The Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Fish and Wildlife
A Conservation Effects Assessment
Project (CEAP) Bibliography
Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 2008-01
Volumes 7a and 7b
Compiled by
Stuart R. Gagnon
Joseph R. Makuch
Cassandra Y. Harper
Water Quality Information Center
National Agricultural Library
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
2,285 citations (in two volumes)
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Gagnon, Stuart R.
Effects of agricultural conservation practices on fish and wildlife : a
Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) bibliography. [In 2 vol.]
(Special reference briefs ; NAL-SRB 2008-01)
1. Agricultural conservation—Environmental aspects—United States—Bibliography.
2. Wildlife habitat improvement—United States—Bibliography.
3. Fish habitat improvement—United States—Bibliography.
4. Water quality management—United States—Bibliography.
I. Makuch, Joe. II. Harper, Cassandra Y. III. Water Quality Information Center (U.S.)
IV. Title.
aZ5074.C58
Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Fish and Wildlife, Special Reference Brief 2008-01. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 2 vol.
This
bibliography, in two volumes, is part of a multi-volume set developed
by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural
Library in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). The bibliography is a
guide to recent scientific literature covering effects of agricultural
conservation practices on fish and wildlife. The citations listed
here provide information on how conservation programs and practices
designed to improve fish and wildlife habitat, as well as those
intended for other purposes, e.g., water quality improvement, affect
various aquatic and terrestrial fauna.
Keywords:
aquatic habitat, aquatic organisms, biodiversity, conservation
buffers, conservation practices, conservation programs, ecology,
ecosystem management, fish, habitat conservation, habitat
fragmentation, natural resource management, wild animals, wildlife,
wildlife habitats, wildlife management.
Mention
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not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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August 2008
This
bibliography, in two volumes, is part of a series of bibliographies
developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the National Agricultural
Library (NAL) in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s
Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP).
The purpose of CEAP is to study the environmental effects of conservation practices implemented through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs. A national assessment covers cropland, wetlands, wildlife and grazing lands. Conservation practices being assessed include conservation buffers; erosion control; wetlands conservation and restoration; establishment of wildlife habitat; and management of grazing land, tillage, irrigation water, nutrients, and pests. More information about this and other components of CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/.
The current titles in this series are
Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from the NAL Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/.
Acknowledgments
The center gratefully acknowledges these organizations who granted permission to use their citations and abstracts.
www.agiweb.org
www.cabi.org
www.csa.com
www.scopus.com
www.nisc.com
scientific.thomson.com
The following databases were used to develop this bibliography:
· AGRICOLA (National Agricultural Library)
· Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ProQuest)
· BioOne (ProQuest)
· Biological Sciences (ProQuest)
· BIOSIS Previews (Thomson Reuters Scientific)
· CAB Abstracts (CABI)
· Current Contents (Thomson Reuters Scientific)
· Conference Papers Index (ProQuest)
· Entomology Abstracts (ProQuest)
· Fish and Fisheries Worldwide (NISC)
· GeoRef (American Geological Institute)
· NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
· Scopus (Elsevier)
· Treesearch (USDA Forest Service)
· Water Resources Abstracts (ProQuest)
· Web of Science (Thomson Reuters Scientific)
· Wildlife and Ecology Studies Worldwide (NISC)
· Zoological Record (Thomson Reuters Scientific)
In
addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS) for the development of this bibliography is greatly appreciated.
Special thanks to Charles Rewa, NRCS, for his valuable
assistance.
About This Bibliography
This
bibliography is a guide to recent scientific literature covering
effects of agricultural conservation practices on fish and wildlife.
The citations listed here provide information on how conservation
programs and practices designed to improve fish and wildlife habitat,
as well as those intended for other purposes, e.g., water quality
improvement, affect various aquatic and terrestrial fauna.
Citations
are broadly grouped into two volumes of the bibliography, 7a and 7b.
Volume 7a covers the terrestrial habitats of cropland (including
set-aside lands, buffers, strip habitats), grazing lands (including
some riparian areas) and forests. Volume 7b covers aquatic
habitats in sections focused on lotic habitats (streams, rivers) and
lentic habitats (estuaries, lakes, ponds, wetlands). This volume
also contains a third grouping of citations covering mixed habitats,
which may be mixed terrestrial and/or aquatic habitats.
There
are 2,285 citations with abstracts (when available) in this
bibliography. Citations were found through literature searches of
the AGRICOLA database, produced by the National Agricultural Library,
and several commercial bibliographic databases listed on page two.
The literature searches focused on documents published during the
years 2000 through 2007. Relevant citations from the previous six
CEAP bibliographies are also included. Many of these citations
are from documents published before 2000. The geographical
coverage is North America.
In
addition, Water Quality Information Center staff created citations for
documents that were located by other means. If they were readily
available to the compilers, URLs are provided for online documents.
The inclusion or omission of a particular citation does not imply
endorsement or disapproval.
Within sections, citations are arranged alphabetically by title. To locate information on a specific topic, for example, “ring-necked pheasant,”
use the subject index beginning on page 273 of volume 7b. To
ensure that you see all the relevant citations for a particular topic,
be sure to also look up related terms in the subject index, such as “Phasianus colchicus” or “gamebird” from this example. An author index is also available beginning on page 341.
To obtain a specific document, please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found at www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.
3. An annotated bibliography for wildlife responses to the Conservation Reserve Program.
Allen, A. W.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P.;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 151-206.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife management
4. Annual set-aside programs: A long-term perspective of habitat quality in Illinois and the Midwest.
Warner, Richard E.; Etter, Stanley L.; David, Larry M.; and Mankin, Philip C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(2): 347-354. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: policies
and programs/ farms/ food crops/ production/ grassland/ cultivated
farmland/ habitat management for wildlife/ conservation programs/ land
use/ cover/ vegetation/ agriculture/ habitat change/ grains/ prairie/
extensive agriculture/ Illinois/ Iowa
Abstract:
Farm programs that divert cropland from production have been important
for establishing grassy habitat in the Midwest since the 1930s.
This study documents 1) the expansion of row crop production and
general decline of grasses on farm landscapes of the Midwest in recent
decades, and 2) the trend toward short-term set-aside programs that
establish grassy habitat of marginal value, depicted in Illinois.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, row crop production in the Midwest moderated and millions of hectares of grassland were
established on cropland diverted from production. Nonetheless, from
1964 to 1992, row crop plantings increased by 39%, with an 84% increase
in soybeans being the most striking land-use change. Row crops
supplanted numerous cover types that have grassy structure, including
oats (-83%), wheat (-10%), other minor crops (-51%), permanent pasture
(-54%), diverted cropland (-51%), and other farmland (-41%). On a study
area in east-central Illinois, we evaluated and compared selected
habitat characteristics of grassy cover for 1962-63 and 1991-94 on 100
randomly selected 4.05-ha plots, including tract width, heterogeneity
of vegetation, disturbance during the growing season, persistence of
vegetation from one growing season to the next, and extent to which
grassy fields were connected by permanent (grass) edges to surrounding
landscape elements. There was a diminution (P<0.05) in these habitat
attributes in the 1990s compared to the 1960s. The conservation
community has emphasized the potential benefits of the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) for wildlife, while most
of the grassland in the Corn Belt has been established by annual
set-aside programs. Although the most recent set-aside era ended in the
late 1990s, programs of this nature may reemerge. Our study underscores
the need and opportunity for improving habitat conditions as part of
future farm programs that would divert land from production under
short-term contract.
© NISC
5. Architectural features of agricultural habitats and their impact on the spider inhabitants.
Rypstra, A. L.; Carter, P. E.; Balfour, R. A.; and Marshall, S. D.
Journal of Arachnology 27(1): 371-377. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL451.J6; ISSN: 0161-8202.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: habitats/
conservation tillage/ herbivores/ humidity/ intercropping/ mulching/
predator-prey relationships/ productivity/ tillage/ agricultural
entomology/ Araneae/ arthropods/ Arachnida/ invertebrates/ animals
Abstract:
The density and diversity of the spider community has been closely tied
to the structural complexity of the local environment. For instance,
soil dwelling spiders increase dramatically when the litter layer is
enhanced because there are more retreats and hiding places and because
temperature and humidity extremes are moderated. Web-building spiders
are directly linked to the configuration of the vegetation because of
specific web attachment requirements. Both correlative and experimental
data support a tight relationship between spider density and habitat
structure. Most of the available data show that agricultural practices
which enhance the structural complexity of the environment (such as
intercropping, mulching, and conservation tillage practices) enhance
the density and diversity of the spider community. The key question
regarding spiders in agroecosystems is, of course, whether they are in
any way suppressing the activity of herbivores. Some studies uncovered
a strong link between habitat complexity, spider abundance and plant
productivity; but others have not, and the mechanisms by which spiders
could exert a top-down effect are not clear. More investigation into
the specifics of how habitat structure influences the predator-prey
interactions in agroecosystems is needed in order to truly understand
and manage agricultural production in a responsible manner.
© CABI
6. The Arkansas response to federal farm program opportunities.
Long, J. D.; Akers, D.; and Wilson, S. N.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(4): 272-275. (July 1991-Aug. 1991)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors: farmland/ wildlife conservation/ habitats/ environmental protection/ federal programs/
Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
7. Arsenic and mercury concentrations in major landscape components of an intensively cultivated watershed.
Cooper, C. M. and Gillespie, W. B.
Environmental Pollution 111(1): 67-74. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491
Descriptors: wetlands/
arsenic/ mercury/ watersheds/ bioaccumulation/ stormwater runoff/ water
pollution/ sediment pollution/ agricultural runoff/ flood plains/
aquatic organisms/ soil contamination/ sediment contamination/ fish/
runoff/ mercury-197/ pollution (soil)/ pollution (water)/ contaminated
sediments/ fish/ catchment areas/ Pisces/ freshwater fish/ Mississippi
R.
Abstract:
To provide an understanding of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg)
concentrations in soil, sediment, water, and fish tissues, samples were
collected from a Mississippi River alluvial floodplain located in
northwest Mississippi. As concentrations increased approximately
an order of magnitude from water (5.12 µg/l) to fish tissues (36.99µg/kg) and an additional two orders of magnitude in soils, lake sediments, and wetland sediments (5728, 5614, and 6746µg/kg), respectively. Average Hg concentrations in water, soils, lake sediments, and fish were 2.16µg/l, 55.1, 14.5 and 125µg/kg,
respectively. As and Hg concentrations were within published ranges for
uncontaminated soil, water, and sediments. As concentrations
represented a low risk. Hg concentrations were also low but showed a
greater tendency to concentrate in fish tissue. The dominant mode of
entry of these materials into aquatic systems is through
storm-generated runoff. Since both metals accompany sediments,
agricultural conservation practices such as reduced tillage, buffer
riparian strips, and bordering sediment ponds or drainage wetlands will
minimize watershed input to aquatic systems.
© ProQuest
8. Artificial nest predation in hedgerows and scrub forest in a human-dominated landscape of central Mexico.
Zuria, I.; Gates, J. E.; and Castellanos, I.
Acta Oecologica 31(2): 158-167. (2007); ISSN: 1146609X.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.07.005.
Descriptors: agriculture/ artificial nest/ birds/ ecological trap/ El Bajio/ hedgerow/ Mexico/ plasticine egg/ predation
Abstract:
Hedgerows as well as other narrow corridors could be valuable habitats
for birds in regions of intensive agriculture, however, it is still not
clear how successful breeding birds are in different types of hedgerows
as compared to birds nesting in their natural habitats. We used
artificial nests to examine whether hedgerows were sinks (ecological
traps) for birds by comparing rates of predation in two types of
hedgerows with different vegetation structure (simple and complex), and
in a tract of scrub forest in an agricultural landscape of central
Mexico. We determined also the types of predators responsible for egg
predation. Ground and elevated nests were baited with one Japanese
quail Coturnix japonica egg and one plasticine egg and placed
alternately along transects. Significantly, greater predation rates
were found in scrub forest and complex hedgerows than in simple
hedgerows. Higher predation rates in complex habitats seemed to reflect
the higher number of predator types found there. The most important
predator types were carnivores followed by rodents, birds, and humans.
Carnivores and rodents mainly predated ground nests, whereas birds and
humans predated elevated nests. Simple hedgerows in this landscape
appeared to offer relatively safe nest sites in terms of predation
pressure when compared to more complex habitats (complex hedgerows and
scrub forest).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
9. Assessment
of farmer attitudes and behavioral intentions toward bird conservation
on organic and conventional Florida farms.
Jacobson, Susan K.; Sieving, Kathryn E.; Jones, Gregory A.; and Van Doorn, Annamamria
Conservation Biology 17(2): 595-606. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: bird
(Aves)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/
bird conservation: behavioral intentions, farmer attitudes
Abstract:
To enhance efforts to conserve birds, especially insectivorous species,
we examined the social dimensions of conventional and organic farming
in northern Florida (U.S.A.). Using a framework for the adoption of
agricultural innovations, we developed a 44-item survey instrument to
measure farmers' socio-demographic background, farm characteristics,
participation in social organizations, communication and information
networks, and perceived barriers and incentives to adopting
bird-friendly practices. Seventy-six surveys were completed, with a
response rate of 84% for organic farmers and 60% for conventional
farmers. The population of conventional farmer was composed of more
males who were older, less educated, and earned a greater income than
organic farmers. Conventional farms were on average 20 times larger
than organic farms and grew less than half the varieties of crops.
These two factors correlated with higher agreement with statements that
a considerable amount of money is spent on pest management and that
leaf-eating insects cause considerable damage. Fewer conventional than
organic farmers scouted for pests daily, an important component of
integrated pest management. Almost all farmers (95%) reported
recognizing most of the bird species on their farms. More organic
farmers (31%) than conventional farmers (12%) reported more than 30
bird species on their farms. Farmers' overall willingness to attract
birds to their farms was not correlated with economic or noneconomic
incentives and barriers to adopting bird-friendly practices, such as
current costs of pest management, experience with bird damage to crops,
and farmers' knowledge of insectivorous birds and birds on their farms.
Innovations in current farming practices that could enhance bird
populations should be disseminated through existing social networks and
media channels identified in this paper.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
10. Association of ring-necked pheasant, gray partridge, and meadowlark abundance to Conservation Reserve Program grasslands.
Haroldson, K. J.; Kimmel, R. O.; Riggs, M. R.; and Berner, A. H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5): 1276-1284. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [1276:AORPGP]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: abundance/
Conservation Reserve Program/ grasslands/ gray partridge/ habitat/
meadowlark/ Minnesota/ Perdix perdix/ Phasianus colchicus/
ring-necked pheasant/ Sturnella/ weather
Abstract:
Wildlife managers and farm program administrators need information on
how much habitat grassland birds need to support or expand their
populations. We quantified the relationships between the amount
of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) habitat in 15 agricultural
landscapes and relative abundance of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus
colchicus), gray partridge (Perdix perdix), and meadowlarks (Sturnella
spp.) in south-central Minnesota, USA, over a 10-year CRP enrollment
cycle. For each 10% increase of grass in the landscape, pheasant survey
counts increased by an average of 12.4 birds per route in spring and by
32.9 birds per route in summer. Pheasant indices also varied by year,
and the magnitude of year effects were equivalent to a change in grass
abundance of 26-36%. Regardless of the amount of grass habitat
available, partridge indices in our study declined dramatically from a
peak in 1990 to a low in 1994-1995. Meadowlark indices increased by an
average of 11.7 birds per route in summer for each 10% increase of
grass in the landscape, while indices simultaneously declined from 1990
to 1998. Our results indicate that conversion of cropland to CRP
grassland in intensively cultivated landscapes is associated with
higher population indices of pheasants and meadowlarks, but not
partridge. Managers should assess the success of habitat programs over
periods of ≥ 5 years because population indices may fluctuate
dramatically over time with little apparent change in habitat abundance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
11. Association of the Conservation Reserve Program with ring-necked pheasant survey counts in Iowa.
Riley, Terry Z.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(3): 386-390. (1995)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus (Galliformes)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman
vertebrates/ vertebrates/ agriculture/ snowfall/ weather/ wildlife
management
Abstract: More
than 880,000 ha of Iowa farmland were enrolled in the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) from 1986-1991. I evaluated the
relationship between CRP enrollment and ring-necked pheasants
(Phasianus colchicus) in Iowa and how cropland and weather
affected that relationship. Six percent of the land area in Iowa
was enrolled in the CRP between 1986 and 1991. Pheasant numbers
in Iowa increased 30% during the first 5 years of the CRP compared
to
a similar period before the program began (P = 0.026). Numbers
increased 34% (P < 0.018) in counties with > 70% cropland and 26%
(P= 0.12) in counties with 50-70% cropland. I did not detect increases
in pheasant numbers in counties with < 50% cropland (P > 0.71).
Pheasant numbers were positively related to the CRP, but this function
was also influenced by percent cropland and cumulative snowfall.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
12. Avian abundance, composition, and reproductive success on Conservation Reserve Program fields in northern Missouri.
McCoy, T. D.
Columbia, MO: University of Missouri, 1996.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Missouri
Abstract:
Studied various avian species abundance, composition, and
reproductive success in different grassland types (CP1 vs. CP2) in
northern Missouri.
13. Avian abundance in CRP and crop fields during winter in the Midwest.
Best, Louis B.; Campa, Henry; Kemp, Kenneth E.; Robel, Robert J.; Ryan, Mark R.; Savidge, Julie A.; Weeks, Harmon P.; and Winterstein, Scott R.
American Midland Naturalist 139(2): 311-324. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: dark
eyed junco (Passeriformes)/ horned lark (Passeriformes)/ lapland
longspur (Passeriformes)/ meadowlark (Passeriformes)/ mourning dove
(Columbiformes)/ northern bobwhite (Galliformes)/ ring necked pheasant
(Galliformes)/ American goldfinch (Passeriformes)/ American tree
sparrow (Passeriformes)/ Canada goose (Anseriformes)/ European starling
(Passeriformes)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/
vertebrates/ crop fields/ species abundance/ species composition/
winter/ Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract:
We compared the abundance and species composition of birds in
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields with the same aspects in
row-crop fields during the winter (January and February) over several
years (1992-1995) for six Midwestern states (Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Michigan, Missouri and Nebraska). Field techniques were standardized in
all states. CRP fields consisted of either permanent introduced grasses
and legumes (CP1) or permanent native grasses (CP2), and the plant
species seeded in CRP fields differed within and among states.
Vegetation characteristics of CRP fields varied considerably from state
to state, but vertical density and total canopy cover (primarily
grasses) were particularly high in Nebraska. Mean annual total
bird abundance ranged from 0.1 to 5.1 birds per km of transect in CRP
fields and from 0.1 to 24.2 in row-crop fields. The total number of
bird species recorded in CRP fields in the six states ranged from 6 to
32; the range for row-crop fields was 8 to 18. The most abundant
species in CRP fields differed among states but included the
ring-necked pheasant, American tree sparrow, northern bobwhite,
dark-eyed junco and American goldfinch. The most abundant species in
row-crop fields included the horned lark, American tree sparrow,
European starling, mourning dove, lapland longspur, meadowlarks and
Canada goose. Some of the most abundant bird species wintering on CRP
fields have been undergoing long-term population declines, thus this
program has the potential to mitigate population losses.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
14. Avian
community structure, reproductive success, vegetative structure, and
food availability in burned CRP Fields and grazed pastures in
northeastern Kansas.
Klute, D. S.
Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, 1994.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Kansas
Abstract:
Compared avian community structure and reproductive success, food
availability, and vegetative structure in CRP grasslands in northern Kansas that were grazed and burned.
15. Avian diversity and functional insectivory on north-central Florida farmlands.
Jones, G. A.; Sieving, K. E.; and Jacobson, S. K.
Conservation Biology 19(4): 1234-1245. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00211.x.
Descriptors: agroecosystems/
avian biodiversity/ avian conservation/ birds and farmlands/ functional
insectivores/ avifauna/ biological control/ habitat related behavior/
insectivory/ pest control/ species diversity/ Florida/ Aves/
Hexapoda/ Insecta
Abstract:
We studied the potential for native birds to control insect pests on
farms. We assessed habitat factors correlated with diversity,
distribution, and insect-foraging activity of native birds on farms in
north-central Florida and then characterized common bird species that
consumed insect biomass in crops as "functional insectivores" (birds
most likely to contribute to pest control). Analyses of point-count
survey data and foraging observations collected over 2 years on paired
organic and conventional farm sites indicated that (1) farms supported
most (82-96%) land birds known to breed in the region; (2) bird species
richness and abundance varied significantly with matrix habitat and
field border type (but not with year or farm management type); (3) the
highest bird abundances were associated with mixed crop plantings,
field borders, and adjacent matrix composed of forest and hedge; and
(4) abundances of 10 species identified as functional insectivores were
primarily influenced by crop type (mixed crops attracted significantly
more insect foragers into fields than monocrops). We documented birds
eating pest insects in crops and did not observe substantive crop
damage by birds during growing-season observations. We advocate use of
the term functional insectivore to emphasize the potential positive
role of avian insectivory on farms during the growing season.
©2005 Society for Conservation Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
16. Avian nesting density and success in alfalfa, cool season CRP, and warm season CRP plantings in eastern South Dakota.
Rock, Marcus E. South Dakota State University, 2006.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.); Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-52).
http://wfs.sdstate.edu/wfsdept/Publications/Theses/Rock,%20Marcus%20E.%20MS-2006.pdf
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program (U.S.)/
Birds---nests---South Dakota/ Birds---Habitat---Conservation---South Dakota/ Alfalfa
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
17. Avian use and vegetation characteristics of Conservation Reserve Program fields.
Delisle, Jennifer M. and Savidge, Julie A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(2): 318-325. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: bobolinks
(Passeriformes)/ common yellowthroat (Passeriformes)/ dickcissels
(Passeriformes)/ grasshopper sparrow (Passeriformes)/ ring necked
pheasant (Galliformes)/ American tree sparrow (Passeriformes)/
Ammodramus savannarum (Passeriformes)/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus
(Passeriformes)/ Geothlypis trichas (Passeriformes)/ Phasianus
colchicus (Galliformes)/ Spiza americana (Passeriformes)/ Spizella
arborea (Passeriformes)/ Sturnella spp. (Passeriformes)/ animals/
birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ fields/ meadowlarks/ seasonality/ species abundance/ vegetation structure/ wildlife management
Abstract:
We compared avian use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields
enrolled in the CP1 (cool-season grasses and legumes) and CP2
(warm-season native grasses) options in southeastern Nebraska from
1991 to 1995. In winter and in the breeding season CP2 fields had
taller, denser vegetation than CP1 fields. However, total bird
abundance did not differ between CP1 and CP2 fields (P = 0.47).
Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus
savannarum) were the most abundant species during the breeding season
although population numbers varied among years (P < 0.001).
Dickcissels and grasshopper sparrows showed no differences in abundance
between CPs, but dickcissels were associated with tall, dense
vegetation and grasshopper sparrows with sparser vegetation and a
shallow litter layer. Bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were more
abundant on CP1 fields (P = 0.001), and common yellowthroats
(Geothlypis trichas) and sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were more
abundant on CP2 fields (P = 0.001 and P = 0.05). Average winter
abundances did not change over years (P = 0.90). American tree sparrows
(Spizella arborea) and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were
the most abundant species during winter and were more abundant on CP2
fields (P < 0.05). Meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) were more abundant
on CP1 fields in winter (P < 0.05).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
18. Avian use of fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program in southeast Nebraska.
Delisle, Jennifer M.
Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, 1995.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.); Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: NBU LD3656 1995 D455
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program---United States/ Birds---Habitat---Nebraska
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
19. Aviation population trends within the evolving agricultural landscape of eastern and central United States.
Murphy, Michael T.
Auk 120(1): 20-34. (2003)
Descriptors: agriculture/
conservation/ population studies/ terrestrial ecology/ Breeding Bird
Survey/ Conservation Reserve Program/ U.S. Department of
Agriculture/ agricultural land use/ agricultural landscape/ avian
population trends/ farmland/ ecosystems/ eastern United
States/ central United States/ farming and agriculture/
grasslands/ population ecology/ wildlife-human relationships/
commercial enterprises/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land zones/ artificial structures
Abstract:
State-level Breeding Bird Survey (1980-1998) and U.S. Department of
Agriculture statistics were used to test the hypothesis that changes in
agricultural land use within the eastern and central U.S. have driven
population trends of grassland and shrub habitat birds over the past
two decades. The degree to which population trends differed between
grassland and shrub habitats was evaluated with respect to migratory
and nesting behavior. Grassland birds declined significantly between
1980 and 1999, but, on average, shrub habitat species did not.
Grassland-breeding, long-distance migrants exhibited the strongest
negative trends. Most species (78%; n=63) exhibited at least one
significant association between population trends and changes in
agricultural land use, and in most, land use "explained" 25-30% of the
variation in population trends among states. Changes in the farmland
landscape accounted for more of the interstate variability of
population trends of short-distance migrants than of both long-distance
migrants and residents, and that variability was greater in grassland
than shrub species. Declines in the area of rangeland and cover crops
were followed by population declines and increases, respectively, by
many species. Increases of land in the Conservation Reserve Program had
negative associations with population trends of some shrub species. The
results indicate that grassland birds have declined strongly over the
past two decades, and that regardless of migratory behavior or nesting
habits, avian population trends are linked strongly to changes in
agricultural land use within North America.
© NISC
20. Biotechnology: Environmental impacts of introducing crops and biocontrol agents in North American agriculture.
Pimentel, D.
In:
Biological control: Benefits and risks/ Hokkanen, H. M. and Lynch, J.
M.; Series: Plant and microbial biotechnology research series No. 4,
1995; pp. 13-29.
Notes: Literature review; ISBN: 052154405X.
NAL Call #: TP248.27.P55P54
Descriptors: plant
introduction/ introduced species/ crops/ livestock/ game birds/ game
animals/ environmental impact/ weeds/ pests/ biological control agents/
weed control/ insect pests/ genetic engineering/ recombinant DNA/
transgenic plants/ risk/ North America/ animal pests/ pest potential/ weed eating insects
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
21. Bird abundance and nesting in CRP fields and cropland in the Midwest: A regional approach.
Best, Louis B.; Campa, Henry; Kemp, Kenneth E.; Robel, Robert J.; Ryan, Mark R.; Savidge, Julie A.; Weeks, Harmon P.; and Winterstein, Scott R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(4): 864-877. (1997)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: nest
predation/ nesting success/ rowcrop field/ species abundance/
vegetational structure/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Agelaius
phoeniceus [red winged blackbird] (Passeriformes)/ Ammodramus
savannarum [grasshopper sparrow] (Passeriformes)/ Spiza americana
[dickcissel] (Passeriformes)
Abstract: We
compared the abundance and nesting success of avian species in
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields during the summer with that
in rowcrop fields over 5 years (1991-1995) for 6 Midwestern states
(Ind., La., Kans., Mich., Mo., and Nebr.). Field techniques were
standardized in all states. CRP fields consisted of either perennial
introduced grasses and legumes (CP1) or perennial native grasses (CP2),
and the plant species seeded in CRP fields differed within and among
the states. Disturbances to CRP fields included mowing (partial or
complete), application of herbicides, and burning. The height, vertical
density, and canopy coverage of vegetation in CRP fields were measured
in each state; values for these measurements were particularly low
in Kansas. Mean annual total bird abundance in CRP fields ranged
from
4.9 to 29.3 birds/km of transect. The most abundant species on CRP
fields differed among states but included red-winged blackbirds
(Agelaius phoeniceus), grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum),
and dickcissels (Spiza americana). Although the total number of
bird species was similar in CRP and rowcrop fields across the region,
bird abundance was 1.4-10.5 times greater in the former. Nests of 33
bird species were found in CRP fields compared with only 10 species in
rowcrop fields, and the number of nests found was 13.5 times greater in
CRP fields. Nest success in CRP fields was 40% overall; predation was
the greatest cause of nest failure. Long-term farm set-aside programs
that establish perennial grass cover, such as the CRP, seem to provide
many benefits for grassland birds, including several species for which
conservation is a great concern.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
22. Bird abundance and nesting success in Iowa CRP fields: The importance of vegetation structure and composition.
Patterson, Matthew P. and Best, L. B.
American Midland Naturalist 135(1): 153-167. (1996)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: passerine/
Passeriformes/ Aves/ Plantae/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman
vertebrates/ plants/ vertebrates/ Conservation Reserve Program/ land
management practice
Abstract: Bird
use of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and row-crop fields was
studied in central Iowa from May through July 1991-1993.
Thirty-three bird species were recorded in CRP fields and 34 in
row-crop fields. The most abundant species in both habitats was the
red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), accounting for 35% of all
birds in CRP and 24% in row-crop fields. The dickcissel
(Spiza americana), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum),
bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), common yellowthroat (Geothypis trichas),
brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), savannah sparrow (Passerculus
sandwichensis) and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) were the
next most abundant species in CRP plots. The horned lark (Eremophila
alpestris), vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) and brownheaded
cowbird were the next most abundant species in row-crop fields. Nests
of 16 bird species were found in CRP fields, with red-winged blackbirds
accounting for 48% of all nests found. The vesper sparrow and horned
lark were the only species nesting in row-crop fields. The major cause
of nest loss for all species was predation, accounting for 52% of all
nest loss in CRP fields and 65% in row-crop fields. Mammals accounted
for 89, 88 and 85% of the predation on grasshopper sparrow, red-winged
blackbird and dickcissel nests, respectively. The Conservation Reserve
Program has likely contributed to an increase in the abundance of many
bird species in central Iowa, inasmuch as the row-crop habitat
that it red has lower bird abundance and supports fewer nesting
species. The vegetation structure and composition of CRP fields in
central Iowa are diverse, resulting in differences in the bird species communities using
these fields. The effects of several land-management practices are
discussed relative to bird species composition and nesting success.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
23. Bird abundance and success in CRP.
Mccoy, T.
In: 62nd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference. Minneapolis. MN (USA). 2001.
Notes: Paper No. 307; Conference Sponsor: NCD-AFS; World Meeting Number 000 5249.
Descriptors: aquatic science/ biology/ environmental science
© ProQuest
24. Bird
species richness in vegetation fences and in strips of residual rain
forest vegetation at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico.
Estrada, A.; Cammarano, P.; and Coates-Estrada, R.
Biodiversity and Conservation 9(10): 1399-1416. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1008935016046.
Descriptors: bird
diversity/ conservation/ corridors/ forest fragmentation/ Los Tuxtlas/
Mexico/ tropical rain forests/ avifauna/ habitat corridor/ habitat
fragmentation/ rainforest/ species richness/ Mexico
Abstract:
Fragmentation of the lowland tropical rain forest has resulted in loss
of animal and plant species and isolation of remaining populations that
puts them at risk. At Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, lowland rain
forests are particularly diverse in the avian fauna they contain and
while most of the forests have been fragmented by human activity, many
of the fragments still harbor diverse assemblages of bird species. In
these landscapes, linear strips of residual rain forest vegetation
along streams as well as linear strips of vegetation fences (live
fences) crossing the pastures might provide some connectivity to bird
populations existed in forest fragments. We investigated bird species
richness and relative abundance in one 6-km long section of live fences
(LF) bordering a dirt road and in two 6-km long sections of residual
forest vegetation along a river (MR) and one permanent stream (BS). We
used point count procedures which resulted in the count of 2984 birds
representing 133 species. At the LF site we detected 74% of the
species, 72% at the BS site and 57% at the MR site. Only 38% of the
species were common among sites. Neotropical migratory birds accounted
for 34-41% of the species counted at all sites. While edge and open
habitat birds accounted for 6-10% of the species and for 50% of the
records at the three vegetation strips, about 90% of the species were
forest birds. Distance to forest fragments and degree of disturbance of
the vegetation seemed to negatively influence bird species presence at
the BS and MR strips. Rarefaction analysis indicated that the LF strip
was richer in species than the other two sites, but the occurrence of
the three vegetation strips in the landscape seem to favor the presence
of many more species. We discuss the value of these vegetation strips
to birds as stepping stones in the fragmented landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
25. Bird use and nesting in conventional, minimum-tillage, and organic cropland.
Lokemoen, John T. and Beiser, Julia A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 644-655. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ reproductive productivity/ ecology/
population dynamics/ animal constructions/ man-made habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Aves: farming and agriculture/ fledgeing success/
farming system effect/ hatching success/ community structure/ seasonal
changes/ mortality/ nest losses/ predators/ nest loss significance/
minimum tillage and organic farms/ nests/ density/ conventional/
minimum tillage and organic farmland/ cultivated land habitat/ farming
system/ effect on community structure and reproduction/ North Dakota/
Prairie Pothole Region/ community structure and reproduction/ effect of
farming system/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
26. Bird use of terraces in Iowa rowcrop fields.
Hultquist, J. M. and Best, L. B.
American Midland Naturalist 145(2): 275-287. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: abundance estimation/ agricultural land/ avifauna/ habitat use/ terrace/ United States/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Spiza americana
Abstract:
Bird use of terraces in rowcrop fields was evaluated during 1996-1997
in southwestern Iowa by line transect counts of birds, nest
searches and nest monitoring. Twenty-six bird species were observed in
terraces. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and dickcissels
(Spiza americana) were most abundant, accounting for 58% of the
total bird abundance. Bird abundance in terraces (x̄
= 463.0 birds/100 ha, SE = 33.0) was less than that in other
strip-cover habitats such as grassed waterways and roadsides, but
greater than that in rowcrops. Five species nested in terraces. We
found 64.8 nests/10 ha of which 76% were red-winged blackbird nests.
Predation resulted in failure of 73% of all nests. The relative
contribution of terraces to grassland bird conservation is minor, and
changes in current terrace management practices would not likely
improve conditions for birds nor be economical.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
27. Bird use of three types of field margins in relation to intensive agriculture in Quebec, Canada.
Jobin, B.; Choiniere, L.; and Belanger, L.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84(2):
131-143. (2001)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00206-1.
Descriptors: Canada/
Crop pests/ Farmland birds/ field margin/ hedgerow/ Quebec/ windbreak/
habitat use/ birds/ field margin/ habitat use/ intensive agriculture/
Canada/ Aves/ Coniferales/ Galliformes
Abstract:
Habitat structure and bird use of field margins were studied in
intensive farmlands of southern Quebec, Canada. The main
objectives were: (1) to assess the value of field margins for
conserving avian diversity in agricultural landscapes, (2) to document
their potential as breeding habitats for bird species particularly
those considered as nuisance for crops, and (3) to describe habitat
variables that best explained bird use of field margins. Three types of field margins were distinguished: (a) natural hedgerows (n
= 27) with well developed tree and shrub strata, (b) planted windbreaks
(n = 17) mostly composed of coniferous trees and generally devoid of a
well structured shrub stratum, and (c) herbaceous field margins (n =
17) with isolated shrubs. A total of 42 bird species were recorded.
Bird use of hedgerows and windbreaks was similar, herbaceous field
margins having fewer bird species and individuals than the other two
types of field margin. Field margins did not contribute significantly
as breeding habitats of bird species that may damage crops, but offered
shelter to a broad range of species potentially useful for biological
pest control. Bird use of field margins was mostly related to hedges'
structural complexity and dimension. Conserving natural hedgerows,
minimising mechanical and chemical control of the vegetation in field
margins, and planting a mix of deciduous and coniferous species in
windbreaks represent efficient conservation strategies both from a
wildlife and an agronomic point of view.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
28. Birds and the Conservation Reserve Program: A retrospective study.
Lauber, T. B.
Orono, Me.: University of Maine, 1991.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.) in Wildlife Management. Bibliography: leaves 243-248. Includes vita.
NAL Call #: MeU Univ. 1991 L38
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program---U.S/ Bird populations, Effect of agricultural conservation on
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
29. Black-tailed prairie dogs and the structure of avian communities on the shortgrass plains.
Smith, G. A. and Lomolino, M. V.
Oecologia 138(4): 592-602. (2004); ISSN: 00298549
Descriptors: biological
diversity/ fragmentation/ grassland birds/ keystone species/ avifauna/
community structure/ conservation management/ prairie/ rodent/
ecosystem/ Sciuridae/ ecosystem/ Sciuridae/ Oklahoma/ Artemisia
filifolia/ Athene cunicularia/ Buteo regalis/ Charadrius vociferous/
Cynomys ludovicianus/ Eremophila alpestris/ Sturnella
Abstract:
We tested the hypothesis that black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys
ludovicianus) influence avian community structure on the shortgrass
prairie. We surveyed 36 prairie dog towns and 36 paired sites without
prairie dogs during summer and fall of 1997, 1998, and 1999 in the
Oklahoma Panhandle. Our surveys totaled 9,040 individual observations
for 73 avian species. Significantly distinct avian communities were
present on prairie dog towns when compared to sites within four
different macrohabitats of the surrounding landscape: open rangeland,
scrub/sandsage (Artemisia filifolia) habitats, Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) plots, and fallow crop fields. Relative densities of all
bird species combined was higher on prairie dog towns versus paired
sites in summer and fall. Mean species richness of birds was
significantly higher on prairie dog towns than paired sites during
summer, but there were no significant differences in fall. Open
rangeland had the highest mean species richness in fall. Assemblages of
avian communities differed significantly between prairie dog towns and
the four macrohabitat types during summer. Burrowing owls (Athene
cunicularia), killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), horned larks
(Eremophila alpestris), and meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) were
positively and significantly associated with prairie dog towns during
summer, while horned larks and ferruginous hawks
(Buteo
regalis) were significantly associated with prairie dog towns during
fall. Even in their current remnant state, black-tailed prairie dogs
continue to play a significant rolein the assembly of ecological communities across the Great Plains. Conservation of prairie dogs goes well beyond a single species, and is an important strategy for the preservation of the prairie ecosystem as a whole.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
30. Breeding bird abundance and diversity in agricultural field borders in the black belt prairie of Mississippi.
Smith, Mark D.; Barbour, Philip J.; Burger, L. Wes.; and Dinsmore, Stephen J.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59: 43-56. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation measures/ ecology/ community
structure/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/
land zones/ Aves: habitat management/ breeding species abundance/
species diversity/ agricultural field border strips/ relative
abundance/ population density/ distribution within habitat/ grasslands/
cultivated land habitat/ Mississippi/ Clay and Lowndes Counties/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Conservation buffer practices implemented under
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Bill programs offer
opportunities for enhancing breeding season habitat for farmland birds.
Recently, CP33 (Habitat Buffers for Upland Birds) was added as a new
continuous Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) practice designed to address habitat goals for northern bobwhite (Colinus
virginianus) under the Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative.
However, it is presumed that this practice will also benefit other
birds. To evaluate potential benefits of CP33 field borders for
farmland birds, we established a total of 89.0 km of experimental field
borders (6.1-m wide) along agriculture field edges on three
405-ha farms in Clay and Lowndes counties, Mississippi. We used 200-m x
20-m strip transects to measure abundance and diversity of birds
inhabiting bordered and non-bordered field edges. Indigo bunting
(Passerina cyanea) and dickcissel (Spiza americana) abundances
were nearly twofold greater along bordered field edges. However,
mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), northern cardinal (Cardinalis
cardinalis), and common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) abundances did not
differ between bordered and non-bordered field edges. Field borders
adjacent to strip habitats (i.e., fencerows, drainage
ditches) had greater total bird and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius
phoeniceus) abundance than non-bordered edges adjacent to strip
habitats. Species richness was greater along bordered than non-bordered
edges. Within intensive agricultural landscapes where large-scale
grassland restoration is impractical, USDA conservation buffer
practices such as field borders (CP33) may be useful for enhancing local breedingbird richness and abundance.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
31. Breeding
bird composition and species relative abundance patterns on
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land in western Minnesota.
Hanowski, JoAnn M.
Loon 67(1): 12-16. (1995)
Descriptors: communities/ Conservation Reserve Program/ conservation programs/ birds/ Minnesota/ Minnesota, western
© NISC
32. Butterflies and continuous Conservation Reserve Program filter strips: Landscape considerations.
Davros, N. M.; Debinski, D. M.; Reeder, K. F.; and Hohman, W. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 936-943. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [936:BACCRP]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: buffers/ butterfly abundance/ diversity/ farm conservation/ filter strip/ landscape context/ Minnesota/ species richness
Abstract:
Filter strips or buffers are areas of grass or other perennial
herbaceous vegetation established along waterways to remove
contaminants and sediments from agricultural field runoff. In the
heavily cultivated regions of the Midwestern United States, these
buffer zones established under the Farm Bill provide important habitat
for wildlife such as butterflies. The question of how the landscape
context of these plantings influences their use has not been adequately
researched. We used multiple regression and Akaike's Information
Criteria to determine how habitat width and several landscape-level
factors (i.e., landscape composition [total herbaceous cover, amount of
developed area, and amount of wooded cover] and configuration
[herbaceous edge density]) influenced the abundance and diversity of
the butterfly community using filter strips in southwestern Minnesota,
USA. Habitat-sensitive butterfly abundance and all richness and
diversity measures were positively correlated with filter-strip width.
Butterfly abundance was negatively associated with the amount of
developed areas (cities, towns, and roads) within the area of a 1-km
radius (3.14 km2)
surrounding the sites. Percentage of wooded cover in the landscape was
an important variable explaining individual species abundance, although
the direction of the relationship varied. Our finding that landscape
context influences butterfly use of filter strips highlights the
importance of landscape-level approaches to wildlife conservation in
agroecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
33. Changes in breeding bird populations with habitat restoration in northern Iowa.
Fletcher, R. J. and Koford, R. R.
American Midland Naturalist 150(1): 83-94. (July 2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ grassland birds/ avian communities/ area sensitivity/
prairie wetlands/ natural wetlands/ abundance/ Dakota/ fields
Abstract:
Native tallgrass prairie and wetland habitat in the Prairie Pothole
Region of the United States have declined over the past two
centuries. Bird communities using these habitats have also experienced
widespread declines that are often attributed to severe habitat loss
and fragmentation. We estimated the change, or turnover, in bird
populations in the Eagle Lake Wetland Complex, Iowa, with ongoing
grassland and wetland restoration by linking geographic information
system data and bird surveys in different land cover types (hayland,
pasture, restored grassland, restored wetland and rowcrop agriculture)
during the 1999-2001 breeding seasons. Habitat restoration efforts
primarily converted rowcrop agriculture and pastures into grassland and
wetland habitat. Based on land conversion, abundances of most species
have likely increased in the area, including many species of management
concern. Yet a few species, such as killdeer (Charadrius vociferus),
have probably decreased in abundance. This estimation approach and
these estimates provided a critical first step for evaluating
restoration efforts; however, information on demographic parameters,
such as nesting success, in restored areas is needed for understanding
how restoration ultimately affects bird populations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
34. Comanagement of wildlife corridors: The case for citizen participation in the Algonquin to Adirondack proposal.
Brown, R. and Harris, G.
Journal of Environmental Management 74(2): 97-106. (Jan. 2005)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6
Descriptors: citizen
participation/ conservation programs/ wildlife habitats/ case studies/
animal communities/ landowners/ household surveys/ environmental
management/ land use/ Eastern United States/ forest management/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ forestry related
Abstract: The
debate between top-down and bottom-up planning has recently
re-emerged in environmental management. Many commentators agree on the
merits of comanagement, in which affected citizens and professional
managers share responsibility for planning. Nevertheless, the manifold
advantages of comanagement have not always been fully appreciated in
environmental planning. For example, a group representing NGOs and
academic institutions recently proposed an ecological corridor
linking Algonquin Provincial Park in southern Ontario to
the Adirondack Park in northern New York. This corridor,
known as A2A, was designed to encourage the migration of wolves and
other wildlife between the parks. Much of the land in A2A is private
property. A survey of households, randomly scattered throughout
the United States portion of the corridor, revealed that affected
landowners had little knowledge of the proposal and no contact with its
advocates. Many respondents were farmers who utilized land for
livelihood. Other landowners enjoyed property for a variety of
recreational purposes. Regardless of use, survey participants d
high value on the importance of conserving biological diversity. They
also expressed great distrust toward restrictions that might be placed
on their activities. In general, respondents felt very unsure about
A2A, and they were uncertain about personal involvement in the planning
process. Certain landowners indicated a willingness to have their land
be included in an ecological corridor, despite not knowing about it
before the survey was administered. These results suggest that A2A
proponents have little to lose and much to gain by disseminating information
locally and by embracing comanagement for further formulation of this
plan. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [publisher]
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
35. Combining data from state and national monitoring surveys to assess large-scale impacts of agricultural policy.
Nusser, S. M.; Clark, W. R.; Wang, J.; and Bogenschutz, T. R.
Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 9(3): 381-397. (2004)
NAL Call #: S566.55.J68; ISSN: 10857117.
Notes: doi: 10.1198/108571104X4441.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ National Resources Inventory/ Phasianus colchicus/ population modeling/ ring-necked pheasant
Abstract:
An increasing number of state and national databases are available to
assess agricultural and environmental trends in natural resource
populations. We use a case study approach to consider methodologies for
combining state and national data to assess the impact of agricultural
policy on state wildlife populations. The scientific question is to
assess the impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on pheasant
populations in Iowa, using land cover/use data from the National
Resources Inventory and count data from an annual state pheasant
population survey. Our approach involves identifying a common spatial
polygon for linking summaries from each of two datasets, and then
estimating parameters that describe temporal trends in land cover and
in pheasant populations over a common time period within each polygon.
Estimated pheasant population parameters are regressed on land cover
summaries to investigate the impact of the Conservation Reserve Program
on pheasant populations in regions of the state. Results reveal that
the population response to the Conservation Reserve Program varies by
region in relation to the physiography and agricultural use of the
region, in ways that were not anticipated by policy developers.
Statistical considerations for developing appropriate models for
combining data are discussed. © 2004 American Statistical
Association and the International Biometric Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
36. A comparison of Conservation Reserve Program habitat plantings with respect to arthropod prey for grassland birds.
McIntyre, N. E. and Thompson, T. R.
American Midland Naturalist 150(2): 291-301. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: environment-ecology/
Texas High Plains/ North American grassland/ population trends/ CRP
fields/ community structure/ avian abundance/ nestling diet/
vegetation/ Coleoptera/ landscape
Abstract: The
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was designed to reduce soil
erosion and curb agricultural overproduction by converting highly
erodible agricultural land to various forms of perennial habitat. It
has had an incidental benefit of providing habitat for wildlife and has
been beneficial in reversing population declines of several grassland
bird species. However, the mechanisms behind these reversals remain
unknown. One such mechanism may be differences in food availability on
CRP vs. non-CRP land or between different types of CRP. The influence
of CRP habitat type on the abundance of arthropod prey used by
grassland birds has not been previously explored. We compared the
abundance and diversity of arthropods among four CRP habitat types
in Texas [replicated plots of exotic lovegrass (Eragrostis
curvula), Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum), mixed
native grasses with buffalograss (Buchlo dactyloides) and mixed native grasses without buffalograss] and native shortgrass prairie. Attention was focused on adult and juvenile spiders (Order Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), orthopterans (Orthroptera: grasshoppers and crickets) and lepidopterans (Lepidoptera: butterflies and moths), as these taxa are the primary prey items of grassland birds during the breeding season. Arthropod diversity and abundance were higher on indigenous prairie compared to CRP, reflecting differences in vegetative diversity and
structure, but there were no differences in arthropod richness or
abundance among CRP types. These results indicate that, although CRP is
not equivalent to native prairie in terms of vegetation or arthropod
diversity, CRP lands do support arthropod prey for grassland birds. More direct assays of the survivorship and fitness of birds on CRP compared to native shortgrass prairie are clearly warranted.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
37. A comparison of landscapes occupied by increasing and decreasing populations of grassland birds.
Veech, J. A.
Conservation Biology 20(5): 1422-1432. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00487.x.
Descriptors: bird population trends/ Conservation Reserve Program/ randomization test/ urbanization
Abstract: For
several decades, many grassland bird species have been declining in
abundance throughout the Midwest and Great Plains regions of
the United States, possibly due to loss of natural grassland
habitat
and increasing urbanization. I used 20 years of data from the North
American Breeding Bird Survey to identify increasing, decreasing, and
stable populations of 36 grassland-nesting bird species. I
characterized the immediate landscape (circle with radius = 30 km)
surrounding each population based on data from the National Resources
Inventory. For each landscape, I calculated the proportion of eight
different land-cover types: restored grassland, rangeland, cultivated
cropland, pasture, noncultivated cropland, forest, urban land, and
water. Using a null model, I compared landscape composition of
increasing, decreasing, and stable populations. As predicted on the
basis of the habitat preferences of grassland birds, increasing
populations inhabited landscapes that contained significantly more
restored grassland and rangeland but significantly less forest land and
urban land than landscapes inhabited by decreasing populations. There
was no significant difference in the proportion of cropland within the
landscapes of increasing and decreasing populations, although cropland
composed a large proportion (>30%) of many landscapes. In contrast,
restored grassland typically composed a very small proportion
(<3.5%) of total land cover, yet it was significantly more common in
the landscapes of increasing than decreasing populations. These results
suggest that grassland birds may benefit from government initiatives, such
as the Conservation Reserve Program, that promote the restoration of
grassland at a landscape scale. ©2006 Society for Conservation
Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
38. A comparison of public lands and farmlands for grassland bird conservation.
Cunningham, M. A.
Professional Geographer 57(1): 51-65. (2005);
ISSN: 00330124
Descriptors: biodiversity/
Conservation Reserve Program/ grassland birds/ habitat fragmentation/
biodiversity/ environmental management/ grasslands/ habitat
fragmentation/ passerines/ species conservation/ Minnesota/ Aves/
Passeri
Abstract:
Midwestern states have invested extensively in grasslands for wildlife
conservation, yet these public lands make up a minority of grassland
habitat. How effective are public grasslands, relative to private
lands, for conserving native songbird populations? I compare private
and public lands in southern Minnesota using bird survey data from
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields and public lands and
assessing fragmentation in a GIS. Bird abundance and diversity were
greater on CRP lands. Vegetation composition, field isolation, and
field size appear to explain differences in bird counts. Land cover
data show that grassland habitat on public lands is scarce and widely
scattered. The CRP provides more, and here better, habitat for
grassland birds. Funding partly explains this disparity. Trends in farm
set-aside program rules and distribution, which can be vary greatly
over time, will strongly influence the success or failure of
biodiversity conservation in this region. © 2005 by Association of
American Geographers.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
39. A conceptual model and indicators for assessing the ecological condition of agricultural lands.
Hess, G. R.; Campbell, C. L.; Fiscus, D. A.; Hellkamp, A. S.; McQuaid, B. F.; Munster, M. J.; Peck, S. L.; and Shafer, S. R.
Journal of Environmental Quality 29(3): 728-737. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 00472425
Descriptors: agricultural
products/ ecosystems/ environmental protection/ farms/ mathematical
models/ productivity/ societies and institutions/ agricultural land/
agroecosystems/ sustainability/ agriculture/ agriculture/ conference
paper/ ecosystem/ environmental management/ environmental monitoring/
environmental planning
Abstract:
As part of an environmental monitoring and assessment effort, we
developed a conceptual model for measuring and assessing the condition
and sustainability of agroecosystems. An agroecosystem is a field,
pasture, or orchard and the associated border areas. We focused on
ecological sustainability and defined the goals for agroecosystems in
terms of the values people on them. The purpose of an
agroecosystem is to produce food and fiber. Other desired outcomes can
be considered as goals for the larger landscape and the rest of the
world, and they sometimes function as constraints on production.
Condition is defined by agroecosystem productivity and the degree to
which farmers use management and stewardship practices that conserve
and protect valued natural resources in the landscape and the rest of
the world. An agroecosystem in good condition is productive and is
managed to conserve valued resources. Sustainability is the maintenance
of good condition over time. We developed indicators that link system
condition and sustainability to societal values and goals. These
indicators measure productivity, management practices that promote
sustainability at the agroecosystem scale, and management practices
that promote sustainability at landscape and global scales. Our initial
efforts focused on annually harvested herbaceous crops; however, the
concepts we used can be adapted to other plant and livestock systems.
Our conceptual approach may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of
several major programs now being implemented, including the USDA's
Environmental Quality Incentive and Conservation Reserve Programs.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
40. Conducting a financial analysis of quail hunting within the Conservation Reserve Program.
Williams, C. F. and Mjelde, J. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(2): 233-241. (Summer 1994)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors: colinus virginianus/ hunting/ economic analysis/ federal programs/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
41. Conservation assessment: Henslow's sparrow Ammodramus henslowii.
Burhans, Dirk E.
St.
Paul, MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-NC 226, 2002. 46 p.
Notes: 0363-616X (ISSN); Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation/
reproduction/ ecology/ land zones/ Ammodramus henslowii: conservation
measures/ conservation assessment/ United States/ distribution/
biology and conservation assessment/ Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Apparent
population declines of migrant songbirds have resulted
in special interest in grassland songbirds, which show some of the most
consistent declines among songbirds generally. Among these species,
Henslow's Sparrows have the most restrictive habitat requirements and
show some of the most serious declines. The Henslow's Sparrow is often
overlooked due to its shy, secretive nature and nondescript song. In
the Midwest, Henslow's Sparrows historically bred in native
tallgrass prairie habitat; in the East, grasslands maintained by
natural disturbances or fires set by Native Americans provided habitat
for birds like Henslow's Sparrow. Henslow's Sparrows were probably
numerous in the Midwest before European settlement and the
transition to large-scale grassland development. Declines in
the Midwest are largely due to loss of tallgrass habitat;
estimates of
the tallgrass prairie lost range as high as 99.9 percent. Declines in
the East may be due to reforestation and loss of pastures. In addition
to loss of prairies and native grasslands throughout the Henslow's
Sparrow's range, intensive human use of "secondary
grasslands"--hayfields and pastures that contribute to the grassland
landscape--has also contributed to habitat decline. Henslow's Sparrows
use grassland habitats. Grasslands that provide breeding habitat for
Henslow's Sparrow need to be large (generally >30 ha), have a
well-developed layer of litter, and contain standing dead vegetation.
Some woody shrubs will be used as song perches, but too many shrubs,
such as in an old field, will result in unsuitable habitat. Wintering
habitats used by Henslow's Sparrow may be much smaller (sometimes
<1.0 ha) and may not require litter and standing dead vegetation.
With the possible exception of reclaimed strip mines, both wintering
and breeding habitats require frequent disturbance, such as fire,
grazing, or mowing, to maintain suitability for Henslow's Sparrows.
Henslow's Sparrows will not occupy these habitats immediately following
severe disturbance, so that in some cases maintaining a desirable tract
requires a "mosaic" of recently and not so recently (2-4 years)
disturbed habitat parcels. Other recent studies suggest that light to
moderate levels of grazing will maintain proper habitat structure
throughout an entire tract. Where patches of grassland habitat adjoin
one another, removal of fencerows and treelines between patches may
facilitate occupancy of smaller breeding habitats. Publicly owned
grasslands on both the breeding and wintering grounds, particularly at
some U.S.Army installations and National and State Wildlife Refuges,
comprise significant habitats having large Henslow's Sparrow
populations; yet many significant breeding populations are also found
on privately owned lands, including reclaimed strip mines, pastures,
hayfields, and ConservationReserve Program (CRP) lands. The future of
sparrow populations on private lands is not assured, particularly with
declines in dairy farming, increases in intensive grazing, and row
cropping of former hayfields. Studies on use of CRP land indicate that
this land may provide appropriateHenslow's Sparrow habitat, but
continuance of the program and management of grassland succession under
CRP are not assured. Present population surveys using Breeding Bird
Survey (BBS) routes do not appear well suited for monitoring the
species because of the ephemeralnature of Henslow's Sparrow habitat and
because the surveys miss some significant populations. Future research
needs to more adequately surveyand monitor populations so that
potential declines or increases can be accurately assessed. Although
much new information on breeding and wintering populations of Henslow's
Sparrow has been acquired since Pruitt's 1996 report, more information
is needed to determine the extent and viability of populations.
Additional data are required on locations of breeding populations and
nesting success across a range of fragment sizes; wintering site
fidelity, habitat use, and site locations; and management approaches
for both wintering and breeding habitat. The above data, when combined
with reliable population survey data, will provide a more accurate
assessment of how stable the Henslow's Sparrow population is and where
or when management should intervene.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
42. Conservation practices in western Oregon perennial grass seed systems: III. Impacts on gray-tailed vole activity.
Steiner, J. J.; Gavin, W. E.; Mueller-Warrant, G. W.; Griffith, S. M.; Whittaker, G. W.; and Banowetz, G. M.
Agronomy Journal 99(2): 537-542. (2007);
ISSN: 00021962.
Notes: doi: 10.2134/agronj2006.0165.
Descriptors: conservation tillage/ seeds/ gray-tailed voles/ Microtus canicaudus/ wildlife habitat/ prescribed burns
Abstract:
Decreased use of field burning to dispose of straw after harvest of
temperate grass seed crops and the implementation of alternative
conservation practices including direct seeding (DS) and maximal
residue (HR) management have raised questions whether certain pests
such as the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) are worse than
before these changes. The number of vole burrow holes was determined 15
Jan. 1999 at two research locations in western Oregon. Comparisons
were made for the effects of DS and conventional tillage (CT)
establishment, maximal and minimal residue (LR) management, present
perennial seed crops, and immediate-prior crop in the rotation sequence
and two-crops-prior in the rotation sequence. The treatments that most
greatly influenced vole activity were crop establishment method and the
previous crop in the rotation sequence. Vole activity was greatest in
DS tillage establishment and when perennial grass seed was the prior
crop in the rotation sequence. A possible production strategy to reduce
vole activity could be to include meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.)
or cereals in the rotation sequences when DS perennial grass seed crops
are grown. This research demonstrates how vole activity can be reduced
in perennial grass seed crops, without the need for tillage before
establishment of new stands.
© American Society of Agronomy.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
43. The Conservation Reserve Program: A wildlife conservation legacy.
Rude, Kathleen and Wildlife Management Institute.
Washington, D.C.: Wildlife Management Institute, 1994. 15 p.: ll., map.
Notes:
Original title: "The Conservation Reserve Program: A wildlife
conservation legacy --- America needs the Conservation Reserve
Program"; "October, 1994."
NAL Call #: S624.A1C67 1994
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program---United States/ Soil conservation---Government
policy---United States/ Wildlife conservation---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
44. Conservation Reserve Program: Alternatives are available for managing environmentally sensitive cropland.
General Accounting Office
Washington, DC: GAO, 1995.
Notes: GAO/RCED-95-42.
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95042.pdf
Descriptors: cultivated lands/ land management/ agriculture/ land use/ water quality/ watershed protection
Abstract:
If not properly managed, agricultural production on the nation's
382 million cropland acres can adversely affect the quality of water
and air, the productivity of soil, and the availability of wildlife
habitat. In an effort to reduce
these effects by temporarily removing highly erodible cropland from
production, the Congress enacted the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
in 1985. The CRP was also designed to reduce surplus crop production and support farm income. Under the CRP, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) contracted with farmers to take 36.4 million acres out of production for 10 years in return for rental and cost-share payments of almost $20 billion through the year 2002. These contracts will begin to expire in 1995, with the contracts for the majority of acres-22 million-expiring in 1996 and 1997.
© ProQuest
45. The Conservation Reserve Program and duck and pheasant production in St. Croix County, Wisconsin.
Evrard, J. O.
Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources; Report 183, 2000. 8 p.
http://digital.library.wisc.edu/
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus/ Anas discors/ Anas platyrhynchos/ common pheasant/
blue-winged teal/ mallard/ habitat management/ prairie/ cover/ nest
© NISC
46. The Conservation Reserve Program and grassland birds.
Johnson, D. H. and Schwartz, M. D.
Conservation Biology 7(4): 934-937. (1993)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Aves/ grasslands/ environmental restoration/ habitat utilization/ government policy/ United States/ birds
Abstract: Several
bird species that breed in the temperate grasslands of North
America, many of which winter in the Neotropics, declined in
abundance during the past quarter century. The Lark Bunting (see Table
1 for scientific names) and Grasshopper Sparrow, as examples, declined
by about half during that period, as indexed by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service's Breeding Bird Survey. Populations of other grassland
species have also diminished steadily, if not as spectacularly. Why so
many species declined is not known, but continued conversion of
perennial grassland to annually tilled cropland is a suspected cause. A
test of this possibility is offered by the Conservation Reserve
Program, a program of the United States Department of Agriculture that
caused the reversion of millions of hectares of marginal cropland to
perennial grassland. We evaluated the use by breeding birds of selected
Program fields in eastern Montana, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and western Minnesota. These four states have about four
million hectares of land enrolled in the Program.
© ProQuest
47. The Conservation Reserve Program and northern bobwhite population trends in Illinois.
Roseberry, J. L. and David, L. M.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 87 (1-2): 61-70. (1994)
NAL Call #: 500 IL6; ISSN: 0019-2252
Descriptors: Colinus virginianus/ population status/ land use/ agricultural ecosystems/ Illinois/ management/ birds/ United States
Abstract:
We examined 3 indexes of Northern Bobwhite abundance in Illinois
at various geographic scales to determine possible relationships with
the Conservation Reserve Program. Over 256,000 ha were enrolled in the
CRP during the first 9 signup periods (1986-1990). About 87% of this
land was in CP-1 vegetation (introduced cool-season grasses and
legumes). Male bobwhite call counts in some parts of the state may have
been positively related to amounts of CRP land. However, there was no
strong evidence that autumn population densities increased as a result
of the program. Positive CRP effects on local bobwhite habitat in some
areas were probably offset by neutral or negative effects in others. We
discuss possible reasons why potential benefits of the CRP for Northern
Bobwhite have not been fully realized.
© ProQuest
48. The Conservation Reserve Program and wildlife habitat in the southeastern United States.
Carmichael, D. Breck
Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(4): 773-775. (1997)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ Conservation Reserve Program/ habitat management/ management/
wildlife/ United States, southeastern region
Abstract:
The author provides a history of the Conservation Reserve Program in
the southeastern United States. A recent cooperative study by the
International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service conducted between 1988 and 1992 showed no
significant, long-term enhancement of habitat attributable to the CRP in the Southeast. The author discusses reasons for this lack of success in this region.
© NISC
49. Conservation Reserve Program: Benefit for grassland birds in the northern plains.
Reynolds, R. E.; Shaffer, T. L.; Sauer, J. R.; and Peterjohn, B. G.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 59: 328-336. (1994)
Descriptors: birds/
conservation programs/ ducks/ grassland/ nests and nesting/ waterfowl/
abundance/ cover, nesting/ policies and programs/ statistics/ North
Dakota/ South Dakota/ Conservation Reserve Program/ upland nesting/
nest success/ waterfowl production Areas/ Breeding Bird surveys/
population Trends/ grasslands/ North Dakota/ South Dakota/ northern
plains
Abstract:
The importance of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) to
upland-nesting ducks and certain other grassland-nesting birds was
investigated. For ducks, nest success in CRP cover was compared with
nest success in planted cover on waterfowl production areas in the same
period (1992-93) and with that of an earlier period (1980-84). For
nonwaterfowl, North American Breeding Bird Survey data were used to
compare trends in populations of certain species found in CRP, for the
Periods 1966-86 (pre-CRP establishment) and 1987-92 (post-CRP cover
establishment) in North Dakota.
© NISC
50. Conservation Reserve Program benefits on Henslow's sparrows within the United States.
Herkert, J. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8): 2749-2751.
(Nov. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ Henslow's sparrow/ Ammodramus henslowii
Abstract: Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii)
is
one of North America's fastest declining songbirds. Population
declines combined with a small global population have led to heightened
conservation concern. I used data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey
to assess the impact that the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has
had on Henslow's sparrows throughout their United States breeding
range. My analysis suggests local Henslow's sparrow population trends
are correlated with CRP enrollment, with populations increasing more in
areas
with relatively high local CRP enrollment, and that CRP appears to be
playing a significant role in reversing long-term population declines.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
51. Conservation Reserve Program bibliography.
Allen, Arthur W.
Fort Collins, CO: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, 1996.
Notes: Version 30SEP2002; Query-searchable bibliography.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/crpbib/index.htm
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)/ wildlife habitat/ wildlife management/ cropland/ grassland
Abstract:
This bibliography contains citations pertaining to the effects of
the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) on wildlife habitat. Selected
additional references relevant to integration of agricultural policy,
wildlife management, or other environmental objectives associated with
management of agricultural ecosystems also are included.
52. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contributions to avian habitat.
Allen, A. W.
In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Aid Report, National
Biological Survey; Fort Collins, CO: National Ecology Research Center, 1994.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ United States/ avian conservation/ landscape management/ habitat management
Abstract:
Discusses characteristics of CRP contracts with greatest
potential benefits, landscape planning, and management recommendations.
53. The Conservation Reserve Program: Good for birds of many feathers.
Kantrud, H. A.; Koford, R. R.; Johnson, D. H.; and Schwartz, M. D.
North Dakota Outdoors 56(2): 14-17. (1993)
Descriptors: state conservation programs/ North Dakota/ Conservation Reserve Program/ population trends/ birds
Abstract: Examined avian species' use and population trends on CRP land in North Dakota.
54. The Conservation Reserve Program - Planting for the Future: Proceedings of a National Conference.
Allen, Arthur W. and Vandever, Mark W.
Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey; Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5145, 2005. 268 pp.
Notes: Conference held: June 6-9, 2004 at Fort Collins, Colorado.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Products/Publications/21490/ 21490.pdf
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)/ conservation assessment/ cropland/ prairies/ shrublands/ wildlife
Abstract:
In June 2004 the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Farm
Service Agency (FSA), with support from the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS), held a three-day symposium on the Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) in Fort Collins, Colorado. These proceedings
contain papers
by most of those who made presentations at the symposium, but some were
unable to provide written papers. This shortcoming has been addressed
in part by addition of papers presenting information on prairie grouse
response to the CRP, long-term trends in Southern Plains CRP grassland
vegetation, and discussion of FSA support of an investigation to
regionally refine management of CRP grasslands to address ecological
conditions in the short-grass prairie region.
55. Conservation Reserve Program: Source or sink habitat for grassland birds in Missouri?
McCoy, Timothy D.; Ryan, Mark R.; Kurzejeski, Eric W.; and Burger, Loren W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 63(2): 530-538. (1999)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X.
Notes: Project Number: MO W-013-R.
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Carduelis
tristis/ Geothlypis trichas/ Spiza americana/ Spizella pusilla/
Sturnella magna/ behavior/ birds/ communities/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ ecosystems/ fecundity/ grasslands/ habitat management/
management/ nests-nesting/ species diversity/ wildlife/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ wild birds/ wildlife conservation/
federal programs/ natural resources/ land development, land reform, and
utilization (macroeconomics)/ conservation programs/ grassland/
habitat/ reproduction/ statistics/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
population dynamics/ grasshopper sparrow/ field sparrow/ eastern
meadowlark/ American goldfinch/ common yellowthroat/ dickcissel/ red
winged blackbird/ Missouri/ Knox County/ Macon County/ Linn County
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has been credited with
contributing substantially to the conservation of grassland birds.
Although many species have nested on grasslands established under the
CRP, little evidence of positive effect on populations has been
reported. We measured reproductive rates and estimated fecundity of 7
grassland bird species in CRP fields in northern Missouri and compared
those rates to estimates of fecundity needed to maintain stable
populations (λ
= 1). Under conservative assumptions of survival CRP fields seemingly
were source habitats (fecundity exceeded levels necessary for λ
= 1 for grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and field sparrows
(Spizella pusilla) in at least 2 of 3 years, 1995 P = 0.02, 1995 P <
0.001) and pooled over 3 years (Ps < 0.001). Although evidence was
less compelling CRP fields were likely source habitat for eastern
meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and American goldfinches (Carduelis
tristis). For American goldfinches, fecundity was greater than that
necessary of λ
= 1 in 1995 (P < 0.001), and pooled over 3 years (< 0.001). Our
pooled estimate of fecundity was greater than necessary for λ
= 1 for eastern meadowlarks (Ps < 0.001), but only under a liberal
assumption of survival in 2 of 3 years (1993: P = 0.001; 1995: P =
0.088). Fecundity of common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) varied
substantially; therefore, source-sink status alternated among years,
although the pooled estimate of fecundity was less than required for λ = 1 (P < 0.001). Dickcissel (Spiza americana) fecundity was consistently less than necessary for λ
= 1 (conservative survival assumption; all Ps < 0.001; liberal
survival assumption: 1994 P = 0.009, pooled P = 0.014). For red-winged
blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), CRP fields were consistently a sink
habitat (all Ps < 0.001). Based on our evidence, the CRP likely has
contributed to the conservation of grasshopper sparrows, field
sparrows, and eastern meadowlarks. Although large numbers
of dickcissels and red-winged blackbirds nested in CRP fields, there is
little evidence that the CRP has contributed to populations of those
species.
© NISC
56. Conservation Reserve Program: Tree thinning.
United States, Farm Service Agency
Washington, D.C.: USDA, Farm Service Agency. (1999).
Notes: Fact sheet (United States. Farm Service Agency)
NAL Call #: aS930.C659 1999
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program---United States/ Forest thinning---United States/
Conservation of natural resources---United States/ Wildlife habitat
improvement---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
57. Conservation Reserve: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Symposium Proceedings.
Joyce, L. A.; Mitchell, J. E.; and Skold, M. D.
Fort
Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RM
203, 1991. 71 p.
Notes: Meeting held January 14, 1991 at Washington, DC.
Descriptors: agriculture/
future planning projected/ land use/ environmental effects/ decision
making/ implementation/ economic impacts/ reserves/ farm management/
contracts/ land ownership/ history/ wildlife/ recreation/ ecology/ crop
yields/ land conservation/ resource conservation/ Agricultural
Resources Conservation Program/ Food Security Act of 1985/ Farm Bill of
1990/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Great Plains Region United States/
natural resources and earth sciences/ natural resource management/
agriculture and food agricultural equipment/ facilities and operations/
urban and regional technology and development/ regional administration
and planning
Abstract:
Contents: The Conservation Reserve Program--How Did We Get Where
We Are and Where Do We Go From Here; An Overview of the Agricultural
Resources Conservation Program; Economics of Livestock and Crop
Production on Post-CRP Lands; Landowner Options When CRP Ends; The
Conservation Reserve Program: Effects on Soil, Water and Environmental
Quality; Conservation Reserve Program Effects on Wildlife and
Recreation; Future Costs and Benefits of Conservation Reserve Lands;
Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Central Great
Plains; Research Questions Related to the Conservation Reserve Program;
Some Sociological and Ecological Effects of the Conservation Reserve
Program in the Northern Great Plains; The CRP in Oregon's Columbia
Basin: A Local Perspective.
58. Conserving biological diversity and the Conservation Reserve Program.
Szentandrasi, S.; Polasky, S.; Berrens, R.; and Leonard, J.
Growth Change 26(3): 383-404. (1995)
NAL Call #: HT390.G74; ISSN: 0017-4815 [GRCHDH].
Notes:
Published: Lexington, Ky., College of Business and
Economics, University of Kentucky; In the special issue:
Wilderness areas. Paper presented at the conference, "Wilderness areas, regional planning, and the quality of life" held October 8, 1994.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ habitat conservation/ biological diversity
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
59. Le Conte's sparrows breeding in Conservation Reserve Program fields: Precipitation and patterns of population change.
Igl, L. D. and Johnson, D. H.
In:
Ecology and conservation of grassland birds of the western hemisphere/
Vickery, P. D. and Herkert, J. R.; Series: Studies in Avian Biology 19,
1999; pp. 178-186.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional conservation programs/ Great Plains
Abstract:
Discussed pattern of population change in Le Conte's Sparrows
associated with changes in precipitation and moisture condition.
60. Contributions of the Conservation Reserve Program to populations of breeding birds in North Dakota.
Johnson, Douglas H. and Igl, Lawrence D.
Wilson Bulletin 107(4): 709-718. (1995)
Descriptors: Aves/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/ habitat/ North American Breeding Bird Survey
Abstract:
Previous studies have shown that habitat provided by the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP), a feature of the 1985 Farm Bill. is used by many
birds. The present study quantitatively assesses the importance of the
CRP by estimating changes in breeding-bird populations of North
Dakota projected if CRP land would revert to cultivation. Of 18 species
that were common in CRP or crop fields or both, 12 were more abundant in CRP
habitats. Six of these species had suffered significant population
declines during 1967-1990. according to the North American Breeding
Bird Survey. In contrast, none of the six species that were more common in cropland than in CRP fields had declined significantly. Termination of the
Conservation Reserve Program and a return of enrolled land to
cultivation is projected to cause populationdeclines in North Dakota exceeding 17% for Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), and Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
61. Cover quality of Conservation Reserve Program grasslands in Minnesota, USA.
Haroldson, K.; Kimmel, R.; and Riggs, M.
Gibier Faune Sauvage 15(4): 501-516. (1998);
ISSN: 0761-9243.
Notes: Numero Special Tome 1.
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus (Phasianidae)/ Sturnella (Icteridae)/ farming and
agriculture/ conservation measures/ grasslands/ cover quality/ Minnesota/ Conservation Reserve Program/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
62. Creating quality quail habitat.
Fiedler, David
Missouri Conservationist 63(5): 22-27. (2002);
ISSN: 0026-6515.
Full Text Available at: http://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/ 2002/05/40.htm
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Odontophoridae/ Colinus virginianus/ birds/ conservation/ conservation
programs/ corridors/ ecosystem management/ ecosystems/ farmland/ fires
and burns/ habitat management/ land, private/ landowners/ management/
riparian habitat/ wildlife/ quail
Abstract:
The author explains the dedicated efforts of Ed Keifner to create a
suitable habitat for quails at his Bollinger County, Missouri farm.
Keifner was concerned about the low population of quails on his land. A
private lands' conservationist attributed this to the thick growth of
fescue and broomsedge in his fields, which was hampering the movement
of quails. This could be altered by the use of controlled burning of
the grassy areas and careful application of herbicides. Moreover, a
dense brush cover like thick briar and brush tangles was required in
the nearby woody area, which would serve as a nesting and brooding area
for the quails. Apart from this, he was advised to establish a strip of
vegetation along the stream bank to reduce soil erosion and improve
water quality in the Little Whitewater River. This growth would also
provide the quails with more cover. Nearly 32 acres of his property was
dedicated to making this strip and 10,000 black walnut and burr oak
seedlings were planted. He then controlled the growth of weeds around
these seedlings. In addition, Kiefner's land was enrolled in the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which provided him financial aid
from the US Department of Agriculture. His efforts have yielded
positive results. In 2000, the Conservation Department set up the
Private Land Services Division for providing assistance to over 300,000
private landowners. Their publication "Private Land Services" gives
details on all their services and programs.
© NISC
63. Creating wildlife habitat through federal farm programs: An objective-driven approach.
Burger, L. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 994-999. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [994:CWHTFF]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: conservation planning/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Farm Bill/ objective-driven/ private land/
wildlife habitat
Abstract:
Conservation programs administrated by the United States Department of
Agriculture under the Farm Bill have tremendous potential to impact
wildlife habitat and populations on private land. Recent comprehensive
reviews demonstrate that private landowners who participate in these
programs have established habitats that may contribute to sustaining
some regional wildlife populations. However, I argue that if Farm Bill
conservation program lands are to consistently provide habitat that
supports viable wildlife populations, conservation planners must have a
better understanding of species-specific habitat requirements and
ecological processes. Concomitantly, wildlife biologists also must have
a working knowledge of the conservation programs, practices, and
landowner needs and eligibility requirements. This understanding is
then translated to changes on the landscape through comprehensive
planning and implementation at the farm scale. I argue that, all too
often, landowner's selection of conservation practices is
program-driven. Program-driven implementation is less likely to result
in quality wildlife habitat. I contend that the consistent application
of an objective-driven approach to farm-scale conservation planning is
more likely to produce habitats that sustain viable wildlife
populations. Under this approach, landowner conservation objectives
drive management practices and management practices lead to program
selection, instead of program requirements driving management practices.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
64. The CRP and wildlife habitat.
Bucklin, R.
Agricultural Outlook (AO)(162): 30-31. (Apr. 1990)
NAL Call #: aHD1751.A422; ISSN: 0099-1066
Descriptors: wildlife/
habitats/ land management/ farm surveys/ farm income/ United
States/ Conservation Reserve Program/ farm costs and returns surveys
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
65. CRP land and game bird production in the Texas High Plains.
Berthelsen, P. S.; Smith, L. M.; and Coffman, C. L.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44(5): 504-507. (1989)
Descriptors: agricultural practices/ game management/ Aves/ Texas/ government policy/ habitat conservation/ birds/ wildlife management
Abstract:
Soil Conservation Service personnel were surveyed about the land
enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in the Southern High
Plains of Texas (71 counties, 903,215 ha). Information included
type of cover established, land enrolled, establishment success, and
cost of establishment for five conservation practices (CP1, 2, 4, 10,
12). Land in permanent introduced grasses (CP1) and permanent native
grasses (CP2) accounted for 98% of the total CRP land. Establishment
costs for the most common cover types averaged $142.90/ha
($57.85/acre). Establishment success was 87%. Ring-necked pheasant and
waterfowl production in a four-county area was estimated on selected
CRP grass combinations (blue grama/side-oats grama mixtures, blue
grama/Kleingrass mixtures, and blue grama/old world bluestem mixtures)
using 1988 nesting information and land enrollment figures. Estimated
pheasant production was 174,204 chicks/year. Water-fowl production was
estimated at 1,426 ducklings/year.
© ProQuest
66. CRP, succession, and Brewer's sparrows: Advantages of a long-term, federal land retirement program.
Igl, Lawrence D. and Murphy, Lisa A.
South Dakota Bird Notes 48(3): 69-70. (1996);
ISSN: 0038-3252
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Spizella breweri/ behavior/ birds/ breeding/
conservation programs/ Conservation Reserve Program/ distribution/
ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat use/ home range-territory/ range
extension/ succession/ vocalization/ Brewer's sparrow/ Artemisia spp/
South Dakota: Butte County
Abstract: Brewer's
sparrows have extended their breeding range to the grasslands
created by the Conservation Reserve Program in Butte
County, South Dakota. These grasslands provide habitat for
sagebrush
nesting and other shrubland bird species.
© NISC
67. Decline of the red-winged blackbird population in Ohio correlated to changes in agriculture (1965-1996).
Blackwell, B. F. and Dolbeer, R. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 661-667. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Agelaius
phoeniceus/ habitat/ hay/ Ohio/ population decline/ red-winged
blackbird/ agricultural land/ habitat selection/ land use change/
passerines/ United States/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Glycine max/ Medicago
sativa/ Zea mays
Abstract:
Based on North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) data since 1966,
Ohio has traditionally hosted 1 of the highest breeding season
densities of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) of any U.S.
state or Canadian province. However, from 1966 through 1996, breeding
populations of red-winged blackbirds in Ohio showed a marked
decline (x̄
% change/yr in birds per route = -3.9), with breeding population
indices decreasing by over 53%. Because the red-winged blackbird
successfully adapted to habitats created by agricultural expansion over
the last century and became a recognized pest of crops such as corn
(Zea mays), understanding the decline of this species in Ohio is
important from both ecological and damage control perspectives. We
examined 35 crop and climatic factors relative to their relationship
with the observed breeding population trend for the red-winged
blackbird in Ohio 1966 to 1996. Each year, we found that the area
of non-alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay harvested, the combined area of
corn and soybeans (Glycine max) harvested, the area of non-alfalfa hay
cut by 30 May of the index year (1966-1996), and the area of hay (all
types) cut by 30 May of the year prior to the index best explained the
variance in the breeding population trend of the red-winged blackbird
in Ohio. Given our findings, we suggest that a long-term population
trend for this abundant bird in Ohio is negatively associated with
the efficiency and expansion of modern agriculture.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
68. Demographic
characteristics of a grasshopper sparrow population in a highly
fragmented landscape of western New York State.
Balent, Karla L. and Norment, Christopher J.
Journal of Field Ornithology 74(4): 341-348. (2003)
Descriptors: Ammodramus
savannarum/ Passeriformes/ Emberizidae/ population studies/
reproduction/ terrestrial ecology/ adult return rates/ breeding
biology/ colonization/ demographic characteristics/ dispersal/
extirpation/ fragmented landscape/ grassland habitat/ habitat loss/
nest success/ population ecology/ site fidelity/ territorial defense/
home range/ territory/ continuous grassland habitat maintenance/
distribution/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ Monroe
County, NY/ Mendon Ponds County Park/ New York/ status/ survival/
behavior/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat use/ land zones
Abstract:
We studied the breeding biology, site fidelity, and dispersal of
Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) from 1996 to 2000 in a
fragmented landscape in western New York State. Ten
fields (1.8-13.2 ha) contained territorial male Grasshopper Sparrows
during the study; total territorial males in the study area varied
between 31 and 19 birds. In 1996, eight fields were occupied; five
extinctions and two colonizations occurred between 1997-2000. Fields
that suffered extinctions were smaller than fields in which
subpopulations persisted or colonizations occurred. Adult return rates
(0.33 vs. 0.16), nest success (0.59 vs. 0.25) and average number of
fledglings/female/year (2.3 vs. 1.3) tended to be higher in fields ≥
8 ha. Estimates of λ,
the finite rate of increase, were 0.23 for small fields and 0.46 for
large fields. Although sample sizes were small, our data suggest that
return rates and productivity were greater in large than in small
habitat patches. However, even the larger habitat patches in our study
area appeared to function as population sinks, suggesting that the
Grasshopper Sparrow population is unlikely to persist without
immigration. Survival prospects for our study population are poor,
given its demographic characteristics and the fragmented nature and
continuing loss of grassland habitat. Our results suggest that
conservation efforts in the Northeast should focus on protecting large
patches of continuous grassland habitat.
© NISC
69. Demographics of northern bobwhite on agricultural and intensively-managed bobwhite plantation landscapes.
Hughes, Daymond W.; Terhune, Theron M.;Sisson, D. Clay; and Stribling, H. Lee
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59: 30-42. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ behavior/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Colinus virginianus:
habitat management/ reproductive productivity/ home range/ population
dynamics/ demographic studies/ agricultural vs intensively managed
plantation landscapes/ distribution within habitat/ habitat preference/
forest and woodland/ cultivated land habitat/ Georgia/ Baker County/
Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The declining bobwhite populations evident throughout the Southeast are
cause for concern. Whereas habitat loss and/or intensified agriculture
have been implicated as two potential causal mechanisms for these
declines, few studies have directly compared bobwhite demographics
between agricultural and managed bobwhite plantation landscapes.
Therefore, we monitored northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus;
hereafter, bobwhite) via radiotransmitters (N = 472) on a center-pivot
irrigated agricultural landscape (N = 154) and an adjacent,
intensively-managed bobwhite plantation (N = 318) to evaluate
differences in home range, habitat use, survival, and nest survival
between these two landscapes. Winter covey home ranges were larger
during fall-winter 1998-99 on the agriculture site (P < 0.001).
Coveys on the agricultural landscape used young planted pines (Pinus
spp.) greater than expected (P < 0.05) during both years. Annual
survival did not differ between sites during 1997-98 (P = 0.199) but
was lower on the agriculture site (0.081, SE
= 0.04) than the plantation (0.297, SE = 0.05) during 1998-99 (P <
0.001). Daily nest survival was lower on the agriculture site (0.939,
SE = 0.02) than the plantation (0.979, SE = 0.01) during the 1998
nesting season (P = 0.030) but not during 1997 (P = 0.782). We surmised
that large home ranges, low over-winter survival, and low nest survival
observed on the agriculture site was related to poor habitat conditions
and subsequent limited food resources. Thus, when agricultural
landowner objectives are to benefit bobwhite, management endeavors
should focus on augmenting habitat in agricultural fields, particularly
during fall and winter, and, improving existing habitats (e.g., dry
corners, young planted pines).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
70. Density
and fledgling success of grassland birds in Conservation Reserve
Program fields in North Dakota and west-central Minnesota.
Koford, R. R.
Studies in Avian Biology 19: 187-195. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Minnesota/ North Dakota
Abstract: Studied how CRP field habitat influences grassland bird density and fledgling success.
71. Diets of swift foxes (Vulpes velox) in continuous and fragmented prairie in northwestern Texas.
Kamler, J. F.; Ballard, Warren B.; Wallace, Mark C.; and Gipson, Philip S.
Southwestern Naturalist 52(4): 504-510. (Dec. 2007)
Descriptors: swift foxes/ Vulpes velox/ diets/ habitat fragementation/ prairies/ wildlife habitat/ Texas
Abstract:
Distribution of the swift fox (Vulpes velox) has declined dramatically
since the 1800s, and suggested causes of this decline are habitat
fragmentation and transformation due to agricultural expansion.
However, impacts of fragmentation and human-altered habitats on swift
foxes still are not well understood. To better understand what effects
these factors have on diets of swift foxes, scats were collected in
northwestern Texas at two study sites, one of continuous native prairie
and one representing fragmented native prairie interspersed with
agricultural and fields in the Conservation Reserve Program. Leporids,
a potential food source, were surveyed seasonally on both sites. Diets
of swift foxes differed between sites; insects were consumed more on
continuous prairie, whereas mammals, birds, and crops were consumed
more on fragmented prairie. Size of populations of leporids were
2–3 times higher on fragmented prairie, and swift foxes responded
by consuming more leporids on fragmented (11.1% frequency occurrence)
than continuous (3.8%) prairie. Dietary diversity was greater on
fragmented prairie during both years of the study. Differences in diets
between sites suggested that the swift fox is an adaptable and
opportunistic feeder, able to exploit a variety of food resources,
probably in relation to availability of food. We suggest that compared
to continuous native prairie, fragmented prairie can offer swift foxes
a more diverse prey base, at least within the mosaic of native prairie,
agricultural, and fields that are in the Conservation Reserve Program.
© ProQuest
72. Diversity of arthropod prey of grassland birds on different Conservation Reserve Program habitat types.
Mcintyre, Nancy E.
In:
87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the
14th Annual International Conference of the Society for Ecological
Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09,
2002.; Vol. 87.; pp. 391; 2002.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ arthropod community/ avian prey abundance/ avian prey
diversity/ habitat type/ prey diversity/ vegetation structure/
vegetative diversity/ vegetative physiognomy
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
73. Do artificial nests reveal meaningful patterns of predation in Kansas grasslands?
Robel, R. J.; Hughes, J. P.; Keane, T. D.; and Kemp, K. E.
Southwestern Naturalist 48(3): 460-464. (2003)
Descriptors: environment-ecology/ duck nests/ success/ prairie/ fragmentation/ dickcissels/ habitats/ cropland/ density/ birds/ Iowa
Abstract:
We determined the fates of artificial and natural bird nests in
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields in northeastern Kansas
from mid May through early August 1994. The CRP fields had been planted
to native grasses in 1988 or 1989. Artificial nests contained Japanese
quail (Coturnix japonica) or house sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs in
nest baskets in bunchgrass clumps to simulate nests of dickcissels
(Spiza americana), the most common avian species nesting in the
CRP fields. Natural dickcissel nests were found by rope dragging and
intensive searches of the CRP fields. Losses among 562 artificial nests
did not differ by egg type; however, the 9.8% loss of artificial nests
was significantly lower than the 70.1% loss-level among 97 natural
dickcissel nests in those CRP fields. The daily survival rate for
artificial nests was 0.99, significantly more than the 0.92 for natural
dickcissel nests. An assessment of nest depredation based on data from
artificial nests might not be representative of depredation on natural
nests in grasslands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
74. Do riparian buffer strips mitigate the impacts of clearcutting on small mammals?
Cockle, K. L. and Richardson, J. S.
Biological Conservation 113(1): 133-140. (Sept. 2003)
NAL Call #: S900.B5
Descriptors: forestry/ Insectivores/ populations/ riparian zones/ rodents/ clearcutting/ mammal/ riparian zone
Abstract:
We assessed the impact of clearcutting on small mammals in riparian
areas and evaluated riparian buffer strips as a tool for conserving
small mammals in managed forests. Over two summers, we trapped small
mammals of seven species in riparian areas in southwestern British
Columbia, Canada. Communities of small mammals were compared
across three different habitat types: (1) clearcut to the stream bank,
(2) clearcut with a 30 m riparian buffer strip, and (3)control (no
logging). Species richness was significantly lower in clearcuts than in
controls and buffers. On clearcut sites, creeping voles were more
abundant, but red-backed voles and dusky shrews were less abundant than
at the control sites. At sites with riparian buffer strips, both voles
were present in numbers similar to those found in controls, but dusky
shrews were less common. Significantly more deer mice and creeping
voles were infested with bot flies at clearcut sites than at buffer
sites, and no animals were infested at any of the control sites.
Riparian reserves appear to be useful in reducing the short-term
impacts of clearcutting on small mammal communities, though they do not
eliminate these impacts altogether.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
75. Does habitat fragmentation influence nest predation in the shortgrass prairie?
Howard, Melissa N.; Skagen, Susan K.; and Kennedy, Patricia L.
Condor 103(3): 530-536. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5414
Descriptors: birds/
behavior/ nest predation/ nests-nesting/ ecosystems/ prairies/
grasslands/ agricultural practices/ habitat islands/ habitat
alterations/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Colorado, Northeastern
Abstract:
The authors examined the effects of habitat fragmentation and
vegetation structure of shortgrass prairie and Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) lands on predation rates of artificial and natural nests
in northeastern Colorado. The CRP provides federal payments
to landowners to take highly erodible cropland out of agricultural
production. In this study area, CRP lands have been reseeded
primarily with non-native grasses, and this vegetation is taller than
native shortgrass prairie. The authors measured three indices of
habitat fragmentation (patch size, degree of matrix fragmentation, and
distance from edge), none of which influenced mortality rates of
artificial or natural nests. Vegetation structure did influence
predation rates of artificial nests; daily mortality decreased
significantly with increasing vegetation height. Vegetation
structure did not influence predation rates of natural nests. CRP
lands and shortgrass sites did not differ with respect to mortality
rates of artificial nests. The study area is only moderately
fragmented; 62% of the study area is occupied by native grassland.
The authors conclude that the extent of habitat fragmentation in
their study area does not result in increased predation in remaining
patches of shortgrass prairie habitat.
© NISC
76. Duck nest success on Conservation Reserve Program land in the Prairie Pothole region.
Kantrud, H. A.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 48(3): 238-242. (May 1993-June 1993)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/crpdns/index.htm
Descriptors: waterfowl/ ducks/ nesting/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Prairie Pothole region
Abstract:
Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and
Incentives is one in a multi-volume set developed by the Water Quality Information Center at the
National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). The
bibliography is a guide to recent literature examining agricultural
producers' views of conservation programs and practices. It provides
people working in the area of agriculture and the environment with a
guide to information resources that focus on the psychological and
socioeconomic factors that influence agricultural producers' behavior
with regard to environmental issues.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
77. The dynamics of nongame bird breeding ecology in Iowa alfalfa fields.
Frawley, B. J.
Ames, IA: Iowa State University, 1989.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Iowa
Abstract: Nesting, abundance, and density of nongame birds in Iowa alfalfa fields were addressed and linked to CRP.
78. Earthworm, infiltration, and tillage relationships in a dryland pea-wheat rotation.
Wuest, Stewart B.
Applied Soil Ecology 18(2): 187-192. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.S6 A67; ISSN: 0929-1393
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aporrectodea trapezoides
(Oligochaeta): farming and agriculture/ farming practices/ population
density/ soil habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ Oregon/ Pendleton/
cultivated soil habitat/ farming practices effects/ Oligochaeta/
Annelida/ Annelids/ invertebrates
Abstract: Dryland farming in the Mediterranean climate of
the Pacific Northwest, USA supports extremely low earthworm
populations under conventional tillage. Increases in earthworm
populations are being observed in fields under no-till cropping systems. A 30+ year experiment with four tillage levels in a pea (Pisum sativum L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation was
evaluated for earthworm populations and ponded infiltration rates.
Where tillage has been limited to 2.5 cm depth, Apporectodea
trapezoides (Duges) mean population was 25 m-2. Plots subject to
tillage by plow (25 cm depth) or chisel (35 cm depth) averaged less
than 4 earthworms m-2. The shallow tillage treatment also had the
highest average infiltration rate of 70 mm h-1 compared to 36 for
chisel, 27 for spring plow, and 19 mm h-1 for fall plow treatments. The
highly variable nature of earthworm counts and infiltration
measurements prevented conclusive correlation between the two, but
increases in both can be attributed to minimum tillage.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
79. Earthworm (Lumbricidae) survey of North Dakota fields d in the U.S. Conservation Reserve Program.
Deibert, E. J. and Utter, R. A.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58(1): 39-45. (2003)
Descriptors: electrical
conductivity/ environmental impact/ habitat selection/ habitats/
nitrate nitrogen/ particle size/ phosphorus/ population distribution/
potassium/ precipitation/ sand fraction/ soil chemical properties/ soil
organic matter/ soil pH/ soil physical properties/ spatial
distribution/ surveys/ survival/ Aporrectodea caliginosa/ earthworms/
Lumbricus rubellus/ North Dakota/ United States/ Dendrobaena octaedra/
Aporrectodea/ Lumbricidae/ Oligochaeta/ Annelida/ invertebrates/
animals/ Dendrobaena/ Lumbricus
Abstract:
Twenty-three field sites in North Dakota, where highly erodible
soil is d under permanent vegetation in the U.S. Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) from five to eight years, were surveyed for the
presence or absence of earthworms. Soils were sampled to determine
chemical and physical properties, and soil cores were collected to
estimate earthworm populations. Earthworm species identified at 12 CRP
sites were Aporrectodea tuberculata (Eisen), Aporrectodea trapezoids
(Duges), Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny), Dendrobaena octaedra
(Savigny), and Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). Sites with earthworms
were associated with organic matter levels of greater than 2.5%. Sand
content of the 11 sites without earthworms averaged 67% (± 13),
and the soil usually contained what appeared to be sharp shiny crystals
or grains that might not be ideal for earthworm survival. Dendrobaena
octaedra and Lumbricus rubellus were found at sites with the highest
soil organic matter and nitrate-N levels plus low sand percent. Soil P,
K, pH and EC levels were not related to the presence or absence of
earthworms in these CRP sites. Total earthworm population estimates
from five CRP sites averaged 6.3 million ha-1 (± 4.7), with
adults, juveniles, and cocoons at 0.6 (± 0.4), 4.5 (±
3.1), and 1.2 (± 2.0) million ha-1, respectively. Earthworm
populations along a 90-meter transect from the edge of the CRP field
were similar when averaged over the five sites. An estimate of
population at the other seven earthworm sites was not possible because
environmental stress as earthworms tended to migrate only to areas in
the field where taproot plant species were located. The presence of
wetlands or tree habitat in these CRP fields could not be used as
criteria for determining the presence of earthworms.
© CABI
80. Eastern meadowlarks nesting in rangelands and Conservation Reserve Program fields in Kansas.
Granfors, D. A.; Church, K. E.; and Smith, L. M.
Journal of Field Ornithology 67(2): 222-235. (1996)
Descriptors: Sturnella magna/ nests/ site selection/ rangelands/ old fields/ ecosystem management/ Kansas/ birds/ United States
Abstract:
Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) nesting habitat was studied to
make management recommendations for fields enrolled in a federal land
retirement program. We compared available microhabitat, nest-site
selection, and nest success on rangelands and Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) fields in eastern Kansas. Daily nest survival rates
and numbers fledged per female did not differ significantly between
land-use types, but the power of these tests was low. Predation was the
primary source of nest failure throughout incubation, hatching, and
nestling stages; abandonment, trampling, inviability, and unknown
causes also were important during incubation. Mowing CRP fields was a
source of nest failure and also induced adults to abandon some fields.
CRP fields had a significantly higher percent, depth, and density of
litter cover; a taller herbaceous canopy; less herbaceous cover; and
more standing dead cover than rangelands. Differences in habitat
structure indicate that CRP has increased the diversity of available
nesting habitats. Eastern Meadowlarks selected nest sites with
significantly greater litter cover, higher proportion of grass, more
uncompacted litter, and more structural homogeneity than available on
random plots. Delay of mowing and prescribed burning are recommended to
enhance and maintain habitat suitability for nesting Eastern
Meadowlarks in CRP fields.
© ProQuest
81. Ecology
of Columbian sharp-tailed grouse associated with Conservation Reserve
Program and reclaimed surface mine lands in northwestern Colorado.
Boisvert, J. H.
Moscow, USA: University of Idaho, 2002.
Notes: Thesis
Descriptors: sharp-tailed grouse/ Conservation Reserve Program/ reclaimed surface mine lands/ Colorado
82. Effect of field borders and nest-predator reduction on abundance of northern bobwhites.
Palmer, William E.; Wellendorf, Shane D.; Gillis, James R.; and Bromley, Peter T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(4): 1398-1405. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ ecology/ community structure/
predators/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Colinus virginianus: habitat
management/ fallow field borders/ relative abundance/ fallow field
borders and mammalian nest predation reduction effects/ farm habitat/
mammalian predators/ cultivated land habitat/ North Carolina/ Hyde/
Tyrell and Wilson County/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/
carnivores/ chordates/ mammals/ marsupials/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Fallow-field borders along edges of crop fields have been promoted for
increasing northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) on farms and are a
component of recovery plans for this species. However, research on
bobwhite population response to field-border practices is sparse.
Previous research on 2 farms documented increased use of farm fields
and greater reproduction by bobwhites on farms with field borders, but
nesting success was low during May and June. Bobwhite population
response to field-border practices may increase when they are combined
with nest-predator reduction on farms. Effect of nest-predator
reduction on bobwhite populations on farmed landscapes has not been
investigated in the Southeast. Therefore, we tested the effects of
field borders and mesomammal nest-predator reduction on bobwhite
abundance on 12 farms in eastern North Carolina, 1997-1999. We applied
treatments to farms as factorial combinations. Reduction of mesomammal
nest predators, including raccoons (Procyon lotor), Virginia
opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus
and Vulpes vulpes), Occurred from February-May of each year. To assess
bobwhite response to treatments, we measured summer abundance of males
using variable-radius point counts and covey abundance on farms in
September and October using morning covey-call surveys. Bobwhites were
more abundant on farms with field borders during summer (P=0.08). On
field-border farms we heard 1.8x the number of coveys heard on farms
without field borders (P=0.004). Summer abundance of bobwhites did not
differ as a result of predator reductions (P=0.37), and we heard
slightly fewer coveys on predator-reduction farms (P =0.084) during
autumn. However, we heard more coveys on farms with both field borders
and predator reduction
compared to all other farms (P=0.022). Field-border systems were a
practical management technique to increase autumn abundance of
bobwhites on individual farms in eastern North Carolina.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
83. Effects of agricultural diversification on the abundance, distribution, and pest control potential of spiders: A review.
Sunderland, K. and Samu, F.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 1: 1-13. (2000); ISSN: 0013-8703
Descriptors: population density/ population dynamics/ agricultural practices/ pest control/ Araneae/ agriculture/ applied entomology
Abstract:
A review of the literature showed that spider abundance was increased
by diversification in 63% of studies. A comparison of diversification
modes showed that spider abundance in the crop was increased in 33% of
studies by 'aggregated diversification' (e.g. intercropping and
non-crop strips) and in 80% of studies by 'interspersed
diversification' (e.g., undersowing, partial weediness, mulching and
reduced tillage). It is suggested that spiders tend to remain in
diversified patches and that extending the diversification throughout
the whole crop (as in interspersed diversification) offers the best
prospects for improving pest control. There is little evidence that
spiders walk in significant numbers into fields from uncultivated field
edges, but diversification at the landscape level serves to foster
large multi-species regional populations of spiders which are valuable
as a source of aerial immigrants into newly planted crops. There are
very few manipulative field studies where the impact of spiders on
pests has been measured in diversified crops compared with
undiversified controls. It is encouraging, however, that in those few
studies an increased spider density resulted in improved pest control.
Future work needs are identified.
© ProQuest
84. Effects of alternative cotton agriculture on avian and arthropod populations.
Cederbaum, S. B.; Carroll, J. P.; and Cooper, R. J.
Conservation Biology 18(5): 1272-1282. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00385.x.
Descriptors: agroecosystems/
alternative agriculture/ clover/ conservation tillage/ cover crop/
integrated pest management/ r elay stripcover/ songbirds/ agricultural
ecosystem/ arthropod/ conservation/ cotton/ songbirds/ Georgia/
Arthropoda/ Aves/ Galliformes/ Gossypium/ Gossypium hirsutum/ Passeri/
Trifolium
Abstract:
Among the major agricultural crops in the southeastern United
States, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) generally provides the least
suitable habitat for most early successional songbirds. Newer cropping
approaches, such as use of conservation tillage and stripcover
cropping, offer hope for improving the ecological value of cotton
fields. We examined the effects of clover stripcover cropping with
conservation tillage versus conventionally grown cotton with either
conventional or conservation tillage on avian and arthropod species
composition and field use in east-central Georgia. Stripcover
fields had higher bird densities and biomass and higher relative
abundance of arthropods than both conservation tillage and conventional
fields.
During migration and breeding periods, total bird densities on
stripcover fields were 2-6 times and 7-20 times greater than on
conservation and conventional fields, respectively. Abundance and
biomass for epigeal arthropods were also greatest on stripcover fields during much of the breeding season. Although theclover treatment attracted the highest avian and arthropod
densities, conservation fields still provided more wildlife and
agronomic benefits than conventional management. Our findings suggest
that both conservation tillage and stripcropping systems will improve
conditions for birds in cotton, with stripcropped fields providing superior habitat. The reduction of inputs possible with the clover system could allow farmers to lower costs associated with conventional cotton production by $282-317/ha. This reduction of input, coupled with similar or possibly increased yield over conventional systems makes stripcover cropping not only a good choice for reducing negative impacts on wildlife and surrounding ecosystems, but also an economically desirable one.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
85. Effects
of burning and discing Conservation Reserve Program fields to improve
habitat quality for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus).
Greenfield, K. C.; Chamberlain, M. J.; Burger, L. W.; and Kurzejeski, E. W.
American Midland Naturalist 149(2): 344-353. (Apr. 2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: vegetation/ wildlife/ Conservation Reserve Program/ northern bobwhite/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract: Since 1985 considerable expanses of highly
erodible cropland have been enrolled in the Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP). Areas enrolled in CRP provide wildlife habitat; however,
habitat quality and specific resources on these sites vary in relation
to seasonal biological processes of target wildlife species, planted
cover and vegetation succession. Throughout the southeastern United
States habitat quality for early successional species, such as northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), may decline as CRP grasslands age.
Although disturbance may-enhance and maintain habitat quality for
bobwhite, concerns regarding perceived conflicts between wildlife
habitat and soil erosion objectives of the CRP persist. During 1995 and
1996 we evaluated effects of strip- discing or prescribed burning on vegetation structure and
composition and soil erosion in fescue (Festuca arundiacea) dominated
CRP fields in Mississippi. Fall discing generally increased
percentage bare ground and plant diversity and decreased percentage
litter cover and litter depth. Fall discing enhanced bobwhite habitat
quality, but responses diminished by the second growing season post
treatment. Burning increased plant diversity and improved quality of
habitat for bobwhite. Soil loss for all treatments was within United
States Department of Agriculture tolerable limits. Discing or burning
intensity on CRP fields could be increased without compromising soil erosion provisions of CRP.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
86. Effects of conservation practice, mowing, and temporal changes on vegetation structure on CRP fields in northern Missouri.
McCoy, Timothy D.; Kurzejeski, Eric W.; Burger, Loren W.; and Ryan, Mark R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(3): 979-987. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land and freshwater
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ grassland/ cultivated land habitat/
Conservation Reserve Program fields/ vegetation structure/ habitat
conservation value/ Missouri/ North/ fields management/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
87. Effects of Conservation Reserve Program field age on avian relative abundance, diversity, and productivity.
Millenbah, K. F.; Winterstein, S. R.; Campa, H.; Furrow, L. T.; and Minnis, R. B.
Wilson Bulletin 108(4): 760-770. (1996)
Descriptors: Aves/ species richness/ abundance/ productivity/ fields/ age/ Michigan/ birds/ United States
Abstract:
Introduced grass dominated Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields
were monitored in summer 1992 in Gratiot County, Michigan, to determine
the relationship between field age and avian relative abundance,
diversity, and productivity. Younger CRP fields (1-2 years old), best
described as a combination of forbs and bare ground, had the greatest
diversity and relative abundance of avian species. Older CRP fields
(3-5/6 years old) were a combination of grasses and deep litter cover
and had the greatest avian productivity. We recommend that after 3-5
growing seasons CRP fields be manipulated to provide a variety of
successional stages to maintain simultaneously high avian relative
abundance, diversity, and productivity.
© ProQuest
88. Effects
of Conservation Reserve Program seeding regime on harvester ants
(Pogonomyrmex), with implications for the threatened Texas horned
lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum).
McIntyre, N. E.
