force 1989 Conversion Factors 1 ppm ÷ 3.11 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 ÷ 0.32 ppm U.S. Air Force 1989 ___________________________________________________________________________ II. PRODUCTION, USE, AND TRENDS A. Production 2-Methoxyethanol is produced by three companies in the United States: Olin Corp., Oxy Petrochemicals, and Union Carbide. In 1985, an estimated 37.8 million kilograms (83.2 million pounds) of 2-methoxy- ethanol were produced in the United States. During that same year 233,000 kilograms were imported, and 11.7 million kilograms were exported. Although production figures for 1992 are not reported, only 13 million kilograms of 2-methoxyethanol were sold in the US, suggesting that production has fallen (HSDB 1994; U.S. International Trade Commission 1994). B. Use 2-Methoxyethanol is used primarily as a jet fuel de-icer. It is also used as a solvent for cellulose acetate; resins (particularly in the electronics industry); some alcohol soluble dyes; and in quick-drying varnishes, enamels, nail polishes, and wood stains. Small amounts are also used as perfume fixatives and in the manufacture of photographic film. Table 2 shows the estimated 1983 US end-use pattern for 2-methoxyethanol; more recent information is not available to EPA. TABLE 2. ESTIMATED 1983 US END-USE PATTERN OF 2-METHOXYETHANOL __________________________________________________________________________ Use of 2-Methoxyethanol (Typical Standard Percentage of U.S. Industrial Classification (SIC) Code) 2-Methoxyethanol Use (see end note 1) __________________________________________________________________________ Jet fuel de-icer (production, SIC 2899; use, SIC 45) 60% Coatings solvent (production, SIC 2851; used in a variety of SIC codes) 15% Solvents and intermediates (production, SIC 2869; use, SIC 2869) 25% __________________________________________________________________________ Source: Mannsville 1983. C. Trends Consumption of 2-methoxyethanol has been falling during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its use as a solvent has declined, and its use as a jet fuel de-icer is also declining. III. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE A. Environmental Release No information was found in the secondary sources searched to indicate that 2-methoxyethanol occurs naturally. The chemical is released to the environment in emissions from facilities manufacturing and using it and from the deposition of products containing the chemical in landfills (U.S. EPA 1986). The chemical was tentatively identified in advanced waste treatment water from Pomona, CA, and in drinking water from New Orleans, LA (U.S. EPA 1986). In 1992, environmental releases of the chemical, as reported to the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory by certain types of U.S. industries, totaled about 1.58 million pounds, including 1.42 million pounds to the atmosphere; 165,535 pounds to surface water; and 4 pounds to land (TRI92 1994). B. Transport The vapor pressure of 9.5 mm Hg at 25øC and the Henry's Law Constant of 8.1 x 10-8 atm m3/mole at 25øC (CHEMFATE 1994) suggest that volatilization of 2-methoxyethanol from surface waters would be minimal. 2-Methoxyethanol released to the atmosphere may be partially removed by wet deposition (U.S. EPA 1986). 2-Methoxyethanol is expected to be highly mobile in the soil/ groundwater system (U.S. Air Force 1989). The KOC value suggests that the potential for the sorption of 2-methoxyethanol to soil would be low. Estimates for an unsaturated topsoil model indicate that 1.5% of the chemical would sorb onto soil particles, 98.5% would partition to the mobile soil-water phase, and 0.0001% would be in the gas phase; loss from the soil/groundwater system by volatilization would be minor. In saturated, deep soils containing no soil air and little organic material, almost all of the 2-methoxyethanol would be expected to be present in the soil-water phase and available for transport in groundwater (U.S. Air Force 1989). C. Transformation/Persistence 1. Air - If released to air, 2-methoxyethanol reacts with hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of about 18 hours, indicating that significant removal would take place by this process (U.S. EPA 1986). 2. Soil - In soil/groundwater systems, biodegradation is probably minimal, except for areas of acclimated bacterial content, such as in landfills (U.S. Air Force 1989). 