Southwestern Naturalist 48(2): 274-277. (2003)
Descriptors: environment-ecology/ fire ants/ hymenoptera/ formicidae/ grassland/ birds
Abstract:
I compared the presence and abundance of nest-sites made by harvester
ants (Pogonomyrmex), the primary prey for the endangered Texas
horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), among restored grassland plots
planted in different grass species and indigenous prairie. The restored
plots had been seeded as part of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
as exotic monocultures of either Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa
ischaemum) or weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), or as mixtures of
native grasses (both with and without buffalograss, Buchloe
dactyloides). On average, the fewest ant mounds were found on Old
World bluestem plots, whereas the indigenous grassland had the highest
density of harvester ant mounds. However, there were no significant
differences between native and exotic CRP plantings. Results obtained from a simultaneous visual
survey for Texas horned lizards corroborate these findings. Thus,
there is no evidence that CRP plots planted in exotic grasses are
significantly poorer habitat for Texas horned lizards in terms of
ant abundance than native grass plantings.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
89. Effects of CRP field age and cover type on ring-necked pheasants in eastern South Dakota.
Eggebo, S. L.; Higgins, K. F.; Naugle, D. E.; and Quamen, F. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 779-785. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: environment-ecology/
Conservation Reserve Program/ cool season/ cover/ CRP/ habitat/
Phasianus colchicus/ ring necked pheasant/ South Dakota/ warm
season/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grassland bird conservation/
vegetation/ populations/ abundance/ models
Abstract:
Loss of native grasslands to tillage has increased the importance of
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands to maintain ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) populations. Despite the importance of
CRP to pheasants, little is known about the effects of CRP field age
and cover type on pheasant abundance and productivity in the northern Great Plains. Therefore, we assessed effects of these
characteristics on pheasant use of CRP fields. We stratified CRP
grasslands (n=42) by CRP stand age (old [10-13 yrs] vs. new [1-3 yrs]
grasslands) and cover type (CP1 [cool-season grasslands] vs. CP2
[warm-season grasslands]) in eastern South Dakota and used crowing
counts and roadside brood counts to index ring-necked pheasant
abundance and productivity. Field-age and cover-type effects on
pheasant abundance and productivity were largely the result of
differences in vegetation structure among fields. More crowing
pheasants were recorded in old cool-season CRP fields than any other
age or cover type, and more broods were recorded in cool- than
warm-season CRP fields. Extending existing CRP contracts another 5-10
years would provide the time necessary for new fields to acquire the
vegetative structure used most by pheasants without a gap in habitat
availability. Cool-season grass-legume mixtures (CP1) that support
higher pheasant productivity should be given equal or higher ratings
than warm-season (CP2) grass stands. We also recommend that United
States Department of Agriculture administrators and field staff provide
broader and more flexible guidelines on what seed mixtures can be used
in CRP grassland plantings in the northern Great Plains. This
would allow landowners and natural resource professionals who manage
pheasant habitat to plant a mosaic of cool- and warm-season CRP
grassland habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
90. Effects
of different age classes of fields enrolled in the Conservation Reserve
Program in Michigan on avian diversity, density, and productivity.
Millenbah, Kelly Francine
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1994.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Winterstein, Scott R.
Descriptors: wildlife/ ecology/ bird communities/ wildlife density/ agricultural conservation/ landowners/ Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract:
Agricultural landowners have enrolled lands in the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) for wildlife and economic benefits. Avian
communities and vegetative characteristics were examined on 6 age
classes (1-6 growing seasons) of CRP fields in Gratiot
County, Michigan in 1991 and 1992 to determine the relationships
between field age and characteristics of avian communities. Younger CRP
fields (1-3 growing seasons), characterized by forbs and bare ground,
supported greater avian densities and diversities than older fields
(4-6 growing seasons). Older CRP fields, characterized by grasses and
high litter cover, supported greater avian productivity. Results
indicate that grassland birds in Michigan may require a diversity
of age classes of CRP fields in agricultural landscapes to meet their
habitat requirements. Continued enrollment of lands into the program
and periodic manipulation of these lands, will create a mosaic of
grassland successional stages important to a diversity of avian species.
© NISC
91. Effects of emergency haying on duck nesting in Conservation Reserve Program fields, South Dakota.
Luttschwager, K. A.; Higgins, K. F.; and Jenks, J. A.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(3): 403-408. (Fall 1994)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors: anas/
nesting/ reproduction/ population density/ habitats/ grasslands/
federal programs/ private ownership/ South Dakota/ nesting
success/ private land
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
92. Effects
of emergency haying on vegetative characteristics within selected
Conservation Reserve Program fields in the northern Great Plains.
Allen, A. W.; Cade, B. S.; and Vandever, M. W.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 56(2): 120-125. (2001)
Descriptors: alfalfa/
Conservation Reserve Program/ emergency use/ grasslands/ haying/
intermediate wheatgrass/ management/ wildlife habitat/ grassland/ hay/
soil conservation/ North America/ Cirsium arvense/ Medicago sativa
Abstract:
Successional changes in vegetation composition within seeded grasslands
may affect attainment of long term conservation objectives. Comparisons
between vegetation composition within Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) fields planted to cool season, introduced grasses hayed for
emergency use, and non hayed fields of the same age and species
composition were completed to determine potential effects of periodic
haying. Emergency haying had little long term effect on vegetation
height/density, percent cover of live grass, or forb cover when
compared to characteristics within non hayed fields. The presence of
legumes [primarily alfalfa (medicago sativa L)] increased in response
to haying, whereas, abundance of noxious weeds [chiefly Canada thistle
(Cirsium arvense (L) Scop.)] diminished. Implications for long term
management CRP grasslands to achieve wildlife habitat objectives are
discussed.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
93. Effects of field size and landscape composition on grassland birds in south-central Iowa.
Horn, David Joseph; Koford, Rolf R.; and Braland, Malinda L.
Iowa Academy of Science, Journal 109(1-2): 1-7. (2002); ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: Agelaius
phoeniceus/ Ammodramus henslowii/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Carduelis
tristis/ Cistothorus platensis/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ Geothlypis
trichas/ Melospiza melodia/ Molothrus ater/ Spiza americana/ Spizella
pusilla/ Sturnella magna/ Sturnella neglecta/ Passeriformes/
biogeography/ field size/ landscape composition/ communities/
grasslands/ ecosystems/ Iowa/ habitat use/ land zones/ red-winged
blackbird/ Henslow's sparrow/ grasshopper sparrow/ American goldfinch/
sedge wren/ bobolink/ common yellowthroat/ song sparrow/ brown-headed
cowbird/ dickcissel/ field sparrow/ eastern meadowlark/ western meadowlark
Abstract:
Many species of grassland birds have been shown to avoid smaller
fields. The avoidance of smaller fields, however, has not been
consistently reported; avoidance may occur in one study, but not in
another. To examine one possible reason for these inconsistencies, we
examined how landscape composition influenced the relations between
occurrence or abundance and field size. The study took during the
1998 breeding season on 44 Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields
located in Adair, Ringgold, and Union counties. The relations
between occurrence, abundance, and field size were not influenced by
landscape composition for any species. Grasshopper Sparrow, Ammodramus
savannarum, Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, and Eastern Meadowlark,
Sturnella magna, were more likely to occur or were more abundant in
larger fields. Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla, Western Meadowlark,
Sturnella neglecta, Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, and American
Goldfinch, Carduelis tristis, were less likely to occur or were less
abundant in larger fields. Field size is an important factor
influencing the occurrence and/or abundance of grassland songbirds in
fields. Future studies that investigate the effects of landscape
composition on area sensitivity should use landscapes that have similar
habitat compositions other than the habitat being varied, and use similar sized fields in each landscape.
© NISC
94. Effects of grazing and haying on arthropod diversity in North Dakota Conservation Reserve Program grasslands.
Hoernemann, C. K.; Johnson, P. J.; and Higgins, K. F.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 80: 283-308. (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: species diversity/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grazing/ arthropods/ conservation practices
95. Effects of grazing Conservation Reserve Program lands in North Dakota on birds, insects, and vegetation.
Kennedy, Carmen L.; Jenks, Jonathan A.; and Higgins, Kenneth F.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 80: 213-226. (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: Aves/
grazing/ Conservation Reserve Program/ North Dakota/ deferred rotation
grazing/ passerines/ lark bunting/ Calamospiza melanocorys/ grasshopper
sparrow/ Ammodramus savannarum/ red-winged blackbird/ Agelaius
phoeniceus/ brown-headed cowbird/ Molothrus ater/ species density/
insect biomass/ vegetation height
Abstract:
Effects of two grazing systems on nongame birds, insect biomass, and
vegetation structure in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands
were evaluated in North Dakota. Treatments included idle
(controls), 3-pasture twice-over deferred rotation grazing, and
season-long grazing systems. Twelve species of nongame passerine birds
in 1992 and ten species in 1993 used CRP fields. The lark bunting
(Calamospiza melanocorys), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum),
red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and brown-headed cowbird
(Molothrus ater) dominated species composition in 1992 and 1993. CRP
pastures under rotational or season-long grazing treatments maintained
equal or higher mean male bird densities compared to idle CRP control
fields. Mean density of male birds, terrestrial insect biomass and, for
the most part, vegetation height, were lower in 1993 than 1992. Results
indicated that high insect biomass in pastures with dense cover does
not necessarily equate to higher nongame bird use. At moderate stocking
rates (~2.1 AUM/ha), our results indicated that grazing of CRP lands
could be included in contract terms or in negotiations in any
extensions or modifications of future CRP contracts without any
significant losses to nongame birds.
© NISC
96. Effects of habitat manipulations on Texas horned lizards and their prey.
Fair, W. Scott and Henke, Scott E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(4): 1366-1370. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Phrynosoma
cornutum/ amphibians and reptiles/ ants/ Conservation Reserve Program/
fires-burns/ foods-feeding/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/
livestock/ Texas horned lizard/ Texas/ Duval County
Abstract:
The effects of habitat manipulations on Texas horned lizards
(Phrynosoma cornutum) and their main prey, harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex
spp.) were studied in South Texas. The relative abundance of
lizards, their scat, and active harvester ant mounds was assessed on
1-ha plots that were manipulated with either prescribed burning,
disking, burning and disking combination, grazing, or land in the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). We determined differential habitat
use or avoidance using Chi-square analysis and Bonferroni Z-statistics
to control the experiment-wise error probability at 10%. Lizards used
burned plots disproportionately more, were neutral in their use of the
disked and grazed plots, and under-utilized the burned and disked
combination and CRP plots. Analysis of scat led to similar conclusions
in relation to burned, grazed, and CRP plots, but scats were
distributed on combination plots pro rata to availability and were
underrepresented on the disked plots. No difference was detected in the
relative abundance of active ant mounds among the 5 land management
practices. Even though Texas horned lizards preferentially used
areas that were recently burned, the process of burning may harm them
due to the shallow depths in which they hibernate.
© NISC
97. Effects of habitat on dickcissel abundance and nest success in Conservation Reserve Program fields in Kansas.
Hughes, John P.; Robel, Robert J.; Kemp, Kenneth E.; and Zimmerman, John L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 63(2): 523-529. (1999)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Spiza americana/ behavior/ birds/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ ecosystems/ edge habitat/ farmland/ habitat management/
habitat use/ management/ nesting sites/ nests-nesting/ productivity/
wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ wild birds/ reproduction/
federal programs/ wildlife conservation/ Kansas/ species abundance/
land development, land reform, and utilization (macroeconomics)/
dickcissel/ Kansas/ Riley County
Abstract:
Declining avian populations in the Midwest have increased interest
in various aspects of grassland habitats and their effects on grassland
birds. We studied the effects of vegetation characteristics, woody
field edges and surrounding land use on abundance and daily nest
survival of the dickcissel (Spiza americana) in Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) fields in the northeastern Kansas. We
observed 873 dickcissels during surveys on 11 CRP fields during the
summers of 1994 and 1995. In those fields, we located 186 dickcissel
nests of which 13.2% were successful in 1994 and 14.9% were successful
in 1995. The vertical density of vegetation in CRP fields, wooded area
surrounding the fields, and amount of woody edge bordering fields were
associated with dickcissel abundance (P = 0.001). Live and dead canopy
cover and litter cover were associated with daily nest survival (P =
0.005). Therefore, the habitat quality of CRP fields for dickcissels
might be enhanced by modifying vegetation characteristics. The outcome
of any modifications of CRP habitat for dickcissels should be judged on
changes in the number and success of their nests rather than on the
abundance of birds.
© NISC
98. Effects of landscape composition and multi-scale habitat characteristics on the grassland bird community.
McCoy, T. D.
Columbia, MO: Univ. of Missouri-Columbia, 2000.
Notes: Ph.D. Dissert.; Project Number: MO W0-013-R-54/Job 1/Study 43
Descriptors: habitat/
modeling/ grassland/ birds/ communities/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ species diversity/ conservation programs/ nests and
nesting/ abundance/ sparrows/ reproduction/ statistics/ meadowlarks,
blackbirds and orioles/ population density/ vegetation/ Missouri/ Adair
County/ Know County/ Linn County/ Macon County/ Shelby County
Abstract: Measures
of grassland bird demography on Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) fields were compared and modeled at several spatial
scales to identify habitat factors associated with increased
conservation value for grassland birds. Grassland bird populations and
species richness were compared between fields located in landscapes
with different amounts of CRP habitat and total grassland. Multi-scale
habitat models were developed from and validated on two independent
data sets to identify the primary habitat features that could predict
the potential value of CRP and
other idle grasslands for grassland bird conservation.
© NISC
99. Effects of livestock grazing on neotropical migratory landbirds in western North America.
Bock, C. E.; Sabb, V. A.; Rich, T. D.; and Dobkin, D. S.
In: Status and management of neotropical migratory birds. Estes Park, Colorado. Finch, D. M. and Stangel, P. W. (eds.)
Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture; pp. 263-309; 1993.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional conservation programs
Abstract:
Examined the idea that moderate haying/grazing of CRP coupled
with livestock enclosures on public land could enhance the value of
public rangelands for wildlife.
100. Effects of mammalian predator removal on waterfowl and non-game birds in North Dakota.
Garrettson, P. R.; Rohwer, F. C.; Zimmer, J. M.; Mense, B. J.; and Dion, N.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 61: 94-101. (1996)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355.
Notes:
Conference: 61st North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference: Facing Realities in Resource Management, Tulsa, OK , 22-27 Mar 1996.
Descriptors: aquatic
birds/ predator control/ environmental impact/ nesting/ bird eggs/
nature conservation/ habitat improvement (physical)/ breeding sites/
environment management/ Aves/ North America/ species interactions:
general/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ freshwater/
brackish water/ marine environment
Abstract:
Waterfowl managers have long been concerned about low nest success on
the North American prairies. A review of duck nesting success shows
that, despite great variation between studies, there is a dramatic
pattern of decline in nest success in the past 50 years (Beauchamp et
al. 1996). The linear regression of success versus year shows that
hatching rates dropped from 33 percent in 1935 to only 10-percent nest
success in 1992. Low nest success, which reflects high nest predation,
is viewed as the most significant limitation on waterfowl productivity
in the prairies. Most of the management effort under the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP) in the prairie region of the United States and Canada is an attempt to elevate nest
success for upland-nesting ducks. Compounding habitat degradation is a
major shift in numbers types of nest predator on the prairies.
Extirpation of wolves (Canis lupus) and reduction of coyotes (Canis
latrans) has allowed medium-sized predators, such as red fox (Vulpes
vulpes), skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoon (Procyon lotor); to
flourish. Raccoons are a recent arrival to much of the prairies, though
they now are abundant and the dominant nest predator for many prairie
ducks. Abundance of medium-sized mammals and scarcity of nesting cover
has been a very detrimental combination for breeding ducks. Most
attempts to increase duck nesting success have focused on ways to make
nests less accessible to predators. Dense nesting cover has been the
dominant management
on United States Waterfowl Production Areas (WPA) and on NAWMP areas
in Canada, yet this strategy typically has improved nest success
by
only a few percentage points, with highly variable results. Improved
nest success associated with the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
suggests that landscape-level additions of nesting cover improve
recruitment, but habitat improvement on this scale is not economically
feasible for wildlife groups. Intensive management efforts to make
nests inaccessible, such as construction of islands and predator
barrier fences, can increase nest success, but costs are high.
© ProQuest
101. Effects of riffle-step restoration on hyporheic zone chemistry in n-rich lowland streams.
Kasahara, Tamao and Hill, Alan R.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63(1): 120-133. (2006)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ methods and techniques/
wildlife management: conservation/ piezometer/ field equipment/ riffle
step restoration/ applied and field techniques/ hyporheic zone
chemistry
Abstract:
Stream restoration projects that aim to rehabilitate ecosystem health
have not considered surface-subsurface linkages, although stream water
and groundwater interaction has an important role in sustaining stream
ecosystem functions. The present study examined the effect of
constructed riffles and a step on hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry
in restored reaches of several N-rich agricultural and urban streams in
southern Ontario. Hydrometric data collected from a network of
piezometers and conservative tracer releases indicated that the
constructed riffles and steps were effective in inducing hyporheic
exchange. However, despite the use of cobbles and boulders in the
riffle construction, high stream dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations
were depleted rapidly with depth into the hyporheic zones. Differences
between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on
conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that these hyporheic
zones were also nitrate sinks. Zones of low hydraulic conductivity and
the occurrence of interstitial fines in the restored cobble-boulder
layers suggest that siltation and clogging of the streambed may reduce
the downwelling of oxygen- and nitrate-rich stream water. Increases in
streambed DO levels and enhancement of habitat for hyporheic fauna that
result from riffle-step construction projects may only be temporary in
streams that receive increased sediment and nutrient inputs from urban
areas and croplands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
102. Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on selected wildlife populations in southeast Nebraska.
King, Justin W.
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 1991.
Notes:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nebraska, Lincoln--Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife, 1991. Includes
bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: NBU LD3656 1991 K564
Descriptors: Wildlife conservation---Nebraska/ Wildlife management---Nebraska/ Conservation of natural resources---Nebraska
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
103. Effects
of the Conservation Reserve Program on soil duality and overall
economic viability of Maryland's native grassland restoration
projects.
Koenig, Kristin A. and Sherman, Leslie A.
In: 229th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society. San Diego, CA ; Vol. 229 (Part 1).;
pp. U505-U506; 2005.
Notes: 0065-7727 (ISSN).
Descriptors: soil science/ wildlife management: conservation/ cropland burning/ applied and field techniques/ cation exchange capacity/ grassland restoration/ cropland conversion/ loss on ignition
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
104. Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife habitat in the Great Plains.
Baker, Bryan Douglas. University of Minnesota, 1992.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Gersmehl, Philip J.
Descriptors: geography/
wildlife/ birds/ climate/ behavior conservation/ predators/ erosion/
wildlife/ conservation practices/ agricultural practices/ South
Dakota/ Nebraska/ Kansas/ Texas
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), a ten-year federal
agricultural land retirement program, returned several million acres of
the Great Plains to grass by 1989. Improvement of wildlife habitat
was a secondary but important rationale for the program. Enrollments
are concentrated in the southern High Plains and the northern glaciated
Plains. CRP fields increase in size from east to west, with many
counties exceeding 320 acres for mean contract size. A study of Plains
land use, soils, geology, and climate helped construct a list of
expected effects of the CRP on the mammals and breeding birds. The list
was revised based on comments from Plains biologists. Most of the
species on the Plains depend on woodlands, wetlands, or other cover the
CRP does not provide. Some species that use grassland or agricultural
land will gain habitat, mainly for nesting. Nine-section study areas in
six Plains counties detailed land cover changes associated with the
CRP. Most areas have seen a net increase in cropland since the late
1960s despite the CRP retirements. In some counties, especially far
western ones, CRP land is in larger blocks, isolated from woodland and
shrubs. These areas favor small to medium sized grassland birds and
mammals. CRP parcels in other counties, especially to the east, are
well-interspersed with other cover. Mosaic species using grassland,
cropland and woodland should benefit there. These include bobwhite
quail, white-tailed deer, and some predators. A dynamic programming
model was developed to help investigate the effects of landscape
pattern on animal behavior and survival. A preliminary version
calculated winter survival of bobwhite quail. Small demonstration areas
selected from the study areas suggested that the configuration of CRP
fields could be improved to maximize wildlife benefits. Many of the
wildlife benefits of the CRP could vanish after the program expires if
farmers return CRP fields to cropland. Other long-term alternatives
could prove less costly. Limited federal buy-outs of erosion-prone land
may be feasible, especially in expansion of National Grassland.
Easements, purchase of cultivation rights, and subsidies for
alternative agricultural practices are other tools for encouraging
long-term conservation on the Great Plains.
© NISC
105. Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife in southeast Nebraska.
King, J. W. and Savidge, J. A.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(3): 377-385. (Fall 1995)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors: wild
birds/ species diversity/ population density/ seasonal variation/
agricultural land/ federal programs/ wildlife conservation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
106. The effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife in southeastern Wyoming.
Wachob, Douglas Glenn. University of Wyoming, 1997.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Anderson, Stanley H.
Descriptors: alfalfa/
Aves/ birds/ habitat use/ small mammals/ sharp-tailed grouse/
Typanuchus phasianellus/ raptors/ carnivores/ big game/ grazing/ Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract: The
primary objective of this study was to identify the
vegetation and spatial characteristics of CRP that influence habitat
use by non-game birds, small rodents, sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus
phasianellus), raptors, carnivores, and big game in a CRP/agricultural
landscape. The study was conducted in Laramie, Platte,
and Goshen counties in southeastern Wyoming, during 1993-5.
The
study area was dominated by intensively grazed native range land and
winter wheat (Triticum sp.); CRP comprised 15% of the study area.
Non-game bird use was higher in CRP with an alfalfa component, compared
to CRP without alfalfa in 1994, but not in 1993. Fine scale selection
by birds for specific vegetation structure was detected in 1994 but not
in 1993. Bird use of CRP was independent of the spatial characteristics
of CRP patches. Small mammal use of CRP and range lands was higher than
winter wheat lands. Vegetation species richness, vegetation height,
standard deviation of vegetation cover, and patch area were significant
predictors of small mammal use of CRP patches. This small mammal
community selected habitat at the landscape and patch scale but not at
the intrapatch scale. I investigated use of CRP lands by sharp-tailed
grouse during nesting and brood-rearing seasons. All nests were located
in CRP. Hens selected nest sites in larger CRP patches. Hens with
broods used CRP and irrigated alfalfa patches more often and wheat and
rangeland patches less often than they were available. Hens with broods
used CRP patches with high coverage of broad leafed weeds and annual
grasses more often and patches without alfalfa less often than these
patch types were available. I found that CRP was the vital reproduction
habitat for sharp-tailed grouse in southeastern Wyoming.
Sharp-tailed grouse dancing grounds (leks) were located closer to CRP
and had greater coverage of CRP within 1 km, compared with the entire
study area. I also found that CRP patch size, percent cover of CRP, and
CRP patch number predicted the number of leks and the number of males
at leks, at a scale of 100 km$/sp2$. I investigated the spatial
relationship of CRP fields to bird and mammal species richness using
computer simulations. I used observations of 28 common species as model
input data. Computer simulations of a hypothetical landscape showed
that species richness increased rapidly as CRP coverage increased from
0-15%, and less rapidly as CRP coverage increased from 15-50%.
© NISC
107. Effects of the CRP on wildlife habitat: Emergency haying in the Midwest and pine plantings in the Southeast.
Hays, R. L. and Farmer, A. H.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference (55th): 30-39. maps. (1990)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 [NAWTA]
Descriptors: afforestation/ farmland/ forest plantations/ haymaking/
nature reserves/ pinus/ planting/ remuneration/ Colinus
virginianus/ United States, southeastern region/ Conservation
Reserve Program
(CRP)
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
108. Effects of thinning CRP pine stands on nesting songbirds in Georgia.
Schaefbauer, M. K. and Schweitzer, S. H.
In: 7th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society.
Nashville. TN (USA); 2000.
Notes: Conference Sponsor: The Wildlife Society; World Meeting Number 003 0833.
Descriptors: biology/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ songbirds/ pine stands/ Pinus/ Georgia/
forest thinning
© ProQuest
109. The effects of timber harvest in a South Carolina blackwater bottomland.
Perison, Donna; Phelps, Joseph; Pavel, Christina; and Kellison, Robert
Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 171-185. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ harvest methods/ community structure/
timber harvest effects/ forest and woodland/ timber harvest/ South
Carolina/ South Fork Edisto River/ blackwater forested wetlands/
amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
110. Effects of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybean varieties and systems on surface-active springtails (Entognatha: Collembola).
Bitzer, Royce J.; Buckelew, Lamar D.; and Pedigo, Larry P.
Environmental Entomology 31(3): 449-461. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ Collembola:
farming and agriculture/ transgenic soybean farming/ community
structure/ surface active community/ effects of transgenic herbicide
resistant soybean varieties and systems/ soil habitat/ cultivated land
habitat/ transgenic soybean fields/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract:
The degree of abundance and diversity of springtails (order Collembola)
often indicates the extent of disturbance by various agricultural
practices. We examined how transgenic herbicide-tolerant soybean
varieties and their associated weed management systems affect the
abundance of 21 surface-active springtail species during three
successive soybean growing seasons. With six soybean varieties (three
transgenic, three nontransgenic), we tested three weed management
systems: (1) targeted application of specific herbicides to the
corresponding tolerant transgenic varieties; (2) conventional pre- and
postemergence herbicide applications; and (3) mechanical cultivation.
Each method posed its own potential costs and benefits to springtails.
In targeted plots, springtail numbers were similar to or higher than
those in conventional plots, suggesting that the later and repeated
targeted applications to transgenic soybeans do not adversely affect
springtail numbers in the short term. We attributed the observed
treatment effect differences on springtail numbers to resultant
differences in weed cover and degree of soil disturbance (indirect
effects), rather than to any direct toxic effects of the herbicides.
The treatments affected some species but not others; most of the
affected species responded similarly to differences in weed treatment.
Our results overall suggested no deleterious short-term effects of
transgenic soybean targeted weed-management systems on abundance of the
springtail species examined.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
111. Effects of two haying provisions on duck nesting in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields in South Dakota.
Luttschwager, K. A.
Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, 1991.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ South Dakota
Abstract: Evaluated the effects of emergency haying on duck nesting success in CRP fields.
112. Effects of wheat-stubble height and weed control on winter pheasant abundance.
Rodgers, R. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4): 1099-1112. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Great
Plains/ habitat/ herbicide/ High Plains/ Kansas/ Phasianus colchicus/
ring-necked pheasant/ stubble height/ tillage/ Triticum aestivum/
wheat/ wheat stubble/ abundance/ agricultural practices/ gamebird/
herbicide/ stubble/ weed control/ wildlife management/ United States/
Phasianus colchicus/ Triticum aestivum
Abstract:
Recent changes in agriculture on the semi-arid central High Plains have
serious implications for pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) and other
farmland wildlife. Of greatest concern are increased herbicide use
accompanying intensification of crop rotations and the shorter wheat
(Triticum aestivum)-stubble heights produced by a shift to semi-dwarf
wheat varieties and increasingly powerful combines. From 1990-1995, I
investigated the effect of stubble height and post-harvest weed control
on subsequent winter abundance of pheasants in wheat stubble.
Increasing wheat cutting height from a mean of 22 cm to 46 cm produced
a nearly 9-fold average increase in indices of winter pheasant
abundance in wheat-stubble test blocks where no post-harvest weed
control was performed. Post-harvest weed growth was positively affected
by wheat-stubble height, probably due to taller stubble's ability to
better conserve limited moisture by reducing ground-level air movement.
Herbicide application to stubble reduced indices of winter pheasant
abundance by >80%, and tillage reduced those indices by >90%,
compared to untreated fields. Herbicide application to wheat stubble
and reduced stubble height are considered major causes of the long-term
decline of pheasants on the central High Plains. This research and a
companion agronomic study have shown that increased stubble height and
post-harvest weed growth in wheat stubble are integral components of a
modified wheat-fallow rotation that provides superior habitat quality,
soil conservation benefits, and greater profitability than other
wheat-fallow systems currently in use. The benefits of greater
wheat-stubble height can also be applied in more intensive
wheat-row-crop-fallow rotations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
113. Enhancement of farmland biodiversity within set-aside land.
Van Buskirk, J. and Willi, Y.
Conservation Biology 18(4): 987-994. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: agriculture/ biodiversity/ conservation/ set-aside land
Abstract: The
efficacy of agricultural set-aside policies for protecting farmland
biodiversity is widely debated. Based on a meta-analysis of 127
published studies, we found that land withdrawn from conventional
production unequivocally enhances biodiversity in North America
and Europe. The number of species of birds, insects, spiders, and
plants is 1-1.5 standard deviation units higher on set-aside land, and
population densities increase by 0.5-1 standard deviation units.
Set-aside land may be especially beneficial for desirable taxa because
North American bird species that have exhibited population declines
react most positively to set-aside agricultural land. Larger and older
plots protect more species and higher densities, and set-aside land is
more effective in countries with less-intensive agricultural practices
and higher fractions of land removed from production. Although policies
specifically designed to protect biodiversity might work even better,
current incentives clearly improve the standing of plants and animals
in farmland.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
114. Environmental benefits of conservation buffers in the United States: Evidence, promise, and open questions.
Lovell, S. T. and Sullivan, W. C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 112(4):249-260. (2006)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.08.002.
Descriptors: agricultural
buffers/ agroecology/ Conservation Reserve Program/ riparian corridors/
sustainable agriculture/ agricultural ecosystem/ buffer zone/ United States
Abstract:
Conservation buffers can have a tremendously positive impact on the
ecological health of rural landscapes by reducing erosion, improving
water quality, increasing biodiversity, and expanding wildlife
habitats. Yet, in spite of our knowledge of their value, conservation
buffers have not been fully embraced by landowners, or even by policy
makers in the United States (US). In this critical review, we examine
why conservation buffers remain underutilized in US agroecosystems. We
examine the literature on the environmental benefits of buffers, the
economic issues related to buffer adoption, and the importance of the
aesthetic quality and design of buffers. We propose that many questions
related to buffer design and management remain unanswered, and suggest
a variety of areas in which future research is necessary to improve
buffer functionality and adoption. The implications of this synthesis
for designers, planners, scientists, policy makers, and citizens are
discussed. Recommendations include: modifying policies to better
reflect the preferences of landowners and society, studying buffer
systems at the watershed scale using multidisciplinary approaches, and
designing buffers that consider aesthetic preferences and regional
variation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
115. Environmental conservation and locust control: Possible conflicts and solutions.
Peveling, R.
Journal of Orthoptera Research 10(2): 171-187. (2001); ISSN: 1082-6467.
Notes: Publisher: Orthopterists' Society.
Descriptors: pest control/ Insecticides/ habitat preferences/ Acrididae/ Orthoptera/ grasshoppers/ agriculture/
applied entomology
Abstract:
In contrast to pests developing in close association with a particular
host crop, locusts and grasshoppers are often controlled in natural or
semi-natural landscapes, exposing structurally and functionally diverse
communities to agrochemicals, chemicals to which they are not adapted.
This suggests that insecticide-induced perturbations may be severe. On
the other hand, with acridids being highly mobile, exposure of
non-target biota at any one location tends to be rare, and insecticides
might be seen as yet another component in a canon of stochastic and
deterministic, natural or human-induced environmental catastrophes and
selective forces, shaping communities and ecosystems. Moreover, habitat
loss is by far the most important single threat to biodiversity, so why
should doubt be cast on the potential and resilience of populations to
recover from occasional insecticide stress? This paper reviews the
environmental impact, as well as ecological and conceptual
characteristics of acridid pest control. It concludes that ecologically
significant risks may arise, in particular in ecosystems exposed to
multiple stressors. Four priorities in ecological risk assessment and
acridid pest management are proposed: 1) delimitation and
characterization of sensitive areas within locust and grasshopper
habitats, 2) ecosystem-specific, long-term field studies and
operational monitoring, 3) real-time stewardship of control campaigns,
with adequate participation of stakeholders, and 4) incorporation of
the precautionary principle into decision-making and risk management.
© ProQuest
116. Environmental Quality Incentives Program: Program summary and potential for wildlife benefits.
Esser, A.; Molleur, R.; Buck, P.; and Rewa, C.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000; pp. 125-134.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Environmental
Quality Incentives Program/ conservation/ conservation buffers/ farming
systems/ nutrient management/ erosion control/ wildlife management
117. Estimating response of ring-necked pheasant to the Conservation Reserve Program .
Nielson, R. N.; McDonald, L. L.; Howlin, S.; Sullivan, J. P.; Burgess, C.; and Johnson, D. S.
Cheyenne, WY: Western EcoSystems Technology, 2006. 55 p.
Notes: Technical report prepared for US Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency, Contract Number
53-3151-5-8059.
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/ pheasant_study.pdf
Descriptors: ring-necked pheasant/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Breeding Bird Survey/ statistical analysis/ modeling
Abstract:
We evaluated benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
to ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) populations by modeling
Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) counts of ring-necked pheasants along 388
BBS routes in the US during 1987-2005.
118. Estimating wildlife response to the Conservation Reserve Program: Bobwhite and grassland birds.
Burger, L. W. and Riffell, S. K.
Solicitation Number: FSA-R-28-04DC, 2006.
ftp://ftp fc.sc.egov.usda.gov-/NHQ/nri/ceap/ quailandsongbirds.pdf
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ CRP databases/ Farm Service Agency/ forest habitats/
grasslands/ bird populations/ land managment/ monitoring program/
northern bobwhite/ quail populations/ shrubland/ wildlife species
Abstract:
We provided retrospective analysis of correlative relationships
among land use/land cover types, Conservation Reserve Program habitats
and indices of grassland bird populations in response to FSA’s
request for "national and regional estimates of per acre CRP effects on
wildlife populations for CRP conservation practices (RFP for
FSA-R-28-04DC)." Although robust per acre estimates of the real effect
of CRP on wildlife species can only be derived from an ongoing
monitoring program based on probabilistic sampling design, correlative
analyses are the only possibility with retrospective data.
119. Evaluating potential effects of CRP on bobwhite quail in Piedmont Virginia.
Stauffer, Dean F.; Cline, Gerald A.; and Tonkovich, Michael J.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 55: 57-67. (1990)
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Odontophoridae/ Colinus virginianus/ Conservation reserve programs/
habitat classification/ habitat management/ management/ modeling/
wildlife/ bobwhite/ habitat/ dispersion/ Virginia
© NISC
120. An evaluation of Canada's Permanent Cover Program: Habitat for grassland birds?
McMaster, D. Glen and Davis, Stephen K.
Journal of Field Ornithology 72(2): 195-210. (2001)
Descriptors: birds/ census-survey methods/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat management/ management/ productivity/
species diversity/ study methods/ techniques/ wildlife/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ Populus ssp./ Canada/ Nova Scotia/
Alberta/ Manitoba
Abstract:
In the early 1990s Agriculture Canada's Permanent Cover Program
(PCP) converted over 445,000 ha of cropland to perennial vegetative
cover. The wildlife benefits of the PCP have not been the subject
of previous research. We conducted grassland bird surveys on 629
PCP sites and 564 cropland sites across Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba between 25 May and 3 July 1998.
PCP sites showed higher avian species richness than cropland, and
nine of ten commonly detected grassland bird species occurred at higher
frequencies in PCP than cropland. PCP sites were characterized by
taller, denser vegetation and less bare ground than cropland sites.
Hayed and grazed PCP sites differed significantly in their
vegetative structure and avian community composition, but did not
differ in species richness or evenness. Mean bird species
richness at both cropland and PCP sites was significantly lower in the
aspen parkland ecoregion than in the mixed and moist-mixed grassland
ecoregions. Logistic regression identified 18 geographic and
vegetative variables that significantly influenced the occurrence of
individual species, but models for only two species predicted both
presence and absence with greater than 50% accuracy. Avian
productivity on PCP lands must be determined to appraise definitively
the quality of this habitat for grassland birds.
© NISC
121. Evaluation of select CRP lands as bobwhite quail habitat.
Burger, L. W.; Kurzejeski, E. W.; Dailey, T. V.; and Ryan, M. R.
Proceedings, American Forage and Grassland Conference: 27-30. (1991)
NAL Call #: SB193.F59; ISSN: 0886-6899.
Notes: Meeting held April 1-4, 1991, Columbia, Missouri. Includes references.
Descriptors: quails/ colinus virginianus/ habitats/ conservation areas/ Missouri/
Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
122. Evaluation
of the effect of CRP on duck recruitment in the prairie pothole joint
venture area of Fish and Wildlife Service Region 6.
Reynolds, R.
Bismark, ND: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Progress Report.
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ regional conservation programs/ state conservation
programs/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Montana/ South Dakota/North Dakota
Abstract:
Reported the 1992 results of a pilot effort to evaluate waterfowl
production in CRP grasslands compared to Waterfowl Production Areas.
123. Evaluation of the landscape surrounding northern bobwhite nest sites: A multiscale analysis.
White, C. G.; Schweitzer, S. H.; Moore, C. T.; Parnell, I. B.; and Lewis-Weis, L. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(4): 1528-1537. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Georgia/ habitat/
land-cover/ landscape/ multiscale analysis/ nest/ northern bobwhite
Abstract:
Implementation of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) altered the
interspersion and abundance of patches of different land-cover types in
landscapes of the southeastern United States. Because northern
bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) are experiencing significant population
declines throughout most of their range, including the Southeast, it is
critical to understand the impacts of landscape-scale changes in
habitat on their reproductive rates. Our objective was to identify
components of landscape structure important in predicting nest site
selection by bobwhites at different spatial scales in the Upper Coastal
Plain of Georgia. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) and
spatial analysis software to calculate metrics of landscape structure
near bobwhite nest sites. Logistic regression was used to model the
relationship of nest sites to structure within the surrounding
landscape at 4 spatial scales. We found that patch density and
open-canopy planted pine were consistently important predictor
variables at multiple scales, and other variables were important at
various scales. The density of different patch types could be increased
by thinning rows of pines in large monotypic stands of closed-canopy
planted pine stands. Thinning and creating openings in CRP pine
plantations should provide increased nesting opportunities for
bobwhites. We interpret the support for other variables in our analysis
as an indication that various patch configuration lead to different
combinations of landscape structure that provide an acceptable range of
habitat conditions for bobwhites.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
124. Evidence for a recent Henslow's sparrow population increase in Illinois.
Herkert, James R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1229-1233. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ land zones/ Ammodramus henslowii: habitat
management/ undisturbed grassland establishment/ effect on population
trends/ population dynamics/ population trends/ undisturbed grassland
effects/ Illinois/ Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a species of high
conservation concern due to long-term population declines and a small
global population. Habitat loss is considered to be the most likely
cause of Henslows sparrow declines and the recent establishment of
large acreages of undisturbed grasslands through the Conservation
Reserve Program is considered to have the potential to benefit
populations. I used data from Illinois' Spring Bird Count to
estimate recent population trends and examine the association that
changes in land-use, especially the establishment of Conservation
Reserve Program lands, have had on local Henslow's sparrow population
trends. My analysis shows that Henslow's sparrow populations have
increased substantially within Illinois, USA over the last 10 years and
that this population increase strongly coincides with the establishment
of >400,000 ha of grasslands within the state by the Conservation
Reserve Program. New rules allowing for managed haying and grazing on
Conservation Reserve Program grasslands have the potential to reduce the suitability
of program fields for this species and, thus, Henslow's sparrow use of
program fields should be monitored as the new rules are implemented.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
125. Factors influencing mourning dove nest success in CRP fields.
Hughes, John P.; Robel, Robert J.; and Kemp, Kenneth E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 1004-1008. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Zenaida
macroura/ dove, mourning/ zenaida macroura/ nests and nesting/
conservation programs/ grassland/ land use/ mating grounds/ survival/
cultivated farmland/ cover/ vegetation/ reproduction/ habitat
management for wildlife/ mourning dove/ nest/ habitat/ agriculture/
ecological requirements/ Riley County/ Kansas/ United States
Abstract:
Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) nest primarily in trees. However,
ground nesting is prevalent in the Great Plains region where
mourning dove numbers have increased since the mid 1980s when the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) was initiated. We monitored mourning
dove nest success in CRP fields in Kansas during 1994 and 1995 to
determine if that habitat could be a source for the increased numbers.
Mourning dove nest success averaged 56% (n = 90) in our CRP fields.
Daily nest survival rates in CRP fields were associated positively with
height of live vegetation (P = 0.011) and negatively with percent grass
cover (P = 0.001) and percent live vegetation cover (P = 0.005).
Management practices that produce sparse overall cover but tall
vegetation height may increase mourning dove nest success in CRP fields.
© NISC
126. Farm Bill environmental program may threaten native prairie habitat.
Baker, B.
Bioscience 50(5): 400. (May 2000)
NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 0006-3568 [BISNAS]
Descriptors: federal programs/ land management/ prairies/ environmental policy/ United States/Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
127. Farming practices influence wild pollinator populations on squash and pumpkin.
Shuler, Rachel E.; Roulston, T'ai H.; and Farris, Grace E.
Journal of Economic Entomology 98(3): 790-795. (2005); ISSN: 0022-0493
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ associations/ mutualism/ ecology/ man-made
habitat/ land zones/ Apidae: farming and agriculture/ food plants/
Curcubita/ pollination/ farming practices/ wild pollinator populations/
pumpkin/ squash/ Virginia/ West Virginia/ population dynamics/
cultivated land habitat/ Maryland/ Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita,
Aculeata, Apoidea, Apidae/ arthropods/ hymenopterans/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract:
Recent declines in managed honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies have
increased interest in the current and potential contribution of wild
bee populations to the pollination of agricultural crops. Because wild
bees often live in agricultural fields, their population density and
contribution to crop pollination may be influenced by farming
practices, especially those used to reduce the populations of other
insects. We took a census of pollinators of squash and pumpkin at 25
farms in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland to see
whether pollinator abundance was related to farming practices. The main
pollinators were Peponapis pruinosa Say; honey bees, and bumble bees
(Bombus spp.). The squash bee was the most abundant pollinator on
squash and pumpkin, occurring at 23 of 25 farms in population densities
that were commonly several times higher than tat of other pollinators.
Squash bee density was related to tillage practices: no-tillage farms
hosted three times as great a density of squash bees as tilled farms.
Pollinator density was not related to pesticide use. Honey bee density
on squash and pumpkin was not related to the presence of managed honey
bee colonies on farms. Farms with colonies did not have more honey bees
per flower than farms that did not keep honey bees, probably reflecting
the lack of affinity of honey bees for these crops. Future research
should examine the economic impacts of managing farms in ways that
promote pollinators, particularly pollinators of crops that are not
well served by managed honey bee colonies.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
128. Farmlands for farming and nature.
Freemark, Kathryn
In: Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology Wiens, J. A. and Moss, M. R.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005; pp. 193-200.
Notes: 0521830532 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ man-made habitat/ comprehensive zoology: farming and
agriculture/ landscape scale farming practices/ Conservation
significance/ cultivated land/ landscape scale farming practices
significance/ cultivated land habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
129. Field
evaluation of the northern bobwhite habitat suitability index model
with implications for the Conservation Reserve Program.
Tonkovich, Michael Joseph
Blacksburg, Va.: Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University, 1995.
Notes: Thesis (Ph. D.); Bibliography: leaves 182-203.
NAL Call #: ViBlbV LD5655.V856 1995.T665
Descriptors: Colinus virginianus/ bobwhite quail/ wildlife habitats/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
130. Fine tuning the Conservation Reserve Program for biological diversity and native wildlife.
Bidwell, Terrence G. and Engle, David M.
In:
The Conservation Reserve Program Planting for the future: Proceedings
of a National Conference.Fort Collins, Colorado.) Allen, Arthur W.
and Vandever, Mark W. (eds.)
Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey; 6 pp.; 2005.
Notes: Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5145.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Products/Publications/21490/21490.pdf
Descriptors: cropland/
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)/ lesser prairie chicken/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus/ prairies/ shrublands/ Great Plains/ bobwhite quail/
Colinus virginianus/ mountain plover/ Eupoda montana/ wildlife
conservation/ wildlife habitat/ Okalahoma/ Texas/ ring-necked pheasant
Abstract: This
paper provides as assessment of conservation programs in the Great
Plains by the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The
authors present major issues related to CRP lands created islands of
habitat across the landscape that benefited native wildlife species but
caused other native species to decline while favoring introduced
wildlife species, such as the ring-necked pheasant. Guidelines to
improve conservation programs are described. CRP decisions should be
based on research formulated in the context of landscape composition
and needs of habitat specialists (also known as indicator species).
Indicator wildlife and plant species are those where abundance and
distribution reflect a healthy landscape and ecosystem. In this
setting, single species management (i.e., of indicator wildlife
species) is appropriate within the context of restoring whole
landscapes rather than of establishing vegetation cover on individual
fields without considering the spatial influence of individual
management decisions. Another key to restoration success is to
reestablish ecological drivers of herbivory and fire with appropriate
prescriptions to produce desired habitat elements and appropriate
spatial extent of habitat to maintain population viability of the
indicator wildlife species.
131. The first distributional record of the least weasel, Mustela nivalis, in northeastern Missouri.
Mock, O. B.; Sells, G. D.; Ellis, L. S.; and Easterla, D. A.
Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science 35: 7-11. (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 K13T
Descriptors: geographical distribution/ Missouri/ mustela nivalis/ weasels/ Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract:
This paper reports a significant range extension for the least weasel
(Mustela nivalis). Failure to capture least weasels during the previous
50-year period in which the Adair County area has been
intensely trapped for small mammals suggests that this species is a
recent immigrant into northeastern Missouri, USA. The
location of the capture sites near the break between the Missouri
and Mississippi drainage systems does not support a riparian mode
of dispersal. We speculate that changes in agricultural policies and
practices that have reduced row-crop farming and increased meadows and
USDA Conservation Reserve Program land are factors in the recent
movement of M. nivalis into northeastern Missouri.
© CABI
132. GIS
analysis of the effects of habitat configuration and the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) on the abundance of ringnecked pheasants, gray
partridge, and meadowlarks.
Lockman, Drake J. and Kimmel, R. O.
In: MN DNR Farmland Wildlife Population and Research Unit Report, 1994; pp. 33-39.
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus/ Aves/ Perdix perdix/ common pheasant/ birds/ partridge/
dispersion/ prairie/ GIS/ United States/ geographic information systems
© NISC
133. GIS-based evaluation of the Conservation Reserve Program in Texas County, Oklahoma.
Awawdeh, Muheeb Mohammad
Stillwater, OK: Oklahoma State University, 2004.
Descriptors: correlation analysis/ potential resources/ soil erosion/ stream flow/ water quality/ watersheds/ Oklahoma
Abstract:
The main goal of this research was to evaluate the long-term
environmental benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The
GIS-integrated hydrologic model, AVSWAT (ArcView-Soil and Water
Assessment Tool), was used to evaluate the potential environmental
benefits of the CRP in the Beaver River watershed, Texas
County, Oklahoma. In this study SWAT model was used to simulate
erosion rates and related stream water quality. The GIS interface of
AVSWAT is ideally suited for input data management and output
visualization purposes. The Beaver River Watershed was subdivided into
53 sub-basins using the digital elevation model as the base data
source. Calibration results using monthly predicted values generally
matched well with the observed values of two USGS gage stations in the
watershed. The R2 values of 0.65, 0.61 and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency
0.63, 0.55 of stream flow for the two stations were similar to values
found in the literature. Although the simulated sediment yields was
low, it correlated well with the CRP areas. The higher the CRP area the
lower the sediment yield with an overall 30% reduction in annual
sediment yield for Texas County. Sediment yield was
highest from wheat, general agriculture and corn fields with an average
of 9.25, 2.40, and 0.25 tons/ha/year respectively. Mapping sediment
yield based on data from hydrologic response units determined priority
areas for future CRP enrollment. The areal association between sediment
yield and CRP area was calculated to be 53%. Correlation analysis also
revealed a good inverse relationship between sediment yield and area
under CRP. Wheat fields accounted for about 71% of total phosphorus and
77% of total nitrogen lost in Texas County. Results from
Patch Analyst showed 7% increase in grassland area, 24% decrease in
number of patches, and an increase in average patch size from 24 ha to
36 ha. Analysis of changes in landscape structure indicated that CRP
can potentially improve the quality and quantity of wildlife habitat.
© ProQuest
134. Good news for grouse.
Hoffman, Rick
Colorado Outdoors 49(2): 10-13. (2000); ISSN: 0010-1699
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus/ behavior/ birds/
conservation/ Conservation Reserve Program/ distribution/ habitat
management/ management/ mining/ population ecology/ protection/
reclamation/ status/ wildlife/ Columbian sharp-tailed grouse/ Colorado
Abstract: Information
is presented on the status and distribution of Columbian
sharp-tailed grouse on Conservation Reserve Program lands in
western Colorado. Methods are being developed to manage and
conserve the
population of grouse in a way that is compatible with existing land
uses in the region.
© NISC
135. Grassland bird abundance associated with Conservation Reserve Program grasslands.
Haroldson, Kurt J.; Kimmel, Richard O.; and Riggs, Michael R.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001: 69-79. (2002)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Perdix perdix/ Phasianus colchicus/ Sturnella: habitat
management/ national parks and reserves/ population density/
distribution within habitat/ habitat utilization/ grassland/ grassland
species abundance/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Minnesota/ Aves,
Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
136. Grassland bird conservation: CP1 vs. CP2 plantings in Conservation Reserve Program fields in Missouri.
McCoy, Timothy D.; Ryan, Mark R.; and Burger, Loren W.
American Midland Naturalist 145(1): 1-17. (Jan. 2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive productivity/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves/ habitat
management/ reproductive productivity/ nesting success/ Fecundity/
community structure/ population density/ nests/ grassland/ Cool season
and warm season grass fields/ nesting success and fecundity/
conservation implications/ Missouri/ Knox County/ Macon County/ Linn
County/ conservation biology/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: To
determine the relative value of different Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) plantings for breeding grassland and winter birds we
measured vegetation structure, avian abundance and reproductive
success, and estimated fecundity during 1993-1995 on CP1 (cool-season
grass) and CP2 (warm-season grass) plantings in 16 fields in northern
Missouri. CP1 fields had been planted to cool-season grasses or
cool-season grass-legume mixtures and CP2 fields had been seeded with
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Species richness, abundance and nesting
success of grassland birds during the breeding season and total bird
use in the winter did not differ between CPs. During the breeding
season CP1 fields had higher abundances of grasshopper sparrow
(Ammodramus savannarum), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna),
Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) and American goldfinches
(Carduelis tristis), whereas common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas)
were more abundant in CP2 fields. Fecundity of dickcissels
(Spiza americana) and nesting success and fecundity of red-winged
blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were higher on CP2 than on CP1
habitat, but both CPs were likely sinks (λ < 1) for these species. Both CPs were likely source (λ
> 1) habitat for grasshopper sparrows, whereas only CP1 habitat was
likely a source for eastern meadowlarks and American goldfinches. In
winter American goldfinches were more abundant in CP1 fields than CP2
fields. The shorter, more diverse, cool-season grass fields were equal
or better habitat than taller, more vertically dense,
switchgrass-dominated fields for grassland birds, including several species of high conservation concern. Single-species plantings
of warm- or cool-season grasses should be avoided to increase the
potential wildlife benefits of CRP and other grassland habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
137. Grassland bird use of Conservation Reserve Program fields in the Great Plains.
Johnson, Douglas H.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 17-32.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/ fish/Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract: An
enormous area in the Great Plains is currently enrolled in the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP): 19.5 million acres (nearly 8
million ha) in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska,
Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Th is change in land use from
cropland to grassland since 1985 has markedly infl uenced grassland
bird populations. Many, but certainly not all, grassland species do
well in CRP fields. Th e responses by birds to the program diff er not
only by species but also by region, year, the vegetation composition in
a fi eld, and whether or not a field has been hayed or grazed. The
large scale and extent of the program has allowed researchers to
address important conservation questions, such as the eff ect of the
size of habitat patch and the infl uence of landscape features on bird
use. However, most studies on nongame bird use of CRP in or near
the Great Plains have been short-lived; 83% lasted only 1-3 years.
Further, attention to the topic seems to have waned in recent years;
the number of active studies peaked in the early 1990s and dramatically
declined after 1995. Because breeding-bird use of CRP fields varies
dramatically in response both to vegetational succession and to
climatic variation, long-term studies are important. What was learned
about CRP in its early stages may no longer be applicable. Finally,
although the CRP provisions of the Farm Bill have been benefi cial to
many grassland birds, it is critical that gains in grassland habitat
produced by the program not be off set by losses of native prairie.
138. Grassland bird use of Conservation Reserve Program fields in the Great Plains.
Johnson, D. H.
In:
A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife
conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P; Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.;
and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical
Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 19-33.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife management/ birds
139. Grassland bird use of riparian filter strips in southeast Iowa.
Henningsen, J. C. and Best, L. B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 198-210. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0198:GBUORF>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: agriculture/
bird abundance/ buffer/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ filter
strip/ Iowa/ nest success/ riparian grassland/ strip cover/
conservation management/ habitat management/ habitat use/ nest site/
nesting success/ passerines/ riparian zone/ Iowa/ Agelaius phoeniceus/
Aves/ Geothlypis trichas/ Melospiza melodia/ Poaceae/ Riparia/ Spiza/
Spiza americana/ Turdus merula
Abstract:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) under its Continuous
Enrollment Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has actively promoted
establishment of conservation buffers. Although these programs are
intended to benefit wildlife in addition to protecting soil and water
resources, benefits to grassland birds may be compromised by narrow
widths, presence of woody vegetation, and high predation pressure.
During 2001 and 2002, we surveyed breeding grassland birds and searched
for nests in 33 CRP filter strips that varied in planting mixture
(cool-season vs. warm-season grasses) and adjacent edge type
(non-wooded vs. wooded). The most abundant species in filter strips
were red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), dickcissel (Spiza americana), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and common
yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Relative abundances of birds and
nests were similar between cool-season and warm-season planting
mixtures. Dickcissels and red-winged blackbirds and their nests were
relatively less abundant at wooded than non-wooded sites. Our nest
success estimates generally were low in all treatments, and nest
success varied little with the variables we studied. Predation was the
major cause of nest failure; 62% of all nests were depredated. Although
the most common birds using filter strips are generalists, filter
strips also have potential to provide breeding habitat for some species
of management concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
140. Grassland
birds: Development and testing of models to predict species richness,
abundance, and reproductive success at local and landscape levels.
Schultz, J.
Columbia, MO: Missouri Dept. of Conservation, Wildlife and Research Div.; PB2001104751XSP, 2000. 180 p.
Notes:
Study No. 43; Final Report to Research and Survey Projects as Required
by Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, Missouri, Federal Aid
Project no. W-13-R-54(2000). Contains Dissertation of Timothy McCoy on
Effects of Landscape Composition and Multi-Scale Habitat
Characteristics on the Grassland Bird Community; Prepared in
cooperation with Missouri Univ.-Columbia. Graduate School.; Sponsored
by Fish and Wildlife Restoration Program, Washington, DC.
Descriptors: endangered
species/ models/ abundance/ reproduction biology/ conservation/
habitats/ landscapes/ birds/ wildlife management/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ grassland birds/ natural resources and earth sciences natural
resource management/ medicine/ biology/ ecology
Abstract:
Measures of grassland bird demography on Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) fields were compared and modeled at several spatial
scales to identify habitat factors associated with increased
conservation value for grassland birds. Grassland bird populations and
species richness were compared between fields located in landscapes
with different amounts of CRP habitat and total grassland. Multi-scale
habitat models were developed from and validated on two independent
data sets to identify the primary habitat features that could predict
the potential value of CRP and other idle grasslands for grassland bird
conservation.
141. The Great Plains: America's best chance for ecosystem restoration, Part 1.
Licht, Daniel S.
Wild Earth 4(2): 47-53. (1994); ISSN: 1055-1166
Descriptors: Canis
latrans/ Mephitis/ Microtus pennsylvanicus/ Procyon lotor/ Vulpes
vulpes/ Ciconiiformes/ Fringillidae/ Passeriformes/ Scolopacidae/
Ammodramus bairdii/ Bartramia longicauda/ Catoptrophorus semipalmatus/
Gallinago gallinago/ Limosa fedoa/ Molothrus ater/ Phalaropus tricolor/
agricultural practices/ birds/ Conservation Reserve Program/ ecosystem
management/ ecosystems/ farmland/ grasslands/ habitat alterations/
land, private/ mammals/ management/ restoration/ coyote/ red fox/
raccoon/ skunk/ meadow vole/ Baird's sparrow/ brown headed cowbird/
marbled godwit/ upland sandpiper/ common snipe/ Wilson's phalarope/
willet/ North America/ Great Plains
Abstract: The
author discusses the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) in
the United States and its effect on Great Plains wildlife and
ecosystems. Although a large number of acres are temporarily taken out
of agricultural use under the CRP program, the individual tracts are
small. Very often, farmers plant exotic grasses on the CRP tracts
instead of native ones that would support native wildlife species.
© NISC
142. Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in organic, no-till, and chisel-till cropping systems in Maryland.
Clark, S.; Szlavecz, K.; Cavigelli, M. A.; and Purrington, F.
Environmental Entomology 35(5): 1304-1312. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: Carabidae/ chisel-till/ cropping systems/ no-till/ organic
Abstract: Ground
beetle assemblages were compared in organic, no-till, and
chisel-till cropping systems of the USDA Farming Systems Project
in Maryland. The cropping systems consisted of 3-yr rotations of
corn
(Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) that were planted to corn and soybean during the 2 yr of
field sampling (2001-2002). Each year, ground beetles were sampled
using pitfall traps during three 9- to 14-d periods corresponding to
spring, summer, and fall. A total of 2,313 specimens, representing 31
species, were collected over the 2 yr of sampling. The eight most
common species represented 87% of the total specimens collected and
included Scarites quadriceps Chaudoir, Elaphrapus anceps (LeConte),
Bembidion rapidum (LeConte), Harpalus pensylvanicus (DeGeer), Poecilus
chalcites (Say), Clivina impressefrons LeConte, Agonum punctiforme
(Say), and Amara aenea (DeGeer). Canonical variates analysis based on
the 10 most abundant species showed that the carabid assemblages in the
three cropping systems were distinguishable from each other. The
organic system was found to be more different from the no-till and
chisel-till systems than these two systems were from each other. In
2002, ground beetle relative abundance, measured species richness, and
species diversity were greater in the organic than in the chisel-till
system. Similar trends were found in 2001, but no significant
differences were found in these measurements. Relatively few
differences were found between the no-till and chisel-till systems. The
estimated species richness of ground beetles based on several common
estimators did not show differences among the three cropping systems.
The potential use of ground beetles as ecological indicators is
discussed. © 2006 Entomological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
143. Gunnison
sage-grouse use of Conservation Reserve Program fields in Utah and
response to emergency grazing: A preliminary evaluation.
Lupis, S. G.; Messmer, T. A.; and Black, T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 957-962. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [957:GSUOCR]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Centrocercus minimus/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Emergency grazing/ Gunnison sage-grouse/ habitat use/ Utah
Abstract: Little
information is available on the use of areas enrolled in the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) by Gunnison sage-grouse
(Centrocercus minimus) or the impacts of grazing on their habitat
selection and movement patterns. Using radiotelemetry, we monitored 13
Gunnison sage-grouse in San Juan County, Utah, USA
during 2001-2002 to determine their use of CRP. Additionally, in 2002
some of the CRP land used by the birds in 2001 was grazed under a
drought emergency declaration. This afforded us an opportunity to
monitor their response to livestock grazing. Although Gunnison
sage-grouse used CRP for nesting, brood-rearing, and summer habitat, it
was not selected in greater proportion than its availability (P ≤
0.10) on the landscape. Bird-use sites in the CRP did not entirely meet
habitat guidelines recommended by the Gunnison sage-grouse
Rangewide Steering Committee (2005). Most of the sage-grouse we
monitored avoided CRP fields when livestock were present. The one
exception to this was a hen with a brood. We believe long-term
maintenance of CRP in San Juan County will result in
achieving habitat conditions that are more desirable for Gunnison
sage-grouse. Future livestock management practices in areas used
by Gunnison sage-grouse should incorporate short-term,
high-intensity
deferred-grazing rotations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
144. Habitat
associations of grasshopper species (Orthoptera : Acrididae) in winter
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and adjacent rangeland.
Gillespie, R. L. and Kemp, W. P.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68(4): 415-424. (1995)
NAL Call #: 420 K13; ISSN: 0022-8567
Descriptors: Acrididae/
Triticum aestivum/ rangelands/ species composition/ population
density/ United States/ Orthoptera/ population ecology/ insects
Abstract:
Thirty-one species of grasshoppers were collected in either winter
wheat or adjacent rangeland/CRP, at ten study sites for three years.
Eighteen species were collected in winter wheat fields while 29 species
were collected in adjacent reseeded native rangeland or newly seeded
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land, seeded to crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and alfalfa Medicago sativa L.). In
native rangeland these two species were reseeded into Stipa comata
Trin. and Rupr., Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K). habitat. Melanoplus
sanguinipes, M. bivittatus, and M. packardii, pest species of crops and
rangeland in the Northern Great Plains, were the predominant
species in winter wheat and together with Aulocara elliotti were the
predominant species in adjacent rangeland or CRP. The number of M.
sanguinipes collected per unit of effort in CRP was the same as the
number collected in "established" reseeded rangeland. Fewer A. elliotti
were collected per unit effort in CRP when compared to "established"
reseeded rangeland. The results suggest that CRP supports a lower
population of A. elliotti than "established" reseeded rangeland or
there has been an insufficient span of time for A. elliotti to disperse
into these areas.
© ProQuest
145. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture.
Landis, Douglas A.; Wratten, Stephen D.; and Gurr, Geoff M.
Annual Review of Entomology 45: 175-201. (2000)
NAL Call #: 421 An72; ISSN: 0066-4170.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/ annurev.ento.45.1.175?
Descriptors: control/
conservation measures/ man-made habitat/ Insecta: biological control/
habitat management/ farm management/ cultivated land habitat/
arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Many agroecosystems are unfavorable environments for natural enemies
due to high levels of disturbance. Habitat management, a form of
conservation biological control, is an ecologically based approach
aimed at favoring natural enemies and enhancing biological control in
agricultural systems. The goal of habitat management is to create a
suitable ecological infrastructure within the agricultural landscape to
provide resources such as food for adult natural enemies, alternative
prey or hosts, and shelter from adverse conditions. These resources
must be integrated into the landscape in a way that is spatially and
temporally favorable to natural enemies and practical for producers to
implement. The rapidly expanding literature on habitat management is
reviewed with attention to practices for favoring predators and
parasitoids, implementation of habitat management, and the
contributions of modeling and ecological theory to this developing area
of conservation biological control. The potential to integrate the
goals of habitat management for natural enemies and nature conservation
is discussed. [article abstract]
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
146. Habitat preferences of migrant and wintering northern harriers in northwestern Texas.
Littlefield, C. D. and Johnson, D. H.
Southwestern Naturalist 50(4): 448-452. (2005)
NAL Call #: 409.6 So8; ISSN: 00384909.
Notes: doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050 [0448:HPOMAW]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Circus cyaneus/ Triticum aestivum/ Texas/ harriers/ Conservation Reserve Program/ prairies/ grasslands
Abstract:
We studied habitat preferences of northern harriers (Circus cyaneus) in
4 counties of the Southern High Plains of northwestern Texas from
October 1989 to May 1995. Harriers generally arrived in late July and
departed in April. They hunted over a variety of habitats in the study
area but mainly in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and
vegetated playa basins. CRP grasslands, playa basins, and shortgrass
prairie were used disproportionately to their availability, whereas
winter wheat was used less than its availability. Brown harriers (adult
females or subadults of either sex) foraged in CRP about as often as
adult males but more frequently in playas and prairies, whereas adult
males foraged more in winter wheat. As underground water sources for
irrigation continue to be depleted, agricultural practices are likely
to change. Depending on how the land is used after irrigation ceases,
harriers might benefit if CRP grasslands, vegetated playas, and
shortgrass prairies persist. If dominant land use reverts to livestock
grazing, however, the harrier population will be negatively affected.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
147. Habitat restoration and agricultural production under land retirement.
Purkey, D. R. and Wallender, W. W.
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 127(4):240-245. (2001)
Descriptors: agricultural
production/ endangered species/ groundwater/ groundwater flow/
habitats/ irrigation water/ land diversion/ nature conservation/
simulation/ simulation models/ wildlife conservation/ Dipodomys/
Sciuridae/ Vulpes
Abstract:
Current land retirement programmes seek to address drainage management
challenges in the western San Joaquin Valley of California, USA, using
a willing seller strategy. In choosing between available parcels, the
programme managers focus primarily on the drainage mitigation potential
of retiring each parcel of land. The results of 50-year groundwater
simulations suggest that retirement of parcels already underlain by
shallow groundwater produces the largest drain flow reduction. However,
the managers also want this land to provide useful habitat for
threatened terrestrial organisms (Kit Fox, Giant Kangaroo-rat,
blunt-nosed leopard lizard and Nelson's antelope ground squirrel).
Using the depth of unsaturated material above a shallow water table as
a proxy for habitat suitability, the model results reveal that only
retirement of land that is currently well aerated and free from shallow
groundwater will provide useful habitat in the long term. A secondary
objective of land retirement is to minimize the negative local economic
impact of removing a parcel
from production. According to a productivity proxy drawn from model
results, the retirement of land already overlying shallow groundwater
could minimize the short-term productivity decline.
© CABI
148. Herbicide and prescribed fire as habitat management tools for northern bobwhite in Conservation Reserve Program fields.
Greenfield, Kirk C.; Burger, L. Wes; and Chamberlain, Michael J.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 55: 445-455.(2001)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ Chemical factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Colinus
virginianus: farming and agriculture/ habitat management/ Grassland
habitat quality improvement/ herbicide and prescribed fire management
tools assessment/ grassland/ fertilizers and pesticides/ pesticides/
fire/ Mississippi/ Lowndes County/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Kentucky-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundicacea) was a common planting
established on Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields throughout the
southeastern United States during the late 1980s and 1990s.
Fescue-dominated grassland communities on CRP fields offer poor quality
nesting, brood-rearing, and foraging habitat for northern bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) because of dense vegetation, high litter cover,
low bare ground, and low plant diversity. Herbicide applications have
been shown to reduce fescue and release early successional plant
communities, and therefore may enhance bobwhite habitat quality.
However, the relative efficacy of herbicide used in conjunction with
fire has not been investigated. We tested singular and joint effects of
herbicide (glyphosate) application and burning on vegetation in fescue
CRP fields in east Mississippi. We tested the following 4
treatments: spring glyphosate application, spring burn, spring burn and
glyphosate application, and control. All manipulations modified plant
communities and enhanced bobwhite brood-rearing habitat to varying
degrees. Spring burn increased bare ground and decreased litter cover
(P≤0.05). Spring herbicide application increased forbs, legumes, and
annual weeds, but decreased grass and fescue canopy (P<=0.05).
Spring burn/herbicide application increased forbs, legumes, annual
weeds, and bare ground but decreased grass canopy, fescue canopy, and
litter cover (P≤0.05). Canopy coverage of bobwhite food plants was
greatest in spring burn/herbicide (P≤0.05). Herbicide applied alone
and in conjunction with burning enhanced bobwhite brood-rearing habitat
in fescue CRP fields in east Mississippi by promoting early
successional plant communities. This information has implications for
implementation of wildlife management in federal agricultural
multiple-year land retirement programs and other cool season grasslands
not enrolled in federal programs.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
149. History and economics of Farm Bill legislation and the impacts on wildlife management and policies.
Harmon, K. W.
In:
Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains,
General Technical Report-RM 158; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1988. pp. 105-108.
Notes:
0277-5786 (ISSN); Proceedings of a Symposium on "Impacts of the
Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains," held Sept 16-18,
1987, Denver, Colorado. Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: land
diversion/ wildlife/ legislation/ revegetation/ habitats/ pheasants/
resource conservation/ soil conservation/ erosion control/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ Food Security Act of 1985
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
150. Home range and habitat use of coyotes in an area of native prairie, farmland and CRP fields.
Kamler, J. F.; Ballard, W. B.; Lemons, P. R.; Gilliland, R. L.; and Mote, K.
American Midland Naturalist 153(2): 396-404. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: canid/ habitat use/ home range/ prairie/ Texas/ United States/ Canidae/ Canis latrans
Abstract:
From 1999 to 2001 we monitored 12 coyotes (Canis latrans) in
northwestern Texas to determine their home ranges and habitat use
in a landscape interspersed with native prairie, farmland and
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields. Annual home range size was
10.1 km2 for residents and 84.5 km2
for transients. We determined habitat use at two spatial scales: within
home ranges and within study area. Habitat use patterns were similar at
both scales, as residents selected for native prairie and transients
selected for CRP fields. Habitat use between residents and transients
differed in both seasons, with residents selecting more native prairie,
less farmland and less CRP (summer only) than transients. Habitat at
natal den sites also differed from expected for residents, as most dens
(8 of 10) were located in CRP fields. The CRP fields contained the only
tall permanent vegetation on our study sites and appeared to provide
important foraging habitat for transient coyotes, and denning habitat
for resident coyotes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
151. Home
range and seasonal movements of Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
associated with Conservation Reserve Program and mine reclamation.
Boisvert, J. H.; Hoffman, R. W.; and Reese, K. P.
Western North American Naturalist 65(1): 36-44. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 15270904
Descriptors: Colorado/
Columbian sharp-tailed Grouse/ Conservation Reserve Program/ home
range/ mine reclamation/ seasonal movements/ Tympanuchus phasianellus
columbianus/ Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus/ Phasianidae/
Tympanuchus phasianellus
Abstract:
During 1999 and 2000 we trapped and radio-marked 156 Columbian
Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) on leks in
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP, n = 73) and mine reclamation (MR, n
= 83) lands in northwestern Colorado. Median spring-fall home
range sizes using the 95% fixed kernal and minimum convex polygon
estimators for 54 grouse were 86 ha and 61 ha, respectively. Median
fixed kernal home range size did not differ between males (79 ha) and
females (87 ha). Home ranges of grouse associated with CRP (112 ha)
were larger than those of grouse in MR (75 ha). Directional orientation
of movements from leks of capture to wintering areas was nonrandom, and
there was a positive elevation gain (median = 102 m) associated with
these movements. Movements did not differ between grouse captured in
CRP and MR for any season but did differ between genders for the
spring-fall period. Males exhibited stronger fidelity and less
variation in their movements than females; 96% of males compared with
only 77% of females remained within 2.0 km of their lek of capture from
spring through fall. Ninety percent of females nested within 2.5 km of
their lek of capture. During winter all grouse were found farther
(median = 21.5 km) from lek sites than in any other season. Males
remained on the breeding range longer in the fall and returned earlier
in the spring than females even though they wintered similar distances
away (median males = 21.5 km, median females = 21.4 km). Our findings
support the 2.0-km radius used in the Habitat Suitability Index model
for Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse to assess nest and brood-rearing
cover around leks, but not the 6.5-km radius used to evaluate winter
cover.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
152. Home ranges of ring-necked pheasants in northwestern Kansas.
Applegate, Roger D.; Flock, Brian E.; Gipson, Philip S.; Mccoy, Matthew W.; and Kemp, Kenneth E.
Prairie Naturalist 34(1-2): 21-29. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program [CRP]/ adaptive kernels/ brooding behavior/ habitat
density/ home range size/ minimum convex polygons/ nesting behavior/
travel distance/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/
vertebrates/ Phasianus colchicus [ring-necked pheasant] (Galliformes):
female, male
Abstract:
We studied the home ranges of 29 female and 9 male ring-necked
pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in northwestern Kansas during 1994
to 1995. Home ranges for hens varied from an average of 127 ha in
high-density (25%) Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) to 155 ha on
low-density (8 to 11%) CRP sites. Home ranges for cocks averaged 179 ha
on the high-density CRP site and 105 ha on the low-density CRP site.
The amount of CRP in areas where home ranges were located had no
detectable effect on size of home ranges. Our estimates of hen home
ranges during nesting and brooding periods were larger than reported
from other regions. This might reflect the need for hens to travel
greater distances in northwestern Kansas in order to obtain
adequate food and cover for themselves and their broods.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
153. A home to roam.
Breining, Greg
Minnesota Conservation Volunteer 64(379) (2001).
URL: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer/novdec01/ prairie_chickens.html
Descriptors: Accipitridae/
Ciconiiformes/ Galliformes/ Phasianidae/ Strigidae/ Strigiformes/ Bubo
virginianus/ Buteo jamaicensis/ Phasianus colchicus/ Tympanuchus
cupido/ agricultural practices/ habits-behavior/ birds/ conservation/
ecosystems/ endangered-threatened species/ funding/ grasslands/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ history/ management/
monitoring/ nest parasitism/ prairies/ predation/ predators/
protection/ restoration/ status/ stocking-transplanting/ survival/
techniques/ telemetry/ wildlife/ prairie chicken/ ring-necked pheasant/
red-tailed hawk/ great horned owl
Abstract:
Prairie chickens once lived throughout the prairies of western and
southern Minnesota, conspicuous on their spring booming grounds
and popular with the state's hunters. The population of the bird
started to grow for sometime but over-hunting over a period of time,
loss of habitats of native grasses and small farm fields, as they were
converted to larger acreages of row crops, led to their population
decline. Prairie protection programs and federal grassland
projects such as Conservation Reserve Program, which includes projects,
like reintroduction and relocation of the species, restoration and
protection of habitats has helped in rebuilding and stabilizing their
population. Although the programs faced problems like "dump nest"
by pheasants, (leaving of relocated areas to move into another area
where the birds were reintroduced), and predators, many birds have
managed to survive, which has led to an increase in population.
© NISC
154. Human-imprinted northern bobwhite chicks and indexing arthropod foods in habitat patches.
Palmer, W. E.; Lane, M. W.; and Bromley, P. T.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 861-870. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: agriculture/
arthropods/ Colinus virginianus/ corn/ feeding/ habitat/ northern
bobwhite/ soybean/ arthropod/ diet/ foraging behavior/ gamebird/ patch
use/ wildlife management/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
Arthropods are an important diet resource for northern bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) chicks. Estimates of arthropod abundance using
standard entomological sampling techniques may lack biological
relevance for assessing potential foraging value of habitat patches
because they do not incorporate a realistic availability measure of
arthropods to bobwhite chicks. Assuming that human-imprinted
(hereafter, imprinted) bobwhite chicks foraged similarly to wild
bobwhite chicks, we estimated foraging rates (arthropods [g]
consumed/30 min/chick) and mass (g) changes of imprinted chicks
foraging in different habitat patches, and used these measures to index
arthropod abundance. Ranks of arthropod abundance in soybean fields (n
= 8) based on foraging rates of imprinted chicks were different from
ranks based on arthropod counts from sweepnet sampling. Ranks of
arthropod abundance in soybean fields (n = 10) based on mass changes of
imprinted chicks were different from ranks based on dry mass (g) of
arthropods collected by sweepnetting and pitfall trapping. However,
ranks of habitat patches based on foraging rates and mass changes of
imprinted chicks were similar. Estimated sample sizes for comparing
chick foraging rates of 2 agricultural habitats, with power (1 - β) = 0.8 and α
= 0.05, were reasonable (n ≤ 11) at observed levels of sampling
error. Foraging rates of imprinted chicks in randomly selected,
conventionally tilled soybean and corn fields were low (range 0.09-0.12
g/30 min/chick), but foraging rates were 2.1 and 3.8 times greater
along field edges and in no-tilled fields, respectively. Our results
suggest that using estimates of arthropod abundance to rank the
foraging value of habitats may be unreliable without information on
availability of arthropods to chicks. Indices of the foraging value of
habitat patches based on imprinted bobwhite chicks were more
biologically relevant than arthropod abundance information.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
155. Illinois
Wildlife Enhancement Bonus Program: Analysis of the Illinois Department
of Natural Resources and Illinois Quail Unlimited Conservation
Program.
Hasstedt, S. C.
Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2002.
Notes: Report numbers: CI01316, ADA398508XSP; Thesis
Descriptors: natural
resources/ population/ preservation/ birds/ agriculture/ farms/ land
areas/ Illinois/ silviculture/ conservation/ habitats/ wildlife/
bobwhite quails/ IWEBP/ wildlife enhancement bonus programs/ natural
resource management/ medicine/ biology/ botany/ zoology/ ecology
Abstract:
In 1998 the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR),
Division of Wildlife Resources, Habitat Stamp Fund in conjunction with
Illinois Quail Unlimited (QU) initiated the Illinois Wildlife
Enhancement Bonus Program (IWEBP) . Financial incentives are available
to property owners for implementation of wildlife friendly practices on
land enrolled in the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA)
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and non-CRP acres are eligible under
a fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) conversion initiative. Mail surveys
following the Total Design Method (Salant and Dillman 1994) were used
to gauge both land owner I operator and Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) professional's perceptions regarding IWEBP efficacy in
improving wildlife habitat, administrative costs of IWEBP, and
characteristics of enrolled participants. Proportional response
histograms and higher order analyses revealed IWEBP participants
a high intrinsic value on both habitat and the presence of wildlife on
their land, and the financial incentive is most important to offset the
high cost of re-establishing native grasses and forbs. NRCS personnel
generally believe, compared to other state conservation programs, IWEBP
provides similar or better habitat benefits for wildlife in general and
is particularly beneficial to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus).
Land owners and NRCS personnel alike appreciate the relative simplicity
of IWEBP enrollment procedures, but further education efforts regarding
the singular importance of habitat (Brennan 1991, Jenkins 2000) in
improving upland wildlife populations could further the success of this
program.
156. Impact of agricultural management on carabid communities and weed seed predation.
Menalled, Fabian D.; Smith, Richard G.; Dauer, Joseph T.; and Fox, Tyler B.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 118(1-4): 49-54. (2007)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ population dynamics/ man-made
habitat/ land zones/ Carabidae: farming and agriculture/ agricultural
management systems/ Effect on communities/ community structure/
population size/ cultivated land habitat/ Michigan/ Hickory Corners/
Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea/ arthropods/ beetles/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
This study evaluated the relationship between diversity and
activity-density of carabid beetles and invertebrate weed seed
predation in conventional, no-till, and organic management systems in
the Midwest USA. Carabid beetles were sampled with pitfall traps and
invertebrate seed predation rates of fall panicum and common
lambsquarters were assayed with exclosure cages. Total carabid
activity-density was over two times higher in the conventional systems
compared to the no-till and organic management systems. In contrast,
activity-densities of seed-predating carabid species were over three
times higher in the no-till compared to the conventional and organic
systems. Carabid diversity was higher in the no-till and organic
systems compared to the conventional system, and a multivariate
analysis showed that carabid community structure was distinct among the
three systems. Predation of fall panicum and common lambsquarters seeds
was often over two times higher in the no-till compared to the
conventional and organic systems, and there was a strong correlation (r
> 0.94) between seed removal rates and the total number of carabid
seed predators captured in each system.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
157. The impact of CRP on avian wildlife: A review.
Ryan, M. R.; Burger, L. W.; and Kurzejeski, E. W.
Journal of Production Agriculture 11(1): 61-66. (Jan. 1998-Mar. 1998)
NAL Call #: S539.5.J68; ISSN: 0890-8524 [JPRAEN].
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: wildlife/
wild birds/ habitats/ government policy/ populations/ grasslands/
species diversity/ nests/ population growth/ land banks/ wildlife
conservation/ Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract: We
reviewed the literature to assess the impact of the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) on bird populations in the central USA. The
CRP red production agriculture fields with grassland habitat used
by more than 90 species of birds. At least 42 bird species nested in
CRP habitats. Bird species richness in CRP fields was similar to that
in rowcrop fields, but relative abundance was 1.4 to 10.5 times higher
in CRP plantings. Nest abundance was 13.5 times higher in CRP than crop
fields, although nesting success of songbirds was only slightly higher
in CRP fields (40% vs. 36% in crops). Limited evidence suggests that
the CRP has positively affected the population growth rates of several
nongame grassland bird species. Waterfowl nest densities and nesting
success in CRP fields were similar to these occurring in grassland
habitats managed specifically for waterfowl. The presence of CRP
grassland has been postulated to have improved the quality of existing
duck nest habitat by dispersing nests over a larger area. Ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L.) populations seemingly increased
substantially with CRP acres. Little evidence of positive population
response by northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus L.) to the CRP is
available. Overall, grassland birds known to be declining
throughout North America were seemingly the most benefitted by the
CRP.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
158. Impact
of different agricultural practices on the genetic structure of
Lumbricus terrestris, Arion lusitanicus and Microtus arvalis.
Kautenburger, R.
Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 29(1): 19-32. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL1.M87; ISSN: 1578665X
Descriptors: Arion lusitanicus/ DNA fingerprinting/ genetic structure/ land use/ Lumbricus terrestris/ Microtus arvalis
Abstract:
Little attention has been given to date to the potential influence of
agricultural land use methods or farming practice on the genetic
variability of native species. In the present study, we measured the
genetic structure of three model species - Microtus arvalis, Arion
lusitanicus and Lumbricus terrestris - in an agricultural landscape
with a diversity of land use types and farming practices. The aim of
the study was to investigate whether different management strategies
such as the method of land use or type of farming practice
(conventional and ecological farming) have an impact on the species'
genetic structure. We used RAPD markers and multilocus DNA fingerprints
as genetic tools. Genetic similarity was based on the presence or
absence of bands, which revealed a wide range of variability within and
between the analysed populations for each model species. Cluster
analysis and Mantel tests (isolation by distance) showed different
genetic structures in the populations of M. arvalis from sampling sites
with different land use. However, the main factors influencing the
genetic variability of these vole populations were geographic distances
and isolation barriers. The genetic variability observed in A.
lusitanicus populations correlated with geographic distance and the
type of land use method, but no correlation was found with different
farming practices. Our preliminary results suggest that the genetic
structure of L. terrestris populations is influenced by the
agricultural land use method used at the different sampling sites but
not by the geographic distance. © 2006 Museu de Ciencies Naturals.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
159. The
impact of haying Conservation Reserve Program lands on productivity of
ducks nesting in the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South
Dakota.
Renner, R. W.; Reynolds, R. E.; and Batt, B. D.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 60: 221-229. (1995)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 [NAWTA6].
Notes:
Conference held 24-29 Mar 1995, Minneapolis. MN; Conference
Sponsors: Ducks Unlimited and Wildlife Management Institute; World
Meeting Number 951-0315.
Descriptors: Anatidae/
prairies/ conservation areas/ haymaking/ reproductive performance/
nature reserves/ land banks/ North Dakota/ South Dakota
Abstract: Compared nest success and duck production in hayed and non-hayed CRP fields.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
160. Impact of haying CRP lands on duck nesting in the Prairie Pothole Region.
Renner, R. W. and Reynolds, R. E.
In: 60th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. Minneapolis. MN (USA).
Bismarck, ND: Ducks Unlimited; 1995.
Notes: Conference Sponsor: Wildlife Management Institute (Washington, DC); World Meeting Number 951-0315.
Descriptors: hay/ haying/ waterfowl/ ducks/ nesting/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Prairie Pothole region
161. Impact of leafy spurge on post-Conservation Reserve Program land.
Hirsch, S. A. and Leitch, J. A.
Journal of Range Management 51(6): 614-620. (Nov. 1998)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors: euphorbia
esula/ conservation areas/ weed control/ species diversity/ economic
impact/ grazing/ carrying capacity/ wildlife/ North Dakota
Abstract: Leafy
spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), a noxious weed infests some of the
1.2 million hectares of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land
in North Dakota. Once established a leafy spurge monoculture will
reduce expected CRP benefits and impact returns to some post-CRP land
uses. The study estimated statewide direct economic impacts of about
$351,000 on post-CRP land maintained in vegetative cover, $1.118
million on post-CRP grazing land, and negligible (assumed $0) on
post-CRP cropland, for a total of $1.469 million. Total annual direct
and secondary economic impacts to North Dakota's economy were
estimated to be $4.665 million, which would support about 57 jobs.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
162. Impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on duck recruitment in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region.
Reynolds, R. E.; Shaffer, T. L.; Renner, R. W.; Newton, W. E.; and Batt, B. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 765-780. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: breeding
success/ recruitment/ land use/ wildlife management/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ habitat improvement/ breeding sites/ food
availability/ hunting/ aquaculture/ Anas/ Montana/ South Dakota/ North
Dakota/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ Dabbling ducks/ management/ Culture of other aquatic
animals/United States
Abstract: The
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) resulted in the conversion of about 1.9 million ha of
cropland to perennial grass cover in the Prairie Pothole Region of
North Dakota, South Dakota, and northeastern Montana by 1992.
Many wildlife managers believed this cover would provide benefits to
wildlife, including upland nesting ducks. During 1992-1995, we
evaluated success of 5 duck species nesting in CRP fields and nearby
Waterfowl Production Areas (WPA) throughout the region. We examined
relationships between daily survival rates (DSR) of duck nests in CRP
cover and landscape-level habitat and population parameters. We
computed DSR of duck nests in other major cover types in our study area
from data collected during 1980-1984 (pre-CRP) and 1990-1994 (CRP)
periods. We then applied recruitment models to estimate duck production
in our study area during peak CRP years (1992-1997) and compared these
results with those that simulated the scenario in which cropland was
in of CRP cover (i.e., the CRP had not occurred). DSR were higher
in
all habitats combined during the CRP period compared to the pre-CRP
period. Regressions of DSR in CRP cover on the percent of each study
plot in perennial cover and geographic location were significant (P<
0.01) for 4 of 5 duck (Anas spp.) species. Estimated nest success and
recruitment rates for the 5 species combined during 1992-1997 were 46%
and 30% higher, respectively, with CRP cover on the landscape compared
to a scenario where we simulated cropland in of CRP. Our model
estimated an additional 12.4 million recruits from our study area to
the fall flight as a consequence of the CRP during 1992-1997. Our
results document benefits to 5 duck species in the northern plains
associated with a farm program that provided financial incentives to
landowners for planting undisturbed grass cover as an alternative to
annual crops.
© ProQuest
163. Impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife conservation in the Midwest.
Farrand, D. Todd and Ryan, Mark R.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 41-60.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife response/ United
States, Midwest/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grasslands/
population
stability
Abstract: Evidence
that the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) created
habitat used by grassland birds in the Midwest is unquestionable.
Evidence also is accumulating that suggests CRP is used by a variety of
other terrestrial wildlife species. Reproductive and population-level
benefits have been demonstrated for some, but not all, avian species;
evidence for other terrestrial wildlife is lacking. Wildlife response
to CRP is a multiscale phenomenon dependent upon vegetation structure
and composition within the planting, practice-level factors such as
size and shape, and its landscape context, as well as temporal factors.
Thus, the benefits of CRP and the impacts of recent programmatic
changes are location- and species-specific. Overall, CRP habitat in
the Midwest likely contributes to the population stability and
growth
of many, but not all, grassland wildlife species.
164. Impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife conservation in the Midwest.
Ryan, M. R.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 45-54.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife management/ Midwest
165. Impacts of farm programs on bobwhites: ACR and CRP seedings as bobwhite nesting and brood-rearing habitat.
Roseberry,
J. L.
Illinois Department of Conservation,
1992. 29 pp.
Notes: Cooperative Upland Wildlife Research; Final Report; Project Number: IL W-106-R/Job 4.1A/Study 4.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ bobwhite/ seeding/ habitat management for wildlife/ farms/
habitat/ nests and nesting/ broods and brooding/ utilization/
cultivated farmland/ policies and programs/ transect survey/
vegetation/ cover, nesting/ population density/ Illinois/ Jasper County
© NISC
166. Impacts of small mammals and birds on low-tillage, dryland crops.
Sterner, R. T.; Petersen, B. E.; Gaddis, S. E.; Tope, K. L.; and Poss, D. J.
Crop Protection 22(4): 595-602. (2003); ISSN: 02612194.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00236-3.
Descriptors: bird/
corn/ Crop damage/ deer mouse/ dryland/ Great Plains/ low-tillage/
plant debris/ small mammal/ soybean/ avifauna/ crop pest/ dryland
farming/ pest damage/ small mammal/ United States/ Calamospiza
melanocorys/ Charadrius montanus/ Charadrius vociferus/ Eremophila
alpestris/ Lepus californicus/ Lepus townsendii/ Odocoileus hemionus/
Odocoileus virginianus/ Onychomys leucogaster/ Peromyscus maniculatus/
Reithrodontomys megalotis/ Spermophilus tridecemlineatus/ Sturnella
neglecta/ Zenaida macroura
Abstract:
During 2000-2001, small mammals, birds, and potential corn/soybean
damage were studied at a low-tillage, non-irrigated agricultural
research site in the Colorado Piedmont. A small mammal survey involved
four trapping sessions and 18, 12-live-trap grids each. Within years,
two grids each were d at random, fixed locations in experimental
corn, fallow, millet, pea, soybean, sunflower, and wheat plots at the
site; two off-plot grids each were set at random, fixed locations <
100 m from the north and south edge of these plots. In 2001, periodic
bird observations were conducted, and damage to corn and soybean plants
was assessed. Capture rates were low during all trap sessions (range
0.1%-3.3%, x̄
= 2.2%). Sixty-three small mammals were captured and 39 were
recaptured. Captures included deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus),
northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster), thirteen-lined
ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), and western harvest
mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Deer mice accounted for 56 of the
initial captures (88.9%). In-crop captures (n = 15) and recaptures (n =
16) were most frequent in wheat plots. Bird counts were low and
included horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), killdeer plover
(Charadrius vociferus), lark bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys),
mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), mourning dove (Zenaida
macroura), and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). No direct seed
removal, sprout removal, or plant clipping by small mammals or birds
was observed, but some clipping of soybean plants was attributed to
deer (Odocoileus virginianus and O. hemionus) and jack rabbits (Lepus
townsendii or L. californicus). Plant debris accumulation is viewed as
a key factor determining small mammal abundance and potential damage in
low-till agriculture.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
167. Impacts
of tillage, cover crop, and nitrogen on populations of earthworms,
microarthropods, and soil fungi in a cultivated fragile soil.
Reeleder, R. D.; Miller, J. J.; Coelho, B. R. Ball; and Roy, R. C.
Applied Soil Ecology 33(3): 243-257. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.S6 A67; ISSN: 0929-1393
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ abiotic factors/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Acari/
Aporrectodea turgida/ Collembola/ Microarthropoda: farming and
agriculture/ soil population responses to tillage regime/ cover crop
and nitrogen levels/ biomass/ relative abundance/ population dynamics/
soil habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ abiotic factors/ Ontario/ The
Delhi/ Annelida, Oligochaeta/ Annelids/ Arachnids/ arthropods/
Chelicerates/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
The impacts of tillage regime, cover crop, and nitrogen on various soil
organisms inhabiting a fragile sandy soil (Brunosolic Gray Brown
Luvisol) were determined. Soil samples were collected between 2000 and
2003 from a long-term tillage experiment, established in 1988 to
determine the effect of tillage systems on yield of corn (Zea mays),
soil quality, and weed populations. Populations of several of the soil
organisms studied were significantly affected by one or more agronomic
treatments. A single earthworm species, Aporrectodea turgida, was found
in the experimental area. Worm populations were generally low and
dominated by juveniles. Spring-sampled populations were significantly
higher in no-till plots than in conventionally tilled plots.
Fall-sampled populations were not affected as greatly by tillage, but
were generally higher in no-till plots not receiving additional
nitrogen or in plots overseeded with a rye (Secale cereale) cover crop.
Soil microbial biomass, as represented by extractable soil DNA, was
higher in the spring than in the fall. Populations of the soilborne
stramenopile Pythium were generally higher in conventionally tilled
plots, and were increased by a rye cover crop. Higher rates of nitrogen
increased populations of total soil fungi but nitrogen had little
effect on prostigmatid or cryptostigmatid mites; prostigmatid
populations were generally higher in no-till plots. Spring populations
of mesostigmatid mites were higher in plots with a rye cover crop than
in plots without an overwintering plant cover. Conventional tillage
stimulated populations of astigmatid mites during periods of high
rainfall. Collembola populations were dominated by the families
Onychiuridae and Isotomidae, but neither was greatly affected by any
tillage treatment. Principal component analysis showed that populations
of A. turgida and soil aggregation tended to be positively associated
with one another, but that variations in populations of Onychiuridae
springtails, prostigmatid mites, and Pythium tended not to be
associated with changes in other variables. Overall, effects of tillage
treatments on soil organisms were found to differ from previous reports
in several respects, suggesting that soil type may impose conditions
that over-ride the impacts of agronomic cultivation systems on
populations of soil organisms. [Crown Copyright 2005.]
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
168. The Imperial Valley of California is critical to wintering mountain plovers.
Wunder, M. B. and Knopf, F. L.
Journal of Field Ornithology 74(1): 74-80. (2003)
Descriptors: California/ Charadrius montanus/ Imperial Valley/ mountain plover/ shorebird/ Charadrius montanus
Abstract: We
surveyed Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus) wintering in the
Imperial Valley of California in January 2001, and also recorded the
types of crop fields used by plovers in this agricultural landscape. We
tallied 4037 plovers in 36 flocks ranging in size from 4 to 596 birds.
Plovers were more common on alfalfa and Bermudagrass fields than other
field types. Further, most birds were on alfalfa fields that were
currently being (or had recently been) grazed, primarily by domestic
sheep. Plovers used Bermudagrass fields only after harvest and
subsequent burning. Examination of Christmas Bird Count data from
1950-2000 indicated that the Mountain Plover has abandoned its
historical wintering areas on the coastal plains of California.
Numbers in the Central Valley seem to have undergone recent
declines also. We believe that the cultivated landscape of
the Imperial Valley provides wintering habitats for about half of
the
global population of Mountain Plovers. We attribute the current
importance of the Imperial Valley for Mountain Plovers to loss of
native coastal and Central Valley habitats rather than to a
behavioral switching of wintering areas through time. Future changes in
specific cropping or management practices in the Imperial Valley
will have a major impact on the conservation status of this species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
169. The importance of Conservation Reserve Program fields to breeding grassland birds at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota.
Leddy, Krecia L.; Higgins, Kenneth F.; and Naugle, David E.
South Dakota Academy of Science: Proceedings 76: 105-111. (1997)
NAL Call #: 500 SO82; ISSN: 0096-378X.
Notes:
Papers presented at The 82nd Annual Meeting of the South Dakota Academy
of Science, April 25-26, 1997, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota. Editor:
Higgins, Kenneth F.
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
agricultural crops/ habits-behavior/ birds/ breeding/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ density/ ecosystems/ farmland/ grasslands/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ management/ pastures/ species diversity/
wildlife/ Minnesota, southwestern
Abstract:
Nongame birds were surveyed during summer 1995 at Buffalo Ridge in
southwestern Minnesota, to evaluate the importance of Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands to local avifauna. Bird abundance and
composition were compared among three habitat types (CRP grasslands,
pasturelands, and croplands) using an index to breeding bird density
(i.e., number of singing males/transect area), percent species
composition, and total species richness. Vertical height and density of
vegetation were measured early in the growing season (mid-May) and
during the peak of the growing season (mid-June) to determine whether
vegetative structure was related to bird use of vegetation.
Conservation Reserve Program fields had higher vegetation measurements
and supported higher bird densities and species richness than
pasturelands and croplands. Mean bird density (birds/100 ha) in CRP
grasslands was 312.5 compared to 166.7 in pasturelands and only 75.0 in
croplands. Ten bird species were present in CRP grasslands compared to
eight in pasturelands and nine in croplands. The presence of three
native bird species (sedge wren, dickcissel, and clay-colored sparrow)
in CRP grasslands that were not found in pasturelands or croplands
indicated that CRP grasslands were an important habitat type for
maintaining avian diversity at Buffalo Ridge.
© NISC
170. Improving Conservation Reserve Program pine plantations for songbirds.
Drew Lanham, J.; Ellenberger, J. E.; and Schweitzer, S. H.
Forest Landowner 61(3): 16-19. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: conservation/
deforestation/ ecosystems/ Global warming/ pesticides/ seed/ wildlife
conservation/ forestry/ Biocides/ birds/ conservation/ ecosystems/
forestry/ seeds
Abstract:
The improvements in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) for
songbirds of pine plantations are discussed. These birds consume hordes
of inspect pests, dispering seeds and pollinating plants and help in
the sustainment of healthy forest ecosystems. The factors related to
the declining numbers are natural population cycles, tropical
deforestation, pesticide use, global warming and habitat alterations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
171. The
influence of field age on mammalian relative abundance, diversity, and
distribution on Conservation Reserve Program lands in Michigan.
Furrow, Ly Thi
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1995.
Notes: Masters Thesis
Descriptors: conservation/ wildlife distribution/ prairies/ meadows/ agricultural conservation programs
Abstract:
Past research evaluating wildlife use of Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) lands have focused primarily on avian populations as
indicators of wildlife habitat quality. In addition to avian species,
mammals may also serve as indicators of wildlife habitat quality and
have not been adequately evaluated on CRP lands. Relative small mammal
abundance, species composition, diversity, and vegetative
characteristics were examined on replicated CP1 fields of 6 age classes
and on agricultural fields in Gratiot County, Michigan
in 1992 and 1993. Additionally, predator scent stations were used to
monitor medium sized mammals associated with CRP fields. Results
suggest that the structure and composition of various age classes of
CRP fields influenced mammal abundance, richness, and diversity.
Reverting CRP lands to cropland may have significant impacts on a
diversity of mammal species that depend on habitat conditions provided
by these grasslands.
© NISC
172. Influence of intercropping canola or pea with barley on assemblages of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).
Butts, R. A.; Floate, K. D.; David, M.; Blackshaw, R. E.; and Burnett, P. A.
Environmental Entomology 32(3): 535-541. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: agroecosystems/
biological control/ Canada/ diversity/ intercropping/ polyculture/
agricultural practices/ agroecology/ beetle/ biological control/
community composition/ intercropping/ species diversity/ Amara/
Bembidion/ Brassica napus/ Carabidae/ Coleoptera/ Hordeum vulgare/
Pisum sativum
Abstract:
Pitfall traps were used to compare assemblages of ground beetles
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) among treatments of two intercrop trials
replicated at each of two sites in each of three years. The first trial
comprised canola (Brassica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in
monoculture and three intercrop treatments of canola and barley. The
second trial comprised pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley in monoculture
and three intercrop treatments of pea and barley. Treatment had little
effect on species richness. For taxa combined, a significant effect of
treatment was detected in 3 of 11 cases, reflecting greater captures of
beetles in canola or pea than in barley. Captures of individual taxa
were compared among canola or pea versus each of the three intercrops
versus barley. For 14 of 15 cases showing significant differences
between monocultures, more beetles were captured in canola or pea than
in barley. For 12 of 14 cases showing significant differences between
monocultures and intercrops, captures of beetles were highest in canola
or pea. These cases primarily reflected different captures of Amara
spp. and Bembidion spp. across treatments. Results show that under the
experimental conditions of the current study
in Alberta, Canada, intercropping barley into canola or pea
did not increase
the activity abundance of populations above that observed in the latter
two crops.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
173. Influence of landscape composition on bird use of rowcrop fields.
Best, Louis B.; Bergin, Timothy M.; and Freemark, Kathryn E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(3): 442-449. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ principal component analysis/ analytical method/ landscape
composition: influence/ rowcrop fields: bird use
Abstract:
We evaluated the influence of landscape composition on bird use of
rowcrop (corn and soybean) fields in 6 watersheds in Iowa from
mid-May to late July 1993 and 1994. We counted birds within 50-m-radius
circular plots positioned randomly within rowcrop fields and determined
coverages for 21 habitats within 800-m-radius circles centered on each
bird census plot. We evaluated the relationships between bird
abundances in rowcrop fields and the habitat coverages in the landscape
by using 2 multivariate procedures. We derived 3 landscape scenarios
from a cluster analysis of the original habitat variables; the
abundances of 7 bird species differed significantly among the 3
scenarios. Species abundances in rowcrop fields were greater in
landscapes with more grassland block-cover and/or more wooded
block-cover and strip-cover. Principal component analysis illustrated
the responses of bird species to landscape composition; species
responses depended upon the relative use (ranging from resident to
occasional) that the birds made of the rowcrop fields. Habitat
selection and use in birds is a multiscale phenomenon, and the
landscape context should be considered when evaluating bird use of
rowcrops.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
174. Influence of the Conservation Reserve Program on landscape structure and potential upland wildlife habitat.
Weber, Whitney L.; Roseberry, John L.; and Woolf, Alan
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(3): 888-898. (Fall 2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ land and freshwater zones/ comprehensive zoology/ habitat
management/ Illinois: South and west central/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ landscape structure/ upland wildlife habitat/ Phasianidae:
Galliformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
175. The influence of the CRP on grasshopper sparrow population trends in the mid-continental United States.
Herkert, James R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 26(2): 227-231. (1998)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Ammodramus savannarum/ birds/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ land use/ land, private/
management/ population ecology/ techniques/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ conservation programs/ sparrows/ abundance/ evaluation/ habitat changes/ grasshopper sparrow
Abstract:
Data suggest that a balance of both managed and undisturbed
Conservation Reserve Program lands in the northcentral United
States would be most beneficial to a wide variety of grassland birds,
including the grasshopper sparrow.
© NISC
176. Intercropping sunflower in organic vegetables to augment bird predators of arthropods.
Jones, G. A. and Sieving, K. E.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 117(2-3): 171-177. (2006)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.026.
Descriptors: avian insectivory/ farmland birds/ Helianthus annuus/ intercrops/ predator augmentation
Abstract:
Field experiments were used to test whether intercropping sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) in organic vegetables would (1) attract
insect-eating birds and encourage them to (2) forage in greater numbers
and (3) for more time in cropped fields. Cropped areas with sunflower
treatments of one or two rows per 0.4 ha exhibited significantly
greater mean abundance of insectivorous birds than did control plots,
across a variety of crop types. Additionally, both mean numbers of
individual birds foraging on insect prey and mean insect-foraging time
per hour in crops were significantly greater in plots with sunflower
rows than without. Birds actively pursuing prey in study plots consumed
economically important pest species and
did not damage crops during the study. The addition of sunflower
intercrops proved to be an effective habitat modification for
augmenting avian insectivore numbers and insect-foraging time in
organic vegetables.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
177. Land-use changes and hunter participation: The case of the Conservation Reserve Program.
Langner, L. L.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference (54th): 382-390. (1989)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 [NAWTA]
Descriptors: erosion control/ land use/ soil conservation/ wildlife management/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
178. Land-use policy change and the ramifications for stewardship and waterfowl conservation in Saskatchewan.
Riemer, G.
Prairie Forum 30(1): 11-24. (2005); ISSN: 03176282
Descriptors: land
use change/ land use planning/ nature conservation/ prairie/
waterfowl/ Canada/ North America/ Saskatchewan/ Anas/
Anatidae/ Anser
Abstract:
Most agricultural producers in the northern Great Plains consider
themselves to be good stewards of the land, whether they are ranchers
or grain farmers. In European culture, the notion of stewardship is
rooted in a biblical context in which the steward maintains the
productivity of his master's money. Today, the conservation movement
has expanded stewardship to mean the proper care of the natural system,
and many farmers consider good stewardship to mean clean, healthy crops
from fence line to fence line. In many ways, the biblical notion of
stewardship works against the conservation of native habitats. Over
much of the last century, when stewardship was coupled with pro-grain
production policies, farmers reacted by bringing land into "production"
and Saskatchewan's landscape changed dramatically to the detriment of
waterfowl and wildlife habitat in general. However, since the 1980s,
the landscape of Saskatchewan has changed significantly again as
producers have adjusted how they farm the land. The amount of land in
permanent cover is roughly the same now as it was in the 1960s and
1970s. While the land that has been reseeded to grass does not have the
same ecosystem integrity as native prairie, it does provide more
ecosystem functions than the cropland it red. That is great news
for those concerned about waterfowl conservation, but it is not the
whole picture. This paper examines economic and policy-based causes of
landscape changes in Saskatchewan, the effects of these changes on
waterfowl populations, and habitat evaluations undertaken as part of
the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
179. Landscape use and movements of wolves in relation to livestock in a wildland-agriculture matrix.
Chavez, Andreas S. and Gese, Eric M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 1079-1086. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: damage
caused by animals/ conservation/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ behavior/
activity patterns/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Canis lupus:
damage to livestock/ conservation measures/ livestock conflicts
management/ mammalian prey/ Bos taurus and Ovis aries/ Circadian
activity/ home range/ habitat utilization/ potential livestock
conflicts and management implications/ cultivatedland
habitat/ agricultural wildland matrix/ Minnesota/ Red River Valley/
Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae/ carnivores/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
180. Linking soil properties and nematode community composition: Effects of soil management on soil food webs.
Sanchez Moreno, Sara; Minoshima, Hideomi; Ferris, Howard; and Jackson, Louise E.
Nematology 8(5): 703-715. (2006); ISSN: 1388-5545
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ trophic structure/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ Nematoda: farming and agriculture/ tillage and continuous
cropping/ Impact of soil management on food webs and community
composition/ food webs/ soil fauna/ influence of soil management/
community structure/ soil habitat/ food webs and community composition/
impact of soil management/ cultivated land habitat/ soil food webs and
community composition/ Nematoda/ invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract: The purported benefits of conservation tillage and
continuous cropping in agricultural systems include enhancement of soil
ecosystem functions to improve nutrient availability to crops and soil
C storage. Studies relating soil management to community structure
allow the development of bioindicators and the assessment of the
consequences of management practices on the soil food web. During one
year (December 2003-December 2004), we studied the influence of
continuous cropping (CC), intermittent fallow (F), standard tillage
(ST) and no tillage (NT) on the nematode assemblage and the soil food
web in a legume-vegetable rotation system in California. The most
intensive systems included four crops during the study period. Tillage
practices and cropping pattern strongly influenced nematode faunal
composition, and the soil food web, at different soil depths.
Management effects on nematode taxa depended on their position along
the coloniser-persister (cp) scale and on their trophic roles. At the
last sampling date (December 2004), Mesorhabditis and Acrobeloides were
positively associated with NH4+, while Panagrolaimus and Plectus were
negatively correlated with certain phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA).
Microbial-feeders were in general associated with both bacterial and
fungal PLFA, microbial biomass C (MBC) by chloroform
fumigation-extraction, total C and N, NH4+ and NO3-, and were most
abundant in the surface soil of the NTCC treatment. Fungal-feeders were
more closely related to PLFA markers of fungi than to ergosterol, a
purported fungal sterol. Discolaimus, Prionchulus, Mylonchulus and
Aporcelaimidae, in contrast, were associated with intermittent fallow
and deeper soil layers. The organisms in the higher levels of the soil
food web did not respond to the continuous input of C in the soil and a
long recovery period may be required for appropriate taxa to be
reintroduced and to increase. At the end of the experiment, each
treatment supported quite different nematode assemblages and soil food
webs.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
181. Male dickcissels feed nestlings in east-central Illinois.
Maddox, J. D. and Bollinger, E. K.
Wilson Bulletin 112(1): 153-155. (Mar. 2000)
Descriptors: feeding
behavior/ paternal behavior/ nests/ food availability/ Illinois/
Spiza americana/ dickcissel/ birds/ United States
Abstract:
We observed male Dickcissels (Spiza americana) commonly feeding
nestlings in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields in 1997 in
east-central Illinois. Male Dickcissels fed nestlings at six of
the eight nests we observed, accounting for 37% of the total nest
visits. Overall, females made significantly more nest visits than
males. However, at the six male-assisted nests, the number of male and
female nest visits did not differ significantly. Male Dickcissel
feeding behavior may have been prompted by low food abundance. Males
were not observed feeding nestlings in 1998, when overall nest success
was higher and nestling starvation was less than in 1997.
© ProQuest
182. Mammalian species composition, diversity, and succession in Conservation Reserve Program grasslands.
Hall, D. L. and Willig, M. R.
Southwestern Naturalist 39: 11-10. (1994)
Descriptors: Mammalia/ species composition/ species diversity/ succession/ nature reserves/ Texas/ conservation/ United States
Abstract:
Species diversity and composition of small mammals were each compared
between Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands and native
shortgrass prairie on the Southern High Plains of Texas. Small
mammals were livetrapped in all four seasons during a one-year interval
at six CRP sites (1, 2, and 3 years of age) and two control sites. Two
factors (vegetational heterogeneity and age of habitat) known to affect
species diversity were analyzed by a variety of quantitative methods.
No significant differences in mammalian diversity (Fisher's log series
alpha) were found among sites, and diversity was not significantly
correlated with vegetational heterogeneity or site age. Species
composition (proportional density of species) was significantly
different among all sites in each season. Regardless of season, a
priori hierarchical comparisons revealed significant differences in the
proportional abundances of species between all CRP sites as a group and
in the control sites. The CRP grasslands simulate shortgrass prairies
in species diversity, but not in species composition. Differences in
species composition between CRP grasslands and shortgrass prairie may
be a result of the lack of natural disturbances (i.e., grazing, fire)
on the CRP grasslands.
© ProQuest
183. Management of field margins to maximize multiple ecological services.
Olson, D. M. and Wackers, F. L.
Journal of Applied Ecology 44(1): 13-21. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 00218901.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01241.x.
Descriptors: ecological services/ Insect conservation/ northern bobwhite/ plant succession/ vegetative buffers
Abstract:
1. Vegetative buffers in agricultural landscapes can provide a range of
important ecological services, including conservation of native flora
and fauna, enhancement of biological pest control and reduction of
agrochemical drift. Typically, studies addressing the impact of such
vegetative elements focus on one particular benefit. We investigated
whether the benefits of field margins that had been established for
conservation of northern bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus populations
extended to the enhancement of biological pest control in adjacent
conservation tillage cotton fields. 2. Densities of a selection of
insect species and the predation and parasitism rates of insect pest
species were measured in first- and second-year field margins
established for bobwhite quail as well as in an adjacent cotton crop.
3. Second-year field margins yielded higher densities of all species
sampled, with the exception of staphylinids and cotton aphids. Despite
this, thrips and their predator, Orius insidiosus, were the only
species that were also more abundant in the adjacent cotton field.
Tachinids and Trichogramma and Lygus species, appeared to prefer the
field margin vegetation over the cotton. 4. Overall, the impact of
second-year margins on the cotton crop did not significantly differ
from first-year margins with regard to pest occurrence or biological
control. 5. Analysis of the sugar content in Meteorus autographae, a
generalist parasitoid of Lepidoptera larvae, suggested that this
species is severely food-limited in the field margins established for
bobwhite quail. 6. Synthesis and applications. This study shows that
field margins designed to specifically benefit bobwhite quail may be
unsuitable for providing other ecological services. By making small
adjustments in the vegetative composition of these field margins, such
as adding early season nectar-producing plants, it may be feasible to
combine biodiversity and pest-control benefits and thereby optimize the
overall ecological services to be gained. © 2006 British
Ecological Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
184. Management of fields for nocturnal use by wintering American woodcock.
Welch, James R.; Krementz, David G.; and Berdeen, James B.
Georgia Journal of Science 59(2): 101-107. (2001);
ISSN: 0147-9369
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Scolopax minor (Scolopacidae): farming and
agriculture/ habitat management/ habitat utilization/ cultivated land
habitat/ Georgia/ Greene, Morgan and Oconee Counties/ old field
management strategy/ nocturnal use/ wintering birds/ Scolopacidae/
Charadriiformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
185. Managing farmlands for wildlife.
Warner, Richard E.; Walk, Jeffery W.; and Hoffman, Catherine L.
In: Techniques for wildlife investigations and management/ Braun, C. E.; 6th ed.
Bethesda, MD: Wildlife Society, 2005.
Notes: 0933564155 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial activities/ conservation measures/ man-made habitat/ comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/
farming impact on wildlife/ habitat management/ Farmland management for
wildlife/ cultivated land habitat/ Farmlands/ habitat management for
wildlife
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
186. Managing your CRP for wildlife.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 2002
http://www.greatplains.org/resource/1999/mancrp/mancrp.htm
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/
United States/ cropland/ habitat management/ wildlife habitat management/ wildlife
Abstract: Addressed the issue of wildlife habitat management and enhancement practices to better target CRP objectives.
187. Managing your forest for bobwhite quail: Build and maintain a habitat that works.
Chamberlain, Michael J.
Forest Landowner 59(3): 35-37. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 1087-9110
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Odontophoridae/ Colinus virginianus/ birds/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ ecosystems/ farmland/ habitat management/ management/
wildlife/ bobwhite quail
Abstract:
High quail populations are traditionally associated with farmland and
cultivated areas, but bobwhite numbers can be successfully managed on
forested land as well. Frequent soil and vegetation disturbance is
critical to maintaining good quail habitat. The author discusses the
limitations of the Conservation Reserve Program and timber management
on the production of bobwhite quail.
© NISC
188. Modeling
the effects of Conservation Reserve Program lands on the diversity and
abundance of wildlife and plant species in a temperate agro-ecosystem.
Minnis, Richard B.
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1996.
Notes: Degree: MSc
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ abundance/ diversity/ models/ conservation/ land use
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provides the opportunity
to model changes in wildlife and plant species composition in
agricultural landscapes when land use practices are altered. Avian,
mammalian, invertebrate, and vegetation characteristics were examined
in 5 age classes (1-5 growing seasons) of CRP fields in Gratiot County, Michigan in 1992. Models developed from
the data indicate that both field specific and landscape variables are
important in predicting wildlife abundance and diversity. Field
specific variables that describe the successional changes in vegetation
composition and structure of CRP fields were important in predicting
the relative abundance and diversity of invertebrate and avian species.
Landscape variables such as the proportion and juxtaposition of
different cover types within the landscape also significantly (P $<
$ 0.10) affected wildlife diversity and abundance. Maintaining a diversity of CRP age classes within a landscape, through enrollment or periodic manipulation of fields, produces the highest and most stable overall wildlife diversity.
© NISC
189. A
multivariate analysis of bird species composition and abundance between
crop types and seasons in southern Ontario, Canada.
Kirk, D. A.; Boutin, C.; and Freemark, K. E.
Ecoscience 8(2): 173-184. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 11956860
Descriptors: Canada/
Farmland birds/ Ontario/ use of crops/ abundance/ agricultural land/
avifauna/ community composition/ crop plant/ habitat use/ multivariate
analysis/ seasonality/ Canada/ Glycine max/ Malus/ Vitis/ Zea mays
Abstract: Many
farmland bird species are declining in North America and Europe,
yet there are few data documenting bird use of agricultural landscapes,
especially in Canada. This information is needed in order to
identify candidate factors contributing to declines. We examined the
influence of crop type and adjacent habitat on birds in fields of four
crop types in three southern Ontario counties during the 1988
breeding (May-July) and 1987 and 1988 migration (August-September)
seasons, using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Crops included
apple Malus spp. orchards in Norfolk, soybeans Glycine max in
Essex, vineyards Vitae spp. in Niagara and corn Zea mays (maize)
in all three countries. Bird assemblages differed between counties
because corn in Norfolk had more adjacent wetlands and woodlands
than those in Essex. During the breeding season (1988),
significant habitat variables explaining variation in bird assemblages
(in order of importance) were adjacent apple orchards, wetlands, and
"other" wooded habitats and apple as the crop (as distinct from
adjacent apple orchards). During migration, apple as the crop was most
important, followed by crop type corn (distinct from adjacent corn).
Adjacent wetlands and adjacent other crops in 1988. Apple as the crop
was most important, followed by grape as the crop (distinct from
adjacent vineyards) and wetlands in 1987. Based on median vector
distances in ordination space as a measure of the difference between
breeding and migration periods. Bird assemblages in soybean and corn
in Essex changed most, while birds assemblages in apple orchards
changed least, although differences were not significant among crops.
Our results emphasize the importance of non-crop and crop habitats for
birds during both breeding and migration seasons.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
190. National
survey of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) participants on
environmental effects, wildlife issues, and vegetation management on
program lands.
Allen, A. W. and Vanderever, M. W.
Fort
Collins, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center ; USGS BSR 2003-001, 2003. 56 p.
Notes:
ADA418145XSP; Biological Sciences Report; Prepared in cooperation with
Johnson Controls World Services, Inc., Fort Collins, CO 80526-8118.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/products/publications/21075/ 21075.pdf
Descriptors: ground
water/ Air quality/ soil erosion/ wildlife/ plants Botany/ fire
hazards/ surveys/ long range Time/ environmental impact/ land use/
Conservation Reserve Program/
natural resources and earth sciences/ agriculture and food agricultural
equipment facilities and operations/ medicine/ biology/ ecology/
environmental pollution and control
Abstract:
A national survey of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
contractees was completed to obtain information about environmental and
social effects of the program on participants, farms, and communities.
Of interest were observations concerning wildlife, attitudes about
long-term management of program lands, and effectiveness of U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) assistance in relation to these
issues. Surveys were delivered to 2,189 CRP participants with a
resultant response rate of 64.5%. Retired farmers represented the
largest category of respondents (52%). Enhanced control of soil erosion
was the leading benefit of the CRP reported. Over 73% of respondents
observed increased numbers of wildlife associated with lands enrolled
in the program. The majority of respondents reported CRP benefits,
including increased quality of surface and ground waters, improved air
quality, control of drifting snow, and elevated opportunities to hunt
or simply observe wildlife as part of daily activities, income
stability, improved scenic quality of farms and landscapes, and
potential increases in property values and future incomes also were
seen as program benefits. Negative aspects, reported by a smaller
number of respondents, included seeing the CRP as a source of weeds,
fire hazard, and attracting unwanted requests for trespass. Over 75% of
respondents believed CRP benefits to wildlife were important. A
majority of respondents (82%) believed the amount of assistance
furnished by USDA related to planning and maintaining wildlife
habitat-associated with CRP lands was appropriate. Nearly 51% of
respondents would accept incorporation of periodic management of
vegetation into long-term management of CRP lands to maintain quality
of wildlife habitats. Provision of funds to address additional costs
and changes in CRP regulations would be required to maximize long-term
management of program lands.
191. Natural resources and users benefit from the Conservation Reserve Program.
Ribaudo, M. O.; Colacicco, D.; Langner, L. L.; Piper, S.; and Schaible, G. D.
Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Div.; USDAAER627; ERSAER627XSP, 1990 . 54 p.
Notes: Res PB90-167452; Also available from Supt. of Docs.
NAL Call #: A281.9 Ag8A no.627
Descriptors: protection/
erosion control/ planting/ grasses/ trees plants/ agriculture/
improvement/ ground water/ wildlife/ water quality/ air quality/
evaluation/ losses/ benefit cost analysis/ models/ tables data/ soil
conservation/ natural resources/ land retirement programs/ habitats/
natural resources and earth sciences/ soil sciences
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) may generate $6-14 billion
(present value) in benefits to natural resources if 45 million acres of
highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland are removed from
agricultural production by 1990. Protecting the soil by retiring and
planting permanent grasses and trees on such land for 10 years will
improve soil productivity, water quality, air quality, wildlife
habitat, and groundwater supply. But the magnitude and distribution of
benefits can be altered by changing the emphasis of the program. The
report estimates how retiring cropland benefits natural resources under
three scenarios of CRP enrollment.
192. Nest and brood survival of lesser prairie-chickens in west central Kansas.
Fields, T. L.; White, G. C.; Gilgert, W. C.; and Rodgers, R. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 931-938. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [931:NABSOL]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: brood
survival/ Conservation Reserve Program/ greater
prairie-chicken/ Kansas/ lesser prairie-chicken/ nest survival/
radiotelemetry/
Tympanuchus cupido/ Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
Abstract:
We evaluated the effect of habitat use and other sources of variation
on survival of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) and
greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) nests and broods. Daily
nest and brood-survival probabilities were a function of a quadratic
time trend, and both declined as the season progressed. Daily nest
survival was negatively associated with nest age, and daily brood
survival was positively associated with brood age. Lastly, broods
tended by adult females had higher daily survival rates than broods
reared by subadult females. The probability of a nest surviving from 10
May to 1 June was 0.72 (SE = 0.06). The probability of a brood
surviving from 1 June to 30 July (hatch to 60 days posthatch) was 0.49
(SE = 0.19) and 0.05 (SE = 0.03) for broods reared by adults and
subadults, respectively. Although nesting females and females with
broods were using Conservation Reserve Program grasslands, there
appeared to be no benefit to nest and brood survival during our study.
Instead, age of the nest and brood, timing during the season, age of
the brooding female, and precipitation during brooding were more
important predictors of survival. Further experimentation is needed to
determine the mechanisms
responsible for decreased nest and brood survival throughout the
season. Results from such research could be used to formulate
management strategies to improve nest and brood survival.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
193. Nest success of mountain plovers relative to anthropogenic edges in eastern Colorado.
Mettenbrink, C. W.; Dreitz, V. J.; and Knopf, F. L.
Southwestern Naturalist 51(2): 191-196. (2006)
NAL Call #: 409.6 So8; ISSN: 00384909.
Notes: doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51 [191:NSOMPR]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Charadrius montanus/ Colorado/mountain plovers/ nest success
Abstract:
We monitored nest success of mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus)
relative to distance from the nearest anthropogenic edges, such as
fence lines, roads, and perimeters of crop fields, in 2003 and 2004. We
located and observed 163 mountain plover nests in eastern Colorado
(USA). At least one egg hatched in 81 of 163 nests. Successful nests
occurred at a mean distance of 93.94 m ± 8.87 SE, whereas
unsuccessful nests were located 84.39 m ± 8.95 SE from the
nearest edge. Based on our model selection criteria (AIC c), nests
farther from edges were not necessarily more successful than those
closer to edges. The logistic regression coefficient for edge effects (0.13 ± 0.12
SE) suggests that nests farther from edges are more successful.
However, the standard error for the edge coefficient was large and the
95% confidence interval (-0.08,
0.35) encompassed zero, suggesting nest success was independent of
distance from an anthropomorphic edge. We conclude that phenomena
determining nest success of mountain plovers cannot be attributed to
the single factor of anthropogenic edges in this fragmented landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
194. New Mexico's CRP and wildlife habitat improvement.
Schmidt, Robert J.; Mullins, Charles J.; Woody, Monty; and Knight, Jim
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 55: 68-73. (1990)
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Programs/ habitat management/ management/ wildlife/ New Mexico
© NISC
195. Nongame bird nesting on CRP lands in the Texas Southern High Plains.
Berthelsen, Peter S. and Smith, Loren M.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50(6): 672-675. (1995)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822 ; ISSN: 0022-4561.
Notes: Special issue on wetlands. Includes references.
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Aimophila cassinii/ Ammodramus
savannarum/ Sturnella neglecta/ agricultural practices/ birds/
clutches/ communities/ conservation programs/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ distribution/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat management/ land
use/ management/ nesting sites/ nests-nesting/ nongame wildlife/
productivity/ species diversity/ Texas, Southern/ wildlife/
agricultural land/ land diversion/ environmental impact/ permanent
grasslands/ wild birds/ species/ diversity/ density/ habitats/ federal
programs/ nest density/ agricultural economics/ land development, land
reform, and utilization (macroeconomics)/ natural resources land
resources/ western meadowlark/ red-winged blackbird/ grasshopper sparrow/ Cassin's sparrow
© NISC
196. Nonmarket
economic benefits provided by increased recreational fishing from
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) related water quality improvement.
Douglas, A. J. and Johnson, R. L.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 2001. 38 p.
Notes: Mid-continent Ecological Science Center.
Descriptors: economic
effects/ fishing, public/ conservation programs/ economic value/ water
resources management/ socio-economic studies/ rivers/ cost analysis/
modeling/ statistics/ rehabilitation/ surveys/ California/Klamath River Basin
Abstract:
The estimates of CRP related nonmarket benefits presented in this
study focus on angler responses to improvements in water quality. A
targeted basin approach is used in which contingent use survey data for
northern California's lower Klamath River Basin is used to estimate
annual recreation benefits for the removal of adverse agricultural
impacts on water quality for the nation. A series of calculations based
on national data is used to extend the recreation
benefits estimates for the Klamath River basin to all of
the nation's rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, and coastal
waters. Angling benefits are estimated as a major component of all
water related recreation benefits.
© NISC
197. Observations of avian nesting activity in burned and non-burned weeping lovegrass CRP.
Oberheu, D.; Mitchell, R.; Dabbert, B.; and Davis, S.
Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 12: 14-17. (1999)
NAL Call #: S1.T49; ISSN: 0891-5466.
Notes: Publisher: Agriculture Consortium of Texas: Kingsville, TX.
Descriptors: eragrostis
curvula/ wild birds/ habitats/ nesting/ nature conservation/ nests/
prescribed burning/ species/ drought/ ground cover/ endangered species/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
198. Occurrence and productivity of songbirds in prairie farmland under conventional versus minimum tillage regimes.
Martin, Pamela A. and Forsyth, Douglas J
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 96(1-3): 107-117. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: agriculture/
biodiversity/ wildlife management: conservation/ conventional tillage/
applied and field techniques/ minimum tillage regime/ applied and field
techniques/ statistical analysis/ mathematical and computer techniques/
cover type/ endemism/ mate attraction/ prairie farmland/ species
abundance/ species productivity/ summer fallow
Abstract: Abundance
and productivity of common bird species in prairie cropland
under either conventional or minimum tillage were examined in
southern Alberta, Canada. Cover types included spring
cereals, winter
wheat and summerfallow. Productivity was assessed using observations of
nesting and brood-rearing behavior. Five species were sufficiently
abundant to allow for some statistical analyses: horned lark
(Eremophila alpestris), savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis),
Baird's sparrows (Ammodramus bairdii), chestnut-collared longspur
(Calcarius ornatus) and McCown's longspur (Calcarius mccownii).
Abundance varied between conventional and minimum tillage regimes for
most species in at least one cover type. Savannah sparrows in
spring cereal and winter wheat and chestnut-collared longspurs in
summerfallow tended to prefer minimum tillage. McCown's longspurs and
horned larks occurred more frequently on conventional than minimum till
spring cereal plots in at least 1 of the 2 years. For savannah
sparrows, minimum till spring cereal and winter wheat were more
productive than conventional till habitat. Summerfallow of either
tillage regime did not appear to be as productive as minimum till
cereal fields for this species. Chestnut-collared longspurs occurred
predominantly in minimum till summerfallow and spring cereal habitat
and showed almost no productivity in conventionally managed plots.
McCown's longspurs tended to have higher productivity in minimum till
plots. Horned larks had high productivity in minimum till winter wheat
in 1996. Male Baird's sparrows occupied territories iin minimum
till winter and spring cereal fields in 1995, but did not attract
mates; they were not detected in 1996. Minimum tillage appeared to
confer benefits in productivity to species that nested in farmland.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
199. Opportunities for bird conservation through agricultural conservation programs.
Gray, R. L.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 70: 385-394. (2005)
Descriptors: wild
birds/ wildlife management/ Farm Bill/ Conservation Reserve Program/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ laws, legislation and regulations
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
200. Opportunities for enhancing wildlife benefits through the Conservation Reserve Program.
Isaacs, B. and Howell, D.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference (53rd): 222-231. (1988)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 [NAWTA]
Descriptors: wildlife conservation/ conservation areas/ farmland/ windbreaks/ woody plants/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
201. An overview of some tillage impacts on earthworm population abundance and diversity: Implications for functioning in soils.
Chan, K. Y.
Soil and Tillage Research 57(4): 179-191. (2001)
NAL Call #: S590.S48 ; ISSN: 0167-1987.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
tillage/ diversity/ ecology/ no-tillage/ populations/ tillage/
earthworms/ Oligochaeta/ Annelida/ invertebrates/ animals
Abstract:
Conflicting reports in the literature on the effects of tillage on
earthworms are reviewed in the light of their roles in agro-ecosystem
functioning. Tillage can change the abundance (by 2-9 times) as well as
the composition (diversity) of earthworm populations. The actual impact
is dependent on soil factors, climatic conditions and the tillage
operations but hitherto this information was seldom provided in
research reports. The declines in earthworm population often reported
in conventionally tilled soils are associated with undesirable changes
in the soil environmental conditions resulting from excessive tillage.
Different species of earthworm respond differently to tillage. While
the abundance of the deep burrowing species (anecic) tends to decline
under tillage, particularly under deep ploughing, endogeic species can
actually increase in number especially when there is increased food
supply. Under conservation tillage systems, earthworms can potentially
play a more important role than under conventional tillage in the
functioning of the farming systems because of their abilities to modify
the soil physical environment and nutrient cycling. However, adoption
of conservation tillage does not automatically result in an optimal
earthworm population in terms of abundance and diversity. There are
opportunities to introduce more beneficial species to improve the
ecological performance of agro-ecosystems. More research is needed to fully understand
the ecology of different earthworm species, their interactions and
their potential roles in promoting more sustainable farming systems.
© CABI
202. Perceptions of wildlife damage by Conservation Reserve Program contract holders in Riley County, Kansas.
Hughes, J. P. and Gipson, P. S.
Proceedings, Vertebrate Pest Conference: 154-157. (1996)
NAL Call #: SB950.A1V4; ISSN: 0507-6773 [PVPCBM]
Descriptors: vertebrate pests/ crop damage/ surveys/ Kansas/ Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
203. Plains sharp-tailed grouse return to Colorado.
Colorado Division of Wildlife
Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Newsletter (May): 1. (2004).
Full Text Available at: http://dnr.state.co.us/news/press.asp?pressid=2748
Descriptors: Tympanuchus
phasianellus/ birds/ birdwatching/ breeding grounds/ displays/ drought/
environmental factors/ habitat use/ habits-behavior/ land, private/
landowners/ lek behavior/ movements/ population ecology/ restoration/
tagging/ traps-trapping/ sharp-tailed grouse/ Colorado/ Colorado,
Northeastern
Abstract: Colorado
Division of Wildlife biologists are trapping sharp-tailed
grouse in Wyoming and Nebraska and releasing them
in Colorado. The aim is to restore the species to its
historic Colorado range. The species has remained in isolated
pockets of Douglas County and northern Weld County.
These
sharp-tailed grouse are being released on private land, in which the
landowners convert highly erodable and environmentally sensitive
croplands to vegetative cover and provide high-quality habitat for
wildlife. The movements of the released sharp-tailed grouse are watched
to determine the success of the species in establishing breeding
grounds and nests. The health of the grassland will decide the success
of the establishment of the species. During the beginning of the
20th century the species population declined due to prolonged drought
conditions, unregulated hunting, and conversion of grassland to
cropland. Landowners and district wildlife managers of
Conservation Reserve Program have been working together to provide a
variety of opportunities for maximizing the habitat and wildlife
potential. The species could become a major attraction during the
congregation of individuals on lekking grounds at sunrise and sunset
between February and mid-May. In an attempt to establish dominance and
attract females, the males display their plumage, stomp their feet, and
produce a variety of hoots, cackles, and chortles through air sacs on
their necks.
© NISC
204. Plant diversity in three types of hedgerows adjacent to cropfields.
Boutin, C.; Jobin, B.; Belanger, L.; and Choiniere, L.
Biodiversity and Conservation 11(1): 1-25. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1014023326658.
Descriptors: Eastern
Canada/ Farmland/ field margin/ natural woody hedgerow/ plant
diversity/ plant species richness/ planted hedgerow/ windbreak/
conservation management/ field margin/ hedgerow/ plant community/ species diversity/ Canada/ Aves/ Coniferophyta
Abstract:
The farming landscape of eastern Canada is dotted with three main
types of hedgerows: (1) natural woody, (2) planted woody and (3)
herbaceous. The objective of this study was to compare the value of
these habitats as a repository of plant biodiversity in agricultural
areas of southern Quebec. The overall plant diversity was higher
in natural hedgerows and they contained more plant species of
conservation values than other hedgerow types. Plant species richness
per quadrat was, however, higher in planted woody hedgerows, and
together with the species composition, lead to the conclusion that
planted hedgerows in their entirety consisted of an ecotone type of
vegetation such as is found in field edges which usually support high
plant diversity and productivity but where transient plant species
predominate. Consequently, this study indicated that natural hedgerows
fare better than planted hedgerows in terms of diversity of plants of
conservation interest. In spite of that, planted woody hedgerows
contained plant (and bird) species of some interest and should be
favoured over more desolate herbaceous hedgerows. In areas where
hedgerows were removed and are not re-establishing naturally, a mixture
of deciduous trees and conifers should be encouraged in further
windbreak planting programs so as to conciliate both the conservation
and agronomic objectives. Furthermore, management practices should
optimise the growth of establishing plants of conservation values.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
205. Plants and breeding bird response on a managed Conservation Reserve Program grassland in Maryland.
Gill,
D. E.; Blank, P.; Parks, J.; Guerard, J. B.; Lohr, B.; Schwartzman, E.;
Gruber, J. G.; Dodge, G.; Rewa, C. A.; and Sears, H. F.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 944-956. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [944:PABBRO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Ammodramus
savannarum/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grasshopper sparrow/
grassland restoration/ habitat/ invasive species/ management/
prescribed burning/ species richness/ vegetation structure/ warm-season
grasses
Abstract:
Currently over 14.6 million ha of land at an annual cost of US$1.76
billion are enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The
habitat benefits of CRP frequently are lauded, but documentation that
wildlife is responding as hoped is urgently needed. We evaluated plant
and breeding bird responses to 92.4 ha of CRP grasslands at Chino Farms
in northeastern Maryland, USA. In 1999 we seeded 12
contiguous CRP fields with 5 mixtures of warm-season grasses
representing various growth-form heights in a replicated experimental
design, and used mowing and topical herbicide applications to control
noxious weeds and facilitate stand establishment. In 6 years cumulative
plant species richness increased to 261, 105 of which were species
exotic to the region. During the third growing season, we initiated a
schedule of prescribed burning on a 3-year rotation to remove
accumulated litter and to retard woody succession, and in 2003 we added
additional management to control aggressive plant species. Several
at-risk bird species colonized the restored grasslands in the first
year and established sustainable breeding populations. We implemented a
comprehensive observation and banding program, which included mapping
male territories for selected bird species and recording nest
locations. We marked 1,985 grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum;
GRSPs) in 7 years. Breeding GRSP populations ranged annually from 70 to
90 socially monogamous pairs with an additional 40 non-territorial
males. Annual return rates in the last 5 years were 57% for adult
males, 41% for adult females, and 12% for hatch-year individuals.
Adults and young birds exhibited high site fidelity, but overgrown
fields left unburned for 2-3 years were unpopulated by GRSPs but
attracted several shrub-land bird species. Habitat preference for
territories was influenced more by vegetation structure than by plant
species composition. We recommend the management of grasslands restored
for birds include spatial and temporal rotation of prescribed fire and
herbicide applications to sustain vegetation physical structure rather
than species composition.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
206. Plow: Lessons learned from CRP - Counterpoint, negative impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program on prairie wildlife.
Bidwell, T. G.
In: 50th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management. Rapid City. SD (USA); 1997.
Notes:
Conference Sponsor: South Dakota Section of the Society for Range
Management; HQ: Society for Range Management (Denver, CO); World Meeting Number 971 0113.
Descriptors: grazing/ livestock/ range management/ Conservation Reserve Program/ prairie wildlife
© ProQuest
207. Population
dynamics of ambient and altered earthworm communities in row-crop
agroecosystems in the Midwestern U. S.
Shuster, William D.; Shipitalo, Martin J.; Bohlen, Patrick J.; Subler, Scott; and Edwards, Clive A.
Pedobiologia 47(5-6): 825-829. (2003)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Megadrili: farming
and agriculture/ community structure/ population dynamics/ natural and
altered communities/ cultivated land habitat/ row crop
agroecosystems/ Ohio/ Piketon/ Annelida, Oligochaeta/ Annelids/
invertebrates
Abstract: Earthworms
affect agroecosystem processes and few studies have
addressed population dynamics when earthworms are intentionally
introduced. Handsorting and formalin extraction were used semi-annually
from fall 1994 to fall 1997 to measure populations in plots with and
without added earthworms under chisel till in a corn-soybean rotation
(CT) and a ridge-till system in a corn-soybean-wheat rotation (RT)
in Ohio, USA. Earthworm communities were altered by adding ≃76
Lumbricus terrestris (L.) m-2 each spring and fall into plots with no,
or very few of these anecic earthworms. Increases in L. terrestris were
small (≃7
m-2) compared to the number added and their establishment was at the
expense of the epigeic earthworm L. rubellus (Hoff.), which declined
four and two-fold in CT and RT, respectively. Populations of the
endogeic earthworm Octolasion tytaeum (Sav.) were unaffected by the
addition of L. terrestris. Sampling 5 years after the additions
indicated that L. terrestris persisted only in the RT plots. The
decline in L. rubellus populations in plots with added anecic worms was
no longer evident. We understand that the increased number and amounts
of residues and the minimal level of disturbance found in RT probably
increased the extent and quality of earthworm habitat over CT plots,
which had fewer crops, less cover, and periodic disturbance.
Apparently, population dynamics and competitive relationships among
different earthworm functional groups were regulated by agroecosystem
type, and their correspondent disturbance regimes and resource
distributions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
208. Population trends of the Henslow's sparrow in relation to the Conservation Reserve Program in Illinois, 1975-1995.
Herkert, J. R.
Journal of Field Ornithology 68(2): 235-244. (1997)
Descriptors: Ammodramus
henslowii/ population status/ agricultural practices/ government
policy/ conservation/ Illinois/ birds/ United States
Abstract: Data
from Illinois' Spring Bird Count was used to estimate
long-term population trends of Henslow's Sparrows in Illinois and
to examine if the Conservation Reserve Program has affected these
trends. Spring Bird Count data suggest that Henslow's Sparrow
populations in Illinois have declined significantly over the last
21 yr, with an estimated average rate of decline of 7.1% per year
between 1975-1995. These data corroborate analyses of other long-term
data sets and provide additional support for the general impression
that populations of this species have declined in many parts of its
range. Analyses of the potential benefits of the Conservation Reserve
Program for Henslow's Sparrows revealed that recent population trends
(1987-1995) in counties with high enrollment in this program were
significantly greater than trends in counties with little Conservation
Reserve Program enrollment. Although these data suggest that the
Conservation Reserve Program may have benefitted Henslow's Sparrows
in Illinois, this benefit has been insufficient to offset
long-term
declines due to other factors. Other conservation actions, beyond those
associated with efforts aimed at reauthorizing and improving the
Conservation Reserve Program, will likely be needed to achieve adequate
protection for this species.
© ProQuest
209. Post-breeding season habitat use and movements of eastern meadowlarks in southwestern Wisconsin.
Guzy, M. J. and Ribic, C. A.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(2): 198-204. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55 ; ISSN: 15594491.
Notes: doi: 10.1676/06-081.1.
Descriptors: birds/ eastern meadowlarks/ Sturnella magna/ Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife habitat/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
We used radio telemetry to study post-breeding movements of adult
female and juvenile Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) in
southwestern Wisconsin in 2002-2004. Twenty-one adult females were
found 58% of the time in their nest field regardless of nest fate.
Three adult females were not found outside of the field where their
nests were located. Fifteen of 18 females that moved from the nest
field at least once moved to Conservation Reserve Program fields or
pasture. The average maximum distance females moved was 662 m. Once
females left the nest field, 61% did not return. Twelve juveniles from
different broods survived to the end of the post-breeding season. Two
juveniles did not move from their nest fields during the monitoring
period. Eight of 10 juveniles that moved at least once moved into
Conservation Reserve Program fields, remnant prairie or pasture. The
average maximum distance moved by juveniles was 526 m. Once juveniles
started to leave the nest field, 67% did not return. Grassy habitats
appear to be important in the post-breeding period for Eastern
Meadowlarks. Management should be directed toward maintaining or
enhancing the amount and quality of those habitats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
210. Potential effects on grassland birds of converting marginal cropland to switchgrass biomass production.
Murray, L. D.; Best, L. B.; Jacobsen, T. J.; and Braster, M. L.
Biomass and Bioenergy 25(2): 167-175. (2003);
ISSN: 0961-9534
Descriptors: biotechnology/
applied microbiology/ biomass/ birds/ energy crops/ switchgrass
(Panicum virgatum)/ watershed/ wildlife/ Conservation Reserve Program/
habitat selection/ CRP fields/ communities/ abundance/ Missouri
Abstract: Habitat
loss is a major reason for the decline of grassland birds in North
America. Five habitats (pastures, hayfields, rowcrop fields,
small-grain fields, Conservation Reserve Program fields) compose most
of the habitat used by grassland birds in the Midwest United States.
Growing and harvesting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) as a biomass fuel
would create another habitat for grassland birds. Bird abundance
information from studies conducted in Iowa and adjacent states and
land-use data for the Rathbun Lake Watershed in southern Iowa were
used in a Geographic Information System to model the potential effects
on bird abundances of converting rowcrop fields to biomass production.
Abundances of bird species that are management priorities increased in
both biomass scenarios. Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)
abundance in the watershed also increased greatly in both scenarios.
Other species (e.g., horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), killdeer
(Charadrius vociferous)) were more abundant in the existing land use
than in the biomass scenarios, and conversion of fields from rowcrop to
biomass production could be detrimental to these species. In general,
biomass fields will provide habitat for grassland birds that are
management priorities, but future monitoring of birds in such fields is
needed as conversion of rowcrop fields to biomass production continues.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
211. Potential
of winter cover crops to increase abundance of Solenopsis invicta
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and other arthropods in sugarcane.
Woolwine, A. E. and Reagan, T. E.
Environmental Entomology 30(6): 1017-1020. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ man-made habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Arthropoda: farming and agriculture/ winter cover
crops/ vegetation management/ population density/ cultivated land
habitat/ sugarcane fields/ winter cover crops/ abundance/ Louisiana/ Gastropoda/ Mollusca/ arthropods/ hymenopterans/
insects/ invertebrates/ molluscs
Abstract:
A 3-yr study was conducted in Louisiana sugarcane field plots to
determine the potential of vegetation management and winter cover crops
to enhance abundance of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, other
arthropods, gastropods, and spring sugarcane density. Treatments
included pea, clover, and vetch cultivars, a weed-free herbicide
treatment, a vetch with herbicide on the row tops; and a mixed weeds
treatment arranged in a randomized complete block design. Compared with
similar studies conducted during the summer months, spring collections
of arthropods in pitfall traps were very low and few differences in
arthropod densities occurred. Neither cover crop cultivar nor biomass
substantially influenced arthropod density or cane stand density. Slugs
(Limacidae) and earwigs (Dermaptera) were most abundant in mixed weed
plots. The highest numbers of carabids in 1994 were found in vetch
plots, which tended to have higher biomass than other treatments.
Soybean oil-soaked bait cards attracted more ants in clover plots than
in the plots with vetch plus herbicide. Compared with previous summer
studies, we feel that harsher winter weather and other density
independent mortality factors during this study period superseded
effects of cover crops, vegetation management and quantity of biomass
on arthropod densities during the winter. Although positive impacts of
winter cover crops were not detected for the variables measured during
the study period these data should not be used to suggest that cover
crops do not provide agronomic benefit to farmers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
212. Prairie grouse population response to Conservation Reserve Program grasslands: An overview.
Rodgers, R. D. and Hoffman, R. W.
In:
Conservation Reserve Program Planting for the Future: Proceedings
of a National Conference.Fort Collins, CO. Allen, A. W. and Vandever,
M. W. (eds.)
Reston, VA: USGS; pp. 120-128; 248 pp.; 2005.
Notes: U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline, Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5145.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Products/Publications/21490/ 21490.pdf
Descriptors: prairie grouse/ grassland birds/ population responses/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/
set-aside program lands
Abstract: Authors describe population responses of greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), lesser prairie chicken (T. pallidicinctus), and sharp-tailed grouse (T. phasianellus)
to establishment of CRP grasslands in Colorado, Illinois, Kansas,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
Generally the greatest benefits to prairie grouse occurred where CRP
stands were established near pre-existing grasslands augmenting
coverage and habitat diversity of the grassland complex. Common issues
are associated with successes and failures of prairie grouse
populations in their response to the CRP. CRP grasslands 12-30 inches
in height appear most valuable to prairie grouse. Stands less than 12
inches generally furnish inadequate concealment and protection from the
weather. Grass stands greater than 30 inches in height does provide
thermal cover but such stands are often otherwise avoided.
Multi-species plantings that are structurally diverse in height and
growth forms are grasslands of the greatest value to these species.
Presence of a high diversity of forbs, particularly legumes greatly
enhance the quality of grasslands as habitat for prairie grouse. Native
grasses furnish habitat of greater quality than do stands dominated by
introduced species. Recommendations of management of individual
grassland stands and landscape level management are presented.
213. Predation rates on real and artificial nests of grassland birds.
Davison, W. B. and Bollinger, E.
Auk 117(1): 147-153. (Jan. 2000)
Descriptors: nests/ predation/ site selection/ human impact/ grasslands/ Illinois/ Aves/ birds/ United States
Abstract:
We estimated nesting success at real and artificial nests of grassland
birds to test the influence of nest type, nest position, and egg size
on predation rates. We distributed wicker nests and realistic
woven-grass nests baited with a clay egg and either a Northern Bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus) egg or a House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) egg in
four grasslands that were part of the Conservation Reserve Program in
east-central Illinois. Nesting success averaged 86.5% for 12 days of
exposure for artificial nests. For real nests, nesting success was
markedly lower, averaging 39% over the entire nesting cycle and 59%
during approximately 12 days of incubation. Wicker nests were
depredated more often than woven-grass artificial nests (18% vs. 8%),
and nests baited with House Sparrow eggs were depredated more often
than nests baited with Northern Bobwhite eggs (22% vs. 9%). Elevated
and ground nests were depredated at the same rate. Patterns of nest
predation on wicker nests were markedly different from depredation
patterns on real nests over time and among fields. In contrast,
patterns of nest predation on realistic woven-grass nests corresponded
much more closely with predation rates of real nests over time and
among fields. We suggest that future artificial nest studies use nests
and eggs that mimic as closely as possible the real nests and eggs of
target species. Use of unrealistic artificial nests and eggs, at least
in grasslands, may result in patterns of predation that do not
accurately
reflect those of real nests. Artificial nests of any type appear
to underestimate predation rates on nests of grassland birds, possibly because of a lack of snake predation on artificial nests.
© ProQuest
214. Predicting juniper encroachment and CRP effects on avian community dynamics in southern mixed-grass prairie, USA.
Coppedge, B. R.; Engle, D. M.; Masters, R. E.; and Gregory, M. S.
Biological Conservation 115(3): 431-441. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: environment-ecology/
breeding bird survey/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grassland/ juniper/
logistic regression/ Oklahoma/ Conservation Reserve Program/ great
plains grasslands/ woody plant invasion/ population trends/ breeding
birds/ cover type/ fields/ vegetation
Abstract: The
probability of occurrence of 30 bird species was modeled as a
function of landscape covertype in
northwestern Oklahoma, USA. This grassland region has been
extensively fragmented by
agricultural activity, and remnant grassland patches are undergoing
severe degradation from encroaching juniper (Juniperus virginiana L.).
In addition, many marginal or highly erodable croplands have
been d into perennial pasture dominated by exotic grasses under
the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Based on temporal patterns of
landscape change observed between 1965 and 1995, we estimated the
covertype composition of the landscapes in the year 2015 under various
CRP administrative and juniper expansion/control scenarios. We then
used logistic regression to predict bird responses to these landscape
composition estimates. Our estimates suggest that at the current rate
of expansion, juniper will overtake substantial areas of remnant
grassland even with extensive control measures. As a result, some
obligate and facultative grassland birds are projected to decline,
while numerous species tolerant of or partially reliant on woody
vegetation will increase. Landscape dynamics due to changes in the CRP
might be significant and could be designed to benefit declining
grassland birds, but these benefits thus far are relatively minor
compared to the effects encroaching juniper woodlands will have on the
landscape and the avian community. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
215. The quest for quantifying Conservation Reserve Program benefits.
Yost, Michael
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69: 20-29. (2004)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355.
Notes:
ISSN: 0078-1355; Meeting Information: 69th North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference, Spokane, WA, USA; March 16 -20, 2004;
Sponsor: Wildlife Management Institute.
Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ conservation/ conservation/ soil erosion/ United States Department of Agriculture/ water runoff/
United States Farm Service Agency
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
216. A regional assessment of windbreak habitat suitability.
Hess, G. R. and Bay, J. M.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 61(2): 237-254. (2000)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 01676369
Descriptors: agriculture/
data quality control/ EMAP/ habitat assessment/ habitat suitability
index/ regional assessment/ shelterbelt/ wildlife/ windbreak/
agriculture/ conservation/ data acquisition/ ecology/ management
information systems/ natural resources/ data quality control/
environmental monitoring and assessment program/ environmental
protection/ environmental monitoring/ habitat use/ wind break/
environmental monitoring/ United States
Abstract:
The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program was initiated in
1989 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to collect,
analyze, and report quantitative, statistically unbiased information
about the state of the nation's environment on a regional basis. During
a pilot program in Nebraska we measured a habitat suitability
index for a probability sample of 40 windbreaks and expanded the
results to estimate the potential value of windbreaks as wildlife
habitat in Nebraska. The index estimates the suitability of a
windbreak as habitat for wildlife including breeding birds, small
mammals, and deer. Index values range from zero to one, where a value
of one indicates maximal habitat value. We estimated that 50% (1/4 3%
at 90% confidence) of windbreaks in Nebraska have a habitat
suitability index of 0.25 or less and that no windbreaks have a
suitability index greater than 0.6. Our results indicate that
increasing the area of individual windbreaks is the most effective way
to improve their value as wildlife habitat. Monitoring windbreak
condition over time would alert wildlife managers to changes in the
resource that might affect wildlife populations. Because our data were
highly variable, the power to detect change in habitat condition
between two measurement periods was low. A much larger sample would be
required to detect small changes in habitat condition. Variability may
be reduced, and power increased, by carefully and consistently
constructing the sampling frame, keeping data collection as simple as
possible, appropriately stratifying sample selection, and using a small
number of well-trained data collection teams. However, we suggest
adapting the index for use with aerial photography in future efforts to
evaluate windbreaks as wildlife habitat in extensive areas.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
217. Relation of grassland bird abundance to mowing of Conservation Reserve Program fields in North Dakota.
Horn, D. J. and Koford, R. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3): 653-659. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Grasslands/
mowing/ conservation/ population decline/ North Dakota/
Cistothorus platensis/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ sedge wren/ Savannah sparrow/ conservation/ birds/ United States
Abstract: One
factor that may be contributing to declines of several grassland
bird species is mowing of grassland fields. We compared the relative
abundance of birds in idled and mowed portions of grassland fields to
investigate the influence of mowing in the previous summer on the
grassland bird community. The study occurred in central North
Dakota in 12 reseeded cropland fields enrolled in the Conservation
Reserve Program. Sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were more abundant
in idled portions of grassland fields, whereas savannah sparrows
(Passerculus sandwichensis) were more abundant in portions of fields
that were mowed the previous year. Our findings are similar to other
studies indicating that several grassland bird species in the
central United States and Canada respond consistently to
mowing.
© ProQuest
218. Relationship of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests.
Sovada, Marsha A.; Zicus, Michael C.; Greenwood, Raymond J.; Rave, David P.;Newton, Wesley E.; Woodward, Robert O.; and
Beiser, Julia A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 820-831. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Canis
latrans/ Mephitis mephitis/ Spermophilus franklinii/ Taxidea taxus/
Vulpes vulpes/ Anatidae/ Anseriformes/ Anas platyrhynchos/ birds/
ecosystems/ habitat islands/ habitat use/ mammals/ nest predation/
nests-nesting/ prairies/ predator-prey relationships/ predators/
productivity/ survival/ upland habitat/ wetlands/ zoogeography/ red
fox/ coyote/ American badger/ striped skunk/ Franklin's ground
squirrel/ mallard/ Minnesota/ North Dakota/ South Dakota
Abstract: The
authors studied duck nest success and predator community
composition in relation to size of discrete patches of nesting cover in
the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States in 1993-95.
They focused on nests in uplands that were seeded to perennial grasses
and forbs and enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. They
estimated daily survival rates (DSRs) of upland duck nests and indices
of activity for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans),
American badgers (Taxidea taxus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis),
and Franklin's ground squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), and
related these variables to habitat patch size. The effect of patch size
(small vs. large) on estimated annual mean DSR was dependent on date of
nest initiation (early vs. late) and year. Examination of
within-year comparisons for early and late nests suggested that DSR was
generally greater in larger habitat patches. Activity indices for the
five mammalian nest predators were influenced differently by year,
location, and patch size. Activity indices of the red fox were greatest
in small patches. Coyote indices were the most inconsistent,
demonstrating a year X location X patch size interaction. Activity
indices of the striped skunk and American badger varied only among
years. Franklin's ground squirrel indices were affected by study
area location, with higher indices in the southeast than the northwest.
Red fox activity was weakly correlated with that of the striped skunk
and coyote. Although a positive relationship between habitat patch size
and nest success probably exists, the authors believe the experiment to
fully test this hypothesis will continue to be elusive.
© NISC
219. Relationship of soil management history and nutrient status to nematode community structure.
Wang, K. H.; McSorley, R.; and Gallaher, R. N.
Nematropica 34(1): 83-95. (2004); ISSN: 0099-5444
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ abiotic factors/ land zones/
Nematoda: farming and agriculture/ soil management strategies/ trophic
structure/ soil management/ community structure/ cultivated land
habitat/ soil community/ chemical factors/ soil nutrient content/
Florida/ Alachua County/ invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract:
Historical effects of long-term yard-waste compost and tillage
treatments on nematode community structure were compared separately
between soils receiving high-yard-taste compost (HYWC) and
no-yard-waste compost (NYWC) for 5 years; or between soils under
no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) for 25 years at the time
of soil sampling. All the field sites had been left fallow for 1-5
years since the last soil cultivation. Tillage did not affect most
nematode trophic groups, except for some fungivores. The yard-waste
compost treatment increased the soil organic matter (OM) content
greatly, and had a significant impact on many nematode genera. Most of
the nematodes affected (P = 0.05) by yard-waste compost were
bacterivores and predators. The lower fungivore to bacterivore ratio,
and lower channel index, but higher enrichment index also suggested
that the HYWC soil was N-enriched and was undergoing a
bacteria-dominated decomposition channel. Population densities of
several genera of bacterivorous and predatory nematodes were positively
correlated kith most nutrient concentrations and OM, but were
negatively correlated with concentration of Cu and Fe. Population
densities of most genera of fungivorous nematodes correlated with
concentrations of most nutrient elements except N, K and Mg and were
always negatively correlated with OM. While effects of tillage
practices on the soil nematode community were generally short-lived,
the long-tern yard-taste compost applications that enhanced OM had
a lasting impact on nematode community structure and nutrient cycling.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
220. Relationships of habitat patch size to predator community and survival of duck nests.
Sovada, M. A.; Zicus, M. C.; Greenwood, R. J.; Rave, D. P.; Newton, W. E.; Woodward, R. O.; and Beiser, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 820-831. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: patches/
habitat/ predators/ survival/ nests/ United States, Minnesota/ United
States, North Dakota/ United States, South Dakota/ community
composition/ aquatic birds/ breeding success/ area/ Anatidae/ Mammalia/
United States, Minnesota/ United States, North Dakota/ United States,
South Dakota/ ducks/ mammals/ patch size/ Prairie Pothole Region/
mammals/ environmental effects
Abstract: We
studied duck nest success and predator community composition in
relation to size of discrete patches of nesting cover in the Prairie
Pothole Region (PPR) of the United States in 1993-95. We focused
on nests in uplands that were seeded to perennial grasses and forbs and
enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. We
estimated daily survival
rates (DSRs) of upland duck nests and indices of activity for red foxes
(Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans), American badgers (Taxidea
taxus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and Franklin's ground
squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), and related these variables to
habitat patch size. The effect of patch size (small vs. large) on
estimated annual mean DSR was dependent on date of nest initiation
(early vs. late) and year. Examination of within-year comparisons for
early and late nests suggested that DSR was generally greater in larger
habitat patches. Activity indices for the 5 mammalian nest predators
were influenced differently by year, location, and patch size. Activity
indices of the red fox were greatest in small patches. Coyote indices
were the most inconsistent, demonstrating a year x location x patch
size interaction. Activity indices of the striped skunk and American
badger varied only among years. Franklin's ground squirrel indices
were affected by study area location, with higher indices in the
southeast than the northwest. Red fox activity was weakly correlated
with that of the striped skunk and coyote. Although a positive
relationship between habitat patch size and nest success probably
exists, we believe the experiment to fully test this hypothesis will
continue to be elusive.
© ProQuest
221. Relationships of swift foxes and coyotes in northwest Texas.
Kamler, Jan Frederick. Texas Tech University, 2002.
Notes: Advisor: Ballard, Warren B.; Thesis/ Dissertation
Descriptors: swift
foxes/ Vulpes velox/ coyotes/ Canis latrans/ mating/ density/
depredation/ distribution/ wildlife/ plains/ mortality/ prairies,
meadows/ survival/ habitat use
Abstract:
Due to severe reductions in their distribution and numbers, the
swift fox (Vulpes velox) was classified as warranted, but precluded as
a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from 1995 to
2001. Several factors were likely responsible for the decline of the
swift fox in the western Great Plains, including habitat loss and
competition with coyotes (Canis latrans). From 1998 to 2001, we
radio-collared and monitored 88 swift foxes and 29 coyotes at 2 study
sites in northwestern Texas to investigate the ecology and
relationships of both species. Initial results suggested that higher
coyote numbers on site 1 resulted in lower survival, lower density, and
lower recruitment of swift foxes compared to site 2. To test this
hypothesis, we experimentally removed coyotes on site 1 during the
final year of the study. Subsequently, swift foxes had increased
survival, increased density, increased recruitment, and exhibited a
source population due to lower predation by coyotes. We also found that
high mortality from coyote predation affected the spatial distribution,
mating system, and group structure of swift foxes. These results
indicate that high coyote numbers can suppress swift fox populations
due to heavy predation. To determine if habitat loss also negatively
affected swift foxes, we examined habitat selection of swift foxes at 2
spatial scales on site 2, which was comprised of short-grass prairies
grazed by cattle (46% of area), non-native (CRP) grasslands that were
ungrazed (23%), and agricultural fields (31%). Habitat use was similar
at both spatial scales, as swift foxes exhibited a strong preference
for short-grass prairies and nearly complete avoidance of CRP
grasslands and agricultural fields. These results indicate that swift
foxes are habitat specialists, thus protection of native short-grass
prairies might be necessary for their long-term existence. We
documented that the social organization of swift foxes was based
entirely on female territories, as adult males emigrated after adult
female deaths, but not vice versa. A female-based social organization,
previously unknown among canids, likely evolved in swift foxes from the
reduced importance of food provisioning by males.
© NISC
222. Reproductive success of grasshopper sparrows in relation to edge.
Delisle, Jennifer M and Savidge, Julie A.
Prairie Naturalist 28(3): 107-114. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ ecology/ edge relation/ reproductive success/ Nebraska, southeastern/ wildlife management/ animals/ birds/
chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ grasshopper sparrow (Passeriformes)/
Ammodramus savannarum (Passeriformes)
Abstract:
Using an index based on observations of breeding behaviors, we
estimated reproductive success of 31 territorial grasshopper sparrows
(Ammodramus savannarum) on Conservation Reserve Program fields in
southeast Nebraska. Reproductive success was 52%, and no
difference was detected between birds holding interior (>100 m from
the edge) vs. edge territories. However, grasshopper sparrows appeared
to avoid nesting within 50 m of edge habitats. Territories ranged from
0.36-1.24 ha, and territory size did not differ between successful and
unsuccessful males.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
223. Response of timber growth and avian communities to quality vegetation management in mid-rotation CRP pine plantations.
Sladek, Brandon G.; Munn, Ian A.; Burger, L. Wes; and Roberts, Scott D.
In:
Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 92/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2006. pp. 30-33.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: forestry/ forest and woodland/ loblolly pine
plantations/ Mississippi/ upper and lower coastal plain/
vegetation management
in pine plantations/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Provisions of the 2002 Farm Bill gave Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) participants greater flexibility to implement
mid-contract management activities that encourage wildlife habitat
improvement and timber production. Quality Vegetation Management (QVM)
is one such technique that utilizes the selective herbicide Imazapyr
and prescribed burning. Timber growth (d.b.h., total/merchantable
heights, and cubic foot volume per acre) and summer avian community
responses (relative abundance, species richness, and total conservation
value) to the QVM treatment are being evaluated in mid-rotation CRP
loblolly pine plantations in two physiographic regions of Mississippi. By 2-years post-treatment, significant increases in
the relative abundance of six early successional bird species were
detected on treated sites. Although not significant, mean pine growth
increment increases were slightly greater on treated plots than on
control plots.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
224. Reuse of annual set-aside lands: Implications for wildlife.
Frawley, B. J. and Walters, S.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 24(4): 655-659. (Winter 1996)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors: agricultural land/ land management/ wildlife/ conservation/ Indiana/ Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
225. Reverting
Conservation Reserve Program lands to wheat and livestock production:
Effects on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages.
French, B. Wade; Elliott, Norman C.; and Berberet, Richard C.
Environmental Entomology 27(6): 1323-1335. (1998)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: agricultural lands/ grazing lands/ Conservation Reserve Program/ ground beetles
Abstract:
Highly erodible lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program soon
will revert to agricultural production. This study was designed to
determine the effects of reversion of Conservation Reserve Program
lands to wheat and livestock production on ground beetle assemblages.
Reversion strategies included no reversion of Conservation Reserve
Program grass (unmanaged bluestem), simulated grazing of Conservation
Reserve Program grass (managed bluestem), minimum-tillage practices for
wheat production, and no-tillage practices for wheat production. A
randomized block experimental design was established with 4 replicates.
More ground beetles were captured in pitfall traps in 1995 than in
1996, and abundances within years differed among reversion strategies.
Of the 73 ground beetle species collected, 9 species accounted for
61.7% of total abundance. Abundances of these 9 species differed with
respect to reversion strategy. Species diversity and evenness differed
among the reversion strategies in 1995, but only evenness differed in
1996. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that annual and monthly
variation were the predominant factors in separating ground beetle
assemblages. Lack of rainfall may have accounted for a large portion of
differences in abundances between years. A partial canonical
correspondence analysis showed that simulated grazing and no-tillage
wheat were the predominant reversion strategies in separating ground
beetle assemblages. These treatments represent disturbance levels
intermediate to unmanaged bluestem and minimum-tillage wheat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
226. A review and synthesis of habitat use by breeding birds in agricultural landscapes of Iowa.
Best, L. B.; Freemark, K. E.; Dinsmore, J. J.; and Camp, M.
American Midland Naturalist 134(1): 1-29. (July 1995)
NAL Call #: 410-M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 [AMNAAF]
Descriptors: wild
birds/ species diversity/ breeding places/ habitat selection/
vegetation types/ agricultural land/ checklists/ conservation/ Iowa/ species abundance
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
227. Ring-necked pheasant nesting ecology and production on CRP lands in the Texas Southern High Plains.
Berthelsen, Peter S.; Smith, Loren M.; and George, Ronnie R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 55: 46-56. (1990)
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Phasianus colchicus/ birds/ behavior/ Conservation Reserve
Programs/ management/ nests/ nesting/ productivity/ wildlife/ common
pheasant/ fertility/ recruitment/ density/ northwestern Texas
© NISC
228. A roadmap to more quail.
Gallagher, Elsa
Missouri Conservationist 65(7): 4-7. (2004);
ISSN: 0026-6515.
http://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2004/07/10.htm
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ agricultural practices/ birds/ conservation/ conservation
programs/ ecosystems/ edge habitat/ fencerows/ habitat alterations/
habitat management/ habitat use/ hunting and anti-hunting/ landowners/
management/ population ecology/ restoration/ succession/ urbanization/
wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ northern bobwhite quail/
Missouri
Abstract:
This article has notes about quails and their habitat in Missouri.
Missourians naturally associate quail with open lands and brushy draws,
fencerows, and crop field edges. These types of habitat are
disappearing from the Missouri landscape. A diversified landscape
is slowly being replaced by urban developments, larger crop fields, and
pastures dominated by fescue and brome. These choke out the forbs,
legumes, and bare ground necessary for quail survival. Fortunately,
farmers and landowners are learning that they play an important role in
restoring quail populations in Missouri. Landowners willing to
devote 5 to 10 percent of their property to quail management will often
see an immediate response of higher quail numbers. The South East Quail
Study Group developed the Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative
(NBCI) to meet the conservation and management needs of northern
bobwhite. The NBCI is a landscape-scale habitat restoration plan, the
first plan to address habitat needs of bobwhite. Improving habitat is
the key to restoring quail and other grassland species. In most cases,
bobwhite quail habitat can be created or enhanced with some combination
of discing, burning, brush pile building, edge feathering, spraying,
and shrub planting. The conservation department offers one-on-one
consulting services and access to several programs to help landowners
develop quality quail habitat. The Northern Bobwhite Conservation
Initiative has helped the department include quail management into
their planning and made it easier to integrate all bird conservation
into these efforts.
© NISC
229. The role of farm policy in achieving large-scale conservation: Bobwhite and buffers.
Burger, L. W.; Mckenzie, D.; Thackston, R.; andDemaso, S. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 986-993. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [986:TROFPI]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Farm Bill/ Farm policy/
habitat buffers for upland birds/ northern bobwhite/ Northern Bobwhite
Conservation Initiative
Abstract:
The Farm Bill provides a policy vehicle for implementing conservation
programs with the potential to alter land use on a large spatial scale.
The conservation payments under the Farm Bill dwarf the collective
investment of the North American Wetlands Conservation Act, Endangered
Species Act, Pittman-Robertson Act, and Conservation and Reinvestment
Act. However, the ecological value of past policy has varied by
program, practice, region, and wildlife species, resulting in a broad
array of wildlife habitat and population effects ranging from positive
to negative. We argue the conservation provisions of the Farm Bill can
produce more consistent positive wildlife habitat benefits when policy
(program statutes, rules, practices, and practice standards) is
developed in the context of explicit goals identified as part of
large-scale conservation initiatives. For example, initiatives like the
North American Waterfowl Management Plan, Partners in Flight, and the
Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative (NBCI) set science-based
goals and objectives to facilitate wildlife species population recovery
and sustainability at the landscape scale. We contend that the best
ecological and societal cost/benefit ratio is achieved when Farm Bill
conservation programs and practices are developed to address these
specific habitat goals. We present a case study illustrating how a
Conservation Reserve Program option (Conservation Practice 33-Habitat
Buffers for Upland Birds) specifically addresses NBCI goals and
objectives. We discuss the successes, failures, and lessons learned by
NCBI in policy formulation, practice development, programmatic
delivery, and evaluation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
230. The
role of the Conservation Reserve Program in relation to wildlife
enhancement, wetlands and adjacent habitats in the northern Great
Plains.
Higgins, K. F.; Nomsen, D. E.; and Wentz, W. A.
In:
Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains,
General Technical Report-RM 158/ Mitchell, J. E.; Fort Collins, Colo.:
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1987. pp. 99-104.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional conservation programs/ northern Great Plains
Abstract:
Focused on the value of CRP grasslands directly related to
wetlands and their associated wildlife (primary migratory birds).
231. The role of trees and shrubs as economic enterprises and wildlife habitat development in the Great Plains.
Hoefer, P. and Bratton, G. F.
In:
Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains,
General Technical Report-RM 158; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1988. pp. 109-112.
Notes:
0277-5786 (ISSN); Proceedings of a Symposium on "Impacts of the
Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains," held Sept 16-18,
1987, Denver, Colorado.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: soil
conservation/ resource conservation/ revegetation/ erosion control/
shrubs/ trees/ wildlife/ habitats/ northern plains states of USA/
southern plains states of USA/ Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
232. The role of wildlife as an economic input into farming or ranching operation.
Bryant, F. C. and Smith, L. M.
In:
Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains,
General Technical Report RM 158; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1988. pp. 95-98.
Notes:
Report Series ISSN: 0277-5786; Proceedings of a Symposium on "Impacts
of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains," held Sept
16-18, 1987, Denver, Colorado. Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: farming/ wildlife/ wildlife management/ economic impact/ Texas/ Conservation Reserve Program/ high plains/ rolling plains
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
233. Rotational grazing demonstration with beef cattle on conservation reserve land in Adams County, Iowa, USA.
Barnhart, S. K.; Peterson, B.; Nelson, C. O.; Bredahl, R. ; Klein, J.; and Sprague, R.
In: XX International Grassland Congress: Offered Papers.
Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2005; pp. 787.
Notes: 20th International Grassland Congress, Dublin, Ireland; June 26 -July 01, 2005; 9076998817 (ISBN).
Descriptors: animal
husbandry: agriculture/ wildlife habitat/ soil erosion/ United States
Department of Agriculture/ rotational grazing/ Conservation Reserve
Program
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
234. Rural economic effects of the Conservation Reserve Program in North Dakota.
Bangsund, D. A.; Leistritz, F. L.; and Hodur, N. M.
Fargo,
N. D.: Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, North Dakota State University, 2002. viii; 117 p.
Agribusiness and Applied Economics Report (AAER).
Descriptors: agricultural
production/ agricultural situation/ economic impact/ expenditure/
hunting/ income/ land diversion/ land use/ losses/ opportunity costs/
outdoor recreation/ rural areas/ rural economy/ rural recreation/
wildlife conservation
Abstract:
This study addressed the net economic effects of decreased
agricultural activity and increased recreational activity associated
with the Conservation Reserve Program or CRP (enacted in 1985) in six
rural areas of North Dakota, USA, from 1996-2000. The negative effects
of the CRP on agricultural revenues were based on the level of economic
activity that would have occurred in the absence of the programme. The
net change in revenues from CRP land returning to agricultural
production in the six study areas was estimated at $76 million or about
$56 per CRP-acre. However, returning CRP lands to agricultural
production was estimated to lower commodity prices and reduce
agricultural revenues on non-CRP lands by $25.9 million. The combined
effect was estimated at $50.2 million annually or $37 per CRP-acre in
the study areas. The CRP affects many types of outdoor recreation.
However, hunting was identified as the most influenced type of
recreation in North Dakota. Recreational impacts were determined
by comparing pheasant, waterfowl, and deer hunter numbers before and
after the CRP, assigning the relative role the CRP has played in the
change in hunter numbers, allocating a percentage of the change in
hunter numbers to each study area, and applying seasonal hunter
expenditure patterns to the change in hunter numbers. Average annual
CRP-related hunter expenditures in the six study areas were estimated
at $12.8 million or $9.45 per CRP-acre. Overall, recreational revenues
averaged 26% of the agricultural losses. The degree to which CRP-based
hunting revenues in rural areas offset agricultural losses varied
throughout the state. In several cases, hunting expenditures offset a
substantial portion of the agricultural losses, while in other areas,
the net economic loss from the programme remains high. The net economic
effects of the programme in western and central North Dakota were
the most favourable, whereas the effects were least favourable in
eastern areas of the state. In North Dakota, the net economic
effect of losses in agricultural revenues and gains in hunting-based
recreational expenditures indicated that several areas of the state are
not as economically burdened by the CRP as previous research has
suggested.
© CABI
235. Scale-dependent dispersal and distribution patterns of spiders in agricultural systems: A review.
Samu, F.; Sunderland, K. D.; and Szinetár, C.
Journal of Arachnology 27(1): 325-332. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL451.J6 ; ISSN: 0161-8202.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: farming
systems/ dispersal/ distribution/ effects/ habitats/ pest control/
predation/ prey/ survival/ tillage/ Araneae/ arthropods/ Arachnida/
invertebrates
Abstract:
A conceptual framework is presented for the study of the factors
affecting the distribution, dispersal and abundance of spiders in
agricultural systems. It is useful to consider how factors operate at
three levels of a spatial hierarchy, namely micro-habitat, habitat and
landscape. The size and distribution of spider populations are
determined by factors influencing survival, reproduction and dispersal.
Modes of dispersal vary in terms of the efficiency of sampling new
habitats and the level of risk. A literature survey of proximal factors
(micro-climate, habitat structure, disturbance, prey availability,
predation, and territoriality) affecting micro-habitat usage by spiders
showed that the relative importance of these factors varied according
to spider species. Spider abundance and diversity were found, in
general, to be positively correlated with environmental diversity at
different spatial scales. Within-field habitat diversifications were
found to be more effective in increasing spider populations when
interspersed throughout the crop (e.g., polycultures and reduced
tillage) than when spatially segregated (e.g., strip management). Two
approaches (modeling and experimental) to studying the effects of
landscape level phenomena on spider distribution and abundance are
discussed. Manipulation of habitats at the edge of fields has not, in
the main, resulted in increased spider density within fields.
Opportunities were identified for increasing regional populations of
spiders, and optimizing pest control, by management of the annual shift
in the crop mosaic to maximize spider transfer rates from senescing
crops to young crops.
© CABI
236. Sea of grass in New Mexico: A perspective on CRP.
Garcia, H. B.
Rangelands 15(1): 18-21. (Feb. 1993)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528
Descriptors: sown
grasslands/ range management/ prescribed burning/ introduced species/
wildlife management/ erosion control/ grazing systems/ <New Mexico
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
237. Seasonal use of Conservation Reserve Program fields by white-tailed deer in eastern South Dakota.
Gould, J.
Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, 1991.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ South Dakota
Abstract:
CRP land cover and maintenance practices, where white-tailed deer
populations nested in eastern South Dakota, were examined.
238. Seasonal use of Conservation Reserve Program lands by white-tailed deer in east-central South Dakota.
Gould, Jeffrey H. and Jenkins, Kurt J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(3): 250-255. (1993)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648.
Notes: Project Number: SD W-075-R/Study 7541.
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ behavior/ Conservation Reserve Programs/ habitat use/
management/ mammals/ season/ wildlife/ odocoileus virginianus/ habitat
selection/ seasonal variation/ diurnal variation/ conservation areas/
telemetry/ natural resources/ agriculture (general)/ deer, white
tailed/ land, private/ cultivated farmland/ policies and programs/
habitat/
utilization/
seasons/ seasonal activities/ white tailed deer/ South Dakota/ East
central region/ Brookings County/ Kingsbury County/ Lake County/ United
States
Abstract:
Objectives were to describe variation in deer use of Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) lands by season, diel period, and deer activity
class as a means of assessing seasonal importance of CRP fields to
white-tailed deer in the agricultural midwest. Use of CRP fields was
determined by locating radiomarked female deer from 15 September 1989
to 31 December 1990.
© NISC
239. Seed availability in grazed pastures and Conservation Reserve Program fields during winter in Kansas.
Klute, D. S.; Robel, R. J.; and Kemp, K. E.
Journal of Field Ornithology 68(2): 253-258. (1997)
Descriptors: grasslands/ seeds/ abundance/ winter/ agricultural practices/ government policy/ Kansas/ management/ United States
Abstract: Studies
have documented the importance of Conservation Reserve Program
(CRP) fields to breeding birds, but few have examined them as food
sources for wintering birds. We compared the biomass of seeds in CRP
fields to that in grazed native grass pastures in
northeastern Kansas during two winters. Log transformed total seed
biomass was
significantly lower in grazed pastures than in CRP fields during the
first winter but not the second. Total seed biomass in CRP fields was
highly variable, and decreased between November and February. Seeds
that were typically abundant in CRP fields are important food items of
wintering grassland birds. In conclusion, CRP fields are superior to
grazed native grass pastures in northeastern Kansas as winter
foraging habitat for birds.
© ProQuest
240. Selected effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on program participants: A report to survey respondents.
Vandever, M. W.; Allen, A. W.; and Sexton, N. R.
Fort
Collins, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center; USGSOFR02476, 2003. 30 p.
Notes: USGS Open file rept. 2476; Sponsored by Farm Service Agency, Lakewood, CO.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/products/publications/10023/ 10023.pdf
Descriptors: surveys/
natural resources conservation/ conservation/ wildlife/ habitats/
social effect/ public opinion/ Conservation Reserve Program/ natural
resources and earth sciences natural resource management/ agriculture
and food agricultural economics
Abstract:
In the summer of 2001, we drew a random sample of 2,212 persons
holding active Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts across all
USDA Farm Production Regions because we wanted information from people
intimately familiar with the program's effects on their land and
communities, we did not send surveys to contracts held in the name of
trusts, banks, or other non-personal ownership (49 contracts). To carry
out the survey, we followed a dependable step-by-step process designed
to maximize the quality and quantity of responses for mail surveys
(Dillman 1978, 2000). As a result, the overall response
rate for the survey was 65%. Of the 35% who did not respond, only 1%
(29 people) formally refused to participate. We were able to summarize
the survey results nationally and by USDA Farm Production Region.
241. Short-term bird response to harvesting switchgrass for biomass in Iowa.
Murray, L. D. and Best, L. B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(3): 611-621. (July 2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: biomass/
birds/ energy crops/ grassland/ Iowa/ nest success/ Panicum Virgatum/
switchgrass/ Conservation Reserve Program/ grassland birds/ nest
success/ North Dakota/ CRP fields/ abundance/ habitat/ vegetation/
Pheasants/ survival
Abstract:
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) provides habitat for grassland
birds, but as contracts expire, some CRP fields might be returned to
rowcrop production. One alternative to returning CRP fields to rowcrops
is to produce switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) for use as a biomass fuel.
Because the biomass is harvested during the fall and winter, breeding
birds would not be directly affected by mowing the fields but might be
influenced by changes in vegetation structure resulting from the
harvest. We evaluated bird abundances and nest success in totally,
harvested, partially harvested (alternating cut and uncut strips), and
nonharvested CRP switchgrass fields in southern Iowa, USA, in
1999 and 2000. Species richness did not differ among harvest
treatments. Abundances of most species (16 of 18) were not affected by
the harvesting of switchgrass fields, and strip width did not affect
bird numbers in strip- harvested fields. Grasshopper sparrows
(Ammodramus savannarum) were more abundant in harvested portions of
fields, and more sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were recorded in
nonharvested areas. The residual vegetation in nonharvested areas
provided nest cover for species that begin nesting early in the season
(e.g., northern harrier [Circus cyaneus] and ring-necked pheasant
[Phasianus colchicus]). Nest success rates of grasshopper sparrows and
common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were similar to those
reported by other studies in switchgrass fields and might be sufficient
to maintain stable populations. In general, switchgrass biomass fields
create breeding habitat for some grassland birds, and a Mixture of
harvested and nonharvested fields would be more beneficial to grassland
birds than totally harvesting or partially harvesting all switchgrass
fields.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
242. Short-term
impacts of aboveground herbivory (grasshopper) on the abundance and 14C
activity of soil nematodes in conventional tillage and no-till
agroecosytems.
Fu, Shenglei; Kisselle, Keith W.; Coleman, David C.; Hendrix, Paul F.; and Crossley, D. A.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33(9): 1253-1258. (2001)
NAL Call #: S592.7.A1S6; ISSN: 0038-0717
Descriptors: nutrition/
behavior/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Nematoda: activity patterns/
population density/ soil habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ tilled and
untilled agroecosystems/ Georgia/ abundance and activity/ effect
of insect herbivory levels/ arthropods/ helminths/ insects/
invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract:
This study was designed to monitor the responses of soil nematodes to
different levels of aboveground herbivory and to test the hypothesis
that the low level of aboveground herbivory facilitates soil nematode
activities and high herbivory suppresses soil nematode activities.
Three herbivory levels were established by introducing four pairs, two
pairs and no grasshoppers to graze on corn plants (Zea mays) for 2 h.
The experiment was conducted in conventional tillage (CT) and no-till
(NT) agroecosystems at Georgia piedmont. In NT, bacterivorous and
fungivorous nematode numbers were more abundant 24 h after herbivory
treatment at high grazing level compared to controls, but this was not
observed at low grazing level. In NT, the 14C activity of soil
nematodes was significantly higher at both low and high grazing levels
than the controls. In CT, however, we did not observe any effects
caused by aboveground herbivory on the abundance and 14C activity of
soil nematodes. The abundance of other trophic groups of soil nematodes
(phytophages, predators and omnivores) was not affected by aboveground
herbivory treatments under either NT or CT regimes. The curvilinear
relationship between the nematode activity and the grazing intensity
was not found in this study, we suggested that a grazing gradient of
leaf area loss ranging from 0 to 100% might be more desirable for
future research. We hypothesized that root associated materials might
be more important to soil organisms in NT than in CT since the effect
of aboveground herbivory on soil nematodes was only observed in NT.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
243. Small mammal populations occurring in a diversified winter wheat cropping system.
Olson, R. A. and Brewer, M. J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95(1): 311-319. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34
Descriptors: diversification/ ecology/ grasslands/ small mammals/ species diversity/ species richness/ vegetation/ wheat/ winter wheat
Abstract:
Some Triticum aestivum (winter wheat) growers in the western region of
the Northern Great Plains, USA, use a 3-year rotational, diversified
dryland cropping system consisting of alternating strips of T.
aestivum, fallow, and an additional spring sown crop such as Avena
sativa (oats) or Zea mays (corn). Small mammal population
characteristics (species richness, abundance, diversity) of the crops
associated with this cropping system are unknown. Small mammal
populations and vegetation characteristics (habitat) were evaluated at
two sites in June 1998 and 1999 in three crops of the rotation and on
undisturbed Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands. Small mammal
abundance and diversity were highest in T. aestivum and grassland at
both sites each year. Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) was the most
abundant species. Percent vegetation cover was significantly higher in
T. aestivum and grassland, respectively, at both sites each year.
Regression analyses using pooled data indicated a significant
relationship between percent vegetation cover and small mammal species
richness, abundance, and diversity. T. aestivum provided valuable
habitat for small mammals in winter, spring, and early summer.
Alternate grain crops in the diversified cropping system, which is absent in traditional 2-year systems, probably offered additional valuable protective cover for small mammals following T. aestivum harvest.
© CABI
244. Small mammal response to farming as practiced on the Franklin Island Wildlife Area.
Clawson, R. L. and Smith, J. W. Missouri Dept. of Conservation; MO W-013-R-39/Job 1/Study No. 69, 1985, 21 p.
Descriptors: wetlands/
cotton-rat/ food crops/ mammals/ mice, deer/ mice, harvest/ mice,
white-footed/ mouse, house/ rodents/ species diversity/ state wildlife
management areas/ tillage/ voles/ Triticum spp./ Missouri/ Howard
County
Abstract:
Objective was to determine small mammal populations in corn,
soybean, and wheat fields on a Missouri Department of Conservation
wetland area.
© NISC
245. Soil management to enhance bacterivore and fungivore nematode populations and their nitrogen mineralisation function.
Ferris, H; Venette, R. C.; and Scow, K. M.
Applied Soil Ecology 25(1): 19-35. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.S6 A67; ISSN: 0929-1393
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Nematoda: farming
and agriculture/ soil management/ bacterivore and fungivore
populations/ nitrogen mineralization function/ relationships/ element
cycles/ soil management effects/ population dynamics/ effect of soil
management/ impact on habitat/ soil habitat/ California/ University of
California/ agronomy/ farm/ nematoda/ invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract:
We tested the hypotheses that management of the soil food web in the
fall would enhance grazing on bacteria and fungi by microbivorous
nematodes in the spring, consequently increasing N availability in
cover-crop driven organic and low-input farming systems. The food web
was manipulated by irrigating the dry soil of late summer and/or
providing carbon sources. By creating conditions conducive for
biological activity, we increased the abundance of bacterivore and
fungivore nematodes in the fall and the following spring. Greater
biological activity in the soil enhanced concentrations of mineral N
available to the subsequent summer tomato crop. Mineral N concentration
in the spring was associated with abundance of bacterivore nematodes,
and with the corresponding Enrichment Index (EI) provided by nematode
community analysis. Because environmental conditions that favour
increase of bacterivore nematodes probably also favour other microbial
grazers, including protozoa, the abundance of bacterivore nematodes may
be an indicator of overall grazing activity and N mineralisation rates
from soil fauna. Decomposition pathways in the spring, inferred from
nematode bioindicators, were dominated by bacteria in plots that had
been irrigated the previous fall while fungi were more prevalent in
those that had not. The responses of omnivore and predator nematodes to
our treatments were not consistent and there was no evidence that
regulation of opportunist species by predators would be enhanced by the
management practices imposed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
246. Soil organic carbon changes after 12 years of no-tillage and tillage of Grantsburg soils in southern Illinois.
Olson, K. R.; Lang, J. M.; and Ebelhar, S. A.
Soil and Tillage Research 81(2): 217-225. (2005)
NAL Call #: S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987
Descriptors: biochemistry
and molecular biophysics/ soil science/ economics/ agronomy:
agriculture/ wildlife management: conservation/ tillage/ applied and
field techniques/ moldboard plowing/ applied and field techniques/ no
tillage/ applied and field techniques/ chisel plowing/ applied and
field techniques/ yearly crop rotation system/ applied and field
techniques/ Conservation Reserve Program/ applied and field techniques/
soil erosion/ crop production/ soil organic carbon changes/ grantsburg
soil/ tall fescue hayland/ rooting zone/ subsurface layer/ surface
layer
Abstract:
Many factors including management history, soil type, climate, and soil
landscape processes affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC).
The primary objective of this research was to determine the effects of
no-tillage and tillage systems on the SOC content after 12 years of
controlled treatments. A tillage experiment with three treatments
(no-till (NT), chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP)) was initiated
in the spring of 1989 in southern Illinois. The plot area was
previously in a tall fescue hayland for 15 years and had a 6% slope.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were grown in
the plot area on a yearly rotation system starting with maize.
Periodically, the SOC content of various soil layers, to a depth of
either 30 or 75 cm, was measured and expressed on both a gravimetric
and volumetric basis. After 12 years, the 0-15 cm surface soil layer of
MP was significantly lower in SOC than the NT and CP plots. For all but
2 values, the significance of findings did not change with the form of
expression (gravimetric versus volumetric). The surface layer (0-15
cm), subsoil (15-75 cm), and rooting zone (075 cm) of all treatments
had reduction in SOC on a volumetric basis when compared to the
pre-treatment values for sod. At the end of the 12-year study, the MP
system had significantly less SOC in the surface layer, subsurface
layer and rooting zone than the NT system at comparable depths. After
12 years of tillage under a maize-soybean rotation, the NT treatment
sequestered or maintained more SOC stock (47.0 Mt ha-1) than the CP (43.7 Mt ha-1) and MP (37.7 Mt ha-1) treatments. The annual rate of SOC stock build up in the root zone (0-75 cm), above the MP system base, was 0.71 Mt ha-1 year-1 for the NT system and 0.46 Mt ha-1 year-1
for the CP system. For land coming out of the Conservation Reserve
Program and returning to row crop production, NT and CP systems would
maintain more SOC stock than MP system and reduce CO2 emissions to the
atmosphere.
© 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
247. Spatial and temporal dynamics of hedgerows in three agricultural landscapes of southern Quebec, Canada.
Schmucki, R.; De Blois, S.; Bouchard, A.; and Domon, G.
Environmental Management 30(5): 651-664. (2002)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2704-9.
Descriptors: corridors/
field margin/ hedgerow network/ landscape dynamics/ noncrop habitat/
agriculture/ ecology/ principal component analysis/ hedgerows/
environmental impact/ agricultural land/ field margin/ habitat
corridor/ spatial variation/ temporal variation/ agricultural
management/ ecosystem/ environmental protection/ tree/ Canada/
agriculture/ conservation of natural resources/ ecosystem/ trees
Abstract:
Noncrop areas such as hedgerows in agricultural landscapes can perform
several ecological and agronomic functions (e.g., habitat, movement
corridors, wind-break, etc.), but their dynamics and drivers of changes
are often poorly known. We conducted a study in three agricultural
landscapes of southern Quebec, Canada, to assess and
compare the spatial and temporal (1958-1997) dynamics of three hedgerow
networks in relation to geomorphic conditions (marine, glacial, and
mixed deposit) and land-use changes. Hedgerow networks were mapped and
described in terms of their structure (density, degree of connectivity,
and presence of trees or shrubs) and their relationship to other
components of the landscape (connection to woodland). Relationships
were assessed in time and space using nonparametric correlation, Mantel
test, and principal components analysis (PCA). Results show significant
differences between hedgerow structure for the three landscapes and
distinct temporal and spatial dynamics that can be related to changes
in management practices and agricultural policies. On marine deposits,
increases in hedgerow density did not always correspond to an increase
in their degree of connectivity, suggesting a possible reduction in
network quality. On glacial deposits, hedgerow density declined
following abandonment of agricultural land, but rather than
disappearing, these linear structures were integrated into adjacent
brush or forested areas. Our analysis reveals the complex spatial and
temporal dynamics of the hedgerow networks and highlights the need to
take into account spatial attributes such as connectivity and
connection to woodland to evaluate more accurately overall network
quality.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
248. Spatial ecology and habitat selection of breeding male pheasants.
Leif, A. P.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1): 130-141. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: dispersal/
habitat selection/ home range/ Phasianus colchicus/ ring-necked
pheasant/ survival/ survival/ South Dakota/ Phasianidae
Abstract:
In contrast to the management of European pheasants (Phasianus spp.),
the spatial dynamics and habitat selection of breeding male ring-necked
pheasants (P. colchicus) have received little attention in North
America. To evaluate these parameters, I radiomarked 95 male pheasants
over 5 years (1997-2001) on 2 study areas in eastern South Dakota.
In spring 73% of radiomarked pheasants dispersed and moved an average
of 3.2±0.3 km (SE) from wintering sites. Home range sizes of
breeding male pheasants were bimodally distributed. One group of male
pheasants exhibited localized movements and had relatively small
(18.4±0.9 ha) home ranges, whereas a second group was
intermittently sedentary and mobile and had relatively large
(45.4±2.9 ha) home ranges. Males preferred to establish breeding
home ranges in association with idled herbaceous and woody cover. The
proportional abundance of woody cover decreased the size of male home
ranges, whereas higher proportions of cropland resulted in larger
pheasant home ranges. Within home ranges male pheasants preferred woody
cover to other available habitats. While subjugated males assumed
sedentary, submissive roles in Europe, in South Dakota males
sought unoccupied spaces on landscapes to establish territories.
Complexes of idled herbaceous and woody cover will maximize the
capacity of landscapes to support male pheasant territories.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
249. Spring burning: Resulting avian abundance and nesting in Kansas CRP.
Robel, R. J.; Hughes, J. P.; Hull, S. D.; Kemp, K. E.; and Klute, D. S.
Journal of Range Management 51(2): 132-138. (Mar. 1998)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors: fire ecology/ prescribed burning/ brush control/ wild birds/ nests/ Kansas
Abstract:
Spring burning is used to control invasion by woody vegetation of
rangelands in eastern Kansas and also of Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) fields planted to native grasses. We measured the effects
of spring burning of CRP fields on vegetation structure and avian
populations in northeastern Kansas during the summers of 1992
through 1995. Several vegetation characteristics differed between
burned and unburned CRP fields in May, but few differed in July. Mean
avian abundance on burned CRP fields was 5.6 birds km-1 of survey
transect, significantly less (P < 0.01) than the 8.6 km-1 on
unburned fields. The avian-assemblages on burned and unburned fields
differed more in May/June [Morisita's Index to Similarity (MIS) = 0.86]
than in June/July or July/August (MIS = 0.98 and 0.97, respectively).
Avian species richness ranged from 12 to 21 on burned fields and from
10 to 19 on unburned fields. A total of 27 nests was found on burned
fields, significantly less (P < 0.01) than the 372 found on unburned
fields. The 22.2% nesting success on burned fields was not
significantly different (P = 0.205) than the 34.1% success on unburned
fields. Spring burning reduced bird-nest numbers in the summer of the
same year, but did not reduce significantly (P = 0.235) the number of
nests found in those fields the following summers nor the abundance of
birds or nesting success. Avoidance of annual burning would reduce
adverse impacts on bird populations relying on CRP fields for nesting
habitat.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
250. Spring dispersal patterns of red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus, staging in eastern South Dakota.
Homan, H. J.; Linz, G. M.; Engeman, R. M.; and Penry, L. B.
Canadian Field Naturalist 118(2): 201-209. (2004)
Descriptors: Agelaius
phoeniceus/ breeding range/ color-marking/ dispersal patterns/ northern
Great Plains/ red-winged blackbird/ spring migration/ sunflower damage/
South Dakota/ Taxidea taxus/ Turdus merula
Abstract: Red-winged
Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) are very abundant summer
residents throughout the Prairie Pothole Region of central North
America. In late summer they assemble in post-breeding flocks that
cause significant amounts of agricultural damage, particularly in
sunflower fields near natal sites. In April 2001, we aerially
color-marked ~370 000 Red-winged Blackbirds near Badger, South
Dakota (44°48'N, 97°21'W), to determine if migrants staging
here were summer residents in sunflower production areas ~ 350 km to
the northwest. We measured patterns of migratory dispersal by
collecting birds in 54 randomly selected blocks in the
northcentral U.S. and the Prairie Provinces of Canada. The marked
specimens
(n
= 33) were categorized into three polygons based on analyses of banding
and re-sighting data and proximity to concentrated sunflower
production. We estimated that 82% of the migrants that had staged in
eastern South Dakota resided within or on the periphery of the
sunflower growing area. These birds probably stay near their breeding
territories until at least late August and cause early damage to
sunflower, which comprises the majority of damage. Resident birds
in Alberta and most of Saskatchewan (18%) might arrive too
late
in the damage season to impact the sunflower crop significantly.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
251. Stable isotopes provide evidence for poor northern pintail production on the Canadian prairies.
Hebert, C. E. and Wassenaar, L. I.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 101-109. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0101:SIPEFP>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: agriculture/
Anas acuta/ Anas platyrhynchos/ cropland/ geographic origin/
landscapes/ mallard/ northern pintail/ stable isotopes/ agricultural
practices/ breeding population/ nesting success/ population decline/
population estimation/ stable isotope/ waterfowl/ Alberta/ Canada/
North America/ Saskatchewan/ Aves/ Platyrhynchos
Abstract: Concerns
have been raised regarding declines in western North American
northern pintail (Anas acuta L.) populations over the past 30 years.
Elucidating the natal origins of pintails and identifying production
areas of pintails are important steps in determining the cause of the
observed declines. Here, we used stable isotope (sulphur, hydrogen,
carbon, nitrogen) featherprints to determine the geographic origins of
northern pintail ducks shot by hunters in southern Alberta
and Saskatchewan, Canada. Based on the best data available
for
inferring the distribution of breeding pintails, the proportion of
hatch-year pintails originating from Prairie regions was small-er than
expected. Our results suggest that production of northern pintails on
the Canadian Prairies may be significantly lower than predicted by the
number of breeding birds and may be related to human-induced reductions
in nest success as a result of agricultural practices.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
252. Stakeholder opinions regarding management of Conservation Reserve Program lands to address environmental and wildlife issues.
Vandever, Mark W. and Hoag, Dana L.
Human Dimensions of Wildlife 11(2): 147-149. (2006); ISSN: 1087-1209
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife/ survey/ environmental benefits/ stakeholders
Abstract:
The article presents an abstract for the study Stakeholder Opinions
Regarding Management of Conservation Reserve Program Lands to Address
Environmental and Wildlife Issues by Mark W. Vandever and Dana L. Hoag.
© NISC
253. Status and management of the greater prairie-chicken Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus in North America.
Svedarsky, W. D.; Westemeier, R. L.; Robel, R. J.;
Gough, S.; and Toepher, J. E.
Wildlife Biology 6(4): 277-284. (Dec. 2000)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 0909-6396
Descriptors: management/ biogeography/ grasslands/ conservation/ North America/
Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus
Abstract:
Greater prairie-chickens Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus are grouse of the
tallgrass prairie of North America. Their range expanded greatly
following the spread of early European agriculture into the grasslands
and logging in forested areas. When the optimum mix of cropland and
grass was exceeded, their range generally contracted to the regions
where climatic and/or soil factors favoured the retention of grassland.
Historically they probably occurred in 20 states of the United
States and four Canadian provinces, but presently they only occur in 11
states and no longer in Canada. Their current status throughout
the range varies considerably depending on habitat conditions,
population levels, management capabilities and local land-use economic
factors. A variety of conservation efforts, including translocation,
are underway in the states where they occur, the intensity of which is
generally inverse to numbers remaining. Noteworthy, is the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) which has increased grassland cover on private
land through incentive payments.
© ProQuest
254. Strategies for conserving mason bees.
Stubbs, Constance S. and Drummond, Francis A.
In: Bees and Crop Pollination: Crisis, Crossroads, Conservation/ Stubbs, C. S. and Drummond, F. A.
Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America, 2001;
pp. 95-112.
Notes: 0938522965 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ associations/ mutualism/ man-made
habitat/ land zones/ Osmia: farming and agriculture/ habitat
management/ pollination/ Vaccinium angustifolium/ pollinator
conservation and agricultural significance/ cultivated land habitat/
Maine/ Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Apoidea, Megachilidae/
arthropods/ Hymenopterans/ Insects/ invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
255. Structural characteristics of vegetation in CRP fields in northern Missouri and their suitability as bobwhite habitat.
Burger, Loren W.; Kurzejeski, E.; Dailey, Thomas V.; and Ryan, Mark R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 55: 74-83. (1990)
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Odontophoridae/ Colinus virginianus/ Conservation Reserve Program/
habitat classification/ habitat surveys/ management/ wildlife/
bobwhite/ cultivated farmland/ habitat/ vegetation/ conservation
programs/ cover/ habitat management for wildlife/ land, private/
agriculture/ Missouri
© NISC
256. Success of artificial nests in CRP fields, native vegetation, and field borders in southwestern Montana.
Clawson, M. R. and Rotella, J. J.
Journal of Field Ornithology 69(2): 180-191. (1998)
Descriptors: nests/
survival/ site selection/ environment management/ grasslands/ United States, Montana/ Aves/ birds/ management/ Birds
Abstract:
In 1993-1994, we used artificial nests to study relationships between
nest success and various spatial, temporal, and vegetation variables in
three grassland types: Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields, field
borders and watercourses, and native vegetation. Nest success was
higher and vegetation was structurally more complex in CRP fields than
in other grassland types. Nest success was 63% in CRP fields but only
24% in native vegetation. Results of univariate and multivariate
analyses indicated that nests surrounded by taller, thicker cover were
more likely to survive than nests with less concealing vegetation.
Nests initiated later in the season, when vegetation volume was
greater, survived at higher rates than nests initiated earlier. Spatial
variables were not strongly related to nest success. Field size was
directly related to nest success in CRP fields but not in other
grassland types. However, field size not included in the most
parsimonious, multivariate model of factors related to nest success in
CRP fields. Similarly, proximity to field borders was not related to
nest success in any grassland type. Our results suggest that
CRP
fields, which cover a large area in the Northern Great Plains and
attract a greater diversity of grassland birds than the cropfields they
red, provide secure nesting cover for ground-nesting species.
© ProQuest
257. Summer avian abundance, invertebrate biomass, and forbs in Kansas CRP.
Hull, Scott D.; Robel, Robert J.; and Kemp, Kenneth E.
Prairie Naturalist 28(1): 1-12. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: invertebrate
biomass/ Kansas Conservation Reserve Program/ species abundance/
species richness/ terrestrial ecology/ bird/ Aves/ animals/ birds/
chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields planted to native grasses
have the potential to provide summer habitat for grassland bird
populations in the Great Plains. Forbs in native grasslands are
thought to increase the suitability of grasslands for birds. We
measured invertebrate biomass (summer food for birds) and avian
abundance in Kansas CRP fields planted to native grasses to determine
if they were correlated with forb abundance in those fields. Sweep nets
were used to collect invertebrate samples and avian abundance was
estimated along line transects in six CRP fields from May through
August 1992. Correlation analysis did not detect a statistically
significant relationship between forb abundance and invertebrate
biomass or avian abundance, or between avian abundance and invertebrate
biomass. Avian species richness did not vary with forb abundance and
the avian community assemblages on CRP fields with low and high forb
abundance were similar.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
258. Summer Meleagris gallopavo silvestris use of a landscape dominated by agriculture and Pinus spp. plantations.
Morgan, J. J.; Schweitzer, S. H.; and Carroll, J. P.
Southeastern Naturalist 5(4): 637-648. (2006)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706 ; ISSN: 15287092
Descriptors: eastern wild turkey/ turkeys/ Meleagris gallopavo silvestris/ habitat quality/ pine plantations
Abstract:
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris (Eastern Wild Turkey) habitat was
altered in the Southeast by the introduction of Pinus spp. plantations
to agricultural areas through the Conservation Reserve Program.
However, the preponderance of M. gallopavo silvestris research has
focused on extensive Pinus spp. plantations that lack the cover-type
diversity that typifies the Southeast. From May-July 1998 and 1999, we
monitored 36 radio-tagged M. gallopavo silvestris in Burke County, GA
to investigate habitat use in landscapes intensively managed for
agriculture and silviculture. We used compositional analysis to
identify habitats selected by male and female M. gallopavo silvestris
during summers. Proportions of habitat types within the home range were
different from habitats at radio-locations of males and females.
Hardwood stands and fields were the most-selected habitat types by M.
gallopavo silvestris in the summer. However, within home ranges, males
and females also selected closed-canopy Pinus spp. habitats. Hens with
broods did not preferentially select planted Pinus spp. habitats, but
their use of Pinus spp. stands was greater than use of agricultural
fields. The replacement of agricultural fields by closed-canopy Pinus
spp. plantations may have improved habitat quality for M. gallopavo
silvestris in some areas of the Southeast by diversifying the
landscape. Our results suggest that closed-canopy planted Pinus spp.
cover types are not detrimental to M. gallopavo silvestris when well
distributed with fields and mature hardwood drains.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
259. A survey of CRP land in Minnesota: I. Legume and grass persistence.
Jewett, J. G.; Sheaffer, C. C.; Moon, R. D.; Martin, N. P.; Barnes, D. K.; Breitbach, D. D.; and Jordan, N. R.
Journal of Production Agriculture 9(4): 528-534. (Oct. 1996-Dec. 1996)
NAL Call #: S539.5.J68
Descriptors: land
policy/ governmental programs and projects/ permanent grasslands/
legumes/ grasses/ soil fertility/ phosphorus/ potassium/ soil pH/
Conservation Reserve Program/ Minnesota/ persistence/ regional surveys/
economics of land development, land reform and utilization/ plant
ecology/ soil fertility, fertilizers, and manures
Abstract:
This article provides an analysis of the federal Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP), which had goals including reduced soil erosion and
increased wildlife habitat, funded diversion of land from annual crops
into permanent vegetation. The survival of grasses and legumes planted
in CRP fields was not known. Our objectives were to assess the
persistence and coverage of grasses and legumes in 6- to 8-yr-old CRP
fields and to determine changes in soil pH, P, and K levels.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
260. Survival and nesting habitat use by Sichuan and ring-necked pheasants released in Ohio.
Shipley, K. L. and Scott, D. P.
Ohio Journal of Science 106(3): 78-85. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 Oh3; ISSN: 00300950
Descriptors: ring-necked pheasant/ Sichuan pheasants/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ nesting habitat
Abstract: Ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colcbicus) populations in the
Midwestern United States have declined drastically since World War II.
Population numbers in Ohio have leveled off since the
establishment of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP); however, a
return to historically abundant ring-necked pheasant populations is
unlikely with current land-use practices. Studies by the Michigan
Department of Natural Resources (DNR) of released Sichuan pheasants (P.
c. strauchi), a subspecies of the ring-necked pheasant, suggested that
Sichuans may nest in woody cover, a trait that could reduce
agriculture-related nest losses common to ring-necked pheasants and
potentially increase pheasant populations. We released over
2,000 Sichuan pheasants (962 females, 1,116 males) and 208
ring-necked
pheasants (24 females, 84 males) in central Ohio, United
States, in early April 1993-96. Survival and habitat use before,
during, and after the nesting season were evaluated for a sample of
hens from each subspecies through the use of radio-telemetry. Survival
rates (range = 0.05-0.15) and apparent nest success (38% and 50%
for Sichuan and ring-necked nests, respectively) were not
different
between the subspecies. The largest source of mortality for both
subspecies was predation (71.84% and 65.88%, for Sichuan and
ring-necked hens, respectively). Most nests, 85% of Sichuan and
81% of ring-necked, were located in upland herbaceous, upland shrub/
scrub, and hay macro-habitat types. Nests of both subspecies were
within 16 m of an edge, surrounded by few woody stems (median = 0.25/m2 and dense herbaceous cover (1,450 and 1,130 stems/m2, Sichuan and ring-necked nests, respectively). Sichuan hens
selected a higher proportion of forbs (37.5% and 15.0%, Sichuan
and ring-necked, respectively) and ring-necked hens selected a higher
proportion of grass (17.5% and 37.5%, Sichuan and ring-necked,
respectively) within 1.0 m2
of the nest (P ≤ 0.010). Population survey indices suggested that a
self-sustaining Sichuan pheasant population was not established.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
261. Temporal patterns of bird abundance in cornfield edges during the breeding season.
Best, L. B.
American Midland Naturalist 146(1): 94-104. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: abundance/ avifauna/ breeding season/
field margin/ temporal variation/ Iowa
Abstract:
Bird abundance in cornfield edges in Iowa was documented from
mid-April through early August 1992. During this period the barren,
sparsely vegetated fields are transformed into fields with dense plant
cover; the availability of food resources (corn and arthropods) also
changes. Temporal patterns of bird abundance in cornfield edges
differed greatly among species - Some were present in cornfield edges
throughout most, if not all, of the study period (e.g., American robin
and eastern kingbird), whereas others restricted their use to brief
periods. Some were more abundant early in the season (e.g., killdeer
and horned lark); others were more abundant later (e.g., black-capped
chickadee and indigo bunting). Much of the seasonal change in bird
abundance in cornfield edges was attributed to the habitat affinities
of the various species and to seasonal shifts in available food
resources. Birds that feed on the ground or in low herbaceous
vegetation became less abundant later in the season, whereas species
that characteristically feed in shrubs or the lower canopy of trees
became more numerous. The availability of waste corn on the soil
surface, the phenology of the developing crop and the life history
stages of major corn insect pests all contribute to the temporal
dynamics of bird abundance in cornfields. Also, seasonal patterns of
bird abundance in cornfields influence avian risk of exposure to
agricultural pesticides. Effective management and conservation of avian
communities associated with cornfields require understanding temporal
patterns of bird abundance and their implications.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
262. Tillage differentially affects the capture rate of pitfall traps for three species of carabid beetles.
Hatten, Timothy D.; Bosque Perez, Nilsa A.;
Johnson Maynard, Jodi; and Eigenbrode, Sanford D.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 124(2): 177-187. (2007); ISSN: 0013-8703
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ techniques/ ecological techniques/ reproduction/ sex
differences/ man-made habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land
zones/ Poecilus lucublandus/ Poecilus scitulus/ Pterostichus
melanarius: farming and agriculture/ tillage effect on pitfall trap
capture rate/ sampling/ pitfall trapping/ capture rate/ effect of
tillage/ gender and microclimate/ behavioral sex differences/ pitfall
trap capture rate/ cultivated land habitat/ pitfall trap capture rate/
climate and weather/ microclimate/ pitfall trap capture rate
relationships/ Humidity/ ground level/ effect on pitfall trap cature
rate/ temperature/ Idaho/ Palouse region/ Insecta, Coleoptera,
Adephaga, Caraboidea, Carabidae/ arthropods/ beetles/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract: The
influence of tillage, gender, and microclimate on capture rates of
pitfall traps for the beetles Poecilus scitulus LeConte, Poecilus
lucublandus (Say), and Pterostichus melanarius Illiger (Coleoptera:
Carabidae) were assessed in mark-release-recapture experiments in
spring pea and spring wheat. Experiments were conducted during June,
July, and August of 2003 in the Palouse region of
northern Idaho, USA. Rates of capture in pitfall traps for
the three carabid
species were differentially affected by crop-tillage systems. Capture
rates for P. scitulus and R. lucublandus were higher in no-till (NT)
than in conventional tillage (CT) peas, whereas capture rates for R
scitulus and Pt. melanarius were higher in CT than in NT wheat.
Ground-level temperatures and relative humidity (r.h.) differed little
among tillage systems. Nevertheless, capture rates were generally
positively correlated with ground-level temperature and negatively
correlated with r.h., with correlations more often significant in NT
than in CT systems. The response of the thermophilic Poecilus spp. to
temperature provides a possible mechanistic explanation for capture
rate patterns in legumes during June, but not in other months for peas
or any month in wheat during the experiments. Movement impedance due to
residue could explain lower capture rates of R. scitulus and Pt.
melanarius in
NT than in CT spring wheat. These results suggest that researchers
using pitfall trapping for carabid populations should take into account
potential capture biases their treatments can introduce.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
263. Use of Conservation Reserve Program fields by greater sage-grouse and other shrubsteppe associated wildlife in Washington.
Schroeder, M. A. and Vander Haegen, W. M.
Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2006. 39 p.
Notes: Published by the Wildlife Program, Science Division, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/research/papers/shrub/use_of_crp_fields.pdf
Descriptors: Centrocercus urophasianus/ greater sage grouse/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ shrubsteppe/ wildlife/ Washington
Abstract: This
report examines the use of CRP fields by wildlife in Washington,
focusing on the shrubsteppe and grassland species most
associated with the historical shrubsteppe habitat. Our focus also is
on birds, because this group has received the most research attention
in the recent past and includes numerous species of regional and
national conservation concern. Our objective was to provide information
that might be used to examine the potential of the CRP to aid in the
conservation of these species.
264. Use of no-till winter wheat by nesting ducks in North Dakota.
Duebbert, H. F. and Kantrud, H. A.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42(1): 50-53. (1987)
Descriptors: no-tillage/ Aves/ North Dakota/ nesting/ birds/ habitats
Abstract:
Nests of 5 duck species were found: blue-winged teal Anas discors,
northern pintail A. acuta, mallard A. platyrhynchos, gadwall A.
strepera, and northern shoveler A. clypeata. Average number of nest
found was 8/100 ha in 1984 and 6/100 ha in 1985. Nest success for all
species averaged 26% in 1984 and 29% in 1985. Predation by mammals was
the principal cause of nest destruction. No egg or hen mortality could
be attributed to pesticide use. Only 6 of 151 nests (4%) were abandoned
during the 2 years. Nests of 7 other ground-nesting bird species were
also found. The trend toward increased planting of no-till winter wheat
in the prairie pothole region should benefit production of ducks and
other ground-nesting birds. -from Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
265. Use of winter food plots by nongame wildlife species.
Donalty, S.; Henke, S. E.; and Kerr, C. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 774-778. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: food
plots/ Lagomorphs/ Lepus californicus/ Odocoileus virginianus/ rodents/
Sylvilagus floridanus/ Texas/ white-tailed deer/ exclusion experiment/
food consumption/ habitat management/ habitat use/ wildlife management/
winter/ United States/ Avena sativa/ Lepus californicus/ Odocoileus
virginianus/ Sylvilagus floridanus
Abstract:
Food plots typically are suggested as a management practice to benefit
game species because use by nongame species is considered negligible.
We tested this assumption and determined nongame species' use of winter
food plots on 6 ranches in southern Texas. We equally divided a
total of 144 1-m3
sites among the ranches and located them randomly within newly planted
winter oat (Avena sativa) food plots during December 1996. We built 24
1- m3
exclosures per food plot to exclude white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus; large-mesh fencing), deer and lagomorphs (medium-mesh
fencing), all animals (small-mesh fencing), and no animals (i.e., no
exclosures as control plots), respectively. We observed white-tailed
deer in each food plot. We observed eastern cottontail rabbits
(Sylvilagus floridanus) and black-tailed jackrabbits (Lepus
californicus) within the large-mesh fencing exclosures and control
plots. We observed 5 species of rodents within each exclosure type
except the small-mesh fencing exclosures. We observed no animal or
animal signs within the small-mesh fencing exclosures. After 4 months
of growth, dry-matter biomass of winter oats differed between exclosure
types. The small-mesh exclosures had the greatest biomass
(356.9±5.7 g; x̄
±SE), followed by the medium- and large-mesh exclosures
(219.8±13.2 g and 191.7±4.3 g, respectively), and no
exclosures (62.3±6.2 g). Using the biomass of oats from the
small-mesh exclosures as the potential plant growth, we determined that
46.7%, 9.6%, and 43.7% of the oats consumed were eaten by rodents,
lagomorphs, and deer, respectively. Therefore, we attributed the
majority of winter food plot consumption to nongame wildlife.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
266. Using Conservation Reserve Program maps derived from satellite imagery to characterize landscape structure.
Egbert, S. L.; Park, S.; Price, K. P.; Lee, R. Y.; Wu, J. P.; and Nellis, A. D.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 37(1-3): 141-156. (Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #: S494.5.D3C652; ISSN: 0168-1699
Descriptors: remote
sensing/ Conservation Reserve Program/ landscape metrics/ wildlife
habitat/ Great Plains/ agriculture/ patch size/ Accuracy/ land/
GIS/
geographic
information systems
Abstract: The
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) instituted one of the largest
and most rapid land use/land cover conversions in US history.
Approximately 14.8 million ha (36.5 million acres) of cropland were
converted to grassland, woodland, and other conservation uses between
1986 and 1995. As policy makers continue to evaluate the future of the
program and as scientists examine its effects, it is critical that the
impact of CRP on landscape structure be considered because of its
potential influence on wildlife populations. Utilizing multi- seasonal
Landsat thematic mapper imagery in an unsupervised classification
technique, we produced highly accurate maps of cropland and grassland
for 1987 and 1992 for Finney County, Kansas.