3. Water - No information is available for the biodegradation of 2-methoxyethanol under natural aquatic environmental conditions. Experimental studies demonstrated that the chemical was susceptible to biodegradation by activated sludge and acclimated sewage seed, with 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5) test values, ranging from 7% to 65% (U.S. Air Force 1989). 4. Biota - The low bioconcentration factor (0.15) and Log KOW (0.77) (CHEMFATE 1994) for 2-methoxyethanol suggest a low potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. IV. HEALTH EFFECTS A. Pharmacokinetics 1. Absorption - Signs of systemic toxicity that have appeared in animals following administration of 2-methoxyethanol orally, by the skin, or by inhalation indicate that the chemical is absorbed by these routes (U.S. EPA 1986). Rats, given the chemical orally, absorbed 90% of a radioactive dose (U.S. EPA 1986). Excretion data following oral exposure (see section A.4) and the demonstration of the in vitro absorption of 2-methoxyethanol across isolated human abdominal epidermis (at a rate of 2.82 mg/cm3/hour) further suggest absorption by these routes (U.S. EPA 1986). 2. Distribution - One hour after administration of radiolabeled 2-methoxyethanol to rats and mice by an unspecified route, the radioactivity was equally distributed in the brain, plasma, lung and liver (U.S. EPA 1986). Forty-eight hours after oral administration of 662 mg/kg 14C-2-methoxyethanol, the highest amount of radioactivity occurred in the blood, followed by liver, kidney, spleen, testes, fat, and thymus. Proposed target organs of 2-methoxyethanol toxicity, the testes, thymus and spleen, retained considerably less radioactivity than other organs, suggesting that the chemical does not accumulate in these organs (U.S. EPA 1986). Studies in pregnant rats and mice show that radioactivity from radio- labeled 2-methoxyethanol or metabolites from the unlabeled compound appeared in the placenta and yolk sac and accumulated to some extent in fetal tissues, particularly those with high metabolic rates (U.S. EPA 1986). 3. Metabolism - The results of several studies indicate that 2-methoxyethanol is oxidized by an alcohol dehydrogenase, via the formation of an aldehyde, to methoxyacetic acid, which is either excreted in the urine or further metabolized to the corresponding glycine conjugate or to carbon dioxide (U.S. EPA 1986). Following i.p. administration of 250 mg/kg 14C-2-methoxyethanol to male rats, the half-life for the disappearance of 2-methoxyethanol from plasma was 0.6 hours, whereas the half-life for the clearance of radioactivity from plasma was 19.7 hours. One study demonstrated that, following a single oral dose of 14C-2-methoxyethanol, urinary radioactivity consisted of 73.1% methoxyacetic acid, 14.8% 2-methoxyethanol, and 8.1% of an unidentified metabolite (U.S. EPA 1986). 4. Excretion - Three studies in which male rats received oral or intraperitoneal doses of 14C-2-methoxyethanol provided similar results for excretion patterns, with 55-70% of the radioactivity appearing in the urine after a 48-hour period (U.S. EPA 1986). In one study, animals given 76 mg/kg of the chemical excreted 54.3, 2.7, and 12.2% of the dose in the urine, feces and expired air, respectively (U.S. EPA 1986). B. Acute Effects Acute oral exposure to high levels of 2-methoxyethanol adversely affects the hematological, the hepatic, and the renal systems in humans. Exposure to liquid 2-methoxyethanol can damage the eye. 1. Humans - A human fatality occurred following the ingestion of ~240 mL (234 g; 3.34 g/kg) 2-methoxyethanol. Autopsy revealed marked fatty degeneration of the liver, severe degeneration of the kidney tubules, moderate hemorrhagic gastritis, and slight congestion of the lungs (U.S. EPA 1986). Following the ingestion of 100 mL (97 g; 1.4 g/kg) of 2-methoxyethanol, two individuals exhibited acidosis. One of the two developed oxaluria, and both exhibited nervous system effects (U.S. EPA 1986), similar to those described in section IV.G. An individual experienced eye irritation, resulting from exposure to 2-methoxyethanol; complete recovery occurred within 48 hours after exposure (Rowe and Wolf 1982). The chemical is not highly irritating to the skin (HSDB 1994). 