Post-classification differencing identified regions of cropland that
had been converted to CRP. We then used
the Finney County CRP map to examine changes in
landscape structure
caused by the introduction of CRP. Using the FRAGSTATS spatial pattern
analysis program, we calculated the number of patches, mean patch size,
patch density, edge density, mean shape index, nearest neighbor
distance, and an interspersion/juxtaposition index. In addition, we
calculated total grassland area and percent of area in grassland for
the pre- and post-CRP enrollment years. We found that the total
grassland area and the percent area in grassland
in Finney County increased due to CRP and that mean grassland
patch size
also increased. The total number of grassland patches decreased,
however, due to coalescence of smaller grassland patches. Patch
density, edge density, mean shape index, nearest neighbor distance, and
the interspersion/juxtaposition index all showed relatively small
changes. These small changes appear to reflect geographic differences
in CRP effects within the county-large aggregating patches in the
northeast were offset by a number of isolated patches of CRP in other
areas. The implication of these findings for wildlife managers is that,
for species that require large areas of grassland habitat, especially
habitat that is contiguous, CRP in Finney County
represents a substantial increase in potential habitat. This holds for
species at all levels of management interest. ranging from economically
valuable species to species that are rare. threatened, and endangered.
These findings emphasize the importance of CRP for wildlife
conservation and should further inform ongoing debate concerning the
importance of the CRP.
© 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
267. Using regional wildlife surveys to assess the CRP: Scale and data-quality issues.
Giudice, J. H. and Haroldson, K. J.
Journal of Field Ornithology 78(2): 140-151. (2007)
NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 02738570.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00097.x.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ land use/ Minnesota/ Phasianus colchicus/ ring-necked pheasant
Abstract:
Evidence that the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has resulted in
large-scale increases in populations of grassland birds is limited.
Detecting large-scale CRP effects is difficult because agricultural
landscapes are complex, dynamic systems where many concurrent changes
are occurring across space and time, and CRP is only one of many
factors influencing wildlife populations. Trying to isolate and
quantify the contribution of CRP to large-scale population changes
under these conditions is extremely difficult and tenuous. Data-quality
issues affecting many large-scale monitoring programs exacerbate the
problem. We use a case study of land-use and pheasant-monitoring data
in Minnesota from 1974-1997 to illustrate these problems. In our
example, roadside counts of Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)
were correlated positively with percent of CRP grasslands within 1.6 km
of survey routes, but the predicted change in mean pheasant counts
(pre-CRP vs. CRP) was negative in three of five regions despite the
addition of up to 8% CRP grasslands. We also documented concurrent
losses (1.8%-6.1% per year) of alternative reproductive habitats that
apparently counteracted the positive association between pheasant
counts and CRP abundance. These results illustrate the need for a more
comprehensive evaluation of Farm Bill effects on wildlife, including
commodity provisions that lead to conversion of pasture, hayland, and
small grains to row crops. © 2007 Association of Field
Ornithologists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
268. Valuation of agriculture's multi-site environmental impacts: An application to pheasant hunting.
Hansen, L.; Feather, P.; and Shank, D.
Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 28(2):
199-207. (1999)
NAL Call #: HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 1068-2805
Descriptors: land
diversion/ environmental impact/ hunting/ consumer surplus/ economic
evaluation/ valuation/ pheasants/ United States/ Phasianidae/
Galliformes/ birds/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals
Abstract:
Pheasant hunting benefits of the US Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
were estimated using a multi-site demand model, a national survey on
recreation (1991), and environmental data processed through a
geographic information system. Results indicate that pheasant hunting
benefits of the CRP were approximately $80 million/year in 1991, in
states where the CRP appears most critical to pheasant populations. It
is argued that, not only is the resulting evaluation of the CRP's
environmental impacts more accurately assessed than through the use of
the generalized, supply-demand equilibrium models of previous work,
but, more importantly, the environmental benefits of programme acreage
can be compared across field locations allowing subtle changes in
policy to be assessed and the design and operation of a programme to be
optimized.
© CABI
269. The value of buffer habitats for birds in agricultural landscapes.
Best, L. B.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 75-94.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: wildlife habitats/ conservation buffers/ agricultural land
270. Value of the Conservation Reserve Program to birds in the Texas southern high plains.
Berthelsen, P. S.
Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University, 1989.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Texas
Abstract:
Examined what habitat type would provide the greatest potential
benefit of the CRP to avian wildlife species in the Texas southern
high plains.
271. Variation
in spatial distribution and diurnal activity cycles of ground beetles
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) encountered in experimental settings for study
of sustainability issues.
Ellsbury, M. M.; French, B. W.; Noble, C.; Head, G.;
Fuller, B. W.; and Pikul, J. L.
American Entomologist 51(4): 219-223. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL461.A52; ISSN: 1046-2821.
http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/periodicals/ae/AE-2005/Winter/Ellsbury-et-al.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ behavior/ activity patterns/ circadian activity/ ecology/
man-made habitat/ land zones/ Carabidae: farming and agriculture/
agricultural practices/ diurnal activity/ activity cycle variation/
crop residue/ community structure/ cultivated land habitat/ crop field
habitat/ United States/ Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea/
arthropods/ beetles/ insects/ invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
272. Vegetation characteristics in seasonal-disked fields and at bobwhite brood locations.
Carver, A. Vince; Burger, Loren W.; Palmer, William E; and Brennan, Leonard A.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 55:
436-444. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ man-made habitat/ land zones/
Colinus virginianus: farming and agriculture/ habitat management/
fallow field management for brood habitat improvement/ cultivated land
habitat/ Fallow field/ Florida/ Leon County/ Tall timbers Research
Station/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Disking fallow fields is a management practice commonly used to promote
early successional habitats for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
broods. However, effects on habitat value for bobwhite broods from
different seasonal timing of disking is poorly understood. We compared
vegetation composition and structure among fall-disked fields (N=24),
spring-disked fields (N=26) and bobwhite brood locations determined by
telemetry (N=22 broods). Both disking treatments produced more bare
ground and visual obstruction than brood locations. In a joining
cluster analysis based on vegetation structure, neither spring-disked
nor fall-disked fields were grouped with broods. Ground coverage in
disked fields tended to be dominated by a few species, but plant
community composition differed between fall-and spring-disked fields.
Spring disking promoted agronomic weed species such as Senna
obtusifolia and Crotalaria spectibilis which have little food value to
quail. Fall disking promoted important food plants for bobwhite,
including Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Rubus spp. Fall-disked fields and
broods were grouped serparately from most spring-disked fields in a
joining cluster analysis based on vegetation composition. On our study
site, use of annually disked fields by broods (N=22) was low (<5% of
locations) relative to use of open canopy pine (Pinus spp.) forests
(88% of locations). We recommend fall-disking over spring-disking to
promote important food plants for bobwhite. However, neither of the
disking treatment provided habitat used by broods on our study area.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
273. Vegetation management practices on Conservation Reserve Program fields to improve northern bobwhite habitat quality.
Greenfield, K. C.; Burger, L. W.; Chamberlain, M. J.; and Kurzejeski, E. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2): 527-538. (Summer 2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: agriculture/
CRP/ Colinus Virginianus/ Conservation Reserve Program/northern
bobwhite/ RUSLE/ Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation/ Missouri/
wildlife
Abstract:
Since 1985, an annual average of more than 14 million ha of very
erodible cropland has been removed from production and enrolled in
perennial grass practices under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).
The rate of changes in plant communities on CRP fields can be modified
(intentionally or accidentally) by disturbance-management regimes.
Throughout the Midwest and Southeast, habitat quality for early
successional and grassland species may decline as CRP grasslands age,
but premeditated disturbance regimes may enhance and maintain habitat
quality for these species. However, concerns regarding perceived
conflicts between wildlife habitat and soil erosion objectives of the
CRP persist among United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) personnel. Therefore, we
evaluated effects of strip- discing on vegetation structure and
composition and soil erosion in tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) and
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) CRP fields in Missouri. We
interpreted vegetation response in the context of habitat quality for a
socially and economically important species, the northern bobwhite
quail (Colinus virginianus). Fall discing generally increased
percentage bare ground and plant diversity and decreased percentage
litter cover and litter depth. However, plant community response and
duration of effects differed between fescue and orchard grass fields.
Gains in habitat quality in fescue fields were minimal and short-lived,
whereas enhancements in orchard grass fields were substantial and
longer-lived. Overall, fall discing enhanced bobwhite habitat quality,
but responses diminished by the second growing season post-treatment,
especially in CRP fields planted to fescue. Soil-loss potential, as
estimated by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), was well
within USDA tolerable limits for all treatments. Our findings indicated
that discing intensity on CRP fields could be increased by 2-3 times
without compromising soil erosion provisions of CRP. Therefore, we
suggest that strip-discing on a 2- to 3-year rotation should be a
permissible and encouraged practice to maintain early succession plant
communities on CRP fields in the Midwest and Southeast.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
274. Vegetation
structure and avian species composition in diverted farmland:
Evaluation of vegetation structure on CRP lands in northern
Missouri/Avian species in diverted farmland.
Kurzejeski, E. W.
In: Missouri Department of Conservation Annual Report, 1996. 62 p.
Notes: Final Report; Project Number: MO W-013-R-50/Jobs 1&2/Study 1; Unpublished Wildlife Report;
0085-3496 (ISSN).
Descriptors: cultivated
farmland/ conservation programs/ vegetation/ birds/ abundance/
reproduction/ grassland/ sampling/ nests and nesting/ population
density/ species diversity/ statistics/ Missouri/ Knox County/ Macon County/ Linn County
© NISC
275. Vegetative
and invertebrate community characteristics of Conservation Reserve
Program fields relative to gamebirds in western Kansas.
Doxon, E. D. and Carroll, J. P.
American Midland Naturalist 158(2): 243-259. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031.
Notes: doi: 10.1674/0003-0031(2007)158 [243:VAICCO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: invertebrates/ Conservation Reserve Program/ birds/ chicks/ Kansas
Abstract:
We examined vegetation and invertebrate characteristics, including
insect biomass, insect-prey, six Families and seven Orders in four
varieties of Conservation Reserve Program (CP10, improved CP10 CP2 and
CP25) and wheat fields in western Kansas during Jun. and Jul.,
2004 and 2005 relative to gamebird chick ecology. CP10 fields had less
bare ground and forbs compared to the other Conservation Practices and
CP25 fields had lost much of their original forb component by the end
of the study. Although there was little forb component, CP10 fields had
high invertebrate biomass. However, CP10 fields demonstrated sizeable
declines in the estimated effect size of examined invertebrate
characteristics between sampling periods unlike the other mixes.
Unharvested wheat (Triticum aestivum), CP10 and improved CP10 fields
had the greatest number of insect-prey. Overall, most fields had
adequate insect-prey availability suggesting that in terms of insect
availability for gamebird chicks, these fields provide excellent brood
feeding opportunities, therefore accessibility and other issues might
be more important in determining habitat "quality" for gamebird chicks.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
276. Waterfowl density on agricultural fields managed to retain water in winter.
Twedt, D. J. and Nelms, C. O.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(4): 924-930. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: abundance/
agricultural fields/ mallard/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ moist-soil/
northern shoveler/ private lands/ rice/ soybean/ waterfowl/
winter-flooding/ agricultural land/ flood/ population density/ water
management/ waterfowl/ United States/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Spatula
clypeata
Abstract: Managed
water on private and public land provides habitat for wintering
waterfowl in the Mississippi Valley, where flood control
projects have reduced the area of natural flooding. We compared
waterfowl densities on rice, soybean, and moist-soil fields under
cooperative agreements to retain water from 1 November through 28
February in Arkansas and Mississippi and assessed temporal
changes in waterfowl density during winter in 1991-1992 and 1992-1993.
Fields flooded earlier in Arkansas, but retained water later
in Mississippi. Over winter, waterfowl densities decreased
in Arkansas and increased in Mississippi. Densities of
waterfowl, including mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), the most abundant
species observed, were greatest on moist-soil fields. However, soybean
fields had the greatest densities of northern shoveler (Spatula
clypeata).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
277. Waterfowl responses to the Conservation Reserve Program in the Northern Great Plains.
Reynolds, R. E.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P.;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 35-43.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wetlands/ waterfowl/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife management
278. Waterfowl use of restored wetlands in CRP in southeastern Wisconsin.
Halvorsen, Harvey H.
Passenger Pigeon 66(3): 211-221. (2004);
ISSN: 0031-2703
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat management/
wetland restoration/ utilization by waterfowl relationship/ habitat
utilization/ restored wetlands/ influences/ semiaquatic habitat/
restored wetlands/ habitat utilization by waterfowl/ Wisconsin/
restored wetland utilization by waterfowl/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
In 1992, we surveyed 147 restored wet-lands to determine waterfowl use
in South-eastern Wisconsin. Of these, 106 (72%) were between 1 to
4 years old and provided brood-rearing water: Average size of all
restorations was 1.6 acres. Emergent wet-land vegetation averaged 39%
cover on all wetlands and 49.3% cover on wet-lands with broods.
Wetlands were restored by either breaking sub-surface drain tiles,
installing water control structures on tile lines, plugging surface
drainage ditches, scraping topsoil sediment out of shallow basins,
building small earthen dikes, or a combination of these techniques. In
this survey, we observed 43 duck broods; brood size averaged 6.3
ducklings. The top 3 species, in decreasing order of abundance, were
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), and Blue-winged
Teal (Anas discors). Duck brood use of the restored wetlands was likely
influenced by the proximity of secure nest cover; by the ratio of
emergent wet-land plant cover; open water; and the size, shape, and
number of the restored wet-lands. CRP containing 80+ acres in
grasscombined with four or more restored wet-lands was highly
attractive to breeding waterfowl.The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
provided the impetus for landowners to enroll their active croplands
into quality wildlife habitat. The partnering of slate and federal
agencies with private landowners contributed to successful development
of grassland and wetland habitats for wildlife on former croplands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
279. Why haven't pheasant populations in western Kansas increased with CRP?
Rodgers, Randy D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(3): 654-665. (1999)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648.
Notes: Project Number: KS FW-009-P; KS W-039-R.
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Phasianus colchicus/ birds/ conservation programs/
Conservation Reserve Program/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat
management/ management/ status/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ phasianus colchicus/ population density/ land
management/ federal programs/ Kansas/ natural Resources/ land
development, land reform, and utilization (macroeconomics)/ population
loss/ food crops/ habitat management for wildlife/ changes detrimental
to wildlife/ cultivated farmland/ surveys/ summer/ burning/ pesticides/
habitat changes/ food supply/ private land/ winter/ common pheasant/
ecological requirements/ habitat change/ agriculture/ loss of habitat/
population dynamics/ reserve/ biocide/ vegetation
Abstract: Ring-necked
pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) populations in western Kansas
declined an average of 65% from 1966-75 to 1986-95,
particularly in the 1980s. Although 686,000 ha of Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) grasslands have been added to the western Kansas
landscape since 1985, pheasant populations have not recovered. Summer
observations suggested that CRP was used proportionally more by
pheasant broods than indicated by its relative availability. Overwinter
pheasant use of CRP (a habitat gained) averaged just 37% of that in
weedy wheat stubble (a habitat being lost). Widespread deterioration of
abundant wheat stubble habitats, largely from increased herbicide use,
represents an overwhelming habitat loss in western Kansas for
which CRP could not compensate. In addition, anticipated pheasant
benefits from CRP were not fully realized due to inadequate plant
diversity, poor stand maintenance, and large field size. The habitat
value of established CRP can be enhanced by strip-disking fireguards
around the margins of fields to facilitate occasional controlled burns,
stimulate growth of broad-leaved annuals, and increase edge.
Interseeding perennial legumes and other forbs into recently burned
grass stands
also
can be effective. Interspersion of grass-legume strips on intensively
farmed croplands through the continuous signup of CRP offers great
potential to improve pheasant habitat.
© NISC
280. Wildlife and federal cropland retirement programs.
Berner, A. H.
In:
When Conservation Reserve Program contracts expire: The policy
options; Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water Conservation Society,
1994.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/
United States/ cropland/ conservation practices/
conservation programs
Abstract:
Reviewed studies of wildlife responses to cropland retirement
programs from 1956 to 1984 and discussed the future of cropland
retirement programs.
281. Wildlife and vegetative response to diverted agricultural land in Gratiot County, Michigan.
Campa, H.; Winterstein, S. R.; Minnis, R. B.; and
Pearks, A. J.
In: Michigan Department of Natural Resources: Annual Report, 1995. 50 p.
Notes: Project Number: MI W-127-R.
Descriptors: birds/
blackbirds and cowbirds/ changes detrimental to wildlife/ conservation
programs/ cultivated farmland/ cutting/ grassland/ land use/ modeling/
pheasant, ring necked/ productivity/ vegetation/ abundance/ cover/
habitat management/ history/ statistics/ Michigan/
Gratiot County
Abstract:
Project is composed of two separate studies. For the first study,
vegetation characteristics of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) fields
and the differences in avian relative abundance, diversity, and
productivity between CRP and agricultural fields were evaluated. For
the second study, effects of various methods of mowing on vegetation
characteristics and avian populations were examined, and information
was gathered to evaluate habitat suitability index (HSI) models of
selected avian species. Both studies provide management recommendations
for a diversity of wildlife species on CRP fields.
© NISC
282. Wildlife benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program: A national perspective.
Allen, A. W.
Land and Water 38: 23-25. (1994)
NAL Call #: HD101.L36
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ United States/ wildlife habitat/ environmental policy/ watersheds
Abstract:
Provided a synopsis of the wildlife benefits of CRP and discussed how
the pattern of CRP land distribution within a watershed would influence
wildlife.
283. Wildlife benefits of the Conservation Reserve Program in Ohio.
Swanson, D. A.; Scott, D. P.; and Risley, D. L.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54(1):
390-394. (1999)
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ agricultural land/ habitat utilization/ nests/ Ohio/
Aves/ Conservation Reserve Program/ birds/ conservation/ United
States
Abstract: Federal
agriculture programs significantly impact a variety of wildlife
species. Grassland birds, in particular, should benefit from
establishment of permanent vegetative cover through conservation
initiatives like the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Evaluation of
current conservation programs is needed to help shape future
initiatives and ensure the long-term continuation of beneficial
programs. The vegetative and physical characteristics of CRP fields
in Ohio were quantified, the timing and extent of disturbances
during
the nesting season noted, avian use of these habitats measured, and
indices of avian use related to field characteristics. It was found
that more than half of the sampled fields were disturbed, primarily by
mowing, during the nesting season (May to July). These same fields,
however, were used by 43 avian species. Use of CRP fields by several
grassland-dependent species was related to the amount of grassland
habitat provided by the field and/or adjacent grasslands. Age of
permanent cover and field size were not related, however, to total
species richness. Eliminating disturbance of vegetative cover during
the nesting season could significantly add to the wildlife value of
these habitats. Policy options that include establishment of larger
fields or grassland cover near existing grasslands should positively
benefit the widest array of grassland birds.
© ProQuest
284. Wildlife habitat criteria in relation to future use of CRP lands.
Allen, A. W.
Proceedings, Great Plains Agricultural Council:
41-88. (1993)
NAL Call #: 282.9 G7992; ISSN: 0434-5835.
Notes: Meeting held June 2-4, 1993, Rapid City,
South Dakota. Includes references.
Descriptors: wildlife/ habitats/ land diversion/ selection criteria/ federal programs/ United States/
Conservation Reserve Program
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
285. Wildlife management on Conservation Reserve Program land: The farmer's view.
Miller, E. J. and Bromley, P. T.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 44(5): 438-440. ill. (Sept. 1989-Oct. 1989)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822 ; ISSN: 0022-4561 [JSWCA3]
Descriptors: wildlife management/ soil conservation/ natural resources/ farmers' attitudes
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
286. Wildlife management on Virginia Conservation Reserve Program land: The farmer's view.
Miller, E. J.
Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ Virginia
Abstract: Surveyed land owners/farmers to ascertain their views on the CRP and its implementation.
287. Wildlife on Conservation Reserve Program lands and native shrubsteppe in Washington.
Vander Haegen, W. M.; Schroeder, M. A.; Germaine, S. S.; West, S. D.; and Gitzen, R. A.
Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2004. 51 p.
Notes: 2004 Progress Report.
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/research/papers/shrub/ conservation_reserve_program.pdf
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ CRP/ habitat restoration/ wildlife/ shrubsteppe/
grassland/ Columbia River Basin/ Washington
Abstract: The
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is currently the only
large-scale effort to restore habitat that may be used by grassland and
shrubsteppe wildlife in the Columbia River Basin.
Administered by the US Department of Agriculture, this voluntary
program pays farmers to take agricultural lands out of production to
achieve conservation objectives including reducing soil erosion and
providing wildlife habitat. In Washington, over 1 million acres
(405,000 ha) of converted farmland has been planted to non-native
grasses and to native grasses, forbs and shrubs under the CRP. In 2003
we began a study to evaluate the potential role of CRP in the long-term
conservation of obligate grassland and shrubsteppe wildlife in
the Columbia River Basin. We established 48 study sites in
CRP fields of varying age and landscape contexts and in extant
shrubsteppe communities. In 2004, we repeated surveys of birds,
herptiles, and small mammals and we examined reproductive parameters of
selected bird species. In addition, we characterized the vegetation on
all sites and we added two new components to the study: a survey of the
mosses and lichens that make up the biological soil crusts and pellet
surveys to document use by lagomorphs, deer, and prairie grouse. Plans
for 2005 include continued bird and small mammal surveys, pellet
sampling, and sampling of the remaining sites for biological soil
crusts.
288. Wildlife response to the Conservation Reserve Program in Minnesota.
Mueller, JM.; Haroldson, KJ.; Berner, AH; and Kimmel, RO
Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 1999:
27-30. (2000).
Notes: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Populations and Research Unit.
Descriptors: Mammalia/ Aves/ mammals/ birds/ extensive agriculture/ prairies/ Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife response
© NISC
289. Wildlife responses to the Conservation Reserve Program and other land-use changes in Minnesota.
Guidice, John H.; Haroldson, Kurt J.; Mueller, Jane M.; Kimmel, R. O.; and Berner, A. H.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2001: 47-68. (2002)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ community structure/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Lepus townsendi/
Odocoileus virginianus/ Perdix perdix/ Phasianus colchicus/ Sylvilagus
floridanus: habitat management/ national parks and reserves/ relative
abundance/ population density/ distribution within habitat/ grasslands/
cultivated land habitat/ Minnesota/ grassland species/ Conservation
Reserve Program/ land use changes/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/
birds/ chordates/ Lagomorphs/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
290. Wildlife responses to the Conservation Reserve Program in the Southeast.
Burger, W.
In:
A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife
conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P; Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D.
J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical
Report USDA-NRCS-WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 55-73.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife management/ United States, southeastern region
291. Will conversion of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands to pasture be detrimental for grassland birds in Kansas?
Klute, David S.; Robel, Robert J.; and Kemp, Kenneth E.
American Midland Naturalist 137(2): 206-212. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Ammodramus
savannarum/ Bartramia longicauda/ Molothrus ater/ Spiza americana/
Sturnella magna/ agricultural practices/ behavior/ birds/ conservation/
Conservation Reserve Program/ ecosystems/ farmland/ grasslands/ habitat
use/ land use/ management/ nest parasitism/ nests-nesting/ pastures/
productivity/ public relations/ status/ wildlife/ federal programs/
wild birds/ nature conservation/ natural resources/ agricultural
economics (general)/ land development, land reform, and utilization
(macroeconomics)/ dickcissel/ grasshopper sparrow/ meadowlark/ brown
headed cowbird/ upland sandpiper/ Kansas/ Riley County
Abstract:
Most Conservation Reserve Program contracts expire in 1997 and
approximately 70 per cent of CRP fields in Kansas may be converted
into pastures. The authors compared bird use of CRP fields to their use
of pastures. Total avian abundance was greater in pastures than on CRP
fields. Data on five species using these habitats are provided.
© NISC
292. Winter avian community and sparrow response to field border width.
Conover, Ross R.; Burger, L. Wes; and Linder, Eric T.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6): 1917-1923. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ field border width/ effect on winter community structure/
community structure/ winter community structure/ field border width
effects/ cultivated land habitat/ field border width effects on winter
community structure/ Mississippi/ Sunflower County/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Transformations
of agricultural practices in the southeastern United States have
drastically reduced preexisting quantities of
strip-cover habitat along field margins. The National Conservation
Buffer Initiative has promoted the establishment of herbaceous field
borders to restore wildlife benefits once provided by such habitat. We
evaluated effects of native warm-season grass field border
establishment and width on winter bird response. Narrow (approx. 8-m)
field borders represented a marginal improvement to non-bordered
margins that were cropped ditch to ditch, whereas wide (approx. 30-m)
borders significantly enhanced total avian conservation value,
abundance, species richness, and sparrow abundance compared to non- or
narrow borders. Furthermore, presence of wide borders altered bird use
of row-crop fields. We observed increased sparrow (Emberizidae)
abundances in agricultural fields adjacent to wide borders, which
likely resulted from enhanced waste grain foraging opportunities. Given
these benefits to wintering farmland birds, we advocate the integration
of herbaceous field border habitat in agricultural landscapes,
particularly borders of enhanced width.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
293. Winter bird use of Conservation Reserve Program fields harvested for biomass.
Murray, Les D. and Best, Louis B.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 113(1-2):
45-48. (2006)
NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Aves: conservation measures/
Conservation Reserve Program fields/ habitat utilization/ winter
habitat use/ cultivated land habitat/ Iowa/ Appanose/ Lucas/ Monroe and
Wayne counties/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
As Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) contracts expire, many fields may
be returned to agricultural production. Growing switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum) as a biomass fuel is an alternative to returning fields to
rowcrops. CRP fields provide winter cover for birds, but the harvest of
biomass Would remove most of the cover and affect bird use of the
fields. We estimated winter bird abundances in nonharvested,
total-harvested, and partially (strip) harvested switchgrass fields in
southern Iowa. Song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) were observed
only in strip-harvested fields and ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus
colchicus) were observed only in nonharvested fields and uncut areas of
strip-harvested fields. American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) were
observed in all three treatments, but abundances were not significantly
different among treatments. Tree sparrows, however, were observed more
often in uncut strips of strip-harvested fields than in cut strips,
with 87% of observations in strip-harvested fields in uncut strips.
Abundances in strip-harvested fields were in general higher than
abundances in rowcrop and CRP plantings in other studies.
Strip-harvested switchgrass fields may be more beneficial in winter
than total-harvested fields, rowcrop, or idle CRP fields for some bird
species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
294. Above ground invertebrate responses to land management differences in a central Kansas grassland.
Jonas, J. L.; Whiles, M. R.; and Charlton, R. E.
Environmental Entomology 31(6): 1142-1152. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: biological
assessment/ Coleoptera/ Indicator species/ Orthoptera/ bioindicator/
biomonitoring/ community response/ community structure/ invertebrate/
land management/ community structure/ macroinvertebrate/ United States/
Andropogon gerardii/ Bromus inermis/ Coleoptera/ Orthoptera
Abstract: This
article describes macroinvertebrate communities in a
central Kansas grassland that were examined to assess their
responses to
differences in land management and explore their viability for
biological assessment of grasslands. Canopy (drop-trap) and
ground-dwelling (pitfall traps) communities were quantitatively sampled
from June-September 1998 and 1999. The responses of the whole arthropod
community and two focal groups, Coleopteran families and Orthopteran
species, to three land use types (brome fields, old fields, and native
prairies) were examined. Vegetation analyses reflected clear
differences among land use types. Bromus inermis Leyss, an exotic
grass, and Andropogon gerardii Vitman, a native grass, dominated brome
fields and native prairie sites, respectively. Old fields were composed
of a mixture of native and exotic plant species. Coleopteran family
richness and diversity were significantly greater in native prairies
than brome fields (P < 0.05), whereas orthopteran species richness
and diversity peaked in brome fields. Diversity and richness of all
arthropod groups examined were significantly, positively correlated
with plant species diversity and richness in drop-trap samples (P <
0.05). Coleopteran family diversity and richness in pitfall samples
were positively correlated with abundance of native plants, but
orthopteran species diversity and richness were negatively correlated
with native plant abundance. Coleopteran and orthopteran responses to
land use appeared linked to differences in management practices.
Whereas coleopterans appeared most influenced by plant community
composition, orthopterans showed sensitivity to mechanical disturbance
associated with haying on native prairie. Plant and arthropod group
diversities were not consistently correlated, demonstrating that
arthropod groups can reflect differences in a landscape that may not be
apparent from examining plant communities alone.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
295. Abundance
and diversity of small mammals in exotic and reseeded native grasslands
at Oakwood Lakes State Park.
Gardner, Dawn M.; Jensen, Kent C.; Higgins, Kenneth F.; Hansen, Nicole K.; and Huehl, Abbigayil A.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 84: 109-117. (2005)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Mammalia: habitat management/ small taxa/ exotic grasslands/
reseeded grasslands/ relative abundance/ native grasslands/ species
diversity/ South Dakota/ Brookings County/ Oakwood Lakes Game
Production Area/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Relative abundance and diversity of small mammal populations in exotic
and reseeded native grassland plots were evaluated during the fall of
2004 at West Oakwood Lakes Game Production Area, Brookings
County, South Dakota. Exotic grassland plots were defined as areas
dominated by smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratensis). Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Indiangrass
(Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) dominated
plots defined as reseeded native grassland. A total of 36 small mammals
representing six species were captured over 727 operable trap nights in
four grassland plots using Museum Special snap traps from 25 September
to 1 October 2004. Shrew species (Blarina and Sorex spp.) comprised 57%
and 73% of the total small mammal captures in the exotic and reseeded
native plots respectively. Based on relative abundance there was
significantly greater small mammal abundance in the exotic plots than
in the reseeded native plots (x2 = 35.04, p < 0.0001). Northern short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) (x2
= 11.36, p = 0.0008) relative abundance was significantly greater in
the reseeded native plots than in the exotic plots, whereas relative
abundance of all other species, except the western harvest mouse
(Reithrodontomys megalotis), were significantly greater in the exotic
plots than in the reseeded native plots. Alpha diversity was
significantly greater in the exotic plots than in the reseeded native
plots (x2
= 22.21, p = 0.035). However, Shannon-Wiener Index richness and
evenness values were similar in the exotic and reseeded native plots.
Our data indicates a higher relative abundance of small mammals and
greater within habitat diversity in exotic grasslands than in reseeded
native grasslands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
296. Adaptive management of prairie grouse: How do we get there?
Aldridge, C. L.; Boyce, M. S.; and Baydack, R. K.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 92-103. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: adaptive
management/ Alberta/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ conservation plans/
grazing/ greater sage-grouse/ habitat/ Manitoba/ policy planning/
prairie sharp-tailed grouse/ Tympanuchus phasianellus/ gamebird/
grassland/ habitat conservation/ prairie/ species conservation/
wildlife management/ Canada/ Manitoba/ North America/ Centrocercus
urophasianus/
Tympanuchus phasianellus
Abstract:
Managing prairie grouse has been largely a reactive process without any
"true" management experiments being implemented, thereby limiting our
ability to learn from management and enhance conservation efforts for
declining prairie grouse populations. In a few cases where the
potential existed for a passive or active adaptive approach, monitoring
was insufficient to detect effects of changes in management practices.
Similar problems appear to occur at planning stages in attempts to
implement adaptive management for prairie grouse populations,
preventing proper consideration of sound adaptive experiments that
advance learning. Successful adaptive management begins with
stakeholder gatherings following a policy planning process, which
includes many steps, beginning with goal identification and
understanding of uncertainties and culminating in model simulations to
understand potential management policies. By following this process,
the opportunity to implement successful management experiments can be
enhanced. We discuss the successes and failures of prairie grouse
management using 2 case studies, 1 for prairie sharp-tailed grouse
(Tympanuchus phasianellus) in Manitoba and 1 for greater
sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in southern Alberta. We
describe ways in which active adaptive management could improve our
understanding of prairie grouse population declines and outline a
policy planning process that, if followed, will allow adaptive
management to be successfully implemented, enhancing prairie grouse
management and conservation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
297. Agricultural and recreational impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in rural North Dakota, USA.
Bangsund, D. A.; Hodur, N. M.; and Larry Leistritz, F.
Journal of Environmental Management 71(4):
293-303. (2004)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 03014797.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.12.017.
Descriptors: economic impacts/ farmland retirement/ rural economies/ Conservation Reserve Program/ North Dakota
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), created in 1985, provides
conservation benefits and agricultural supply control through
voluntary, long-term retirement of crop land. While the effects of the
CRP on the agricultural sector are well understood, the implications of
its conservation benefits for rural economies remain largely
undocumented. To quantify the effects on rural economies, this study
addressed the net economic effects of decreased agricultural activity
and increased recreational activity associated with the CRP in six
rural areas of North Dakota from 1996 to 2000. Based on the level
of economic activity that would have occurred in the absence of the
program, net revenues from CRP land if returned to agricultural
production in the six study areas were estimated at $50.2 million
annually or $37 per acre of land currently enrolled in the CRP.
Recreational (hunting) revenues as a result of the CRP in the study
areas were estimated at $12.8 million annually or $9.45 per CRP-acre.
The net economic effect of the CRP (lost agricultural revenues and
gains in recreational expenditures) indicated that several areas of the
state are not as economically burdened by the CRP as previous research
has suggested. In addition, the net economic effects of the program
would appear more favourable if revenues from all CRP-based recreation
were included. The degree that recreational revenues offset
agricultural losses might be further enhanced by enterprises that
capitalize on the economic opportunities associated with expanded
recreational activities on CRP lands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
298. Allocating forage among wild and domestic ungulates: A new approach.
Johnson, B. K.; Ager, A.; Crim, S. A.; Wisdom, M. J.; Findholt, S. L.; and Sheehy, D.
In:
Proceedings of a symposium on sustaining rangeland ecosystems. Eastern
Oregon State College, La Grande, Oregon. Edge, W. D. and
Olsen-Edge, S. L. (eds.); Vol. Special Report 953.
Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Extension Service; pp. 166-169; 1996.
NAL Call #: 100 Or3M no.953
Descriptors: resource
allocation/ stocking rate/ computer software/ simulation models/
geographical information systems/ grazing/ wild animals/ grasslands/
rangelands/ range management/ models/ grazing behavior
Abstract:
The allocation of rangeland forage between domestic and wild
ungulates is discussed and none of the methods tried are considered
satisfactory. The difficulty of combining static and dynamic
environmental factors on a seasonal basis to quantify and predict the
distribution of ungulates and vegetation is described. A case study is
presented using computer-aided spatial analysis models and linear
programming formulation to allocate forage among elk (Cervus elaphus),
mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and cattle. The results were displayed
on 3-dimensional computer-generated images to show where forage was
removed by each animal species on a monthly basis.
© CABI
299. Altered rangeland ecosystems in the interior Columbia Basin.
Bunting C. S. C.; Kingery, J. L.; Hemstrom, M. A.; Schroeder, M. A.; Gravenmier, R. A.; and Hann, W. J.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PNW 553,
2002. 67 p.
Notes: 08874840 (ISBN).
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr553/
Descriptors: altered
rangelands/ Columbia sharp-tailed grouse/ greater sage grouse/
potential vegetation types/ rangeland ecosystems/ restoration/
environmental disturbance/ habitat restoration/ human activity/ land
management/ rangeland/ United States/ Animalia/ cellular
organisms/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Phasianidae/ Salvia/ Tympanuchus phasianellus
Abstract: A
workshop was held to address specific questions related to
altered rangeland ecosystems within the
interior Columbia Basin. Focus was primarily on public lands
administered by the
Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. Altered ecosystems were
considered to be those where human-induced or natural disturbances are
of sufficient magnitude to affect ecosystem processes, causing
long-term loss or displacement of native community types and loss of
productivity, making it difficult or impossible to restore these
ecosystems to historical conditions. Seventeen rangeland potential
vegetation types (PVT) were indentified by the Interior Columbia Basin
Ecosystem Management Project and briefly described. Reasons that
rangeland ecosystems are altered include presence of invasive
species, uncharacteristic grazing effects, climatic change, change in
fire regime, and other factors related to human presence. However,
primary causes of alteration and restoration potential differ among
PVTs. Some altered rangeland ecosystems may be restored by stabilizing
ecosystem processes, restoring native plant communities, reducing the
spread of invasive species, or conserving existing biota. In some
altered conditions, these options have a relatively high probability of
success over the short term with low to moderate cost at the site
scale. However, in other altered areas, restoration options are
expensive, have a low probability of success, and require long
timeframes. Restoration of rangeland PVTs is also necessary for the
survival of some animal species whose populations are in decline such
as the Columbian sharp-tailed grouse and greater sage grouse.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
300. An
annotated bibliography on the interaction of range management
(livestock grazing, brush management and prescribed burning) or
nonmanagement with wildlife habitat and wildlife.
Kozicky, Edward L.; Fulbright, Timothy E.; and Texas Fisheries and Wildlife Division, Wildlife Section
Austin, Tex.: Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept., 1991. 293 p.
Notes: Meeting abstract.
NAL Call #: SF85.K69 1991
Descriptors: fires-burns/
grazing/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ range management/
wildlife/ wildlife management/ range ecology/ wildlife habitat
improvement/ natural resources
© NISC
301. Ant biodiversity in semiarid landscape mosaics: The consequences of grazing vs. natural
heterogeneity.
Bestelmeyer, Brandon T. and Wiens, John A.
Ecological Applications 11(4): 1123-1140. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land and freshwater zones/
Formicidae: farming and agriculture/ grazing/ habitat management/
community structure/ arid rangelands/ Colorado/ New Mexico/ terrestrial
habitat/ Weld County, Colorado/ Dona Ana County, New Mexico/ Socorro
County, New Mexico/ vegetation structure/ Formicidae/ Formicoidea,
Aculeata, Apocrita, Hymenoptera, Insecta/ arthropods/ hymenopterans/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
The conservation of biodiversity in landscape mosaics requires an
understanding of the impacts of human land use within mosaic elements
and an evaluation of the biological uniqueness of different elements.
We address these issues by examining patterns of ant diversity in three
semiarid rangeland landscapes used predominantly for grazing. These
landscapes lie along a regional gradient from shortgrass steppe through
a transitional zone to desert grassland, along which climate and ant
species composition vary. Within each landscape, we compared the
effects of grazing and natural variation in soils and vegetation on ant
diversity and community composition. Grazing had little effect on ant
richness, diversity, or composition at the transitional zone or the
desert grassland site, but ungrazed areas at the shortgrass steppe site
had a higher overall richness and favored the abundance of some
species. Some samples of saltbush (Atriplex canescens) shrubland were
similar to ungrazed samples in richness and species composition. In
both the transitional zone and the desert grassland, creosotebush
(Larrea tridentata)-dominated habitats harbored comparatively
species-rich and distinct ant communities. In addition, mesquite
(Prosopis glandulosa) coppice dunes at the desert grassland site
favored the abundance of several species that were rare across the
site. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that variation in soil
strength and texture best explained community variation at the
shortgrass steppe site, whereas soil texture and associated differences
in shrub density best explained differences in composition at the
transitional and desert grassland sites. The characterization of
habitats based upon vegetation classification did not adequately
reflect environmental variation that was important to ants in
shortgrass steppe, but reflected important soil textural variation in
the transitional and desert grassland sites. These results suggest that
ant conservation in these semiarid rangelands should emphasize patterns
of variation in soil properties. The results add to a growing consensus
that a variety of variables determined by the responses of several
focal taxa may be needed to characterize biodiversity patterns.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
302. Aplomado falcons and grazing: Invoking history to plan restoration.
Truett, Joe C.
Southwestern Naturalist 47(3): 379-400. (2002)
Descriptors: Cynomys
ludovicianus/ Sciuridae/ Rodentia/ Falco femoralis septentrionalis/
Falconiformes/ Falconidae/ wildlife management/ grazing/ grazing
management/ prey biomass/ Arizona/ farming and agriculture/ food
supply/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ New Mexico/ stocking-transplanting/
techniques/ Southeast/ Southwest/ wildlife-human relationships/
commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/
disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ Aplomado falcon/ black-tailed
prairie dog/ extermination-endanger/ habitat management/ brood-egg/
agriculture/ prairie/ historic/ food/ ecological requirements/ northern
Aplomado falcon/ black-tailed prairie dog
Abstract: The
federally endangered northern aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis
septentrionalis) disappeared as a breeder from its historic nesting
range in the southwestern United States in the early to middle
1900s. Since 1995, a small breeding population has been restored to
former range in South Texas grasslands, and interest has escalated in
restoring the bird to northern Chihuahuan Desert grasslands
in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. In these
latter areas, intensive livestock grazing and associated shrub (brush)
encroachment have been theorized to have contributed importantly to the
bird's demise, and thus grazing management has been identified as an
important restoration issue. A review of the bird's abundance in the
context of the grazing history of these areas suggests it was common
when grazing, both by livestock and black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys
ludovicianus), was intense and widespread (1880s-1920s) in the bird's
habitat. It declined in abundance and disappeared coincident with
declines in livestock abundance and the extirpation of prairie dogs
(1930s-1940s). Most locations where observers historically encountered
the bird had little brush at the time of its demise. In
the Chihuahuan Desert grasslands of Arizona, New
Mexico, and West Texas where the bird occurred historically, the avian
prey base is presently an order of magnitude or more lower than that in
higher-rainfall habitats of the bird in eastern Mexico
and South Texas. The avian prey base is similarly depauperate
where 2
small populations of aplomado falcon exist in Mexico's
northern Chihuahuan Desert, and the bird's reproductive
success there
is lower than that in eastern Mexico. The historic extirpation of
prairie dogs caused a reduction in the prey biomass available to
diurnally feeding raptors such as the aplomado falcon. Efforts to
restore the falcon to Chihuahuan Desert grasslands in
the United States ideally should include monitoring the responses
of
released birds to levels of grazing, to shrub abundance, to prey
abundance, and to black-tailed prairie dog colonies should any exist in
release areas.
© NISC
303. Application of the fire-grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie.
Fuhlendorf, S. D. and Engle, D. M.
Journal of Applied Ecology 41(4): 604-614. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: Bos bison/ Bovidae/ Artiodactyla/ conservation/ terrestrial ecology/ ecosystem management/ fire-grazing interaction
Abstract:
1. Management of rangelands has long operated under the paradigm of
minimizing spatially discrete disturbances, often under the objective
of reducing inherent heterogeneity within managed ecosystems.
Management of grazing animals has focused on uniform distribution of
disturbance, so that no areas are heavily disturbed or undisturbed
(i.e. management to the 'middle'). 2. A model of the fire-grazing
interaction argues that grazing and fire interact through a series of
positive and negative feedbacks to cause a shifting mosaic of
vegetation pattern across the landscape. This interaction was important
in the evolution of species in the North American Great Plains
grasslands. This approach has the potential to serve as an
ecological-based model for management of grasslands with a long
evolutionary history of grazing. 3. We compared a heterogeneity-based
approach, in which fire is applied to discrete patches, with typical
homogeneity-based land management in the North American Great Plains,
to determine if patch burning followed by focal grazing creates a
shifting mosaic pattern of vegetation structure and composition. 4. Our
data suggest that spatially discrete fires promote focal grazing, where
grazing animals devote 75% of grazing time within the one-third of the
area that has been burned within the past year. These focal
disturbances cause local changes in the plant community and increase
patch-level heterogeneity across landscapes. As the focal disturbance
is shifted to other patches over time, successional processes lead to
changes in local plant communities and the patchwork landscape can be
described as a shifting mosaic. 5. A patch-dynamic approach can be
accomplished in the tallgrass prairie through applying spatially
discrete fires and allowing animals free access to a diversity of
landscape elements that vary in time since focal disturbance. This
increases heterogeneity across the landscape, a variable that has been
shown to be critical to some wildlife species as well as the structure
and function of grassland ecosystems. 6. Synthesis and applications.
Our study demonstrates that the fire-grazing model may be useful for
generating heterogeneity in grassland management. Discrete fires are
applied to patches, and patchy grazing by herbivores promotes a
shifting vegetation mosaic across the landscape. Furthermore,
application of the model has the potential of increasing the area of
rangelands under management for conservation purposes, because
livestock production is maintained at a level similar to traditional
management. So, by managing transient focal patches that move through
the landscape, heterogeneity has the potential to be a central paradigm
for managing landscapes for multiple objectives, such as biodiversity
and agricultural productivity.
© NISC
304. Are prescribed fires endangering the endangered Silphium borer moth (Papaipema silphii)?
Andrew, Carrie and Leach, Mark K.
Ecological Restoration 24(4): 231-235. (2006);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Papaipema silphii: habitat
management/ prescribed burning/ endangered status/ population density/
prescribed burning effects/ prairie/ grassland/ prairie habitat/ fire/
Wisconsin/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Noctuoidea,
Noctuidae/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract:
The silphium borer moth (Papaipema silphii), a rare endemic insect in
midwestern prairies, completes one life cycle per year and has a short
dispersal distance. The moth eggs are presumably laid in the duff near
host Silphium plants. Silphium species distributions are primarily
restricted to fragmented prairie patches, commonly in upland habitats
that can burn more intensely than lowland patches. Thus, these moths
must cope with existence in a fire-prone environment. Currently, there
is controversy regarding how prescribed fire affects the sustainability
of prairie invertebrate populations. We counted larval densities of
silphium borer moths within thirty-four 0.1-ha plots in three isolated
southern Wisconsin prairies with different burn patterns. The
median density of larvae was significantly lower in the rotationally
burned prairie than in one of the prairies that has been repeatedly
burned edge-to-edge. Larval densities did not differ significantly
between recently burned and recently unburned plots. These findings
suggest that prescribed fires are not endangering
the
silphium borer moth, regardless of burn method, at least at these three
sites. However, more studies at more locations are needed. We still
recommend burning only two-thirds of isolated prairies every year.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
305. Assemblages of breeding birds as indicators of grassland condition.
Browder, S. F.; Johnson, D. H.; and Ball, I. J.
Ecological Indicators 2(3): 257-270. (2002);
ISSN: 1470160X.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00060-2.
Descriptors: grassland
birds/ North Dakota/ northern Great Plains/ point counts/ Prairie
Pothole Region/ aerial photography/ biodiversity/ environmental impact/
vegetation/ wetlands/ breeding birds/ ecology/ avifauna/ bioindicator/
breeding population/ grassland/ habitat type/ index of biotic
integrity/ United States
Abstract: We
developed a measure of biological integrity for grasslands (GI)
based on the most influential habitat types in the Prairie Pothole
Region of North Dakota. GI is based on proportions of habitat types and
the relationships of these habitat types to breeding birds. Habitat
types were identified by digital aerial photography, verified on the
ground, and quantified using GIS, We then developed an index to GI
based on the presence or abundance of breeding bird species. Species
abundance data were obtained from 3 min roadside point counts at 889
points in 44, 4050 ha study plots over a 2-year period. Using a
modified North American Breeding Bird Survey protocol, species were
recorded in each of four quadrants at each point. Fifty species
selected for analysis included all grassland species that occurred in
at least 15 quadrants and all other bird species that occurred in at
least 1 % of quadrants. We constructed preliminary models using data
from each of the 2 years, then tested their predictive ability by
cross-validation with data from the other year. These cross-validation
tests indicated that the index consistently predicted grassland
integrity. The final four models (presence and abundance models at 200
and 400 m scales) included only those species that were statistically
significant (P ≤ 0.05) in all preliminary models. Finally, we
interpreted the components of the indices by examining associations
between individual species and habitat types. Logistic regression
identified 386 statistically significant relationships between species
and habitat types at 200 and 400m scales. This method, though
labor-intensive, successfully uses the presence of grassland-dependent
species and absence of species associated with woody vegetation or
cropland to provide an index to grassland integrity. Once regional
associations of species with habitat types have been identified, such
indices can be applied relatively inexpensively to monitor grassland
integrity over large geographic areas. Indices like the ones presented
here could be applied widely using bird abundance data that are
currently being collected across the United States and
southern Canada through the North American Breeding Bird Survey.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
306. Assessing grassland restoration success: Relative roles of seed additions and native ungulate activities.
Martin, Leanne M. and Wilsey, Brian J.
Journal of Applied Ecology 43(6): 1098-1109. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Bovidae/ Cervidae/ Bos bison/ Cervus elaphus/ Bison bison/ Cervus
canadensis/ habitat use/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ grassland restoration/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ Iowa/ Jasper County, Walnut Creek
watershed/ land zones/ native ungulate activity/ seed/ seed addition/
seedling emergence/ tallgrass prairie restoration/ diversity/ grazing/
net primary productivity/ tallgrass prairie/ bison/ wapiti/ habitat
management/ vegetation/ ethology/ food/ experiment/ fence/ productivity
Abstract:
1. Grassland restorations often lack rare forb and grass species that
are found in intact grasslands. The possible reasons for low diversity
include seed limitation, microsite limitation and a combination of
both. Native ungulates may create microsites for seedling establishment
in tallgrass prairie restorations by grazing dominant species or
through trampling activities, but this has never been tested in
developing prairies. 2. We experimentally tested for seed and
microsite limitation in the largest tallgrass prairie restoration in
the USA by adding rare forb and grass seeds in two trials inside
and outside native ungulate exclosures. We measured seedling emergence
because this stage is crucial in recruiting species into a community.
We also measured light, water and standing crop biomass to test whether
resource availability could help to explain seedling emergence rates.
3. Ungulates increased light availability for each sampling time
and also increased above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) during
summer. 4. Seedling emergence of rare prairie forbs and grasses
was consistently greater when we added seeds. 5. Seedling
emergence was conditionally greater with a combination of seed
additions and grazing, but grazing alone was unable to increase
emergence. 6. When ungulates increased seedling enhancement, the
mechanism was partially associated with increased water and light
availability. 7. Exotic and cosmopolitan weed seedling emergence
was not affected by grazing. 8. Synthesis and applications. These
results suggest that tallgrass prairie restorations are primarily seed
limited and that grazing alone may not be able to increase seedling
emergence of rare species without the addition of seeds. Therefore,
adding seeds to grassland restorations may increase seedling emergence
of rare species, and mimicking effects of grazing may increase
emergence when seeds are added.
© NISC
307. Assessment of grassland ecosystem conditions in the southwestern United States: Wildlife and fish.
Finch, Deborah M.
Provo, UT:
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RMRS 135,
2005. 168 p.
Notes: Volume 2.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Pisces: habitat
management/ ecology/ freshwater habitat/ United States, southwest/
Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: This
report is volume 2 of a two-volume ecological assessment of
grassland ecosystems in the Southwestern United States.
Broad-scale assessments are syntheses of current scientific knowledge,
including a description of uncertainties and assumptions, to provide a
characterization and comprehensive description of ecological, social,
and economic components within an assessment area. Volume 1 of this
assessment focused on the ecology, types, conditions, and management
practices of Southwestern grasslands. Volume 2 (this volume) describes
wildlife and fish species, their habitat requirements, and
species-specific management concerns, in Southwestern grasslands. This
assessment is regional in scale and pertains primarily to lands
administered by the Southwestern Region of the USDA Forest Service
(Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and
western Oklahoma). A primary purpose of volume 1 is to provide
information
to employees of the National Forest System for managing grassland
ecosystems and landscapes, both at the Forest Plan level for Plan
amendments and revisions, and at the project level to
site-specific activities within the larger framework. This volume
should also be useful to State, municipal, and other Federal agencies,
and to private landowners that manage grasslands in
the Southwestern United States.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
308. Assessment of native species and ungulate grazing in the southwest: Terrestrial wildlife.
Zwartjes, P. W.; Cartron, J. L. E.; Stoleson, P. L. L.; Haussamen, W. C.; and Crane, T. E.
Provo, UT:
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RMRS 142,
2005. 78 p.
Notes: 02775786 (ISSN).
Descriptors: Arizona/ grazing effects/ New Mexico/ range management/ terrestrial wildlife/ ungulate grazing/
wildlife management
Abstract:
Range managers in the Southwestern States are increasingly being
required to develop management strategies that take into consideration
the conservation of wildlife populations. However, information on many
aspects of the fundamental biology and impacts of grazing on individual
species is still lacking in the scientific and government literature.
This report documents a project designed to assemble this information
for terrestrial wildlife in Arizona and New Mexico that have
the potential to be negatively impacted by grazing or range management
practices. To achieve this, a two-stage panel process was developed
that employed a variety of wildlife experts to create a list of
potentially vulnerable species and to develop an informational
database. Panelists first reviewed and assessed all terrestrial
vertebrates in the region to develop an initial list. In the second
stage, the panelists refined the list, reviewed published information
drafted into individual species accounts, and then augmented these
accounts with information from their own experience and observations.
The resulting database contains accounts for 305 species and subspecies
of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, including a computer
database that allows managers to search and query the species accounts
based on geographic distribution as well as shared ecological and life
history characteristics.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
309. Associations of grassland birds with landscape factors in southern Wisconsin.
Ribic, C. A. and Sample, D. W.
American Midland Naturalist 146(1): 105-121. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: avifauna/
density/ grassland/ habitat type/ United States/ Ammodramus
savannarum/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ Sturnella
magna
Abstract:
We investigated the association of grassland birds with field- and
landscape-level habitat variables in south-central Wisconsin
during 1985-1987. Landscape-level variables were measured and digitized
at 200, 400 and 800 m from the perimeter of 38 200 m × 100 m
strip transects. A mixture of field and landscape variables was
associated with the density of savannah sparrow (Passerculus
sandwichensis) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). Only
landscape variables were associated with the density of bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and all
birds that were grassland species of management concern. Field size was
not an important predictor of bird density. Cover-type diversity of the
surrounding area was commonly selected in the models for three species
and all birds that were grassland species of management concern. Higher
bird densities in the transects were associated with landscapes where
the cover types were less diverse. Landscapes with low cover type
diversity were dominated by grassland, pasture and hay. Field habitat,
mean patch size of cover types and distance to woody vegetation were
the next most common predictors of avian density. The density of some
grassland birds increased as nonlinear woody features such as woodlots
and shrub carrs decreased in patch size, decreased in total amount in
the landscape and increased in distance from a transect. However,
density of other species was positively associated with linear woody
features such as the total amount and nearness of hedgerows. The
composition of the surrounding landscape, at least out to 800 m, is
important in grassland bird management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
310. Assuring the future of prairie grouse: Dogmas, demagogues, and getting outside the box.
Applegate, R. D.; Williams, C. K.; and Manes, R. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 104-111. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: dogma/
planning/ policy/ prairie grouse/ research/ Tympanuchus spp./ gamebird/
grassland/ policy development/ prairie/ species conservation/ wildlife
management/ North America/ Tympanuchus
Abstract:
We discuss the necessity of a paradigm shift among managers toward
dealing with the recovery and management of prairie grouse (Tympanuchus
spp). To assure the future of these species, we will need to test
dogmatic assumptions about grouse and their management and challenge
the demagogues who insist on perpetuating untested "principles."
Tolerance for descriptive and qualitative studies is needed.
Additionally, managers will need to remove themselves from the box and
embrace landowners, theoretical biologists, economists,
human-dimensions researchers, marketing and advertising specialists,
and many other professionals outside the normal sphere of wildlife
management. There is crucial need for a willingness to devise, test,
and apply innovative ideas that are not normally considered in the
management of grouse species, especially applying management to large
areas within ecosystems. A comprehensive plan is needed to guide
rangewide prairie grouse management. Planned management systems are
needed to provide operational guidance in implementing species plans.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
311. Attitudes of Vermont dairy farmers regarding adoption of management practices for grassland songbirds.
Troy, A. B.; Strong, A. M.; Bosworth, S. C.; Donovan, T. M.; Buckley, N. J.; and Wilson, M. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(2): 528-538. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: agricultural
management practices/ attitudinal surveys/ Champlain Valley/ dairy
farms/ forage crops/ grassland songbirds/ hayfields/ agricultural
management/ dairy farming/ environmental management/ farmers attitude/
management practices/ songbirds/ Vermont/ Aves/ Passeri
Abstract:
In the northeastern United States, most populations of grassland
songbirds occur on private lands. However, little information exists
about the attitudes of farmers toward habitat management for this
guild. To address this information gap, we surveyed 131 dairy farmers
in Vermont's Champlain Valley to assess current
hayfield management practices and farmers' willingness to adopt more
"bird-friendly" practices. Our results showed a clear trend toward
earlier and more frequent hayfield cuts. Farmers indicated they have
little flexibility to alter the timing of their cuts on most of their
land. However, many farmers (49%) indicated a willingness to adopt
alternative management practices on at least a small portion of their
land. Combined with the fact that many farmers characterized parts of
their land as "wasteland," or economically unproductive land, this
result suggests that some leeway exists for increasing songbird habitat
quality on at least portions of dairy farms. Although significant
differences existed in the amount of land for which farmers were
willing to adopt alternative management based on herd size, acreage,
and experience, the directionality of these relationships could not be
established except tentatively for herd size, in which case it appeared
that farmers with smaller herds were more likely to dedicate a greater
percentage of their land to alternative management. The results of this
study likely have relevance to dairy farms throughout the northern-tier
dairy states. Given the increasing trend for agricultural land to be
converted into housing, we recommend that extension and education
efforts target farmers with large hayfield acreages, encouraging the
maintenance of high-quality habitat for grassland songbirds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
312. Avian community responses to fire, grazing, and drought in the tallgrass prairie.
Zimmerman, John L.
In:
Ecology and conservation of Great Plains vertebrates/ Knopf, Fritz
L. and Samson, Fred B.; Series: Ecological Studies 125.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 1997; pp. 167-180.
Notes: ISBN 0387948023; ISSN 0070-8356.
NAL Call #: QH540.E288 v.125
Descriptors: conservation/ drought/ fire/ forest fragment/ grazing/ Great Plains/ tallgrass prairie/ terrestrial ecology
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
313. Avian community structure among restored riparian habitats in northwestern Mississippi.
Smiley, Peter C.; Maul, Jonathan D.; and
Cooper, Charles M.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122(2):
149-156. (2007)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ restored riparian habitat/ community structure/ riparian
habitat/ community structure in restored habitat/ Mississippi/ Yazoo
River watershed/ community structure among restored riparian habitat/
Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Riparian zones and agricultural fields adjacent to incised streams in
northwestern Mississippi are impacted by gully erosion initiated
by runoff flowing over unstable streambanks. Currently, installation of
erosion control structures (drop pipes) at the riparian
zone-agricultural field interface halts gully erosion and
simultaneously establishes one of four riparian habitat types. Avian
communities were compared among four types of restored habitats and
among four seasonal periods in northwestern Mississippi from June
1994 to May 1996. Fifty-seven species were observed among riparian
habitats, of which 49% were neotropical migrants. Habitat type and
season significantly affected species richness, abundance, and
diversity. Species richness, abundance, and diversity increased as
habitat area, pool volume, and vertical structure of woody vegetation
increased among riparian habitat types. Additionally, species richness,
abundance, and diversity increased during spring and fall. The
influence of habitat type on avian species richness, abundance, and
diversity did not differ among seasons. Present drop pipe installation
practices focus on erosion control without consideration of habitat
creation. Installation practices can be altered to more effectively
incorporate habitat creation to provide the greatest ecological
benefits for avian communities within impacted riparian zones.
Published by Elsevier B.V.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
314. Avian nest success in relation to past grazing regimes in a montane riparian system.
Ammon, Elisabeth and Stacey, Peter B.
Condor 99(1): 7-13. (1997)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: livestock
grazing regime/ montane riparian system/ nest predation rates/ nest
success/ terrestrial ecology/ vegetation composition/ vegetation
structure
Abstract:
One possible link between livestock grazing and bird population
declines is variation in nest predation rates. To explore this
possibility we documented vegetational differences in a montane
riparian community subdivided by a fence, one side of which
traditionally has been summer-grazed, and the other side rested from
grazing for 30 years. We found that ground vegetation was more
abundant, willows (Salix spp.) less abundant, and vertical vegetational
diversity was lower on the grazed relative to the rested side.
Predation rates on real nests were higher on the grazed side compared
to the rested side. Artificial nests were placed (1) in mixed conifer
vegetation to mimic the most common nest types currently present in the
riparian zone, (2) in streamside willows that differed in abundance
across the fence, and (3) in old-willow remnants distant from the
stream, which were equally abundant on both sides of the fence. All
artificial above-ground nests, and ground nests in the old-willow
experiment, suffered greater predation rates on the grazed compared to
the rested side. Thus, livestock grazing may not only affect
availability of nesting substrates for riparian birds by reducing
streamside vegetation, but could influence bird populations by
facilitating nest predation, possibly by increasing detectability of
nests or through changes in predator assemblage.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
315. Avian reproductive success in restored grasslands: Measuring the success of a restoration effort.
Dunning, John B.; Wee, Bryan; and Houston, Alexandra.
In:
87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the
14th Annual International Conference of the Society for Ecological
Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09,
2002.; Vol. 87.; pp. 344; 2002.
Descriptors: reproduction/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ avian reproductive success/ breeding success/
grassland restoration effort success
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
316. Avian response to landscape change in fragmented southen Great Plains grasslands.
Coppedge, Bryan R.; Engle, David M.; Masters, Ronald E.; and Gregory, Mark S.
Ecological Applications 11(1): 47-59. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: bird
communities/ neotropical migrant species/ conservation/ aerial
photography/ Juniperus spp/ plains/ prairies/ agricultural conservation
programs
Abstract:
We examined the dynamics of avian communities associated with
fragmented grasslands in Oklahoma USA, using long-term (1965-1995) raw
(stop-level) data from the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS). Aerial
photography was used to document changes in land cover type and
landscape pattern as affected by woody plant (mostly Juniperus
virginiana L.) encroachment and concurrent cropland conversions to
agricultural grassland under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).
Rank trend analysis identified species with significant population
trends, and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to
identify important environmental gradients froma group of descriptive
habitat variables that included land cover type composition and indices
of vegetation cover, landscape pattern, and grassland patch structure.
Avian community structure shifted along gradients of increasing woody
plant cover and indicators of continuing landscape fragmentation.
Open-habitat generalists, woodland, and successional scrub species
generally increased, whereas many grassland species decreased. In some
instances, neotropical migrants responded positively to increasing
woody vegetation. Some grassland birds also showed a positive response
to increases in agricultural grassland, but only in areas of severe
juniper encroachment. Most grassland species exhibited consistent
declines related to the influx of woody vegetation and associated
landscape changes. Woody plant encroachment into southern Great
Plains grasslands already fragmented by agricultural activity
represents a conservation management dilemma. Although woody vegetation
in remnant native prairies may provide habitat for some declining
neotropical migrants that require shrubby areas, grassland structure
and suitability is compromised for many declining grassland-endemic
birds. Cropland conversion to agricultural grassland does appear to
provide suitable for some grassland species. However, this benefit
appears to be limited to areas where woody plant invasion into
grasslands is relatively advanced, and may have only a temporary
effect, as most CRP areas are likely to return to agricultural
production in the near future. Changes are needed in grassland
management practices to restrict woody plant encroachment and
fragmentation; otherwise, continued declines in grassland bird
populations can be expected.
© NISC
317. Avian response to warm-season grass use in pasture and hayfield management.
Giuliano, W. M. and Daves, S. E.
Biological Conservation 106(1): 1-9. (2002)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00126-4.
Descriptors: abundance/
birds/ disturbance/ grassland/ reproduction/ agricultural management/
avifauna/ conservation management/ pasture/ plant community/
reproduction/ United States/ Ammodramus/ Ammodramus savannarum/
Andropogon/ Andropogon gerardii/ Aves/ Dactylis/ Dactylis glomerata/
Galliformes/ Melospiza melodia/ Panicum/ Panicum virgatum/ Passeridae/
Poaceae/ Pooecetes/ Spizella/ Spizella passerina/
Spizella pusilla
Abstract:
Populations of most avian species associated with grasslands have
declined in North America over the last few decades. These
declines may be related, in part, to changes in species composition and
management of pastures and hayfields. The incorporation of native,
warm-season grasses into pasture and hayfield management has been
suggested as a means of providing suitable habitat for birds in
agricultural areas. To examine this, we compared avian abundance,
richness, and reproductive success in warm- [i.e. switchgrass (Panicum
virgatum) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)] and cool-season grass
[i.e. orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata)] fields on private farms in
southwest Pennsylvania. Point counts, nest monitoring, and
vegetation sampling were conducted on nine pairs (warm- and cool-season
grass) of fields in 1996, and 12 pairs of fields in 1997. Compared with
cool-season grass fields, warm-season grass fields supported a greater
abundance and richness of birds, including several declining species
[e.g. song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), field sparrows (Spizella
pusilla), chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina), grasshopper sparrows
(Ammodramus savannarum), and vesper sparrows (Pooccetes gramineus)].
Additionally, due to lower nest destruction and depredation rates,
birds in warm-season grass fields had greater nest success and fledge
rates. The positive response of birds to the use of warm-season grasses
in pastures and hayfields appears to be due to the increased
availability of undisturbed cover. Thus, the establishment of
warm-season grasses in pastures and hayfields should be an avian
conservation and management priority.
Convincing farmers to use warm-season grasses in their
fields
should not be difficult, as several state and federal programs fund
their establishment, and the use of these grasses increases forage
production and farm income.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
318. Avian responses to late-season grazing in a shrub-willow floodplain.
Stanley, Thomas R. and Knopf, Fritz L.
Conservation Biology 16(1): 225-231. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: late season grazing: avian response/
shrub willow floodplain: habitat
Abstract: Riparian
vegetation in western North America provides important
habitat for breeding birds and valuable forage for grazing livestock.
Whereas a number of studies have documented the response of riparian
vegetation to the removal of cattle, few have experimentally evaluated
specific grazing systems. We evaluated the responses of vegetation and
breeding birds to two cycles of late-season (August-September) grazing
followed by 34 months of rest on the Arapaho National Wildlife
Refuge, Colorado. We used a before-and-after control-impact (BACI)
design,
with two control (ungrazed) and two treatment (grazed) pastures
composing the experimental units. Vegetation characteristics and bird
densities were quantified on sample plots prior to and following two
cycles of the treatment. We found no statistical differences in
vegetation change and few differences in bird-density change among
pastures. Inspection of means for pastures, however, suggests that
changes in shrub vigor and spatial pattern differed among ungrazed and
grazed pastures and that changes in population density for three of the
nine bird species and three guilds studied differed among pastures. Our
results suggest that habitat for grazing-sensitive birds may be
restored while still allowing late-season grazing, although the rate at
which species are recovered will be slower than if all cattle are
removed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
319. Avian use of recently evolved riparian habitat on the lower Snake River, Washington.
Rocklage, A. M. and Ratti, J. T.
Northwest Science 74(4): 286-293. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: avifauna/ habitat management/ habitat use/ riparian zone/ United States
Abstract:
Since 1975 the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has managed and irrigated
440 ha along the lower Snake River in Washington as mitigation for
four dams constructed 1962-1975. We investigated avian use of irrigated
Habitat Management Units (HMUs), compared to non-irrigated sites and
streams that entered the fiver. We conducted bird surveys at 25 sites
in summer and fall 1997 and in spring 1998. We compared avian
abundance, species richness, and species diversity among habitats and
seasons. We detected an average of 169 birds and 33 species at HMUs,
120 birds and 28 species at non-irrigated sites, and 63 birds and 23
species along streams in all three seasons. We detected an average of
29 species/site in summer, 31 in fall, and 22 in spring. Species
diversity, as measured by the Shannon-Wiener function, was higher in
summer, indicating that large flocks of a few species were common in
fall and spring. These data demonstrated that the lower Snake
River is an important stopover site for migrating birds. We detected an
average of 30 more bird species than a study conducted on the same area
in 1974. The increase in species richness is attributed to the
development of HMUs and to natural succession of palustrine vegetation
since dam construction. Future potential changes in reservoir levels,
such as breaching of dams, will undoubtedly affect bird communities
along the lower Snake River in all seasons. However, our data
demonstrated that habitat perturbations can be partially mitigated by
habitat enhancement and management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
320. Benefit of permanent non-fire refugia for Lepidoptera conservation in fire-managed sites.
Swengel, Ann B. and Swengel, Scott R.
Journal of Insect Conservation 11(3): 263-279. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68 ; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Lepidoptera: habitat
management/ Permanent non fire refugium management in fire managed
sites/ grassland/ prairie habitat/ Wisconsin/ Insecta/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract:
From the early 1990s through 2005, we conducted butterfly transect
surveys annually at the same sites in three regions of Wisconsin.
We compared specialist butterfly population indices at three sites
where a permanent non-fire refugium (a unit kept unburned through
cycles of rotational fire elsewhere in the site) was established during
this study to indices at comparison sites (which had consistent
management throughout this study) in the same region. At Crex Meadows
(12,180 ha), all significant changes in specialist numbers skewed
toward relatively higher abundance in the refugium (14 ha, last burned
in 1988) during the later period (1998-2005) versus 10 comparison
subsites (fire-managed in both periods) than expected from observations
in the earlier period (1991-97). The same pattern occurred in the
refugium (4 ha) at Bauer-Brockway (125 ha), after the rest of that unit
(9 ha) had its first management fire. Population trends were positive
in these refugia, while the comparison sites usually had less favorable
trends, or otherwise had similar trends. At Muralt Bluff (25 ha), regal
fritillaries (Speyeria idalia) were more concentrated in the refugium
(3 ha, last burned in 1991) during the earlier period but were more
abundant in both periods in the refugium than the other units there
(fire-managed in both periods). In the earlier period at Muralt Bluff,
this species significantly declined, the opposite trend of comparison
sites (which always had never-burned refugia), but significantly
increased in the later period, similar to comparison sites. The
refugium did not benefit Ottoe skipper (Hesperia ottoe), which declined
significantly in the earlier period and was not recorded in the later
period. Formerly burned units began functioning as refugia only >6-8
years after last fire and continued to increase in benefit for years
after that. In fire-managed and fire-prone sites, we recommend the
creation of permanent non-fire refugia for Lepidoptera conservation,
placed where the most specialists will benefit and managed
unintensively (e.g. mowing) if needed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
321. Benefits of Farm Bill grassland conservation practices to wildlife.
Haufler, Jonathan B. and Ganguli, Amy C.
In: Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2007.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb5.pdf
Descriptors: Farm Bill/ conservation practices/ Farm Bill/ terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This publication provides details on conservation practices
applied to rangelands with prescribed grazing, prescribe d burning,
range planting, and restoration of declining habitats showing some of
the greatest benefits to wildlife. Prescribed grazing has been shown to
produce both positive and negative responses by wildlife. Prescribed
burning has also been shown to have both positive and negative effects,
but benefits generally outweigh detriments of this practice. Range
planting and restoration of declining habitats have been shown to
benefit wildlife, but determining appropriate comparisons can be
problematic. Grassland ecosystems have been found to need greater
heterogeneity and better representation of historical ecosystem
diversity, challenges that make comparisons to “native”
ecosystem conditions complex. Additional practices including fencing,
brush management, tree planting and shelterbelts, and pest management
can all be used to improve wildlife habitat, although each can also
cause problems for wildlife in certain situations. Bird responses to
practices have received the greatest attention, with generally
inadequate information available for most other taxa. Even for birds,
considerable information is lacking including effects of practices on
many species, effects of surrounding landscape factors on wildlife
responses, and responses in reproductive rates or survival rates to
various practices. Yet, rangeland practices offer some of the greatest
potential for conservation benefits to wildlife. Grassland ecosystems
and wildlife are considered among the most at risk, and rangeland
practices can be used to maintain, enhance, and restore needed plant
communities and habitat conditions.
322. Benefits of protective fencing to plant and rodent communities of the western Mojave Desert, California.
Brooks, Matthew L.
Environmental Management 19(1): 65-74. (1995)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: alien
grass/ annual plant biomass/ community diversity/ desert ecosystem/
desert tortoise research natural area/ forb biomass/ human disturbance/
Kern County/ livestock grazing/ Merriami's kangaroo rat/ method/
protective effect
Abstract:
Human disturbance in the western Mojave Desert takes many forms.
The most pervasive are livestock grazing and off-highway vehicle use.
Over the past few decades several areas within this region have been
fenced to preclude human disturbance. These areas provide opportunities
to study the impact of human activities in a desert ecosystem. This
paper documents the response of plant and small mammal populations to
fencing constructed between 1978 and 1979 at the Desert Tortoise
Research Natural Area, Kern County, California.
Aboveground live annual plant biomass was generally greater inside than
outside the fenced plots during April 1990, 1991, and 1992. The alien
grass Schismus barbatus was a notable exception, producing more biomass
in the unprotected area. Forb biomass was greater than that of alien
annual grasses inside the fence during all three years of the study.
Outside the fence, forb biomass was significantly higher than that of
alien grasses only during spring 1992. Percent cover of perennial
shrubs was higher inside the fence than outside, while no significant
trend was detected in density. There was also more seed biomass inside
the fence; this may have contributed to the greater diversity and
density of Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami), long-tailed
pocket mice (Chaetodipus formosus), and southern grasshopper mice
(Onychomys torridus) in the protected area. These results show that
protection from human disturbance has many benefits, including greater
overall community biomass and diversity. The significance and
generality of these results can be further tested by studying other
exclosures of varying age and configurations in different desert
regions of the southwestern United States.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
323. Benefits of rotational grazing and dense nesting cover for island-nesting waterfowl in southern Quebec.
Lapointe, S.; Giroux, J. F.; Belanger, L.; and Filion, B.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 78(3):
261-272. (2000)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: grazing/
nests/ agricultural practices/ wildlife management/ environment
management/ nature conservation/ aquatic birds/ breeding sites/
islands/ population density/ population structure/ dominant species/
habitat improvement/ vegetation cover/ herbivores/ agriculture/
man-induced effects/ Anatidae/ Anas strepera/ Anas acuta/ Canada,
Quebec/ Canada, St. Lawrence R./ Canada/ ducks/ cattle grazing/
rotational grazing/ dense nesting cover/ northern pintail/ gadwall
Abstract:
Intensification of agricultural practices is an important factor
responsible for the decline of duck populations throughout North
America. More than 200 islands covering a total of 5000 ha are found in
the St. Lawrence River between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres in
southern Quebec. The value of these islands as duck nesting
habitat, however, is often limited by cattle grazing. The effects of
two types of habitat improvements, rotational grazing and establishment
of dense nesting cover (DNC), on island-nesting waterfowl was studied
from 1992 to 1994. Four treatments were compared: idle fields with no
vegetation improvement but exclusion of cattle, improved pastures with
seeding of forage plants for cattle, DNC fields with improved cover for
ducks and exclusion of cattle and unimproved pastures used after the
duck nesting season. Before habitat improvements, grazing by cattle
reduced dry mass of green vegetation by 53% relative to ungrazed plots.
No difference was found in the biomass of live (green) and dead
(residual) vegetation among the islands' sections before treatments.
Nest density and the number of expected nests based on the area covered
by each habitat were also similar among sections before treatment.
Gadwall (Anas strepera L.), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.), and
pintail (Anas acuta L.) were the most abundant species nesting on the
islands and this was not affected by treatments. Two years after
habitat improvements, the number of duck nests increased. Idle fields
and 2-year old DNC had greater visual obstruction, more residual
vegetation and more litter. Densities of 2.8 and 7.0 nests ha-1
with 69 and 82% Mayfield nest success were recorded in the idle and DNC
fields, respectively. Nest success was low in improved pasture where a
large proportion of nests were trampled (33%) or depredated (28%).
Fencing permitted growth of emergent vegetation which enabled
over-water nesting by ducks. These results indicate that with
appropriate management, coexistence of cattle and nesting waterfowl is
possible on islands of the St. Lawrence River.
© ProQuest
324. Big
game-livestock relationships study: Vegetal change in the absence of
livestock grazing on deer winter range in Red Butte and Emigration Canyons, Utah.
Austin, D. D. and Urness, P. J. Utah State Dept. Natural Resources, 1985. 18 p.
Descriptors: cover/
deer, mule/ grazing/ history/ interspecies relationships/ oak/
vegetation/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ wildlife-livestock
relationships/ Utah/ Red Butte Canyon/ Emigration Canyon/ Wasatch
Mountains
Abstract: Objective
was to determine change, if any, in the vegetation
of Emigration Canyon resulting from withdrawal of livestock
grazing in contrast to Red Butte Canyon that has
been ungrazed since 1905.
© NISC
325. Big sagebrush: A sea fragmented into lakes, ponds, and puddles.
Welch, B. L.
Provo, UT:
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RMRS 144,
2005. 218 p.
Notes: 02775786 (ISSN).
Descriptors: Artemisia tridentata/ canopy cover relationships/ distribution/ fire interval/ nutritive value
Abstract: Pioneers
traveling along the Oregon Trail from western Nebraska,
through Wyoming and southern Idaho and into
eastern Oregon, referred to their travel as an 800 mile journey
through a sea of sagebrush, mainly big sagebrush (Artemisia
tridentata). Today approximately 50 percent of the sagebrush sea has
given way to agriculture, cities and towns, and other human
developments. What remains is further fragmented by range management
practices, creeping expansion of woodlands, alien weed species, and the
historic view that big sagebrush is a worthless plant. Two ideas are
promoted in this report: (1) big sagebrush is a nursing mother to a
host of organisms that range from microscopic fungi to large mammals,
and (2) many range management practices applied to big sagebrush
ecosystems are not science based.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
326. Biodiversity across a rural land-use gradient.
Maestas, J. D.; Knight, R. L.; and Gilgert, W. C.
Conservation Biology 17(5): 1425-1434. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: biodiversity/
domestic species/ ecological impact/ land use change/ native species/
ranching/ urban development/ Canis familiaris/ Canis latrans/ Felis
catus
Abstract:
Private lands in the American West are undergoing a land-use conversion
from agriculture to exurban development, although little is known about
the ecological consequences of this change. Some nongovernmental
organizations are working with ranchers to keep their lands out of
development and in ranching, ostensibly because they believe
biodiversity is better protected on ranches than on exurban
developments. However, there are several assumptions underlying this
approach that have not been tested. To better inform conservation
efforts, we compared avian, mesopredator, and plant communities across
the gradient of intensifying human uses from nature reserves to cattle
ranches to exurban developments. We conducted surveys at randomly
selected points on each type of land use in one Colorado watershed
between May and August of 2000 and 2001. Seven bird species,
characterized as human commensals or tree nesters, reached higher
densities (all p < 0.02) on exurban developments than on either
ranches or reserves. Six bird species, characterized as ground and
shrub nesters, reached greater densities (all p < 0.015) on ranches,
reserves, or both of these types of land use than on exurban
developments. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and house cats (Felis
catus) were encountered almost exclusively on exurban developments,
whereas coyotes (Canis latrans) were detected more frequently (p =
0.047) on ranchlands than exurban developments. Ranches had plant
communities with higher native species richness and lower non-native
species richness and cover than did the other types of land use (all p
< 0.10). Our results support the notion that ranches are important
for protecting biodiversity and suggest that future conservation
efforts may require less reliance on reserves and a greater focus on
private lands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
327. Biodiversity attributes of different sward structures in grazed grassland.
McIntyre, S.
Ecological Management and Restoration 6(1): 71-73. (2005); ISSN: 1442-7001
Descriptors: biodiversity/
grass sward/ grasslands/ grazing/ habitats/ nature conservation/ plant
ecology/ wild animals/ wildlife conservation/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
This paper discusses the effects of grazed grassland structure on plant
biodiversity, and vertebrate and invertebrate habitats. It is concluded
that the presence of all structural types is optimum for the
conservation of biodiversity, although the extent of tall patches is
likely to be limiting to biodiversity conservation, owing to the large
number of species preferring tall grassland structure and the tendency
for these habitats to be eliminated by grazing.
© CABI
328. Biogeographic
and conservation implications of late quaternary pygmy rabbits
(Brachylagus idahoensis) in eastern Washington.
Lyman, R. L.
Western North American Naturalist 64(1): 1-6. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 15270904
Descriptors: agriculture/
biogeography/ Brachylagus idahoensis/ conservation/ grazing/ pygmy
rabbit/ Washington/ Bos taurus/ Oryctolagus cuniculus/ Vertebrata
Abstract:
Five implications of a biogeographic model of pygmy rabbits
(Brachylagus idahoensis) in eastern Washington proposed in 1991
are confirmed by 11 new late-Quaternary records. Pygmy rabbits from
eastern Oregon colonized eastern Washington during the late
Pleistocene and occupied their largest range during the middle and late
Holocene. Disjunction of the eastern Washington population from
that in eastern Oregon occurred during at least the late Holocene.
Nineteenth-
century cattle grazing and 20th-century agricultural
practices
reduced habitat preferred by pygmy rabbits. Conservation of the small
remaining population of pygmy rabbits will necessitate altered land use
practices.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
329. Bird and small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat in Idaho.
Medin, D. E. and Clary, W. P.
Ogden, Utah: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station; Research Paper INT-425, 1990. 10 p.
Notes: ISSN 0886-7380.
NAL Call #: A99.9 F764U
Descriptors: wildlife/ birds/ mammals/ habitats/ rangelands/ riparian buffers/ grazing/ Idaho
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
330. Bird responses to harvesting switchgrass fields for biomass.
Best, Louis B. and Murray, Les D.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69: 229-235. (2004)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ community
structure/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Aves: farming and agriculture/
biomass/ harvest/ switchgrass/ nesting success/ habitat management/
reproductive productivity/ relative abundance/ cultivated land habitat/
Iowa/ Southern Iowa Drift Plain/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
331. Birds as grazing indicator species in southeastern Arizona.
Bock, C. E. and Webb, B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 48(3): 1045-1049. (1984)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Eremophila
alpestris/ Aimophila cassinii/ Chondestes grammacus/ Ammodramus
savannarum/ grassland/ density/ habitat/ environmental condition
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
332. Birds of southwestern grasslands: Status, conservation, and management.
Merola-Zwartjes, M.
In:
Assessment of grassland ecosystem conditions in the
southwestern United States: Wildlife and fish - Volume 2, Gen.
Tech. Rep.
RMRS-GTR-135: Vol. 2/ Finch, Deborah M., editor; Fort
Collins, CO: U.S. Forest Service, 2004. 71-140.
Notes: ISSN: 0277-5786.
Descriptors: grasslands/
ecological assessment/ United States, southwestern region/
ecosystem conditions/ wildlife/ fish/ birds/
mammals/ Arizona/ New Mexico/ grassland avifauna/ desert
grasslands/ grassland bird
species
Abstract:
In the Southwestern United States, the grassland avifauna is
collectively composed of a mixture of species found primarily in desert
grasslands, shortgrass steppe, wet meadows, and alpine tundra (as used
here, desert grasslands incorporate both arid grasslands and desert
shrub grasslands). Of these habitats, desert grasslands and shortgrass
steppe are the most extensive and support the greatest number of
grassland bird species. Desert grasslands are patchily distributed
across the southern
halves
of New Mexico and Arizona, and shortgrass steppe is a
component of the Great Plains system that in the Southwest region
extends across the eastern half of New Mexico into the panhandles
of Texas and Oklahoma. Alpine tundra and particularly wet
meadows are limited in geographic extent and support relatively few
species of grassland birds in this region (see chapter 2 for detailed
maps of the distribution of grassland types). Though their geographic
extent may vary, all of these grassland systems provide habitat for
distinctive grassland bird species in the Southwest and are therefore
worthy of management concern.
This citation is from Treesearch.
333. Bobwhite habitat use under short duration and deferred-rotation grazing.
Wilkins, R. N. and Swank, W. G.
Journal of Range Management 45(6): 549-553. (1992)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume45/Number6/ azu_jrm_v45_n6_549_553_m.pdf
Descriptors: Colinus virginianus/ habitats/ grazing/ semiarid zones/ rangelands/ wildlife management/ population density/ Texas
Abstract:
A study was conducted in the South Texas Plains to contrast the
short-term impacts of short duration grazing (SDG) and
deferred-rotation grazing (DG) systems on habitats for northern
bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Foliar cover, species richness, and
structural attributes of the vegetation were compared at radio-location
sites (quail-used) and sites along random transects (available) within
and between the 2 grazing systems. Quail-used sites were characterized
by increased species richness, forb cover, and bare ground and
decreased plant height and litter accumulations. Principal components
analysis revealed that available sites on the SDG during the fall and
winter were scored higher along a habitat gradient which had greater
species richness and forb cover combined with diminished litter
accumulations. This habitat gradient explained 41% of the variation in
the ground layer variables. In addition, mark-recapture studies
suggested positive population responses on the SDG during the first
year following its initiation. Short-term improvements in bobwhite
habitats may be realized by initiating SDG on some semiarid rangelands.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
334. The Botteri's sparrow and exotic Arizona grasslands: An ecological trap or habitat regained?
Jones, Z. F. and Bock, C. E.
Condor 107(4): 731-741. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 00105422
Descriptors: Botteri's
sparrow/ ecological trap/ exotic grasses/ habitat quality/ habitat
structure/ livestock grazing/ reproductive success/ Aimophila botterii/
Aves/ Eragrostis/ Passeridae/ Poaceae/ Sacaton/ Sporobolus wrightii
Abstract:
The Botteri's Sparrow (Aimophila botterii) is a bird of tall grasslands
that temporarily disappeared from Arizona following heavy
livestock grazing in the 1890s. Its return was noted first in sacaton
(Sporobolus wrightii), an uncommon native floodplain tallgrass often
>2 m in height, and subsequently in stands of exotic lovegrasses
(Eragrostis spp.) spreading into adjacent uplands that
otherwise
supported shorter native grasslands. We examined whether the exotic
grasslands provided suitable breeding habitat for Botteri's Sparrows,
compared to native grasslands. We counted birds for three years on 18
plots, monitored 314 nests on 323 home ranges, banded 583 birds, and
measured vegetation on plots and home ranges, and at nests and
fledgling locations. Abundance and site fidelity were positively
associated with grass height and cover, being greatest in sacaton,
intermediate in exotics, and lowest in native upland grasslands. The
three habitats did not differ in young fledged per capita. Vegetation
cover on Botteri's Sparrow home ranges did not differ from the
surrounding available habitat, but locations of flightless recently
fledged young included taller and more dense vegetation than either
nest sites or random locations, especially in sparsely vegetated native
grasslands. These results suggest that fledglings required substantial
cover to avoid predation while they completed development. Far from
being an ecological trap, the exotic lovegrasses apparently are
providing essential cover for the Botteri's Sparrow in Arizona,
perhaps allowing it to regain an abundance similar to what existed
regionally prior to overgrazing of the late 19th Century. © The
Cooper Ornithological Society 2005.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
335. Breeding biology of Henslow's sparrows on reclaimed coal mine grasslands in Kentucky.
Monroe, M. S. and Ritchison, G.
Journal of Field Ornithology 76(2): 143-149. (2005)
Descriptors: Ammodramus henslowii/ breeding/ Henslow's sparrow/ nesting/ reclaimed surface mine/ vegetation
Abstract:
Populations of Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) are declining,
and loss of habitat is a likely factor. Coal mine reclamation has
created grassland habitat in Kentucky and elsewhere, and
information is needed concerning the use of these areas by Henslow's
Sparrows. We compared the behavior and ecology of populations on
reclaimed sites and non-mined sites in west-central Kentucky
during the 2000 and 2001 breeding seasons. Territories were smaller on
the reclaimed sites than unmined sites, perhaps due to differences in
habitat quality. Insect sweeps revealed more prey biomass on reclaimed
sites than unmined sites. Twenty-eight of 48 nests (58%) fledged at
least one young, and nesting success was similar on reclaimed and
unmined sites. Mean clutch size was 3.75, with no difference between
reclaimed and unmined sites. Similarly, the mean number of fledglings
per nest was similar on reclaimed and unmined sites. Multivariate
analysis revealed differences in the characteristics of vegetation on
reclaimed areas and unmined areas. Reclaimed areas had more grass cover
and greater vegetation density, probably due to differences in
management history (i.e., mowing or burning) and species composition.
Our results indicate that the nesting success of Henslow's Sparrows on
reclaimed surface mines in Kentucky is comparable to that on
unmined areas. As such, the thousand of hectares of reclaimed surface
mines in Kentucky and elsewhere could play an important role in
stabilizing populations of Henslow's Sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
336. Breeding bird abundance and habitat on two livestock grazing regimes in North Dakota.
Buskness, Natoma A.; Murphy, Robert K.;
Higgins, Kenneth F.; and Jenks, Jonathan
South Dakota Academy of Science: Proceedings 80 (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 SO82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: birds/ breeding/ wildlife habitat/ prairies/
North Dakota
Abstract: To
help sustain prairie wildlife habitat on privately owned lands
in North Dakota, prescribed rotational grazing (RG) systems have
been
implemented as part of the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV) of the
North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, impacts of
these systems on nongame breeding birds are unmeasured. During
1996 and 1997 we assessed the relative abundance, species richness, and
habitat of breeding birds especially passerines on five PPJV-prescribed
RG pastures in central and northwestern North Dakota. Each
RG pasture was paired with a nearby traditional, continuous-grazed (CG)
pasture for comparison. Using 5-minute point counts on 100-m
radius plot to survey breeding birds, we recorded 30 species in 1996
and 29 species in 1997. We detected no differences in relative
abundance or species richness between grazing regimes in 1996 (P = 0.29
and 0.58), but relative abundance and species richness were greater on
RG pastures than on CG pastures in 1997 (P = 0.08 and 0.04), a
relatively dry year. A group of five species (savannah sparrow
[Passerculus sandwichensis], grasshopper sparrow [Ammodramus
savannarum], western meadowlark [Sturnella neglecta], bobolink
[Dolichonyx oryzivorus], Baird's sparrow [Ammodramus bairdii])
considered sensitive to heavy grazing in previous studies had a higher
collective mean abundance on RG than on CG in 1997 (x̄ = 4.29 and 2.75 breeding pairs/point count, P = 0.03). Litter depth also was greater on RG than on CG in 1997 (x̄ =
2.4 and 1.4 cm, P = 0.04). PPJV grazing systems help conserve
native prairie by improving its economic viability without diminishing
habitat values for grassland passerines, and in dry years may enhance
breeding bird habitat compared to that on traditional grazing systems
especially for grazing-sensitive species such as bobolink and Baird's
sparrow.
© NISC
337. Breeding bird communities of Midwestern prairie fragments: The effects of prescribed burning and habitat area.
Herkert, J. R.
Natural Areas Journal 14: 128-135. (1994)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37
Descriptors: wildlife habitat/ breeding birds/ agricultural practices/ fire
Abstract: Compared the effects of habitat area and prescribed burning on breeding bird communities using Midwestern prairie fragments.
338. Breeding bird community responses to a small shrubland-to-prairie restoration.
Lerczak, Thomas V.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 97(2): 135-140. (2004)
NAL Call #: 500 IL6; ISSN: 0019-2252
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ community structure/ breeding community/ grasslands/
tallgrass prairie/ shrubland conditions/ Illinois/ Mason County/
shrubland restoration/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Fifteen-minute point counts were used to sample bird communities within
and adjacent to a 6-ha site at the 169-ha Revis Hill Prairie Nature
Preserve, in Mason County, central Illinois. In 1994 and
1995, the study site was dominated by shrublands (primarily Maclura
pomifera, Crataegus spp., Cornus spp., and Gleditsia triacanthos)
surrounded by second-growth woodland. Counts were repeated in 2001 and
2002 after 3 ha of shrubland had been restored to tallgrass prairie
(dominated by Andropogon gerardi, Sorghastrum nutans, and Solidago
canadensis). For all years, 43 bird species were recorded and
categorized as grassland (5), shrubland (12), or woodland (26) species.
The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) was the most numerous
species. An Index of Similarity comparing bird communities among all
years ranged from 0.70 to 0.80, indicating a consistent similarity
among pre- and post-restoration bird communities, both of which were
dominated by birds characterized as woodland and shrubland species.
Birds detected by sight alone indicated few species, other than the
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) and Common Yellowthroat
(Geothlypis trichas), actually seemed to use the prairie restoration.
Because true grassland birds tend to require large blocks of habitat,
this small prairie restoration provides inadequate grassland breeding
habitat. Resource managers should consider such effects during the
planning phases of small restoration projects, especially if their
goals are to serve more than botanical interests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
339. Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a cottonwood bottomland.
Sedgwick, J. A. and Knopf, F. L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 51(1): 230-237. (1987)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: breeding/ birds/ cattle/ grazing/ cottonwood/ fences
Abstract:
We studied avian habitat relationships and the impact of grazing on
breeding densities of selected migratory birds in a plains cottonwood
(Populus sargentii) bottomland in northeastern Colorado. Five
16-ha plots served as controls and 5 were fenced and fall-grazed
October-November 1982-84 following a season of pre-treatment study in
the spring of 1982. We focused our analysis on bird species directly
dependent on the grass-herb-shrub layer of vegetation for foraging,
nesting, or both. The guild included house wren (Troglodytes aedon),
brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufun), American robin (Turdus migratorius),
common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), yellow-breasted chat (Icteria
virens), and rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythropthalmus). Moderate,
late-fall grazing had no detectable impact on calculated densities of
any of the 6 species, implying that proper seasonal grazing of a
cottonwood floodplain is, at least initially (3 years), compatible with
migratory bird use of a site for breeding. Habitat associations
suggested that common yellowthroats and yellow-breasted chats were most
unique and most likely to respond negatively to higher levels of
grazing. We suggest that these latter 2 species are appropriate
ecological indicators of the quality of ground-shrub vegetation as
breeding bird habitats in lowland floodplains of the Great Plains.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
340. Breeding bird response to varying amounts of basal area retention in riparian buffers.
Hanowski, J.; Danz, N.; Lind, J.; and Niemi, G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 689-698. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 [0689:BBRTVA]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: birds/
breeding/ buffers/ forest/ harvest/ Minnesota/ riparian/ streams/
avifauna/ basal area/ buffer zone/ conservation management/ ecological
impact/ riparian forest/ timber harvesting/ Minnesota/ Aves
Abstract:
We examined response of breeding bird communities to forest harvest
that removed varying amounts of tree basal area from riparian buffers
on a 2- to 4-m-wide stream in northern Minnesota, USA. We
compared bird species and communities in 30-m-wide riparian buffers
along the stream. Buffers were established within plots in which upland
forests were clear-cut (basal area 2 m2/ha)
according to standard local forest management practice. Buffers had 4
treatments (3 plots/treatment): (1) no harvest (riparian control); (2)
reduction of basal area to an average of 7-10 m2/ha; (3) reduction of basal area to an average of 2 m2/ha
(defined as a clear-cut); and (4) control (no harvest in either
riparian buffer or adjacent upland). Bird surveys were conducted 1 year
prior to harvest and for 4 years after harvest.Results revealed a
significant response of the bird community to varying amounts of tree
basal area retention in the riparian area. Univariate (analysis of
variance) and multivariate (principal response curves [PRC]) analyses
showed that in the first year after harvest, bird community composition
in the riparian buffers changed in all 3 treatments relative to the
control plots, and continued to diverge over time. More species and
individuals, primarily those species associated with edge or
early-successional habitats, colonized the harvested riparian buffers
after treatment. In contrast, the number of birds and species that
inhabit interior forests declined in the riparian buffers. Results
suggest that any amount of harvest in riparian buffers next to
clear-cut upland forest will affect breeding bird communities along
small headwater streams. Because individual bird species are
differentially affected by riparian forest harvest, management should
consider the desired future condition of the forest and choose a
harvest prescription to benefit the desired avifauna community.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
341. Brown-headed cowbird behavior and movements in relation to livestock grazing.
Goguen, Christopher B. and Mathews, Nancy E.
Ecological Applications 11(5): 1533-1544. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ reproduction/ reproductive
behavior/ associations/ parasites diseases and disorders/ land and
freshwater zones/ Passeriformes: farming and agriculture/ conservation
measures/ nest parasitism/ Molothrus ater/ brood parasites/ livestock
grazing/ conservation/ New Mexico/ Colfax County/ Passeriformes/ Aves/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
342. Burning and grazing effects on bobwhite foods in the southeastern coastal plain.
Lewis, C. E. and Harshbarger, T. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(4): 455-459. (1986)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Pinus
palustris/ Pinus elliottii/ Colinus virginianus/ prescribed burning/
habitat destruction/ wildlife management/ grazing/ Georgia
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
343. Butterfly responses to habitat edges in the highly fragmented prairies of central Iowa.
Ries, L. and Debinski, D. M.
Journal of Animal Ecology 70(5): 840-852. (Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J828
Descriptors: edge permeability/ habitat fragmentation/ lepidoptera/ tracking study
Abstract:
1. The behaviour of two butterfly species, a habitat specialist
(Speyeria idalia) and a habitat generalist (Danaus plexippus), was
tracked at four prairie edges to determine the extent to which edges
act as a barrier to emigration. The four edge types studied were crop,
road, field and treeline. The edges differed in structure ranging from
high-contrast (treeline) to low-contrast (field). 2. S. idalia, the
habitat specialist, responded strongly to all edges, even those with
low structural contrast. However, S. idalia's response was strongly
affected by conspecific density at crop and field edges; individuals
were less likely to exit from high density plots. S. idalia responded
to edges both by turning to avoid crossing them, and returning to the
plot if they had crossed. 3. D. plexippus responded strongly only to
treeline edges. Wind direction and time of year were important factors
influencing behaviour at edges for this species. Conspecific density
was not a significant factor affecting their behaviour. D. plexippus
responded to edges by not crossing them, but rarely returned once they
had crossed. 4. In highly fragmented landscapes, such as the one in
which this study occurred, butterflies which show little or no response
to edges may exhibit high emigration rates because of the high
probability of encountering an edge in small habitat patches.
Butterflies may respond strongly to even subtle habitat boundaries, but
those responses may be modified by the edge structure, local
environment or other conditions. Therefore, modifying edge structure
may be a way to influence emigration rates, making it a useful tool for
conservation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
344. Butterfly responses to prairie restoration through fire and grazing.
Vogel, J. A.; Debinski, D. M.; Koford, R. R.; and Miller, J. R.
Biological Conservation 140(1-2): 78-90. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.027.
Descriptors: burning/ butterflies/ grazing/ Insect conservation/ restoration/ tallgrass prairie
Abstract:
The development of land for modern agriculture has resulted in losses
of native prairie habitat. The small, isolated patches of prairie
habitat that remain are threatened by fire suppression, overgrazing,
and invasion by non-native species. We evaluated the effects of three
restoration practices (grazing only, burning only, and burning and
grazing) on the vegetation characteristics and butterfly communities of
remnant prairies. Total butterfly abundance was highest on prairies
that were managed with burning and grazing and lowest on those that
were only burned. Butterfly species richness did not differ among any
of the restoration practices. Butterfly species diversity was highest
on sites that were only burned. Responses of individual butterfly
species to restoration practices were highly variable. In the best
predictive regression model, total butterfly abundance was negatively
associated with the percent cover of bare ground and positively
associated with the percent cover of forbs. Canonical correspondence
analysis revealed that sites with burned only and grazed only practices
could be separated based on their butterfly community composition.
Butterfly communities in each of the three restoration practices are
equally species rich but different practices yield compositionally
different butterfly communities. Because of this variation in butterfly
species responses to different restoration practices, there is no
single practice that will benefit all species or even all species
within habitat-specialist or habitat-generalist
habitat guilds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
345. Can livestock be used as a tool to enhance wildlife habitat?
Severson, Kieth E.
Fort
Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; General Technical
Report-RM 194, 1990.
123 p.
Notes: 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Reno, Nev., February 13, 1990.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 194
Descriptors: livestock/
Cervus elaphus/ Antilocapra americana/ Odocoileus hemionus/
forage/ grazing/ Cervus elaphus nelsoni/ Centrocercus urophasianus
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
346. A
case study of changing land use practices in the Northern Great
Plains, U.S.A.: An uncertain future for waterbird conservation.
Higgins, K. F.; Naugle, D. E.; and Forman, K. J.
Waterbirds 25(SPECIAL PUBL.2): 42-50. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: agriculture/
cropland/ grassland/ land use/ nesting cover/ South Dakota/
wetlands/ agriculture/ grassland/ habitat conservation/ land use
change/ waterfowl/ wetland/ United States
Abstract:
Wetland and grassland habitats of the northern Great Plains are a
primary breeding ground for waterbirds in North America. Native
mixed grass prairies that were historically used for cattle grazing
have met with changing social and economic pressures that put the
remaining 40% of this resource at high risk of tillage. In this paper,
we describe the current state of our waning rural societies,
characterize impacts of land use change on waterbird habitats, and
discuss conservation actions to benefit waterbirds. Recent population
statistics indicate that a record number of farmers facing low
commodity prices are selling their farms and moving to urban centers
for employment. Other farmers are shifting from diversified agriculture
to monoculture grain farming to take advantage of farm programs that
provide incentives to bring marginal land into production. Additional
data indicate that concurrent changes in crop types have decreased
quality of farmland wildlife habitat while bigger and faster farm
equipment and genetically modified crops continue to make farming
marginal land less risky. Legislators and administrators should be
advised that waterbird habitat loss continues to expand westward. The
last chance to sustain the unique grassland-wetland character of the
northern Great Plains is to accelerate grassland conservation with
short-and long-term stewardship programs and incentives to family
ranchers. This philosophy is of vital importance because it also
protects wetland habitats that otherwise are vulnerable to drainage
when native prairie is converted to cropland. Lastly, and perhaps most
importantly, this would conserve our prairie heritage for future
generations while preserving the private property rights of landowners.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
347. Cattle
and sheep grazing effects on soil organisms, fertility and compaction
in a smooth-stalked meadowgrass-dominant white clover sward.
Murphy, W. M.; Mena Barreto, A. D.; Silman, J. P.; and Dindal, D. L.
Grass and Forage Science 50(3): 191-194. (1995)
Descriptors: Poa
pratensis/ Trifolium repens/ cattle/ sheep/ rotational grazing/
pastures/ range management/ forbs/ soil fertility/ soil compaction/
free-living nematodes/ Rotifera/ earthworms/ nitrogen/ potassium/
phosphorus/ topping/ Vermont
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
348. Cattle grazing and avian communities of the St. Lawrence River islands.
Belanger, L. and Picard, M.
Journal of Range Management 52(4): 332-338. (1999)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume52/Number4/
azu_jrm_v52_n4_332_338_m.pdf
Descriptors: Phragmites
australis/ cows/ islands/ prairies/ grazing intensity/ wild birds/
range management/ wildlife management/ Phalaris arundinacea/
Passeriformes/ canopy/ habitats/ species diversity/ waterfowl/ nesting/
Quebec
Abstract:
Three hundred islands are found along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Among these islands, over 5,000 ha are used for
agricultural purposes and 32% of this total is devoted to communal
pasture, a traditional practice in this part of the river. In 1993 and
1994, we compared the avian communities of 500 ha natural spring
flooded prairie islands subjected to different degrees of grazing
pressure. Three islands were divided into 12 sectors, in which 108
sample plots of 0.5 ha were selected. Results show that the degree of
visual obstruction by herbaceous vegetation and the percentage of shrub
cover were higher on ungrazed and on moderately grazed prairie (< 1
cow/ha/year) as compared with intensively grazed prairie (> 1
cow/ha/year). More than 1,650 observations of passerines were made and
13 species were identified. The Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana),
Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Red-winged Blackbird
(Agelais phoeniceus), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) were the 4
most abundant species, accounting for over 80% of all birds counted.
Ungrazed and moderately grazed prairie contained 6 times more birds
than intensively grazed prairie (10.4 birds/ha and 11.7 birds/ha vs 1.6
birds/ha). We also recorded 167 and 113 dabbling duck (anatinae) nests
in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Moderately grazed and ungrazed prairies
had a nest density nearly 10 times higher than that of intensively
grazed prairie (0.50 +/- 0.01 and 0.30 +/- 0.01 nest/ha vs 0.05 +/-
0.01 nest/ha). Our study shows that grazing pressure on prairies of the
studied islands largely determined the type of bird species present.
However, prairie subjected to excessive grazing pressure is not
suitable for waterfowl nesting. Various recommendations are provided
for integrated management of wildlife and agriculture on the St.
Lawrence River communal pasture islands.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
349. Cattle grazing and management of dusky seaside sparrow habitat.
Holder, Gregory L.; Johnson, Mark K.; and Baker, James L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 8(2): 105-109. (1980)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens/ dusky seaside sparrow/
seaside sparrow/ fires-burns/ grazing/ habitat alterations/ cattle/
sparrow habitat/ endangered species/ St. John's River basin/ Florida/
natural resources/ animal science: animal nutrition/ plant ecology/
Florida
© NISC
350. Cattle grazing and sharp-tailed grouse nesting success.
Kirby, D. R. and Grosz, K. L.
Rangelands 17(4): 124-126. (1995)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528
Descriptors: Phasianidae/ nesting/ rangelands/ nests/ rotational grazing/ cattle/ grazing/ North Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
351. Cattle management to enhance wildlife habitat in south Texas.
Ortega, S. J. Alfonso and Bryant, Fred C.
Wildlife Management Bulletin of the Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute 6: 1-11. (2005)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land zones/ North America/
comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ cattle management
strategies/ rangeland habitat management applications/ habitat
management/ terrestrial habitat/ rangeland habitat/ Texas/ cattle
management strategies applications/ rangelands/ Phasianidae/
Galliformes/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract: For
cattle ranching operations in South Texas, wildlife recreation
can be a very important source of income for those who choose to
diversify. In many cases, income from wildlife such as hunting leases
is higher than the income obtained from cattle. Range, cattle, and
wildlife management practices need to be adjusted to achieve rangeland
sustainability, fulfill the requirements of multiple animal species,
and optimize economic output. Under the climatic conditions
of South Texas, specific strategies to adjust cattle stocking
rates
at the first signs of drought are required if valuable range plants and
wildlife productivity are to be maintained. We discuss strategies of
cattle grazing, including rates of use, grazing systems, stocking rate
adjustments based on range condition, calculation of correct stocking
rate, and guidelines to adjust livestock numbers based on spring and
fall moisture availability. In South Texas, all wildlife species
are important to consider in the context of total ranch management. We
offer these guidelines to those who are interested in fostering
compatible cattle and wildlife operations while protecting the
integrity of rangeland, watershed, habitat, and soil resources. We
use South Texas as a model to encourage the development of similar
strategies and prescriptions for other arid and semiarid regions to
help preserve rangeland habitat integrity and optimize biological and
economic output.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
352. Cattle trampling of simulated ground nests in rotationally grazed pastures.
Paine, L.; Undersander, D. J.; Sample, D. W.; Bartelt, G. A.; and Schatteman, T. A.
Journal of Range Management 49(4): 294-300. (1996)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume49/Number4/ azu_jrm_v49_n4_294_300_m.pdf
Descriptors: cattle/ pheasants/ rotational grazing/ wild birds/ stocking rate/ grazing intensity/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
For many grassland songbird species, pastures represent some of the
best available breeding habitat in the Upper Midwest. Increasing
interest in intensive rotational grazing (IRG) among midwestern
livestock farmers may result in an expansion of pasture hectares in the
region. We evaluated the effects of several cattle stocking densities
on ground nest survival in rotationally grazed cool-season pastures in
southwestern Wisconsin. Ground nests were simulated with clutches
of 3 unwashed pheasant eggs. We tested 3 rotational grazing systems: a
1-day dairy rotation stocked at 60 head ha-1; a 4-day beef rotation at
15 head ha-1; and a traditional, non-intensive 7-day rotation at 8 head
ha-1. Paddock size (1.2 ha) and nest density (15 nests paddock(-1))
were held constant. The simulated nests were observed 4 times day(-1)
to document trampling patterns during the herds' diurnal grazing and
rumination cycles. Trampling damaged a mean of 75% (+/- 3.1%) of the
nests for all 3 treatments during 8 consecutive replications. While the
7-day treatment exhibited a pattern of greater nest trampling during
cattle grazing periods than during rumination periods, this pattern was
less evident in the 4-day treatment and absent in the 1-day treatment.
Increasing vegetation height-density and percent vegetation cover were
associated with reduced nest trampling rates, but pasture forage
production and removal were not associated with nest damage.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
353. Cattle trampling of simulated ground nests under short duration and continuous grazing.
Koerth, B. H.; Webb, W. M.; Bryant, F. C.; and
Guthery, F. S.
Journal of Range Management 36(3): 385-386. (1983)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume36/Number3/ azu_jrm_v36_n3_385_386_m.pdf
Descriptors: birds/ bird communities/ grazing lands/ nest success/ nest survival rate
Abstract:
Trampling by cattle on simulated ground nests [of birds] were compared
between continuous (CONT) grazing at 8.0 ha/steer and short duration
grazing (SDG) at 5.3 ha/steer. Trampling losses were similar under CONT
grazing (15%) and SDG (9%) at a nest density of 1/ha. Percentage
trampling loss did not increase at higher nest densities under either
grazing regime. Nest survival curves indicated a loss rate of 2.21%/wk
under CONT grazing and 2.09%/wk under SDG. SDG with cattle will
probably not increase trampling loss of ground nests over CONT grazing.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
354. Changes in abundance and diversity of microarthropods associated with fescue prairie grazing regimes.
Clapperton, M. Jill; Kanashiro, Derrick A.; and
Behan Pelletier, Valerie M.
Pedobiologia 46(5): 496-511. (2002)
Descriptors: field
experiment: experimental method/ livestock grazing: plant community
structure, soil health, soil quality/ Orthic Black Chernozemic: Udic
Haploboroll/ disturbance severity/ fescue prairie grazing regimes/
grassland productivity/ grazing recovery exclosure/ heavy grazing
regime/ light grazing regime/ soil bulk density/ soil depth/ soil
moisture/ soil temperature
Abstract:
Livestock grazing influences plant community structure, soil quality
and health, and is likely to also affect the populations and diversity
of soil biota. In our study, we determined the abundance and family
level diversity of soil mites under very heavy and light grazing
regimes, and a very heavy grazing exclosure, and asked whether there
were differences in abundance of mite taxa that reflected the severity
of disturbance. The field experiment we sampled was established in 1949
on a Rough Fescue Prairie with Orthic Black Chernozemic (Udic
Haploboroll) soils near Stavely Alberta Canada. Soil cores were taken
from the light (L)(1.2 AUM (animal unit month) ha-1) and very heavy
(VH) (4.8 AUM ha-1) grazing regimes and the grazing recovery exclosure
(Ex) in the very heavy grazing site in June and October 1999. The
results showed that the soil temperature, moisture and bulk density
varied between the grazing regimes, soil depth and the sampling times.
Collembola were not abundant at any of the sites compared with Acari.
Among Acari, prostigmatid mites were significantly more abundant in VH
site and all the grazing treatments at both depths and sampling times.
Oribatida, and to a lesser extent Mesostigmata, were more closely
associated with reduced and undisturbed habitats than the Prostigmata,
and there was a positive relationship between increased grassland
productivity and the abundance and diversity of soil microarthropods.
Our results suggest that Acari are sensitive to soil disturbance.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
355. Changes in land cover and breeding bird populations with restoration of riparian habitats in east-central Iowa.
Benson, Thomas J.; Dinsmore, James J.; and
Hohman, William L.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 113(1-2):
10-16. (2006)
NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ riparian habitat restoration/ grassland and wetland
population changes/ population dynamics/ riparian habitat restoration
effects/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands habitat/ population changes/
grassland/ riparian habitat/ Iowa/ Benton/ Iowa County/ Tama County/
Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Conversion
of Midwestern riparian areas for agricultural production has
greatly altered their function and suitability for birds and other
wildlife. Recently, however, restoration of riparian functions has been
a major focus of land management agencies in the Midwest. We used
historic land-use data to describe land-cover changes since European
settlement and the subsequent effects of habitat restoration efforts on
the landscape along a section of the Iowa River in
east-central Iowa. We then used bird-density data collected in a
subset of the
study area in 2001 and 2002 to estimate changes in breeding bird
populations of the entire study area resulting from these habitat
restoration efforts. Before settlement, the (>24,000 ha) Iowa River
Corridor was dominated by herbaceous vegetation (72%), with wooded
areas accounting for less than one-third of the area. Between the
mid-1800s and 1992, agricultural conversion decreased the amount of
herbaceous cover by >75%, and the cover of woody vegetation
increased by >25%. After the 1993 flood, establishment of USDA
conservation easements increased the amount of herbaceous cover in the
corridor by >135% (>5,000 ha). Populations of most grassland and
wetland bird species in the corridor (13 of 17) increased with habitat
restoration, although some species associated with open habitats, such
as those that often breed in rowcrop fields, decreased. We estimated
that these restored habitats provide habitat for >12,000 additional
birds of grassland- or wet land-dependent species in the Iowa River
Corridor, 5,000 of which are members of eight species that are of
moderate or high conservation priority. An understanding of
presettlement land cover, the extent of land-cover alteration, and the
effects of habitat restoration on the landscape and breeding bird
populations provides a useful guide for both evaluating the efficacy of
past restoration and for guiding future conservation and restoration
efforts
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
356. Changes in spider Araneae assemblages in relation to succession and grazing management.
Gibson, C. W. D.; Hambler, C.; and Brown, V. K.
Journal of Applied Ecology 29(1): 132-142. (1992)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: Linyphiidae/
sheep grazing/ invertebrates/ plant species composition arable land/
grassland/ disturbed land/ species accumulation
Abstract:
Spiders were sampled, by suction (D-vac) and direct counts of their
webs, in a controlled sheep grazing experiment on calcareous ex-arable
land and in old calcareous grassland. Results from 1985-89 are
presented. Heavily grazed assemblages were dominated by a group of
Linyphiidae, also characteristic of disturbed land. Large web-spinners
were most sensitive to grazing, preferring ungrazed controls because of
their dependence of rigid plant structures. DCA ordination of D-vac
data suggested that only heavy grazing (in spring and autumn) produced
a distinct asemblage. Three other grazed treatments produced
impoverished versions of ungrazed control assemblages. The dominant
successional trend was a gradual accumulation of species, especially in
ungrazed controls. This process was incomplete by 1989: old grasslands
contained many species, including some characteristics of calcareous
grassland, which had failed to colonize the ex-arable field 7 years
after abandonment. Most features of the assemblages could be explained
by the effects of grazing on plant architecture, in contrast to other
invertebrates studied in the same system, which were more strongly
affected by plant species composition.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
357. Changes in the distribution and status of sage-grouse in Utah.
Beck, Jeffrey L.; Mitchell, Dean L.; and Maxfield, Brian D.
Western North American Naturalist 63(2): 203-214. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: Centrocercus
minimus/ Centrocercus spp./ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Galliformes/
terrestrial ecology/ habitat degradation/ habitat fragmentation/
habitat loss/ sagebrush habitats/ habitat management/ sagebrush
rangeland enhancement requirement/ ecosystems/ Utah/ conservation/
wildlife management/ land zones
Abstract: Sage-grouse
(Centrocercus spp.) were abundant in all of Utah's 29
counties at the time of European settlement wherever sagebrush
(Artemisia spp.) occurred. Greater Sage-Grouse (C. urophasianus)
inhabited areas north and west of the Colorado River, and Gunnison
Sage-Grouse (C. minimus) occupied suitable habitat south and east of
the Colorado River. The largest Greater Sage-Grouse populations
in Utah are currently restricted to suitable habitats in Box
Elder, Garfield, Rich, Uintah, and Wayne Counties. A
remnant breeding population of Gunnison Sage-Grouse occurs in
eastern San Juan County. We stratified Greater Sage-Grouse
populations (1971-2000) by counties where the 1996 to 2000 moving
average for estimated spring breeding populations was > 500 (GT500)
or < 500 (LT500). Males per lek declined in all populations from
1971 to 2000; however, there were consistently more males observed on
GT500 than on LT500 leks. Juveniles per adult hen (including yearling
hens) Greater Sage-Grouse in the 1973-2000 fall harvest in Box Elder,
Rich, and Wayne Counties did not differ from 2.25, a ratio suggesting
sustainable or increasing sage-grouse populations. Declines are
attributed to loss, fragmentation, and degradation of sagebrush
habitat. Sage-grouse conservation ultimately depends on management and
enhancement of remaining sagebrush rangelands in Utah.
© NISC
358. Changing
habitat associations of a thermally constrained species, the
silver-spotted skipper butterfly, in response to climate warming.
Davies, Zoe G.; Wilson, Robert J.; Coles, Sophie; and Thomas, Chris D.
Journal of Animal Ecology 75(1): 247-256. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8790
Descriptors: behavior/
biogeography: population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology,
environmental sciences/ climatology: environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ reproduction/ climate warming
Abstract:
1.The impact of climate change on the distribution, abundance,
phenology and ecophysiology of species is already well documented,
whereas the influence of climate change on habitat choice and
utilization has received little attention. Here we report the changing
habitat associations of a thermally constrained grassland butterfly,
Hesperia comma, over 20 years.2. Between 1982 and 2001-2, the optimum
percentage of bare ground within habitat used for egg-laying shifted
from 41% to 21%.3. Egg-laying rates are temperature-dependent and
females actively adjust microhabitat usage in response to
temperature variations; relatively warmer host plants are
chosen
or oviposition at low ambient temperatures, and cooler host plants at
high ambient temperatures.4. Climate warming has increased the
availability of thermally suitable habitat for H. comma at the cool,
northern edge of the species' distribution, therefore increasing: (a)
egg-laying rate and potentially the realized rate of population
increase; (b) effective area of habitat patches as more microhabitats
within a given vegetation fragment are now suitable for egg-laying; (c)
buffering of populations against environmental variation as eggs are
laid within a wider range of microhabitats; and (d) the number of
habitat patches in the landscape that are currently available for
colonization (including the use of more northerly facing aspects;
Thomas et al., Nature, 2001, 411, 577-581). Conservationists often
assume the habitat requirements of a species to be constant, and manage
habitats to maintain these conditions. For many species, these
requirements are likely to change in response to climate warming, and
care must be taken not to manage habitats based on outdated
prescriptions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
359. Characteristics of nest sites of northern bobwhites in western Oklahoma.
Townsend, D. E.; Masters, R. E.; Lochmiller, R. L.;
Leslie D.M.; Demaso, S. J.; and Peoples, A. D.
Journal of Range Management 54(3): 260-264. (2001)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: bobwhite/
Colinus virginianus/ Gallinaceous/ habitat/ quail/ upland game/
gamebird/ habitat structure/ nest site/ vegetation structure/ United
States
Abstract:
Previous authors have described nesting habitat of the northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) throughout its range, but few have
compared structural or compositional differences of vegetation between
nest sites and random non-use sites, and successful and non-successful
nests. From 1996-1998, we compared cover and structure of 85 plant
species from 80 nest sites of northern bobwhite in western Oklahoma. Nest sites were consistently associated with greater
structural complexity than what was available at random. Bobwhites
selected nest sites with a greater coverage of grass (ca. 50%) and
woody (ca. 20-30%) vegetation with a relatively low percentage of bare
ground, presumably because these attributes maximize their chance for
successful reproduction by providing protection against weather and
predators. Successful nests were more concealed during 1996 and 1997
(12.37 and 10.74% visibility, respectively) than non-successful nest
sites (21.6 and 27.65% visibility), but levels of concealment did not
differ during 1998. We found no significant differences in vegetation
composition or structure between successful and non-successful nest
sites.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
360. Characteristics of ungulate behavior and mortality associated with wire fences.
Harrington, J. L. and Conover, M. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(5): 1295-1305. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [1295:COUBAM]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Antilocapra americana/ Cervus elaphus/ elk/ habitat fragmentation/ highways/
human-wildlife conflicts/ mortality/ mule deer/ Odocoileus hemionus/
pronghorn/
wire fences
Abstract: We
studied the characteristics of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana),
mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus
elaphus) mortalities associated with wire fences along roads
in Colorado and Utah, USA, from June 2004 to June 2005.
We
estimated an average annual mortality occurrence of 0.25 mortalities/km
for the wire fences studied (0.08 mule deer mortalities/km, 0.11
pronghorn mortalities/km, and 0.06 elk mortalities/km) or 0.5
mortalities/km of road. The highest wire fence-mortality rates in our
study area occurred during August, which coincided with weaning of
fawns. Mule deer and pronghorn jumped fences in >81% of observed
crossings. Mortalities were largely caused by animals getting caught
between the top 2 wires. Mule deer experienced higher fence-mortality
rates than elk or pronghorn because they crossed fences more frequently
(P < 0.001) and spent more time in road right-of-ways (P < 0.001)
than the other species. Juveniles were 8 times more likely to die in
fences than adults. Woven-wire fences topped with a single strand of
barbed wire were more lethal to ungulates than woven wire with 2
strands of barbed wire above it or 4-strand barbed-wire fences (P <
0.01). There was a direct relationship between the frequency of fence
mortalities and ungulate abundance (r2 = 0.83). Traffic volumes were inversely related to fence-mortality frequencies (r2 = 0.50) and ungulate densities along the right-of-way (r2 = 0.50).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
361. Communities of small mammals in six grass-dominated habitats of southeastern Oklahoma.
Clark, B. K.; Clark, B. S.; Homerding, T. R.; and Munsterman, W. E.
American Midland Naturalist 139(2): 262-268. (Apr. 1998)
NAL Call #: 410 M58
Descriptors: prairies/ pasture/ species diversity/ community composition/ Oklahoma/ Mammalia
Abstract:
During autumn 1991, we sampled small mammals in sixgrass-dominated
habitats including upland ungrazed native prairie,upland improved
pastures, upland mowed native prairie, uplandroadside fencerows,
lowland ungrazed native prairie and lowlandungrazed native prairie with
forbs and shrubs in southeastern Oklahoma. Eleven species of small
mammals were represented in 405 captures. Species diversity (H') was
high in upland (1.57) and lowland (1.47) ungrazed prairie and least for
upland fencerows(0.86). Evenness (J') exhibited a similar pattern and
was high in upland (0.88) and lowland (0.82) ungrazed prairie and least
for lowland ungrazed prairie with forbs and shrubs (0.53). Community
overlap (Ro)
varied from 1.00 (upland improved pastures and upland roadside
fencerows) to 0.57 (upland improved pastures and upland ungrazed
prairie). Abundance of small mammals was greatest in fencerows, largely
due to the prevalence of hispid cotton rats(Sigmodon hispidus).
Different land-use practices elicited both positive and negative
species-specific responses. Current human activity in some locations
may produce habitat mosaics that result in an overall greater
abundance and diversity of small mammals.
© ProQuest
362. Comparative productivity of American ducks and mallards nesting in agricultural landscape of southern Quebec.
Maisonneuve, C.; McNicoll, R.; and Desrosiers, A.
Waterbirds 23(3): 378-387. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: Anas
platyrhynchos/ Anas rubripes/ black duck/ chronology/ clutch size/ hen
survival/ mallard/ nesting success/ agricultural land/ clutch size/
habitat structure/ nesting success/ survival/ waterfowl/ Canada/
Anas platyrhynchos/ Anas rubripes
Abstract: We
monitored radio-marked female American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes)
and Mallards (A. platyrhynchos) in agricultural landscapes of
southern Quebec in 1994-1996 to characterize nesting habitat, and
to
compare nesting success and female survival rates. In early spring,
when nesting cover is almost non-existent in agricultural fields, both
species avoid fields for nesting. These habitats are rather used later
in cases of renesting. Both species selected recent wood cuts and
edge-transition habitats (abandoned farmland, hedgerows and riparian
areas) as nesting habitat. Median nest initiation date, clutch size,
and nest success rates did not differ between the two species.
Especially high Black Duck nesting success (100%) in peatlands
underlines the importance of these habitats. When peatland nests are
excluded to provide a better indication of what prevails in typical
agricultural landscapes, nesting effort of female Mallards is almost
twice that of Black Ducks. Survival rates of females were similar for
both species, both during laying and post-laying periods. Received 20
October 1999, accepted 20 May 2000.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
363. Comparing
pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) density in alfalfa stands to assess
management and conservation goals in northern California.
Smallwood, K. Shawn; Geng, Shu; and Zhang, Minghua
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 87(1):
93-109. (2001)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ man-made habitat/ abiotic
factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Thomomys bottae (Geomyidae):
farming and agriculture/ farming practices/ conservation measures/
density and distribution/ population density/ alfalfa crop habitats/
distribution within habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ alfalfa fields/
abiotic factors/ California/ Yolo County/ Geomyidae/ Rodentia,
Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) affect alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
production in Yolo County, California, as well as the
distribution of special status, rare species that either prey on
gophers or use their burrows as habitat. Farming practices, as well as
attributes of the landscape and of alfalfa fields, were compared to 134
estimates of gopher density among 35 alfalfa stands scattered
throughout the County during 1992-1994. Gophers in alfalfa fields
averaged only one-fourth the average density among published reports,
and the range from low to high density was much smaller in alfalfa
fields. Gopher density was greater at the field edge, especially during
the first 2 years of stand production. Preference for the edge
decreased by the third year of alfalfa production as gophers used the
available space in the field interior. A stepwise multiple regression
model could explain 73% of the variation in the 134 estimates of gopher
density. This variation was explained by years since sowing of the
alfalfa (standardized slope coefficient, 0.52), annual frequency of
flood irrigation (0.43), habitat area as a percentage of the landscape
within a 500m buffer around the field (0.31), season of the year
(0.25), field size (0.20) and percentage of sand within the top soil
layer (0.16). This model can be used to predict the distribution of
special status species that depend on gophers, and can be used to guide
conservation efforts by increasing the spatial extent of non-cultivated
gopher habitat on suitable areas intervening alfalfa fields.
Non-cultivated gopher habitat is currently rare in the valley portion
of Yolo County. Gopher control failed to influence
density to the magnitude sought by the alfalfa growers, and cessation
of control would benefit both production and conservation goals in some
alfalfa growing regions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
364. A
comparison of restored native grasslands and exotic grass pastures as
wintering habitat for declining grassland bird species in the
southeastern United States.
Mcmellen, A. B. and Schweitzer, S. H.
In: XX International Grassland Congress: Offered Papers.
Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2005.
Notes:
Meeting Information: 20th International Grassland Congress, Dublin, Ireland; June 26 -July 01, 2005; 9076998817
(ISBN).
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ wintering habitat/ restored native grassland/ exotic
grass pasture
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
365. Compatibility of prescribed burning with the conservation of insects in small, isolated prairie reserves.
Panzer, Ron
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1296-1307. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land
and freshwater zones/ Insecta: conservation/ biodiversity preservation/
prescribed burning compatibility/ population dynamics/ grassland/ small
isolated prairie reserves/ fire/ prescribed burning/ prairie reserves/
Indiana/ Wisconsin/ Illinois/ Indiana/ Newton County/ Green and Kenosha
Counties/ prairie reserve burning/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
366. Concurrent effects of fire regime, grazing and bison wallowing on tallgrass prairie vegetation.
Trager, Matthew D.; Wilson, Gail W. T.; and
Hartnett, David C.
American Midland Naturalist 152(2): 237-247. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Bovidae/
Artiodactyla/ Bos bison/ Bison bison/ terrestrial ecology/ fire regime/
grazing/ interacting disturbances/ tallgrass prairie/ vegetation
patterns/ wallowing/ habits-behavior/ intraspecies relationships/
fires-burns/ foods-feeding/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat management/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ Kansas/ Konza Prairie Biological
Station/ environmental factors/ behavior/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ habitat use/ land zones/ nutrition/ bison/ prairie/ food/
vegetation/ change in vegetation
Abstract: We
examined the effects of fire regime and bison activity oil the plant
communities of active bison wallows and the surrounding grazing lawns
at Konza Prairie Biological Station in
northeastern Kansas, USA. In both mid-june and late july the
grazed sites had higher
species richness and more vegetation cover than the wallow edges
regardless of fire regime. The percent cover of most dominant perennial
species was significantly higher on grazing lawns than in wallows.
Annual species and exotic species had significantly higher cover in
wallows than in grazing lawns and in annually burned sites compared to
those burned at a 4-y interval. Overall, treatment effects on community
structure and individual species abundance were stronger in the June.
However, in July there was significantly more bare ground wallows
around sites burned at a 4-y, interval, suggesting increased wallowing
activity at these sites. This finding suggests a strong effect of fire
regime on seasonal bison activity, which further indicates the
importance of multiple interacting disturbances for generating local-
and landscape-level vegetation patterns in tall grass prairie.
© NISC
367. Conservation
of biodiversity in managed rangelands, with special emphasis on the
ecological effects of large grazing ungulates, domestic and wild.
Duncan, Patrick and Jarman, Peter J.
International Grassland Congress: Proceedings 17(3): 2077-2084. (1993); ISSN: 0074-6185
Descriptors: ungulates/
Ungulata/ Bos taurus/ conservation/ damage/ grazing/ ecosystems/
mammals/ rangeland/ species diversity/ cattle/ prairie/ diversity
© NISC
368. Conservation of grassland birds in North America: Understanding ecological processes in different regions.
Askins,
Robert A.; Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe; Dale, Brenda C.; Haas, Carola A.;
Herkert, James R.; Knopf, Fritz L.; and Vickery, Peter D.
Auk 124: 1-46. (2007)
Descriptors: birds/
grasslands/ habitat requirements/ prairies/ Bison bison/ Castor
canadensis/ beavers/ longleaf pine/ Pinus palustris/ whooping crane/
Pinus palustris/ Pinus spp.
Abstract:
Many species of birds that depend on grassland or savanna habitats have
shown substantial overall population declines in North America. To
understand the causes of these declines, we examined the habitat
requirements of birds in six types of grassland in different regions of
the continent. Open habitats were originally maintained by ecological
drivers (continual and pervasive ecological processes) such as drought,
grazing, and fire in tallgrass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, shortgrass
prairie, desert grassland, and longleaf pine savanna. By contrast,
grasslands were created by occasional disturbances (e.g., fires or
beaver [Castor canadensis] activity) in much of northeastern North
America. The relative importance of particular drivers or disturbances
differed among regions. Keystone mammal species-grazers such as
prairie-dogs (Cynomys spp.) and bison (Bison bison) in western
prairies, and dam-building beavers in eastern deciduous forests-played
a crucial, and frequently unappreciated, role in maintaining many
grassland systems. Although fire was important in preventing invasion
of woody plants in the tallgrass and moist mixed prairies, grazing
played a more important role in maintaining the typical grassland
vegetation of shortgrass prairies and desert grasslands. Heavy grazing
by prairie-dogs or bison created a low "grazing lawn" that is the
preferred habitat for many grassland bird species that are restricted
to the shortgrass prairie and desert grasslands. Ultimately, many
species of grassland birds are vulnerable because people destroyed
their breeding, migratory, and wintering habitat, either directly by
converting it to farmland and building lots, or indirectly by modifying
grazing patterns, suppressing fires, or interfering with other
ecological processes that originally sustained open grassland.
Understanding the ecological processes that originally maintained
grassland systems is critically important for efforts to improve,
restore, or create habitat for grassland birds and other grassland
organisms. Consequently, preservation of large areas of natural or
seminatural grassland, where these processes can be studied and core
populations of grassland birds can flourish, should be a high priority.
However, some grassland birds now primarily depend on artificial
habitats that are managed to maximize production of livestock, timber,
or other products. With a sound understanding of the habitat
requirements of grassland birds and the processes that originally
shaped their habitats, it should be possible to manage populations
sustainably on "working land" such as cattle ranches, farms, and pine
plantations. Proper management of private land will be critical for
preserving adequate breeding, migratory, and winter habitat for
grassland and savanna species.
© NISC
369. Conservation of grassland leafhoppers: A brief review.
Biedermann, Robert; Achtziger, Roland; Nicke, Herbert; and Stewart, Alan J. A.
Journal of Insect Conservation 9(4): 229-243. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68 ; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: climatology:
environmental sciences/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ climate/ conservation/
population density/ habitat change/ ecology
Abstract:
The leafhoppers, planthoppers and their allies (collectively known as
the Auchenorrhyncha) are presented as a group of insects that are
highly appropriate for studying grassland ecology and conservation,
evaluating the conservation status of sites and monitoring
environmental and habitat change. Semi-natural grasslands typically
support dense populations and a wide range of species with diverse
ecological strategies. Their numerical dominance in many grasslands
means that they have considerable functional significance, both as
herbivores and as prey for higher trophic levels. Population and
assemblage studies are supported by good ecological knowledge about
most species and modern identification keys. Hitherto, most studies
have focused on the composition and structure of assemblages and how
they are affected by conservation management. However, grasslands
support many rare species with small and fragmented populations which
deserve conservation attention in their own right, and recent work has
started to reflect this. The effects of management on the composition
and structure of grassland leafhopper populations and assemblages are
described and an assessment is given of the main threats facing
individual species and overall diversity. There is a need to synthesise
the scattered literature on grassland leafhoppers, to provide a model
for how the composition and structure of populations and
assemblages respond to major environmental and
anthropogenic
gradients across large biogeographic areas. Such an analysis could help
predict the impact of likely future changes in land use and climate.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
370. Conservation of piping plovers in the U.S. Alkali Lakes Core Area.
Ivan, Jacob S.; Murphy, Robert K.; Rabenberg, Michael; and Smith, Karen A.
Intermountain Journal of Sciences 8(4): 254. (2002);
ISSN: 1081-3519
Descriptors: Charadrius
melodus/ birds/ conservation/ wildlife management/
endangered-threatened species/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ prairies/
predators/ predator control/ survival/ productivity/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ habitat management/ piping plover/ Montana/
North Dakota/ Alkali Lakes Core Area
Abstract:
The northern Great Plains population of piping plovers has been listed
as Threatened in the U.S. and Endangered in Canada since
1985. The current population decline and poor prognosis is
thought to be due to inadequate reproductive success stemming from
significant alteration of the prairie landscape and predator community
during the last century. Planted trees, increased woody cover,
rockpiles, junkpiles, and abandoned buildings now offer denning,
nesting, and roosting habitat for a variety of egg and chick predators
that were once uncommon on northern prairies, e.g. great-horned owl,
striped skunk, raccoon, American crow. Also, in many areas, once
extensive native grasslands are now reduced to small remnants that may
be more efficiently searched by predators. About two-thirds of
the U.S. Great Plains population breeds annually on the eight
county study area, which extends from northwest North Dakota
through northeast Montana. Over the past decade, the authors have
documented size, distribution, habitat selection, and vital rates for
this population. They have also identified and implemented a
rigorous predator exclusion program that has boosted piping plover
reproductive rates into the range necessary to stabilize the population
decline. Currently they are evaluating landscape influences on
plover productivity to determine whether habitat preservation and
restoration, e.g. removal of unnatural landscape features that may
house predators of facilitate predation, can contribute measurably to
piping plover recovery.
© NISC
371. Conservation value of agricultural riparian strips in the Boyer River watershed, Quebec (Canada).
Jobin, B.; Belanger, L.; Boutin, C.; and Maisonneuve, C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103(3):
413-423. (2004)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2003.12.014.
Descriptors: farmland/ landscape modification/ Quebec/ riparian habitat/ streambank
Abstract:
Riparian habitats play a major role in biodiversity conservation in
intensive agricultural landscapes because they represent remnants of
both wetland and woody habitats available for wildlife. The importance
of herbaceous, shrubby and wooded riparian habitats for the
conservation of biodiversity (plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
small mammals) is well documented for the Boyer River
watershed (southern Quebec, Canada). This paper examines
their conservation value for these different taxonomic groups at the
watershed level and the possible effects on wildlife of various
landscape modification scenarios. The overall species richness and
insectivorous bird abundance in the watershed would increase markedly
if there were more wooded strips in the landscape mainly due to
additional plant and bird species. A scenario where all three types of
riparian strips would be well-represented in the watershed is most
likely to be implemented. This scenario would be the most beneficial to
wildlife communities because of high native species diversity within
wooded strips combined with the presence of unique species associated
with each of the three types of strips. Encouraging landowners to
protect existing wooded riparian habitats would be the most effective
and cost-beneficial method to maintain current level of habitats
distribution in the landscape, and to favour the establishment of new
shrubby and wooded strips in the Boyer River watershed.
[Crown Copyright.]
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
372. Conservation value of private lands for Crested Caracaras in Florida.
Morrison, J. L. and Humphrey, S. R.
Conservation Biology 15(3): 675-684. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003675.x.
Descriptors: habitat quality/ nature conservation/ private land/ raptors/ United States/ Caracara cheriway
Abstract: In
southcentral Florida, where agricultural lands are being
converted rapidly to urban development, much of the remaining nonurban
habitat occurs on privately owned cattle ranches. We studied the
Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway), a threatened bird of prey, to
learn the role of private lands in sustaining the population. We
investigated patterns of distribution and reproductive activity of
breeding pairs of caracaras in relation to patterns of land ownership
and use. Eighty-two percent of 73 active nest sites found were on
privately owned cattle ranches. We rarely found breeding pairs on
publicly owned lands, most of which are managed as natural areas (no
agricultural production and limited livestock grazing) to support
native plant and animal communities. In 46 breeding areas with 4 years
of known histories of occupancy and reproduction, pairs nesting on
lands where the major land use was cattle ranching exhibited higher
rates of breeding-area occupancy, attempted breeding during more years,
initiated egg laying earlier, exhibited higher nesting success, and
attempted a second brood after successfully fledging a first brood more
often than pairs nesting on lands managed as natural areas.
Compositional analysis suggested nonrandom selection of habitats by
breeding pairs of caracaras in their establishment of a home range in
the current landscape of southcentral Florida. Compared with
random areas and available habitat in the overall study area, caracara
home ranges had higher proportions of improved pasture and lower
proportions of forest, woodland, oak scrub, and marsh. Which management
activities favor and do not favor caracaras is uncertain, and
hypotheses should be formulated and tested to guide future conservation
applications. Particular grazing and fire management practices on
privately and publicly owned lands may affect the structure of
vegetation and prey communities in ways that influence caracaras. Or,
replacement of native by exotic grasses may retain structurally
suitable plant communities, whereas fertilization and grazing may
increase productivity and nutrient cycling in ways that favor
caracaras. Given continued conversion of natural habitats and
agricultural lands to urban development, it is important to recognize
that cattle ranches may provide important resources for wildlife
conservation. Although cattle ranching is not likely to benefit all
species historically associated with the native prairie ecosystem
in Florida, finding ways to retain this land use may be important
for
the conservation of Florida's population of Crested Caracaras and
other organisms of Florida's dry prairies.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
373. Conservative and moderate grazing effects on Chihuahuan Desert wildlife sightings.
Joseph, Jamus; Collins, Michelle; Holechek, Jerry;
Valdez, Raul; and Steiner, Robert
Western North American Naturalist 63(1): 43-49. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: Antilocapra
americana/ Antilocapridae/ Artiodactyla/ Lepus californicus/ Sylvilagus
auduboni/ Leporidae/ Lagomorpha/ Bos taurus/ Mammalia/ Zenaida
macroura/ Columbiformes/ Callipepla squamata/ Galliformes/ Aves/
grazing/ deserts/ wildlife habitat/ drought/ black-tailed jackrabbit/
pronghorn/ scaled quail/ mourning doves/ desert cottontails/ Mexico/
Chihuahua Province
Abstract: Seasonal
wildlife observations were made along transects on 2 pastures
conservatively grazed (36% use of perennial grasses) and 2 pastures
moderately grazed (47% use of perennial grasses) in south
central New Mexico in non-drought (1997) and drought years (1998).
Experimental pastures were similar in soils, terrain, spacing of
watering points, and brush cover. Average ecological condition score
for the conservatively grazed pastures was 60% compared with 64% for
moderately grazed pastures. Throughout the study total standing
vegetation understory herbage levels were higher (P < 0.05) on
conservatively grazed than moderately grazed pastures. Total wildlife,
total gamebird, and total songbird sightings did not differ (P >
0.05) between conservatively and moderately grazed pastures.
Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) sightings were higher (P
< 0.05) on moderately grazed than conservatively grazed pastures.
Sightings of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), scaled quail
(Callipepla squamata), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and desert
cottontails (Sylvilagus auduboni) showed no differences (P > 0.05)
between conservatively and moderately grazed pastures. Dry conditions
in 1998 depressed total wildlife sightings by > 50% compared to
1997. Both songbird and gamebird (particularly mourning dove) sightings
were severely reduced in the dry compared to wet year (P < 0.05).
Our results are consistent with Nelson et al. (1997) that livestock
grazing at intermediate levels had no effect on
most Chihuahuan Desert upland wildlife species, and that
drought years severely depress wildlife sightings.
© NISC
374. Contribution of live fences to the ecological integrity of agricultural landscapes.
Harvey,
C. A.; Villanueva, C.; Villacis, J.; Chacon, M.; Munoz, D.; Lopez, M.;
Ibrahim, M.; Gomez, R.; Taylor, R.; Martinez, J.; Navas, A.; Saenz, J.;
Sanchez, D.; Medina, A.; Vilchez, S.; Hernandez, B.; Perez, A.; Ruiz,
F.; Lopez, F.; Lang, I.; and Sinclair, F. L.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 111(1-4):
200-230. (2005)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.06.011.
Descriptors: biodiversity
conservation/ Central America/ Costa Rica/ farm management/ Faunal
diversity/ landscape characterization/ landscape connectivity/ Local
knowledge/ Nicaragua/ agricultural land/ boundary/ mobility/ rural
landscape/ wildlife management/ Animalia/ Aves/
Bos taurus/ Coleoptera/ Papilionoidea
Abstract: Live
fences are conspicuous features of agricultural landscapes
across Central America but there is remarkably little information
about
their abundance, distribution, and function. Here we present a detailed
analysis of: (1) the abundance, composition, structure and distribution
of live fences in four contrasting cattle-producing areas of Costa
Rica and Nicaragua; (2) the management of live fences by farmers;
and (3) the ecological roles of live fences in providing habitat,
resources and connectivity for wildlife. Data on botanical composition
and structure are complemented by documentation of local knowledge
about live fences and associated management practices, as well as an
assessment of fauna that utilize them. Live fences were common,
occurring on between 49% and 89% of cattle farms, with an overall mean
of 0.14 ± 0.01 km ha-1 of farm land and almost 20 fences per
farm. They were generally short (164.3 ± 5.4 m), narrow (3.76
± 0.03 m) and densely planted (323.1 ± 8.6 trees km-1),
consisting primarily of planted trees. The mean tree species richness
for individual fences in each landscape was low (from 1.4 to 7.5
species per fence), but landscape species richness was higher (from 27
to 85 species, with over 70 species in three out of four sites). A
total of 161 tree and palm species were recorded in the live fences
across the four sites. The abundance, tree species composition and
structure of live fences varied across farms and landscapes, reflecting
differences in environmental conditions and management strategies. In
all landscapes the main productive roles of live fences were to divide
pastures and serve as barriers to animal movement, although they were
also sources of fodder, firewood, timber and fruit. The main ecological
roles were to provide habitats and resources for animal species and
structural connectivity of woody habitat across the agricultural
landscape. More than 160 species of birds, bats, dung beetles and
butterflies were recorded visiting them. Their value for biodiversity
conservation depended on their species composition, structural
diversity and arrangement within the landscape, all of which were
heavily influenced by management currently undertaken by farmers in
pursuit of production rather than conservation goals. Live fences are
important features of agricultural landscapes that merit much greater
attention in sustainable land management strategies and need to be an
explicit element in regulations and incentives that aim to enhance the
ecological integrity of rural landscapes in Central America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
375. Contributions
of the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources
Conservation Service to conserving grasslands on private lands in the
United States.
Heard, L. P.
In:
20th International Grassland Congress. Dublin, Ireland. O'Mara, F.
P.; Wilkins, R. J.; Mannetje, L.; Lovett, D. K.; Rogers, P. A.; and
Boland, T. M. (eds.)
Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers; pp. 665; 2005. ISBN: 9076998817
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ conservation/ water quality/ conservation/ biodiversity/ soil
protection/ United States Department of Agriculture/ Natural Resources
Conservation Service
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
376. Conversion of tall fescue pastures to tallgrass prairie in southeastern Kansas: Small mammal responses.
Rucker, A. D. Kansas State University, 2001.
Notes: Thesis, Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
Descriptors: abundance/
burning/ cattle grazing/ cover/ fertilization, soil and water/ fescue/
habitat management/ mammals/ prairie/ rabbits and hares/ shrews/
species diversity/ vegetation/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ rodents
Abstract:
Small mammal responses to a method of converting fescue pastures
to native tallgrass prairie were examined at the Kansas Army Ammunition
Plant neat Parsons, Kansas. The conversion method included
removing cattle from fescue pastures, halting nitrogen fertilization
and implementing spring burning one year following cattle removal. Five
treatments were identified to study the trajectory of prairie
restoration: (1) ungrazed, mowed native prairie; (2) currently grazed,
unburned fescue pastures receiving annual nitrogen fertilizer; (3-5)
fescue pastures from which cattle and fertilizer were removed on 1
January of 1997, 1998, and 1999 with annual spring burning initiated
one year following cattle removal. Eleven species were captured,
including cotton rat, deer mouse, white-footed mouse, western and
plains harvest mice, eastern woodrat, least shrew, Elliot's short-
tailed shrew, prairie vole, house mouse, and eastern cottontail rabbit.
© NISC
377. Cover for wildlife after summer grazing on Sandhills rangeland.
Reece, Patrick E.; Volesky, Jerry D.; and
Schacht, Walter H.
Journal of Range Management 54(2): 126-131. (2001)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume54/Number2/ azu_jrm_v54_n2_126_131_m.pdf
Descriptors: Bos
taurus/ Galliformes/ Phasianidae/ tympanuchus phasianellus/ birds/
ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat use/ livestock/ nests-nesting/
rangeland/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ wildlife-livestock
relationships/ cattle/ sharp-tailed grouse/ foods-feeding/ interspecies
relations/ cover/ Aves/ Nebraska
Abstract:
Livestock production and wildlife habitat objectives become
antagonistic on grasslands when the architecture of standing herbage
needed for key wildlife species limits the amount of forage that can be
used by
livestock.
However, quantitative information needed to achieve cover
objectives for wildlife is not available for summer-grazed grasslands.
Three replicates of seven grazing treatments were applied to the
same 1.0-ha pastures for three years. Treatments included
ungrazed control, and grazing at 16, 32, or 48 animal unit days (AUD) ha-1 for
five to seven days during mid-June or mid-July. Cover was
estimated after killing frost in September by measuring the average
height below which complete visual obstruction occurred.
Cumulative grazing pressure (AUD Mg-1)
was used to describe grazing effects because of measurable differences
in herbage among pastures and dates. Grazing in June reduced the
average height of autumn cover at a constant rate from 11.0 to 7.0 cm (R2=0.34) as cumulative grazing pressure increased from 16 to 90 AUD Mg-1.
In contrast, declines in cover after grazing in July were about
2.6 times greater for cumulative grazing pressures up to 40 AUD Mg-1 (R2=0.62),
indicating a measurable decline in plant growth and an increasing
dependence of autumn cover on the remaining herbage when grazing ended.
Relatively low predictability of autumn cover after June compared
to July grazing was offset by more plant growth during the balance of
the growing season. Frequency of low-cover patches (<or =5.0
cm) within pastures was highly correlated (R2=0.94)
with mean estimates of autumn cover. Consequently, the quality of
cover near potential nesting sites also declined as the average height
of cover declined, regardless of grazing date. The
interdependence of low-cover patches and mean visual obstruction
indicates that either variable could be the primary criterion for nest
site selection up to 12 cm in visual obstruction.
© NISC
378. Cover of perennial grasses in southeastern Arizona in relation to livestock grazing.
Bock, C. E. and Bock, J. H.
Conservation Biology 7(2): 371-377. (1993)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: wildlife habitat/ livestock/ grazing/ perrenial grasses/ Arizona
Abstract:
Southwestern grama (Bouteloua) grasslands are floristically allied to
the North American Cental Plains but lie outside the historic range of
the plains' principal ungulate grazer, Bison bison. The authors
compared perennial grassland cover and species composition on eight
sites transected by the boundary fence of a 22 yr old livestock
exclosure in a grama grassland in SE Arizona. Total grass canopy
cover was greatest on the ungrazed portion of each of the eight sites.
Two short stoloniferous species (Hilaria belangeri and Bouteloua
eriopoda) were the only taxa substantially more abundant on grazed
quadrats overall. Among these and eight taller bunchgrasses, there was
a strong positive correlation between potential height and response to
release from grazing with the three tallest species showing the
greatest increases on ungrazed treatments (Bouteloua curtipendula,
Bothriochloa barbinodis, and Eragrostis intermedia). Bouteloua
gracilis, the most abundant grass in the region, showed an intermediate
response to livestock exclusion. Grama grasslands at the Arizona
site have changed more and in different ways following livestock
exclusion than those on the Central Plains of Colorado.
Contributing factors may include: 1) greater annual precipitation at
the Arizona site,
2)
the much larger size of the Arizona livestock exclosure, and 3)
the absence of extensive grazing by native ungulates in the Southwest
since the Pleistocene. -from Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
379. Critical demographic parameters for declining songbirds breeding in restored grasslands.
Fletcher, R. J.; Koford, R. R.; and Seaman, D. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 145-157. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: brood
parasitism/ Elasticity/ grassland birds/ habitat restoration/ nest
predation/ population projection models/ renesting/ survival
Abstract:
Land area occupied by tallgrass prairie has declined throughout the
midcontinental United States during the past 2 centuries, and
migratory birds breeding in these habitats have also experienced
precipitous population declines. State and federal agencies have
responded by restoring and reconstructing grassland habitats. To
understand consequences of restoration for grassland bird populations,
we combined demographic data collected over 4 breeding seasons
(1999-2002) in northern Iowa, USA, with population projection models to
estimate population growth rates of 2 declining migratory songbirds,
dickcissels (Spiza americana) and bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). To
determine what parameters were critical for conservation of these
species, we estimated relative contributions of nest predation, brood
parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), annual survival,
and renesting to population growth using elasticity analysis. Based on
model simulations, the population growth rate for dickcissels was not
high enough to be stable without immigration into the area (ç < 1). For bobolinks, populations could only be stable (ç
= 1) if annual survival was relatively high (adult survival >0.7,
with juvenile survival between 0.2 and 0.5). Population growth rates
were most sensitive to adult survival across a wide range of parameter
estimates, whereas sensitivity to brood parasitism and renesting were
consistently low. Elasticities associated with nest predation were
highly variable and dependent on survival estimates. In the absence of
changes in other demographic parameters, eliminating brood parasitism
would not be enough to ensure stable populations of either species.
Only management focused on increasing adult survival or decreasing nest
predation could produce stable populations. Our results underscore the
need for reliable adult survival estimates and conservation strategies
focused throughout all phases of the annual cycle. In addition, our
modeling approach provides an effective framework for investigating the
importance of demographic parameters to population growth rates of
birds that are influenced by nest predation, brood parasitism, and
renesting. Although habitat restoration is one of the few alternatives
for conserving communities in threatened landscapes, restoration
strategies also need to have positive effects on population dynamics
for species of concern, which has not been demonstrated in this
grassland system.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
380. Cumulative effects of wild ungulate and livestock herbivory on riparian willows.
Brookshire, E. N.; Kauffman, J. Boone; Lytjen, Danna; and Otting, Nick
Oecologia (Berlin) 132(4): 559-566. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL750.O3; ISSN: 0029-8549
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Cervus elaphus/ Odocoileus hemionus (Cervidae): food
plants/ Salix boothii and Salix geyeriana/ browsing effect on plant
growth/ foraging/ browsing/ impact on habitat/ riparian habitat/
Oregon/ Blue Mountains/ Upper Meadow Creek/ browsing effect on food
plant growth/ reproduction and structure/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/
Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined the effects of wild ungulates (deer and elk) and domestic
sheep browsing on the growth, structure, and reproductive effort of two
common willow species, Salix boothii and S. geyeriana, in a montane
northeast Oregon riparian zone. With the use of exclosures, large
herbivore effects on willows were studied in an area browsed by native
mammals only and an adjacent area in which domestic sheep also lightly
grazed during summer months. Growth variables were repeatedly measured
on individual plants over a 5-year period to understand physiognomic
and flowering responses of native willows to different levels of
browsing pressure. At the beginning of the study, all willows were
intensely browsed but were significantly taller in the area browsed
only by native mammals than in the area also grazed by sheep (69 versus
51 cm, respectively). Willows inside exclosures responded with
pronounced increases in height, crown area, and basal stem diameters
while the stature of browsed plants outside exclosures stayed constant
or declined. In the area browsed by both sheep and wild herbivores, the
size of browsed plants remained at pre-treatment levels (<60 cm in
height) for the duration of the study. There was no significant
difference in growth rates of enclosed willows, indicating that current
herbivory was the primary cause of growth retardation in the study
area. Foliar area was strongly correlated with basal stem numbers for
enclosed plants but much less so for browsed plants. Willows inside
exclosures had more than twice as much foliar area per stem. Stem
diameters were a positive function of crown area: stem-number ratios,
suggesting lower photosynthetic potential was correlated with
diminished radial growth among browsed plants. No flowering was
observed until 2 years after exclusion when plants inside all
exclosures and browsed willows in the wild ungulate area responded with
a large pulse in flowering. Browsed plants in the sheep + wild ungulate
area did not flower. The number of catkins produced per plant was
significantly associated with willow height and plants <70 cm in
height did not flower, thus suggesting a size threshold for
reproduction in these species. Our results suggest that even relatively
light levels of domestic livestock grazing, when coupled with intense
wild ungulate browsing, can strongly affect plant structure and limit
reproduction of riparian willows.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
381. Current issues in sagebrush habitat management.
Boyd, Chad S.
Northwestern Naturalist 86(2): 85-86. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Artemisia spp./ cattle/ greater sage grouse/ habitat management/ sagebrush/ grazing/ fire
Abstract:
Declining populations of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus
urophasianus) and other sagebrush obligates have focused attention on
sagebrush habitat management. Invasive annual weeds such as
cheatgrass dominate over 7,000,000 ha of Great Basin rangeland.
At higher elevations, reduced fire frequency has promoted juniper
invasion of sagebrush habitat. Livestock grazing affects the
majority of the sagebrush biome, but there is a shortage of literature
linking grazing to quality of sagebrush obligate habitat.
Management is complicated by variation in monitoring protocols
across professional disciplines. Solving habitat management
issues will require cooperation between a diversity of professionals
including wildlife biologists and range and landscape ecologists.
© NISC
382. Daytime activity of white-tailed deer in response to short-duration and continuous grazing.
Cohen, W. E.; Reiner, R. J.; Bryant, F. C.; Drawe, D. L.; and Bradley, L. C.
Southwestern Naturalist 34(3): 428-431. (1989)
Descriptors: Odocoileus virginianus/ pastures/ wildlife management/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
383. Deer and cattle diets on heavily grazed pine-bluestem range.
Thill, R. E. and Martin, A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 53(3): 540-548. (1989)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Odocoileus virginianus/ Pinus palustris/ Andropogon sp./ seasonality/ feeding preference/ range management/ Louisiana
Abstract:
We studied dietary overlap between captive white-tailed deer (n = 3)
(Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (n = 4) for 3 years on 2
rotationally burned, 54-ha longleaf pine (Pinus palustris)-bluestem
(Andropogon spp.) pastures in central Louisiana [USA]. A
third of each pasture was burned each year in late February. One
pasture was grazed heavily (61-77% herbage use) yearlong; the other was
grazed heavily (50-67% use) from mid-April to 1 November. Deer diets
were dominated yearlong by a mixture of browse (49.3-83.2%) and forbs
(11.2-47.1%). Cattle consumed mostly grasses during spring and summer
and 60 and 40% browse and herbage, during fall and winter,
respectively. Cattle consumed more herbage on first-year burns. Dietary
overlap under heavy yearlong grazing averaged 25.8, 11.8, 26.0, and
30.7% during spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. Overlap
under heavy seasonal grazing averaged 18.5, 7.4, and 22.6% during
spring, summer, and fall, respectively. Diets of both animals were
diverse and overlap generally resulted from sharing small amounts of
many plant taxa. Except on recent burns during summer, dietary overlap
under heavy yearlong grazing was comparable to that observed under
moderate yearlong grazing at half the cattle stocking rate. Moderate
grazing (40-50% herbage removal) of similar range from late spring
through early fall should have little negative impact on deer forage
availability. Grazing during late fall and winter reduces an already
limited supply of deer forage by reducing availability of evergreen
browse and herbaceous winter rosettes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
384. Demography of a population collapse: The northern Idaho ground squirrel (Spermophilus brunneus brunneus).
Sherman, Paul W. and Runge, Michael C.
Idaho Academy of Science. Journal 37(1): 49-50. (2001); ISSN: 0536-3012
Descriptors: Spermophilus
brunneus brunneus/ survival/ succession/ population ecology/ nutrition/
mammals/ livestock/ history/ habitat use/ habitat management/
foods-feeding/ food supply/ fires-burns/ behavior/ Idaho ground
squirrel/ Idaho, West-central
Abstract: Idaho
ground squirrels, Spermophilus brunneus brunneus, inhabit
five counties in west-central Idaho, and are made up two
subspecies, the northern and southern. The northern Idaho ground
squirrel has 36 historic sites. The short-grass meadow near the
historical townsite of Bear in Idaho is named
"Squirrel Valley" and is the largest and densest of the known
populations.
When studied, the Squirrel Valley population had 272
adults and juveniles. The population declined and by 1999 contained
only 10 individuals. The factors causing the population decline
included nutritional inadequacy of food resources, particularly seeds,
due to drying of the habitat and changes in plant species composition,
themselves the result of fire suppression and grazing. Survival rates
and litter sizes varied among years. Survival and breeding rates of
yearling females were low. Studies suggest that changes in life-history
parameters and their variances can play a critical role in
anthropogenic population declines.
© NISC
385. Densities
of brown-headed cowbirds in riparian and rangeland areas, with and
without cattle present, along the middle Rio Grande, New
Mexico.
Tisdale Hein, Rinda E. and Knight, Richard L.
Studies in Avian Biology (26): 152-156. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: brood
parasitism/ cowbird management/ grazing/ habitat suitability/ livestock
management/ rangeland habitat/ riparian habitat/ species density/
species distribution
Abstract:
We compared the densities of total Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus
ater), female cow-birds, and potential hosts during the morning hours
on grazed and ungrazed riparian sites along the Rio Grande, New Mexico, in an attempt to evaluate the influence of the
physical presence of cattle on these variables. In addition, we
compared the densities of all cowbirds, female cowbirds, and potential
hosts between morning and afternoon hours at riparian and rangeland
sites, both with and without cattle present. We found no significant
differences in total cowbird, female cowbird, or potential host
densities during morning hours between riparian sites with and without
cattle, indicating that the physical presence of cattle alone did not
influence cowbird abundance or potential host abundance at our study
sites. Cowbirds were absent from all of our riparian sites during the
afternoon hours, indicating that habitat type and/or alternative
feeding/congregation opportunities may have been more important in
influencing cowbird densities during afternoon feeding periods than was
the mere presence of cattle. Cowbird numbers in rangeland sites were
low during both morning and afternoon periods, reflecting the low
suitability of rangeland as cowbird breeding, and possibly feeding,
habitat regardless of the presence of cattle. The lack of afternoon
cowbird detections in both riparian and rangeland sites suggests that
alternative feeding resources and/or congregation areas existed within
the cowbird's commuting range. These findings have implications for
current livestock management efforts to reduce cowbird parasitism of
imperiled songbird species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
386. Density and diversity of overwintering birds in managed field borders in Mississippi.
Smith, M. D.; Barbour, P. J.; Burger, L. W.; and
Dinsmore, S. J.
Wilson Bulletin 117(3): 258-269. (2005)
Descriptors: agricultural
change/ avifauna/ habitat conservation/ population decline/ population
density/ species diversity/ Mississippi/ Aves/ Melospiza melodia/
Passerculus sandwichensis/ Passeridae
Abstract:
Grassland bird populations are sharply declining in North America.
Changes in agricultural practices during the past 50 years have been
suggested as one of the major causes of this decline. Field-border
conservation practices encouraged by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture's National Conservation Buffer Initiative meet many of the
needs of sustainable agriculture and offer excellent opportunities to
enhance local grassland bird populations within intensive agricultural
production systems. Despite the abundant information on avian use of
and reproductive success in, strip habitats during the breeding season,
few studies have examined the potential value of field borders for
wintering birds. We planted 89.0 km of field borders (6.1 m wide) along
agricultural field edges on one-half of each of three row crop and
forage production farms in northeastern Mississippi. We sampled
bird communities along these field edges during February-March 2002 and
2003 using line-transect distance sampling and strip transects to
estimate density and community structure, respectively. We used Program
DISTANCE to estimate densities of Song (Melospiza melodia), Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis), and other sparrows along
bordered and non-bordered transects while controlling for adjacent
plant community. Greater densities of several sparrow species were
observed along most bordered transects. However, effects of field
borders differed by species and adjacent plant community types.
Diversity, species richness, and relative conservation value (a
weighted index derived by multiplying species-specific abundances by
their respective Partners in Flight conservation priority scores) were
similar between bordered and non-bordered edges. Field borders are
practical conservation tools that can be used to accrue multiple
environmental benefits and enhance wintering farmland bird populations.
Provision of wintering habitat at southern latitudes may influence
population trajectories of short-distance migrants of regional
conservation concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
387. Density and success of bird nests relative to grazing on western Montana grasslands.
Fondell, Thomas F. and Ball, I. J.
Biological Conservation 117(2): 203. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: brown-headed
cowbird/ grassland/ grazing/ ground-nesting birds/ nest density/
prairie/ agriculture/ habitat/ habitat change/ change in vegetation/
brood/ egg/ fertility/ recruitment/ reproduction/ density
Abstract:
Grassland birds are declining at a faster rate than any other group of
North American bird species. Livestock grazing is the primary economic
use of grasslands in the western United States, but the effects of
this use on distribution and productivity of grassland birds are
unclear. We examined nest density and success of ground-nesting birds
on grazed and ungrazed grasslands in western Montana. In
comparison to grazed plots, ungrazed plots had reduced forb cover,
increased litter cover, increased litter depth, and increased visual
obstruction readings (VOR) of vegetation. Nest density among 10 of 11
common bird species was most strongly correlated with VOR of plots, and
greatest nest density for each species occured where mean VOR of the
plot was similar to mean VOR at nests. Additionally, all bird species
were relatively consistent in their choice of VOR at nests despite
substantial differences in VOR among plots. We suggest that birds
selected plots based in part on availability of suitable nest sites and
that variation in nest density relative to grazing reflected the effect
of grazing on availability of nest sites. Nest success was similar
between grazed plots and ungrazed plots for two species but was lower
for nests on grazed plots than on ungrazed plots for two other species
because of increased rates of predation, trampling, or parasitism by
brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Other species nested almost
exclusively on ungrazed plots (six species) or grazed plots (one
species), precluding evaluation of the effects of grazing on nest
success. We demonstrate that each species in a diverse suite of
ground-nesting birds preferentially used certain habitats for nesting
and that grazing altered availability of preferred nesting habitats
through changes in vegetation structure and plant species composition.
We also show that grazing directly or indirectly predisposed some bird
species to increased nesting mortality. Management alternatives that
avoid intensive grazing during the breeding season would be expected to
benefit many grassland bird species. © 2004 Elsevier.
© NISC
388. Desert grassland canopy arthropod species richness: Temporal patterns and effects of intense, short-duration livestock grazing.
Forbes, G. S.; Van Zee, J. W.; Smith, W.; and
Whitford, W. G.
Journal of Arid Environments 60(4): 627-646. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.07.004.
Descriptors: arthropods/ desert/ insects/ livestock grazing/ shrub-removal/ species richness
Abstract:
Arthropods living in the canopies of two woody shrub species (a
sub-shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) and a large shrub (Prosopis
glandulosa)) and perennial grasses plus associated herbaceous species,
were sampled on 18, 0.5 hectare plots in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland
for five consecutive years. Mesquite shrubs were removed from nine
plots, six plots were grazed by yearling cattle in August and six plots
were grazed in February for the last 3 years of the 5 year study.
Arthropod species richness ranged between 154 and 353 on grasses, from
120 to 266 on G. sarothrae, and from 69 to 116 on P. glandulosa. There
was a significant relationship between the number of families of
insects on grass and G. sarothrae and growing season rainfall but
species richness was not a function of growing season rainfall on any
of the plants. Several of the arthropod families that were the most
species rich in this grassland were found on all of the plants sampled,
i.e. Salticid spiders, Bruchid and Curculionid beetles, Cicadellid and
Psyllid homopterans, and ants (Formicidae). There were more species
rich families that were shared by grasses and the sub-shrub G.
sarothrae than with mesquite. The absence of a relationship between
growing season rainfall and species richness was attributed to
variation in life history characteristics of arthropods and to the
non-linear responses of annual and perennial desert grassland plants to
rainfall. There were no significant differences in insect family or
species richness on any of the plant types as a result of removal of
mesquite (P. glandulosa) from selected plots. Intense, short duration
(24 h) grazing by livestock during in late summer resulted in reduced
species richness in the grass-herb vegetation layer but had no effect
on insect species richness on snakeweed or mesquite shrubs. Livestock
grazing in winter had no effect on insect species richness on any of
the vegetation sampled.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
389. Desert mule deer use of grazed and ungrazed habitats.
Ragotzkie, K. E. and Bailey, J. A.
Journal of Range Management 44(5): 487-490. (1991)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume44/Number5/ azu_jrm_v44_n5_487_490_m.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
land and freshwater zones/ Odocoileus hemionus crooki: farming and
agriculture/ habitat use/ foraging/ home range/ habitat utilization/
grass-shrubland habitats/ cattle grazing/ grasslands/ scrub/ Arizona/
Santa Rita Experimental Range/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
390. Desert riparian areas: Landscape perceptions and attitudes.
Zube, Ervin H. and Sheehan, Michele R.
Environmental Management 18(3): 413-421. (1994)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: human
(Hominidae)/ animals/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/ primates/
vertebrates/ agriculture/ farmers/ land use/ local decision makers/
management/ natural area preservation/ realtors/ resource managers/
Safford, Arizona/ socioeconomics/ Upper Gila River/
wildlife preservation
Abstract: The
perceptions and attitudes of residents and special interest groups
along the Upper Gila River in the vicinity of the town
of Safford, Arizona, USA, were studied with a primary
focus on
descriptions of the riparian landscape and attitudes towards planning
and management in and around the riparian area. Special interest groups
included farmers, resource managers, realtors, and local decision
makers. Attention was directed to differences between resource managers
and other groups. Findings from this study are compared with those from
a previous study along the Upper San Pedro River. Notable differences
between the two areas included perceptions of appropriate land uses,
with a greater emphasis on agriculture and related activities in
the Upper Gila River area and on wildlife and natural area
preservation in the Upper San Pedro area. Relationships of perceptions
and attitudes with the socioeconomic contexts of the two study areas
are explored.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
391. Development of a grassland integrity index based on breeding bird assemblages.
Coppedge, B. R.; Engle, D. M.; Masters, R. E.; and Gregory, M. S.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 118(1-3):
125-145. (2006)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 01676369.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10661-006-1237-8.
Descriptors: avian
assemblages/ Conservation Reserve Program/ fragmentation/ grasslands/
Juniper/ landscape pattern/ Oklahoma/ response guilds
Abstract: We
utilized landscape and breeding bird assemblage data from three
Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes sampled from 1965-1995 to develop and
test a grassland integrity index (GII) in a mixed-grass prairie area
of Oklahoma. The overall study region is extensively fragmented
from
long-term agricultural activity, and native habitat remnants have been
degraded by recent encroachment of woody vegetation, namely eastern
redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). The 50 individual bird survey
points along the BBS routes, known as stops, were used as sample sites.
Our process first focused on developing a grassland disturbance index
(GDI) as a measure of cumulative landscape disturbances for these
sites. The GDI was based on five key landscape variables identified in
an earlier species-level study of long-term avian community dynamics:
total tree, shrub, and herbaceous vegetation cover indices, overall
mean landscape patch size, and grassland patch core size. The GII was
then developed based on breeding bird assemblage data. Assemblages were
based on commonly used response guilds reflective of five avian life
history parameters: foraging mode/location, nesting location, habitat
specificity, migratory pattern, and dietary guild. We tested the
response of 78 candidate assemblage metrics to the GDI, and eliminated
those with no or poor response or with high correlations (redundant),
resulting in 13 metrics for use in the final index. Individual metric
scores were scaled to fall between 0 and 10, and the cumulative index
to range from 0 to 100. Although broader application and refinement are
possible, the avian-based GII has an advantage over labor-intensive,
habitat-based monitoring in that the GII is derived from readily
available long-term BBS data. Therefore, the GII shows promise as an
inexpensive tool that could easily be applied over other areas to
monitor changes in regional grassland conditions. © Springer
Science + Business Media, Inc. 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
392. Development of a habitat suitability index model for burrowing owls in the eastern Canadian prairies.
Uhmann, Tanys V.; Kenkel, Norm C.; and
Baydack, Richard K.
Journal of Raptor Research 35(4): 378-384. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 0892-1016
Descriptors: Speotyto
cunicularia/ birds/ modeling/ habitat surveys/ ecosystems/ prairies/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ extirpation/ population ecology/
habitat management/ habitat alterations/ succession/ agricultural
practices/ burrows/ nests-nesting/ nesting sites/ burrowing owl/
habitat evaluation/ habitat suitability index/ burrowing owl/ Canada/
prairie provinces/ Manitoba/ Saskatchewan
Abstract:
Recent efforts to sustain burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia)
populations in Manitoba have been unsuccessful, and the species is
now effectively extirpated from the province. Although specific
causes of the decline remain unknown, loss, fragmentation, and
degradation of suitable habitat have likely been major contributors to
this decline. The authors developed a habitat suitability index
model to determine suitability of burrowing owl nesting habitat in
southwestern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan.
Model parameters were obtained using a modified Delphi
technique to solicit expert opinions. An interactive, adaptive
learning approach was used in model development, iteratively refining
the model until acceptable levels of accuracy and robustness were
achieved. Application of the model to historical burrowing owl
breeding sites in Manitoba indicated that habitat suitability is
often reduced by the presence of tall vegetation at former nest
burrows. A management approach involving moderate grazing to
maintain low vegetation height at all nest burrow sites is recommended.
© NISC
393. Development of fall cattle grazing prescriptions to improve deer and elk forage.
Short, Jeffrey J. and Knight, James E.
Intermountain Journal of Sciences 5(1-4): 72. (1999);
ISSN: 1081-3519
Descriptors: cattle/ grazing/ prescribed grazing/ deer/ elk/ forage/ Montana
Abstract: Cattle
(Bos taurus) and wild ungulates have long been viewed as
competitors. In the future the best method of preserving wildlife
and cattle will be to manage them cooperatively. The objective of
this project was to examine the use of fall cattle grazing to improve
wildlife forage. We looked at the effects of four fall cattle
grazing levels on elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage. The
hypothesis of this study is that fall cattle grazing will improve the
quality of elk and deer forage the following spring and summer. The
effects of fall foraging on wildlife forage were examined on the
Blackfoot Clearwater Wildlife Management area in west
central Montana. A randomized complete block design with
five
replications was used. Cattle were grazed in enclosures during
the fall of 1997 and 1998. Grazing levels were zero percent
removal (control) 50% removal, 70% removal, and 90% removal.
During spring and summer we measured plant species composition,
plant diversity, dead plant material, green forb biomass, and green
grass biomass to evaluate quality of elk and deer forage.
Preliminary data from the first year of this two-year study
suggests significant positive differences in wildlife forage due to
cattle grazing intensity. Information
generated will be useful in making management decisions on ranges that
are important spring and summer wildlife habitat.
© NISC
394. Differences
in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of original and reconstructed
tallgrass prairies in northeastern Iowa, USA, and impact of
3-year spring burn cycles.
Larsen, Kirk J. and Work, Timothy W.
Journal of Insect Conservation 7(3): 153-166. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Carabidae: habitat management/ burn cycles/
community structure/ distribution within habitat/ grassland/ original
and reconstructed tallgrass prairie habitats/ fire/ Iowa/ Insecta,
Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea/ arthropods/ beetles/ insects/
invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
395. Differences in plant composition in cattle and wild ungulate exclosures in north-central Montana.
Hurlburt, Kris and Bedunah, Don.
In:
Sharing Common Ground on Western Rangelands: Proceedings of a
Livestock/Big Game Symposium. Sparks, Nevada. Evans, Keith E.
(eds.); Vol. INT-GTR-343.
Ogden, Utah: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station; pp. 19-24; 1996.
Notes: ISSN: 0363-6186.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A48
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Cervus
elaphus/ Odocoileus hemionus (Cervidae): food plants/ impact on
habitat/ grassland plant community/ impact of grazing/ grassland/
grazing impact on plant community/ Montana/ Dupuyer/ grazing impact on
grassland plant community/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/ chordates/
mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
396. Direct impacts of cattle grazing on grassland nesting birds.
Churchwell, Roy; Davis, Craig A.; Fuhlendorf, Sam D.; and Engle, David M.
Bulletin of the Oklahoma Ornithological Society 38(4):
25-32. (2005); ISSN: 0474-0750
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: farming and
agriculture/ cattle grazing/ nesting success/ breeding site/ nesting
site/ reproductive productivity/ mortality/ grassland/ Oklahoma/ Osage
County/ tallgrass prairie preserve/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We used nest success data from a 2003 field season to examine the
direct impacts of cattle grazing on grassland nesting birds. We found
that 7% of nest loss was due directly to cattle through trampling of
nests (6%) and abandonment (1%). We conclude that changes in grazing
management could mitigate the degree to which cattle directly impact
nesting success of grassland birds, and discuss these suggestions in
light of our results.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
397. Dispersal and mortality of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) in fragmented landscapes: A field experiment.
Smith, Jennifer E. and Batzli, George O.
Oikos 112(1): 209-217. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors: ecology/
population dynamics/ recruitment/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Microtus ochrogaster: Emigration/ mortality/ fragmented landscapes/
Immigration/ distribution within habitat/ Dispersal in fragmented
landscapes/ grassland/ Illinois/ Urbana/ Mammalia, Rodentia,
Muridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We conducted a field experiment that manipulated landscapes by mowing
so that the amount of unfavorable habitat (low cover) for prairie voles
(Microtus ochrogaster) increased while the number and size of favorable
patches (high cover) remained constant. Distance between favorable
patches increased as the amount of unfavorable habitat increased, so we
could test two current hypotheses concerning the effect of habitat
fragmentation on local populations: 1) increased distance between
favorable habitat patches reduces successful per capita dispersal
(emigration and immigration) because dispersers suffer greater exposure
to predators (the predation hypothesis); and 2) per capita dispersal is
inversely density dependent in voles because increased aggression at
higher density inhibits movements (the social fence hypothesis). As
predicted by the predation hypothesis, increased distance between
favorable habitat patches led to decreased successful dispersal among
patches and increased per capita mortality, particularly among subadult
and adult males (the categories of voles most likely to emigrate). As
predicted by the social fence hypothesis, dispersal was inversely
density dependent, and dispersing voles displayed a greater frequency
of wounding (an indication of increased aggressive interactions) than
did residents. The amount of wounding in general did not increase with
density, however, and, as distance between patches increased to 60 m,
successful dispersal became rare and erratic. Nevertheless, our overall
results supported current hypotheses regarding the effects of increased
habitat fragmentation on patterns of dispersal and mortality. Examining
the impact of these effects on local population dynamics within
different landscapes will require longer periods of observation.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
398. Distribution of elk and cattle in a rest-rotation grazing system.
Knowles, C. J. and Campbell, R. B.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 47-60; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Montana/ American elk/ Cervus elaphus nelsoni/ rotational grazing/ livestock
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
399. Disturbance by fire frequency and bison grazing modulate grasshopper assemblages in tallgrass prairie.
Joern, A.
Ecology 86(4): 861-873. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 00129658
Descriptors: Acrididae/
disturbance/ habitat heterogeneity/ Konza prairie/ long-term study/
Phasmida/ prescribed burning/ Tettigoniidae/ biodiversity/ bottom-up
control/ disturbance/ fire/ grasshopper/ grazing/ vegetation structure/
Kansas/ Acrididae/ Arthropoda/ bison/ Bison bison/ Bos/ Bubalus/
Insecta/ Mammalia/ Phasmatodea/ Tettigoniidae
Abstract: Understanding
determinants of local species diversity remains central
to developing plans to preserve biodiversity. In the
continental United States, climate, grazing by large mammals,
fire, and
topography are important ecosystem drivers that structure North
American tallgrass prairie, with major impacts on plant community
composition and vegetation structure. Frequency of fire and grazing by
bison (Bos bison), through effects on plant community composition and
altered spatial and structural heterogeneity of vegetation in tallgrass
prairie, may act as bottom-up processes that modulate insect community
species richness. As previously seen for plant species richness, I
hypothesized that grazing had more impact than fire frequency in
determining species richness of insect herbivore communities. I
examined this prediction with grasshoppers at Konza Prairie, a
representative tallgrass prairie site in which fire frequency and bison
grazing are manipulated over long terms with landscape-level
treatments. Topographic position (upland vs. lowland) and fire
frequency (1-, 2-, 4-year intervals, and unburned) did not
significantly influence grasshopper species richness or indices of
diversity, while grazing had significant effects. On average, I found
~45% more grasshopper species and significantly increased values of
Shannon H' diversity at sites with bison grazing. Species abundances
were more equally distributed (Shannon's Evenness Index) in grazed
sites as well. No significant interactions among burning and grazing
treatments ' explained variation in grasshopper species diversity.
Grasshopper species richness responded positively to increased
heterogeneity in vegetation structure and plant species richness, and
negatively to average canopy height and total grass biomass. Variation
in forb biomass did not influence grasshopper species richness. A
significant positive relationship between grasshopper species richness
and overall grasshopper density was observed. Species richness
increased marginally as watershed area of treatments in grazed areas
increased, but not in ungrazed areas. Disturbance from ecosystem
drivers operating at watershed spatial scales exhibits strong effects
on local arthropod species diversity, acting indirectly by mediating
changes in the spatial heterogeneity of local vegetation structure and
plant species diversity. © 2005 by the Ecological Society
of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
400. Does body size affect a bird's sensitivity to patch size and landscape structure?
Winter, Maiken; Johnson, Douglas H; and Shaffer, Jill A.
Condor 108(4): 808-816. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ body size/ landscape structure/ patch size/ grassland
habitat
Abstract:
Larger birds are generally more strongly affected by habitat loss and
fragmentation than are smaller ones because they require more resources
and thus larger habitat patches. Consequently, conservation actions
often favor the creation or protection of larger over smaller patches.
However, in grassland systems the boundaries between a patch and the
surrounding landscape, and thus the perceived size of a patch, can be
indistinct. We investigated whether eight grassland bird species with
different body sizes perceived variation in patch size and landscape
structure in a consistent manner. Data were collected from surveys
conducted in 44 patches of northern tallgrass prairie during 1998-2001.
The response to patch size was very similar among species regardless of
body size (density was little affected by patch size), except in the
Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), which showed a threshold
effect and was not found in patches smaller than 140 ha. In landscapes
containing 0%-30% woody vegetation, smaller species responded more
negatively to increases in the percentage of woody vegetation than
larger species, but above an apparent threshold of 30%, larger species
were not detected. Further analyses revealed that the observed
variation in responses to patch size and landscape structure among
species was not solely due to body size per se, but to other
differences among species. These results indicate that a stringent
application of concepts requiring larger habitat patches for larger
species appears to limit the number of grassland habitats that can be
protected and may not always be the most effective conservation
strategy.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
401. Does management for duck productivity affect songbird nesting success?
Koper, N. and Schmiegelow, F. K.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(7): 2249-2257. (Sept. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ ducks/ nesting/ songbirds/ wildlife habitats/ highlands/
prairies/ cattle/ grazing/ edge effects/ wildlife-livestock relations/
vegetation structure/ plant litter/ Alberta
Abstract:
Habitat management for ducks has significantly influenced prairies and
wetlands used by other species. However, the effects of management on
other species have not been clearly assessed. We present the first
study to compare the nesting success of ducks with the productivity of
coexisting passerines. We evaluated effects of cattle grazing,
subdivision of fields, habitat edges, year, and vegetation structure on
duck and songbird nesting success in 32 mixed-grass prairie fields in
southern Alberta, Canada. Duck and songbird nesting success
were not correlated. Duck nesting success was influenced by timing of
grazing and vegetation structure, and tended to be higher in wetter
years, whereas nesting success of most songbirds was not influenced by
vegetation structure or grazing, and was sometimes higher in drier
years. Local habitat management for ducks cannot be assumed to benefit
songbirds. However, some management strategies, such as those that
promote tall grass and short litter, might benefit both taxa. [Authors]
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
402. Duck nest survival in the Missouri Coteau of North Dakota: Landscape effects at multiple spatial scales.
Stephens, S. E.; Rotella, J. J.; Lindberg, M. S.;
Taper, M. L.; and Ringelman, J. K.
Ecological Applications 15(6): 2137-2149. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Anas
spp./ duck populations/ fragmentation/ grassland habitat/
information-theoretic model choice/ landscape characteristics/ Missouri
Coteau/ mixed models/ multiple spatial scales/ nest survival/ North
Dakota/ Prairie Pothole Region/ grassland/ habitat conservation/
habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss/ nesting success/ predation risk/
survival/ waterfowl/ North America/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Anas/
Aythya
Abstract:
Nest survival is one of the most important parameters in the population
dynamics of grassland-nesting ducks (Anas and Aythya spp.) that breed
in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Grassland habitats used
by these species are increasingly threatened by habitat loss and the
coincident fragmentation, which may indirectly alter nest survival
through effects on predators. Although predators are the dominant cause
of nest loss, they are difficult to monitor directly. Thus, indirect
analyses of habitat variables are required. Many studies have attempted
to address the relationship between fragmentation and nest survival;
however, few studies have examined the influence of fragmentation at
multiple spatial scales. Understanding how landscape characteristics at
multiple spatial scales explain variation in nest survival is
important, because no single correct scale is likely to exist for a
diversity of landscape metrics. We examined the relationships between
habitat variables and duck nest survival (n ≈ 4200 nests) on 18 10.4- km2
sites selected across a gradient of landscape characteristics in the
Missouri Coteau Region of North Dakota. We evaluated both a priori
and exploratory competing models of nest survival that considered
habitat features measured at nest sites, within nesting patches, and at
multiple landscape scales. We used generalized nonlinear mixed-modeling
techniques to model nest survival rates. Information-theoretic
techniques were used to select among competing models. Models that
included covariates measured at multiple landscape scales were better
than simpler models that included only covariates measured at a single
spatial scale. Landscape covariates measured at 10.4 and 41.4 km2
resulted in the best explanation of nest survival. Nest survival was
positively related to the amount of grassland habitat, negatively
related to the wetland density, and related to the amount of grassland
edge in a quadratic manner, with the lowest nest survival at
intermediate values of grassland edge. Future research should attempt
to determine the causes of these relationships, something we were
unable to do with our correlative approach. Conservation efforts
focused on maintaining duck populations should seek to maintain
landscapes with abundant grassland and to account for the influence of
configuration using GIS analyses. © 2005 by the Ecological Society
of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
403. Duck nesting on rotational and continuous grazed pastures in North Dakota.
Murphy, Robert K.; Schindler, Darrell J.; and
Crawford, Richard D.
Prairie Naturalist 36(2): 83-94. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: visual
obstruction reading (VOR)/ Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV)/
continuous grazed pastures/ nest density/ nest success/ nesting
habitat/ prairie habitat conservation/ rotational cattle grazing/
rotational grazed pastures
Abstract:
To improve the economic viability of grazed prairie and thus conserve
it as wildlife habitat, the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV)
cost-shares establishment of rotational cattle grazing on privately
owned, native rangeland. During 1996 and 1997 we evaluated duck nest
density, nest success, and nesting habitat on six PPJV rotational
grazed pastures on the Missouri Coteau landform in central and
northwestern North Dakota. Each rotational pasture was paired with
a traditional, continuous grazed pasture for comparison. We located 444
nests of eight duck species. We detected no differences (P > 0.1)
between rotational and continuous grazed pastures in apparent nest
density of ducks (x̄
> +/- SD nests/ha, all species combined, 1996: 0.26 +/- 0.09 and
0.31 +/- 0.12; 1997: 0.38 +/- 0.14 and 0.25 +/- 0.12), although a
grazing type x year interaction suggested rotational pastures might be
more attractive to ducks in a dry spring (1997). No differences in duck
nest success were detected between rotational and continuous pastures
(% Mayfield estimate, 1996: 27.2 +/- 12.6 and 15.5 +/- 11.0; 1997: 21.6
+/- 10.0 and 16.7 +/- 13.7), but varied occurrence of canid species
could have obscured differences. We detected no differences in
vegetation height-density indices as measured by visual obstruction
readings (VORs) between rotational and continuous pastures in 1996.
VORs were greater on rotational pastures, however, in the relatively
dry spring of 1997. Our findings suggested that rotational grazing
systems can serve as a prairie conservation tool on private rangelands
without altering habitat values for nesting ducks, and in relatively
dry springs might provide more attractive nesting cover for ducks than
prairie under continuous grazing.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
404. Early brood-rearing habitat use and productivity of greater sage-grouse in Wyoming.
Thompson, K. M.; Holloran, M. J.; Slater, S. J.;
Kuipers, J. L.; and Anderson, S. H.
Western North American Naturalist 66(3): 332-342. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 15270904
Descriptors: Centrocercus urophasianus/ early brood rearing/ forb/ greater sage-grouse/ habitat/ Invertebrate/ productivity/ sagebrush
Abstract:
Populations of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have
been declining throughout their range since the 1960s. Productivity,
which includes production and survival of young, is often cited as a
factor in these declines. We monitored radio-equipped Greater
Sage-Grouse at 3 sites in western Wyoming to assess early
brood-rearing habitat use (through 14 days post-hatch) and
productivity. Logistic and linear regression analyses with Akaike's
Information Criterion were used to evaluate early brooding habitat use
and to examine relationships between productivity and vegetation,
insect size and abundance, and weather parameters. Females with broods
were found in areas with greater sagebrush canopy and grass cover, and
fewer invertebrates compared to random areas. The number of juveniles
per female (estimated from wing barrel collections during fall harvest)
was positively related to the abundance of medium-length Hymenoptera
and grass cover, and the proportion of females with confirmed chicks 14
days post-hatch was positively related to abundance of medium-length
Coleoptera and total herbaceous cover. Although the specific parameters
varied slightly, Greater Sage-Grouse productivity in Wyoming
appeared to be associated with a combination of insect and herbaceous
cover elements. Managing for abundant and diverse insect communities
within dense protective sagebrush stands should help ensure
high-quality early brood-rearing habitat and increased Greater
Sage-Grouse productivity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
405. Early response to a prairie planting project by grassland birds: 2000 to 2006.
Shillinglaw, John
Passenger Pigeon 69(2): 175-184. (2007);
ISSN: 0031-2703
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ reproductive
productivity/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ prairie planting project/ former
agricultural land/ habitat use and nesting responses/ breeding site/
restored grassland/ prairie planting project/ conservation
implications/ fledgeing success/ species diversity/ grassland species/
habitat utilization/ grassland/ Wisconsin/ Waushara County/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
This paper describes the vegetative changes which occurred through 2006
in a series of prairie plantings done from 2000 to 2003 on former
agricultural land in southwest Waushara County, Wisconsin. How these vegetative changes relate to use by grassland
birds for nesting was evaluated. Breeding bird surveys were conducted
in the prairie plantings from 2000 to 2006 to determine the use of the
plantings by selected species of grassland birds. The surveys
demonstrated an increase in the grassland bird species, an increase in
the number of species fledging young, and an increase in the total
number of breeding birds over time. Implications for grassland bird
conservation on public and private lands are discussed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
406. Ecological relationships among eastern cottontail rabbits, tall fescue, and native warm-season grasses.
Washburn, Brian Eric. University of Kentucky, 2001.
Notes: Advisor: Barnes, Thomas G.; Larson, Brian T.; Thesis/ Dissertation
Descriptors: prescribed burns/ no-till/ wildlife habitat/ cottontail rabbits/ Eastern cottontails/ Sylvilagus floridanus
Abstract:
Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea grasslands may not provide
suitable habitat for many wildlife species. Also, most fescue contains
an endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum associated with
nutritional and reproductive problems in livestock and laboratory
mammals. The objectives of my research were (1) to determine the
effects of the tall fescue endophyte on nutrition and reproduction in
the free-ranging eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus rabbit and
(2) to develop effective methods of converting tall fescue grasslands
to native warm-season grasslands. Eastern cottontails (n = 111) were
collected during the 1998 breeding season (May-August) from both tall
fescue and non-fescue grasslands habitats. Sex, age, Condition Index,
Kidney Fat Index, and paired adrenal weights were determined for each
rabbit. Paired testes and epididymal weights in males, and a variety of
physiological reproductive parameters in females were also assessed. In
fall 1998, plant communities were described by sampling 30 1- m2
plots in each grassland where a rabbit was collected. Also, >30 tall
fescue plants from each site were collected and analyzed for the
presence of the endophyte. Tall fescue cover (%) and tall fescue
endophyte infection levels were used to classify cottontail collection
points as tall fescue or non-fescue habitats. Tall fescue habitats were
dominated by fescue (x- = 83% cover) that was highly endophyte-infected
(x- = 92% infection rate), whereas non-fescue grassland habitats
generally lacked tall fescue (x- = 6% cover) and were relatively
uninfected (x- = 1% infection rate) by the tall fescue endophyte. Body
condition (nutritional) and reproductive parameters of male and female
cottontails collected from endophyte-infected tall fescue grasslands
and non-fescue grassland habitats were similar. My results suggest that
under natural conditions, the tall fescue endophyte is not negatively
influencing the nutritional ecology or reproductive potential of
free-ranging eastern cottontail rabbits in Kentucky. Conservation
of tall fescue to native warm-season grasses can be accomplished by two
methods. The first method includes a spring burn, followed by a
pre-emergence application of imazapic, and no-till seeding native
warm-season grasses. The second method involves conventional tillage
and includes preparing a firm seedbed, seeding native warm-season
grasses, and applying imazapic at the time of seeding. Both methods
consistently resulted in established stands of native warm-season
grasses in one growing season.
© NISC
407. Ecological traps in isodars: Effects of tallgrass prairie management on bird nest success.
Shochat, Eyal.; Patten, Michael A.; Morris, Douglas W.; Reinking, Dan L.; Wolfe, Donald H.; and Sherrod, Steve K.
Oikos 111(1): 159-169. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ reproduction/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ tallgrass prairie management/ multiple ecological
consequences/ breeding success/ Invertebrata/ prey abundance/ prey
breeding success/ prairie/ food availability/ reproductive
productivity/ Vertebrata/ predator abundance/ grasslands/ Oklahoma/
Osage and Washington Counties/ birds/ chordates/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
Abstract: Ecological
traps occur when habitat selection and habitat suitability
(measured in terms of fitness) are decoupled. We developed a graphical
model based on isodar theory to distinguish between an ideal
distribution and an ecological trap. We tested the model's predictions
using data on breeding bird populations in managed tallgrass prairie
in Oklahoma. Between 1992 and 1996 we monitored success for 2600
nests of 26 breeding species in undisturbed, grazed, and burned and
grazed plots. We also sampled arthropod biomass and nest predator
abundance. Using the isodar model we determined that managed plots are
ecological traps: compared with success on plots left undisturbed, nest
success on plots that were only grazed was lower, and success on plots
that were burned and grazed was substantially lower. Yet birds
preferred to nest on managed plots, where arthropod abundance was
measurably higher. Reptiles were the most abundant taxon of nest
predators, and their abundance was highest in managed plots.
Consequently, tree-nesting species had higher nest success than shrub-
and ground-nesting birds. Nest success also increased with tree height.
We concluded that isodar theory is a useful tool for detecting
ecological traps if any component of fitness is measured in addition to
animal densities. Our study also suggests that (1) human modification
of the environment may alter simultaneously food and predator
abundance, (2) the former affects nest site selection and the latter
nest success, and (3) such ecosystems are likely to become traps for
breeding birds.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
408. Ecology and management of sage-grouse and sage-grouse habitat.
Crawford,
J. A.; Olson, R. A.; West, N. E.; Mosley, J. C.; Schroeder, M. A.;
Whitson, T. D.; Miller, R. F.;Gregg, M. A.; and Boyd, C. S.
Journal of Range Management 57(1): 2-19. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: fire
ecology/ habitat/ herbicide/ landscape ecology/ livestock grazing/
population dynamics/ habitat conservation/ population decline/ North
America/ Artemisia tridentata/ Centrocercus urophasianus/
Coniferophyta/ Hexapoda/ Insecta/ Poaceae
Abstract:
Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus and C. minimus) historically
inhabited much of the sagebrush-dominated habitat of North
America. Today, sage-grouse populations are declining throughout most
of their range. Population dynamics of sage-grouse are marked by strong
cyclic behavior. Adult survival is high, but is offset by low juvenile
survival, resulting in low productivity. Habitat for sage-grouse varies
strongly by life-history stage. Critical habitat components include
adequate canopy cover of tall grasses (≥ 18 cm) and medium height
shrubs (40-80 cm) for nesting, abundant forbs and insects for brood
rearing, and availability of herbaceous riparian species for
late-growing season foraging. Fire ecology of sage-grouse habitat
changed dramatically with European settlement. In high elevation
sagebrush habitat, fire return intervals have increased (from 12-24 to
> 50 years) resulting in invasion of conifers and a consequent loss
of understory herbaceous and shrub canopy cover. In lower elevation
sagebrush habitat, fire return intervals have decreased dramatically
(from 50-100 to < 10 years) due to invasion by annual grasses,
causing loss of perennial bunchgrasses and shrubs. Livestock grazing
can have negative or positive impacts on sage-grouse habitat depending
on the timing and intensity of grazing, and which habitat element is
being considered. Early season light to moderate grazing can promote
forb abundance/availability in both upland and riparian habitats.
Heavier levels of utilization decrease herbaceous cover, and may
promote invasion by undesirable species. At rates intended to produce
high sagebrush kill, herbicide-based control of big sagebrush may
result in decreased habitat quality for sage-grouse. Light applications
of tebuthiuron
(N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N'-dimethylurea) can
decrease canopy cover of sagebrush and increase grass and forb
production which may be locally important to nesting bunchgrasses and
shrubs. Livestock grazing can have negative or positive impacts on
sage-grouse habitat depending on the timing and intensity of grazing,
and which habitat element is being considered. Early season light to
moderate grazing can promote forb abundance/availability in both upland
and riparian habitats. Heavier levels of utilization decrease
herbaceous cover, and may promote invasion by undesirable species. At
rates intended to produce high sagebrush kill, herbicide-based control
of big sagebrush may result in decreased habitat quality for
sage-grouse. Light applications of tebuthiuron
(N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N, N'-dimethylurea)
can decrease canopy cover of sagebrush and increase grass and forb
production which may be locally important to nesting and foraging
activities. The ability of resource managers to address sage-grouse
habitat concerns at large scales is aided greatly by geomatics
technology and advances in landscape ecology. These tools allow
unprecedented linkage of habitat and population dynamics data over
space and time and can be used to retroactively assess such
relationships using archived imagery. The present sage-grouse decline
is a complex issue that is likely associated with multiple causative
factors. Solving management issues associated with the decline will
require unprecedented cooperation among wildlife biology, range
science, and other professional disciplines. © 2004 Society for
Range Management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
409. Economic tradeoffs between livestock grazing and wildlife habitat: A ranch-level analysis.
Bernardo, Daniel J.; Boudreau, Gregory W.; and Bidwell, Terrance C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(3): 393-402. (1994)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: habitat/ hunting lease/ land resources/ modeling framework/ public grazing lands/ vegetation management
Abstract:
Multiple-use management of land resources for domestic livestock and
wildlife is becoming an increasingly important issue on private and
public lands. A modeling framework is presented to develop production
plans which maximize returns from livestock grazing and meet deer and
quail habitat constraints on private rangelands in Oklahoma. In
the initial solution of the model, net returns are maximized from
cattle grazing without concern for wildlife habitat. An intensive
vegetation management program involving herbicides and prescribed
burning is used to reduce forage diversity (forbs, legumes, and woody
shrubs) and maximize grass production for cattle grazing. Low to
moderate deer and quail habitat ratings are associated with this plan.
Optimal plans to achieve incremental increases in target quail and deer
habitat ratings include strip application of herbicide, fail burning,
and some mechanical removal of hardwoods to produce a mosaic of small
open prairie areas and wooded areas. Brush piles and disking of small
portions of the prairie areas are used to improve food diversity and
protective cover. Only small reductions in income from livestock
production are required to attain initial improvements in quail and
deer habitat ratings; however, further improvements translate to more
significant income reduction. While habitat appraisal models provide
means of quantifying habitat considerations in economic optimization
models, several limitations still exist. First, additional research is
needed to verify the positive relationship between wildlife habitat and
population and-to determine the relationship between hunting lease
values and habitat quality. Application of the model requires rather
meticulous detail in specifying the effects of various management
practices on forage production and wildlife habitat. These data are not
available for all areas; however, such information is required to
develop efficient multiple-use management strategies (Matulich and
Adams 1987). Also, the analysis does not consider the influence of
dynamics or risk on decision making. Manipulation of vegetation is a
dynamic process that may occur over several years and is significantly
influenced by climatic events. Risk caused by price volatility and
other sources of uncertainty may also influence ranch plans.
Improvements to the model should focus on these considerations. While
the findings are somewhat site specific, the study does present a
useful and transferable framework for simultaneously analyzing
livestock management and wildlife habitat decisions. The model can be
specified to accommodate alternative livestock enterprises, vegetation
management treatments, and habitat improvement practices for which the
required technical data are available. The model may be expanded to
incorporate additional wildlife species and is adaptable to accommodate
alternative wildlife habitat evaluation systems. While probably more
applicable to decision making on private lands, this model could also
be applied to public grazing lands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
410. Edge avoidance by nesting grassland birds: A futile strategy in a fragmented landscape.
Renfrew, R. B.; Ribic, C. A.; and Nack, J. L.
Auk 122(2): 618-636. (Apr. 2005)
Descriptors: edge effect/ grasslands/ landscape/ models/ nests/ pasture/ predation
Abstract:
Some grassland passerine species are considered area-sensitive, but the
mechanisms underlying that phenomenon are not understood, particularly
on grazed grasslands. Area sensitivity may result from edge avoidance
or higher nest predation near edges, both of which may be influenced by
predator activity or cattle-induced vegetational differences between
pasture edge and interior. We assessed the effect of distance to edge
on nest density and predation Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus
sandwichensis), Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum), Bobolinks
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), and meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) along wooded
and nonwooded edges of Wisconsin pastures in 1998-2000 and the
activity of potential mammalian nest predators along those edges in
2000-2001. We found a positive relationship between nest density and
distance from edge for all edge types combined, but that was not the
result of effects of wooded edges: we found no difference in density
between nests located <50 or <100 m from wooded versus nonwooded
(crop or grassland) edges. Models that included combinations of
vegetation structure (e.g. concealment), initiation date, year, or edge
variables (or all four) were poor predictors of the probability of nest
predation. Placing nests away from edges, therefore, did not reduce the
risk of nest predation. Eight species known to prey on grassland bird
nestswere documented along pasture edges, raccoon (Procyon lotor) being
the most common. Frequency of raccoon and thirteen-lined
groundsquirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) visitation was highe
ralong wooded edges and nonwooded edges, respectively. Cattle
(Bostaurus) activity did not differentially affect vegetation
height-density along edges compared with that in the pasture interior.
Possible reasons for predation risk being similar in both pasture
interiors and edges in a fragmented landscape include the ease with
which predators can move within pastures, high percentage of resident
grassland predators, and small size (median= 47.2 ha) of pastures.
© ProQuest
411. Effect of a reduction in cattle stocking rate on brown-headed cowbird activity.
Kostecke, Richard M.; Koloszar, James A.; and
Dearborn, Donald C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(4): 1083-1091. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: breeding
activity/ breeding areas/ brood parasitism/ cattle stocking rate/
commute distance/ cowbird removal programs/ foraging activity/ grazing
pressure/ host parasite interaction/ population sustainability/
songbird conservation/ stocking rate reduction
Abstract: Brood-parasitic
cowbirds (Molothrus spp.) can severely impact host
populations. Cowbird removal is the primary means of reducing
parasitism. As an alternative to removal, we evaluated the reduction of
cattle stocking rate as a tool to shift cowbird-breeding activity away
from a breeding area of a sensitive host. Activity of radiotagged,
female brown-headed cowbirds (M. ater) breeding on Fort
Hood, Texas, a United States Army installation that contains a
large
population of federally endangered black-capped vireos (Vireo
atricapilla), was monitored 2 years before and 2 years after a
reduction in cattle stocking rate. We predicted that cowbirds would
respond to the reduction by shifting both foraging and breeding
activities toward more distant herds of cattle. Reduction in stocking
rate did not have the desired effect of shifting cowbird breeding areas
off the study area, though parasitism rates were lower following the
reduction. Following the reduction, cowbirds eventually shifted
foraging activity off the study area to sites where more cattle were
present and tended to commute greater distances between breeding and
foraging sites. Assuming that commute distance between breeding and
foraging sites was energetically limiting, the cost of the increased
commute may have reduced the number of eggs produced by female cowbirds
over the breeding season, thus reducing parasitism. Effectiveness of
our stocking rate reduction, even when applied at a large scale (9,622
ha), was reduced by the presence of alternative foraging sites within
distances that cowbirds were willing to commute. Removal of cowbirds by
trapping likely will remain the most effective means of maintaining a
sustainable black-capped vireo population on Fort Hood.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
412. Effect
of cattle grazing on the density and species of grasshoppers
(Orthoptera: Acrididae) of the Central Plains Experimental
Range, Colorado: A reassessment after two decades.
Welch, J. L.; Redak, R.; and Kondratieff, B. C.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 64(3):
337-343. (1991)
NAL Call #: 420 K13; ISSN: 0022-8567
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Acrididae (Saltatoria): farming and agriculture/ cattle grazing/
community structure/ grasslands/ Colorado/ Nunn/ grassland community
structure/ long term changes/ Saltatoria/ Orthoptera/ Insecta/
arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
413. Effect
of controlled fire frequency on grassland bird abundance during the
breeding season at Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area, Kansas.
Hands, Helen M.
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 110(3): 201-212. (Sept. 2007)
NAL Call #: 500 K13T
Descriptors: grasslands/
birds/ wildlife habitat/ fire management/ breeding/ red-winged
blackbird/ meadowlark/ dickcissel/ grasshopper sparrow/ Common
Yellowthroat/ Kansas
Abstract: Cheyenne Bottoms Wildlife Area (CBWA) is an internationally
recognized wetland surrounded by mixed-grass prairie. Because habitat
management historically has been focused on the marsh, this study was
initiated to determine the effects of spring burning on abundance and
species richness of grassland-nesting birds. The effects of years since
last burn and location on abundance and species richness were
inconsistent among years. Unless additional bird surveys show
consistent patterns in bird response to burning, frequency of burns
will be determined based on vegetation characteristics rather than
abundance of nesting birds.
© ProQuest
414. Effect
of energy development and human activity on the use of sand sagebrush
habitat by lesser prairie chickens in southwestern Kansas.
Robel, Robert J.; Harrington, John A.; Hagen, Christian A.; Pitman, James C.; and Reker, Ryan R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69: 251-266. (2004)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus: disturbance by man/ energy demand and human activity/
habitat management/ habitat utilization/ sand sagebrush habitat/ effect
of energy development and human activity/ grassland/ sand sagebrush/
Kansas/ Finney/ Kearny and Hamilton counties/ Aves, Galliformes,
Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
415. The
effect of fire on spatial distributions of male mating aggregations in
Gryllotalpa major Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) at the Nature
Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in Oklahoma: Evidence of
a fire-dependent species.
Howard, Daniel R. and Hill, Peggy S.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 80(1):
51-64. (2007)
NAL Call #: 420 K13; ISSN: 0022-8567
Descriptors: reproduction/
reproductive behavior/ behavior/ social behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial
habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Gryllotalpa
major: mating/ spatial distributions of male mating aggregations/
aggregating behavior/ distribution within habitat/ grassland/ tallgrass
prairie/ effect of fire on spatial distributions of male mating
aggregations/ fire/ Oklahoma/ Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie
Preserve/ Insecta, Orthoptera, Saltatoria/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract: The
prairie mole cricket (Gryllotalpa major Saussure) is a native of
the tallgrass prairie ecosystem of the south central United
States, Its populations have dwindled with the reduced availability of
suitable grassland habitat. Populations are known to occupy relict
prairie sites in Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas
and Missouri. The Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Preserve
in
north central Oklahoma is the largest continuous tract of
tallgrass prairie remaining (about 16,100 ha). The long-term management
plan for this property includes the utilization of prescribed burns,
bison grazing, cattle grazing and limited mowing to restore a
functional tallgrass prairie landscape. Prairie mole cricket
populations were surveyed at the site during the years 1993, 1994,
1998, and by our research team in 2005, using the male cricket's
acoustic call as a discrete presence indicator. Records from these
surveys were integrated with prescribed burn maps to identify spatial
distribution patterns of the calling aggregations at the preserve.
These data were then analyzed to determine the randomness of spatial
distributions with regard to pasture burn regimes. Results revealed a
non-random distribution of prairie mole cricket calling sites, with
advertising males found in higher numbers on sites that had been more
recently burned. Analysis of soil temperature data taken from both
burned and unburned prairie patches at White Oak Prairie
in Oklahoma revealed no difference between the two treatments. The
results of this study indicate that prairie mole cricket lek sites are
somewhat transient within a broader prairie mosaic in which fire is a
regular disturbance factor and tend to emerge on more recently burned
patches. This information is being utilized in constructing habitat
models and resource management plans for this preserve as well as other
sites harboring Gryllotalpa major populations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
416. The effect of fire spatial scale on bison grazing intensity.
Wallace, L. L.; Crosthwaite, K. A.; and Crosthwaite K.W.
Landscape Ecology 20(3): 337-349. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Bovidae/ Bison bison/ foods-feeding/ food consumption/ fires-burns/
grazing intensity/ Oklahoma/ Osage County, Tallgrass Prairie Preserve/
environmental factors/ land zones/ nutrition/ bison/ habitat/ fire/
vegetation/ food/ habitat management/ productivity/ nitrogen/ protein/
dispersion/ habitat change
Abstract:
To determine whether fire spatial and temporal scales affect foraging
behavior and grazing intensity by Bison (Bison bison), we burned three
different patch sizes (225, 900, and 3600 m2)
across an otherwise homogeneous grassland landscape. We then monitored
grazing intensity for the succeeding 14 months. During the first 5
months after the burn (August-January), the Bison grazing intensity
pattern was affected by whether a plot was burned and only marginally
affected by plot size. During the next 5 months (January-June), grazing
intensity was unaffected by plot size, but was greatest in the unburned
225 and 3600- m2
plots. The final 4 months (June-October), grazing intensity was
unaffected by treatments other than being higher in the unburned 3600- m2
Plots. By the final sampling date, biomass was significantly greater in
the burned plots and grazing intensity appeared to be responding to the
amount of biomass present and the total amount of N present. The
pattern displayed within the first 5 months after the burn is congruent
with the expectations of optimal foraging theory with overmatching in
the smallest plot size of 225 m2
(BioScience 37 (1987) 789-799). The next two sampling periods displayed
a matching aggregate response relative to biomass availability
(Oecologia 100 (1999) 107-117) and total nitrogen mass (g m-2).
The temporal shift that we found in Bison response to burn patch size
is, to our knowledge, the first such examination of both spatial and
temporal responses by Bison to landscape heterogeneity. We now have
quantitative evidence of how native herbivores can alter their foraging
responses to changes in landscape structure over time.
© NISC
417. Effect
of grazing by sheep on the quantity and quality of forage available to
big game in Oregon's Coast Range.
Rhodes, B. D. and Sharrow, S. H.
Journal of Range Management 43(3): 235-237. (1990)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume43/Number3/ azu_jrm_v43_n3_235_237_m.pdf
Descriptors: sheep/
digestibility/ Odocoileus/ Cervus elaphus/ forest plantations/
Pseudotsuga menziesii/ grazing/ Odocoileus hemionus/ Oregon
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
418. The effect of grazing on the land birds of a western Montana riparian habitat .
Mosconi, S. L. and Hutto, R. L.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 221-233; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: birds/ Aves/ rangelands/ grazing/
riparian areas/ Montana
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
419. The effect of livestock grazing upon abundance of the lizard, Sceloporus scalaris, in southeastern Arizona.
Bock, Carl E.; Smith, Hobart M.; and Bock, Jane H.
Journal of Herpetology 24(4): 445-446. (1990)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 0022-1511
Descriptors: Sceloporus
scalaris/ amphibians and reptiles/ behavior/ grazing/ habitat
alterations/ habitat use/ predator-prey relationships/ predators
© NISC
420. Effect of sheep grazing and fire on sage grouse populations in southeastern Idaho.
Pedersen, E. K.; Connelly, J. W.; Hendrickson, J. R.; and Grant, W. E.
Ecological Modelling 165(1): 23-47. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors: difference
equation: mathematical and computer techniques/ discrete time
stochastic compartment model: mathematical and computer techniques/
simulation model: mathematical and computer techniques/ biomass/
breeding habitats/ canopy growth/ community ecology/ fire frequency/
grazing effects/ habitat mosaics/ historical environmental conditions/
long term trends/ population dynamics/ sagebrush vegetation/ seasonal
dynamics
Abstract:
This paper describes the development, evaluation, and use of a model
that simulates the effect of grazing and fire on temporal and spatial
aspects of sagebrush community vegetation and sage grouse population
dynamics. The model is represented mathematically as a discrete-time,
stochastic compartment model based on difference equations with a time
interval of 1 week. In the model, sheep graze through sage grouse
breeding habitat during spring and fall, and different portions of the
area can burn at different frequencies, creating a habitat mosaic of
burned and unburned areas. The model was evaluated by examining
predictions of (1) growth of sagebrush canopy cover after fire, (2)
seasonal dynamics of grass and forb biomass under historical
environmental conditions, and (3) sage grouse population dynamics
associated with selected sagebrush canopy covers. Simulated changes in
sagebrush canopy cover following fire correspond well with qualitative
reports of long-term trends, simulated seasonal dynamics of herbaceous
biomass correspond well with field data, and simulated responses of
sage grouse population size and age structure to changing sagebrush
canopy cover correspond well to qualitative field observations.
Simulation results suggest that large fires occurring at high
frequencies may lead to the extinction of sage grouse populations,
whereas fires occurring at low frequencies may benefit sage grouse if
burned areas are small and sheep grazing is absent. Sheep grazing may
contribute to sage grouse population decline, but is unlikely to cause
extinction under fire regimes that are favorable to sage grouse.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
421. The
effect of two years of livestock grazing exclosure upon abundance in a
lizard community in Baja California Sur, Mexico.
Romero-Schmidt, Heidi; Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo; Arguelles-Mendez, Cerafina; Coria-Benet, Rocio; and Solis-Marin, Francisco
Chicago Herpetological Society Bulletin 29(1): 245-248. (1994); ISSN: 0009-3564
Descriptors: grazing/ livestock/ lizards/ abundance/
North America/ Mexico: Baja California Sur
© NISC
422. Effect of vertebrate grazing on plant and insect community structure.
Rambo, J. L. and Faeth, S. H.
Conservation Biology 13(5): 1047-1054. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: grazing/ insect abundance/ cattle/ American elk/ grazing exclosures
Abstract:
We compared species diversity of plants and insects among grazed and
ungrazed areas of Ponderosa pine-grassland communities in Arizona.
Plant species richness was higher in two of three grassland communities
that were grazed by native elk and deer and domestic cattle than in
ungrazed areas inside a series of three large (approximately 40-ha)
grazing exclosures. Similarly, plant species richness was higher in
grazed areas relative to ungrazed areas at one of two series of smaller
(approximately 25- m2)
and short-term exclosure sites. Evenness of plant distribution,
however, was greater inside ungrazed long-term exclosures but was
reduced inside ungrazed short-term exclosures relative to grazed areas.