2. Animals - Oral LD50 values for animals include: 2.46-3.4 g/kg for rats; 2.8 g/kg for mice; 0.89 g/kg for rabbits; and 0.95 g/kg for guinea pigs (U.S. EPA 1986). The dermal LD50 for skin absorption by rabbits is 1.29 g/kg, and the inhalation LC50 for mice exposed for 7 hours is 1480 ppm (Rowe and Wolf 1982). Doses that produce lethality in some rats also cause narcosis, kidney damage, liver damage, and gastrointestinal irritation (U.S. EPA 1986). 2-Methoxyethanol introduced into the eyes of rabbits produced immediate pain; conjunctival irritation; and slight transitory cloudiness of the cornea, which cleared within 24 hours (HSDB 1994). C. Subchronic/Chronic Effects Human case studies and laboratory studies in animals indicate that the hematological and neurological systems are targets for the subchronic/chronic toxicity of high doses of 2-methoxyethanol. The effects observed in humans were reversible in most cases. See sections IV.G and IV.F for discussions of neurological and developmental/reproductive effects, respectively. 1. Humans - Hematological effects, such as anemia and granulopenia, were observed in workers exposed for up to 7 months to 61-3960 ppm (190 to 12,324 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol used as a printing solvent. The workers recovered when the concentrations were reduced, due to improved plant hygiene, to about 20 ppm (U.S. EPA 1994). The concentration of 190 mg/m3 is roughly equivalent to the intake of 27 mg/kg over 8 hours (see end note 2) or 3780 mg/kg for 7 months. One worker experienced reversible asymptomatic hematological effects following skin and inhalation exposure to 35 ppm (109 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol for 1 to 1.5 years (U.S. EPA 1994). The worker was also exposed to lower concentrations of other chemicals, including methyl ethyl ketone a behavioral toxicant in humans at higher concentrations (U.S. EPA 1994). 2. Animals - Sprague Dawley rats (10/sex/dose) and New Zealand white rabbits (5/sex/dose) were exposed to 0, 30, 100, or 300 ppm (93, 311, or 934 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks (U.S. EPA 1994). At 300 ppm, the male and female rats exhibited decreased body weights; altered hematological and clinical chemistry parameters; atrophy of lymphoid tissue; decreased liver weight; and altered clinical chemistry parameters. Female rats exposed to 100 ppm also had decreased body weights. The rabbits exposed to 300 ppm exhibited decreased body and thymus weights; hematological changes; and lymphoid tissue atrophy. Reproductive effects observed in this study are described in section IV.F.2. A study of the hematopoietic effects of 2-methoxyethanol revealed that male F344 rats treated orally with 100 or 500 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive days had dose-related reductions in relative kidney, spleen and thymus weights. At the high dose only, the animals had hemorrhagic bone marrow and thinning of the sinus endothelial cells, inhibition of splenic extra- medullary hematopoiesis; normocytic anemia; and leukopenia (U.S. EPA 1986). With the exception of the leukopenia, all of these parameters returned to normal values during a 22 day recovery period. B6C3F1 mice exhibited a 48% reduction in thymus weights following oral administration (gavage) of 2-methoxyethanol or its major metabolite, methoxyacetic acid, at doses of 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. A 250 mg/kg dose did not produce this effect and none of the doses produced alterations in immune function or host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes (U.S. EPA 1986). Wistar rats inhaled 0, 100, or 300 ppm (0, 311, or 934 mg/m3) 6 h/day for 10 consecutive days (U.S. EPA 1986). In addition to reproductive and testicular effects (see section IV.F.2), the investigators observed reductions in sizes of the thymus glands in 9/10 rats, and reductions in white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit and mean corpuscular hemoglobin in rats exposed to 300 ppm. There were no such effects at 100 ppm. D. Carcinogenicity 1. Humans - No information was found in the secondary sources searched to indicate that 2-methoxyethanol is carcinogenic to humans. 2. Animals - No information was found in the secondary sources searched to indicate that 2-methoxyethanol is carcinogenic to animals. E. Genotoxicity Available information indicates that 2-methoxyethanol is not genotoxic. 2-Methoxyethanol was negative for: mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100, both with and without metabolic activation, and in the yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe; unscheduled DNA synthesis in human embryo fibroblasts; chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow of rats exposed to 25 ppm, 7 h/day for 1 or 5 days; and sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster (U.S. Air Force 1989). The results of assays for the dominant lethal effects of 2-methoxyethanol in rodents have been negative or inconclusive (U.S. Air Force 1989). F. Developmental/Reproductive Toxicity 2-Methoxyethanol is a potent developmental and reproductive system toxicant. Developmental effects, including malformations, have been observed in mice, rats, and rabbits exposed to 2-methoxyethanol. These effects occur at low to moderate doses, indicating that the fetus is especially sensitive to the adverse effects of the chemical. Testicular effects have been observed in animals exposed to 2-methoxyethanol by inhalation as well as by the oral route. This appears to result from injury to the premeiotic and meiotic spermatocytes. EPA has derived an inhalation reference concentration (RfC) (see end note 3) of 0.2 mg/m3 for 2-methoxyethanol, based on adverse testicular effects in animals. 1. Humans - One study examined the possibility of reproductive toxicity in workers exposed to 2-methoxyethanol concentrations of either ó0.42 ppm (8-h TWA) in the production area or to 5.4 to 8.5 ppm (16.8 to 26.5 mg/m3) (2-hour TWA) in the packing and distribution area. Area atmospheric levels (this was not explained further) ranged between 4 and 20 ppm (12 and 62 mg/m3). The workers were also exposed to other chemicals. There were no effects on hematological parameters, hormone levels, or sperm effects in the exposed workers, compared with unexposed controls (U.S. EPA 1994). 2. Animals - 2-Methoxyethanol is a potent male reproductive toxicant in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs (NTP 1993). Sprague-Dawley rats (10/sex/dose) and New Zealand white rabbits (5/sex/dose) were exposed by inhalation to 0, 30, 100, or 300 ppm (93, 311, or 934 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks (U.S. EPA 1994). At 300 ppm, the male rats exhibited decreased testicular weights, flaccid testes, and moderate to severe degeneration of the germinal epithelium in the seminiferous tubules ppm; these effects were not seen at 30 or 100 ppm. The concentration of 100 ppm is roughly equivalent to 33 mg/kg/day for a seventy kilogram person The rabbits exposed to 300 ppm also exhibited flaccid testes. Testicular weights were decreased in a dose-dependent manner; the incidence of degenerative changes in the germinal epithelium of the testes increased in a dose-dependent manner. Non-reproductive effects observed in this study are described in section IV.C.2. These two studies were the basis for EPA's inhalation chronic RfC of 0.02 mg/m3 (U.S. EPA 1994). The LOAEL for the study was 100 ppm for testicular effects and the NOAEL, 30 ppm (U.S. EPA 1994); this information was used in the derivation of the RfC. Male rats given 2000 to 10,000 ppm (70 to 800 mg/kg) 2-methoxy- ethanol in the drinking water for 13 weeks exhibited a dose- related degeneration of the seminiferous tubules (NTP 1993). Acute exposure to 2-methoxyethanol, 600 ppm for four hours and 300 ppm for ten days, also resulted in testicular atrophy in rats (USEPA 1994). In the rodent testes, the most sensitive cells, following acute exposure to 2-methoxyethanol, appear to be the premeiotic and meiotic spermatocytes (HSDB 1994). Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation to higher concentra- tions (50, 100, or 200 ppm, 7 hours/day on gestation days 7-15) had increased resorptions compared with controls (30% increase at 50 ppm, 50% at 100 ppm, and 100% at 200 ppm). The offspring in all groups had reduced weights, rib and tail malformations, and heart abnormalities (no other details were available) (U.S EPA 1994). Another study demonstrated neurochemical changes in the offspring of male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by inhalation to 25 ppm for 6 weeks prior to mating with unexposed females and in the offspring of pregnant female rats exposed during gestation days 7-13 or 14-20; exposures were for 7 h/day, 7 days/week. The offspring of the group exposed during gestation days 7-13 also exhibited a significant difference in avoidance conditioning, compared with controls. 