Relative abundances of forbs, grasses, trees, and shrubs, and native
and introduced plants did not differ between the long- and short-term
grazing exclosures and their grazed counterparts. Relative abundances
of some plant species changed when grazers were excluded, however. In
contrast, insect species richness was not different between grazed and
ungrazed habitats, although insect abundance increased 4- to 10-fold in
ungrazed vegetation. Our results suggest that vertebrate grazing may
increase plant richness, even in nutrient-poor, semi-arid grasslands,
but may decrease insect abundances.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
423. Effectiveness of fire, disking, and herbicide to renovate tall fescue fields to northern bobwhite habitat.
Madison, L. A.; Barnes, T. G.; and Sole, J. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 706-712. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ glyphosate/ nesting/ winter feeding/ fire management/
herbicide/ pasture/ United States/ Colinus virginianus/ Festuca
arundinacea
Abstract:
Fields dominated by tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) are common
throughout the southeastern United States and are poor habitat for
northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Our study examined
effectiveness of controlled burning, disking, and Round-UpTM
herbicide applications to improve bobwhite habitat in fescue-dominated
fields. We conducted the study on 4 Kentucky Department of Fish
and Wildlife Resources Wildlife Management Areas (WMA). On each WMA we
divided a field into 16 0.1-ha plots, and at each field we randomly
assigned 2 plots to the following treatments: control, fall burning,
fall disking, spring burning, spring disking, spring herbicide
application, summer burning, or summer disking. We measured the
vegetation structure, seed production, and floristic composition within
each treatment plot from fall 1990 to summer 1994. The spring herbicide
application most effectively reduced tall fescue coverage. Fescue
coverage was reduced for one year following disturbance by fall,
spring, and summer disking, but had become similar to control plots and
pre-treatment conditions by the second year post-treatment. Fall,
spring, and summer burning did not reduce tall fescue coverage.
Fall-disked plots improved habitat for bobwhite winter feeding during
winter 1993, whereas herbicide-treated plots provided the best winter
feeding habitat during winter 1994. Herbicide-treated plots provided
the best habitat quality for bobwhite nesting in summer 1993, but no
treatment satisfied nesting habitat requirements in summer 1994.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
424. Effects of a savory grazing method on big game: A final report.
Brown, R. L. Arizona Game and Fish Dept., 1990. 58 p. Arizona Game and Fish Department Wildlife Bulletin.
Notes: ISSN: 0518-5467.
Descriptors: cattle/
deer, mule/ elk/ feeding method/ fences/ food habits/ food supply/
game, big/ grazing/ history/ hunting/ movements/ population density/
pronghorn/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
wildlife-livestock relationships
Abstract:
Elk, mule deer, and pronghorn antelope use levels were monitored
within a radial design holistic resource management cell, and an
adjacent set of rest-rotation pastures that were grazed by cattle
during the summer months. A discussion of requirements for effective
wildlife goals is included.
© NISC
425. Effects
of an 11-year livestock exclosure on rodent and ant numbers in the Chihuahuan Desert, southeastern Arizona.
Heske, E. J. and Campbell, M.
Southwestern Naturalist 36(1): 89-93. (1991)
Descriptors: small mammals/ livestock/ pastures/ ecology/ trampling/ grazing/ interactions
Abstract:
Rodents were censused, ant colonies counted, and vegetative structure
measured along 11 pairs of transects at a Chihuahua Desert
study site in southeastern Arizona. One member of each pair of
transects was inside and one was outside of a 20-ha livestock exclosure
that had been in for 11 years. Vegetative structure did not
differ between transects exposed to or protected from cattle grazing,
but significantly more rodents were captured inside the exclosure.
However, only a subset of the rodent species present, primarily
Dipodomys, were negatively affected by the presence of cattle. Ant
colonies were equally abundant on transects inside and outside of the
exclosures, indicating that ants are more resistant than rodents to
trampling and potential competition for food with cattle.
© CABI
426. Effects of bison grazing, fire, and topography on floristic diversity in tallgrass prairie.
Hartnett, D. C.; Hickman, K. R.; and Walter, L. E.
Journal of Range Management 49(5): 413-420. (1996)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume49/Number5/ azu_jrm_v49_n5_413_420_m.pdf
Descriptors: prairies/ plant communities/ biodiversity/ botanical composition/ bison/ grazing/ topography/ frequency/ fires/ Kansas
Abstract: Grazed
and ungrazed sites subjected to different fire frequencies were
sampled on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in
northeast Kansas after 4 years of bison grazing (1987-1991). The
objective
was to study effects of bison grazing on plant species composition and
diversity components (plant species richness, equitability, and spatial
heterogeneity) in sites of contrasting fire frequency. Cover and
frequency of cool-season graminoids (e.g. Poa pratensis L., Agropyron
smithii Rydb., Carex spp.) and some fortes (e.g. Aster ericoides [A.
Gray] Howell, and Oxalis stricta L.) were consistently higher in sites
grazed by bison than in ungrazed exclosures, whereas the dominant
warm-season grasses (Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Sorghastrum nutans
[L.] Nash, Panicum virgatum L., Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash)
and other forbs (e.g. Solidago missouriensis Nutt.) decreased in
response to bison. Plant species diversity (H') and spatial
heterogeneity in all areas sampled were significantly increased by
bison. Increased heterogeneity and mean species richness in grazed
prairie (40 species per sample site) compared to ungrazed prairie (29
species per site) were likely a result of greater microsite diversity
generated by bison, whereas preferential grazing of the dominant
grasses and concomitant increases in subordinate species resulted in an
increase in equitability of species abundances. Species/area
relationships indicated greater effects of bison on plant species
richness with increasing sample area. Increases in plant diversity
components associated with bison grazing were generally greater in
annually burned than in 4-year burned sites. Effects of ungulate
grazers on floristic diversity have important implications given recent
evidence that plant species diversity and the compositional and
production stability of grassland plant communities are positively
related.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
427. The
effects of burning and grazing on habitat use by whooping cranes and
sandhill cranes on the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge.
Hunt, Howard Emery. Texas A&M University, 1987.
Descriptors: Grus canadensis/ Grus americana/ habitat disturbance [fire]/ livestock/ Texas
© NISC
428. Effects of burning on snakes in Kansas, USA, tallgrass prairie.
Setser, Kirk and Cavitt, John F.
Natural Areas Journal 23(4): 315-319. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors: Coluber
constrictor/ Thamnophis sirtalis/ Serpentes/ Colubridae/ Lepidosauria/
Squamata/ terrestrial ecology/ burning/ snake refugia/ fires-burns/
grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat use/ Kansas/ Konza Prairie Biological
Station/ status/ prescribed fire/ tallgrass prairie/ environmental
factors/ land zones/ population ecology
Abstract:
We trapped snakes in two annually burned and two long-term unburned
watersheds at the Konza Prairie Biological Station in the Flint Hills
of Kansas, USA, to examine the impact of burning on tallgrass
prairie snakes. Two species, Coluber constrictor L. and Thamnophis
sirtalis, L. were captured in numbers sufficient for statistical
analyses. Both species were more frequently captured on long-term
unburned prairie than on recently burned prairie in late spring. This
difference did not persist, however, during the fall. The distribution
of T. sirtalis capture dates was biased toward later captures in burned
prairie in comparison to unburned. We did not detect a similar pattern
in C. constrictor. Our data suggest some tallgrass prairie snakes avoid
freshly burned tallgrass prairie but can recolonize burned areas within
a single growing season. We recommend that unburned areas be maintained
adjacent to prescribed burns in managed tallgrass prairies to serve as
snake refugia.
© NISC
429. Effects of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife conservation at National Wildlife Refuges in the USA.
Strassman, B. I.
Environmental Management 11(1): 35-44. (1987)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: grass/
birds/ Fish and Wildlife Service/ regulatory agencies/ government
agency/ environmental protection/ economics/ cost/ prescribed burning/
environmental law/ cattle industry/ feed industry
Abstract:
The National Wildlife Refuge System is perhaps the most important
system of federal lands for protecting wildlife in the USA. Only
at refuges has wildlife conservation been legislated to have higher
priority than either recreational or commercial activities. Presently,
private ranchers and farmers graze cattle on 981,954 ha and harvest hay
on 12,021 ha at 123 National Wildlife Refuges. USA Fish and Wildlife
Service policy is to permit these uses primarily when needed to benefit
refuge wildlife. To evaluate the success of this policy, I surveyed
grassland management practices at the 123 refuges. The survey results
indicate that in fiscal year 1980 there were 374,849 animal unit months
(AUMs) of cattle grazing, or 41% more than was reported by the Fish and
Wildlife Service. According to managers' opinions, 86 species of
wildlife are positively affected and 82 are negatively affected by
refuge cattle grazing or haying. However, quantitative field studies of
the effect of cattle grazing and haying on wildlife coupled with the
survey data on how refuge programs are implemented suggest that these
activities are impeding the goal of wildlife conservation. Particular
management problems uncovered by the survey include overgrazing of
riparian habitats, wildlife mortality due to collisions with cattle
fences, and mowing of migratory bird habitat during the breeding
season. Managers reported that they spend $919,740 administering cattle
grazing and haying; thus refuge grazing and haying programs are also
expensive. At any single refuge these uses occupy up to 50% of refuge
funds and 55% of staff time. In light of these results, prescribed
burning may be a better wildlife management option than is either
cattle grazing or haying.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
430. Effects of cattle grazing on ecology and habitat of Columbia Basin pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis).
Thines, Nicole J.; Shipley, Lisa A.; and Sayler, Rodney D.
Biological Conservation 119(4): 525-534. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: Columbia
Basin/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ disturbances/ ecosystems/
endangered-threatened species/ farming and agriculture/ grasslands/
habitat use/ land zones/ shrub grasslands/ shrub-steppe habitat/
Washington/ wildlife management/ wildlife-human relationships/ Columbia
Basin pygmy rabbit/Brachylagus idahoensis
Abstract: Dramatic
declines in the endangered Columbia Basin pygmy
rabbit, a genetically unique population of small, burrowing rabbits
in Northwestern United States, are likely the combined results of
habitat degradation and fragmentation, disease, and predation. A
critical component of pygmy rabbit habitat includes big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata), which constitutes 82-99% of their winter diet
and 10-50% of their summer diet. Sagebrush also forms the bulk of
hiding cover around burrow sites. Across the range of pygmy rabbits,
sagebrush habitat is grazed extensively by cattle. However, grazing has
unknown effects on pygmy rabbits inhabiting the remaining, fragmented
shrub-steppe habitat. We evaluated the effects of four grazing
treatments on the distribution of pygmy rabbit burrows, diets of pygmy
rabbits, and quality and quantity of vegetation at Sagebrush Flat in
central Washington. Ungrazed areas contained significantly more
burrows per unit area than did grazed areas. Vegetation composition and
structure differed little among treatments in early summer before
annual grazing by cattle. However, cattle grazing in late summer
through winter removed about 50% of the grass cover, and reduced the
nutritional quality (e.g., increased fiber and decreased protein) of
the remaining grass. Although pygmy rabbits ate < 2% grasses in
winter, grasses and forbs comprised 53% of late summer diets. Because
these endangered rabbits avoided grazed areas, removing cattle grazing
from key habitat locations may benefit efforts to restore this rabbit
in Washington.
© NISC
431. Effects of cattle grazing on mule deer diet and area selection.
Austin, Dennis D. and Urness, Philip J.
Journal of Range Management 39(1): 18-21. (1986)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume39/Number1/azu_jrm_v39_n1_18_21_m.pdf
Descriptors: Odocoileus
hemionus/ grazing/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/ wildlife-livestock
relationships/ deer, mule/ enclosures and exclosures/ food habits/
grasses/ habitat/ production/ proteins/ utilization/ vegetation/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ Utah/
Sheeprock Mountains
Abstract:
Split enclosures, half grazed and half ungrazed by cattle in summer,
were compared for mule deer habitat use in late summer using tame deer.
Diet composition, dietary nutrition, and area selected for grazing were
used as criteria.
© NISC
432. Effects of cattle grazing on North American arid ecosystems: A quantitative review.
Jones, Allison
Western North American Naturalist 60(2): 155-164. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: meta
analysis: analytical method/ arid ecosystems/ cattle grazing/ ecosystem
integrity/ environmental impact/ litter biomass/ rangeland
conservation/ soil bulk density/ species diversity/ species richness/
vegetative cover/ xeric environment
Abstract:
A quantitative review was conducted of the effects of cattle grazing in
and systems on 16 response variables ranging from soil bulk density to
total vegetative cover to rodent species diversity. Various studies
from North American arid environments that used similar measures for
assessing grazing effects on the same response variables were used for
the review; each study was assigned to serve as a single data point in
paired comparisons of grazed versus ungrazed sites. All analyses tested
the 1-tailed null hypothesis that grazing has no effect on the measured
variable. Eleven of 16 analyses (69%) revealed significant detrimental
effects of cattle grazing, suggesting that cattle can have a negative
impact on North American xeric ecosystems. Soil-related variables were
most negatively impacted by grazing (3 of 4 categories tested were
significantly impacted), followed by litter cover and biomass (2 of 2
categories tested), and rodent diversity and richness (2 of 2
categories tested). Vegetative variables showed more variability in
terms of quantifiable grazing effects, with 4 of 8 categories testing
significantly. Overall, these findings could shed light on which suites
of variables may be effectively used by land managers to measure
ecosystem integrity and rangeland health in grazed systems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
433. The effects of cattle grazing on optimal foraging in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
Kie, John G.
Forest Ecology and Management 88(1-2): 131-138. (1996)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: animal husbandry/ climate/ competition/ ecology/ foraging/ grazing/ stocking level
Abstract: A
previous study of different cattle stocking rates on activity
patterns of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on summer range
in California found that deer spent more time feeding and less
time
resting with increased cattle stocking rates (Kie et al., 1991). During
a year of normal precipitation, deer spent more time feeding per day in
late summer than in early summer in pastures grazed by cattle. In a
drier year, deer spent less time feeding per day in late summer in
grazed pastures. Deer increased their time spent feeding by including
more feeding bouts each day, not by increasing the length of each
foraging bout. Deer were also reluctant to forage at night,
particularly when there was a full moon. Based on these results, we
hypothesized that female mule deer act as time-minimizers when forage
conditions are good, but shift to a energy-maximizing strategy when
forage conditions are poor (Kie et al., 1991). Preliminary results from
subsequent research on black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) on
Mediterranean-climate, foothill winter range found that deer acted as
energy-maximizers and spent less time feeding with increasing cattle
stocking rates during the fall and early winter when herbaceous forage
was in limited supply. After mid-January when herbaceous plants began
growing rapidly there appeared to be no competition for forage between
deer and cattle, and increased cattle stocking rates had no effect on
the time spent foraging by deer. These results were consistent with the
original hypothesis.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
434. Effects of cattle grazing on passerine birds nesting in riparian habitat.
Taylor, D. M.
Journal of Range Management 39(3): 254-258. (1986)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume39/Number3/azu_jrm_v39_n3_254_258_m.pdf
Descriptors: grazing/ cattle/ birds/ habitats/ population density/ Salix/ riparian buffers/ Oregon
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
435. Effects of cattle grazing on salt desert rodent communities.
Jones, Allison L. and Longland, William S.
American Midland Naturalist 141(1): 1-11. (1999)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: live trapping: monitoring method/ grazing/ home range size/ microhabitat use/ relative abundance/ salt desert shrub community
Abstract:
Cattle grazing has been shown to alter various features of desert
communities that may impact microhabitats required by various species
of desert rodents, with unknown implications for desert rodent
communities. We conducted a series of studies at heavily and lightly
grazed sites to investigate effects of cattle grazing on desert rodent
relative abundances, home range sizes and microhabitat use in salt
desert shrub communities of the western Great Basin Desert. Monitoring of rodent populations with repeated live
trapping showed that different levels of grazing were associated with
differences in relative abundances of some species of rodents.
Specifically, Dipodomys merriami was significantly more abundant in
heavily grazed areas, and Perognathus longimembris was significantly
more abundant in lightly grazed areas. Our studies showed that cattle,
by preferentially feeding on certain plants, can create conditions that
are more suitable for some species of rodents, while reducing important
microhabitat for other species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
436. Effects of cattle grazing systems on shrub-grassland birds in south Texas.
Swanson, Douglas Wayne. Texas A&M University, 1988.
Notes: Degree: M.S.
https://libcat.tamu.edu/cgi- bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&BBID=780791
Descriptors: behavior/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat alterations/ grazing/ habitat use/ shrub grasslands/ Texas, southern
© NISC
437. Effects of cattle grazing upon chemical constituents within important forages for elk.
Dragt, W. J. and Havstad, K. M.
Northwest Science 61(2): 70-73. (1987)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: Agropyron
spicatum/ Festuca scabrella/ Festuca Idahoensis/ Cervus elaphus
Nelsoni/ deferred rotation/ cattle management/ forage management/
seasonality/ indirect competition/ amensalism/ elkhorn/ mountains/ Montana
Abstract:
On many western rangelands, cattle and elk use the same forages but
during different seasons. This can these species into indirect
competition or amensalism. The objective of this study was to examine
the effects of summer grazing by cattle upon the winter forage quality
for elk. Individual plants of bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron
spicatum), rough fescue (Festuca scabrella), and Idaho fescue (Festuca
idahoensis) were monitored for phenological stage when summer grazed by
cattle on a Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) wintering range
in the Elkhorn Mountains, Montana. Assessment of winter chemical
composition of these three key forage species indicated no deleterious
effects of summer grazing by cattle stocked at 3.7 ha/AUM upon the
winter forage quality. In general, rough fescue and Idaho fescue
had lower average fiber fractions and higher crude protein than
bluebunch wheatgrass. Under deferred rotation cattle management, the
primary winter elk forage management concern appears to be forage
quantity rather than quality.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
438. Effects of cattle on duck food plants in southern Texas.
Whyte, R. J. and Silvy, N. J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 45(2): 512-515. (1981)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Texas/ ducks/ cattle/ grazing
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
439. Effects of continuous grazing on habitat and density of ground-foraging birds in south Texas.
Baker, D. L. and Guthery, F. S.
Journal of Range Management 43(1): 2-5. (1990)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume43/Number1/azu_jrm_v43_n1_2_5_m.pdf
Descriptors: cattle/
habitats/ birds/ Colinus virginianus/ population density/ grazing/
sandy loam soils/ clay soils/ grazing intensity/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
440. Effects
of different burn regimes on tallgrass prairie herpetofaunal species
diversity and community composition in the Flint Hills, Kansas.
Wilgers, D. J. and Horne, E. A.
Journal of Herpetology 40(1): 73-84. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 00221511
Descriptors: prescribed burns/ tallgrass prairie/ wildife habitat/ herpetofauna/ reptiles/ amphibians/ Kansas
Abstract:
The Flint Hills region of Kansas is the largest contiguous area of
tallgrass prairie remaining today. Historically, the tallgrass prairie
burned every 2-3 yr on average, but current land managers have altered
burn regimes, resulting in a range of habitats from annually burned to
long-term unburned. We used drift fence/funnel trap arrays and
coverboards to estimate species richness, evenness, and diversity of
herpetofauna within three different burn regimes: annual, 4-yr, and
long-term unburned at Konza Prairie Biological Station, Riley County,
Kansas. During the spring and fall of 2003-2004, 315 individuals from
20 species were captured across all burn regimes. Herpetofaunal species
richness, evenness, and diversity estimates were not different between
the three burn treatments. However, because of species-specific
responses to individual burn regimes, community composition was
significantly different between the habitats (X2
= 158.19, df = 20, P < 0.001). Four species exhibited preferences
among burn regimes, which differed significantly from independent
assortment, with Eumeces obsoletus and Phrynosoma cornutum preferring
annual burn treatments, Scincella lateralis preferring 4-yr burn
treatments, and Diadophis punctatus preferring long-term unburned
treatments. Species-specific responses were likely because of changes
in vegetation structure and microhabitat (temperature and moisture
content) created through different frequencies of fire disturbances.
Maximizing large-scale herpetofaunal diversity across the
Flint
Hills' rangelands could be accomplished by creating a large number of
small scale habitat types through a mosaic style burning plan. ©
2006 Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
441. Effects
of differential livestock use on key plant species and rodent
populations within selected Oryzopsis hymenoides/Hilaria jamesii
communities of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.
Bich, Brian S.; Butler, Jack L.; and Schmidt, Cheryl A.
Southwestern Naturalist 40(3): 281-287. (1995)
Descriptors: grazing/ national parks and reserves/
rodents/ grazing lands
Abstract:
Four sites that varied with respect to grazing history were studied
during 1990 and 1991 on an isolated 8,000 ha peninsula in Glen Canyon
National Recreation Area. Density and basal area of Oryzopsis
hymenoides decreased with increasing grazing intensity while density
and foliar cover of Gutierrezia sarothrae increased on grazed sites.
Perognathus longimembris was the most abundant rodent species trapped
on all sampled sites and demonstrated a 50% decrease in abundance at
the heavily grazed site compared to the nongrazed site. Peromyscus
maniculatus was the second most abundant rodent species recorded and
increased with increasing grazing intensity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
442. Effects of distance from cattle water developments on grassland birds.
Fontaine, A. L.; Kennedy, P. L.; and Johnson, D. H.
Journal of Range Management 57(3): 238-242. (May 2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: songbirds/
population density/ population dynamics/ cattle production/ range
management/ water distribution/ prairies/ grazing intensity/
Eremophila/ Passeriformes/ plant strata/ height/ canopy/ plant litter/
botanical composition/ North Dakota
Abstract:
Many North American grassland bird populations appear to be declining,
which may be due to changes in grazing regimes on their breeding areas.
Establishment of water developments and confining cattle (Bos taurus
L.) to small pastures often minimizes spatial heterogeneity of cattle
forage consumption, which may lead to uniformity in vegetative
structure. This increased uniformity may provide suitable habitat for
some bird species but not others. We assessed how cattle use,
vegetative structure, and bird population densities varied with
increasing distance from water developments (0-800 m) on the Little
Missouri National Grassland (LMNG) in North Dakota. Lark buntings
(Calamospiza melancorys Stejneger), which are typically associated with
low vegetative cover, decreased with increasing distance from water
developments. Horned larks (Eremophila alpestris L.), also a low-cover
associate, followed a similar but weaker trend. Densities of another
low-cover associate as well as moderate- and high-cover associates were
not related to distance from water. Vegetative height-density and
litter depth increased by 50 and 112%, respectively, while cowpie cover
and structural variability decreased by 51 and 24%, respectively, with
distance from water. Confidence interval overlap was common among all
measures, showing substantial variability among study sites. Our
results indicate cattle use is higher closer to water developments, and
this pattern may positively affect the densities of lark buntings and
horned larks. The absence of density gradients in the other bird
species may be due to the paucity of locations > 800 m from water on
the LMNG.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
443. The effects of domestic livestock grazing on breeding nongame birds in northeastern New Mexico.
Goguen, C. B. Texas Tech University, 1994.
Descriptors: animals,
non-game/ birds/ birds, passerines/ blackbirds and cowbirds/
gnatcatchers/ grazing/ habitat/ interspecies relationships/ livestock/
mortality/ nests and nesting/ predation/ statistics/ surveys/
vegetation/
New Mexico/ Colfax County
Abstract:
Objectives were to compare the following features of ungrazed and
grazed pinyon-juniper woodlands: habitat and vegetation
characteristics; songbird diversity and abundance; and songbird nesting
success and cause-specific nest mortality levels. Study was conducted
on the NRA Whittington Center and the adjacent Van
Sweden Ranch in Colfax County. Thesis is divided into
the following section titles: (1) The Influence of Domestic Livestock
Grazing on Breeding Nongame Birds in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands in
Northwestern New Mexico; (2) Brown-headed Cowbird Parasitism of Grazed
and Ungrazed Pinyon- Juniper Woodlands in Northeastern New Mexico;
and (3) Nest Desertion and Moving by the Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher in
Association with Brown-headed Cowbird Parasitism
© NISC
444. The
effects of elk and cattle foraging on the vegetation, birds, and small
mammals of the Bridge Creek Wildlife Area, Oregon.
Moser, B. W. and Witmer, G. W.
International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 45(3-4): 151-157. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH301.I54; ISSN: 0964-8305
Descriptors: elk/ cattle/ forage/ grazing/ biodiversity/ wildife habitat/ exclosures/ Oregon
Abstract:
High densities of elk (Cervus elaphus), especially when combined with
cattle (Bos taurus), may adversely affect local reforestation efforts
and reduce forage availability. Few studies, however, have assessed the
potential impacts of high densities of elk, combined with cattle, on
biodiversity. We compared vegetation, bird, and small mammal diversity
of three elk and cattle exclosures (ungrazed sites) to three grazed
sites in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Shrub species
richness was greater on ungrazed than grazed sites (P = 0.04). We found
no differences in herbaceous vegetative cover, biomass, species
richness, or diversity, bird abundance, species richness, or diversity
between grazed and ungrazed sites. Small mammal abundance (P≤0.01),
species richness (P≤0.01), and diversity (P≤0.03) were greater on
ungrazed than grazed sites. In this study, foraging by elk and cattle
appears to be reducing shrub and small mammal biodiversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
445. The effects of fall grazing or burning bluebunch wheatgrass range on forage selection by deer and cattle in spring.
Willms, W.; Bailey, A. W.; McLean, A.; and Tucker, R.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science 60(1): 113-122. (1980)
Descriptors: Odocoileus hemionus hemionus/ Odocoileus hemionus/ fires-burns/ grazing/ habitat alterations/
mule deer/ food
© NISC
446. The effects of farm field borders on overwintering sparrow densities.
Marcus, J. F.; Palmer, W. E.; and Bromley, P. T.
Wilson Bulletin 112(4): 517-523. (2000)
Descriptors: farm/
overwintering/ passerines/ population density/ United States/
Junco hyemalis/ Melospiza georgiana/ Melospiza melodia/ Passerculus
sandwichensis/ Spizella passerina/ Spizella pusilla/ Zonotrichia
albicollis
Abstract:
Wintering birds that use farm fields may benefit from strips of
uncultivated, grassy, and weedy vegetation, called field borders. Field
borders were established on 4 farms in the North Carolina coastal
plain in Wilson and Hyde counties in the spring of 1996. In February of
1997 and 1998, bird numbers on field edges and field interiors, with
and without field borders, were surveyed using strip transect and line
transect methods. Most (93%) birds detected in field edges were
sparrows, including Song (Melospiza melodia), Swamp (Melospiza
georgiana), Field (Spizella pusilla), Chipping (Spizella passerina),
White-throated (Zonotrichia albicollis), and Savannah (Passerculus
sandwichensis) sparrows and Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis). We
detected more sparrows on farms with field borders than on farms with
mowed edges. This difference was most pronounced in field edges where
field borders contained 34.5 sparrows/ha and mowed edges contained 12.9
sparrows/ha. Sparrow abundance did not differ by treatment in field
interiors. Sparrow density in field borders was intermediate to
wintering sparrow densities reported in other studies. These results
suggest that establishing field border systems may be an effective way
to increase densities of overwintering sparrows on farms in the
southeastern U.S. coastal plain.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
447. Effects of fire and grazing on an arid grassland ecosystem.
Valone, Thomas J.; Nordell, Shawn E.; and
Ernest, S. K. Morgan
Southwestern Naturalist 47(4): 557-565. (2002)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ community structure/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land and
freshwater zones/ Rodentia: farming and agriculture/ livestock grazing/
species diversity/ population size/ grasslands/ fire/ New Mexico/
Hidalgo County/ Animas Valley/ abundance/ arid grasslands/ Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined short-term responses of grasses, shrubs, and rodents on
experimental plots to determine how manipulations of livestock grazing
and prescribed fire affect individual species and community structure
in a shrub-invaded arid grassland. Two grasses and Gutierrezia
sarothrae were found in lower abundance on burned plots in the growing
season after plots burned; all Prosopis glandulosa survived the fire.
Total rodent captures and the number of Dipodomys spectabilis did not
differ among treatments. No significant interaction between burning and
grazing was observed. Fire seems to have few short-term negative
effects on species in this system.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
448. Effects
of fire disturbance on grasshopper (orthoptera: acrididae) assemblages
of the Comanche National Grasslands, Colorado.
Nadeau, Lucanus; Cushing, Paula E.; and
Kondratieff, Boris C.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79(1):
2-12. (2006)
NAL Call #: 420 K13; ISSN: 0022-8567
Descriptors: ecology/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Orthoptera: community structure/ population
density/ grassland/ fire/ prescribed burning/ Effect on population
density and community structure/ Colorado/ Comanche
National Grasslands/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We documented effects of spring bums on grasshopper assemblages of the
shortgrass prairie at the Comanche National Grassland, Baca
County, Colorado, in 1999 and 2000. We measured grasshopper
density and diversity at each of four transects on both burned and
unburned sites at three locations. We did not find consistent responses
of these assemblages to fire in 1999 or 2000 due to site-specific
assemblage dynamics. Specifically, grasshopper density exhibited three
different trends between treatments at the three locations sampled:
responses were similar between burned and unburned plots at Location 1,
there were significantly more grasshoppers in the unburned pasture at
Location 2, and there were significantly more grasshoppers in the
burned pasture at Location 3. These site-specific trends were supported
by species richness measurements. Furthermore, there were no
significant differences in any of the subfamilies or guilds in the
number of grasshoppers collected in the burned versus the unburned
treatment pooled over location. The different trends between treatments
at each location for the grasshopper assemblage as a whole were most
likely the result of pre-existing differences among locations and
sites. That the same three trends were seen in 2000, despite time for
recovery, supports this explanation. The results suggest that spring
bums in the shortgrass prairie do not affect the grasshopper assemblage
beyond the natural variability occurring within the grasshopper
assemblage.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
449. Effects of fire management on the richness and abundance of central North American grassland land snail faunas.
Nekola, J. C.
Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 25(2): 53-66. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL1.M87; ISSN: 1578-665X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Gastropoda: habitat management/
fire management/ species richness/ abundance/ community structure/
population size/ grasslands/ United States, Midwest/ North America/
Mollusca/ invertebrates/ molluscs
Abstract:
The land snail faunas from 72 upland and lowland grassland sites from
central North America were analyzed. Sixteen of these had been
exposed to fire management within the last 15 years, while the
remainder had not. A total of 91,074 individuals in 72 different
species were observed. Richness was reduced by approximately 30% on
burned sites, while abundance was reduced by 50-90%. One-way ANOVA of
all sites (using management type as the independent variable), a full
2-way ANOVA (using management and grassland type) of all sites, and a
2-way ANOVA limited to 26 sites paired according to their habitat type
and geographic location, demonstrated in all cases a highly significant
(up to p < 0.0005) reduction in richness and abundance on fire
managed sites. Contingency table analysis of individual species
demonstrated that 44% experienced a significant reduction in abundance
on fire-managed sites. Only six species positively responded to fire.
Comparisons of fire response to the general ecological preferences of
these species demonstrated that fully 72% of turf-specialists were
negatively impacted by fire, while 67% of duff-specialists demonstrated
no significant response. These differences were highly significant (p =
0.0006). Thus, frequent use of fire management represents a significant
threat to the health and diversity of North American grassland land
snail communities. Protecting this fauna will require the preservation
of site organic litter layers, which will require the increase of fire
return intervals to 15+ years in conjunction with use of more
diversified methods to remove woody and invasive plants.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
450. Effects of fire on grasshopper assemblages in a northern mixed-grass prairie.
Branson, D. H.
Environmental Entomology 34(5): 1109-1113. (Oct. 2005)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532
Descriptors: population
studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental Sciences/
Orthoptera/ Insecta/ Arthropoda/ Invertebrata/ Animalia/ Melanoplus
sanguinipes (Orthoptera): species/ Melanoplus femurrubrum (Orthoptera):
species/ Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera): species/ Phoetaliotes
nebrascensis (Orthoptera): species/ Eretettix simplex (Orthoptera):
species/ Opeia obscura (Orthoptera): species/ Encoptolophus costalis
(Orthoptera): species/ Trachyrhachys kIowa (Orthoptera): species/
Melanoplus gladstoni (Orthoptera): species/ Melanoplus infantilis
(Orthoptera): species/ biomass/ mixed grass prairie/ grasshopper
assemblage/ grassland fire
Abstract:
Grassland fires have been shown to influence grasshopper community
composition and population dynamics, but studies of their effects on
rangeland grasshopper assemblages in the northern Great Plains are
lacking. This study was designed to examine the effect of a grassland
wildfire on grasshopper community composition and population densities
of three grasshopper subfamilies in western North Dakota northern
mixed-grass prairie with sampling in paired burned and unburned plots.
A rapidly moving fire occurred in late October 1999, after
egg-overwintering grasshoppers had died. Vegetation biomass and
nitrogen content of grasses did not differ statistically between burned
and unburned plots in 2000. The fire negatively affected grasshopper
population densities the year after the fire, but species diversity was
not affected by the fire. Much of the reduction in grasshopper
population densities was caused by a decline in densities of
Gomphocerinae species. Grasshopper subfamily densities did not differ
statistically between burned and unburned plots in 2001. Additional
research is needed to determine the mechanisms leading to the reduction
in Gomphocerinae species densities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
451. Effects of fire regime on birds in southeastern pine savannas and native prairies.
Engstrom, R. T.; Vickery, P. D.; Perkins, D. W.; and Shriver, W. G.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 147-193. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 01979922
Descriptors: birds/ fire/ longleaf pine/ prairie/ United States, southeastern region/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Aves/
Picoides borealis/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
Fire, both natural and anthropogenic, has played a critical role in
shaping vegetation structure and composition of many of the plant
communities of the southeastern United States. Pine savannas,
especially longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), that were dominant over
much of the upland coastal plain, have declined by approximately 97%
over the past 100 yr. The inferred natural fire regime of this
vegetation type was a fire frequency of 2-8 yr with typically
low-severity fires that occurred during the lightning season
(June-August). Currently, dormant-season (January through April) fires
are used most frequently. Approximately 110-120 species, excluding
migrants, comprise the avian community of southeastern pine savannas;
and some of these are among the most rapidly declining bird species in
the eastern United States. Disruption of the natural fire regime
by fire exclusion or lengthened fire interval was detrimental to bird
species associated with tree (e.g., Red-cockaded Woodpecker [Picoides
borealis] and ground cover components (e.g., Bachman's Sparrow
[Aimophila aestivalis] of the ecosystem. Lightning-season fire has
mixed effects on birds (e.g., loss of some nests, but improved brood
habitat); therefore, creation of patches of different burn treatments
should be carefully considered. The foremost management and
conservation challenge is to increase the number of acres of
southeastern pine savannas burned frequently through thoughtful
application of prescribed burning. Important research challenges
include measuring tradeoffs among bird species and other wildlife for
different fire regimes, evaluating metapopulation effects of different
landscape applications of fire, and considering the nutrient dynamics
of different fire regimes on bird populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
452. The effects of grassland management using fire on habitat occupancy and conservation of birds in a mosaic landscape.
Pons, P.; Lambert, B.; Rigolot, E.; and Prodon, R.
Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 1843-1860. (Sept. 2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562
Descriptors: range
management/ prescribed burning/ grazing/ environmental impact/ wild
birds/ wildlife habitats/ habitat preferences/ wildlife management/
France/ bird communities/ natural resources, environment, general
ecology, and wildlife conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ plant
production range and pasture grasses
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
453. The effects of grazing and browsing animals on wildlife habitats.
Urness, P. J. and Austin, D. D.
Utah Science 50(2): 104-107. (1989)
NAL Call #: 100 Ut1F
Descriptors: grassland management/ grasslands/ rangelands/ grazing/ nature conservation
Abstract: The
effects of stocking different species of animal on rangelands
in Utah, USA, is discussed, with particular reference to the
possible impact on wildlife through alteration of their habitat.
© CABI
454. Effects of grazing and burning on densities and habitats of breeding ducks in North Dakota.
Kruse, Arnold D. and Bowen, Bonnie S.
Journal of Wildlife Management 60(2): 233-246. (1996)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: land use/ Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge/ native grasslands/ nest density/ nest success/ seasonality/ wildlife management
Abstract: Native
grassland communities controlled by public agencies become
increasingly important to the maintenance of many wildlife species as
privately owned grasslands are destroyed or degraded for farming,
mining, and development. In turn, wildlife on publicly owned grasslands
are affected by the management techniques practiced by local managers.
We studied the effects of grazing and prescribed burning on
upland-nesting ducks and the structure and type of vegetation from 1980
to 1988 at the Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in
northwestern North Dakota. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), the most
abundant
species at Lostwood NWR, had lower (P < 0.05) annual nest densities
on experimental and control fields in the later years than in the early
years of the study. Spring burning reduced (P = 0.016) nest densities
of gadwall (A. strepera). Spring grazing reduced nest densities of
gadwall (P = 0.014), and blue-winged teat (A. discors, P = 0.023). Nest
density of gadwall increased (P = 0.018) after spring grazing was
terminated. On the summer burn/spring graze fields, blue-winged teal
had lower (P = 0.010) nest densities after treatments (1987-88) than
before treatments (1980-81). Nest success was high (mallard 34%,
gadwall 45%, blue-winged teal 31%) but was not influenced (P ≥ 0.16)
by the burning and grazing treatments. During the study, the amount of
grass/brush increased, whereas the amount of brush and brush/grass
decreased on control and treatment fields. During the years with
burning and grazing, short vegetation increased and tall vegetation
decreased. On the spring graze fields, 1 year after grazing ended the
vegetation was similar to that on the control fields. The spring burn
and summer burn/spring graze fields recovered more slowly. Brushy
species such as western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis)
provided attractive nesting habitat for many upland-nesting waterfowl
species, especially mallard, gadwall, American wigeon
(A. americana), and northern pintail (A. acuta). Habitat needs of
additional species of wildlife that depend on grasslands may need to be
considered when deciding how to manage habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
455. Effects
of grazing intensity and temporal application of grazing treatments of
nongame birds in North Dakota mized-grass prairie.
Salo, Eric D. South Dakota State University, 2003.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.)
http://wfs.sdstate.edu/wfsdept/Publications/Theses/Salo,%20Eric%20D.%20MS-2003.pdf
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ birds/ Aves/ grazing/ rangelands/ North Dakota/ Great Plains
Abstract: Grazing
occurred naturally in the northern Great Plains and
influenced many natural processes in grassland ecosystems, including
the habitat selection of breeding birds. Grazing, mainly for livestock
production, is still an important land use practice and is one that
impacts millions of hectares on both public and private land in
the United States. In North Dakota alone, various grazing
practices affect over 4 million hectares (10 million acres), making it
one of the most important land uses, second only to cereal and oil crop
production. To better understand how grazing affects nongame breeding
birds, a study was conducted at Central Grasslands Research Extension
Center (CGREC) to determine the effects of four levels of grazing
intensity on nongame bird populations and grassland habitat. In
addition, two earlier studies, conducted at CGREC were repeated, one in
native prairie and the other in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
grasslands, to determine the temporal effects of grazing systems on
nongame bird populations and habitat. Bird surveys were conducted along
permanent belt transects and during a 15 minute
“walk-about” three times per year on treatment plots during
the summers of 2001 and 2002. Vegetation structure was characterized
from measurements taken parallel to the bird survey transects, two
times per year for each treatment plot. Many species of nongame birds
responded differently to the effects of grazing intensity and to the
temporal effects of grazing systems in both native prairie and CRP
grasslands. Overall breeding bird densities and vegetation structure
were negatively affected by increasing levels of grazing intensity in
mixed-grass prairie. Clay-colored sparrows, grasshopper sparrows, and
savannah sparrows reached their highest densities in the light and
moderate grazing intensity treatments whereas their lowest populations
occurred in the high and extreme grazing intensity treatments. In
contrast, densities of chestnut-collared longspurs, horned larks, and
various species of shorebirds were highest in the high and extreme
grazing treatment plots. Nongame bird densities and species richness
during this study period were lower for all grazing treatments in
native prairie and CRP grazing system grasslands when compared to
earlier studies. Among grazing treatments, season-long pastures
exhibited similar or slightly higher densities of nongame birds when
compared to rotational grazing treatments in the native prairie and CRP
study areas. However, rotational grazing treatments supported more
species and are probably beneficial because they provide areas of
undisturbed habitat during the breeding season. Results from this study
suggest that management of grassland habitats can be manipulated to
provide nesting habitat for certain species of grassland birds
depending on particular management goals.
456. Effects of grazing management treatment on grassland plant communities and prairie grouse habitat.
Manske, L. L.; Barker, W. T.; and Biondini, M. E.
In:
Prairie chickens on the Sheyenne National Grasslands, General Technical
Report-RM 159/ Bjugstad, Ardell J., ed.; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1988. pp. 58-72.
Notes:
Paper presented at a "Symposium on Prairie Chickens on the Sheyenne
National Grasslands," September 18, 1987, Crookston, Minnesota. Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: birds/ wildlife/ grasslands/ range management/ grazing/ North Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
457. Effects of grazing on long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) breeding behavior and ecology in southwestern Idaho.
Bicak, T. K.; Redmond, R. L.; and Jenni, D. A.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 74-85; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Idaho/ long-billed curlew/ Numenius americanus/ grazing/ breeding behavior
458. Effects of grazing on nesting by upland sandpipers in southcentral North Dakota.
Bowen, Bonnie S. and Kruse, Arnold D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 57(2): 291-301. (1993)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: endangered species/ field method/
marshland management/ protection
Abstract:
Grazing by livestock is often used to reduce litter, improve plant
vigor, and alter plant species composition, but additional information
is needed on the effects of these management practices on
upland-nesting birds. Thus, we conducted an experimental study of the
effect of grazing on nest density and nest success of upland sandpipers
(Bartramia longicauda) in southcentral North Dakota from 1981 to
1987. Our experimental design consisted of 4 treatments and 1 control,
each applied to 1 field in each of 3 study areas. The treatments
represented options available to grassland managers: spring grazing,
autumn grazing, autumn-and-spring grazing, season-long grazing, and
control (ungrazed during the study). Nests (n = 342) were found by
searching study areas with a cable-chain drag. Nest density was lower
(P = 0.006) for treatments where cattle were present (spring,
autumn-and-spring, and season-long) than where cattle were not present
(autumn and control) during the nesting season. We concluded that
grazing during the nesting season reduced the nest density of upland
sandpipers. Nest success varied among years (P
= 0.01) and was low in the first year of grazing and higher at the end
of the study period. We found little evidence that the grazing
treatment influenced nest success. We recommend that public lands with
breeding populations of upland sandpipers include a complex of fields
under various management practices, including fields undisturbed during
the nesting season.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
459. Effects of grazing on small mammal abundance in eastern South Dakota.
Bouska, Wesley W. and Jenks, Jonathan A.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 85: 113-118. (2006)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Blarina brevicauda/ Microtus
ochrogaster/ Microtus pennsylvanicus/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Sorex
cinereus: farming and agriculture/ cattle grazing/ habitat management/
population density/ cattle grazing/ management implications/ grassland/
South Dakota/ Brookings/ Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae/ chordates/
Insectivores/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Variation in small mammal abundance was compared between ungrazed and
grazed pasture in Brookings County, South Dakota from 28
September through 27 October 2005. Total relative abundance and
absolute abundance of small mammal populations did not differ (p=0.476)
between grazed and ungrazed pastures. However, there were significantly
more (p<0.05) masked shrews (Sorex cinerus) trapped on ungrazed than
grazed pasture. Conversely, there were significantly more (p<0.05)
deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and meadow voles (Microtus
pennsylvanicus) trapped on grazed than ungrazed pasture. Because little
information is available on effects of grazing on small mammal
communities in the Northern Great Plains, these results will aid
range and wildlife managers in developing local grazing programs that
maintain the abundance and diversity of small mammal populations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
460. Effects of grazing on the demography and growth of the Texas tortoise.
Kazmaier, Richard T.; Hellgren, Eric C.;
Ruthven, Donald C.; and Synatzske, David R.
Conservation Biology 15(4): 1091-1101. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: demography/ disturbance tolerance/ grazing effects/ growth/ species management
Abstract: Considerable
effort has been exerted in attempts to understand the
complex ecological effects of grazing. North American tortoises, by
virtue of their distribution, provide a good model taxon through which
to study how grazing effects vary with grazing regime, habitat, and
climate. We studied the Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri),
which is restricted primarily to privately owned rangelands of
southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Management of this
species is
hampered by a lack of information on the effects of common land-use
practices. We evaluated the effects of moderate grazing by cattle
(short-duration, winter-spring rotational grazing regime; 6-28
animal-unit days/ha/year) on this tortoise by comparing two grazed and
two ungrazed sites in the Western Rio Grande Plains, Texas
(U.S.A.), from April 1994 to October 1997. We made 132 captures of
106 individuals in the ungrazed pastures and 324 captures of 237
individuals in the grazed pastures. We also radiotracked 22 tortoises
in the ungrazed pastures and 25 tortoises in the grazed pastures.
Comparisons of relative abundance, body-size distribution, age
distribution, body mass, sex ratio, adult survival, proportion of
juveniles, and growth rates revealed no differences (p>0.05 for all
parameters) between tortoises on grazed and ungrazed areas. Based on
these results, we suggest that moderate grazing by cattle is not
incompatible with maintenance of Texas tortoise populations. Our
data were consistent with a general model of tortoise biogeography and
tolerance of disturbance which suggests that Texas tortoises are
tolerant to intermediate levels of disturbance. Generalities about the
effect of cattle grazing on the four North American tortoises should be
avoided unless they can be d in the context of grazing regime,
precipitation, habitat quality, and tortoise requirements.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
461. Effects of grazing on vegetation structure, prey availability, and reproductive success of Grasshopper Sparrows.
Sutter, B. and Ritchison, G.
Journal of Field Ornithology 76(4): 345-351. (2005)
Descriptors: Ammodramus
savannarum/ cattle/ grasshopper sparrow/ grazing/ nest success/
Ammodramus savannarum/ Animalia/ Aves/ Bos taurus/ Insecta/
Invertebrata/ Passeridae
Abstract:
Populations of Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) have been
declining, and agricultural practices, such as grazing by domestic
cattle (Bos taurus), are likely contributing factors. Grazing can alter
the composition and structure of vegetation and influence prey
availability, and such changes can impact the nesting success of
grassland birds. Our objective was to examine the nesting success of
Grasshopper Sparrows in grazed and ungrazed habitats on the Blue Grass
Army Depot in Madison County, Kentucky. Clutch sizes of female
Grasshopper Sparrows nesting in grazed and ungrazed areas differed
significantly, with mean clutch sizes of 4.48 in ungrazed areas and
3.91 in grazed areas. In addition, nest success was higher in ungrazed
areas (70%) than grazed areas (25%). Insect sweeps revealed that
invertebrate biomass in ungrazed areas was greater than in grazed
areas, and analysis of vegetation indicated that grazed areas had less
litter, more shrubs, and shorter, less dense vegetation than ungrazed
areas. Most unsuccessful nests were depredated, and the higher
predation rates on nests in grazed areas may have been due to
differences in vegetation structure. Shorter, less dense vegetation in
grazed areas may make it easer for predators to observe adults and
locate nests, while taller, denser vegetation in ungrazed areas may
provide greater concealment. While the results of previous studies
suggest that light to moderate grazing can produce habitat suitable for
Grasshopper Sparrows, more intense grazing, as on our study area (one
animal unit/ha), creates habitat less suitable for these sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
462. Effects of grazing practices and fossorial rodents on a winter avian community in Chihuahua, Mexico.
Desmond, M.
Biological Conservation 116(2): 235-242. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: deserts/
grasslands/ grazing/ land use/ natural grasslands/ population density/
species diversity/ wild birds/ winter/ Dipodomys spectabilis
Abstract: Chihuahuan Desert
grasslands are important wintering
grounds for grassland and shrub-adapted birds. Many species belonging
to these assemblages are currently exhibiting population declines. One
area recognized for its importance to biological diversity, including
grassland birds, is the Janos-Nuevo Casas Grandes black-tailed prairie
dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) complex in
northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, an area containing 58
colonies with 30,000 ha of prairie
dogs. This is one of the largest remaining prairie dog complexes and
the only intact complex in the Chihuahuan Desert. In its
current condition, a large percentage of this complex is of reduced
value to wildlife. Overgrazing on communal (ejido) lands has resulted
in areas being comprised of annual grasses and forbs. The density of
active prairie dog burrows and banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys
spectabilis) mounds as well as avian diversity and abundance were lower
on ejido lands than an adjacent private ranchland with and without
prairie dogs. Few avian species used overgrazed portions of the prairie
dog colony. Community similarity among plot types was low due to
different management practices and differences on and off colony. To
retain, and in many instances restore the biological diversity of this
important region it is essential to work with local ejidos on grazing
management.
© CABI
463. Effects of grazing systems on sharp-tailed grouse habitat.
Mattise, S. N.; Linder, R. L.; and Kobriger, G. D.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 124-132; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: sharp-tailed grouse/ grazing/ livestock
464. Effects of habitat management for ducks on target and nontarget species.
Koper, N. and Schmiegelow, F. K. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 823-834. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [823:EOHMFD]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Alberta/
cattle grazing/ dry mixed-grass prairie/ ducks/ edge effects/ field
size/ shorebirds/ songbirds/ surrogate species
Abstract:
Habitat management for ducks has significant implications for the
conservation of other species. We hypothesized that, because of their
flagship and umbrella characteristics, upland-nesting ducks might be
effective surrogate species for songbird and shorebird conservation in
the dry mixed-grass prairie. We tested this by comparing effects of
habitat management (cattle grazing deferments and field size), distance
to other habitat (water, cropland/forage, roads), and vegetation, on
the richness and density of ducks, songbirds, and shorebirds in
southern Alberta, Canada. There were no consistently similar
responses to these habitat characteristics among ducks, songbirds and
shorebirds. Despite their conceptual appeal, ducks are, therefore,
unlikely to be good surrogate species for avian conservation in the dry
mixed-grass prairie. Habitat managers and conservation planners should
empirically validate whether habitat management for ducks positively
affects other species, if this is a management objective. Our results
suggest that in dry mixed-grass prairie, deferring cattle grazing is
likely to increase densities of only lesser scaup but that grazing, in
general, can be used by managers to create a heterogeneous habitat that
supports many species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
465. Effects of hay management on grassland songbirds in Saskatchewan.
Dale, B. C.; Martin, P. A.; and Taylor, P. S.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(3): 616-626. (1997)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5
Descriptors: birds/ environmental impact/ agricultural practices/ Saskatchewan/ grassland birds/ songbird conservation/ songbirds
Abstract: Evaluated impacts of hay management on endemic grassland birds.
466. Effects of haying and agricultural practices on a declining species: The North American wood turtle, Glyptemys insculpta.
Saumure, R. A.; Herman, T. B.; and Titman, R. D.
Biological Conservation 135(4): 581-591. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.003.
Descriptors: agriculture/ erosion/ haying/ Injury/ mortality/ survivorship
Abstract:
In North America, the spatio-temporal scale of deforestation has
resulted in a 94% decrease in temperate forests within 360 years.
Despite the enormous scale of this disturbance, agriculture is so
pervasive in modern society that its impacts are highly
underappreciated. We investigated the impact of current agricultural
practices on a disturbance-dependent species in southern Quebec, Canada. Of 30 wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta)
followed via radio-telemetry, 20% died as a result of agricultural
activities. Anthropogenic mortality estimates for adults and juveniles
in 1998 were 0.10 and 0.18, respectively. For 1999, these values were
0.13 and 0.17, respectively. Of those turtles that survived, many had
injuries inflicted by agricultural machinery. Sub-lethal mutilation
rates for adults were 90 ± 3% in both years, whereas the maximum
frequency for juveniles was 57%. A Carapace Mutilation Index was
derived to quantify the distribution and severity of injuries observed.
Only male and juvenile Carapace Mutilation Index values differed
significantly. Adults had significantly more carapace injuries and limb
amputations on their right sides. This bilateral asymmetry of injuries
resulted from of a combination of turtle flight behavior and
traditional harvesting practices. We reiterate the recommendations of
forage researchers: setting the cutting height of disc mowers to 100 mm
increases harvest yields, reduces wear on machinery, and decreases soil
erosion. A by-product
of such a change in cutting height is that turtle mortality and injury
rates should be reduced, as wood turtle carapace height is <87 mm.
Without changes in agricultural practices, this population will be
extirpated.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
467. Effects of invasive exotic grasses on South Texas rangeland breeding birds.
Flanders,
A. A.; Kuvlesky, W. P.; Ruthven, D. C.; Zaiglin, R. E.; Bingham, R. L.;
Fulbright, T. E.; Hernandez, F.; and Brennan, L. A.
Auk 123(1): 171-182. (2006)
Descriptors: breeding birds/ exotic grasses/ Guilds/ invertebrates/ South Texas
Abstract:
Invasive exotic plants are a major threat to many species of wild
birds. When these plants become established and widespread, the
floristic composition of native plant communities becomes simplified,
which can result in long-term and often irreversible habitat
degradation for birds and other animals. Until recently, few studies
have focused on the effect of invasive exotic grasses on breeding
birds in southwestern rangelands. During the 2001 and 2002 breeding
seasons (May-June), we compared the abundance and species richness of
breeding birds, native flora, and arthropods on South Texas rangeland
plots dominated by native grasses and plots dominated by two invasive exotic grasses, Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis
lehmanniana) and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Native-grass cover
was >400% greater on native-grass sites than on exotic-grass sites.
Forb and grass species-richness were higher on native-grass sites.
Shrub canopy cover, bare ground, and vegetation height measurements
were similar on native-grass and exotic-grass sites. Overall bird
abundance was 32% greater on native-grass sites than on exotic-grass
sites. Lark Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus) were 73% more abundant on
native-grass sites. Four other species - Blackthroated Sparrow
(Amphispiza bilineata), Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos),
Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and Cassin's Sparrow
(Aimophilla cassini) - were 26-70% more abundant on native-grass sites.
The guild of birds that foraged on the ground under open brush canopies
was almost twice as abundant on native-grass sites. Arthropod abundance
was 60% greater on the native-grass site we sampled. Specifically,
spiders, beetles, and ants were 42-83% more abundant on a native-grass
site than on a buffelgrass site. Compared with rangelands dominated by
native vegetation, areas dominated by Lehmann lovegrass and buffelgrass
in South Texas appear to provide less suitable habitat for breeding
birds, especially for bird species that forage on or near the ground.
© The American Ornithologists' Union, 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
468. Effects of land management on nesting success of sandhill cranes in Oregon.
Littlefield C. D. and Paullin D. G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(1): 63-65. (1990)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Grus canadensis tabida/ cattle grazing/ habitat/ refuge/ wetland
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
469. Effects of livestock grazing on bird abundance and vegetation structure in shortgrass prairie.
Reinking, Dan L.; Wolfe, Donald H.; and
Wiedenfeld, David A.
Oklahoma Ornithological Society Bulletin 33(4): 29-36. (2000); ISSN: 0474-0750
Descriptors: agricultural
practices/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ grazing/ habitat
alterations/ prairies/ wildlife-livestock relationships/ horned lark/
western meadowlark/ grasshopper sparrow/ mourning dove/ common
nighthawk/ killdeer/ Aves/ Texas/ Rita Blanca Natl. Grasslands
Abstract:
The authors studied the present avian community composition in a
shortgrass prairie ecosystem and determined the effects of differing
grazing regimes on this composition. Six species of birds were recorded
in the study area. Horned larks and western meadowlarks made up 49% and
40% of the birds observed, respectively.
© NISC
470. Effects of livestock grazing on duck nesting habitat in Utah.
West, B. C. and Messmer, T. A.
Rangeland Ecology and Management 59(2): 208-211. (Mar. 2006)
NAL Call #: SF85.J67
Descriptors: ducks/ nesting/ livestock/ grazing/ Utah
Abstract:
Periodic vegetation disturbance is an important yet controversial tool
for waterfowl managers. Some have reported livestock grazing removes
residual vegetation and thus is detrimental to nesting ducks, and
others argue that such disturbance is necessary to maintain grassland
health. We evaluated the impact of winter livestock grazing on duck
nesting at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge, Utah. During winter
1999, 6 experimental plots were grazed by cattle and 6 were ungrazed;
in winter 2000, 8 plots were grazed and 8 were ungrazed. All grazing
treatments were conducted during 15 November-15 March and averaged a
stocking rate of 9.5 animal unit months/ha. During the following spring
nesting season, we measured visual obstruction readings (VOR) on grazed
and ungrazed sites. Although VOR on ungrazed sites were greater than
those on grazed sites, this difference became less important as the
nesting season progressed. Winter grazing impacted the nesting habitat
of early-nesting ducks such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), but not
that of late-nesting species such as cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera)
and gadwall (Anas strepera). When using livestock grazing to manage
grasslands, waterfowl managers should consider their management goals,
the species composition of breeding duck populations, and environmental
conditions.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
471. Effects of livestock grazing on Mearns quail in southeastern Arizona.
Brown, R. L.
Journal of Range Management 35(6): 727-732. (1982)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume35/Number6/ azu_jrm_v35_n6_727_732_m.pdf
Descriptors: Cyrtonyx
montezumae mearnsi/ census-survey methods/ changes detrimental to
wildlife/ cover/ food supply/ grassland/ grazing/ habitat/ livestock/
nests and nesting/ population density/ quail, Mearns harlequin/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ woodland climax/ Arizona/ Santa Cruz
County
Abstract:
The mechanics of the relationship between livestock grazing and quail
densities are determined and estimates of the level of grazing
intensity that is limiting to local quail populations are presented.
Effects of cover removal on Mearns quail populations are examined:
quail food supply was not reduced, but the elimination of escape cover
and nesting grass was detrimental, especially to breeding populations.
© NISC
472. Effects of livestock grazing on rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) abundance.
O'Neill, Kevin M.; Olson, Bret E.; Rolston, Marni G.; Wallander, Roseann; Larson, Deanna P.; and Seibert, Catherine E.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 97(1-3): 51-64. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: food
availability/ grazing impacts/ grazing intensity/ grazing management/
habitat characteristics/ habitat quality/ heavily grazed areas/
livestock grazing/ microclimate alteration/ microhabitats/ plant cover
impacts/ potential oviposition sites/ ungrazed pastures
Abstract:
Livestock may impact habitat quality for grasshoppers by reducing food
availability and by altering microclimate and potential oviposition
sites. A 5-year study was conducted to create consistent grazing
impacts on replicated plots and measure their effects on plant cover,
microclimate, and grasshopper abundance. Cattle were used to produce
two levels of grazing intensity that were compared to ungrazed
controls. Differences in plant cover were greatest immediately after
grazing each summer, grasshopper microhabitats tending to be shadier,
cooler, less windy, and more humid in the ungrazed plots. The
grasshopper assemblage included five of the worst pest grasshopper
species in North America: Ageneotettix deorum, Aulocara elliotti,
Melanoplus sanguinipes, M. packardii, and Camnula pellucida. Most
species had greater abundance on ungrazed pastures, particularly during
the 4-6 weeks after grazing each year. However, A. elliotti was often
more abundant in heavily grazed areas early in the year when early
instars were present and in late summer when adults were predominant.
There was no strong evidence that the effect of grazing on grasshopper
abundance increased over the 5-year study. At this time, all changes in
grasshopper numbers cannot be directly attributed to particular habitat
characteristics that changed after grazing, but the results suggest
that grazing management could be used to reduce pest grasshopper
densities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
473. Effects
of livestock grazing on the invertebrate prey base and on the survival
and growth of larvae of the Columbia spotted frog, Rana
luteiventris.
Howard, Amy and Munger, James C., 2003. 28 p. Idaho Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin.
http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/info/publications/technical_bulletins/TB03-7.html
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ life cycle/ development/ ecology/
population dynamics/ freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ lotic water/
land zones/ Invertebrata: biomass/ community structure/ Rana
luteiventris/ ponds/ streams/ biomass structure/ amphibian predators/
Idaho/ Owyhee Mountains/ livestock grazing/ amphibian predator-prey
base/ Ranidae/ Anura/ Lissamphibia/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/
invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract: This
report discusses results primarily from the second of two
field seasons in which two aspects of grazing were examined for
possible effects on Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris).
First, exclosures were used to prevent grazing on portions of the
streams and ponds to ascertain the effects of grazing on the
invertebrate prey base utilized by the frogs. Although we found no
statistically significant effect of grazing on either biomass or
diversity of invertebrate prey, care must be taken in the
interpretation of these results. While it is possible that there was no
effect of the specific grazing regimes of these sites on the
invertebrate community, the small sample size, the very general
taxonomic identification used, and weaknesses in study design may have
masked any true differences. Adult spotted frogs were apparently not
actively feeding during late August to late September. Metamorphs and
subadults, however, would need to forage at that time to accumulate
necessary fat reserves and would therefore be affected by changes in
the invertebrate community. Further work is needed to more solidly
document the effects of grazing on invertebrates. Second, spotted frog
larvae were raised in microcosms located at the Mudflat Guard Station
and were subjected to four levels of cattle waste. During the first
year, survival of larvae was very low and growth was stunted,
indicating that the experimental design needed modification for the
second year's experiment. During the second year, we found that
addition of waste negatively affected survival rate. We also found that
cattle waste does not appear to be directly toxic, nor does the
decreased survival seem to be due to decreased dissolved oxygen levels.
The cause of decreased survival is probably an indirect effect of
addition of waste, such as an increased ammonia concentration. We also
found that addition of waste led to an increased growth rate of larvae.
Further study is needed to determine whether, in the more natural
conditions of the field, cattle waste affects
survival and growth in the same way as was observed in the microcosms.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
474. Effects of livestock management on southwestern riparian ecosystems.
Krueper, D. J.
In:
Desired future conditions for southwestern riparian ecosystems:
Bringing interests and concerns together, General Technical Report-RM
272/ Shaw, Douglas W. and Finch, Deborah M., eds.; Fort Collins, Colo.:
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1996. pp. 281-301.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 272
Descriptors: ecosystems/
livestock/ grazing/ environmental degradation/ habitat destruction/
wildlife/ riparian buffers/ United States, southwestern region
Abstract: Conference held September 18-22, 1995 in Albuquerque, N. Mex.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
475. The effects of livestock on California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyii).
Fehmi, J. S.; Russo, S. E.; and Bartolome, J. W.
Rangeland Ecology and Management 58(4): 352-359. (2005)
NAL Call #: SF85.J67; ISSN: 1550-7424
Descriptors: burrow patterns/ ground squirrels/ California/ grasslands/ cattle grazing/ oak savanna/
livestock exclosures
Abstract:
Understanding the impacts of livestock grazing on wildlands is
important for making appropriate ecosystem management decisions. Using
livestock exclosures, we examined the effects of moderate cattle
grazing on the abundance of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus
beecheyii Richardson) and the spatial distribution of active burrows
within their colonies in grassland and blue oak (Quercus douglasii
Hook. & Arn.) savanna habitats in the coastal range of California over a 3-year period (1991-1994). Overall, relative
population densities of California ground squirrels declined
significantly throughout the experiment, but did not differ between
grazed and ungrazed colonies or between habitats. There was also no
significant interaction between these 2 factors. The spatial
distribution of burrows, as measured by the mean nearest neighbor
distance of active entrances within a colony, did not differ
significantly between grazed and ungrazed colonies or between habitats,
nor was the interaction significant. Thus, low to moderate levels of
cattle grazing did not appear to have a strong effect on the population
dynamics of California ground squirrels, and grazing may be
compatible with maintenance of ground squirrel populations. Based on
multivariate analysis of variance of 1994 data, live plant cover,
native plant cover, and standing biomass were lower where the number of
burrows was higher on grazed colonies but were little affected on
ungrazed colonies. Ground squirrels may increase the impact of
livestock grazing and thus reduce the capacity of the land to support
other activities. However, it is clear that the effects of livestock
grazing are complex and that detailed studies of potential mechanisms
by which grazing impacts California ground squirrel populations
are necessary.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
476. Effects of long-term cattle exclosure on vegetation and rodents at a desertified arid grassland site.
Valone, T. J. and Sauter, P.
Journal of Arid Environments 61(1): 161-170. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Rodentia: farming and agriculture/ community structure/
population density/ grasslands/ arid grassland/ Arizona/ arid
grasslands/ faunal responses/ cattle grazing/ Mammalia/ chordates/
mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Arid grasslands are often presumed to exist in one of two alternate
stable states: grassland or desertified shrubland. While the conversion
to shrubland can occur rather rapidly following intense overgrazing,
the recovery of perennial grasses is often presumed to be difficult or
impossible even with livestock removal. We examined vegetation and
rodent communities at a desertified shrubland site from which livestock
had been removed for more than four decades. Total shrub cover was
similar but differed in composition across the grazing fence. Larrea
tridentata had significantly higher cover Outside while Parthenium
incanum had significantly higher cover inside the fence. Basal
perennial grass cover was significantly higher inside the fence. Rodent
diversity was significantly higher inside the fence due to higher
abundance and diversity of pocket mice. These data suggest that
recovery of perennial grasses at severely desertified sites is possible
but may require several decades and that rodent diversity responds
positively to such recovery. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
477. Effects of management burning on prairie insect species richness within a system of small, highly fragmented reserves.
Panzer, Ron and Schwartz, Mark
Biological Conservation 96(3): 363-369. (2000)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Insecta: habitat management/
community structure/ grassland/ fire/ management burning/ community
structure effects/ Indiana and Wisconsin/ Illinois/ Indiana/ Wisconsin/
management burning effects/ prairie habitat/ Insecta/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
A growing number of entomologists are expressing concern that insect
species are being extirpated from fire-managed (F-M) reserves and are
urging that management burning be substantially reduced. In accord with
this view, the fire attrition hypothesis predicts that fire-excluded
(F-E) sites will support greater species richness, greater mean
population densities, and an inordinately large number of species that
are absent from F-M sites. Comparative studies of remnant-dependent
(r-d) species among F-M and F-E systems in northern Illinois,
northwest Indiana, and southeast Wisconsin failed to support
these predictions. Our results suggest that the fire-attrition model,
based on prevailing burn practices, may be applicable to few if any
species. We conclude that prevailing rotational, cool season burning
practices have generally been compatible with the conservation of
insect biodiversity within the highly fragmented prairie reserve system
in the Chicago region.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
478. Effects of management practices on grassland birds.
Douglas
H. Johnson, D. H.; Igl, L. D.; and Dechant Shaffer, J. A.: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center,
U.S. Geological Survey. (2001).
Notes: See also http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/ literatr/wetbird/index.htm
(Effects of Management Practices on Wetland Birds).
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/grasbird/
index.htm
Descriptors: ecological requirements/ dispersion/ desert habitat/ brood-egg/ habitat management/ management/ North America
Abstract:
These reports are a series of literature syntheses on North
American grassland birds. The need for these reports was identified by
the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV), a part of the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan. The PPJV adopted the goal to stabilize or
increase populations of declining grassland- and wetland-associated
wildlife species in the Prairie Pothole Region. To further that
objective, it is essential to understand the habitat needs of birds
other than waterfowl, and how management practices affect their
habitats. The focus of these reports is on management of breeding
habitat, particularly in the northern Great Plains. Resource
contains over 40 species accounts.
© NISC
479. Effects of mowed trails on depredation of artificial nests in grassland.
Rosenblatt, Daniel L.; Newton, Julianne L.; and
Heske, Edward J.
Prairie Naturalist 32(1): 29-41. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ artificial nests/ grasslands: habitat/ ground nesting/ mowed
trail effects/ nest depredation
Abstract:
We used artificial nests to assess the effects of mowed trails on nest
survival in small patches of grassland in east-central Illinois.
In 1997 and 1998, we d nests on the ground 5 m, 10 m, 25 m, and 50
m away from mowed trails in oldfields to examine if the distance from
mowed trails influenced nest survival. We also placed nests in control
fields without mowed trails to determine if there was an increase in
overall nest depredation when mowed trails were present. We detected no
difference in either the number of depredation events or in depredation
rates among the four distance classes of nest in fields with mowed
trails. We also detected no difference in depredation between fields
with mowed trails and without mowed trails. We did measure
significantly higher rates of depredation in fields closest to a
campground and park area than elsewhere in 1997, but not in 1998. Track
stations, automated cameras, and clay eggs were used to determine the
identity of potential nest predators. Data from clay eggs indicated
that much of the observed egg depredation in grasslands might be due to
small mammals, a group of predators that are unlikely to be affected by
the presence of mowed trails.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
480. Effects of mowing and burning on shrubland and grassland birds on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts.
Zuckerberg, B. and Vickery, P. D.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118(3): 353-363. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55 ; ISSN: 15594491.
Notes: doi: 10.1676/05-065.1.
Descriptors: mowing/ prescribed burns/ shrublands/ birds/ habitat management/ habitat preference/ Massachusetts
Abstract:
Throughout the United States, declines in breeding populations of
grassland and shrubland birds have prompted conservation agencies and
organizations to manage and restore early-successional habitats. These
habitats support a variety of birds, some of which have been classified
as generalists; thus, often these birds are thought to be less affected
by habitat manipulation. More information, however, is needed on the
response of early-successional generalists to habitat management,
because conservation agencies are increasing their focus on the
regional preservation and management of common species. On Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, the goal of the
Partnership for Harrier Habitat Preservation (PHHP) has been to restore
more than 373 ha of grassland for the island's population of Northern
Harriers (Circus cyaneus). This management program has entailed methods
such as prescribed burning and mowing (e.g., brushcutting) to restore
and maintain grassland habitat. Over a 3-year period, we found that
songbird response to burning and mowing varied among species, depending
on subtle habitat preferences and the intensity and type of management.
In shrublands, Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) and Common
Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) abundance declined in mowed areas but
were unaffected by prescribed burning. In grasslands, Savannah Sparrow
(Passerculus sandwichensis) abundance showed no response to either
burning or mowing, whereas Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) preferred
unmanaged grasslands. In shrublands, mowing was the most effective
method for restoring grassland habitat, whereas prescribed burning had
little effect on abundances of shrubland birds and vegetation
structure. In grasslands, both mowing and burning were successful in
restricting shrubland encroachment and maintaining grassland habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
481. Effects of mowing and summer burning on the massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus).
Durblan, Francis E.
American Midland Naturalist 155(2): 329-334. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Lepidosauria/
Serpentes/ Squamata/ Viperidae/ Sistrurus catenatus/ environmental
factors/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat use/ fires-burns/
grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ Holt County, Squaw Creek
National Wildlife Refuge/ land zones/ Missouri/ mortality/ mortality
rate/ mowing/ summer burning/ population ecology/ terrestrial ecology/
wet prairies
Abstract:
Prescribed fire is used to reduce coverage of woody vegetation in early
successional habitats, but burning may also result in direct and
indirect mortality of reptiles inhabiting the burn site. Mowing prior
to burning has been hypothesized to render grassland habitats
unsuitable for the massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus), thereby reducing
the number of individuals that may be affected in the management unit
at the time of burning. I evaluated the impact of mowing prior to
summer burning on massasaugas at Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge,
in northwestern Missouri, during the summer of 2003 rising
radiomarked snakes. Pre-burn mowing resulted in the direct mortality of
three (43%) of seven radiomarked massasaugas present in the treatment
area. Prescribed fire resulted in a mortality of one of two remaining
individuals. Pre-burn mowing did not reduce mortalities as hypothesized
and likely added to the overall snake mortality rate. Management
alternatives other than mowing and prescribed fire when snakes are
active Should be considered when managing massasauga habitat.
© NISC
482. Effects
of Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) on food
availability and avian community composition within the mixed-grass
prairie.
Hickman, K. R.; Farley, G. H.; Channell, R.; and Steier, J. E.
Southwestern Naturalist 51(4): 524-530. (2006)
NAL Call #: 409.6 So8 ; ISSN: 00384909.
Notes: doi: 10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51 [524:EOOWBB]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: birds/ arthropod biomass/ food availability/ grasslands/ habitat management
Abstract:
Various grassland bird species have displayed population declines over
the past 30 to 40 years, and interest in explaining possible causes for
the declines has prompted numerous studies. Many of these studies have
focused on changes in agricultural practices; few have evaluated
possible effects of the presence of nonnative grasses in grasslands.
The objective of our study was to determine the effects a nonnative
grass, Old World bluestem (OWB; Bothriochloa ischaemum), might
have on grassland bird species abundance and richness, and on bird food
availability (arthropod biomass). Three pastures each of native range,
expired Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and OWB were sampled from
May to July 2001 in Comanche County, Kansas. Bird
abundance and species richness were assessed by using a point-count
method along 3 transects in each pasture. Food availability was
estimated by collecting arthropods along 10 transects in each pasture
by sweep-netting. Results showed significantly lower bird abundance and
species richness in OWB pastures than in native pastures. OWB pastures
also had significantly less arthropod biomass than native pastures.
Because food availability (arthropod biomass) was directly related to
percent forb cover within fields and was mostly absent in OWB pastures,
we contend these were the primary factors contributing to lower avian
richness and abundance in OWB fields when compared to CRP and native
pastures.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
483. Effects of plant cover improvements for nesting ducks on grassland songbirds.
Lapointe, S.; Belanger, L.; Giroux, J.-F.; and Filion, B.
Canadian Field Naturalist 117(2): 167-172. (2003)
Descriptors: aquatic birds/ nesting/ Canada, Quebec,
St. Lawrence R., Varenne I.
Abstract:
Several islands located along the St. Lawrence River in southern Quebec have been used as natural pastureland by cattle for
decades. Recently, a rest-rotation grazing system and dense nesting
cover were established on four islands near Varennes to improve duck
nesting conditions. The effects of these two plant cover improvements
on the abundance of grassland songbirds were assessed through four
treatments: 1) idle fields with no vegetation improvement but exclusion
of cattle (IDLE), 2) improved pastures with seeding of forage plants
for cattle (IMPP), 3) dense seeded nesting cover fields improved for
ducks and where cattle were excluded (DNC), and 4) natural or
unimproved pastures grazed by cattle after the duck nesting season
(UIPP). The overall abundance of birds was similar among treatments
before cover improvements as well as two years after.
© ProQuest
484. Effects of prairie fragmentation on the nest success of breeding birds in the midcontinental United States.
Herkert,
James R.; Reinking, Dan L.; Wiedenfeld, David A.; Winter Maiken;
Zimmerman, John L.; Jensen, William E.; Finck, Elmer J.; Koford, Rolf
R.; Wolfe, Donald H.; Sherrod, Steve K.; Jenkins, M Alan; Faaborg, John; and Robinson, Scott K.
Conservation Biology 17(2): 587-594. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ prairie fragmentation: breeding bird nest
success/ reproductive success: brood parasitism, nest predation
Abstract:
Grassland fragmentation and habitat loss are hypothesized to be
contributing to widespread grassland bird declines in North
America due to the adverse effects of fragmentation on breeding bird
abundance and reproductive success. To assess the effects of
fragmentation on the reproductive success of grassland birds, we
measured rates of nest predation and brood parasitism for four species
of birds (Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannaru), Henslow's
Sparrow(Ammodramus henslowii), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna),
and Dickcissel (Spiza Americana)) in 39 prairie fragments ranging from
24 to >40,000 ha in size in five states in the mid-continental
United States. Throughout the region, nest-predation rates were
significantly influenced by habitat fragmentation. Nest predation was
highest in small (<100 ha) and lowest in large (>1000 ha) prairie
fragments. Rates of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds
(Molothrus ater), however, were not consistently related to fragment
size and instead were more strongly related to regional cowbird
abundance, being significantly higher in regions with high cowbird
abundance. Differences in nest-predation rates between large fragments
(54-68% of all nests lost to predators) and small fragments (78-84%
lost to predators) suggest that fragmentation of prairie habitats may
be contributing to regional declines of grassland birds. Maintaining
grassland bird populations, therefore, may require protection and
restoration of large prairie areas.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
485. Effects of prairie restoration methods on small mammal seed predation.
Key, R M; Gohde, D.M.; Lindee, K A.; and Carrington, M. E.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 95(Supplement): 89. (2002)
NAL Call #: 500 IL6; ISSN: 0019-2252.
Notes:
Meeting abstract; 94th Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Academy of
Science, Edwardsville, Illinois, USA; April 19-20, 2002.
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ clipping/ management method/ mowing/ management method/
raking/ management method/ snap trapping/ collection method/ soil
tamping/ management method/ tilling/ management method/ agricultural
fields: abandoned/ prairie restoration/ seed predation
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
486. Effects of prescribed burning and cattle grazing on deer diets in Louisiana.
Thill, R. E.; Martin, A.; Morris, H. F.; and Harrel, A. T.
New
Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1995. 13 p. Research Paper.
NAL Call #: A99.9 F7628Us
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/rp/rp_so289.pdf
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ forage/ nutritive value/ prescribed burning/ grazing/
cattle/ nutrient content/ crude protein/ phosphorus/ calcium/ Louisiana
Abstract:
A study was conducted on the dietary and nutritional effects of
cattle grazing and rotational prescribed burning on the diets of three
to five captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on longleaf
pine (Pinuspalustris Mill.-bluestem (Andropogon spp. and Schizachyrium
spp.) sites in central Louisiana from October 1980 through
February 1987. Deer diets were evaluated under ungrazed, moderate
year-long, heavy seasonal, and heavy yearlong cattle grazing
treatments. Deer diets were composed mostly of browse and forbs under
all grazing treatments, but were less diverse under heavy grazing when
compared with moderate and no grazing treatments. Foraging efficiency
(computed as the ratio of forage intake per 30-minute trial to the
distance traveled) was comparable among treatments during spring and
fall but was lower under the heavy grazing treatment during summer and
winter. Diets selected under ungrazed conditions contained the highest
percentage of uncommon and ephemeral plant taxa during all seasons
except fall. Dietary crude protein (CP), phosphorus (P), and
calcium-to-phosphorus ratios varied significantly under various grazing
treatments for certain seasons. Prescribed burning did not
significantly affect diet diversity; however, diets from areas of
first-year burns were higher in CP and P than from areas of older burns
during spring and summer, but these differences disappeared by the
first fall after burning. From a nutritional standpoint, burning and
seasonal influences generally had more impact than grazing treatments
on deer diets. No evidence was found that seasonal or yearlong cattle
grazing at moderate levels (40- to 50-percent herbage removal)
adversely affected deer nutrition.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
487. Effects of prescribed burns and bison (Bos bison) grazing on breeding bird abundances in tallgrass prairie.
Powell, A. F. L. A.
Auk 123(1): 183-197. (2006)
Descriptors: burning/ grassland birds/ grazing/tallgrass prairie
Abstract: Grassland
birds have declined more than any other avian assemblage in North
America, with nearly every species showing negative
population trends. In the Flint Hills of Kansas, the largest
remnant of the tallgrass prairie biome, annual spring burning of
rangeland has recently replaced burning every 2-3 years. I examined
effects of different burning and bison (Bos bison) grazing regimes on
June abundances of seven bird species using a 23-year data set from the
Konza Prairie Biological Station. Fire significantly affected the
abundances of six of the seven species. Effects varied among species
but, notably, four grass-dependent species - Grasshopper Sparrow
(Ammodramus savannarum), Henslow's Sparrow (A. henslowii), Dickcissel
(Spiza americana), and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) - and
the shrub-dependent Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii) - were least
abundant or absent at sites in the breeding season immediately
following burning. Upland Sandpipers (Bartramia longicauda) were most
abundant at sites in the season following burning, whereas Brown-headed
Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) exhibited no significant response. Bison
grazing increased abundance of Upland Sandpiper and Grasshopper
Sparrow, nearly eliminated Henslow's Sparrow, and (in combination with
recent fire) lowered the abundance of Dickcissel. Although fire and
grazing are natural forces that maintain tallgrass prairie, their
action was, until recently, intermittent and patchy, providing
grassland birds with a variety of levels of disturbance. If the vast
Flint Hills prairie is to serve as a grassland bird stronghold, the
region-wide practice of annual burning with intensive grazing must be
replaced with alternatives that restore heterogeneity to the landscape.
© The American Ornithologists' Union, 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
488. Effects of prescribed fire on an ant community in Florida pine savanna.
Izhaki, Ido; Levey, Douglas J.; and Silva, Wesley R.
Ecological Entomology 28(4): 439-448. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL461.E4; ISSN: 0307-6946
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Formicidae: habitat management/ prescribed fire/
community structure/ prescribed fire effects/ forest and woodland/ pine
savanna/ fire/ Florida/ Interlachen Karstic Highland/ Katharine Ordway
Preserve/ Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Formicoidea/
arthropods/ Hymenopterans/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract: 1.
The effects of prescribed fire on ant community structure were
examined in a regenerating longleaf pine savanna
in Florida, U.S.A. The presence of ants on 20, 10x10 m plots
was determined by
baiting every 1-3 months from 18 months before a fire until 6 months
afterwards. 2. Expected species richness (based on rarefaction) and
species density 6 months post-fire were significantly lower than for
the same month (September) 6 months before the fire. 3. Cluster
analysis revealed that the effects of fire were far less important
predictors of ant community structure than seasonality and unexplained
inter-annual variation. Thus, overall, the impacts of fire were
relatively minor and short term at the community level. 4. Different
functional groups of ants (as defined by Andersen, 1997) responded to
fire in strikingly different ways. Generalised Myrmicinae (e.g.
Pheidole spp., Monomorium viride) were affected more severely by fire
than were the other functional groups. In contrast, the dominant
Dolichoderinae (Forelius pruinosus) exhibited a large increase after
the fire and seemed to be responsible for the decline in abundance of
several species. 5. A strong negative correlation between F. pruinosus
and other groups of ants immediately after the fire suggested more
intense competition among ants at that time. Six months post-fire, the
abundance of F. pruinosus decreased markedly and the abundance of other
species rebounded. 6. The rapid post-fire recovery of the ant community
probably reflects adaptations of ants to a chronic fire regime.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
489. Effects of prescribed fire on prairie arthropods: An enclosure study.
Harper, Mary G.; Dietrich, Chris H.; Larimore, Richard L.; and Tessene, Paul A.
Natural Areas Journal 20(4): 325-335. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Arthropoda:
habitat management/ community ecology/ refuge maintenance/ community
structure/ population dynamics/ prescribed fire/ habitat colonization/
recolonization/ grasslands/ prairie/ Illinois/ Lee County/ Vermilion
County/ prairie management/ arthropods/ invertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
490. Effects of protective fencing on birds, lizards, and black-tailed hares in the western Mojave Desert.
Brooks, M.
Environmental Management 23(3): 387-400. (1999)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: grasslands/
deserts/ plant communities/ prey/ seeds/ species diversity/ nature
reserves/ fencing/ ground cover/ wild birds/ wild animals/ grazing/
range management/ revegetation/ Hymenoclea salsola/ Achnatherum
spinosa/ Achnatherum hymenoides/ grazing behavior/ Hymenoclea/
Achnatherum
Abstract:
Effects of protective fencing on wild birds, lizards, black-tailed
hares (Lepus californicus), perennial plant cover, and structural
diversity of perennial plants were evaluated during spring 1994 to
winter 1995 at the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area (DTNA), in the
Mojave Desert, California, USA. At the northern study site the plant
cover consisted of Larrea tridentata, Ambrosia dumosa, Hymenoclea
salsola, Achnatherum spinosa and A. hymenoides and at the southern
study site of Atriplex polycarpa and H. salsola. Abundance and species
richness of birds were higher inside than outside the DTNA, and effects
were larger during the breeding than during the wintering seasons and
during a high rainfall than during a low rainfall year. Ash-throated
flycatchers (Myiarchus cinerascens), cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus
brunneica-pillus), LeConte's thrashers (Toxostoma lecontei),
logger-head shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), sage sparrows (Amphispiza
belli), and verdins (Auriparus flaviceps) were more abundant inside
than outside the DTNA. Nesting activity was also more frequent inside.
Total abundance and species richness of lizards and individual
abundances of western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorous tigris) and
desert spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister) were higher inside than
outside. In contrast, abundance of black-tailed hares was lower inside.
Structural diversity of the perennial plant community did not differ
due to protection, but ground cover was 50% higher in protected areas.
Black-tailed hares generally preferred areas of low perennial plant
cover, which may explain why they were more abundant outside than
inside the DTNA. Habitat structure may not affect bird and lizard
communities as much as availability of food at this desert site, and
the greater abundance and species richness of vertebrates inside than
outside the DTNA may correlate with abundances of seeds and
invertebrate prey.
© CABI
491. Effects of rangeland fires and livestock grazing on habitat for nongame wildlife.
Ivey, G. L.
In:
Proceedings of a symposium on sustaining rangeland ecosystems.
Eastern Oregon State College, La Grande, Oregon.
Edge, W. D. and Olsen-Edge, S. L. (eds.); Vol. Special Report 953.
Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Extension Service; pp. 130-139; 1996.
NAL Call #: 100 Or3M no.953
Descriptors: regrowth/
seed output/ wild birds/ wild animals/ vegetation/ ground cover/ range
management/ grassland management/ endangered species/ grasslands/
rangelands/ nature conservation/ grazing/ burning/ plant succession/
species diversity
Abstract:
Non-game wildlife (including wild birds and rodents) has a wide
variety of requirements that may be influenced by burning or livestock
grazing. These practices generally reduce ground cover and cause
retrogression to an earlier seral stage, consequently favouring species
that prefer short cover or bare areas and disadvantaging species
requiring ground cover or vegetation structure. Degradation of riparian
zones by burning or grazing generally reduced species diversity and
populations. Species dependent on ungrazed habitat may be at risk of
local extinction as a result of grazing in some areas. Using management
techniques to provide a mosaic of habitats is recommended to preserve
species diversity. Some non-game wildlife benefited from fire because
of an increase in the growth of herbaceous and seed-producing plants.
© CABI
492. Effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tallgrass prairie.
Wilgers, D. J.; Horne, E. A.; Sandercock, B. K.; and Volkmann, A. W.
Herpetologica 62(4): 378-388. (2006); ISSN: 00180831
Descriptors: amphibians/ Flint Hills/ mark-recapture/ POPAN/ reptiles/ species loss
Abstract: The
Flint Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma are the largest remaining tracts of
tallgrass prairie in North America. This area has undergone major
changes in land management practices in the past 30
years. Traditional season-long cattle stocking with variable burn
schedules has diversified to include intensive-early cattle stocking
accompanied by annual burning. To understand how different land
management practices affect the herpetofauna of a tallgrass prairie, we
used mark-recapture statistics to analyze herpetofaunal community
dynamics. We analyzed survey data collected over a 15-year time span
(1989-2003) from a rangeland site in Cowley County, KS, USA. A modified
Jolly-Seber open population model, POPAN-5, was used to estimate four
community parameters: probability of species loss (φ'),
probability of detection (p), probability of entry (Pent), and species
richness (N). The top models included burn status as a covariate for
species loss rate, while cattle stocking received moderate support as a
covariate. Rates of species loss were higher during burn years φ' =
0.04, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.08) than nonburn years (φ'= 0.00, 95% CI:
0.00 to 0.01). Analysis of the impacts of different management
practices was difficult due to confounding effects of changes in both
burning and grazing. Declines in species richness tended to be steepest
during a period of season-long stocking, but results were not
statistically significant. Though our limited data set does not allow
us to draw strong conclusions on the effects of land
management on herpetofaunal populations, the mark-recapture models
illustrated in our study should prove to be a valuable tool in future
analyses of similar data. © 2006 by The Herpetologists' League,
Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
493. The
effects of rest-rotation grazing of mule deer and elk populations
inhabiting the Herd Creek Allotment, East Fork Salmon River, Idaho.
Yeo, Jeffrey J. University of Idaho, 1981.
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus/ Odocoileus hemionus/ behavior/ grazing/ fires-burns/ habitat
alterations/ interspecies relationships/ land use/ mammals/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ Idaho
© NISC
494. The effects of rest-rotation grazing on the distribution of sharp-tailed grouse.
Nielsen, L. S. and Yde, C. A.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 147-165; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: sharp-tailed grouse/ livestock/ rotational grazing
495. Effects of restoring oak savannas on bird communities and populations.
Brawn, J. D.
Conservation Biology 20(2): 460-469. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00310.x.
Descriptors: bird conservation/ disturbance/ fragmentation/ habitat restoration/ nest success/ prescribed fire
Abstract:
Efforts to restore and maintain oak savannas in North America,
with emphasis on the use of prescribed fire, have become common. Little
is known, however, about how restoration affects animal populations,
especially those of birds. I compared the breeding densities, community
structure, and reproductive success of birds in oak savannas maintained
by prescribed fire (12 sites) with those in closed-canopy forests (13
sites). All sampling was conducted in Illinois (U.S.A.). Of the 31 bird
species analyzed, 12 were more common in savannas, 14 were not affected
by habitat structure, and 5 were more common in forest habitat. The
species favored by disturbance and restoration included Northern
Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura),
Red-headed Woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Indigo Buntings
(Passerina cyanea), and Baltimore Orioles (Icterus galbula). Those more
common in closed-canopy forest included Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla)
and Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina). Few species were unique to
one type of habitat, but overall avian community structure in oak
savannas and closed-canopy forests was generally distinctive. Estimates
of nesting success (derived from 785 nests) revealed that 6 of the 13
species considered experienced greater productivity in the savanna
habitat. Rates of brood parasitism were unaffected by restoration and
habitat structure. Within savannas, tract size had little effect on
breeding abundances and reproductive success. My results illustrate
that restoration techniques can significantly affect the ecology of
constituent animal populations and communities and have key
implications regarding avian conservation and the management of forest
habitat in fragmented landscapes. Small patches of forest habitat that
regularly function as population sinks may offer far better prospects
for birds if they are subjected to disturbance and ecosystem
restoration. © 2006 Society for Conservation Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
496. Effects of road baiting on home range and survival of northern bobwhites in southern Texas.
Haines, A. M.; Hernandez, F.; Henke, S. E.; and Bingham, R. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(2): 401-411. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ movement/ northern bobwhites/ road baiting/ supplemental
feeding/ survival/ Colinus virginianus/ Sorghum/ Zea mays
Abstract: An
increasingly common practice in southern Texas is baiting roads
with grains such as milo (Sorghum spp.) and corn (Zea mays) to
facilitate northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) harvest. However,
baiting roads might have a negative impact on bobwhite survival by
increasing predation or harvest rates. The objective of this project
was to determine the effects of road baiting on bobwhite survival,
home-range size, and predator abundance. The project involved 2 study
sites (baited=treatment and nonbaited=control) that were monitored over
3 periods, pre-baiting (September-October), baiting
(November-December), and post-baiting (January-February), during
2001-2002 and 2002-2003. We captured, radiomarked, and monitored
bobwhites (n = 60 [treatment site]; n = 58 [control site]) in Jim
Hogg County, Texas. We assessed relative abundance
and activity of avian and mammalian predators using scent-station and
road surveys, respectively. The effects of baiting roads varied between
years. During 2001-2002, a relatively dry period, bobwhite survival
(S’ = 1.00±0.00 [control site]; S’ = 0.68
±0.10 [treatment site], P = 0.01), covey home-range size
(15.6±1.43 ha [control site]; 12.7 ±2.22 ha [treatment
site], P = 0.046), and covey distance to roads (193 ±24.6 m
[control site]; 95 ±41.57 m [treatment site], P≤0.001) were
lower on the treatment site during the feeding period in contrast to
the control site. A nonsignificant trend was noted for higher avian
predator abundance on the treatment site during the feeding period.
During 2002-2003, a relatively wet period, no difference in bobwhite
survival, covey home-range size, and covey distance to roads was found
between sites and time periods due to baiting, and no trend in predator
abundance was found between pastures and time periods. The practice of
baiting ranch roads does not appear to benefit bobwhites in
southern Texas, and during dry conditions the practice might be
detrimental to bobwhite numbers by lowering survival.
Baiting or other methods of dietary supplementation are more likely to
benefit bobwhites in more northern climates with colder winters.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
497. Effects of rotational grazing on nesting ducks in California.
Carroll, L. C.; Arnold, T. W.; and Beam, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 902-905. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: grassland management/ grasslands/ habitat selection/ nesting/ rotational grazing/ upland areas/ valleys/ Anas
Abstract:
Grazing is thought to be incompatible with nesting by dabbling ducks
(Anas spp.), but this belief is based on little data. We therefore
conducted a 2-year, replicated field experiment to determine whether
the habitat requirements of nesting ducks could be met on uplands
managed by rotational grazing (1 Jul-1 Nov) in the northern San Joaquin
Valley, California, USA. Grazed fields had shorter vegetation than
ungrazed fields throughout the winter, but vegetation height did not
differ by the beginning of the nesting season in late March, and by the
end of the nesting season in late May, previously grazed fields had
taller vegetation than did ungrazed fields. In 1996, densities of duck
nests were >3 times higher in grazed than in ungrazed fields
(least-squares means [+or-1 SE]: grazed=2.18 [0.34] nests/ha,
ungrazed=0.59 [0.34] nests/ha), but nest densities were substantially
lower in 1997 and did not differ between treatment groups (grazed=0.65
[0.32] nests/ha, ungrazed=0.39 [0.32] nests/ha). Mayfield nest success
did not differ between grazed fields (5.3%) and ungrazed fields (2.9%).
We conclude that rotational grazing was successful in providing summer
nesting habitat for dabbling ducks, and we recommend that it be
considered for other managed habitats within the Central Valley, California, USA.
© CABI
498. Effects of short-duration and continuous grazing on bobwhite and wild turkey nesting.
Bareiss, L. J.; Schulkz, P.; and Guthery, F. S.
Journal of Range Management 39(3): 259-260. (1986)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume39/Number3/azu_jrm_v39_n3_259_260_m.pdf
Descriptors: turkeys/ nests/ nesting/ grazing/ livestock/ pastures/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
499. Effects of short duration grazing on bobwhites and wild turkeys in south Texas.
Schulz, P. A. Texas A&M University, 1986.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ Meleagris gallopavo intermedia/ livestock/ habitat
disturbance/ land use/ Texas/ bobwhite quail/ wild turkey
© NISC
500. Effects of short duration grazing on deer home ranges.
Kohl, Timothy F.; DeYoung, Charles A.; and Garza, Andres
Proceedings of the Annual Conference: Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 41: 299-302. (1987)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ sex differences/ behavior/ land and
freshwater zones/ Odocoileus virginianus (Cervidae): farming and
agriculture/ short term and continuous cattle grazing/ home range size
relationships/ behavioral sex differences/ home range/ size/ short term
and continuous cattle grazing effect/ Texas/ Brooks County/ King Ranch/
home range size/ sex differences/ short term and continuous cattle
grazing effects/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
501. Effects of short duration grazing on wild turkey home ranges.
Schulz, P. A. and Guthery, F. S.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 15(2): 239-241. (1987)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Meleagris gallopavo intermedia/ grazing management/ rangeland management/ habitat quality/ Texas
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
502. Effects of specialized grazing systems on waterfowl production in southcentral North Dakota.
Barker, W. T.; Sedivec, K. K.; Messmer, T. A.; Higgins, K. F.; and Hertel, D. R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 55: 462-474. (1990)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814.
Notes: ISSN 0078-1355 (ISSN); Conference held:
16-21 Mar 1990 in Denver, CO (USA).
Descriptors: aquatic birds/ population dynamics/ agriculture/ grazing/ North Dakota/ ducks/ livestock
Abstract:
The recent decline in numbers of several waterfowl species and poor
nesting success indicates that there is insufficient production of
ducks in the prairie pothole region to maintain populations at
desirable levels. About 50 percent of the ducks in North America
are produced in the prairie pothole region and about 95 percent of the
production occurs on private lands. Thus, a major effort to reverse the
decline in duck numbers should emphasize the use of new and improved
management techniques on private lands, particularly the use of new
rangeland grazing systems. Numerous studies have evaluated the effects
of grazing on duck production in North America. However, most of
these evaluations were designed to compare differences of duck
production between grazed lands and idle lands or among different land
uses. Also, nearly all of the earlier studies of grazing effects
involved seasonlong grazing treatments with occasional differences in
grazing intensities. Seasonlong grazing has been shown to be
detrimental to production of most upland nesting birds and also to
maximum livestock production. A study of livestock and waterfowl
relationships was initiated in 1982 on the Central Grasslands Research Center.
© ProQuest
503. Effects of successional old fields on butterfly richness and abundance in agricultural landscapes.
Sanford, Monte P.
Great Lakes Entomologist 35(2): 193-207. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL461.M5; ISSN: 0090-0222
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ life cycle and development/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
man-made habitat/ land zones/ Papilionoidea: habitat management/ life
cycle/ life history attributes/ community structure/ grassland/
successional old fields/ cultivated land habitat/ Minnesota/ Cedar
Creek Natural History Area/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata,
Heteroneura/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ lepidopterans
Abstract:
Native grasslands cover less than 1% of land area in the Midwestern
United States; agricultural areas cover the majority of the remaining
land. Abandoned agricultural lands provide areas for successional
development of grasslands, which can provide critical habitat for many
butterfly species in this habitat-deprived region. I examined butterfly
communities in successional old fields at Cedar Creek Natural History
Area, Minnesota, USA, to determine how butterfly species richness,
abundance, and life-history attributes change across a successional
gradient from middle to late successional stages (15-72 years after
abandonment). Butterfly species richness and abundance did not change
across the successional gradient, but species composition changed.
Butterfly larval and adult food plant specialization weakly increased,
body size decreased, generation time per species decreased, and
butterflies overwintered at an earlier life stage as field age
increased. This research identifies that a mosaic of successional
fields in a predominantly agricultural landscape provided benefits to
butterflies, and that successional mosaics should be an important goal
to conserve butterfly richness in agricultural areas.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
504. Effects of the size of prescribed fire on insect predation of northern blazing star, a rare grassland perennial.
Vickery, P. D.
Conservation Biology 16(2): 413-421. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00494.x.
Descriptors: fire
management/ grassland/ habitat management/ perennial plant/
predation/ United States/ Animalia/ Aves/ Insecta/ Invertebrata/
Lepidoptera/
Liatris/ Liatris scariosa/ Microlepidoptera
Abstract: Loss
of native grassland habitat in New England has reached
>90%. Consequently, remaining grasslands persist as small,
geographically isolated fragments, and populations of many plants and
animals have declined or disappeared. Given the rarity of the fauna and
flora of these habitats, ecological management of many of the remaining
native grassland fragments in a manner that attempts to mimic natural
processes has been intensive, and the effects of this management on
some taxa, such as grassland birds, are now well understood. But the
effects of management, especially prescribed fire, on native plants and
invertebrates are less well known. I studied the effects of prescribed
fire on northern blazing star (Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae), a
rare grassland perennial endemic to the northeastern United
States. Once distributed from southern Maine to northern New
Jersey, northern blazing star has disappeared from 69% of the sites
where it formerly occurred. Seed predation appears to be a critical
proximate factor limiting recruitment of juveniles into local
populations. Seven of 8 study sites in Maine
and Massachusetts had a 65% average rate of seed predation, and
there
was no evidence of juvenile recruitment at these sites. None of these
sites had been burned in the past 5 years. Experimental research
at Kennebunk, Maine, demonstrated that, in the absence of
fire, seed viability of northern blazing star was low, the result of
larval microlepidopteran (moth) predators in the flower heads.
Prescribed fire temporarily reduced seed predation from approximately
90% to approximately 16% for 1 year following fire, but seed-predation
levels once again approached 90% within 2 years. Prescribed fires
larger than 13 ha helped reduce predation rates, but fires smaller than
6 ha did not, suggesting that dispersal of adult moths from unburned
source areas was spatially limited. Preferably, prescribed burns should
be larger than 10 ha, large enough to have core areas larger than 100 m
from adjoining unburned units. My results suggest that prescribed fire
should be an important component of habitat management for northern
blazing star, and they emphasize the need to carefully study the
effects of the spatial scale of prescribed fires in other geographic
regions and for a broad range of taxa.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
505. Elk and cattle forage use under a specialized grazing system.
Halstead, L. E.; Howery, L. D.; Ruyle, G. B.;
Krausman, P. R.; and Steidl, R. J.
Journal of Range Management 55(4): 360-366. (2002)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: beef
cattle/ grazing/ Cervus elaphus canadensis/ stubble/ rotational
grazing/ topography/ wildlife management/ Pascopyrum smithii/ canopy/ Arizona
Abstract:
The Walker Basin Allotment grazing system in central Arizona is
designed to allocate resource use under elk (Cervus elaphus L.) and
cattle (Bos taurus L.) grazing. The grazing system was designed to
promote biologically acceptable levels of forage use on the half of the
allotment scheduled for cattle grazing and to rest the other half by
attracting elk to pastures recently grazed by cattle. The objectives of
our 2-year study were to determine whether the grazing system
facilitated proper forage use as defined by recent forage use and
residual stubble height guidelines (i.e., 30 to 40% use and an 8- to
10-cm stubble height) and whether the system rested one half of the
allotment from elk and cattle grazing. Mean (+/- SEM) total elk and
cattle forage use for western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii Rydb.),
the key forage species, was 32 and 61% +/- 7 in 1997 and 1998,
respectively; corresponding mean (+/- SEM) stubble heights were 11 and
10 cm +/- 0.6. Mean total cattle and elk forage use in 1998 (61%)
exceeded the 30 to 40% use guidelines. However, mean end-of-year
stubble height was never below 10 cm. The grazing system did not
provide half the allotment with complete rest; elk used all study
pastures. Elk use was higher in pastures with heavier tree cover and
steeper terrain in both years, regardless of where cattle grazing
occurred. Elk grazing patterns were apparently more dependent on tree
cover and topography than any changes in forage caused by the grazing
system.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
506. Elk
(Cervus elaphus nelsoni) use of winter range as affected by cattle
grazing fertilizing and burning in southeastern Washington.
Skovlin, J. M.; Edgerton, P. J.; and McConnell, B. R.
Journal of Range Management 36(2): 184-189. (1983)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume36/Number2/ azu_jrm_v36_n2_184_189_m.pdf
Descriptors: bunch grass/ elk/ Cervus elaphus nelsoni/ Washington/ rangelands/ conservation practices/ burning/ cattle grazing
Abstract:
A study of ways to increase winter use by elk of Pacific bunchgrass
foothill range in southeastern Washington employed fertilizing and
rangeland burning, with and without spring cattle grazing. First-year
response of elk to fertilizer applied in fall (56 kg N/ha) was a 49%
increase in use; but no significant carry-over effect was noted in
subsequent years. Fall burning to remove dead standing litter and
enhance forage palatability provided no increase in elk use in winter.
Intensive cattle grazing in spring to promote regrowth did not increase
elk use. In fact, cattle grazing decreased winter elk use by 28% in 1
of the 3 yr studied. The cost effectiveness of increasing elk use by
fertilizing appeared marginal except perhaps in special situations. A
discussion of forage allocation to both elk and cattle is presented.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
507. Elk forage utilization within rested units of rest-rotation grazing systems.
Werner, Scott J. and Urness, Philip J.
Journal of Range Management 51(1): 14-18. (1998)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume51/Number1/ azu_jrm_v51_n1_14_18_m.pdf
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus/ Cervus canadensis/ Bos taurus/ behavior/ foods-feeding/
grazing/ habitat management/ mammals/ management/ wildlife/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ wapiti/ cattle/ competition/
vegetation/ rest-rotation grazing/ elk/
Utah/ Fish Lake Natl. Forest
Abstract:
Researchers determined elk forage utilization during the summers of
1994 and 1995 at the forest-grassland ecotone of three rest-rotation
grazing allotments in Fishlake National Forest, Utah.
© NISC
508. Elk use of winter range as affected by cattle grazing, fertilizing, and burning in southeastern Washington.
Skovlin, Jon M.; Edgerton, Paul J.; and McConnell, Burt R.
Journal of Range Management 36(2): 184-189. (1983)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume36/Number2/ azu_jrm_v36_n2_184_189_m.pdf
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus nelsoni/ Cervus canadensis/ fertilization/ soil and water/
fires-burns/ grazing/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ wapiti/ home-range/ winter/
agriculture/ habitat/ disturbance/ fire/ ecology/ ethology/ prairie/
fertilizer/ Washington, southeastern area
© NISC
509. Essay: Bison restoration in the Great Plains and the challenge of their management.
McDonald, J. L.
Great Plains Research 11(1): 103-121. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 10525165
Descriptors: Bison/
grasslands/ species diversity/ tribal lands/ values conflicts/
grassland/ indigenous population/ restoration ecology/ species
conservation/ North America/ Bison bison/ Bos taurus
Abstract:
Efforts to save remnant wild bison from extermination have resulted in
the establishment of herds on private, public, and tribal lands.
Ironically, their successful restoration has evolved into a profitable
agricultural industry and a practical alternative to raising domestic
cattle. Bison restoration actively managed by humans raises ecological,
ethical, and evolutionary questions about whether we are compromising
their native ability to function in a grasslands ecosystem. In this
essay I examine current bison management practices, conflicting human
values about land-use practices, and emerging land-use initiatives
focusing on wild bison and ecosystem restoration in the northern Great Plains.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
510. Evaluating grazing strategies for cattle: Nutrition of cattle and deer.
Ortega, I. M.; Soltero-Gardea, S.; Drawe, D. L.; and
Bryant, F. C.
Journal of Range Management 50(6): 631-637. (1997)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume50/Number6/azu_jrm_v50_n6_631_637_m.pdf
Descriptors: Coastal Bend, Texas/ continuous grazing/ crude protein/
digestibility/ IVDOM/ Odocoileus virginianus/ short-duration grazing
Abstract:
We studied cattle and deer diet quality within replicated grazing
treatments of continuous and short-duration grazing at heavy and
moderate stocking rates. The study was conducted at the Welder Wildlife
Refuge, Sinton, Tex. from October 1987 to July 1989. We
obtained cattle diet samples from esophageally fistulated steers. Deer
diets were reconstructed using data obtained through the bite-count
technique. Digestibility (IVDOM) and crude protein (CP) of cattle diets
were similar between grazing systems and stocking rates. Digestibility
of deer diets was affected by both grazing systems and stocking rates.
Dietary CP and IVDOM of deer and rattle diets both differed among
seasons. Dietary CP levels met maintenance requirements for deer
throughout the study. Also, CP levels were high enough to meet low- to
mid-gestation requirements. Deer dietary protein requirements for
growth and lactation were never met regardless of grazing strategy.