2-Methoxyethanol is also a potent developmental toxicant. Developmental effects have been observed in several species exposed to 2-methoxyethanol. The rabbit appears to be somewhat more sensitive to these effects than rats and mice. In one study, pregnant New Zealand rabbits and Fischer rats were exposed by inhalation on gestation days 6-18 and 6-15, respec- tively, to 2-methoxyethanol concentrations of 0, 3, 10, or 50 ppm; Cf-1 mice were exposed on gestation days 6-15 to 0, 10, or 50 ppm. All exposures were for 6 hours/day (U.S. EPA 1994). Maternal weight loss occurred in all species at 50 ppm. The offspring of rats and mice exhibited no treatment-related effects at ó10 ppm, but had increased incidences of minor skeletal variations at 50 ppm. The offspring of the exposed rabbits had an increased incidence of delayed ossification and a dose-related decrease in body weight at 10 ppm and increased incidences of malformations, minor skeletal variations and resorptions, and decreased body weight at 50 ppm (experimental details were not available) (U.S. EPA 1994). G. Neurotoxicity Neurological effects, observed in humans exposed to moderate to high concentrations of 2-methoxyethanol, appear to be reversible. Neurotoxic effects in animals may be related to demyelination. 1. Humans - Human case studies indicate that the nervous and hematological systems are targets for the toxicity of 2-methoxy- ethanol (U.S. EPA 1994). See section IV.C for hematological effects. Neurological symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, headache, weakness, and behavioral changes were observed in workers exposed for up to 7 months to 61-3960 ppm (190 to 12,324 mg/m3) of 2-methoxyethanol used as a printing solvent. The workers recovered when the concentrations were reduced, due to improved plant hygiene, to about 20 ppm (U.S. EPA 1994). Similar symptoms were reported for workers exposed to a solvent mixture containing <3% 2-methoxyethanol, 74% isopropanol, and <3% dimethyl phthalate. Atmospheric levels of 2-methoxyethanol were at least 25-76 ppm (78-237 mg/m3). One worker experienced reversible neurological symptoms following skin and inhalation exposure to 35 ppm (109 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol for 1 to 1.5 years (U.S. EPA 1994). The worker was also exposed to lower concentrations of other chemicals, including methyl ethyl ketone, a behavioral toxicant in humans at higher concentrations. 2. Animals - Rats inhaling 125 ppm (389 mg/m3) 2-methoxyethanol 4 h/day for 7 days exhibited a decrease in pole climbing response that increased in severity with successive exposures (U.S. EPA 1986). Glial cells from Wistar rats exposed by inhalation to 50, 100, or 400 ppm (156, 311, or 1245 mg/m3), 6 h/day for 1 or 2 weeks showed significant increases in a number of biochemical parameters. At 400 ppm, the animals exhibited partial hindlimb paresis, decreased body weights, and enlarged spleens (U.S. EPA 1986). The author concluded that the central nervous system lesions may be associated with demyelinations. V. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS A. Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 2-methoxyethanol has low acute toxicity to aquatic organisms; reported toxicity values are greater than 100 mg/L. LC50 values for fish include 17,400 mg/L (7 days) for Poecilia reticulata (guppy); 15,520 mg/L (96 hours) for Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) fingerlings; >5,000 mg/L (24 hours) for Crassium auratus (goldfish); and >10,000 mg/L (96 hours) Menidia beryllina (tidewater silverside) (Verschueren 1983; U.S. EPA 1986). Twenty-four hour LC50 values for Daphnia magna (water flea) and Artemia salina (brine shrimp) are >10,000 mg/L; and the toxicity threshold values for the inhibition of cell multiplication for various species of protozoa are 1,715 mg/L for Entosiphon sulcatum, 2.2 mg/L for Chilomonas paramecium; and >10,000 mg/L for Uronema parduczi (U.S. EPA 1986). B. Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms No information was found in the available literature for terrestrial mammals. The oral LD50 value in the rat (2.4-3.4 g/kg) and the results of chronic studies in laboratory animals (section IV.C), suggest that the chemical would not be acutely toxic to non-pregnant terrestrial animals unless present in very high concentrations. Exposure of pregnant laboratory animals to low to moderate doses of the chemical resulted in developmental effects in the offspring; this might also occur in nature. C. Abiotic Effects No information was found in the available literature for abiotic effects of 2-methoxyethanol. According to the definition provided in the Federal Register (1992), 2-methoxyethanol is a volatile organic carbon (VOC) substance. As a VOC, 2-methoxyethanol can contribute to the formation of photochemical smog in the presence of other VOCs. VI. EPA/OTHER FEDERAL/OTHER GROUP ACTIVITY The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 list 2-methoxyethanol as a hazardous air pollutant. Occupational exposure to 2-methoxyethanol is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The permissible exposure limit (PEL) is 25 parts per million parts of air (ppm) as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) (29 CFR 1910.1000). OSHA has added a skin notation to its PEL for 2-methoxyethanol, indicating that workplace dermal exposure should be controlled as well. Federal agencies and other groups that can provide additional information on 2-methoxyethanol are listed in Tables 3 and 4. TABLE 3. EPA OFFICES AND CONTACT NUMBERS FOR INFORMATION ON 2-METHOXYETHANOL ________________________________________________________________________ EPA OFFICE LAW PHONE NUMBER ________________________________________________________________________ Pollution Prevention Toxic Substances Control Act & Toxics (Sec. 8E) (202) 554-1404 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Regulations (Sec. 313) (800) 424-9346 Toxics Release Inventory data (202) 260-1531 Air Clean Air Act (919) 541-0888 ___________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 4. OTHER FEDERAL OFFICES/OTHER GROUP CONTACT NUMBERS FOR INFORMATION ON 2-METHOXYETHANOL ___________________________________________________________________________ Other Agency/Department/Group Contact Number ________________________________________________________________________ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (Recommended Exposure Limit: (see end note 4) 5 ppm; [skin]) (see end note 5) (513) 742-2020 Consumer Product Safety Commission (301) 504-0994 National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (800) 356-4674 (Recommended Exposure Limit (see end note 4): Lowest feasible concentration) Occupational Safety & Health Administration Check local phone (Permissible Exposure Limit (see end note 6): book for phone 25 ppm; [skin] see end note 5) number under Department of Labor __________________________________________________________________________ VI. END NOTES 1. Standard Industrial Classification code is the statistical classification standard for all Federal economic statistics. The code provides a convenient way to reference economic data on industries of interest to the researcher. SIC codes presented here are not intended to be an exhaustive listing; rather, the codes listed should provide an indication of where a chemical may be most likely to be found in commerce. 2. Calculated by multiplying 190 mg/m3 by 0.143 (the standard occupational 8-hour breathing rate, 10 m3, divided by the assumed adult body weight, 70 kg, and assuming 100% absorption to obtain the dose in mg/kg (U.S. EPA 1988). 3. The RfC is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subpopulations, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during the time period of concern. 4. The ACGIH/NIOSH exposure limits are time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations for an 8-hour workday (ACGIH) and up to a 10-hour workday (NIOSH) during a 40-hour workweek. 5. A [skin] notation indicates that air sampling is not sufficient to accurately quantitate exposure. Measures to prevent significant cutaneous absorption may be required. 6. The OSHA exposure limits are time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations that must not be exceeded during any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour workweek. VII. CITED REFERENCES Budavari S, O'Neil MJ, Smith A, Heckelman PE (Eds.). 1989. The Merck Index, 11th ed. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, p. 951. CHEMFATE. 1994. Syracuse Research Corporation's Environmental Fate Data Bases. Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY. Retrieved 8/15/94. Federal Register. 1992. Part 51 - Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans. Fed. Reg. 57:3945. HSDB. 1994. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. 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