Although protein content of cattle diets was relatively low, these
values satisfied cattle maintenance needs. Nursing cows, however, would
not have met their requirement in any season sampled regardless of
grazing system or stocking rate. Continuous grazing and moderate
stocking rates may provide white-tailed deer the opportunity for
selecting diets containing more desirable forbs and greater nutrient
concentration. Less intensive rotational grazing at moderate rates may
be preferred to maintain to relatively high seral stage.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
511. Evaluation
of a collaborative approach to mediate conflict between parties with
interests in wildlife and livestock in Colorado.
McAndrews, Gina Marie. Iowa State University, 2001.
Notes: Thesis (Ph.D.); Advisor: Salvador, Ricardo J.
Descriptors: sociology, General/ agriculture, range management/ biology, ecology/ hunting/ wildlife/
habitat restoration
Abstract:
The Habitat Partnership Program (HPP) is a collaborative
initiative of the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Colorado
Cattleman's Association. The program consists of 15 committees,
distributed over western Colorado, representing the interests of
public resource managers, livestock growers and hunters. Through
partnerships and projects, each committee strives to reduce fence
damage and forage loss from big game activity. Information gathered
from interviews, documents, projects and observation was used to assess
the effectiveness of HPP in meeting its stated goals: resolve
conflicts, improve ecosystem health, raise local knowledge about
resource management and improve communication and understanding. Over
seven years (1991-1998), committees completed habitat improvement
projects on 77,856 hectares of public and private land, established 124
water developments and assisted with noxious weed control on 5,904
hectares. In addition, 193 kilometers of new 'wildlife friendly' fence
and 60 big game crossings were built. For educational purposes,
committees sponsored 31 workshops in holistic resource management and
developed 37 brochures on natural resource issues. Ninety-four percent
of committee members thought the program improved communication between
landowners, sportspersons and government agencies. As measured by
independent indicators and the degree of satisfaction of program
participants, HPP can be considered an improvement over previous
directive programs. However, the continuous influx of people and the
loss of habitat in Colorado-over 110,000 hectares per year-may
render moot the issues addressed by collaborative wildlife and natural
resource management programs.
© NISC
512. Evaluation of habitat structural measures in a shrubland community.
Harrell, W. C. and Fuhlendorf, S. D.
Journal of Range Management 55(5): 488-493. (2002)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: cone
of vulnerability/ gallinaceous birds/ heterogeneity/ patchiness/ sand
shinnery/ vegetation structure/ visual obstruction/ habitat structure/
measurement method/ rangeland/ shrubland/
wildlife management
Abstract:
Accurate and efficient monitoring of habitat structure on rangelands is
important for understanding wildlife responses to land management
practices. Unfortunately, studies of wildlife responses to changes in
habitat structure often use monitoring techniques that fail to measure
variation in multiple structural dimensions. Our objectives were to
evaluate relationships between measures of habitat structure in a
shrubland community and to discuss the usefulness of several techniques
in integrating multiple structural dimensions into a single index of
habitat structure. We evaluated relationships between shrub cover,
herbaceous cover, shrub patch number, average shrub patch size, average
vegetation height, visual obstruction across multiple strata of a
profile board, cone of vulnerability, and angle of obstruction using a
principle component analysis. Many of these variables were redundant
with each other. Average visual obstruction estimates, using a profile
board, were associated with variability in vertical structure as
indicated by its association with height. Coefficients of variation for
cone of vulnerability and visual obstruction were dependent upon their
means and of limited use in describing horizontal patchiness. In
contrast, shrub patch number was not linearly correlated with any other
single measure in our analysis, and may be useful in describing
horizontal patchiness. Cone of vulnerability and angle of obstruction
are recently developed techniques that provided useful, single indices
of multidimensional habitat structure. Efficient monitoring of wildlife
habitat structure should employ multiple, independent techniques that
measure distinct dimensions of habitat structure or a single measure
that integrates multiple dimensions.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
513. Evaluation of isolated and integrated prairie reconstructions as habitat for prairie butterflies.
Shepherd, Stephanie and Debinski, Diane M.
Biological Conservation 126(1): 51-61. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Papilionoidea:
habitat management/ Isolated and integrated prairie reconstructions/
habitat suitability/ community structure/
grassland/ Iowa/ Ames/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata,
Heteroneura/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract:
Reconstructing prairie habitat is one of the most promising techniques
for conserving the imperiled prairie ecosystem and its associated
organisms. However, the degree to which reconstructed prairies function
like remnant prairies has not been fully examined. We evaluated the
effect of restoration planting prescriptions, as well as vegetative
quality on butterfly communities inhabiting prairie reconstructions in
central Iowa, USA. Twelve isolated reconstructed prairies
(small, surrounded by agriculture), 12 integrated reconstructions
(planting units in a larger matrix of reconstructed and remnant
prairies), and 12 remnant prairies were surveyed for butterfly and
plant diversity, abundance and composition. Remnant prairies supported
significantly higher richness and abundance of habitat-sensitive
butterfly species. Butterfly richness on integrated reconstructions was
intermediately positioned between remnant and isolated reconstructions.
The best vegetative predictors of butterfly richness (R2 = 0.38) and abundance (R2
=0.13) were the availability of nectar and the percent cover of litter
(which is related to management issues such as time since burning).
Most significantly, we found that the response of the butterfly
community to vegetation in a reconstructed prairie is more complex than
simply a response to vegetation diversity. Both management within the
reconstruction and the landscape context around the reconstruction
affect local patterns of butterflies species distribution and
abundance. Integrated reconstructions develop richer butterfly
communities than isolated reconstructions. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd.
All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
514. Evaluation of rest-rotation grazing in the Missouri River Breaks on the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana.
Oldemeyer, J. L.; Reid, V. H.; Nickey, D. A.; and
Hedrick, M.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'Alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 32-46; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: rotational grazing/ wildlife/ livestock/
Missouri River/ Montana
515. Evaluation
of the impacts of grazing on grassland wildlife populations: Evaluation
of vegetation structure and floristic composition on continuous and
rotational grazing systems with 4 different stocking rates in north
central Missouri.
Schulz, J. H. Missouri Department of Conservation, 2002. 52 pp. Annual Report.
Descriptors: grazing/
grassland/ vegetation/ invertebrates/ habitat/ cattle/ size/
statistics/ sampling/ livestock/ Missouri/ Linn County
© NISC
516. Factors affecting butterfly use of filter strips in midwestern USA.
Reeder, Kathleen F.; Debinski, Diane M.; and
Danielson, Brent J.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 109(1-2):
40-47. (2005)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Papilionoidea:
community structure/ Influencing factors/ riparian filter strips/
agricultural landscapes/ habitat utilization/ riparian habitat/
agricultural landscape riparian filter strips/ cultivated land habitat/
Minnesota/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates/ lepidopterans
Abstract:
Filter strips are areas of herbaceous vegetation planted between
agricultural fields and streams. In 2002 and 2003, the butterfly
community in filter strips of a variety of widths and vegetative
compositions was studied. Transect surveys were used to quantify
butterfly abundance and diversity and measured vegetative variables in
conjunction with each butterfly survey round. Overall butterfly
diversity (H') and abundance of habitat-sensitive butterflies were
positively correlated with filter strip width. Using stepwise
regression, the best models to explain butterfly abundance included the
coverage of forbs and the number of ramets in bloom in the strips, and
indicated positive relationships between forbs and the butterfly
community (R2 =
0.33 and 0.07, respectively). The models that best explained abundances
of large, habitat-sensitive butterflies included the height and
vertical density of vegetation. The planting of forbs in filter strips
is rare, but may be useful for providing food sources to butterflies.
© 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
517. Factors associated with grassland bird species richness: The relative roles of grassland area, landscape structure, and prey.
Hamer, T. L.; Flather, C. H.; and Noon, B. R.
Landscape Ecology 21(4): 569-583. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10980-005-2167-5.
Descriptors: AIC
model-selection/ Eastern Wyoming/ grasshopper/ habitat amount/
habitat configuration/ mark-recapture/ matrix effects/ Orthoptera/
richness estimation/ thematic mapper
Abstract:
The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in
the United States are not well understood. This study, conducted
in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to
investigate the relationship between variation in habitat amount,
landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in
grassland bird species richness. We estimated bird richness over a
5-year period (1994-1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations.
Estimated bird richness was modeled as a function of landscape
structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery
(1996) and grasshopper density and richness, a potentially important
prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to
complex explanations for spatial variation in bird richness. An
information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate
models. Our best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat
arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird
richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was
negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated
with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix
attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and positively
related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial
variation in grassland bird richness was accounted for by the model
(adj-R 2
= 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird
species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors that include
habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the
availability of prey. © Springer 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
518. Fall and winter habitat use by scaled quail in southeastern Arizona.
Bristow, K. D. and Ockenfels, R. A.
Rangeland Ecology and Management 59(3):
308-313. (2006)
NAL Call #: SF85.J67; ISSN: 15507424.
Notes: doi: 10.2111/04-117R2.1.
Descriptors: Callipepla squamata/ Chihuahuan desertscrub/ exotic grasses/ grazing/ livestock/
semidesert grasslands
Abstract:
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata pallida Vigors) are closely
associated with semidesert grasslands of the southwestern United
States, and populations have declined by as much as 50% since 1960.
Livestock grazing, shrub encroachment, and exotic grass invasion are
considered important factors reducing scaled quail distribution and
density in Arizona. We investigated habitat use by scaled quail
across their range in southeastern Arizona to determine the
habitat conditions important for survival and reproduction. Pointing
dogs located quail during autumn and winter of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004,
and we measured habitat characteristics at 52 flush sites and 54 nonuse
plots, where scaled quail were not found. We recorded information on
landform, substrate, vegetation, and cover. Scaled quail used areas
with grass canopy cover ≥ 26%, tree canopy cover ≤ 10%, and
higher grass species richness than randomly available. Short (≤ 50
cm tall) visual obstruction (i.e., cover), usually associated with low
shrubs, cacti, and bunchgrass, was greater at use sites than at nonuse
plots. A logistic-regression equation, including visual obstruction and
tree canopy variables, correctly predicted ≥ 91% of quail use sites.
Greater amounts of visual obstruction and lower percentages of tree
canopy cover best-predicted scaled quail sites. Land management
practices that reduce grass species richness and cover and increase
tree cover may reduce scaled quail habitat quality and availability in
southeastern Arizona. Based on habitat
use
patterns of scaled quail, we recommend that semidesert grassland
habitats contain a maximum tree canopy of < 6% and > 25% grass
canopy cover at the 20-cm height to provide optimum cover availability.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
519. Fall cattle grazing versus mowing to increase big-game forage.
Taylor, Nancy; Knight, James E.; and Short, Jeffrey J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(2): 449-455. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Blackfoot Clearwater Wildlife Management Area/ nutrition/ seasons/ vegetation removal
Abstract:
The effects of 3 levels of mowing and cattle (Bos taurus) grazing were
examined on rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) range on the Blackfoot
Clearwater Wildlife Management Area in west-central Montana.
Treatments were implemented in enclosures during the fall of 1997 and
1998 at 50%, 70%, and 90% removal of herbaceous standing crop. Elk
(Cervus elaphus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) forage
measurements were obtained in spring and summer on standing dead
vegetation, green grass and forb biomass, total biomass, and percent
live vegetation, and compared between mowing and prescribed cattle
grazing at the same removal level. At the 50% mowing level, there was
increased (P<0.05) availability of grass and biomass in the spring,
with increased standing dead and decreased percent live vegetation in
the summer. At the 70% mowing level, there was increased standing dead
and grass and decreased percent live vegetation available to elk and
mule deer in the spring when compared with the same level of grazing
(P<0.05). At the 90% mowing level, there was decreased availability
of grass and total biomass during spring and summer (P<0.05).
Results indicated that at moderate (50%) levels of vegetation removal,
fall mowing might be adequate to increase grass and total biomass
availability in the spring, but fall grazing by cattle might remove
more standing dead material, leaving more nutritious plants available
to wildlife in the summer. Fall mowing at 70% removal might provide
more grass for wildlife in the spring, but reduces percent live
vegetation and leaves more standing dead when compared to fall cattle
grazing. This would make it more difficult for wildlife to select
preferred forage in the spring, when nutrition is needed for calf and
fawn production. Fall cattle grazing might be a better tool to use at
the 90% level, since mowing removes more grass and total biomass,
leaving reduced vegetation for elk and mule deer.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
520. Fall grazing affects big game forage on rough fescue grasslands.
Short, J. J. and Knight, J. E.
Journal of Range Management 56(3): 213-217. (2003)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: cattle/
rotational grazing/ grazing intensity/ wildlife management/ Cervus
elaphus/ Odocoileus/ range management/ Festuca altaica/ biomass/
spring/ summer/ botanical composition/ forbs/ wildlife-livestock
relations/ Montana
Abstract: Prescribed
cattle grazing is often used to purposely enhance wildlife
habitat. This study investigated the effects of fall cattle (Bos
taurus) grazing intensity on elk (Cervus elaphus) and deer (Odocoileus
spp.) forage in the following spring and summer. These effects were
examined on rough fescue (Festuca scabrella Torr.) range on the
Blackfoot Clearwater Wildlife Management Area in west
central Montana. Cattle were grazed in enclosures during the fall
of 1997
and 1998. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of
enclosures per year was used. Grazing levels were 0% removal (control),
50% removal, 70% removal, and 90% removal of herbaceous standing crop.
To evaluate elk and deer forage, measurements were obtained in spring
and summer on green grass standing crop, green forb standing crop,
percent green vegetation, species richness, and plant species
composition. There were no differences among grazing levels for plant
species composition based on canopy coverage, species richness, and
green forb standing crop variables (P > 0.10). The 50% and 90%
treatments reduced green standing crop in spring (P = 0.07) but not in
summer (P > 0.10). Grazing treatments increased percent green
vegetation (P < 0.01). Fall cattle grazing can be used as a wildlife
habitat improvement tool to reduce unpalatable standing dead material.
The 70% removal treatment was the most favorable for habitat
improvement without degrading the range.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
521. Fallow land patches and ecosystem health in California's Central Valley agroecosystem.
Hopkins, John D.
In:
Managing for healthy ecosystems/ Rapport, D. J.; Lasley, W. L.;
Rolston, D. E.; Nielsen, N. O.; Qualset, C. O.; and Damania, A. B.,
2003; pp. 981-992.
Notes: 1566706122 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ agroecosystem
health/ role of fallow land patches/ habitat management/ strategies in
agroecosystems/ ecology/ cultivated land habitat/ California/ Central Valley
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
522. Fencerows as habitat for birds in an agricultural landscape in central Alberta, Canada.
Sykes, A. K. and Hannon, S. J.
Ecoscience 8(4): 441-449. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 11956860
Descriptors: birds/
fencerows/ fragmentation/ landscape/ vegetation/ agricultural
ecosystem/ avifauna/ field margin/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat use/
species richness/ Canada
Abstract: Fencerows
(strips of trees along field edges) are common in
agricultural landscapes and may represent valuable habitat for forest
birds in areas where woodland is scarce. We examined the relationship
between avian presence (species richness, territory density, and
abundance) in 26 fencerows and vegetation structure in the fencerows
and forest cover in the adjacent landscape in
central Alberta, Canada. Species richness was positively
related to fencerow area,
but not to other vegetation or landscape characteristics. In contrast,
territory density was highest in smaller fencerows with high tree
diversity and those with a low amount of forest cover in the
sorrounding landscape. Redundancy analysis indicated that abundance of
16 common species was associated with vegetation in the fencerow and/or
forest cover in the sorroundings. Species composition in seventeen
woodlots in the area was compared with fencerow species composition.
Species recorded in fencerows represented 50% of the regional species
pool found in woodlots. Fencerows had mainly edge species, no interior
forest species, but harbored two species (Vesper Sparrow and Eastern
Kingbird) not found in woodlots. Although we advocate the retention and
even restoration of fencerows, this cannot be done to the exclusion of
retaining large blocks of forest in the landscape for interior forest
species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
523. Fire and cattle grazing on wintering sparrows in Arizona grasslands.
Gordon, C. E.
Journal of Range Management 53(4): 384-389. (2000)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume53/Number4/ azu_jrm_v53_n4_384_389_m.pdf
Descriptors: wild birds/ beef cattle/ grazing/ prescribed burning/ grazing intensity/ wildlife management/ Arizona
Abstract:
This paper reports on the results of a 3-year field study of the
effects of spring/summer burning and cattle grazing on wintering
sparrows in the grasslands of southeastern Arizona. The effects of
fire were studied with 1 year of pre-burn data and 1 year of post-burn
data from 1 fire, plus limited sampling from a second fire at Buenos
Aires National Wildlife Refuge in Pima County, Ariz. The
effects of grazing were studied by comparing study plots at a site that
has not been grazed by cattle since 1968 with a nearby grazed pasture
in Santa Cruz County, Ariz. Sparrow abundance was
measured as the number of captures from flush-netting sessions
conducted by groups of 13-30 volunteers. Vesper (Pocecetes gramineus
(Gmelin)) and Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin))
Sparrows responded positively to fire, while Cassin's Sparrows
(Aimophila cassinhi (Woodhouse)) responded negatively. The ecologically
and geographically restricted Baird's (Ammodramus bairdil (Audubon))
and Grasshopper (A. savannarum (Gmelin)) Sparrows utilized burned areas
during the first post-burn winter and did not significantly respond to
fire. Both Ammodramus sparrows also utilized the grazed pasture; they
were more abundant there than in the ungrazed study area in 1 year.
While field observations and a prior study suggest that heavy grazing
can have a strong detrimental effect on Ammodramus sparrows, the
results of this study suggest that moderate cattle grazing may be
compatible with the conservation of these species.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
524. Fire and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems.
Baker, W. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 177-185. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: Artemisia/
fire ecology/ prescribed burning/ history/ ecological restoration/
wildlife management/ Wyoming/ fire rotation/ habitat management for
wildlife/ forest fire management/ forestry production natural
regeneration/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and
wildlife conservation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
525. Fire frequency and mosaic burning effects on a tallgrass prairie ground beetle assemblage.
Cook, W. M. and Holt, R. D.
Biodiversity and Conservation 15(7): 2301-2323. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10531-004-8227-3.
Descriptors: Carabidae/
fire frequency/ ground beetles/ pitfall trapping/ species richness/
tallgrass prairie/ beetle/ biomass burning/ grazing/ physical
disturbance/ pitfall trap/ prairie/ species diversity/ vegetation
structure/ Kansas/ Konza prairie/ Aves/ Carabidae/ Coleoptera/
Mammalia/ Tracheophyta
Abstract:
Fire frequency has significant effects on the biota of tallgrass
prairie, including mammals, vascular plants and birds. Recent concern
has been expressed that widespread annual burning, sometimes in
combination with heavy livestock grazing, negatively impacts the biota
of remaining prairie remnants. A common management recommendation,
intended to address this problem, is to create a landscape with a
mosaic of different burn regimes. Pitfall trapping was used to
investigate the impacts of fire pattern on the diversity and species
composition of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) at Konza Prairie
Biological Station in eastern Kansas, USA. Trapping was
conducted over three seasons in landscape units burned on average every
1, 4, or 20 years, and in a fourth season across the available range of
vegetative structure to assess the variability of the community within
the study system. In the fifth season communities were also followed
immediately after two fire events to detect within-season effects of
fire and to study short-term patterns of post-disturbance community
assembly. Fire frequency had comparatively minimal effects on ground
beetle diversity measures, and most numerically common species were
observed widely across habitat and management types. Fire frequency
effects were manifested primarily in changes in abundance of common
species. Colonization of burned areas apparently did not occur from
juxtaposed non-burned areas, but from underground or from long
distances. While these results suggest that widespread annual burning
of tallgrass prairie remnants may not have dramatic effects on prairie
ground beetles, we urge caution regarding the application of these
results to other taxa within tallgrass prairie. © Springer 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
526. Fire history, passerine abundance, and habitat on a North Dakota drift plain prairie.
Ludwick, Timothy J. and Murphy, Robert K.
Prairie Naturalist 38(1): 1-11. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ Passeriformes: habitat management/ prescribed fire/ community
structure/ prescribed fire history relationship/ population dynamics/
abundance/ breeding bird species/ prescribed fire history
relationships/ grassland/ Drift plain prairie/ fire/ prescribed fire
history/ spatial environment/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Prescribed fire is among key tools for restoring and managing prairies
in the northern Great Plains, yet there are no published reports
of its impacts on grassland passerine birds on native prairie in the
Drift Plain, a major physiographic subregion. We examined relationships
between prescribed fire history and abundance and habitat of breeding
passerines in Drift Plain prairie at Des Lacs National Wildlife
National Refuge in northwestern North Dakota. In 2003, we used
point counts (n = 79 75 m radius plots) to survey bird abundance on 16
management units that had been prescribe-burned one to three times each
since 1992. General habitat composition and structure also were
measured at each point count plot. We detected 14 passerine species,
six of which were common (occurred on greater than 10 % of plots).
Three endemic, historically common passerine species were rare or
absent regardless of fire history. Abundances of common bird species
were not influenced strongly by fire history, which contrasts with data
from research on the adjacent Missouri Coteau physiographic subregion.
Vegetation structure (litter depth and plant height-density) and
occurrence of an exotic grass species, smooth brome (Bromus inermis),
decreased with fire history. However, we detected no relationships
between bird species abundances and these particular vegetation
variables, perhaps because smooth brome continued to be a pervasive
structural influence on all management units. Our findings indicate a
need for better understanding of bird-fire relationships on remnant
prairies in the vast Drift Plain.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
527. Fire regimes and avian responses in the central tallgrass prairie.
Reinking, D. L.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 116-126. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 01979922
Descriptors: fire/
grassland birds/ habitat loss/ habitat management/ nest success/
prairie ecology/ tallgrass prairie/ vegetation response/ Ammodramus
henslowii/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Aves/ Passeridae/ Spiza/ Spiza
americana/ Sturnella/ Tympanuchus cupido
Abstract: Grasslands
make up the largest vegetative province in North
America, and one that has been significantly altered over the past two
centuries. The tallgrass prairie of the eastern Great Plains
and Midwest has declined to a greater extent than any other
ecosystem,
primarily due to plowing for cereal grain production. Grassland bird
populations have declined at a greater rate and over a wider area than
any other group of species. Past fire regimes shaped and maintained the
tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Fires set by American Indians and caused
by lighting were common and probably differed in timing, frequency, and
scale from contemporary fire regimes, although historical regimes are
not well understood. Fire affects both the composition and the
structure of vegetation, and can affect birds in a variety of ways.
Direct effects of fire on birds include destruction of nests, while
indirect effects may involve changes to vegetation, which favor some
bird species over others. Greater-Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus
cupido), Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii), and Dickcissels
(Spiza americana) respond negatively to annual fire. Grasshopper
Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.)
appear unaffected or respond positively to annual fire. Fire management
across the largest remaining portions of tallgrass prairie frequently
overemphasizes or de-emphasizes fire over large areas, creating
homogenous habitat that does not support the full
compliment of tallgrass prairie birds. Availability of
adequately
sized grasslands in a variety of seral stages is needed to ensure
long-term population stability for the suite of bird species inhabiting
tallgrass prairie.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
528. Food of vagrant shrews Sorex vagrans from Grant County, Oregon as related to livestock grazing pressures.
Whitaker, J. O.; Cross, S. P.; and Maser, C.
Northwest Science 57(2): 107-111. (1983)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: earthworm/ spider/ cricket/ caterpillar/ june bug/ moth/ slug/ snail/ trampling/ compression
Abstract:
Major foods of the vagrant shrew (S. vagrans) in a relatively
non-grazed portion of a mountain meadow in Grant County were
earthworms, spiders, crickets, caterpillars, moths, slugs and snails
and June beetles and their larvae. In 2 similar areas subjected to
greater recent grazing, flightless forms (except caterpillars) were
much less used; they were red primarily by caterpillars and flying
insects. The hypothesized cause for these changes was that grazing
trampled and compressed the ground, thus decreasing the populations of
some forms.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
529. Foraging behavior by mule deer: The influence of cattle grazing.
Kie, J. G.; Evans, C. J.; Loft, E. R.; and Menke, J. W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 55(4): 665-674. (1991)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Odocoileus
hemionus/ reproductive energy demand/ activity patterns/ seasonality/
home range size/ wildlife management/ California
Abstract:
We studied the effects of different cattle stocking rates on activity
patterns of female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on a summer range in
the Sierra Nevada of California [USA]. Using an automated
telemetry system, we determined that deer averaged 32 ± 2.2 (SE)% of the time feeding, 8 ± 1.1% traveling, and 60 ±
2.4% resting per 24-hour period. Deer spent more time feeding and less
time resting with increased cattle stocking rates. During 1984, a year
of average precipitation, deer spent more time feeding per day in late
summer than in early summer in range units grazed by cattle but did not
do so in ungrazed range units. In 1985, a drier year, deer spent less
time feeding per day in late summer in grazed range units. Time spent
feeding by deer was negatively correlated with standing crop of
herbaceous forage in meadow-riparian habitats. Deer increased their
time spent feeding by shortening the length of resting bouts and
including more feeding bouts each day, not by increasing the length of
each foraging bout. Companion studies indicated that with cattle
grazing, deer home-range sizes were larger (Loft 1988), and hiding
cover for fawns was reduced (Loft et al. 1987). The results are
consistent with the hypothesis that cattle competed with deer,
particularly at high stocking rates and during a year of below-average
precipitation. We suggest that female mule deer were acting as
time-minimizers to meet the high energic demands of lactation while
minimizing their exposure to predators. Management options to reduce
adverse effects include reducing or eliminating cattle grazing during
early summer on all or part of the grazing allotment.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
530. Fragmention by agriculture influences reproductive success of birds in a shrubsteppe landscape.
Vander Haegen, W. M.
Ecological Applications 17(3): 934-947. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: agriculture/
Amphispiza belli/ brood parasitism/ fragmentation/ landscape effects/
nest survival/ Oreoscoptes montanus/ seasonal productivity/
shrubsteppe/ Spizella breweri/ Washington
Abstract: Shrubsteppe
communities are among the most imperiled ecosystems in North
America as a result of conversion to agriculture and other
anthropogenic changes. In the Intermountain West of the United
States, these communities support a unique avifauna, including several
species that are declining and numerous others that are of conservation
concern. Extensive research in the eastern and central United
States and in Scandinavia suggests that fragmentation of formerly
continuous forests and grasslands adversely affects reproductive
success of birds, yet little is known of the potential effects on avian
communities in Western shrublands. I used multi-model inference to
evaluate the potential effects of local and landscape variables on nest
predation and brood parasitism, and behavioral observations of
color-banded birds to evaluate the potential effects of habitat
fragmentation on seasonal reproductive success of passerines in the
shrubsteppe of eastern Washington State, USA.
Reproductive success of shrubsteppe-obligate passerines was lower in
landscapes fragmented by agriculture than in continuous shrubsteppe
landscapes. Daily survival rates for nests of Brewer's Sparrows
(Spizella breweri; n = 496) and Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus; n
= 128) were lower in fragmented landscapes, and seasonal reproductive
success (percentage of pairs fledging young) of Sage Sparrows
(Amphispiza belli; n = 146) and Brewer's Sparrows (n = 59) was lower in
fragmented landscapes. Rates of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds
(Molothrus ater) overall were low (4%) but were significantly greater
in fragmented landscapes for Brewer's Sparrows, and parasitism resulted
in fewer young fledged from successful nests. Simple models of
population growth using landscape-specific fecundity and estimates of
adult survival derived from return rates of banded male Sage Sparrows
and Brewer's Sparrows suggest that fragmented shrubsteppe
in Washington may be acting as a population sink for some species.
Immediate conservation needs include halting further fragmentation of
shrubsteppe, restoring low-productivity agricultural lands and annual
grasslands to shrubsteppe where possible, and convincing the public of
the intrinsic value of these imperiled ecosystems. © 2007 by the
Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
531. From the field: Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion.
Merriman, Joel W.; Zwank, Phillip J.; Boal, Clint W.; and Bashore, Terry L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1316-1320. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Rodentia/
Sciuridae/ Cynomys ludovicianus/ black-tailed prairie dog/
conservation/ wildlife management/ New Mexico/ control/ environmental
factors/ wildlife-human relationships/ land zones/ prairie dog colony/
dispersal/ barriers/ stimulus reaction/ control
Abstract:
Assesses the efficacy of visual barriers in reducing prairie dog colony
expansion, and the utility and durability of silt fencing and
galvanized roofing as materials for construction of visual barriers.
Methods used; Factors that led to a decline in black-tailed prairie
dogs across most of their North American range; Problems encountered in
previous studies of visual barriers.
© NISC
532. Grasshopper densities on grazed and ungrazed rangeland under drought conditions in southern Idaho.
Fieldin, Dennis J. and Brusven, Merlyn A.
Great Basin Naturalist 55(4): 352-358. (1995)
NAL Call #: 410 G79; ISSN: 0017-3614
Descriptors: livestock grazing/ population density/
range management
Abstract:
Low-density grasshopper populations were sampled at 15 pairs of
rangeland sites in south central Idaho. One site of each pair had
not been grazed by livestock for at least 10 years. Grazed sites were
managed under normal grazing regimes established by the Bureau of Land
Management. Mean grasshopper density was higher on ungrazed sites than
on grazed sites. Proportions of Melanoplus sanguinipes were higher on
ungrazed sites than on grazed sites and were higher on annual
grasslands than on other vegetation types. Effects of grazing appeared
to be independent of vegetation type. Proportions of Gomphocerinae, a
subfamily of grasshoppers that feeds almost exclusively, on grasses,
were affected by vegetation type, but not grazing. Crested wheatgrass
seedings supported the highest proportions of Gomphocerinae.
Proportions of Oedipodinae were affected by grazing and vegetation
type. Higher proportions of Oedipodinae were found on grazed sites than
on ungrazed sites, and on sagebrush/grass sites than on annual
grasslands. Results indicate that livestock grazing during drought
conditions tends to reduce grasshopper populations on southern Idaho rangeland.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
533. Grassland bird densities in seral stages of mixed-grass prairie.
Fritcher, S. C.; Rumble, M. A.; and Flake, L. D.
Journal of Range Management 57: 351-357. (July 2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 .
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/rapidcity/PDF/grasslandbird.pdf
Descriptors: habitat management/ birds/ grasslands/ prairies
Abstract:
Birds associated with prairie ecosystems are declining and the
ecological condition (seral stage) of remaining grassland communities
may be a factor. Livestock grazing intensity influences the seral stage
of grassland communities and resource managers lack information to
assess how grassland birds are affected by these changes. We estimated
bird density, species diversity, and species richness on 37 sites in 4
seral stages of western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A.
Love]-green needlegrass [Nassella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth]
communities of the Fort Pierre National Grassland. Bird species
richness did not differ among seral stages (P = 0.57), but bird species
diversity was greater (P > 0.10) in early seral stages compared to
late-intermediate seral stages. Grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus
savannarum Gmlin), bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus Linnaeus),
dickcissel (Spiza americana Gmlin), and brown-headed cowbird
(Molothrus ater Boddaert) density increased (P > 0.10) from early to
late seral stages. Burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia Molina), upland
sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda Bechstein), chestnut-collared longspur
(Calcarius ornatus Townsend), and horned lark (Eremophila alpestris
Linnaeus) density decreased (P > 0.10) from early to late seral
stages. Western meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta Audubon) were more
abundant in early (P = 0.05) and early-intermediate (P
= 0.01) seral stages than late seral stages. Birds with habitat
requirements including tall vegetation and residual cover were more
abundant in later seral stages. Early seral stages were beneficial to
birds that prefer short grass and sparse vegetative cover. Seral stage
was an effective predictor of density for many bird species. A mosaic
that includes all seral stages is necessary to maximize grassland bird
species diversity and abundance across the landscape. Managers can
assess the effects on grassland birds of management actions that alter
the seral stage of the vegetation.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
534. Grassland birds: An overview of threats and recommended management strategies.
Vickery, Peter D.; Herkert, James R.; Knopf, Fritz L.;
Ruth, Janet; and Keller, Cherry E.
In:
Strategies for Bird Conservation: The Partners in Flight Planning
Process; Proceedings of the 3rd Partners in Flight Workshop,
Proceedings-RMRS 16; Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research
Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
2000. pp. 74-77.
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay/vickery.htm
Descriptors: conservation/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves: conservation/
grassland/ conservation threats/ North America/ grassland species/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Grassland ecosystems are dependent on periodic disturbance for
habitat maintenance. Historically, grazing by native herbivores and
prairie fires were the agents principally responsible for maintaining
grassland areas. However, elimination of native herbivores, widespread
fire suppression, and conversion for agriculture have greatly altered
grasslands in the United States and Canada. Because of these
landscape changes, many grassland birds are increasingly dependent on
land managers for habitat creation, maintenance, and health. Grazing,
prescribed burning, and mowing/haying are the most frequently used, and
versatile, grassland management techniques. Grassland birds prefer a
wide range of grass heights and densities, with some species preferring
short sparse vegetation, and others preferring taller, more dense
vegetation. Due to differences in species habitat preferences and
regional differences in soils and floristics, the responses of
individual grassland species to specific grassland management practices
can be variable and often are regionally dependent. As a result,
management of grassland areas is best directed toward the creation of a
mosaic of grassland habitat types. This habitat mosaic is probably best
maintained through some type of rotational management system in which
sections of large grassland areas receive management on a regular
schedule. Such a rotational system would provide a variety of
habitat types in every year, would ensure the availability of suitable
habitat for birds at either end of the grassland management spectrum,
and also would provide habitat for birds whose preferences lie between
these extremes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
535. Grassland birds and habitat structure in Sandhills prairie managed using cattle or bison plus fire.
Griebel, Randall L.; Winter, Stephen L.; and
Steuter, Allen A.
Great Plains Research 8(2): 255-268. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165
Descriptors: Bison
bison/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ fires-burns/ grasslands/
grazing/ habitat alterations/ interspecies relationships/ mammals/
prairies/ bison/ Nebraska
Abstract:
The authors provide information on bird abundance, distribution, and
habitat structure from similar sandhill prairie landscapes managed
traditionally with grazing by cattle and by a dynamic bison plus fire
regime in the Great Plains. Specific habitat patches produced by
fire and intensivie bison grazing appear to have different bird
communities and habitat structure at the local scale.
© NISC
536. Grassland birds in restored grasslands of the Rainwater Basin region in Nebraska.
Utrup, J. S. and Davis, C. A.
Great Plains Research 17(2): 203-213. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 10525165
Descriptors: grassland birds/ grassland restoration/ Nebraska/ Rainwater Basin Region
Abstract:
Conservationists and managers mention grassland restorations as a
conservation strategy to reverse the decline of grassland bird
populations in the Great Plains. In the Rainwater Basin Region of
south-central Nebraska, state and federal resource agencies have
used grassland restorations to protect wetlands from sedimentation and
agrichemical runoff. These grassland restorations may also provide
important habitat for breeding grassland birds. In this paper, we
describe the abundance, composition, nesting success, and habitat
requirements of breeding birds in grassland restorations in the
Rainwater Basin Region. We observed 14 grassland bird species in 12
grassland restorations. The most abundant species were dickcissels
(Spiza americana), grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum),
and bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). We found a total of 84 nests
composed of 11 species in restorations. Dickcissels and grasshopper
sparrows accounted for 77% of all nests found. Nest success was 31% (26
nests), and the major cause of nest loss was predation, which accounted
for 66% (38 nests) of all nest failures. The occurrence of 10 of the
species in grassland restorations was influenced by a variety of
vegetation variables. Grassland bird species have benefited from
grassland restorations in the Rainwater Basin Region. Conservation
strategies for grassland birds in the Rainwater Basin Region should
continue to focus on restoring marginal croplands back to grasslands.
© 2007 Center for Great Plains Studies, University of
Nebraska-Lincoln.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
537. Grassland birds nesting in haylands of southern Saskatchewan: Landscape influences and conservation priorities.
McMaster, D. G.; Devries, J. H.; and Davis, S. K.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 211-221. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0211:GBNIHO>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Anas
acuta/ cropland/ haying/ hayland/ landscape composition/ nest success/
northern pintail/ Pooecetes gramineus/ Prairie Pothole Region/
Saskatchewan/ Vesper sparrow/ waterfowl/ abundance/ grassland/ hay/
land use/ nest site/ nesting success/ Canada/ North America/ Prairie
Pothole Region/ Saskatchewan/ Anas/ Anas acuta/ Anatidae/ Anser/ Aves/
Pooecetes gramineus
Abstract:
To determine the benefits to grassland birds of converting cropland to
hayland in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, we quantified the
relative nest abundance and success of grassland nesting birds in
haylands and the influence landscape variables have on these
parameters. We found nests of 26 species of grassland nesting birds,
primarily waterfowl and vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus). With the
exception of the northern pintail (Anas acuta), few nesting attempts
were recorded for species of high priority in the Prairie Pothole Bird
Conservation Region. Mayfield nest success for all waterfowl (20 and
13% in 1999 and 2000, respectively) was high relative to previously
reported nest success estimates in other habitat types - especially
spring-seeded cropland - and was near levels thought to be required to
sustain populations (15-20%). Vesper sparrow nest success (39 and 33%
in 1999 and 2000, respectively) also was high relative to that reported
in other studies. Haying destroyed few nests as wet weather delayed
operations in 1999 and 2000. More nests may be destroyed by haying in
other years as approximately 25% of nests in this study were still
active on the long-term average haying date for southern Saskatchewan. Among models we developed to explain waterfowl
relative nest abundance, amount of cropland in the surrounding
landscape and field area were the most informative. Evidence that a
specific set of landscape variables was important to models of
waterfowl nest success was equivocal. Landscape variables did not
explain variation in vesper sparrow relative nest abundance or nest
success. Within our study area, conversion of cropland to hayland
appears to provide significant benefits to a variety of grassland
species, including some species of high conservation priority (e.g.,
northern pintail). Grassland species of conservation concern nested
less frequently in hayland than in native grassland.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
538. Grassland establishment for wildlife conservation.
Jones-Farrand, D. Todd; Johnson, Douglas H.;
Burger, Loren W.; and Ryan, Mark R.
In:
Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2007. 19 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb3.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
practices/ grassland birds/ grassland habitat/ grassland management/
terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This report describes the importance of grassland conservation
efforts for wildlife, especially in areas historically rich in
grasslands that have since been converted to row crop agriculture. Most
grasslands established under farm conservation programs have red
annual crops with perennial cover that provides year-round resources
for wildlife. This change in land use has had a huge influence on
grassland bird populations; little is known about its impacts on other
terrestrial wildlife species. Grassland succession makes management a
critical issue. Decisions on how frequently to manage a field depend on
many factors, including the location (especially latitude) of the site,
the phenology at the site in the particular year, the breeding-bird
community associated with the site, and weather and soil conditions.
The benefits for a particular species of any management scenario will
depend, in part, on the management of surrounding sites, and may
benefit additional species but exclude others. Thus, the benefits of
grassland establishment and management are location- and
species-specific.
539. Grassland management for the conservation of songbirds in the midwestern USA.
Walk, Jeffery W. and Warner, Richard E.
Biological Conservation 94(2): 165-172. (2000)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: abundance/ grassland management/ grazing/ habitat type/ mowing/ prescribed burning
Abstract:
We monitored breeding eastern meadowlarks, dickcissels, Henslow's
sparrows, grasshopper sparrows and field sparrows using strip transect
surveys in 1995 and 1996. The 473-ha study area was an array of 3-ha
management units of burned, mowed, hayed, grazed and undisturbed (>1
year) cool- and warm-season grasses and annual weeds. Management units
grouped by habitat type (management regime and grass type) had
different (P < 0.05) abundances of each species. Eastern meadowlarks
and dickcissels were most frequently observed in grazed warm-season
grasses. Observation rates of Henslow's sparrows and field sparrows
were highest in undisturbed warm-season grasses, whereas eastern
meadowlarks and grasshopper sparrows were observed least often in this
habitat type. Grasshopper sparrows were observed most frequently in
annual weeds; Henslow's sparrows and field sparrows were not observed
in this habitat type. Overall avian abundance was lowest in recently
burned cool-season grasses. The low-intensity, late-season grazing
system was important for creating a heterogeneous habitat mosaic
attractive to the five species studied.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
540. Grassland regeneration and reconstruction: The role of grazing animals.
Whalley, Wal
Ecological Management and Restoration 6(1): 3-4. (2005); ISSN: 1442-7001.
Notes: doi: 10.1111%2Fj.1442-8903.2005.00213.x.
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ spatial variability/
ecosystem/ grassland regeneration/ grassland management/ grassy
woodland/ grassland reconstruction
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
541. Grassland restoration: Strengthening our underpinnings.
Mcdonald, Tein
Ecological Management and Restoration 6(1): 2. (2005); ISSN: 1442-7001
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ rural area/ urban
development/ conservation management/ ecosystem/ grassland restoration/
grassy woodland/ restoration management
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
542. Grassland songbird nest-site selection and response to mowing in West Virginia.
Warren, K. A. and Anderson, J. T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(1): 285-292. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Agelaius
phoeniceus/ bobolink/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ eastern meadowlark/
grassland birds/ nest success/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ red-winged
blackbird/ Savannah sparrows/ Sturnella magna/ West Virginia/
grassland/ habitat management/ habitat selection/ mowing/ nesting
success/ songbirds/ Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge
Abstract:
Grassland bird populations in the eastern United States have
become increasingly dependent on human-altered grassland habitats such
as former hayfields and pastures for nesting. We compared grassland
bird nest success and nest placement on former hayfields (n = 3) and
former pastures (n = 3) and on mowed and unmowed areas on the Canaan
Valley National Wildlife Refuge (CVNWR), West Virginia, 1999-2000. We
located 83 nests of the 4 dominant grassland species: bobolinks
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus; 19% nest success), Savannah sparrows
(Passerculus sandwichensis; 34%), red-winged black-birds (Agelaius
phoeniceus; 21%), and eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna; 70%).
Vertical density of vegetation was taller at successful bobolink nests
and maximum height was greater at successful Savannah sparrow
nests than at unsuccessful nests. Eastern meadowlarks chose nest sites
with more standing dead vegetation, deeper litter, and a greater
maximum height of vegetation. Although there were no differences in
nest success between mowed and unmowed treatments, mowing some fields
at the conclusion of the breeding season may provide long-term
advantages to grassland bird nesting success by maintaining former
fields as grassland habitats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
543. Grassland songbirds in a dynamic management landscape: Behavioral responses and management strategies.
Perlut, N. G.; Strong, A. M.; Donovan, T. M.; and
Buckley, N. J.
Ecological Applications 16(6): 2235-2247. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: bobolink/
Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ fledglings per year/ grassland management/
hayfield/ logistic exposure/ nest success/ New York/ Passerculus
sandwichensis/ rotationally grazed pasture/
Savannah sparrow/ Vermont
Abstract:
In recent decades, earlier and more frequent harvests of agricultural
grasslands have been implicated as a major cause of population declines
in grassland songbirds. From 2002 to 2005, in the Champlain Valley of
Vermont and New York, USA, we studied the reproductive success of
Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) and Bobolinks (Dolichonyx
oryzivorus) on four grassland treatments: (1) early-hayed fields cut
before 11 June and again in early- to mid-July; (2) middle-hayed fields
cut once between 21 June and 10 July; (3) late-hayed fields cut after 1
August; and (4) rotationally grazed pastures. Both the number of
fledglings per female per year and nest success (logistic-exposure
method) varied among treatments and between species. Although birds
initiated nests earlier on early-hayed fields compared to others,
haying caused 99% of active Savannah Sparrow and 100% of active
Bobolink nests to fail. Both the initial cutting date and time between
cuttings influenced renesting behavior. After haying, Savannah Sparrows
generally remained on early-hayed fields and immediately renested
(clutch completion 15.6 ± 1.28 days post-haying; all values are
reported as mean ± SE), while Bobolinks abandoned the fields for
at least two weeks (mean clutch completion 33 ± 0.82 days
post-haying). While female Savannah Sparrows fledged more offspring per
year (1.28 ± 0.16) than female Bobolinks (0.05 ± 0.05),
reproductive success on early-hayed fields was low. The number of
fledglings per female per year was greater on middle-hayed fields
(Savannah Sparrows, 3.47 ± 0.42; Bobolinks, 2.22 ± 0.26),
and late-hayed fields (Savannah Sparrows, 3.29 ± 0.30;
Bobolinks, 2.79 ± 0.18). Reproductive success was moderate on
rotationally grazed pastures, where female Savannah Sparrows and female
Bobolinks produced 2.32 ± 0.25 and 1.79 ± 0.33 fledgling
per year, respectively. We simultaneously conducted cutting surveys
throughout the Champlain Valley and found that 3-8% of hayfield habitat
was cut by 1-4 June, 25-40% by 12-16 June, and 32-60% by 28 June-2
July. Thus, the majority of grassland habitat was cut during the
breeding season; however, late-hayed fields served as high-quality
reserves for late-nesting female Bobolinks that were displaced from
previously hayed fields. For fields first cut in May, a 65-day interval
between cuts could provide enough time for both species to successfully
fledge young. © 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
544. Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines.
Scott, P. E.; DeVault, T. L.; Bajema, R. A.; and Lima, S. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4): 1006-1014. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: bird
conservation/ exotic grasses/ grassland birds/ Indiana/ mine
grasslands/ reclaimed coal mines/ vegetation analysis/ avifauna/ coal
mine/ conservation/ grassland/ plant community/ restoration ecology/
United States/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Ammodramus henslowii/ Ammodramus
savannarum/ Bromus inermis/ Festuca arundinacea/ Geothlypis trichas/
Solidago/ Spiza americana/ Sturnella magna
Abstract:
Reclamation of surface coal mines in the midwestern United States
has produced large grasslands, which support both obligate and
facultative grassland birds. We sought to characterize vegetation and
determine whether birds breeding in these habitats responded to
vegetation as they do in other kinds of grasslands. We measured
vegetation characteristics on 9 Indiana mine grasslands and
related those measures to abundance or occurrence of 6 common bird
species. Eurasian grasses such as tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and
smooth brome (Bromus inermis), prominent in seed mixtures planted
decades earlier, comprised 64% of canopy cover. Forb cover averaged
27%, with as much cover by native invaders such as goldenrod (Solidago
spp.) as by legumes planted during reclamation. Despite a superficial
appearance of homogeneity, mine grassland vegetation varied
sufficiently to affect local abundances of birds. Abundances of 3
ubiquitous species varied and were correlated with at least 1
characteristic; red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were
negatively associated with percent cover by litter and by grass,
whereas eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrows
(Ammodramus savannarum) were negatively associated with vegetation
density. No variables were associated with occurrence of dickcissels
(Spiza americana) or common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas),
although yellowthroat abundance at the occupied sites appeared to
increase with greater vegetation density. Occurrence of Henslow's
sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) was positively associated with 5
variables, including percent cover by litter and grass. Blackbirds,
dickcissels, and yellowthroats did not differ in abundance between
grass- and forb-dominated sites, whereas Henslow's and grasshopper
sparrows and meadowlarks were more common on the former. Thus, obligate
grassland birds benefited from the present dominance of non-native
grasses over forbs on reclaimed mines. Despite a lack of native
vegetation and their artificial nature, mine grasslands supported a
typical array of midwestern grassland bird species that differ in
specific vegetation preferences, showing patterns similar to those
observed in natural and agricultural grasslands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
545. Grassland vegetation and bird communities in the southern Great Plains of North America.
Chapman, R. N.; Engle, D. M.; Masters, R. E.; and
Leslie, D. M.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 104(3):
577-585. (2004)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.026.
Descriptors: grassland/
grassland birds/ grazing/ habitat management/ plant species
composition/ abundance/ breeding population/ conservation/ grassland/
vegetation structure/ Great Plains/ North America/ Aves/ Bothriochloa
Abstract:
Structure and composition of vegetation and abundance of breeding birds
in grasslands seeded to Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa
ischmaeum) were compared to native mixed prairie in the southern Great
Plains of North America. Abundance of birds was determined using
fixed-radius point counts. Detrended correspondence analysis was used
to compare plant community composition and canonical correspondence
analysis was used to examine the relationships between plant species
composition and vegetation structure with the bird community. Plant
species composition differed distinctly between seeded grassland and
native mixed prairie, but the differences were not reflected in habitat
structure, bird community composition, or abundance of bird species.
Seeded grassland was inferior to native mixed prairie in terms of
diversity of plant species, but that difference did not translate into
meaningful differences in structure that drove habitat selection by
breeding
birds. Conservation programs that promote establishment of seeded
grassland and do not allow for suitable disturbance regimes will
selectively benefit a narrow suite of birds regardless of plant species
composition.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
546. Grazing and burning impacts on deer diets on Louisiana pine-bluestem range.
Thill, R. E.; Martin, A.; Morris, H. F.; and Mccune, E. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 51(4): 873-880. (1987)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ plant composition/ diet quality/ foraging selectivity/
feeding efficiency/ seasonality/ management/ protein/ phosphorus/
calcium
Abstract:
Diets of 3-5 tame white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on
adjacent ungrazed and continuously grazed (35% herbage removal by late
Oct) forested pastures were compared for forage-class use, botanical
similarities, foraging selectivity and efficiency, and diet quality.
Both pastures were divided into 3 burning subunits and burned in late
February on a 3-year rotation. Botanical composition of diets differed
between and within pastures, but forage-class use was similar except
during winter, when deer selected more browse on ungrazed subunits.
Grazing had no effect on dietary protein, phosphorus (P), or calcium
(Ca) levels, but diets from ungrazed subunits wree higher in
digestibility (except during summer), and contained more uncommon plant
taxa. Deer foraged more efficiently on grazed than on ungrazed subunits
but were less efficient on recent than on older burns. Diets from
1st-year burns were higher in protein during spring and summer and
higher in P during spring.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
547. Grazing and passerine breeding birds in a Great Basin low-shrub desert.
Medin, D. E.
Great Basin Naturalist 46(3): 567-572. (1986)
NAL Call #: 410 G79; ISSN: 0017-3614
Descriptors: habitat
modification/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
and freshwater zones/ Passeriformes: agricultural activity/ sheep
grazing/ biomass/
community structure/ breeding community/ population density/ breeding
populations/ desert habitat/ low shrub/ Utah/ Millard County/ Desert
Experimental Range/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
548. Grazing effects on nutritional quality of bluebunch wheatgrass for elk.
Wambolt, Carl L.; Frisina, Michael R.; Douglass, Kristin S.; and Sherwood, Harrie W.
Journal of Range Management 50(5): 503-506. (1997)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume50/Number5/ azu_jrm_v50_n5_503_506_m.pdf
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus nelsoni/ Cervus canadensis/ Bos taurus/ behavior/ ecosystem/
foods-feeding/ grazing/ mammals/ nutrients/ overwintering/ rangeland/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ wapiti/ cattle/ interspecies relations/
nutrition physio./ biochem/ elk/ Montana
Abstract:
The authors studied the nutrient content of bluebunch wheatgrass in a
three-pasture rest-rotation grazing system and in an exclosure on the
elk winter range in southwestern Montana. The wheatgrass was
cattle-grazed in the spring, ungrazed by cattle for a year, or given a
long-term rest. Nitrogen and phosphorus were greater in the
spring-grazed pasture, but regrowth of wheatgrass in this plot did not
improve the nutrient content for wildlife over the non-grazed plots.
Elk were not likely to eat enough bluebunch wheatgrass to meet their
protein maintenance requirements during winter.
© NISC
549. Grazing in the Sierra Nevada: Home range and space use patterns of mule deer as influenced by cattle.
Loft, Eric R.; Kie, John G.; and Menke, John W.
California Fish and Game 79(4): 145-166. (1993)
NAL Call #: 410 C12; ISSN: 0008-1078
Descriptors: Odocoileus
hemionus/ Bos taurus/ behavior/ grazing/ habitat use/ mammals/ home
range-territory/ wildlife-livestock relationships/ mule deer/ cattle/
home-range/ food/ competition/ cover/ dispersion/ habitat/ California:
Sierra Nevada
© NISC
550. Grazing management impacts on quail during drought in the northern Rio Grande Plain, Texas.
Campbell Kissock, L.; Blankenship, L. H.; and White, L. D.
Journal of Range Management 37(5): 442-446. (1984)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume37/Number5/ azu_jrm_v37_n5_442_446_m.pdf
Descriptors: Colinus virginianus/ Callipepla squamata/ grass
Abstract:
Relationships between the abundance of 2 quail species [Colinus
virginianus, Callipepla squamata] and range site and grazing management
during drought were evaluated in the northern Rio Grande Plain of
Texas. Clay loam range sites provided better nesting cover and greater
abundance of forbs for quail than sandy loam and shallow ridge range
sites. Foliar cover and aboveground standing crop of grass were greater
on the 3 range sites within the
short
duration and deferred rotation systems as compared with the yearlong
system. During drought, grazing systems provided better nesting and
protective cover for quail than yearlong grazing.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
551. Grazing management in Texas and its impact on selected wildlife.
Bryant, F. C.; Guthery, F. S.; and Webb, W. M.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 94-112; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Texas/ grazing/ wildlife/ grazing management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
552. Grazing pressure impacts on potential foraging competition between angora goats and white-tailed deer.
Ekblad, R. L.; Stuth, J. W.; and Owens, M. K.
Small Ruminant Research 11(3): 195-208. (1993)
NAL Call #: SF380.I52; ISSN: 0921-4488
Descriptors: Capra
hircus/ Odocoileus virginianus/ grazing/ foods-feeding/ habitat
alterations/ habitat use/ wildlife-livestock relationships/
white-tailed deer/ domestic goat/ experiment/ food/ Texas: Zavala County
© NISC
553. Greater sage-grouse nesting habitat selection and success in Wyoming.
Holloran, M. J.; Heath, B. J.; Lyon, A. G.; Slater, S. J.; Kuipers, J. L.; and Anderson, S. H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 638-649. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 [0638:GSNHSA]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Centrocercus
urophasianus/ habitat/ nest/ residual grass/ sage-grouse/ sagebrush/
Wyoming/ habitat management/ habitat selection/ nest site/ nesting
success/ Wyoming/ Artemisia tridentata/ Centrocercus urophasianus
Abstract: Nesting
habitat degradation and its negative effect on nesting success
might contribute to the recent population and distributional declines
of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)
throughout North America. We used radiotelemetry to locate greater
sage-grouse nests in 7 different areas of central and
southwestern Wyoming between 1994 and 2002; we studied each area
for 2 to 4
years. Using binary logistic regression, we compared microsite vegetal
data collected at nests (n = 457) and random (n = 563) sites and
successful (n = 211) and unsuccessful (n = 238) nests to test
hypotheses concerning greater sage-grouse nesting habitat selection and
vegetal conditions associated with nesting success. We used Akaike's
Information Criterion (AICc and model averaging to make inference about
the weighted support for the importance of individual habitat variables
through the comparison of sets of competing models. Selected nest sites
were located in areas with increased total shrub canopy cover (relative
importance [RI] = 1.00), residual grass cover (RI = 0.47), and residual
grass height (RI = 0.77) compared to random sites. Successful nests had
increased residual grass cover (RI = 0.43) and height (RI = 0.48)
relative to unsuccessful nests. Additionally, annual nest success rates
(i.e., above vs. below our study's average) were related to the
preceding year's spring (Apr-May; RI = 0.44) and winter-early spring
(Jan-Jun) precipitation (RI = 0.32). Correct classification rates for
weighted average models that we derived through the 3 comparisons were
between 60 and 70%, suggesting the variables adequately differentiated
between plot types. However, high model selection uncertainty (i.e.,
the total number of models included in the sets of AICc-selected
models) suggested that nest site selection and nesting success may be
influenced by factors not considered in the modeling process.
Management strategies that protect dense sagebrush stands and enhance
residual grass cover and height within those stands should be used to
maintain nesting habitat and increase nesting success of greater
sage-grouse.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
554. Greater sage-grouse response to sagebrush management in Utah.
Dahlgren, D. K.; Chi, R.; and Messmer, T. A.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 975-985. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [975:GSRTSM]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: 2002
Farm Bill/ Artemisia spp./ brood-rearing/ Centrocercus urophasianus/
Dixie harrow/ greater sage-grouse/ habitat management/ Lawson aerator/
sagebrush/ Tebuthiuron/ Utah
Abstract:
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations throughout
much of their range have been declining. These declines have largely
been attributed to the loss or deterioration of sagebrush (Artemisia
spp.) habitat. In response government agencies such as the United
States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service are cost-sharing on management practices designed to improve
habitat conditions for sage-grouse. Little is known regarding
sage-grouse response to various sagebrush management techniques. We
studied the effects of reducing sagebrush canopy cover using 2
mechanical (Dixie harrow and Lawson aerator) treatments and 1 chemical
(Tebuthiuron) treatment on greater sage-grouse use of brood-rearing
habitats on Parker Mountain, Utah, USA. To conduct
this experiment, we identified 19 40.5-ha plots that exhibited >40%
mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata vaseyana) canopy cover and
randomly assigned 16 as treatment or controls (4 replicates each).
Tebuthiuron and Dixie-harrow-treated plots had more forb cover than did
control plots (P = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) in post-treatment
periods. Greater sage-grouse brood use was higher in Tebuthiuron than
control plots (P = 0.01). We believe this was attributed to increased
herbaceous cover, particularly forb cover. However, in all plots,
sage-grouse use was greatest within 10 m of the edge of the treatments
where adjacent sagebrush cover was still available. Although the
treatments we studied resulted in the plots achieving sage-grouse
brooding-rearing habitat guidelines, caution should be exercised in
applying these observations at lower elevations, on sites with less
annual precipitation, or on a different subspecies of big sagebrush.
Prior to using these techniques to implement large-scale sagebrush
treatments,
the
specific rationale for conducting them should be clearly identified.
Large-scale projects using the techniques we studied would not be
appropriate within sage-grouse wintering or nesting habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
555. Green-tailed towhee response to prescribed fire in montane shrubland.
Jehle, Gretchen; Savidge, Julie A.; and Kotliar, Natasha B.
Condor 108(3): 634-646. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: Emberizidae/
Passeriformes/ Pipilo chlorurus/ Fringillidae/ common juniper/
green-tailed towhee/ Juniperus communis/ environmental factors/
biogeography/ breeding season/ Colorado/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ habitat use/ fires-burns/ fire management/ ecosystems/
habitat availability/ habitat management/ habitat quality/ habitat
suitability/ land zones/ montane shrubland/ montane habitat/ nest
survival rate/ nest-site selection/ population ecology/ reproduction/
Rocky
Mountain National Park/ shrub grasslands/ nest success/ nest survival
Abstract: Fire
alters the structure and composition of shrublands and affects
habitat quality for the associated avifauna. Because shrubland
ecosystems have been greatly reduced from their original extent in
western North America and fire is increasingly being used to
manage these landscapes, a better understanding of how fire affects the
associated vegetation and wildlife is imperative. We evaluated the
response of Green-tailed Towhees (Pipilo chlorurus) to prescribed fire
in the montane shrublands of Rocky Mountain National
Park, Colorado during 2002 and 2003. Three to five years following
prescribed burning, Green-tailed Towhee density and shrub cover were
generally higher in unburned areas. Nests (n = 179) were located in
unburned vegetation; within burned sites, all nests were in remnant
patches. Green-tailed Towhee nest survival was 57% (95% Cl = 49%-65%)
across the two years of the study. More than half of the nests were in
common juniper (Juniperus communis) shrubs, and nest survival was
higher for nests in junipers than those in other shrub species. Daily
nest survival rates were lower at the site with the highest density of
towhees and declined over the breeding season. With regard to shrub
cover, opposite trends were observed for nest-site selection and nest
survival: nest plots had greater shrub cover than non-nest plots, but
nest survival decreased with increasing shrub cover. Because shrub
cover affects towhee density and nest survival in conflicting ways,
fire management at Rocky Mountain National Park
alters both habitat availability and suitability for Green-tailed
Towhees.
© NISC
556. Guidelines for managing lesser prairie-chicken populations and their habitats.
Hagen, Christian A.; Jamison, Brent E.;
Giesen, Kenneth M.; and Riley, Terry Z.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 69-82. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Tympanuchus pallidicinctus: conservation
measures/ habitat management/ grassland/ United States/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
557. Guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats.
Connelly, J. W.; Schroeder, M. A.; Sands, A. R.; and
Braun, C. E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 967-985. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Artemisia/
Centrocercus urophasianus/ guidelines/ habitat/ management/
populations/ sage grouse/ sagebrush/ gamebird/ population decline/
wildlife management/ Artemisia/ Centrocercus urophasianus
Abstract:
The status of sage grouse populations and habitats has been a concern
to sportsmen and biologists for >80 years. Despite management and
research efforts that date to the 1930s, breeding populations of this
species have declined throughout much of its range. In May 1999, the
western sage grouse (C. urophasianus phaios) in Washington was
petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act because of
population and habitat declines (C. Warren, United States Fish and
Wildlife Service, personal communication). Sage grouse populations are
allied closely with sagebrush (Artemisia spp.). Despite the well-known
importance of this habitat to sage grouse and other sagebrush
obligates, the quality and quantity of sagebrush habitats have declined
for at least the last 50 years. Braun et al. (1977) provided guidelines
for maintenance of sage grouse habitats. Since publication of those
guidelines, much more information has been obtained on sage grouse.
Because of continued concern about sage grouse and their habitats and a
significant amount of new information, the Western States Sage and
Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse Technical Committee, under the direction
of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, requested a
revision and expansion of the guidelines originally published by Braun
et al. (1977). This paper summarizes the current knowledge of the
ecology of sage grouse and, based on this information, provides
guidelines to manage sage grouse populations and their habitats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
558. Guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal cattle grazing.
Knopf, F. L.; Sedgwick, J. A.; and Cannon, R. W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 52(2): 280-290. (1988)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Salix
spp./ Dendroica petechia/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ Melospiza melodia/
Melospiza lincolnii/ Empidonax traillii/ Zonotrichia leucophrys/ Turdus
migratorius/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Molothrus ater/ habitat/ generalist/
specialist/ population density/ community structure/ vegetation
structure/ Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge/ Colorado, USA
Abstract:
The avifauna within the willow (Salix spp.) community on the Arapaho
National Wildlife Refuge [Colorado, USA] (NWR) was dominated
(96% of all observations each year) by 11 species of passerine birds
during the summers of 1980-81. Using 28 vegetation variables measured
or calculated for randomly selected points and points where birds were
sighted, we assigned the species to 3 distinct response guilds relative
to historical patterns of seasonal grazing. A eurytopic response guild
(habitat generalists) included yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia)
(YEWA), savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) (SASP), and song
sparrows (Melospiza melodia) (SOSP). A stenotopic response guild
(habitat specialists) included willow flycatchers (Empidonax traillii)
(WIFL). Lincoln's sparrows (Melospiza lincolnii) (LISP), and
white- crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) (WCSP). The
intermediate, mesotopic response guild included American robins (Turdus
migratorius) (AMRO), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)
(RWBL), and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) (BHCO). Population
densities of the eurytopic response guild differed little between
healthy (historically winter-grazed) and decadent (historically
summer-grazed) willow communities within a year. Densities of species
in the mesotopic response guild differed more dramatically, and
stenotopic response-guild species were absent or accidental in decadent
willows. Information on habitat use patterns of the individual species
between years supported the definition of response guilds; vegetation
structure was most variable in habitats of eurytopic species and least
variable in habitats of stenotopic species. Comparisons between used
and available vegetation features indicated that species in the
stenotopic response guild used locations that differed from random on
the basis of bush spacing. We hypothesize that the response-guild
structure primarily reflects the impact of cattle upon the horizontal
patterning of the vegetative community.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
559. Habitat acquisition strategies for grassland birds in an urbanizing landscape.
Snyder, S. A.; Miller, J. R.; Skibbe, A. M.; and Haight, R. G.
Environmental Management 40(6): 981-992. (2007)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-007-9025-y.
Descriptors: open space/ optimization/ reserve design/
site selection/ urbanization
Abstract:
Habitat protection for grassland birds is an important component of
open space land acquisition in suburban Chicago. We use
optimization decision models to develop recommendations for land
protection and analyze tradeoffs between alternative goals. One goal is
to acquire (and restore if necessary) as much grassland habitat as
possible for a given budget. Because a viable habitat for grassland
birds consists of a relatively large core area with additional parcels
of grassland habitat nearby, the second goal is to minimize total
pairwise distance between newly protected parcels and large existing
reserves. We also use the concept of an effective grassland habitat
area, which considers influences that neighboring land covers have on
grassland habitat suitability. We analyze how the parcels selected for
protection change as total protected effective area is traded off
against total distance. As area is weighted more heavily, the selected
parcels are scattered and unconnected. As total distance is weighted
more heavily, the selected parcels coalesce around core reserves but
protect less area. The differences in selected parcels as we change the
objective function weights are caused by the differences in price per
unit of effective habitat area across parcels. Parcels located in close
proximity to the existing cores have relatively high prices per hectare
of effective grassland area as a consequence of high restoration costs
and adverse influences from roads, urban areas and/or forestland. As a
result, these parcels have lower priority for selection when the area
objective is weighted more heavily for a given budget. © 2007
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
560. Habitat and avifaunal recovery from livestock grazing in a riparian meadow system of the northwestern Great Basin.
Dobkin, David S.; Rich, Adam C.; and Pyle, William H.
Conservation Biology 12(1): 209-221. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: avifaunal
composition/ avifaunal recovery/ habitat recovery/ livestock grazing/
riparian meadow system/ species abundance/ species richness
Abstract:
Riparian habitats are centers of biological diversity in arid and
semiarid portions of western North America, but despite widespread
loss and degradation of these habitats there is little quantitative
information concerning restoration of native riparian biota. We
examined the recovery of a riparian meadow system in the context of
long-term versus short-term release from livestock grazing. We compared
the structure and dynamics of plant and avian communities on 1.5-ha
plots inside a long-term (>30 years) livestock enclosure ("exclosure
plots"), with adjacent plots outside the enclosure ("open plots") for 4
years following removal of livestock from open plots. Throughout the
study, sedge cover, forb cover, and foliage height diversity of herbs
were greater on exclosure plots, bare ground, litter cover, shrub
cover, and shrub foliage height diversity were greater on open plots.
Forb, rush, and cryptogamic cover increased on open plots but not on
enclosure plots. Grass cover increased, whereas litter and bare ground
decreased on all plots in conjunction with increased availability of
moisture. Sedge cover did not change. Avian species richness and
relative abundances were greater on enclosure plots, species
composition differed markedly between exclosure and open plots (Jaccard
Coefficient = 0.23-0.46), with exclosure plots dominated by wetland and
riparian birds and open plots dominated by upland species. The
appearance of key species of wet-meadow birds on open plots in the
third and fourth years following livestock removal signaled the
beginning of restoration of the riparian avifauna. We interpret the
recovery of riparian vegetation and avifaunal composition inside the
exclosure as a consequence of livestock removal, which led to a rise in
the water table and an expansion of the byporheic zone laterally from
the stream channel. The lack of change in sedge and shrub cover on open
plots suggests that restoration to a sedge-dominated meadow will not
happen quickly.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
561. Habitat edge, land management, and rates of brood parasitism in tallgrass prairie.
Patten, M. A.; Shochat, E.; Reinking, D. L.; Wolfe, D. H.; and Sherrod, S. K.
Ecological Applications 16(2): 687-695. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: brood
parasitism/ brown-headed cowbird/ burning/ edge effects/ grazing/ land
management/ Molothrus ater/ Oklahoma, USA/ regression trees/
tallgrass prairie
Abstract: Bird
populations in North America's grasslands have declined
sharply in recent decades. These declines are traceable, in large part,
to habitat loss, but management of tallgrass prairie also has an
impact. An indirect source of decline potentially associated with
management is brood parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus
ater), which has had substantial negative impacts on many passerine
hosts. Using a novel application of regression trees, we analyzed an
extensive five-year set of nest data to test how management of
tallgrass prairie affected rates of brood parasitism. We examined seven
landscape features that may have been associated with parasitism:
presence of edge, burning, or grazing, and distance of the nest from
woody vegetation, water, roads, or fences. All five grassland
passerines that we included in the analyses exhibited evidence of an
edge effect: the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Henslow's
Sparrow (A. henslowii), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Red-winged
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella
magna). The edge was represented by narrow strips of woody vegetation
occurring along roadsides cut through tallgrass prairie. The sparrows
avoided nesting along these woody edges, whereas the other three
species experienced significantly higher (1.9-5.3x) rates of parasitism
along edges than in prairie. The edge effect could be related directly
to increase in parasitism rate with decreased distance from woody
vegetation. After accounting for edge effect in these three species, we
found evidence for significantly higher (2.5-10.5x) rates of parasitism
in grazed plots, particularly those burned in spring to increase
forage, than in undisturbed prairie. Regression tree analysis proved to
be an important tool for hierarchically parsing various landscape
features that affect parasitism rates. We conclude that, on
the Great Plains, rates of brood parasitism are strongly
associated
with relatively recent road cuts, in that edge effects manifest
themselves through the presence of trees, a novel habitat component in
much of the tallgrass prairie. Grazing is also a key associate of
increased parasitism. Areas managed with prescribed fire, used
frequently to increase forage for grazing cattle, may experience higher
rates of brood parasitism. Regardless, removing trees and shrubs along
roadsides and refraining from planting them along new roads may benefit
grassland birds. © 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
562. Habitat management for the endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat: The effect of mowing and grazing.
Kelt, D. A.; Konno, E. S.; and Wilson, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 424-429. (Jan. 2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: Dipodomys/
rodents/ endangered species/ threatened species/ wildlife habitats/
grasslands/ wildlife management/ mowing/ grazing/ population size/
population density/ California/ Dipodomys stephensi/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ animal ecology
and behavior
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
563. Habitat relationships of birds overwintering in a managed coastal prairie.
Baldwin, Heather Q.; Grace, James B.; Barrow, Wylie C.; and Rohwer, Frank C.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(2): 189-197. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55; ISSN: 15594491
Descriptors: Certhiidae/
Fringillidae/ Passeriformes/ Ammodramus leconteii/ Cistothorus
platensis/ Le Conte's sparrow/ Melospiza georgiana/ Passerculus
sandwichensis/ Savannah sparrow/ sedge wren/ swamp sparrow
Abstract:
Grassland birds are considered to be rapidly declining in North
America. Management approaches for grassland birds frequently rely on
prescribed burning to maintain habitat in suitable condition. We
evaluated the relationships among years since burn, vegetation
structure, and overwintering grassland bird abundance in Coastal
prairie. Le Conte's Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii) were most common in
areas that had: (1) been burned within the previous 2 years. (2) medium
density herbaceous vegetation, and (3) sparse shrub densities. Savannah
Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) were associated with areas: (1)
burned within 1 year. (1) with sparse herbaceous vegetation, and (3)
with sparse shrub densities. Sedge Wrens (Cistothorus platensis) were
most common in areas that bad: (1) burned greater than 2 years prior
and (2) dense herbaceous vegetation. Swamp Sparrows (Melospiza
georgiana): (1) were most common in areas of dense shrubs. (2) not
related to time since burnings, and (3) demonstrated no relationship to
herbaceous vegetation
densities.
The relationships to fire histories for all four bird species could be
explained by the associated vegetation characteristics indicating the
need for a mosaic of burn rotations and modest levels of woody
vegetation.
© NISC
564. Habitat selection by the Texas tortoise in a managed thornscrub ecosystem.
Kazmaier, Richard T.; Hellgren, Eric C.; and
Ruthven, Donald C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 653-660. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: radiotelemetry:
monitoring method/ Tamaulipan Biotic Province/ brush invasion [brush
encroachment]/ canopy cover/ community ecology/ conservation biology/
grazing pastures/ habitat change/ habitat management/ habitat
selection/ land use/ old field pastures/ riparian habitats/ semiarid
shrublands: habitat/ thornscrub ecosystems/ vegetation types
Abstract: Brush
encroachment on semiarid shrublands resulting from livestock
grazing has created global concern. Southern Texas is dominated by
Prosopis-Acacia mixed brush communities typical of
the Tamaulipan Biotic Province, and the geographic range
of the
state-threatened Texas tortoise (Gopherus berlandieri) is nearly
identical to the boundaries of this biotic province in Texas. In
light of the perceived threat to Texas tortoises because of
habitat change caused by brush encroachment, we monitored 36 Texas
tortoises by radiotelemetry during 1994-1996 to assess habitat
selection on a site containing grazed and ungrazed pastures. Tortoises
did not exhibit habitat selection at the level of locations within home
ranges. Differential habitat selection at the level of home ranges
within study areas was not apparent for sex, but was evident for
treatment (grazed or ungrazed). Analysis of pooled data indicated that
tortoises exhibited broad-scale selection for home ranges within study
areas. Selection was expressed as preferential avoidance of old-field
and riparian habitats, which represented vegetational extremes of
canopy cover. However, tortoises tolerated the broad continuum of other
brush communities on the study site. Apparent treatment differences may
be an artifact of our inability to adequately pair study areas given
the scale of tortoise movement. Our data indicate that increases in the
extent of woody canopy cover resulting from grazing-
induced
brush encroachment will not be detrimental to Texas tortoises.
Furthermore, large-scale range improvement practices, such as
root-plowing, create unsuitable habitats for this species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
565. Habitat shifts by mule deer the influence of cattle grazing.
Loft, E. R.; Menke, J. W.; and Kie, J. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 55(1): 16-26. (1991)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Odocoileus hemionus/ Populus tremuloides/ riparian habitat/ competition
Abstract:
We studied the effects of cattle on selection of home ranges and
habitats by female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on summer range in
the Sierra Nevada, California. Three grazing levels (no grazing,
moderate grazing, and heavy grazing) were imposed on 3 fenced range
units over 3 years. Habitat selection by 13 radio-collared female mule
deer was estimated each summer; habitat selection by radio-collared
cattle was estimated at the 2 grazing levels. In the absence of
grazing, meadow-riparian habitat comprised a greater proportion of deer
home ranges than during grazing. During moderate and heavy grazing, a
greater proportion of montane shrub habitat was included within deer
home ranges than when ungrazed. Within home ranges, deer preferred
meadow-riparian habitat at all grazing levels, whereas aspen (Populus
tremuloides) habitat was preferred only during no grazing. Deer
preference for meadow-ripairan habitat declined over the summer, more
so with cattle grazing. Cattle also preferred meadow-riparin and aspen
habitat. The greatest effect of cattle on habitat selection by female
mule deer occurred during late summer with heavy grazing when forage
and cover were at a minimum in preferred habitats. Female mule deer
shifted habitat use by reducing their use of habitats preferred by
cattle and increasing their use of habitats avoided by cattle. These
results were consistent with expectations of competition and habitat
selection theory.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
566. Habitat-suitability bounds for nesting cover of northern bobwhites on semiarid rangelands.
Arredondo, Juan A.; Hernandez, Fidel; Bryant, Fred C.; Bingham, Ralph L.; and Howard, Ronnie
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8): 2592-2599. (Nov. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: Colinus virginianus/ habitat selection/ nesting habitat/ northern bobwhite/ radiotelemetry/ Texas
Abstract:
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) is a species for which
extensive knowledge exists regarding its ecology, life history, and
habitat. Although the qualitative aspects of bobwhite habitat have been
described and known for many decades, researchers have neglected to
characterize bobwhite habitat quantitatively (i.e., habitat selection).
Thus, biologists have been capable of identifying components that
compose bobwhite habitat but have only been able to speculate on how
much of each component was necessary. We documented
selection–avoidance behavior of nesting bobwhites in Brooks County, Texas, USA, during May–August,
2004–2005. We measured 5 vegetation features (i.e.,
nesting-substrate ht and width, suitable nest clump density, herbaceous
canopy coverage, and radius of complete visual obstruction) at nest
sites (n = 105) and at random points (n = 204). We used continuous
selection functions to assess habitat use and identify bounds of
suitability. Selection domains for nesting-substrate height and radius
of complete visual obstruction were 16.9–31.2 cm and
1.05–4.35 m, respectively. Across all measurements, bobwhites
selected for nest sites with a nesting-substrate width ≥¥22.4 cm, suitable nest-clump density ≥¥730 nest clumps/ha, and herbaceous canopy coverage ≥¥36.7%.
This knowledge will provide an important foundation for managers to
evaluate current nesting conditions on semiarid rangelands and provide
a basis for habitat management aimed at creating suitable nesting habitat for bobwhites.
© ProQuest
567. Habitat type conservation and restoration for the Karner blue butterfly. A case study from Wisconsin.
Kleintjes, Paula K.; Sporrong, Jill M.;
Raebel, Christopher A.; and Thon, Stephen F.
Ecological Restoration 21(2): 107-115. (2003);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Lycaeides melissa samuelis:
habitat management/ sand prairie habitat mitigation and management case
study/ grassland/ sand prairie/ Wisconsin/ Fairchild/ Insecta,
Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Papilionoidea, Lycaenidae/
arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
568. Habitat
use by loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) at Midewin
National Tallgrass Prairie, Illinois: An application of
Brooks and Temple's habitat suitability index.
Fornes, G. L.
American Midland Naturalist 151(2): 338-345. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: bird/
ecological modeling/ habitat quality/ habitat use/ index
method/ Illinois/ Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie/ Lanius
ludovicianus
Abstract:
Declines in loggerhead shrike populations have been attributed to
pesticide use and habitat loss on the breeding grounds and factors
outside the breeding range. To determine the role of breeding habitat
limitation, Brooks and Temple (1990) designed a habitat
suitability index for shrikes based on data from Minnesota. This
paper describes an application of their model to a site in Illinois. Like Brooks and Temple, I found that breeding
habitat does not appear to limit shrike populations and shrikes seem to
be making settlement choices based on discernable habitat criteria. I
suggest changes to the model for adaptation to Illinois shrike
populations, including an adjustment of the cutoff for "suitable"
habitat, an adjustment of the conversions of variables leading to the
calculation of the index (V4 to SI4), the use of GIS to measure
variables (usable foraging habitat) and the addition of variables
(length of fence) used in the model.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
569. Habitat
use, nest success, and management recommendations for grassland birds
of the Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge, West Virginia.
Warren, Kelly Ann. West Virginia University, 2002.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Anderson, James T.
Descriptors: birds/
grasslands/ mowing/ habitat management/ grazing/ pasture/ prairie/
meadows/ breeding/ survival/ urbanization/ wind/ Canaan Valley National
Wildlife Refuge/ West Virginia
Abstract:
Grassland bird populations have been declining due to increased
habitat fragmentation, urbanization, and conversion of farmlands to
other uses throughout the United States. However, idle hayfields
and pastures in the eastern United States may provide adequate
nesting habitat for grassland species displaced from their native
habitat. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare grassland
bird abundance, diversity, and richness of species between 3 idle
hayfields and 3 pastures and between mowed and unmowed treatments, and
(2) compare grassland bird nest success between hayfields and pastures,
and between mowed and unmowed treatments on the Canaan Valley National
Wildlife Refuge, West Virginia during the summers of 1999-2000. A total
of 27 species was found on the refuge. The predominant grassland
species were bobolinks Dolichonyz oryzivorus, savannah sparrows
Passerculus sandwichensis , and eastern meadowlarks Sturnella magna.
Overall bird abundance differed between mowed (x- = 0.61; SE = 0.09)
and unmowed (x- = 0.32; SE = 0.06) treatments in pastures P = 0.033).
Grassland bird diversity differed between mowed plots of hayfields (x-
= 0.85; SE = 0.21) and pastures (x- = 1.57; SE = 0.26) P = 0.026).
Mayfield nest survival did not differ between nests found in hayfields
and pastures, and mowed and unmowed treatments. While nest success did
not differ between mowed and unmowed treatments, mowing these fields at
the conclusion of the breeding season will provide long team advantages
to grassland birds nesting on the refuge. Additionally, grassland birds
appeared to be responding to the vegetative structure and vertical
diversity within fields rather than field size. Management should focus
on removal of internal edges (i.e., remnant fencelines, hedgerows, and
wind breaks) found throughout the grasslands on the refuge.
© NISC
570. Habitat use of western spotted skunks and striped skunks in Texas.
Neiswenter, Sean A. and Dowler, Robert C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 583-586. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Carnivora/
Mustelidae/ Mephitis mephitis/ Spilogale gracilis/ wildlife management/
habitat use/ foraging habitat use in fragmented habitat/ mixed open
pasture and mesquite stands/ ecosystems/ Texas/
Tom Green County, San Angelo/ land zones
Abstract: Little
information on foraging habitats of sympatric species of skunks
in Texas, USA, is available. We compared 11 western spotted
skunks (Spilogale gracilis) and 10 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
using radiotelemetry data to assess habitat use during foraging at
broad levels of selection in a fragmented habitat. Western spotted
skunks used areas with more large mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) trees
than did striped skunks and randomly selected points. Striped skunk
habitat use was not different from randomly chosen locations. Contrary
to previous research, both species appear to avoid agricultural
habitat. A habitat management plan may be difficult to implement for
striped skunks in Texas because they did not favor any available
habitat. Conservation of western spotted skunks in
west-central Texas should focus on areas with older mesquite
trees, areas that
are now often brush controlled for management of livestock.
© NISC
571. Hayfield management and wildlife conservation: Can the needs of the farmer fit with habitat needs of wildlife?
Parsons, G.; Nocera, J. J.; Milton, G. R.; and
Fredeen, A. H.
Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87(3): 529. (2007)
NAL Call #: 450 C16; ISSN: 0008-4220.
Notes:Annual
Conference of the
Canadian-Society-of-Agronomy/Canadian-Society-for-Horticultural-Science/Canadian-Society-of-Animal-Science, Halifax, Canada;
August 01 -04, 2006.
http://nsac.ca/pas/instind/pasturec/Conferences/ Symposium_2003/Grasslands/Schedule_Abstracts.htm
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ wildlife conservation/ agro ecosystem/ grassland habitat/
hayfield management/ management scheme/ bird breeding/ habitat needs/
ecologically productive area/ habitat conservationist/ delayed hay
cutting
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
572. A home on the range.
Peabody, E. and McGinnis, L.
Agricultural Research 54(11-12): 10-13. (Nov. 2006-Dec. 2006)
NAL Call #: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: range
management/ rangelands/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ wildlife habitats/
habitat conservation/ Artemisia/ prescribed burning/ plant production
range and pasture grasses/ natural resources, environment, general
ecology, and wildlife conservation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
573. Home range and dispersal of Texas
tortoises, Gopherus berlandieri, in a managed thornscrub ecosystem.
Kazmaier, Richard T.; Hellgren, Eric C.; and
Ruthven, Donald C.
Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4(2): 488-496. (2002); ISSN: 1071-8443
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Gopherus
berlandieri: habitat management/ home range/ patterns and influences/
distribution within habitat/ Dispersal/ scrub/ managed thornscrub
ecosystem/ Texas/ Chaparral Wildlife Management Area/ Reptilia,
Anapsida, Testudines, Cryptodira, Testudinidae/ chordates/ reptiles/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Southern Texas is dominated by Prosopis-Acacia mixed brush communities
typical of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province, and the
geographic range of the state-threatened Texas tortoise (Gopherus
berlandieri) is nearly identical to the boundaries of this biotic
province in Texas. In light of habitat fragmentation throughout
southern Texas, we assessed home range use, movements, and natal
dispersal of Texas tortoises at a managed site in the western Rio
Grande Plains. Home ranges were larger for males (7-46 ha) than females
(3-9 ha) regardless of method of home range calculation. Home range
sizes determined by minimum convex polygon and bivariate normal methods
were larger for individuals in ungrazed pastures (4-46 ha) relative to
grazed pastures (3-15 ha), but home ranges derived from fixed and
adaptive kernel estimators did not differ by treatment. Apparent
treatment differences may be an artifact of an inability to adequately
pair study areas given the scale of tortoise movement. Average distance
between relocations indicated that males (74-153 m) moved more than
females (31-41 m), but we did not detect differences in movement
distances associated with grazing by cattle. Based on recapture
distances of juveniles and adults, Texas tortoises appeared to
exhibit male-biased natal dispersal. Our data suggest that Texas
tortoises are highly mobile and may be capable of recolonizing across
long distances following disturbance. Large home ranges suggest
tortoises require large blocks of habitat to maintain
stable
populations. Populations of tortoises inhabiting small thornscrub
fragments in the Lower Rio Grande Valley maybe
constrained by patch size of available habitat and have reduced
recruitment because of dispersal losses.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
574. Home-range size, response to fire, and habitat preferences of wintering Henslow's sparrows.
Bechtoldt, C. L. and Stouffer, P. C.
Wilson Bulletin 117(3): 211-225. (2005)
Descriptors: burning/
habitat selection/ home range/ movement/ overwintering/ passerines/
range size/ relative abundance/ Louisiana/ Ammodramus henslowii/
Andropogon/ Aves/ Passeridae/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a declining,
disturbance-dependent grassland bird that winters in the longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States.
During two winters (2001, 2002), we estimated the relative abundances,
movement patterns, and habitat associations of Henslow's Sparrows
wintering in habitat patches differing in time since last burn (burn
treatment). We conducted our study in southeastern Louisiana in
Andropogon spp.-dominated longleaf pine savanna habitat. Henslow's
Sparrows were most abundant in savannas burned the previous growing
season, with a mean relative abundance of 2.6 individuals/ha. The most
dramatic decline occurred between burn year 0 and year 1 (first and
second winters after burning), when mean relative abundance dropped to
1.0 individual/ha. Home-range size of radio-tagged birds was not
correlated with burn treatment. All radio-tagged individuals maintained
stable home ranges, with a mean size of 0.30 ha. Vegetation
characteristics differed significantly among burn treatments. Sites
burned the previous growing season had low vegetation density near the
ground, vegetation taller than 1.0 m, and high seed abundance. These
variables were all highly correlated with Henslow's Sparrow relative
abundance, but seed density best predicted Henslow's Sparrow numbers.
We recommend a biennial, rotational burn regime to maintain habitat
characteristics correlated with Henslow's Sparrow abundance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
575. The impact of buffer strips and stream-side grazing on small mammals in southwestern Wisconsin.
Chapman, E. W. and Ribic, C. A.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 88(1):
49-59. (2002)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: pastures/
habitats/ cattle/ small mammals/ ecosystems/ streams/ animal husbandry/
rotational grazing/ species diversity/ farm management/ riparian
buffers/
plant litter/ intensive livestock farming
Abstract:
The practice of continuously grazing cattle along streams has caused
extensive degradation of riparian habitats. Buffer strips and managed
intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) have been proposed to protect and
restore stream ecosystems in Wisconsin. However, the ecological
implications of a switch from traditional livestock management to MIRG
or buffer strip establishment have not been investigated. Differences
in small mammal communities associated with riparian areas on
continuously grazed and MIRG pastures, as well as vegetative buffer
strips adjacent to row crops, were investigated in southwestern
Wisconsin during May-September 1997 and 1998. More species (mean of
6-7) were found on the buffer sites than on the pasture sites (mean of
2-5). Total small mammal abundance on buffer sites was greater than on
the pastures as well; there were 3-5 times as many animals on the
buffer sites compared to the pasture sites, depending on year. There
were no differences in species richness or total abundance between MIRG
and continuously grazed pastures in either year. Total small mammal
abundance was greater near the stream than away from the stream,
regardless of farm management practice but there were no differences in
species richness. Buffer strips appear to support a particularly rich
and abundant small mammal community. Although results did not detect a
difference in small mammal use between pasture types, farm-wide
implications of a conversion from continuous to MIRG styles of grazing
may benefit small mammals indirectly by causing an increase in the
prevalence of pasture in the agricultural landscape.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
576. Impact of grazing management on biodiversity of grasslands.
Tallowin, J. R. B.; Rook, A. J.; and Rutter, S. M.
Animal Science 81(2): 193-198. (2005)
NAL Call #: SF1.A56; ISSN: 1357-7298
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biological indicators/ botanical composition/ fauna/ grassland
management/ grasslands/ grazing/ lowland areas/ nature conservation/
plant succession/ species diversity/ species richness/
stand structure/ weeds
Abstract:
This paper reviews recent work carried out by the Institute
of Grassland and Environmental Research and collaborating
organizations that addresses some of the impacts of grazing management
on both species-rich and species-poor lowland neutral grassland.
Results indicate that for species-rich grassland, lenient grazing
pressure maintained botanical diversity and the abundance of positive
indicator species of nature conservation value over a 5-year period and
also enhanced faunal diversity and abundance reflecting improvements in
spatial, architectural and temporal structure. However, there was no
enhancement in positive indicator species and there was also an
increase in pernicious weeds suggesting that grazing alone may not
suffice to deliver all the biodiversity goals for these grasslands and
that additional management interventions may be required. For
species-poor grassland, results indicate that distinctive differences
in structure can lead to differences in faunal diversity. There is also
some tentative evidence that livestock breed may affect invertebrate
species assemblages.
© CABI
577. Impact of herbivores on nitrogen cycling: Contrasting effects of small and large species.
Bakker, E. S.; Olff, H.; Boekhoff, M.; Gleichman, J. M.; and Berendse, F.
Oecologia (Berlin) 138(1): 91-101. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL750.O3; ISSN: 0029-8549
Descriptors: biomass/
body size/ exclosure experiments/ floodplain grasslands: habitat/
grazing behavior/ herbivory/ laboratory conditions/ litter
accumulation/ microclimates/ nitrogen cycling/ plant animal
interactions/ soil parameters/ vegetation
Abstract:
Herbivores are reported to slow down as well as enhance nutrient
cycling in grasslands. These conflicting results may be explained by
differences in herbivore type. In this study we focus on herbivore body
size as a factor that causes differences in herbivore effects on N
cycling. We used an exclosure set-up in a floodplain grassland grazed
by cattle, rabbits and common voles, where we subsequently excluded
cattle and rabbits. Exclusion of cattle lead to an increase in vole
numbers and a 1.5-fold increase in net annual N mineralization at
similar herbivore densities (corrected to metabolic weight). Timing and
height of the mineralization peak in spring was the same in all
treatments, but mineralization in the vole-grazed treatment showed a
peak in autumn, when mineralization had already declined under cattle
grazing. This mineralization peak in autumn coincides with a peak in
vole density and high levels of N input through vole faeces at a
fine-scale distribution, whereas under cattle grazing only a few
patches receive all N and most experience net nutrient removal. The
other parameters that we measured, which include potential N
mineralization rates measured under standardized laboratory conditions
and soil parameters, plant biomass and plant nutrient content measured
in the field, were the same for all three grazing treatments and could
therefore not cause the observed difference. When cows were excluded,
more litter accumulated in the vegetation. The formation of this litter
layer may have added to the higher mineralization rates under vole
grazing, through enhanced nutrient return through litter or through
modification of microclimate. We conclude that different-sized
herbivores have different effects on N cycling within the same habitat.
Exclusion of large herbivores resulted in increased N annual
mineralization under small herbivore grazing.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
578. The impact of land-use practices on native earthworm populations in California grasslands.
Winsome, Thais; Hendrix, Paul F.; and Epstein, Lynn E.
In: 86th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin; 2001.
Notes: Meeting abstract (poster session).
http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esa2001/document/?ID=28775
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ disturbance intensity/ grasslands: land use practices,
native earthworm populations
Abstract:
California's grasslands and oak woodlands support a unique,
indigenous earthworm fauna that may be vulnerable to displacement by
exotic earthworm species, especially in areas impacted by human
activity. As part of an ongoing conservation effort, we conducted a
3-year study in a northern California grassland to identify
land-use factors that facilitate the displacement of native species.
Populations were sampled within habitats ranging from unmanaged
grassland-woodland reserve areas to intensively managed pastures,
vineyards, and orchards. Spatial analysis of the data revealed that at
the landscape scale, disturbance intensity was the best predictor of
native earthworm abundance. Probabilities for the occurrence of native
species ranged from 0 in croplands to 1 in undisturbed chaparral and
grassland-oak woodland reserves. Probabilities for exotic species were
almost exactly the opposite and ranged from <0.1 in wildland
reserves to 1 in the intensively managed pastures and croplands. In
pastures supporting a mixture of native and exotic species, the
abundance of native species was significantly lower (P<0.001) in
clover-amended, fertilized pastures (0-15 m-2 ) compared with unmanaged pastures (78-201 m-2).
Our results suggest that complete displacement of native by exotic
species is likely to occur only in heavily disturbed areas or where
environmental conditions (e.g. resource quality) are optimal. Thus,
critical strategies for the conservation of native earthworm species
are those that focus on limiting habitat loss and alteration
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
579. The impact of livestock on lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding densities and performance on coastal grazing marsh.
Hart, J. D.; Milsom, T. P.; Baxter, A.; Kelly, P. F.; and Parkin, W. K.
Bird Study 49(1): 67-78. (2002); ISSN: 0006-3657
Descriptors: grazing/
livestock/ marshes/ population density/ breeding sites/ breeding
success/ agriculture/ environmental impact/ nature conservation/
population dynamics/ Vanellus vanellus/ northern lapwing/ livestock
grazing/ aquatic birds
Abstract:
Even at very low stocking densities, livestock reduce breeding
densities of adult Lapwings and increase the risk of nest loss due to
predation. To assess the effects of livestock on Lapwings breeding on
coastal grazing marshes. Densities of breeding adults, clutch sizes,
laying dates, incubation schedules, clutch and chick survival were
compared between marshes grazed at low stocking densities (0.2-0.51
livestock units/ha) and marshes where livestock had been excluded.
Repeated measurements of sward heights were also made. Breeding
densities in 1995 and 1997, but not 1996, were negatively correlated
with the presence of livestock. Though few nests were trampled,
livestock disrupted incubation schedules and increased the risk of nest
predation. Clutches were smaller on grazed marshes than on ungrazed
marshes, while more clutches were also laid later on grazed marshes.
Grazed swards remained shorter, and more suitable for nesting, longer
than ungrazed swards but clutches laid later in the season were more
likely to be predated. The exclusion of livestock from selected areas
to increase the nesting success of lapwings is a desirable option on
coastal grazing marshes where the rate of grass growth is slow in
spring. Grazing regimes are suggested that would maintain relatively
short swards, provide refuge to Lapwings from livestock during the peak
nesting period, and allow grazers to exploit all of their marshes.
© ProQuest
580. Impact
of precipitation and grazing on the water vole in
the Beartooth Mountains of Montana
and Wyoming, U.S.A.
Klaus, M.; Moore, R. E.; and Vyse, E.
Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 31(3):
278-282. (1999)
NAL Call #: GB395.A73; ISSN: 1523-0430
Descriptors: grazing/ mountain grasslands/ precipitation/ indicators/ survival/ watersheds/ nature conservation/ Microtus richardsoni
Abstract: The
influence of increased precipitation levels and grazing on the
demographics of Microtus richardsoni was examined. Water voles were
trapped and marked during the summers of 1990, 1991 and 1992 along four
headwater watersheds of the Clark's Fork of
the Yellowstone River in Wyoming and Montana. The
summer of 1992 had
more than double the precipitation of either 1990 or 1991. During the
wet summer of 1992, capture success was significantly greater, as was
the proportion of young voles captured. In 1992, several factors
contributed to increased water vole populations. There were
significantly more indications of male reproductive activity. Class I
water voles (13-49 g) of both sexes showed signs of reproductive
activity indicating they were reaching sexual maturity at smaller body
mass. Significantly more embryos/trap-killed female were found. In
1995, the water vole was listed as a sensitive species because it is
rare and requires specific alpine riparian habitat that is declining
and may be damaged by poor grazing practices. Capture success was
significantly greater, and there were significantly more young water
voles in ungrazed drainages. Measured indicators of reproductive
activity did not vary significantly between grazed and ungrazed
drainages. It is concluded that grazing might affect survival of young
water voles and should be studied further.
© CABI
581. Impact of prescribed burning on endophytic insect communities of prairie perennials (Asteraceae: Silphium spp.).
Tooker, John F. and Hanks, Lawrence M.
Biodiversity and Conservation 13(10): 1875-1888. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Insecta: habitat management/ prescribed burning/
Impact on endophytic community of prairie perennials/ community
structure/ Endophytic taxa of prairie perennials/ impact of prescribed
burning/ grassland/ prairie perennials/ Endophytic community/ fire/
Illinois/ Central/ Endophytic communities of prairie perennials/
Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Prescribed burning currently is used to preserve endemicity of plant
communities in remnant tallgrass prairies. Although some types of
arthropods benefit from changes in plant communities brought about by
burning, other species that are endemic to prairies may be threatened.
Because they inhabit the 'fuel layer' of prairies, endophytic insects
would seem particularly susceptible to this management tactic. In this
paper, we assess the impact of prescribed burning on endophytic insect
communities inhabiting stems of Silphium laciniatum L. and S.
terebinthinaceum Jacquin (Asteraceae), endemic prairie plants.
Populations of these insects were decimated by burning, with mortality
approaching 100% in most cases. Their populations nevertheless began to
rebound within a single growing season, with densities moderately but
significantly reduced 1 year after the burn. Even when a prairie
remnant was completely incinerated, plant stems were recolonized by
insects within one growing season. Our findings suggest that sufficient
numbers of endophytic insects survive burns in remains of Silphium to
recolonize burned areas the following year.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
582. The impact of recreational trails and grazing on small mammals in the Colorado piedmont.
Meaney, Carron A.; Ruggles, Anne K.;
Clippinger, Norman W.; and Lubow, Bruce C.
Prairie Naturalist 34(3-4): 115-136. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: Akaiki's
information criteria: mathematical and computer techniques/ analysis of
variance: mathematical and computer techniques/ grazing/ recreational
trails/ relative abundance/ species diversity/ species richness
Abstract:
We conducted a three-year study of the impact of recreational trails
and grazing on species richness, relative abundance, and species
diversity of small mammals at six paired sites with and without trails
along South Boulder Creek, Boulder, Colorado. In our
analysis, we used a set of alternative models, which we evaluated using
Akaiki's Information Criteria (AIC) to compute strength of evidence
supporting each alternative and then made all inferences based on
weighted averages of these model results. Our data provided strong
evidence for an increase (2.0 individuals per 100 trap nights ±
0.51 SE) of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the grazed sites, but
little evidence for effects on relative abundance of other species or
on species richness or diversity. Repeated measures ANOVA results for
paired trail and non-trail sites showed only weak evidence for a
negative effect of trails on species richness, species diversity, and
relative abundance. In addition to small mammal trapping, we employed
mark-recapture techniques on Preble's meadow jumping mouse (Zapus
hudsonius preblei), a federally listed threatened subspecies of the
meadow jumping mouse, to determine linear population density estimates
of this subspecies on the trail and non-trail sides of the creek.
Repeated measures ANOVA for these density estimates provided weak
evidence for a possible negative trail effect (-11.6 individuals/km ±
9.5 SE) that was greater in males than females. Although the low
precision of these estimates makes the results inconclusive, the
magnitude of the estimated effect (a 31% lower population density of
Preble's meadow jumping mice on sites with trails) highlights the need
for careful management and additional research. Our data revealed large
natural temporal and spatial variation in these populations that
resulted in poor precision of estimated effects of interest.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
583. Impact of soybean conservation systems on bobwhite quail habitat and mortality.
Eggert, D.; Frederick, J. R.; Robinson, S. J.; and
Bowerman, W.
In: Proceedings of the 26th Southern Conservation Tillage-Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Raleigh, NC.;
pp. 237-245; 2004.
Descriptors: beneficial
organisms/ conservation tillage/ habitats/ mortality/ no tillage/
soyabeans/ tillage/ Colinus virginianus/ Glycine Fabaceae/ Glycine max
Abstract:
Conservation-tillage systems on the Southeastern Coastal Plain
now utilize practices such as minimum surface tillage, narrow row
widths, and planting of herbicide-tolerant varieties. These systems can
result in many economical, environmental, and ecological benefits,
including providing a more suitable habitat for wildlife such as the
northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Our research objectives
were to assess the possible ecological impacts of both an innovative
soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) tillage system (no-till) and traditional
soybean system (tilled) on quail habitat and preference. Variables
measured were insect abundance, canopy closure and pen-raised quail
habitat use. No-till soybean fields were found to have the greatest
abundance of orthopteran (crickets/grasshoppers), arachnid (spiders),
and coleopteran/hemipteran (centipedes/beetles) insects. Insect numbers
were higher in the no-till system than in the tilled system, field
borders, and forested areas. The tilled system generally had the second
highest number of insects, followed by field borders and forested
areas. Canopy closure as estimated by light transmittance through the
canopy, was faster and more complete in the no-till system than the
tilled system due to the narrower row width used with the no-till
system. Pen-raised quail were found more frequently in the no-till
system than the tilled system a majority of the time. Greater quail use
of the tilled system only occurred at one field. Field borders and
forested areas were used less than either tillage systems. Averaged
over treatments and release days, the greatest cause of mortality was
due to mammals. These results indicate that no-till systems are more
beneficial to quail than traditional systems in terms of habitat
quality.
© CABI
584. Impact on rodents of mowing strips in old fields of eastern Kansas.
Slade, Norman A. and Crain, Shelley
Journal of Mammalogy 87(1): 97-101. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J823; ISSN: 0022-2372
Descriptors: Muridae/
Rodentia/ Microtus ochrogaster/ Peromyscus leucopus/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ Reithrodontomys megalotis/ Sigmodon hispidus/ deer mice/
harvest mice/ hispid cotton rat/ Microtus ochrogaster/ Peromyscus
leucopus/ prairie vole/ white-footed mice/ biogeography/ conservation/
wildlife management/ habitat use/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ grassland
habitat management/ Jefferson County/ Nelson Environmental Study Area/
Kansas/ land zones/ old field habitat/ population ecology/ strip
mowing/ woody vegetation invasion/ abundance/ disturbance/ habitat
fragmentation/ microtus/ movements/ landscape management/ prairie/
dispersion/ field technique
Abstract:
To minimize impact on small mammals while preventing invasion of woody
vegetation, we mowed alternating 15-m strips Oil Our area. We their
compared numbers and movements of 5 species of rodents on mowed and
unmowed strips. Numbers of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and
prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were reduced temporarily in the
mowed strips, whereas numbers of white-footed mice (Peromyscus
leucopus), deer mice (P. maniculatus), and western harvest mice
(Reithrodontomys megalotis) did not change significantly. Movements of
cotton rats, prairie voles, and harvest mice across mowed strips were
reduced, whereas movements within unmowed strips were relatively
unaffected, decreasing only for white-footed and harvest mice in I of 2
temporal replicates. Changes in numbers and movements were of short
duration, and hence mowing narrow strips when vegetation Could recover
rapidly had little sustained impact on this rodent community.
© NISC
585. Impacts of a late season grazing scheme on nongame wildlife in a Wallowa Mountain riparian ecosystem.
Kauffman, J. B.; Kreuger, W. C.; and Vavra, M.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 208-220; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Oregon/ grazing/ livestock/ wildlife/
riparian areas
586. Impacts of domestic livestock grazing on small mammals of forest grazing allotments in southeastern Idaho.
Johnson, S. J.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 242-250; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Idaho/ livestock/ grazing/ small mammals/ wildlife
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
587. Impacts
of rotational grazing and riparian buffers on physicochemical and
biological characteristics of southeastern Minnesota, USA,
streams.
Sovell, Laurie A.; Vondracek, Bruce; Frost, Julia A.; and Mumford, Karen G.
Environmental Management 26(6): 629-641. (2000)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: principal
component analysis: pca, mathematical method/ canopy cover/ grass
buffers/ pastures: continuously grazed, rotationally grazed/ percent
fines: streambed/ physical habitat: stream quality parameter/ riparian
buffer management/ riparian management/ stream quality/ stream
restoration/ turbidity/ water chemistry: stream quality parameter/
watershed/ wood buffer
Abstract:
We assessed the relationship between riparian management and stream
quality along five southeastern Minnesota streams in 1995 and
1996. Specifically, we examined the effect of rotationally and
continuously grazed pastures and different types of riparian buffer
strips on water chemistry, physical habitat, benthic
macroinvertebrates, and fish as indicators of stream quality. We
collected data at 17 sites under different combinations of grazing and
riparian management, using a longitudinal design on three streams and a
paired watershed design on two others. Continuous and rotational
grazing were compared along one longitudinal study stream and at the
paired watershed. Riparian buffer management, fenced trees (wood
buffer), fenced grass, and unfenced rotationally grazed areas were the
focus along the two remaining longitudinal streams. Principal
components analysis (PCA) of water chemistry, physical habitat, and
biotic data indicated a local management effect. The ordinations
separated continuous grazing from sites with rotational grazing and
sites with wood buffers from those with grass buffers or rotationally
grazed areas. Fecal coliform and turbidity were consistently higher at
continuously grazed than rotationally grazed sites. Percent fines in
the streambed were significantly higher at sites with wood buffers than
grass and rotationally grazed areas, and canopy cover was similar at
sites with wood and grass buffers. Benthic macroinvertebrate metrics
were significant but were not consistent across grazing and riparian
buffer management types. Fish density and abundance were related to
riparian buffer type, rather than grazing practices. Our study has
potentially important implications for stream restoration programs in
the midwestern United States. Our comparisons suggest further
consideration and study of a combination of grass and wood riparian
buffer strips as midwestern stream management options, rather than
universally installing wood buffers in every instance.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
588. The implications of grassland and heathland management for the conservation of spider communities: A review.
Bell, J. R.; Wheater, C. P.; and Cullen, W. R.
Journal of Zoology 255(3): 377-387. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL1.J68; ISSN: 0952-8369
Descriptors: grassland management/ grasslands/ grazing/ habitats/ wildlife conservation
Abstract:
Both intensity and type of habitat management in grasslands and
heathlands affect spider communities. With high intensity management,
spider communities often lack diversity and are dominated by a few
r-selected species affiliated with bare ground. Low intensity
management produces more complex communities introducing more niches
for aerial web spinners and climbing spiders. The preferred management
will be site-dependent and may not be appropriate for all spiders in
all situations, particularly for some rare or threatened species.
Providing natural cover is recommended when using extreme forms of
management or intensive grazing (particularly by sheep). In extreme
cases, or where trampling is heavy, the litter layer should be
conserved. We advocate research and survey before and after major
management implementation. Habitat management for spiders should not be
considered alone, but integrated into a holistic plan. Management for
spiders may conflict with rare plant conservation and small reserves
should examine the viability of providing two contrasting regimes.
© CABI
589. The importance and future condition of western riparian ecosystems as migratory bird habitat.
Skagen, Susan K.; Hazlewood, Rob; and Scott, Michael L.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 525-527.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ habitat management/
riparian ecosystems/ migratory species/ habitat utilization/ riparian
habitat/ United States, western region/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Riparian forests have long been considered important habitats for
breeding western landbirds, and growing evidence reinforces their
importance during the migratory period as well. Extensive modification
of natural flow regimes, grazing, and forest clearing along many rivers
in the western U.S. have led to loss and simplification of native
riparian forests and to declines and endangerment of riparian-
dependent birds species. Efforts to conserve, restore, and manage the
distinctive biological diversity of riparian ecosystems must rest upon
a clear understanding of the primary physical and biological process
that structure and maintain that diversity on a landscape scale.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
590. Importance
of in situ survival, recolonization, and habitat gaps in the postfire
recovery of fire-sensitive prairie insect species.
Panzer, R.
Natural Areas Journal 23(1): 14-21. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 08858608
Descriptors: Homoptera/
Lepidoptera/ prairie insects/ prescribed burning/ tallgrass prairie/
community dynamics/ habitat management/ insect/ prairie/ prescribed
burning/ recolonization/ survival/ United States/ Aflexia rubranura/
Cicadellidae/ Homoptera/ Lepidoptera/ Noctuidae/ Papaipema eryngii
Abstract:
I investigated the roles of in situ survival and recolonization in the
postfire recovery of fire-sensitive insect species within isolated
tallgrass prairie remnants in Illinois, northwest Indiana,
and southeast Wisconsin, USA. I examined the extent to which
commonly encountered habitat gaps suppress recovery among several taxa
and tested the pivotal assumption that small populations are readily
extirpated when their requisite habitats are completely burned. Both in
situ survival and recolonization were found to contribute appreciably
to postfire recovery within the spatial and temporal scales examined.
Combined recovery times for 22 species separated from unburned units by
roads or other barriers were not greater than those for populations in
burn units abutting unburned tracts. The flightless leafhopper Aflexia
rubranura (DeLong) and the sedentary moth Papaipema eryngii Bird
readily crossed habitat gaps as large as 36 m and 25 m, respectively.
When 6-m gaps were covered with tar paper in the Aflexia experiment,
colonization of outlying patches was reduced, but not stopped. I
conclude that burn unit designs that provide adjacent or nearby
refugia, coupled with procedures that promote patchiness within burned
units, can be expected to contribute appreciably to the rapid recovery
of fire-sensitive species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
591. Importance
of riparian habitats for small mammal and herpetofaunal communities in
agricultural landscapes of southern Quebec.
Maisonneuve, C. and Rioux, S.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83(1-2):
165-175. (2001)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00259-0.
Descriptors: agricultural
landscapes/ herpetofauna/ Quebec/ riparian strips/ small mammals/
agricultural ecosystem/ community structure/ herpetofauna/ riparian
zone/ Amphibia/ Anura/ Blarina brevicauda/ Bufo americanus/
Clethrionomys gapperi/ Cricetinae/ Mammalia/ Peromyscus maniculatus/
Rana pipiens/ Rana sylvatica/ Reptilia/ Riparia/ Sorex cinereus/ Sorex
fumeus/
Zapus hudsonius
Abstract:
The presence of adequate riparian strips in agricultural landscapes is
generally recognized to contribute to the reduction of the impacts of
agricultural practices on the water quality of streams, to regularize
water temperature and to help in the creation of important wildlife
habitats. This study aimed at determining the importance of riparian
strips in agricultural landscapes of southern Quebec for small
mammal and herpetofaunal communities, and verifying farmers' general
belief that these habitats become shelters for species considered as
agricultural pests. Abundance, composition and diversity of communities
were compared between three types of riparian strips: herbaceous,
shrubby and wooded. A total of 1460 small mammals belonging to 14
species and 329 amphibians and reptiles belonging to 11 species were
captured with line trapping and drift fences. The generalist species
Sorex cinereus, Zapus hudsonius, Blarina brevicauda, and Bufo
americanus were abundant in all three types of riparian strips.
Peromyscus maniculatus, Sorex fumeus, Clethrionomys gapperi, and Rana
pipiens were associated more closely to wooded strips, whereas Rana
sylvatica was captured mostly in shrubby strips. The abundance of small
mammals and herpetofauna increased with complexity of vegetation
structure. Small mammal diversity was higher in herbaceous and wooded
riparian strips, whereas the herpetofaunal community was more diverse
in shrubby strips. Proportion and abundance of pest species diminished
with complexity of vegetation structure, whereas insectivores increased
in abundance. Maintaining woody vegetation in riparian strips should
increase abundance and diversity of wildlife within agricultural
landscapes where increasing development pressure is presently
contributing to the conversion of such habitats to herbaceous strips.
Such a management approach should also help reducing the risk of
riparian strips becoming shelters for pest species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
592. Improvement of Great Basin deer winter range with livestock grazing.
Neal, D. L.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 61-73; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: deer/ livestock/ grazing/ Great Basin
593. Improving northern bobwhite habitat by converting tall fescue fields to native warm-season grasses.
Washburn, B. E.; Barnes, T. G.; and Sole, J. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 97-104. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Festuca
arundinacea/ glyphosate/ herbicides/ Imazapic/ native warm-season
grasses/ northern bobwhite/ burning/ habitat management/ methodology/
species conservation/ wildlife management/ Colinus virginianus/ Festuca
arundinacea/ Neotyphodium coenophialum
Abstract:
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) grasslands infected with an endophyte
(Neotyphodium coenophialum) are poor wildlife habitat, and birds and
mammals feeding thereon experience nutritional and reproductive
problems. Converting tall fescue fields to native warm-season grasses
(NWSG) is an accepted method to improve this habitat. The objective of
our study was to evaluate the efficacy of techniques to kill tall
fescue and establish NWSG to improve habitat for the northern bobwhite
(Colinus virginianus). We tested combinations of prescribed burns and
spring or fall pre-emergence applications of glyphosate
(N-[phosphonomethyl]glycine) or imazapic
([±]-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-meth
yl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) herbicide with and without a
post-emergence imazapic application. Prescribed burns, herbicide
applications, and NWSG plantings were implemented in 0.1-ha treatment
plots in spring and fall 1997 on 9 tall fescue fields in Kentucky.
Resulting plant communities were described in fall 1998. Spring
imazapic and glyphosate applications reduced (P < 0.05) tall fescue
cover compared to the untreated controls. Among the spring treatments,
imazapic applications resulted in greater (P < 0.05) coverage of
NWSG than glyphosate applications. The best treatment to kill tall
fescue and establish NWSG was a spring burn followed by a pre-emergence
imazapic application and seeding NWSG. Regardless of treatment, tall
fescue conversion improved the habitat characteristics of grasslands
for northern bobwhites.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
594. Improving
wildlife habitat on the prairies: An evaluation of the habitat
conservation partnership agreement in southwestern Manitoba.
Ramsey, D. and Walberg, B.
Environments 29(2): 43-58. (2001); ISSN: 07116780
Descriptors: agriculture/
incentives/ partnerships/ stewardship/ wildlife habitat preservation/
habitat conservation/ partnership approach/ prairie/ wildlife
management/ Canada/ Anas
Abstract: Southern Manitoba's landscape, vastly altered through a century of
agricultural settlement, has become further transformed with the
industrialization of agriculture in recent years. One of the impacts of
these changes has been the further loss of wildlife habitat. The
Habitat Conservation Partnership Agreement (HCPA), financed by Ducks
Unlimited Canada and coordinated through six of Manitoba's Conservation
Districts in southwestern Manitoba, was a three year program
(1998-2000) that offered assistance to land owners on a range of
habitat initiatives. In evaluating the HCPA, this paper argues that
each of the programs is innovative in attempting to maintain and
improve habitat for wildlife in one of the most intensively farmed
regions of Canada. Following a description of the partnership
agreement, the benefits and constraints of the initiatives within the
HCPA are examined by analysing the results of a survey administered to
program participants (n=123) in February 2000. The paper concludes by
suggesting that because the economic conditions facing prairie farmers
ultimately hinder altruistic concerns about wildlife habitat,
partnership programs such as the HCPA provide important contributions
to reducing the impacts of farming on such habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
595. In my opinion: Grousing and grazing on national grasslands.
Sidle, John G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 1139-1144. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ sharp-tailed grouse/ Tympanuchus cupido/ Tympanuchus
cupido Pinnatus/ Tympanuchus phasianellus/ Tympanuchus phasianellus
Jamesi/ livestock/ wildlife habitat/ habitat management/ grasslands/
South Dakota
Abstract: The
article presents the author's opinion regarding livestock
adjustments for wildlife habitat management on federal lands. The
author's observations and opinion center around plains sharp-tailed
grouse, Tympanuchus phasianellus jamesii, and greater prairie chicken,
Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus, habitat on Fort Pierre National
Grassland, South Dakota. These species need substantial vegetation
cover and
the author recognizes the role of grazing, even heavy grazing, on
national grasslands. The grassland of Fort Pierre includes
about 47,000 ha of mixed-grass vegetation on a rolling hill landscape
just west of the Missouri River near Pierre, South
Dakota. The most prevalent grass species of this island is Western
wheat grass. It is an important area on the northern plains for the
conservation of prairie grouse. After receiving complaints about
inadequate levels of vegetation cover after livestock
grazing, Fort Pierre began to develop and implement grazing
management strategies to improve prairie grouse habitat conditions.
© NISC
596. Influence of cattle stocking rate on the structural profile of deer hiding cover.
Loft, E. R.; Menke, J. W.; Kie, J. G.; and Bertram, R. C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 51(3): 655-664. (1987)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Odocoileus
hemionus californicus/ Odocoileus hemionus hemionus/ Populus
tremuloides/ Salix spp./ Veratrum californicum/ fawn/ meadow/ riparian
habitat/ grazing habitat deterioration/ Sierra Nevada/ California
Abstract:
Hiding cover available for California (Odocoileus hemionus
californicus) and Rocky Mountain (O. h. hemionus) mule deer
was monitored during summer under no, moderate, and heavy cattle
stocking rates in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and
meadow-riparian habitats in the central Sierra Nevada, California [USA]. Use of willow (Salix spp.) and herbaceous
vegetation in meadow-riparian habitat was also measured using exclosure
plots. Hiding cover in aspen and corn lily (Veratrum californicum)
vegetation types was not reduced through mid-season in ungrazed
treatments but was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced under moderate
and heavy grazing. Increases in cover of aspen understory were detected
after 2 years of cattle exclusion. Willow vegetation was resilient
to the impacts of cattle under moderate grazing, but hiding cover was
significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with heavy stocking rates. Browsing
of willows by deer was light in ungrazed treatments but increased as
the season progressed in cattle-grazed areas and as stocking rate
increased. Natural weathering was partly responsible for overall hiding
cover lost during the summer but reductions prior to mid-summer were
attributed to cattle. The high proportion of hiding cover lost early in
the season coincided with the 1st 2 months of life for fawns.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
597. Influence of fire and juniper encroachment on birds in high-elevation sagebrush steppe.
Noson, Anna C.; Schmitz, Richard A.; and Miller, Richard F.
Western North American Naturalist 66(3): 343-353. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: habitat/
terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/
Oreoscoptes montanus/ Pipilo chlorurus/ Pooecetes gramineus/ Spizella
breweri: disturbance by man/ fire suppression/ Influence on habitat
vegetation structure/ breeding distributions/ forest and woodland/
sagebrush steppe/ grassland/ scrub/ fire/ decreased fire frequency/
Oregon/ Steens Mountain/ Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined relationships between high-elevation sagebrush (Artemisia
spp.) steppe habitats altered by prescribed fire and western juniper
(Juniperus occidentalis) encroachment on breeding distributions of
Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri), Vesper Sparrows (Pooecetes
gramineus), Green-tailed Towhees (Pipilo chlorurus), and Sage Thrashers
(Oreoscoptes montanus) on Steens Mountain in Southeastern Oregon. In
2000 we conducted fixed-radius point count surveys at 172 sites
encompassing burned and unburned sagebrush habitat and a range of
juniper densities. For each bird species we developed habitat models
using local variables measured in the field and landscape variables
derived from remotely sensed data. Akaike's Information Criterion
(AICc) was used to select the best-approximating model from a suite of
a priori candidate models. Brewer's Sparrows, Sage Thrashers, and
Green-tailed Towhees were positively related to increasing local
sagebrush cover or percent sagebrush in the landscape, whereas Vesper
Sparrows were negatively associated with sagebrush cover and positively
related to increases in sagebrush fragmentation at local and landscape
scales. Including a measure of juniper encroachment Substantially
improved models for all species in the analysis. Green-tailed Towhees
showed a curvilinear response to the amount of juniper in the
landscape. All other species showed a strong negative relationship with
juniper. Our results indicate that, although changes in sagebrush
habitat associated with fire had a negative influence on sagebrush
birds, juniper encroachment due to fire suppression also impacted this
high-elevation sagebrush bird community.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
598. Influence of fire and other anthropogenic practices on grassland and shrubland birds in New England.
Vickery, Peter D.; Zuckerberg, Benjamin; Jones, Andrea L.; Gregory Shrjver, W.; and Weik, Andrew P.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 139-146. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: upland
sandpiper/ upland sandpipers/ vesper sparrow/ vesper sparrows/
blueberry barrens/ farmland/ grassland birds/ New England/ prescribed
fire/ shrubland birds
Abstract: The
extent of grassland and shrubland habitat in New England has
changed dramatically over the past 400 yr. as a result of changing land
uses. Presently, grasslands and shrublands in New England have
been created and maintained primarily as a result of four types of
habitat management: mowing, livestock grazing, clearcutting, and
prescribed burning. Hayfields and pastures comprise the largest
proportion of open land, approximately 718,500 ha. Clearcutting has
created extensive shrubland patches in northern Maine, where 3.5%
(243,000 ha) of the commercial forestland has been harvested in the
past 20 yr. creating ephemeral, early successional shrublands used by a
wide variety of warblers, sparrows, and other birds. The most
widespread use of prescribed fire is agricultural and takes on
commercial lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustjfolium) barrens
in Maine, where approximately 3,000 ha are burned annually. These
barrens are especially important habitats for Upland Sandpipers
(Bartramia longicauda) and Vesper Sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus). The
scale of ecological prescribed burns in New England for habitat
management of endangered ecosystems has been small; in recent years
fewer than 300 ha have been burned annually. The effects of burning
differ in grasslands versus shrublands. In native grasslands, burning
has a strong effect on vegetation structure, which, in turn, has clear
effects on most grassland specialist birds. Shrubland fires have less
impact on shrubland birds because most of the woody structure remains
intact.
© NISC
599. Influence of grazing by bison and cattle on deer mice in burned tallgrass prairie.
Matlack, Raymond S.; Kaufman, Donald W.; and
Kaufman, Glennis A.
American Midland Naturalist 146(2): 361-368. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land and freshwater zones/
Bos bison (Bovidae): food plants/ impact on habitat/ grassland/ Kansas/
Flint Hills/ Konza Prairie Biological Station/ grazing impact on small
mammalian population size/ tallgrass prairie habitat/ Bovidae/
Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We studied the influence of grazing by bison (Bos bison) and by cattle
(B. taurus) on deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in tallgrass prairie
at the Konza Prairie Biological Station in 1997 and 1998. Small mammals
were sampled by one 10-station trapline in each of four bison-grazed
enclosures, four cattle-grazed enclosures and four ungrazed sites.
Enclosures were 4.9 ha and the biomass of grazers in each was similar.
All sites were burned annually. We sampled small mammals for 4
consecutive nights in
spring
before fire, in spring after fire and in autumn. Deer mice were the
most abundant species (n=285; 83% of all small mammals) captured in all
treatments and in each trapping period. Deer mice were significantly
more abundant in bison-grazed and cattle-grazed sites than in ungrazed
sites in spring before fire (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively),
but were similar in abundance in grazed and ungrazed sites following
fire. Abundance of deer mice was significantly higher in bison-grazed
sites than in cattle-grazed and ungrazed sites in autumn (P<0.05 and
P<0.001, respectively). Bison and cattle differ in grazing and
nongrazing behaviors (e.g., wallowing by bison) that result in
differences in vegetation structure. It is likely that differences in
deer mouse abundance between bison-grazed and cattle-grazed treatments
were due to differences in vegetation structure caused by the two types
of grazers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
600. Influence of grazing treatments on nongame birds and vegetation structure in south central North Dakota.
Messmer, Terry Allan. North Dakota State University, 1991.
Descriptors: behavior/
breeding/ birds/ habitat use/ habitat alterations/ grazing/ livestock/
habitat disturbance/ habitat changes/ Ammodrmus savannarum/ food
supply/
North Dakota
© NISC
601. The
influence of habitat diversity and structure on bird use of riparian
buffer strips in coastal forests of British Columbia, Canada.
Shirley, S.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(7):
1499-1510. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/X04-038.
Descriptors: forestry/
vegetation/ coastal forests/ habitat structures/ riparian habitats/
biodiversity/ abundance/ avifauna/ buffer zone/ community structure/
coniferous forest/ habitat structure/ riparian forest/ species
richness/ biodiversity/ birds/ plants/ British Columbia/ Canada/ North
America/ Vancouver Island/ Aves/ Riparia
Abstract: I investigated the role of habitat structure in explaining bird species richness and abundance in
riparian buffer strips of old-growth coniferous forest on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Using
buffer
strips of varying widths and a control from undisturbed riparian
forest, I tested the hypothesis that vegetation differs in buffer
strips of varying width. I selected 10 summary variables to represent
broad-scale vegetation attributes of riparian habitat. Deciduous tree
density was higher, and shrub richness was lower in wide buffers
compared with narrow buffers. I then used Akaike information criterion
to examine whether vegetation structure or buffer width best explained
patterns of bird richness and abundance in riparian habitats. Species
richness and abundance in several foraging guilds were explained better
by buffer width than by vegetation. Abundances of three bird habitat
guilds: riparian specialists, forest-interior, and open-edge species,
and 6 of 10
species
were best explained by specific vegetation features. Differences in
vegetation, particularly deciduous tree density and shrub cover,
explained part of the variation in abundance of several riparian
forest-dwelling species and may be useful in evaluating specific forest management
practices. Because deciduous tree density is also positively correlated
with buffer width, wide buffers (>100 m) may benefit not only those
species associated with coniferous upland forests and forest
generalists sensitive to buffer width, but also those species whose
abundance is associated with deciduous trees.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
602. Influence of precipitation on demographics of northern bobwhites in southern Texas.
Hernandez, F.; Hernandez, F.; Arredondo, J. A.;
Bryant, F. C.; Brennan, L. A.; and Bingham, R. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 1071-1079. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33 [1071:IOPODO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ drought/ northern bobwhites/ population dynamics/ Texas/ weather/ birds/ drought/ precipitation intensity/
rangelands
Abstract:
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations in southwestern
rangelands are influenced by precipitation; populations increase during
relatively wet periods and decrease during drought. Understanding the
demographic responses of bobwhites to fluctuations in precipitation
might provide a basis for identifying mechanisms responsible for the
phenomenon. We compared 10 population variables (bobwhite survival,
nesting-season length, nest success, hen success, percent hens nesting
and renesting, nesting rate, percent juveniles in fall harvest sample
(Nov-Feb), clutch size, and egg hatchability) between a dry (Sep
2000-Aug 2001; 51 cm precipitation) and wet period (Sep 2002-Aug 2003;93
cm precipitation) in Brooks County, Texas. We monitored radiomarked
bobwhites on 3 sites during the dry (n=263 bobwhites) and wet period
(n=191 bobwhites) to obtain estimates of survival and reproductive
effort. Bobwhite survival curves differed between the dry period
(0.30±0.04;
S’ ±SE, n=102 bobwhites) and wet period (0.60±
0.06; n=71 bobwhites; P≤0.001) during fall-winter (Sep-Feb). A lower
proportion of hens nested during the dry period (95% CI:
52.6±22.5 %; n=19 hens) compared to the wet period (100%; n=15
hens). Of hens that nested, the dry period exhibited a lower nesting
rate (95% CI: 1.2±0.3 nests/hen) compared to the wet period (95%
CI: 2.3±0.5 nests/hen). The dry period also experienced a
shorter nesting season (69 days) compared to wet period (159
days). Lastly, percent juveniles (Nov-Feb) was lower during the dry
period (95% CI: 69.3±0.3 %; n=740 harvested bobwhites) compared
to wet period (95%
CI:
78.3±2.1%; n=1,415 harvested bobwhites). Our field study
highlights 4 demographic variables (i.e., survival, percentage of hens
nesting, nesting rate, and nesting-season length) that warrant further
research to identify causal factors responsible for the boom-and-bust
phenomenon in bobwhites. Further, our data suggest
that drought negatively impacts bobwhite reproductive
effort such that harvest should be reduced or ceased during drought (e.g., <50 cm annual precipitation).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
603. Influence of prescribed fire on lesser prairie-chicken habitat in shinnery oak communities in western Oklahoma.
Boyd, Chad S. and Bidwell, Terrence G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(3): 938-947. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ terrestrial
habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land and freshwater zones/
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Phasianidae): habitat management/ food
availability/ breeding site/ nest site/ scrub/ shinnery oak habitat/
fire/ Oklahoma/ Roger Mills County/ Black Kettle National Grassland/
prescribed fire/ habitat quality/ Phasianidae/ Galliformes, Aves/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
604. Influence of rest-rotation cattle grazing on mule deer and elk habitat use in east-central Idaho.
Yeo, J. J.; Peek, J. M.; Wittinger, W. T.; and Kvale, C. T.
Journal of Range Management 46(3): 245-250. (1993)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume46/Number3/ azu_jrm_v46_n3_245_250_m.pdf
Descriptors: grazing systems/ selective grazing/ wild animals/ rest rotation grazing/ grazing behavior
Abstract:
Elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and cattle (Bos
taurus) distributions were determined year round from 1975 to 1979 on a
rest-rotation grazing system established in steep mountainous terrain.
Following implementation of the grazing system, cattle progressively
used higher altitudes and steeper slopes in each succeeding year. Elk
preferred rested pastures during the grazing season (June-Oct.) and
avoided habitat frequented by cattle by using higher altitudes and
steeper slopes. Few mule deer used the allotment during summer, but
during the winter, deer selected habitats grazed previously by cattle.
Elk appeared to adjust to the grazing system by making greater use of
pastures with cattle present, although preference for pastures without
cattle continued.
© CABI
605. Influence of thorns and tannins on white-tailed deer browsing after mowing.
Schindler, Jason R.; Fulbright, Timothy E.; and Forbes, T. D. A.
Journal of Arid Environments 55(2): 361-377. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Cervidae/ Odocoileus virginianus/ Acacia/ Celtis/ Prosopis/ browsing/
foods-feeding/ San Patricio County/ Texas/ diets/ land zones/
nutrition/ white-tailed deer/ vegetation/ strategy/ forest damage/
disturbance/ food/ plant secondary metabolites/ experiment/ fence/
honey mesquite
Abstract:
We used caged and uncaged plants to compare shoot growth, biomass,
spinescence, nutrient, and tannin content of blackbrush acacia (Acacia
rigidula Benth.), honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.), and spiny
hackberry (Celtis pallida Torr.) 6 and 12 weeks after mowing, and
estimated white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Raf.) use of
sprouts of each species stripped of spines and unstripped. Blackbrush
acacia grew slowly and had more thorns, protein-precipitating tannins,
and fiber than honey mesquite or spiny hackberry. Spiny hackberry, a
shrub adapted to fertile sites, grew slower and was more physically
defended than honey mesquite but lower in tannins than blackbrush
acacia, and was the most palatable to deer of the three species. Thorn
removal did not alter palatability of the three species to deer.
© NISC
606. Influence of topography on density of grassland passerines in pastures.
Renfrew, R. B. and Ribic, C. A.
American Midland Naturalist 147(2): 315-325. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: grassland/
habitat management/ passerines/ population density/ topographic effect/
vegetation structure/ United States/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Cistothorus
platensis/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ Sturnella
magna/ Sturnella neglecta
Abstract:
Pastures provide substantial habitat for grassland birds of management
concern in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin. The
rolling topography in this region is characterized by lowland valleys
surrounded by relatively steep and often wooded slopes which are set
apart from more expansive treeless uplands. We hypothesized that there
would be lower densities of area sensitive grassland passerines in
lowland grasslands compared to upland grasslands because of their
preference for larger more open grasslands. To test this hypothesis and
assess how well pasture area and vegetation structure predicted
grassland passerine density compared to upland/lowland status, we
conducted point counts of birds in 60 pastures in May-June 1997 and
1998. Upland pastures generally supported greater densities of
grassland passerines than lowland pastures. Densities of Savannah
sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) and bobolink (Dolichonyx
oryzivorus) were significantly higher in upland pastures than in
lowland pastures. Grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) density
was significantly higher on uplands in one of the study years. The
density of eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), western meadowlark (S.
neglecta) and sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis) did not differ
significandy between uplands and lowlands. Grassland passerine density
was also predicted by pasture size and vegetation structure. Densities
of bobolink and grasshopper sparrow were higher in larger pastures.
Bobolink and Savannah sparrow occurred on pastures with greater
vegetation height-density and less bare ground; bobolink also preferred
shallower litter depths. Lowland pastures supported grassland bird
species of management concern and should not be neglected. However, we
recommend that pasture management for grassland passerines in areas of
variable topography favor relatively large upland pastures that will
contain higher densities of species of management concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
607. Influences of livestock grazing on sage grouse habitat.
Beck, Jeffrey L. and Mitchell, Dean L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 993-1002. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: habitat/ livestock grazing/ sage grouse/ sagebrush rangelands
Abstract:
Livestock grazing has been identified as one factor associated with the
widespread decline and degradation of sage grouse (Centrocercus
urophasianus) habitat. We identified n = 17 positive and negative
impacts of livestock on sage grouse and habitat. Little information is
currently available concerning the directs impacts of livestock grazing
on sage grouse habitat. Indirect impacts are better understood than
direct impacts. Chemical and mechanical treatments intended to provide
increased quantities of grass forage for livestock have indirectly
reduced the acceptability of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangelands for
sage grouse. Our paper examines: 1) potential mechanisms whereby
livestock grazing in big sagebrush (A. tridentata) communities can
modify sage grouse habitat and 2) the indirect influences of livestock
production on sage grouse habitat. Overall, livestock grazing appears
to most affect productivity of sage grouse populations. Residual grass
cover following grazing is essential
to conceal sage grouse nests from predators. Future research needs are
identified and management implications related to livestock grazing in
sage grouse habitats are included.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
608. Influences
of management regimes on breeding bird densities and habitat in
mixed-grass prairie: An example from North Dakota.
Lueders, Andrea S.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; and
Johnson, Douglas H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(2): 600-606. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: farming and agriculture/ grazing management regimes/
habitat structure/ prairie/ population density/ breeding populations/
grassland/ mixed grass prairie/ North Dakota/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
609. Initial
effects of prescribed fire on morphology, abundance, and phenology of
forbs in big sagebrush communities in southeastern Oregon.
Wrobleski, D. W. and Kauffman, J. B.
Restoration Ecology 11(1): 82-90. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971
Descriptors: Antennaria
dimorpha/ Astragalus malachus/ Astragalus purshii/ Centrocercus
urophasianus/ Crepis modocensis/ fire-enhanced flowering/ Hart mountain
National Antelope Refuge/ Lomatium canbyi/ Lomatium nevadense/ Lomatium
watsonii/ morphology/ Phenology/ Phlox gracilis/ Phlox longifolia/
prescribed fire/ restoration/ sage grouse/ sagebrush/ abundance/ herb/
morphology/ phenology/ prescribed burning/ restoration ecology/
shrubland/ United States/ Antennaria dimorpha/ Artemisia tridentata/
Astragalus malachus/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Crepis modocensis/
Lomatium nevadense/ Phlox gracilis/ Phlox longifolia
Abstract:
Historic fire return intervals in Artemesia tridentata (big sagebrush)
ecosystems have been altered by livestock grazing, fire suppression,
and other land management techniques resulting in ecological changes in
these areas. Increases in abundance of woody vegetation may be causing
declines in native herbaceous understory species. We examined the
effects of prescribed fire on the morphology, abundance, and phenology
of nine abundant forb (herbaceous dicot) species used selectively by
Centrocercus urophasianus (Sage Grouse). In September 1997 prescribed
fire was applied to four of eight randomly assigned 400-ha A.t.
wyomingensis (Wyoming big sagebrush) study plots at Hart Mountain
National Antelope Refuge, Oregon. Livestock had not grazed
experimental plots since 1991. Burning caused morphological changes
such as significantly greater numbers of racemes and flowers per raceme
in Astragalus malachus (shaggy milkvetch-Legumoideae) (9 in burn vs. 6
in control; 23 in burn vs. 21 in control, respectively). Also,
prescribed burning caused greater numbers of flowers in Phlox gracilis
(microsteris Polemoniaceae) (57 vs. 13), greater numbers of umbels and
umbelletts in Lomatium nevadense (Nevada desert parsley-Umbellifereae)
(4 vs. 2 and 59 vs. 31, respectively), greater numbers of flower heads
in Crepis modocensis (Modoc hawksbeard-Compositae) (32 vs. 21), and
greater number of flowers/cm3 in Phlox longifolia (longleaf
phlox-Polemoniaceae) (0.11 vs. 0.06). Crown volume of Crepis modocensis
(7,085 vs. 4,179 cm3) and Astragalus malachus (2,854 vs. 1,761 cm3)
plants was greater in burned plots than control plots. However, burning
resulted in a smaller crown area of Antennaria dimorpha (low
pussytoes-Compositae) (20 vs. 37 cm2).
Phenology and time of flowering were also affected by fire. The period
of active growth for each species was extended later into the summer in
burned plots (p < 0.01). In addition, Crepis modocensis and Lomatium
nevadense flowered 12 to 14 days earlier in burned plots. Fire had no
effect on frequency, density, and relative abundance of seven of the
nine studied species. Fire reduced the frequency and relative abundance
of A. dimorpha and Phlox longifolia and reduced the density of A.
dimorpha.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
610. Initial
results of experimental studies of prairie dogs in arid grasslands:
Implications for landscape conservation and the importance of scale.
Curtin, Charles
Grasslands Ecosystems, Endangered Species, and Sustainable Ranching in the Mexico-U.S. Borderlands: Conference Proceedings RMRS-P 40: 57-61. (2006).
Notes: U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings (RMRS-P) no. 40.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p040.pdf
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Cynomys ludovicanus:
conservation/ habitat management/ land management/ arid
grasslands/ New Mexico/ Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae/ chordates/
mammals/
rodents/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
611. Insect diversity in two burned and grazed grasslands.
Fay, Philip A.
Environmental Entomology 32(5): 1099-1104. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: Sorensen's
similarity index: mathematical and computer techniques/ sweep sampling:
applied and field techniques/ burning/ grazing/ species diversity/
species richness/ tallgrass prairie
Abstract:
This study examined insect diversity in two native grassland ecosystems
undergoing burning and grazing by bison and cattle, the Niobrara Valley
Preserve (Nebraska) and the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve
(Oklahoma). Sweep-sampling for insects was conducted during July
1994 and 1995
along transects in management units that were grazed by bison and
partially burned, grazed by cattle and either burned (Tallgrass) or
unburned (Niobrara), or ungrazed and unburned. At both sites, species
richness (S) and diversity (log series alpha) were higher and
similarity (Sorensen's index) lower for bison than for cattle or
ungrazed management units. High bison management unit diversity was
associated with significantly higher S and alpha in burned (Tallgrass)
and unburned (Niobrara) portions of bison units compared with their
respective cattle units, suggesting that habitat heterogeneity in terms
of plant productivity, composition, and structure were higher in bison
versus cattle and ungrazed management units. Replicated
factorial experiments and sampling of additional taxa and time points
are needed to verify how fire and grazing management impacts insect
diversity in these grasslands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
612. Integrating economic costs into the analysis of flexible conservation management strategies.
Drechsler, M.; Johst, K.; Watzold, F.; and Westphal, M. I.
Ecological Applications 16(5): 1959-1966. (Oct. 2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ economic analysis/ cost analysis/ stochastic processes/
dynamic programming/ endangered species/ Lycaenidae/ habitats/
grasslands/ mowing/ ecological economic model/ stochastic dynamic
programming/ flexible conservation management/ Maculinea teleius/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ entomology related
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
613. Interacting effects of landownership, land use, and endangered species on conservation of southwestern U.S. rangelands.
Sayre, N. F.
Conservation Biology 19(3): 783-792. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00192.x.
Descriptors: collaborative
management/ Endangered Species Act/ fire/ livestock grazing/ riparian
areas/ threatened species/ conservation management/ grazing/ habitat
conservation/ land tenure/ land use/ prescribed burning/ rangeland/
Arizona/ New Mexico/ Riparia
Abstract:
The contemporary southwestern United States is characterized by
fire-adapted ecosystems; large numbers of federally listed threatened
and endangered species; a patchwork of federal, state, and private
landownership; and a long history of livestock grazing as the
predominant land use. I compared eight sites in southern Arizona
and New Mexico to assess the interacting effects of these
characteristics on conservation practices and outcomes. There was
widespread interest and private-sector leadership in restoring fire to
southwestern rangelands, and there is a shortage of predictive
scientific knowledge about the effects of fire and livestock grazing on
threatened and endangered species. It was easier to restore fire to
lands that were either privately owned or not grazed, in part because
of obstacles created by threatened and endangered species on grazed
public lands. Collaborative management facilitated conservation
practices and outcomes and periodic removal of livestock may be necessary for conservation,
but permanent livestock exclusion may be counterproductive because of
interactions with land-use and landownership patterns.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
614. Invertebrate availability for upland game birds in tall fescue and native warm-season grass fields.
Fettinger, Jennifer L.; Harper, Craig A.; and Dixon, Charles E.
Tennessee Academy of Science. Journal 77(4): 83-87. (2002); ISSN: 0040-313X
Descriptors: Galliformes/
wildlife-invertebrate relationships/ upland habitat/ invertebrates/
habitat management/ grasslands/ foods-feeding/ food supply/ ecosystems/
broods/ brooding/ birds/ behavior/ Tennessee
Abstract: This
study is about the availability of invertebrates for upland game
birds in tall fescue and native warm-season grass fields
across Tennessee, U.S.A. Native warm-season grasses are
recommended for
converting fields from non-native perennial grasses to enhance the
structure of wildlife habitat. Big bluestem, little bluestem,
broomsedge bluestem, Indian grass, and switchgrass are some warm-season
bunchgrasses native to Tennessee. These grasses with associated
forbs are used to restore wildlife habitat. The diet of young upland
game birds mainly consists of invertebrates, which provide protein and
calcium essential for chick development. Populations of gallinaceous
birds are affected by changes in invertebrate availability, arising
from changes in vegetation. Invertebrate samples were collected from
ten fields of tall fescue and ten fields of native warm-season grass
located across Tennessee. There was no difference in overall
invertebrate density in the fields of tall fescue and native
warm-season grass fields. Density and biomass of Hemiptera was greater
in tall fescue fields, while density of Orthoptera was higher in native
grass fields. This study suggests that other parameters such as
vegetation structure and presence of forbs, have a greater influence on
the use of fields by young gallinaceous birds.
© NISC
615. Invertebrate
biomass: Associations with lesser prairie-chicken habitat use and sand
sagebrush density in southwestern Kansas.
Jamison, B. E.; Robel, R. J.; Pontius, J. S.; and
Applegate, R. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2): 517-526. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Artemisia
filifolia/ invertebrate biomass/ Kansas/ lesser prairie-chicken/
sand sagebrush/ Tympanuchus pallidicinctus/ biomass/ food availability/
gamebird/ habitat management/ habitat use/
invertebrate/ prairie/ predator-prey interaction/ wildlife management/ United States/ Artemisia filifolia/
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
Abstract:
Invertebrates are important food sources for lesser prairie-chicken
(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) adults and broods. We compared
invertebrate biomass in areas used and not used by lesser
prairie-chicken adults and broods. We used radiotelemetry to determine
use and non-use areas in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) prairie
in southwestern Kansas and sampled invertebrate populations during
summer 1998 and 1999. Sweepnet-collected biomass of short-horned
grasshoppers (Acrididae) and total invertebrate biomass generally were
greater in habitats used by lesser prairie-chickens than in paired
non-use areas. We detected no differences in pitfall-collected biomass
of Acrididae (P=0.81) or total invertebrate biomass (P=0.93) among
sampling areas with sand sagebrush canopy cover of 0 to 10%, 11 to 30%,
and >30%. Results of multivariate analysis and regression model
selection suggested that forbs were more strongly associated with
invertebrate biomass than shrubs, grasses, or bare ground. We could not
separate lesser prairie-chicken selection for areas of forb cover from
selection of areas with greater invertebrate biomass associated with
forb cover. Regardless of whether the effects of forbs were direct or
indirect,
their importance in sand sagebrush habitat has management implications.
Practices that maintain or increase forb cover likely will increase
invertebrate biomass and habitat quality in southwestern Kansas.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
616. Invertebrate conservation and agricultural ecosystems.
New, T. R.
New York: Cambridge Univ Press. (2005);
ISBN: 0521825032.
Descriptors: ecology:
environmental sciences/ agriculture/ wildlife management: conservation/
biological control/ applied and field techniques/ pest management/
applied and field techniques/ pasture management/ applied and field
techniques/ agricultural ecosystem/ biodiversity/ landscape ecology/
field margin/ invertebrate diversity/ invertebrate conservation/
agricultural disturbance/ cropping area extension
Abstract:
This 368-page book, entitled ''Invertebrate Conservation and
Agricultural Ecosystems'', is part of the series ''Ecology,
Biodiversity and Conservation'', and this volume provides an
introduction to invertebrate conservation biology for agriculturalists
and to crop protection for conservation biologists, demonstrating how
these two disparate fields may draw on each other for greater
collective benefit. This volume makes use of recent literature to show
how invertebrate conservation in highly altered landscapes may be
promoted and enhanced. The book deals with problems of, and approaches
to invertebrate conservation in highly managed agricultural ecosystems,
and examines how biodiversity may be promoted without compromising
agricultural production. This volume is structured into 10 chapters.
The first chapter provides an introduction, and the second chapter
discusses the of invertebrates in agriculture and biodiversity.
Chapters 3 and 4 respectively discuss the effects of agriculture on
invertebrate diversity and conservation, and agricultural disturbance
in terms of diversity and effects on invertebrates. Other chapter
topics include: biological control and invertebrate conservation;
cultural aspects of pest management; extension beyond cropping areas;
field margins and landscape ecology; pasture management and
conservation; and towards a more holistic management for invertebrates.
The text is written in English. Each chapter is divided into specific
sections within the chapter scope. The final chapter is followed by a
list of references and an index. The book is illustrated with 68 line
drawings and 54 tables. This book was written for pest managers,
agriculturalists, ecologists and conservationists.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
617. Land use and vegetation associated with greater prairie-chicken leks in an agricultural landscape.
Niemuth, N. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(1): 278-286. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: agriculture/
GIS/ grassland birds/ grazing/ greater prairie-chicken/ habitat
selection/ land use/ landscape/ lek/ scale/ Wisconsin/ agricultural
development/ gamebird/ habitat loss/ land use/ population decline/ United States/ Tympanuchus cupido
Abstract:
Greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) have declined
dramatically across their range because of habitat loss, primarily
agricultural development. In Wisconsin, most prairie-chicken
populations are found in grassland reserves managed primarily for
prairie-chickens. However a few remnant populations persist in an
agricultural landscape with little or no management for
prairie-chickens. I compared land use within 2.4 km of 29
prairie-chicken leks and 25 random points in an agricultural landscape
to determine habitat associated with presence of prairie-chickens in
central Wisconsin. Areas around leks had higher proportions of
grasslands, wetlands, and shrubs than around random points, and lower
proportions of forests, row crops, and hay fields. Differences between
leks and random points varied with scale of sampling. Leks were
unevenly distributed in the landscape, with mean distance to nearest
lek shorter for leks than random points (P < 0.001). Leks were
positively correlated with proportion of grass, shrub, and pasture, and
negatively correlated with distance to nearest lek. Number of
displaying males was negatively correlated with proportion of row crops
and positively correlated with proportion of grassland in the
landscape. Correlates of number of males also varied with scale of
sampling.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
618. Landscape composition, patch size, and distance to edges: Interactions affecting duck reproductive success.
Horn, D. J.; Phillips, M. L.; Koford, R. R.; Clark, W. R.; Sovada, M. A.; and Greenwood, R. J.
Ecological Applications 15(4): 1367-1376. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: ducks/
edge effects/ field size/ habitat fragmentation/ landscape composition/
nest success/ North Dakota/ patch size/ Prairie Pothole Region/ edge
effect/ landscape structure/ patch size/ reproductive success/
waterfowl/ Anas/ Aves
Abstract:
Prairies and other North American grasslands, although highly
fragmented, provide breeding habitat for a diverse array of species,
including species of tremendous economic and ecological importance.
Conservation and management of these species requires some
understanding of how reproductive success is affected by edge effects,
patch size, and characteristics of the landscape. We examined how
differences in the percentage Of grassland in the landscape influenced
the relationships between the success of nests of upland-nesting ducks
and (1) field size and (2) distance to nearest field and wetland edges.
We collected data on study areas composed of 15-20% grassland and areas
composed of 45-55% grassland in central North Dakota, USA
during the 1996 and 1997 nesting seasons. Daily survival rates (DSRs)
of duck nests were greater in study areas with 45-55% grassland than
with 15-20% grassland. Within study areas, we detected a curvilinear
relationship between DSR and field size: DSRs were highest in small and
large fields and lowest in moderately sized fields. In study areas with
15-20% grassland, there was no relationship between probability of
hatching and distance to nearest field edge, whereas in study areas
with 45-55% grassland, there was a positive relationship between these
two variables. Results of this study support the conclusion that both
landscape composition and configuration affect reproductive success of
ground-nesting birds. We are prompted to question conservation
strategies that favor clustering moderately sized patches of nesting
habitat within agricultural landscapes because our results show that
such patches would have low nest success, most likely caused by
predation. Understanding the pattern of nest success, and the
predator-prey mechanisms that produce the pattern, will enable design
of patch configurations that are most conducive to meeting conservation
goals. © 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
619. Landscape
fragmentation and grassland patch size effects on non-game grassland
birds in xeric mixed-grass prairies of western South Dakota.
DeJong, J. R. 2001.
Notes: Project Number: SD W-107-R/Study No. 1011; Wildlife Coop. Unit Report - Thesis
Descriptors: animals,
non-game/ birds/ cultivated farmland/ grassland/ habitat changes/
habitat management for wildlife/ nests and nesting/ prairie/ predation/
sampling/ surveys/ vegetation/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
South Dakota, western region
Abstract:
Purpose was to inventory non-game birds on xeric mixed-grass
prairies of various sizes in fragmented and non-fragmented landscapes
of western South Dakota to determine what effects landscape
fragmentation and grassland patch size have on avian communities.
© NISC
620. Landscape requirements of prairie sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Campestris in Minnesota, USA.
Hanowski, J. M; Christian, D. P; and Niemi, G. J
Wildlife Biology 6(4): 257-263. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 0909-6396
Descriptors: animal
behavior/ natural grasslands/ prairies/ grasslands/ forests/ mountain
forests/ wetlands/ mathematical models/ nature conservation/ wild
birds/ birds
Abstract: The
prairie sharp-tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris
occurs throughout the north central region of North America. It is
of management concern because it has decreased in the southeast portion
of its range over the past three decades, including marked declines
in Minnesota and the Great Lakes region, USA. Although there
is
general knowledge about the habitat requirements for this species, no
quantitative lek site or landscape information has been documented. We
quantified landscape composition around active and inactive
sharp-tailed grouse lek sites and random points in brush landscapes in
northeast Minnesota at multiple scales (200-3,000 m radii
circles). Our objective was to compare landscape composition among
these sites. We also developed a model to predict the probability of
grouse lek site occurrence in the study area. Landscape composition
around active and inactive lek sites differed from each other primarily
at the 500 m and 1,000 m radii scales. Inactive sites had higher
proportions of upland forest and brush cover types and active sites had
a higher percentage of native grass than inactive sites. No differences
were found in landscape composition between site types at the 200 m
radius scale and only one landscape variable (number of cover types)
was different at the 3,000 m radius scale. We found non-random
distributions of this grouse species at four different scales. Random
brush land sites differed from both active and inactive sites having
higher percentages of forest and brush cover. In contrast, lek sites
had more bare ground, emergent aquatic vegetation, bog brush and roads
than the random points. A regression model for the grouse at the 3,000
m scale was used to predict the probability of grouse occurrence in the
landscape. The model resulted in a spatial map with about 8% of the
area having a probability of grouse occurrence of >80%. This
information can be used to locate new lek sites and to guide management
activities for this species.
© CABI
621. Landscape vs. local habitat scale influences to insect communities from tallgrass prairie remnants.
Stoner, K. J. L. and Joern, A.
Ecological Applications 14(5): 1306-1320. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: arthropod
conservation/ Coccinellidae/ Curculionidae/ fragmentation/ Insect
communities/ landscapes/ Lepidoptera/ LISREL algorithm/ Orthoptera/
structural equation modeling/ tallgrass prairie/ community composition/
conservation management/ guild structure/ habitat fragmentation/
insect/ landscape ecology/ prairie/ scale effect/ North America/
Arthropoda/ Coccinellidae/ Coleoptera/ Curculionidae/ Hexapoda/
Insecta/ Lepidoptera/ Orthoptera/ Ungulata
Abstract:
Habitat loss and fragmentation currently threaten ecosystems worldwide,
yet remain difficult to quantify because within-fragment habitat and
landscape-scale influences often, interact in unique ways. Although
individual species respond to fragmentation differently, large-scale
conservation planning must unavoidably target multiple species.
Although information on a population's response to fragmentation is
critical, and measurements of species richness provide useful insights,
exclusive reliance on these responses may mask important information
about the taxonomic composition of assemblages in response to
fragmentation. The North American tallgrass prairie ecosystem is one of
the most threatened and fragmented ecosystems in the world, and insects
are significant contributors to its biodiversity. In remaining
grassland fragments, we evaluated within-fragment influences in
conjunction with landscape-scale responses of representative insect
communities from four feeding guilds: generalists, specialists,
multiple life stage habitat use, and predators. Fragment-specific
attributes capable of influencing insect diversity include plant
species composition, plant biomass, abundance of blooming flowers, and
vertical habitat heterogeneity created by the vegetation.
Landscape-scale factors expected to influence patterns of insect
species diversity include fragment size and shape as well as the
spatial configuration of fragments. Ordination techniques were used to
summarize composition of each feeding guild assemblage of each
fragment, and structural equation modeling was used to examine the
direct and indirect effects of fragmentation with influences from local
habitats. Generalists (Orthoptera), mixed-modality feeding that changes
with life stage (Lepidoptera), and specialist herbivores
(Curculionidae) all responded directly to within-site characterizations
of the plant community. Site management from large ungulate grazing or
mowing for hay production consistently had an indirect effect on the
insect community through influences on plant community composition. The
predator assemblage (Coccinellidae) was influenced directly by fragment
shape. To maintain insect biodiversity in tallgrass prairie fragments,
these results indicate that conservation practices should focus on
communities in order to maintain insect biodiversity in tallgrass
prairie fragments. Landscape-scale factors must also be considered when
making conservation decisions, primarily because predators (top trophic
level organisms) are more likely to respond to regional changes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
622. Lark sparrow (Chondestes grammacus) nest-site selection and success in a mixed-grass prairie.
Lusk, J. J.; Wells, K. S.; Guthery, F. S.; and
Fuhlendorf, S. D.
Auk 120(1): 120-129. (2003)
Descriptors: ecological
modeling/ habitat structure/ nest site/ nesting success/ prairie/ site
selection/ United States/ Chondestes grammacus
Abstract: Lark
Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus) are declining throughout most of
their range. Effective management for this species is hampered because
relatively little is known about nesting ecology. We studied habitat
characteristics affecting Lark Sparrow nest-site selection and nest
success at nine study pastures in a southern mixed-grass prairie
in Oklahoma. We used a neural-network technique to discriminate
between nest and random locations, and bootstrapping with 95%
confidence intervals to compare habitat features of successful and
unsuccessful nests. We quantified habitat features at the nest and
random points during the breeding seasons of 1999 and 2000 among three
grazing treatments (control, moderate, and heavy). We located 40 nests
during two years of the study, for which crude nest-success was 26.3%.
Most nests were located in either moderately grazed pasture (55%) or
heavily grazed pasture (40%). The neural model correctly identified
nest and random points 91% of the time. Percentage of structural cover,
distance to nearest structural element, bare-ground exposure, and
percentage of litter cover were the most important nest-site selection
criteria according to the model. Simulation analysis indicated points
were classified as nest sites if they were <270 cm from structural
elements, <87% bare-ground exposure, <74% litter cover, and
>9% structural cover. Successful nests had less bare-ground exposure
(x̄ = 6.2 ± 1.9% [SE]) and more litter cover (x̄ = 18.0 ± 4.6%) compared to unsuccessful nests (x̄
= 17.5 ± 3.8% and 10.1 ± 1.6%, respectively). These
results suggest that habitat management for Lark Sparrows in
mixed-grass prairie should focus on creating abundant structural cover
with moderate levels of litter accumulation and bare ground.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
623. Leaf miner assemblies effects of plant succession and grazing management.
Sterling, P. H.; Gibson, C. W. D.; and Brown, V. K.
Ecological Entomology 17(2): 167-178. (1992)
NAL Call #: QL461.E4; ISSN: 0307-6946
Descriptors: insect/ secondary succession/
calcareous grassland
Abstract:
1. Changes in leaf-miner assemblies during 4 years of secondary
succession, under different controlled sheep-grazing treatments, are
described and compared to the miner fauna of older grazed grassland
nearby. 2. Multivariate analyses were used in conjunction with examination of
individual common species to assess the independent effects of time,
grazing treatment, plant species composition and architecture on the
leaf-miner assemblies. 3. Leaf-miner species composition was strongly
related to plant species composition, but was modified by plant
structure under different grazing treatments. There was a strong
successional trend in miner assemblies, even when the effects of
changes in plant composition had been taken into account. Conversely,
local variation in miner species composition generally reflected
foodplant distribution alone. 4. Grazed treatments had fewer mines than
controls, but there were also species specializing in grazed areas,
despite the abundance of their foodplants elsewhere. There was a weak
indication that miner species in grazed treatments were more likely to
fluctuate in abundance than those in controls. 5. The results are
discussed in relation to the assembly of grassland insect communities
during succession, and the use of 'indicator groups' in management for
nature conservation.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
624. The legacy of bobwhite research in south Texas.
Hernandez, F.; Guthery, F. S.; and Kuvlesky, W. P.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(1): 1-18. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: boom-bust
population dynamics/ Colinus virginianus/ grazing/ heat stress/
northern bobwhite/ phosphorus deficiency/ population dynamics/ Texas/
Vitamin A/ water deprivation/ autecology/ gamebird/ habitat management/
population dynamics/ semiarid region/ wildlife management/ United
States/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
More than a half century of research on northern bobwhites (Colinus
virginianus) in south Texas has provided a legacy of information
for ecologists and managers. South Texas is a semiarid and
subtropical environment with highly variable weather, a land base
consisting of large private ranches devoted to livestock production, a
perennial problem of brush encroachment on rangelands, and a strong
tradition of fee-lease hunting. These physical, biotic, and social
conditions focused research efforts on descriptive natural history (ca.
1930-1980) and evaluation of grazing and brush management practices
(ca. 1980-1990). By natural evolution of knowledge, these efforts led
to the development of unified theory that synthesized descriptive anti
applied information about bobwhite management (ca. 1990-2000). In the
context of grazing on rangeland subject to encroachment by woody
plants, descriptive studies focused on bobwhite home ranges, mobility,
flight behavior, nesting cover, resting cover, and whistling posts,
among other aspects of habitat use and behavior. The purpose of these
studies was to determine how different plant structures and communities
should be dispersed in space and time to maximize their value as
bobwhite habitat. South Texas studies revealed that the dogmatic
principle, "bobwhites are early successional species," holds poorly in
semiarid, subtropical environments. Research in south Texas led to
formalization of the usable-space-in-time hypothesis on bobwhite
density. The hypothesis states that, within ordinary limits, mean
abundance of bobwhites on an area is correlated more strongly with the
quantity of permanent cover to which they are adapted and less strongly
with (human) perceptions of habitat quality (foods, interspersion,
edge, diversity). Space-time seems to be an omnibus variable that can
be assessed in a variety of management and ecological settings. In
association with highly variable rainfall patterns anti amounts in
south Texas, bobwhite populations exhibit boom-bust population
behavior. Research on the cause-effect process governing booms anti
busts has led to rejection of hypotheses on phosphorus, calcium,
phytoestrogens, vitamin A, macronutrition, water, and stress-related
hormones as causally involved in the phenomenon. Heat-mediated
variation in productivity remains a viable hypothesis that is, of
course, open to challenge. The information legacy from research on
bobwhites in south Texas has led to revision of knowledge
emanating from the southeastern United States; the revised
knowledge better fits bobwhites and other quails that inhabit semiarid
environments.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
625. Lesser prairie-chicken brood habitat in sand sagebrush: Invertebrate biomass and vegetation.
Hagen, C. A.; Salter, G. C.; Pitman, J. C.; Robel, R. J.; and Applegate, R. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 1080-1091. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33 [1080:LPBHIS]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Acrididae/
Artemisia filifolia/ habitat use/ invertebrate biomass/ Kansas/
lesser prairie-chicken/ sand sagebrush/ Tympanuchus pallidicinctus/
food availability/ gamebird/ habitat management/ habitat use/
Invertebrata/ Phasianidae
Abstract:
Invertebrates are an important food source for grouse chicks,
especially within the first 2 weeks of life. Invertebrate abundance is
highly patchy and dependent upon herbaceous cover and vegetation
structure. We examined the relationship between invertebrate biomass
(from sweepnet samples) and habitat structure at lesser prairie-chicken
(Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) brood-use and non-use areas during 2001
and 2002 in a sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) prairie vegetation
community of southwestern Kansas. We delineated use and non-use
areas from paired sampling points within and outside 95% utilization
distributions of radiomarked brood females, respectively, during the
first 60 days post-hatch. We measured vegetation cover and invertebrate
biomass (Acrididae and "other" invertebrates) at 71 paired points on 2
study sites (Site I=4 broods, Site II= 12 broods). Both Acrididae and
other invertebrate biomasses were greater at brood areas than non-use
areas on both study sites, suggesting this food source likely had a
greater influence on brood habitat use than vegetation type. Vegetation
structure described brood-use areas better than vegetation type because
brood-use areas had greater visual obstruction readings (VORs) than
non-use areas regardless of dominant cover type. We also examined the
predictive relationship between vegetation type and invertebrate
biomass. Sand sagebrush density was the best linear predictor of
Acrididae biomass, with lower densities having the greatest Acrididae
biomass. We propose experiments to determine best management practices
that produce abundant invertebrate biomasses for lesser prairie-chicken
brood habitat, using our study as a baseline.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
626. Linking landscape management with the conservation of grassland birds in Wisconsin.
Sample, David W.; Ribic, Christine A.; and Renfrew, Rosalind B.
In: Landscape Ecology and Resource Management./ Bissonette, J. A. and Storch, I.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003.
Notes: Literature review; 1559639733 (ISBN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat management/
grassland habitats/ Grassland/ Wisconsin/ Grassland habitat
management/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
627. Linking occurrence and fitness to persistence: Habitat-based approach for endangered greater sage-grouse.
Aldridge, C. L. and Boyce, M. S.
Ecological Applications 17(2): 508-526. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Alberta, Canada/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Cox proportional hazard/
fitness/ greater sage-grouse/ habitat/ logistic regression/ occurrence/
persistence/ population viability/ sagebrush
Abstract: Detailed
empirical models predicting both species occurrence and
fitness across a landscape are necessary to understand processes
related to population persistence. Failure to consider both occurrence
and fitness may result in incorrect assessments of habitat importance
leading to inappropriate management strategies. We took a two-stage
approach to identifying critical nesting and brood-rearing habitat for
the endangered Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)
in Alberta at a landscape scale. First, we used logistic
regression
to develop spatial models predicting the relative probability of use
(occurrence) for Sage-Grouse nests and broods. Secondly, we used Cox
proportional hazards survival models to identify the most risky
habitats across the landscape. We combined these two approaches to
identify Sage-Grouse habitats that pose minimal risk of failure (source
habitats) and attractive sink habitats that pose increased risk
(ecological traps). Our models showed that Sage-Grouse select for
heterogeneous patches of moderate sagebrush cover (quadratic
relationship) and avoid anthropogenic edge habitat for nesting. Nests
were more successful in heterogeneous habitats, but nest success was
independent of anthropogenic features. Similarly, broods selected
heterogeneous high-productivity habitats with sagebrush while avoiding
human developments, cultivated cropland, and high densities of oil
wells. Chick mortalities tended to occur in proximity to oil and gas
developments and along riparian habitats. For nests and broods,
respectively, approximately 10% and 5% of the study area was considered
source habitat, whereas 19% and 15% of habitat was attractive sink
habitat. Limited source habitats appear to be the main reason for poor
nest success (39%) and low chick survival (12%). Our habitat models
identify areas of protection priority and areas that require immediate
management attention to enhance recruitment to secure the viability of
this population. This novel approach to habitat-based population
viability modeling has merit for many species of concern. © 2007
by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
628. A literature review of insect responses to fire, compared to other conservation managements of open habitat.
Swengel, Ann B.
Biodiversity and Conservation 10(7): 1141-1169. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: haying:
management method/ mowing: management method/ conservation management/
ecological adaptations/ grasslands/ grazing intensity/ insect
responses/ niche diversity/ open habitats: burning/ recolonization/
savannas/ vegetational composition/ vegetational structure/ wildfires
Abstract:
This literature review concerns insect responses to fire, compared to
other feasible and appropriate conservation managements of open
habitats. Many insect groups decline markedly immediately after fire,
with the magnitude of reduction related to the degree of exposure to
the flames and mobility of the insect. Niche diversity is lower in
recently burned habitat, and the rate of insect increase following fire
also relates to the species' ability to gain access to the regrowing
vegetation. Postburn flora can be quite attractive to some recolonizing
insects, possibly to some degree a result of fire-caused insect
mortality which provides plants with short-term release from insect
herbivory. Insect declines may follow immediately after mowing, but
usually of lesser degree and shorter duration than after a fire of
comparable timing and size. Season and scale of cutting may affect how
much and which species showed positive or negative responses. Cut areas
offer the vegetational structure and composition preferred by some
insects, but cutting-or cutting at certain scales, seasons, or
frequencies-may also be unfavorable for some species. Heavy grazing
results in niche and assemblage simplification. Nonetheless, some
invertebrates prefer the short turfs and bare ground resulting from
heavier grazing. Other species vary in whether they peak in abundance
and diversity in intermediate, light, or no grazing. In comparisons of
mowing/haying and grazing regimes of similar compatibility with
maintenance of the same habitat types, responses of particular species
and species groups varied as to whether they had a preference for one
or the other. Characteristics associated with insect responses to fire
related to the degree of exposure to lethal temperature and stress
experienced in the post-fire environment, suitability of post-treatment
vegetation as habitat, and ability to rebuild numbers in the site (from
survivors and/or colonizers). These factors appear equally useful for
explicating insect responses to other managements such as haying,
mowing, and grazing. By contrast, the assumption that the most
habitat-restricted species will be most adapted to ecological forces
believed to be prevalent in that ecosystem appears less efficacious for
predicting insect management preferences.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
629. Live fences and landscape connectivity in a neotropical agricultural landscape.
Leon, M. C. and Harvey, C. A.
Agroforestry Systems 68(1): 15-26. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 01674366.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10457-005-5831-5.
Descriptors: agroecosystems/ cattle production systems/ Costa Rica/ fragmented landscapes/ landscape structure/ linear elements
Abstract:
Live fences are common elements in neotropical agricultural landscapes
and could play important roles in the conservation of biodiversity by
enhancing landscape connectivity, however, little is known about their
abundance and spatial arrangement. The objectives of this study were to
characterize the abundance and spatial patterns of live fences in a
fragmented landscape dominated by pastures in Río Frío,
Costa Rica, to determine their contribution to landscape structure and
connectivity and to examine their role as tools for landscape
conservation planning. Live fences accounted for 45.4% of all fences in
the landscape and occurred with a mean density of 50.5 linear meters
per hectare. Although live fences covered only a small total area of
the landscape (<2%), they had an important effect on landscape
structure and connectivity, increasing total tree cover, dividing
pastures into smaller areas, creating rectilinear networks that cross
the landscape and providing direct physical connections to forest
patches. Simulations showed that the conversion of all existing wooden
fences to live fences would greatly enhance landscape connectivity by
more than doubling the area, density and number of direct connections
to forest habitats, and reducing the average distance between tree
canopies. Our study demonstrates that live fences play key roles in
defining the structure and composition of neotropical agricultural
landscapes and merit consideration in both conservation efforts and
agricultural policies designed to enhance landscape connectivity and
promote biodiversity conservation. © Springer 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
630. Livestock as manipulators of mule deer winter habitats in northern Utah.
Urness, P. J.
In:
Can livestock be used as a tool to enhance wildlife habitat?, General
Technical Report-RM 194/ Severson, Kieth E., ed.; Fort Collins, Colo.:
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1990. pp. 25-40.
Notes: 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Reno, Nev., February 13, 1990.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 194
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ diet/ terrestrial
habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Odocoileus hemionus (Cervidae):
farming and agriculture/ livestock grazing/ conservation aspects/
habitat management/ food plants/ important species changes/
conservation role of livestock grazing/ grassland/ heathland/ Utah/
north/ winter habitat manipulation by livestock grazing/ Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
631. Livestock as tools for managing big game winter range in the intermountain West.
Urness, P. J.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 20-31; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: livestock/ wildlife/ game animals/ grazing/ rangelands
632. Livestock exclusion: Consequences on nocturnal rodents in Baja California Sur.
Ortega Rubio, Alfedo; Romero Schmidt, Heidi; Arguelles Mendez, Cerafina; Coria Benet, Rocio; and
Solis Marin, Francisco
Revista de Biologia Tropical 41(3B): 907-909. (1994)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ biometrics/ ecology/ population dynamics/ land and
freshwater zones/ Perognathus spinatus (Heteromyidae)/ Neotoma lepida/
Peromyscus eva (Muridae): farming and agriculture/ livestock grazing
exclusion/ size and weight relationships/ population density/ Mexico/
Baja California Sur/ La Sierra de la Laguna/ livestock grazing
exclusion effects/ Heteromyidae/ Rodentia/ Mammalia/ chordates/
mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
633. Livestock grazing: A tool to improve wildlife habitat.
Severson, Kieth E. and Urness, Philip J.
In: Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West/ Vavra, Martin; Laycock, William A.; and
Pieper, Rex D.
Denver, Colo.: Society for Range Management, 1994;
pp. 232-249.
Notes: Literature review.
NAL Call #: SF85.35.A17E28 1994
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land and freshwater zones/
comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ habitat
management/ United States, western region/ livestock grazing/
wildlife habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
634. Livestock grazing and wildlife: Developing compatibilities.
Vavra, M.
Rangeland Ecology and Management 58(2):
128-134. (2005)
NAL Call #: SF85.J67; ISSN: 15507424.
Notes: doi: 10.2111/1551-5028(2005)58 <128:LGAWDC>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: cattle/
deer/ elk/ facilitation/ herbivory/ facilitation/ grazing/ grazing
management/ livestock/ Bos taurus/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Cervidae/
Cervus elaphus/ Cervus elaphus nelsoni/ Phasianidae
Abstract:
Livestock grazing has been considered detrimental to wildlife habitat.
Managed grazing programs, however, have the potential to maintain
habitat diversity and quality. In cases in which single-species
management predominates (sage-grouse [Centrocercus urophasianus] or elk
[Cervus elaphus nelsoni] winter range), grazing systems specific to
species' needs can be implemented. Managed livestock grazing can have 4
general impacts on vegetation: 1) alter the composition of the plant
community, 2) increase the productivity of selected species, 3)
increase the nutritive quality of the forage, and 4) increase the
diversity of the habitat by altering its structure. Implementing a
grazing management plan to enhance wildlife habitat requires an
interdisciplinary approach. Knowledge of plant community dynamics,
habitat requirements of affected wildlife species, and potential
effects on the livestock used are basic to successful system design.
However, any habitat change made for a featured species may create
adverse, neutral, or beneficial changes for other species. Management
actions, other than development of a grazing system, are often required
for habitat manipulations to be successful. More research efforts are
needed to understand complementary grazing systems on a landscape scale.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
635. Livestock grazing: Animal and plant biodiversity of shortgrass steppe and the relationship to ecosystem function.
Milchunas, D. G.; Lauenroth, W. K.; and Burke, I. C.
Oikos 83(1): 65-74. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors: behavior/
birds/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ species diversity/ habitat use/ mammals/
prairies/ trophic relationships/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
wildlife-livestock relationships/ Colorado
Abstract:
The responses of plants, lagomorphs, rodents, birds, macroarthropods,
microarthropods, and nematodes to long-term grazing on North American
shortgrass prairies were studied. Diversity, abundance, dominance, and
dissimilarity responses to long-term grazing were variable across
classes of organisms.
© NISC
636. Livestock grazing effects in western North America.
Saab, Victoria A.; Bock, Carl E.; Rich, Terrell D.; and Dobkin, David S.
In:
Ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds: A synthesis and
review of critical issues/ Finch, Deborah M. and Martin, Thomas E.
New York: Oxford University, 1995; pp. 311-353.
Notes: ISBN: 0195084403.
NAL Call #: QL680.E28 1995
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
man-made habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ North America/ Aves:
farming and agriculture/ habitat management/ migrants/ population
dynamics/ abundance/ forest and woodland/ grasslands/ riparian habitat/
cultivated land habitat/ United States/ livestock/ grazing/
migrants/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
637. Livestock grazing effects on ant communities in the eastern Mojave Desert, USA.
Nash, Maliha S.; Bradford, David F.; Franson, Susan E.; Neale, Anne C.; Whitford, Walter G.; and
Heggem, Daniel T.
Ecological Indicators 4(3): 199-213. (2004);
ISSN: 1470-160X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ farming and
agriculture/ livestock grazing/ community structure/ environmental
indicators/ desert habitat/ United States/ Mojave Desert/ Formicidae/
Formicoidea/ Aculeata/ Apocrita/ Hymenoptera/ Insecta/ arthropods/
hymenopterans/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
The effects of livestock grazing on composition and structure of ant
communities were examined in the eastern Mojave Desert, USA for the purpose of evaluating ant communities as potential
indicators of rangeland condition. Metrics for ant communities,
vegetation, and other ground-cover elements were evaluated as a
function of distance from livestock water tanks, which represents a
gradient in level of livestock activity in desert settings. Data were
collected at six isolated water tanks used by cattle during early
summer, with seven plots (90 m + 90 m; 100 pitfall traps) per tank.
Thirty-eight species of ants were recorded, with an average of 14 ant
species per plot. Ant species richness did not differ as a function of
distance from the water tank. Also, overall species composition, as
measured by a similarity index for species presence/absence for
paired-comparisons of plots, did not show differences attributable to
the gradient in grazing impact. In contrast, the relative abundance of
several taxa and functional groups was significantly related to
distance from the water tank. The predominant pattern was for the
greatest abundance to occur at the water tank, with little difference
in ant abundance among plots away from the water tank. This pattern was
shown by the abundant ants species, Conomyrma bicolor and Pheidole
tucsonica, and the groups Conomyrma spp., Pheidole spp., homopteran
tenders, and plant foragers. However, two species, Aphaenogaster
megommata and Monomorium wheelerorum showed the greatest relative
abundance at a distance away from the water tank. A number of ant
metrics were significantly related to ground-cover metrics (R2
> 0.5). Organic debris was the variable most frequently related
significantly to ant abundance metrics, always in a positive direction,
followed by cover for perennial grasses, annual forbs, and shrubs, and
bare patch size. Ant community metrics in the study region appear to
have little potential to serve as indicators of rangeland condition
because differences were evident primarily in severely degraded
localized conditions rather than in intermediate widespread conditions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
638. Livestock grazing effects on forage quality of elk winter range.
Clark, P. E.; Krueger, W. C.; Bryant, L. D.; and
Thomas, D. R.
Journal of Range Management 53(1): 97-105. (2000)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume53/Number1/azu_jrm_v53_n1_97_105_m.pdf
Descriptors: sheep/
grazing/ Pseudoroegneria spicata/ Carex/ Festuca Idahoensis/ stocking
rate/ Cervus elaphus/ rain/ stems/ in vitro digestibility/ crude
protein/ biomass/ canopy/ savannas/ shrubs/ forage/ Oregon
Abstract: Carefully-managed
livestock grazing has been offered as a tool to
improve the forage quality of graminoids on big game winter range.
Formal testing of this theory has thus far been done using hand
clippers rather than livestock grazing. We report winter standing
reproductive culm, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility,
and standing crop responses of bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum
[Pursh] Scribn. & Smith), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis
Elmer), and elk sedge (Carex geyeri Boott) to late-spring domestic
sheep grazing. The study was conducted in 1993 and 1994 on a big game
winter range in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. Sheep
grazing and exclusion treatments were applied to 20-ha plots at 3 sites
on the study area Targeted utilization for grazed plots was 50%
graminoid standing crop removal during the boot stage of bluebunch
wheatgrass. Grazing did not influence the number of standing
reproductive culms per plant in bluebunch wheatgrass. Crude protein and
in vitro dry matter digestibility of bluebunch wheatgrass in grazed
plots increased by 1.0 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively over
ungrazed plots. Grazing reduced the standing crop of bluebunch
wheatgrass by 116.9 kg ha-1 DM. Standing Idaho fescue reproductive
culms decreased by 0.7 culms plant-1 under grazing. Crude protein
of Idaho fescue in grazed plots was 1.3 percentage points greater
than in unglazed plots. Crude protein and in vitro dry matter
digestibility responses of elk sedge were inconsistent between years
and may be related to utilization or growth differences between years.
The levels of forage quality improvement in bluebunch wheatgrass
and Idaho fescue obtained in this study could benefit the
nutritional
status of wintering Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus
nelsoni Bailey). More research is needed regarding the effects of
grazing on the winter forage quality of elk sedge.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
639. Livestock grazing impacts on rangeland ecosystems.
Holechek, J.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 35(4):
162-164. (1980)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822 ; ISSN: 0022-4561.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: grazing systems/ environmental impact/ rangelands/ grazing/ ecology/ livestock farming/
range management/ arid regions
Abstract:
The impacts of livestock grazing, both controlled and uncontrolled on
the rangeland ecosystem of the USA are discussed. Research
provides strong evidence that controlled grazing by domestic livestock
is compatible with other resources provided by rangelands and may be a
valuable tool to enhance these resources. Research needs for the
practice of multiple use of public lands are examined.
© CABI
640. Livestock grazing interactions with sage grouse.
Klebenow, D. A.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 113-123; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Nevada/ sage grouse/ livestock/ grazing
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
641. Livestock impacts on the herbaceous components of sage grouse habitat: A review.
Hockett, Glenn A.
Intermountain Journal of Sciences 8(2): 105-114. (2002); ISSN: 1081-3519.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ Centrocercus
urophasianus (Phasianidae): farming and agriculture/ livestock impacts
on herbaceous components of sagebrush habitat/ habitat management/
grassland/ scrub/ sagebrush habitat/ Phasianidae/ Galliformes/ Aves/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Sage grouse are a bird of climax vegetation. Productive sage grouse
habitat is more than a "sea of sagebrush." The grass/forb understory
supplies food and cover components seasonally. Within the sagebrush
community, a dense, residual herbaceous understory increases the
likelihood of sage grouse nest success. Forbs and insects are essential
foods for sage grouse from early spring to early fall. Although
riparian areas typically make up less than 2 percent of the sagebrush
landscape, interspersed springs, streams, and meadows offer watering
and feeding sites for sage grouse during summer and early fall.
Livestock selectively remove grasses and forbs within the sagebrush
landscape while showing a strong preference for riparian meadows once
upland vegetation cures. Livestock use can impact the amount and
composition of herbaceous understory depending on the class of
livestock, season of use, and grazing intensity. I reviewed the
literature regarding sage grouse habitat and livestock impacts to the
herbaceous understory. Ungrazed comparison areas, based on the seasonal
needs of sage grouse, are lacking. Controls are recommended to advance
our understanding of grazing impacts.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
642. Livestock management and productivity of willow flycatchers in the central Sierra Nevada.
Valentine, B. E.; Roberts, T. A.; Boland, S. P.; and Woodman, A. P.
Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 24: 105-114. (1988)
NAL Call #: SK351.W523; ISSN: 0893-214X
Descriptors: Passeriformes/ wildlife management/ animal husbandry/ wildlife-livestock relations/ grazing/ California
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
643. Local gradients of cowbird abundance and parasitism relative to livestock grazing in a western landscape.
Goguen, Christopher B. and Mathews, Nancy E.
Conservation Biology 14(6): 1862-1869. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: livestock grazing/ mixed conifer forest: habitat/ parasitism rate/ pinyon juniper forest: habitat/
species abundance
Abstract:
We studied local patterns of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)
abundance, parasitism rates, and nest success of a common host, the
Plumbeous Vireo (Vireo plumbeus), in relation to the distribution of
livestock grazing in an undeveloped region of northeastern New Mexico,
1992-1997. We predicted that both cowbird abundance and parasitism
rates of vireo nests would decrease with increasing distance from
active livestock grazing, and that the nesting success of vireos would
increase. We measured cowbird abundance and host density and located
and monitored vireo nests in pinyon-juniper and mixed-conifer habitats
that ranged from actively grazed to isolated from livestock grazing by
up to 12 km. Cowbird abundance declined with distance from active
livestock grazing and was not related to host density or habitat type.
Brood parasitism levels of vireo nests (n = 182) decreased from >80%
in actively grazed habitats to 33% in habitats that were 8-12 km from
active grazing but did not vary by habitat type or distance to forest
edge. Vireo nesting success was higher in mixed-conifer habitat than in
pinyon-juniper but was unrelated to distance from active livestock
grazing. Nest losses due to parasitism declined with distance from
active livestock grazing. Our results suggest that cowbird abundance
and parasitism rates of hosts may be distributed as a declining
gradient based on distance from cowbird feeding sites and that
isolation from feeding sites can reduce the effects of parasitism on
host populations. These findings provide support for management
techniques that propose to reduce local cowbird numbers and parasitism
levels by manipulating the distribution of cowbird feeding sites. The
presence of parasitized nests >8 km from active livestock grazing
suggests that, in some regions, management efforts may need to occur at
larger scales than previously realized.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
644. Location and success of lesser prairie-chicken nests in relation to vegetation and human disturbance.
Pitman, J. C.; Hagen, C. A.; Robel, R. J.; Loughin, T. M.; and Applegate, R. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 1259-1269. (July 2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ prairies/ game birds/ nesting/ vegetation/ anthropogenic
activities/ Kansas/ habitat management for wildlife/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus/ wildlife habitat relationships/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ animal ecology
and behavior
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
645. Long-term effects of vegetation treatments in the Chaparral transition zone.
Fuhrmann, K. N. and Crews, T. E.
Rangelands 23(1): 13-16. (2001)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 01900528
Descriptors: cattle/ herbicide/ vegetation cover/ wildfire/ United States
Abstract:
Since European settlement, the impacts of cattle production and wood
harvesting in the West have affected the structure and transformed the
composition of juniper-pinyon and chaparral. In the past, wildfires
were more common in the juniper-pinyon and chaparral communities of the
Southwest where they burned at intervals of 10-30 years. The regular
occurrence of fire appears to have restricted the establishment of
woody species to more shallow, rocky soils on which grasses do not
thrive. The canopy cover and density of juniper-pinyon and chaparral
can have a direct impact on the production of grasses and herbaceous
plants. The removal of this canopy by various means has been
implemented in many woody plant communities in an attempt to increase
the production of herbaceous forage for livestock and habitat
improvement for wildlife. The main objective of the application of
original herbicide, fire, and mechanical push vegetation treatments
(applied in 1964-1981) sampled in this study was to encourage the
growth of herbaceous vegetation for cattle production. The disturbances
caused by the treatments were intended to, at a minimum, set succession
back to a grass/forb community, or ideally to shift the community
towards a stable more permanent herbaceous community. The three range
treatment techniques were undertaken to improve the potential for
herbaceous species to effectively compete with larger woody species in
an ecosystem affected by climatic and edaphic constraints, and impacted
by livestock grazing. Tree abundance, dominance, and cover were to be
limited on chosen sites. In 1997, we compared the effectiveness of
herbicide, fire and mechanical push range treatment techniques decades
after they were implemented. Long-term assessment is critical for both
economic and ecological reasons. Economically, it is important to know
how long "woodland conversion" range treatments last given the expense
that can be incurred to implement them. Ecologically, it is important
to monitor species diversity and abundance in post-treatment
communities to evaluate the effects that different treatment methods
have on biodiversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
646. Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: Effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass.
Callaham, M. A.; Blair, J. M.; Todd, T. C.; Kitchen, D. J.; and Whiles, M. R.
Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35(8): 1079-1093. (2003)
NAL Call #: S592.7.A1S6; ISSN: 0038-0717
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Macroinvertebrata: farming and agriculture/ mowing
and fertilization effects on tallgrass prairie soil communities/
habitat management/ biomass/ tallgrass prairie soil community responses
to fire/ mowing and fertilization/ relative abundance/ population
density/ grassland/ community responses to fire/ soil habitat/
tallgrass prairie soils/ fire/ effects on tallgrass prairie soil
communities/ Kansas/ Flint Hills/ Konza Prairie Biological Station/
invertebrates
Abstract:
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem
processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However,
responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly
soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At
Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in
1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the
effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N
and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa,
in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment
interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced
European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most
abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the
total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was
greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two
Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.).
Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced
their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from
unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae
(Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but
nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities,
whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest
that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire
and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of
European earthworms, and that
interactions
between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses
affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in
tallgrass prairie soils.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
647. Management of conservation buffers for upland wildlife in Illinois.
Mankin, P. C.; L.A. Kammin, L. A.; Hoffman, C. L.;
Hubert, P. D.; Teisberg, J. E.; and Warner, R. E.
Springfield, IL. Illinois Department of Natural Resources, 2005. 72 pp.
Notes: Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act Project P-R W-144-R.
Descriptors: filter strips/ conservation buffers/ grassland birds/ wildlife cover/ wildlife forage/ mowing
648. Management of livestock to improve and maintain prairie chicken habitat on the Sheyenne National Grasslands.
Eng, R. L.; Toepfer, J. E.; and Newell, J. A.
In:
Prairie chickens on the Sheyenne National Grasslands, General Technical
Report-RM 159/ Bjugstad, Ardell J., ed.; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture (Series: General Technical Report RM 159),
1988. pp. 55-57.
Notes:
0277-5786 (ISSN); Paper presented at a "Symposium on Prairie Chickens
on the Sheyenne National Grasslands," September 18, 1987, Crookston, Minnesota. Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: birds/ wildlife/ grasslands/ grazing/ range management/ North Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
649. Managing bison to restore biodiversity.
Truett, Joe C.; Phillips, Michael; Kunkel, Kyran; and
Miller, Russell
Great Plains Research 11(1): 123-144. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ biodiversity/ burrowing activities/
ecological restoration/ endangered species management/ grasslands/
grazing behavior/ pastoralism/ prairies/ trampling/
vegetation changes/ wallowing
Abstract:
Prior to their demise in the late 1800s, bison coexisted with and
helped sustain a diverse and spectacular assemblage of animals and
plant communities on the Great Plains. Bison, in concert with
fire, exerted strong control on the structure of the vegetation by
grazing, trampling, and wallowing. The changes in the vegetation
induced changes in many animal populations. These impacts, coupled with
the bison's role as the major converter of grass to meat, so greatly
affected other species that some have called bison a "keystone" species
in the Great Plains ecosystem. The black-tailed prairie dog,
dependent on bison grazing over a large part of the Great Plains,
amplified the keystone influence of bison by its own grazing and
burrowing activities and its utility as prey. Although modern
bison-growing practices usually will
preclude restoration of the large predators and scavengers that once were a part of the great faunal spectacle, other
species
can return, often even on small acreages. Maintenance of a habitat
mosaic is the key to restoring some of the original biodiversity lost
to the historic pursuit of single-species pastoralism.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
650. Managing exotic grasses and conserving declining species.
Germano, David J.; Rathbun, Galen B.; and
Saslaw, Larry R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 551-559. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Dipodomys
ingens/ Dipodomys nitratoides/ Ammospermophilus nelsoni/ Gambelia sila/
mammals/ amphibians and reptiles/ behavior/ habitat use/ habitat
management/ exotic species/ ecosystems/ conservation/
endangered-threatened species/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
livestock/ grazing/ giant kangaroo rat/ San Joaquin kanagaroo rat/ San
Joaquin antelope squirrel/ blunt-nosed leopard lizard/ reptiles/
Atriplex spp./ California: San Joaquin Valley/ San Joaquin River Valley
Abstract: California's southern San Joaquin Valley, as with much
of western North America, has been invaded by exotic plant species
during the past 100-200 years. The herbaceous cover of these
introduced grasses and forbs often creates an impenetrable thicket for
small ground-dwelling vertebrates. Contrary to some earlier
descriptions of upland habitat of the southern and western San Joaquin
Valley as perennial grasslands, recent evidence suggests that most of
this area was a desert vegetated by saltbush scrub with sparse cover of
native annual grasses and forbs. Many of the small vertebrates
that evolved in these habitats, some of which are listed as threatened
or endangered, are desert-adapted. These species evolved in
sparsely vegetated habitats and rely on open ground to forage and avoid
predation. Preliminary research indicates that populations of giant
kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens), San Joaquin kangaroo rats (D.
nitratoides), San Joaquin antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus
nelsoni), and blunt-nosed leopard lizards (Gambelia sila), all listed
as threatened endangered, are affected negatively by thick herbaceous
cover. This cover also may adversely effect several listed plant
species. Removing anthropogenic disturbances does not reduce or
eliminate these exotic plants. Fire is effective in reducing
herbaceous cover but kills native saltbush and often is costly to
implement or control. Although livestock may have contributed
originally to habitat destruction and introduction of exotic plants,
the authors believe that in some years, moderate to heavy grazing by
livestock is the best way to decrease the dense cover created by these
exotics. Recent decisions to decrease or eliminate livestock
grazing on conservation lands without definitive studies of grazing in
these habitats may lead to further declines of native species and
possible local extinction of some listed plants and animals.
© NISC
651. Managing for grassland diversity: A study on grazing-fire interactions in the Flint Hills (Kansas).
Weigelt, M. L.
Ecological Restoration 24: 41-42. (Mar. 2006 )
Descriptors: rangelands/
prairies/ range management/ ecosystem management/ wildlife habitats/
wild birds/ prescribed burning/ ecological restoration/ Kansas/
homestead range Renewal Initiative/ Sturnella magna/
Ammodramus
savannarum/ Tympanuchus cupido/ Ammodramus henslowii/ plant production
range and pasture grasses/ animal ecology and behavior/ land resources/
plant ecology/ animal nutrition
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
652. Managing livestock grazing for grassland birds: A caution against extrapolating results from outside the Southwest.
Zwartjes, P. W.; Stoleson, P. L. L.; Haussamen, W. C.; and Crane, T. E.
NMOS Bulletin 29(2): 24-25. (2001).
Notes: Published by the New Mexico Ornithological Soc.
Descriptors: Sturnella
magna/ Aimophila cassinii/ birds/ wildlife-livestock relationships/
grazing/ grasslands/ semi-arid habitat/ habitat alterations/
agricultural practices/ habitat management/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ eastern meadowlark/ Cassin's sparrow/ Arizona/ New Mexico
Abstract: The
U.S. Forest Service is currently engaged in a large-scale project
to assess the impact of gazing on terrestrial vertebrate species
in Arizona and New Mexico (hereafter, "the southwest"),
including a variety of grassland bird species. Using the scientific
literature to determine whether and under what conditions grazing can
be compatible with native species of birds in the southwest is
complicated by a variety of factors. These include a lack of
standardized definitions of grazing regimes or intensities, and a lack
of studies specific to the southwest that document the response of
vegetation to various grazing regimes. These issues become especially
important when making grazing management decisions that consider avian
species whose breeding range includes areas (perhaps predominantly)
outside of the desert southwest. Reliance on studies that (a) measure
grazing intensities in terms of animals per hectare or general
qualitative measures such as "heavy", "moderate", and "light"; (b) fail
to use quantitative measures of vegetative responses to grazing (such
as stubble height or residual vegetation); and (c) were conducted in
grasslands with different precipitation patterns, species of grasses,
soil composition, etc., can result in grazing practices that degrade
the habitat required by these bird species in the southwest. The
eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and Cassin's sparrow (Aimophila
cassinii) are examples of such species; grazing regimes which have been
recommended for other areas would likely have an adverse impact on the
habitat required by these species in southwestern grasslands. Managers
who utilize the results of grazing-impact studies to develop grazing
regimes that consider the habitat needs of grassland birds should
critically assess both the locality of these studies and how grazing
levels are quantified before extrapolating the results to southwestern
grasslands. In addition, further research is needed to assess the
response of geographically wide-ranging species of grassland birds
specifically to grazing regimes in the southwest.
© NISC
653. Managing livestock grazing for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on winter range in the Great Basin.
Austin, Dennis D.
Western North American Naturalist 60(2): 198-203. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: environmental management/ livestock grazing effects/ winter range habitat
Abstract: History and technical literature describing potential effects of livestock grazing on mule deer
(Odocoileus
hemionus) populations and winter range habitat are reviewed.
Recommendations for livestock grazing on winter ranges within the Great Basin are advanced.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
654. Managing rangelands for wildlife.
Bleich, Vernon C.; Kie, John G.; Loft, Eric R.;
Stephenson,
Thomas R.; Oehler, Michael W.; and Medina, Alvin L. In: Techniques for
wildlife investigations and management/ Braun, C. E., 2005; pp. 873-897.
Notes: ISBN: 0933564155.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24852
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology:
farming and agriculture/ grazing/ rangeland habitat/ habitat
management/ wildlife/ terrestrial habitat/ United States
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
655. Managing rotationally grazed pastures for forage production and grassland birds.
Paine, L. K.; Undersander, D. J.; Temple, S. A.; and Sample, D. W.
American Forage and Grassland Council Proceedings 6: 54-58. (1997)
NAL Call #: SB193.F59
Descriptors: range management/ rotational grazing/ birds/ nesting
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
656. Managing tallgrass prairie remnants: The effects of different types of land stewardship on grassland bird habitat.
Higgins, Jeremy J.; Larson, Gary E.; and
Higgins, Kenneth F.
Ecological Restoration 20(1): 18-22. (2002);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Aves: farming and agriculture/ prairie management/ habitat management/
requirements/ land use practices/ habitat characteristics/ grassland/
tallgrass prairie remnants/ North Dakota/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
657. Microclimate versus predation risk in roost and covert selection by bobwhites.
Miller, T. L. and Guthery, F. S.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 140-149. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0140:MVPRIR>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Blackbody
temperature/ bobwhites/ Colinus virginianus/ covert/ energetics/
microclimate/ predation risk/ roost/ telemetry/ thermoregulation/
gamebird/ habitat management/ habitat selection/ microclimate/
predation risk/ roost site/ thermoregulation/ Colinus/
Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
Knowledge of factors that influence habitat selection by wildlife leads
to better understanding of habitat ecology and management. Therefore,
we compared microclimate and predation risk as factors influencing the
selection of stopping points (mid-day coverts, nocturnal roosts) by
northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Stopping points were located
using radiomarked bobwhites in the Texas Panhandle, USA, during
2002-2003. We obtained blackbody temperatures of microclimates and
assessed predation risk (angles of obstruction for aerial predators,
vegetation profiles for terrestrial predators) at stopping points and
paired random points. Summer coverts showed fewer degree-minutes of
hyperthermic exposure (blackbody temperatures >39°C; x̄ = 655.0, SE = 4.1 for coverts, x̄
= 2,255.5, SE = 4.9 for random; 1200-1600 hr) and a lower risk to
predators (e.g., 95% confidence intervals [CIs] of angles of
obstruction = 87.8-90.8° for coverts, 55.9-70.6° for random).
Summer roost temperatures were similar to paired random sites (x̄ = 13.9°C, SE = 0.6 for roost, x̄ = 13.9°C, SE = 0.7 for random) as were winter roost temperatures (x̄ = -1.3°C, SE = 0.7 for roosts, x̄
= -1.4°C, SE = 0.8 for random). There were minor issues of habitat
selection of winter or summer roosts based on predation risk (e.g., 95%
CIs of vegetation profiles of summer roosts and random sites did not
overlap at lower strata). We concluded other selection factors likely
exist for winter roosts because microclimate and predation risk
assessments between winter roosts and random sites showed no
difference. Similarly, other selection factors may exist for summer
roosts, as they showed only a weak difference in terrestrial predation
risk and no difference in microclimate in comparison to random sites.
We concluded microclimate was the primary selection factor for coverts
because prevention of hyperthermia necessitated that bobwhites select
cooler microclimates within the study area.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
658. Microhabitat selection by Texas horned lizards in southern Texas.
Burrow, Anna L.; Kazmaier, Richard T.; Hellgren, Eric C.; and Ruthven, Donald C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 645-652. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Phrynosoma
cornutum/ horned lizards/ Texas horned lizard/ amphibians and reptiles/
microhabitat/ behavior/ habitat use/ conservation/ status/ habitat
management/ fires-burns/ livestock/ grazing/ telemetry/ monitoring/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ diurnal rhythm/ seasonal activities/
Texas, Southern/ Texas: Dimmit County/ Texas: La Salle County
Abstract: The Texas
horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum) has declined
throughout its range. Understanding habitat selection by
the Texas horned lizard is an important factor in its
conservation.
The authors examined daily and seasonal habitat requirements
of Texas horned lizards and determined whether habitat selection
differed among land management treatments in southern Texas.
They used five study sites, each with a different burning and
grazing treatment. Adult lizards caught in the study sites were
fitted with backpacks carrying radiotransmitters and relocated daily.
Habitat characteristics at radio locations and random points 10 m from
the lizard were assessed using 50-X 20-cm quadrats. Relocations
were made during three time intervals (morning, afternoon, evening) and
two seasons (active, inactive). Horned lizards used bare ground
and herbaceous vegetation similar to their availability in the morning
and evening for thermoregulation and foraging purposes, but avoided
bare ground in the afternoon. In the afternoons, lizards selected
woody vegetation and litter as thermal refuges and cover from
predators. Lizards also appeared less dependent on herbaceous
vegetation and more dependent on woody vegetation and litter in the
inactive season compared to the active season as a result of increased
temperatures. The authors did not detect differences in habitat
selection among land management treatments. Habitat management
for Texas horned lizards should focus on creating a mosaic of bare
ground, herbaceous vegetation, and woody vegetation in close proximity.
© NISC
659. Modeled effects of sagebrush-steppe restoration on greater sage-grouse in the interior Columbia Basin, U.S.A.
Wisdom,
Michael J.; Rowland, Mary M.; Wales, Barbara C.; Hemstrom, Miles A.;
Hann, Wendel J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Holthausen, Richard S.;
Gravenmier, Rebecca A.; and Rich, Terrell D.
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1223-1231. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Centrocercus urophasianus (Phasianidae): habitat
management/ sagebrush steppe restoration/ modeled effects and
evaluation/ food plants/ Artemisia/ feeding behavior/ population
dynamics/ grassland/ sagebrush steppe/ United States/ Interior Columbia
Basin/ Phasianidae/ Galliformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
660. Models for guiding management of prairie bird habitat in northwestern North Dakota.
Madden, E. M.; Murphy, R. K.; Hansen, A. J.; and
Murray, L.
American Midland Naturalist 144(2): 377-392. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: avifauna/
habitat management/ habitat mosaic/ habitat use/ prairie/ wildlife
management/ United States/ Ammodramus bairdii/ Ammodramus savannarum/
Anthus spragueii/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ Passerculus sandwichensis/
Spizella pallida
Abstract:
With grassland bird populations in the Great Plains exhibiting
steep declines, grassland managers require information on bird habitat
needs to optimally manage lands dedicated to wildlife. During
1993-1994, we measured bird occurrence and corresponding vegetation
attributes on mixed-grass prairie in northwestern North Dakota.
Three hundred and ten point-count locations over a wide range of
successional stages were sampled. Ten grassland passerine species
occurred commonly (i.e., at >10% of point count locations),
including two species endemic to the northern Great Plains
[Baird's sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii) and Sprague's pipit (Anthus
spragueii)], and several species of management concern [bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum),
clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida)]. Some species were ubiquitous
and had generalized habitat associations [e.g., savannah sparrow
(Passerculus sandwichensis)]. Others exhibited more finely tuned,
closely overlapping use of relatively short, sparse to moderately
dense, grassand forb-dominated habitat. We used logistic regression
models to predict bird species' occurrence based on nine vegetation
variables. Previously undefined limits of vegetation height and density
were identified for Baird's sparrow and Sprague's pipit, and of shrub
cover for Baird's sparrow. Our findings underscore the need for a
mosaic of successional types to maximize diversity of prairie bird
species. Managers may reduce confusion created by generic treatment
prescriptions for grasslands by focusing on absolute rather than
relative measures of vegetation, and by integrating standard data from
multiple bird habitat studies across regions.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
661. Mowing versus fire on expansion of black-tailed prairie dogs reintroduced into Chihuahuan Desert grasslands.
Fredrickson, Ed L.; Andersen, Mark C.; Ford, Paulette L.; Truett, Joe C.; and Roemer, Gary.
In:
87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the
14th Annual International Conference of the Society for Ecological
Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09,
2002.; Vol. 87.; pp. 352; 2002.
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ colony growth/ establishment/ grassland/ habitat/
keystone species distribution/ mowing versus fir/ range expansion/
reintroduction
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
662. Mule deer fawn survival on cattle-grazed and ungrazed desert ranges.
Horejsi, R. G., 1982. 47 p. Arizona Game and Fish Department Wildlife Bulletin.
Notes: ISSN: 0518-5467.
Descriptors: cattle/
coyote/ deer, mule/ deserts/ female/ food habits/ grazing/ interspecies
relationships/ population density/ predation/ production/ rodents/
shrubs/ survival/ trees/ vegetation/ Arizona, central region/ Tonto
Basin
Abstract:
Study areas were the Three Bar Wildlife Area (closed to grazing
in 1947) and the Tonto Basin Study Area (under National Forest cattle
grazing permit). Data were collected on: rodent and rabbit populations;
cover, density and frequency of trees, shrubs, and half shrubs; fruit,
nut, berry, and spring mean forage production; nutritional quality of
key forage species; deer population densities; buck(doe)fawn ration in
mid-winter; predator populations; coyote, deer, and cattle food habits;
and vegetation mapping of TBWA.
© NISC
663. Multi-resolution approach to wildlife habitat modeling using remotely sensed imagery.
Smith, M. D. and Burger, L. W.
In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. Gao W. and Shaw D.R. (eds.);
Vol. 5153.
San Diego, CA; pp. 34-43 ; 2003.
Notes: 0277786X (ISSN).
Descriptors: habitat
model/ habitat suitability/ IKONOS/ LANDSAT/ northern bobwhite/
wildlife/ conservation/ data reduction/ ecosystems/ environmental
protection/ land use/ mathematical models/ modernization/ probability/
regression analysis/ remote sensing
Abstract:
Remotely sensed imagery, coupled with wildlife habitat models
provide a powerful tool for the implementation, assessment, and
monitoring of wildlife conservation/restoration initiatives. Observed,
empirical relationships between a species abundance metric and
landscape structure/composition are used to structure models. Habitat
suitability models always represent a trade off between breadth of
applicability and specificity. Large-spatial extent, coarse spatial
resolution data sets may be useful for characterizing potential animal
distributions at regional or continental scales; however, habitat
models developed at this spatial scale may have little applicability
for predicting suitability at finer spatial resolutions. Whereas
numerous issues related to multi-scale analysis have been acknowledged
with respect to wildlife habitat models, only recently have sources of
high-resolution imagery been readily available for site-specific
analyses. We outline a multi-scale approach to habitat modeling and
demonstrate this approach with northern bobwhite. We developed a coarse
resolution model appropriate for identifying focal regions likely to
support bobwhite using classified LandSat imagery and relative
abundance measures from breeding season call counts. Then we developed
a fine resolution model based on 4-m multispectral IKONOS imagery and
animal space-use for planning and implementing conservation practices
at the local scale. We discuss the application of this hierarchical
approach to conservation planning.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
664. Multi-scale effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on lesser prairie-chicken populations of the U. S. southern Great Plains.
Fuhlendorf, S. D.; Woodward, A. J. W.; Leslie, D. M.; and Shackford, J. S.
Landscape Ecology 17(7): 617-628. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1021592817039.
Descriptors: agriculture/
conservation ecology/ fragmentation/ grasslands/ hierarchy/ landscape
change/ landscape dynamics/ landscape structure/ lesser
prairie-chicken/ rangeland/ southern Great Plains/ Scale/ species
conservation/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss/ landscape change/
population decline/ scale effect/ species conservation/ land use/
Juniperus virginiana/
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus
Abstract:
Large-scale patterns of land use and fragmentation have been associated
with the decline of many imperiled wildlife populations. Lesser
prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) are restricted to the
southern Great Plains of North America, and their population and range
have declined by > 90% over the past 100 years. Our objective was to
examine scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and
change and long-term population trends for lesser prairie-chicken
populations in the southern Great Plains. We used a geographic
information system (GIS) to quantify landscape composition, pattern and
change at multiple scales (extents) for fragmented agricultural
landscapes surrounding 10 lesser prairie-chicken leks. Trend analysis
of long-term population data was used to classify each population and
landscape (declined, sustained). We analyzed metrics of landscape
structure and change using a repeated measures analysis of variance to
determine significant effects (α
= 0.10) between declining and sustained landscapes across multiple
scales. Four metrics of landscape structure and change (landscape
change index, percent cropland, increases in tree-dominated cover
types, and changes in edge density) contained significant interactions
between population status and scale, indicating different scaling
effects on landscapes with declining and stable populations. Any single
spatial scale that was evaluated would not have given complete results
of the influences of landscape structure and change on lesser
prairie-chicken populations. The smallest spatial scales (452,905, and
1,810 ha) predicted that changes in edge density and largest patch size
were the only important variables, while large-scale analysis (7,238
ha) suggested that the amount of cropland, increase in trees (mostly
Juniperus virginiana), and general landscape changes were most
important. Changes in landscape structure over the past several decades
had stronger relationships with dynamics of lesser prairie-chicken
populations than current landscape structure. Observed changes suggest
that these local populations may be appropriately viewed from a
metapopulation perspective and future conservation efforts should
evaluate effects of fragmentation on dispersal, colonization, and
extinction patterns.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
665. A multi-scaled analysis of avian response to habitat amount and fragmentation in the Canadian dry mixed-grass prairie.
Koper, N. and Schmiegelow, F. K. K.
Landscape Ecology 21(7): 1045-1059. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10980-006-0004-0.
Descriptors: Akaike's
information criterion/ Canada/ habitat loss and
fragmentation/ mixed-effects models/ mixed-grass prairie/ model
selection/ nest success/
prairie birds/ spatial scale
Abstract: Previous
research has suggested that ducks and songbirds may benefit
from prairie landscapes that consist primarily of contiguous
grasslands. However, the relative importance of landscape-level vs.
local characteristics on mechanisms underlying observed patterns is
unclear. We measured effects of grassland amount and fragmentation on
upland and wetland songbird and duck density and nest success, and on
some nest predators, across 16 landscapes in
southern Alberta, Canada. We compared these landscape-level
effects with local-scale
responses, including distance to various edges and vegetation
characteristics. We also evaluated several statistical approaches to
comparing effects of habitat characteristics at multiple spatial
scales. Few species were influenced by grassland amount or
fragmentation. In contrast, distance to edge and local vegetation
characteristics had significant effects on densities and nest success
of many species. Previous studies that reported effects of landscape
characteristics may have detected patterns driven by local mechanisms.
As a corollary, results were very sensitive to statistical model
structure; landscape level effects were much less apparent when local
characteristics were included in the models. © 2006 Springer.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
666. The
Nature Conservancy's Prairie Wings Project: A conservation strategy for
the grassland birds of the western Great Plains.
McCready, Bob; Mehlman, David; Kwan, Danny; and
Abel, Becky
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 1158-1161.
Notes:
Volume 2; Responsibility: Pacific Southwest Research Station; U.S.
Forest Service General Technical Report series; ISSN: 0196-2094; Bird
Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Third
International Partners in Flight conference held 2002 March 20-24 in Asilomar, California.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ habitat management/
grassland/ Conservation strategy/ North America/ western Great Plains/
grassland management strategy/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
667. Nest-site
characteristics of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) in the Snake
River birds of prey national conservation area, Idaho, and
applications to artificial burrow installation.
Belthoff, James R. and King, R. Andrew
Western North American Naturalist 62(1): 112-119. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ habitat
utilization/ animal constructions/ land and freshwater zones/ Athene
cunicularia (Strigidae): habitat management/ artificial burrow
installation/ breeding site/ nesting site/ habitat preference/ burrows/
nests/ Idaho/ Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area/
nest site characteristics/ Strigiformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) populations are declining in many
portions of their range, and research and management efforts into
stemming declines are underway. One tool with promise is the artificial
burrow, which can supplement nesting opportunities and play a role in
research, mitigation, translocation, and reintroduction studies.
However, few studies directly assess important burrow and surrounding
topographic features upon which owls choose sites and then construct
and install artificial burrows accordingly. In this study we (1)
measure physical, vegetative, and topographic characteristics of
Burrowing Owl nest sites in the Snake River Birds of Prey National
Conservation Area (SRBPNCA); (2) compare used and unused burrows to
determine features important in nest-site selection; and (3) use this
information to help guide current and future construction and ment
of artificial burrows in the SRBPNCA. Owls nested in abandoned American
badger (Taxidea taxus) burrows in areas with more than one burrow,
close to roads and irrigated agricultural fields, and characterized by
sparse and low vegetation dominated by nonnative plant species. Only
one feature studied, tunnel entrance angle, corresponded with choice by
owls; odds of burrow use decreased 17% with each 1[degree] increase in
slope of the tunnel entrance. Owls nesting near
irrigated agricultural fields also had higher productivity. We
discuss
applications of our results to construction and placement of artificial
burrows in the SRBPNCA and similar shrub-steppe environs in western North America.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
668. Nest success of ducks on rotational and season-long grazing systems in Saskatchewan.
Ignatiuk, Jordan B. and Duncan, David C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 211-217. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: grazing system: rotational, season long/ nest success/ nest survival/ residual vegetation cover
Abstract:
Rotational grazing systems have been implemented to increase duck
production in the prairie pothole region, although evidence to support
the contention of increased duck production is scant at best. We
examined duck nest success on 12 once-over rotational grazing systems
and 12 season-long pastures in southern Saskatchewan. Analysis of
617 nests from 23 pastures failed to reveal a difference in nest
survival between rotational and season-long grazing systems (20.2%
versus 25.1%), although there was a year X treatment effect interaction
wherein nest success differed between years on rotational pastures but
not on season-long pastures. Residual vegetation cover from randomly
clipped plots did not differ between grazing treatments but did differ
between years. Nest success on pastures within years was not related to
vegetative carryover. Although we did not detect greater duck nest
success on rotational grazing systems compared to season-long pastures,
rotational systems could be beneficial if they preserve or improve
grassland areas, attract more ducks from less productive habitats, or
increase duckling survival. Our study provides strong additional
evidence of the high nest success on pastures compared to most other
habitat types, including small plots of planted cover. Converting
cropland to pastures and retaining existing pastures are recommended to
maintain and improve duck production in the prairie pothole region.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
669. Nest survival of clay-colored and vesper sparrows in relation to woodland edge in mixed-grass prairies.
Grant, Todd A.; Madden, Elizabeth M.; Shaffer, Terry L.; Pietz, Pamela J.; Berkey, Gordon B.; and Kadrmas, Neil J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 691-701. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Rodentia/
Sciuridae/ Spermophilus tridecemlineatus/ Emberizidae/ Passeriformes/
Pooecetes gramineus/ Spizella pallida/ Fringillidae/ Bos bison/
clay-colored sparrow/ ground squirrels/ Poa pratensis/ Populus
tremuloides/ Spermophilus tridecemlineatus/ thirteen-lined ground
squirrel/ vesper sparrow/ vesper sparrows/ predation/ foods-feeding/
breeding grounds/ conservation/ wildlife management/ diets/ habitat
use/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ land zones/ predators/
mammals/ McHenry County/ nest site/ nest survival/ nesting success/
North Dakota/ northern grassland/ nutrition/ Pooecetes gramineus/
Spizella pallida/ population ecology/ reproduction/ breeding/
productivity/ Spermophilus tridecemlineatus/ survival/ wildlife
management/ woody vegetation/ aspen woodland/ clay-colored sparrow/
edge effects/ grassland birds/ mixed-grass prairie
Abstract:
The quantity and quality of northern mixed-grass prairie continues to
decline because of conversion to agriculture, invasion of woody and
exotic plants, and disruption of important ecological processes that
shape grasslands. Declines in grassland bird populations in North
Dakota, USA, have coincided with these largely anthropogenic
alterations to prairie habitat. In grasslands of north-central and
northwestern North Dakota, woody plants have increased due
primarily to fire suppression, extirpation of bison (Bos bison), and
widescale planting of tree shelter belts. In northern grasslands,
effects of woody vegetation on survival of grassland birds are poorly
understood, and conclusions are based mainly on studies conducted
outside the region. We examined nest survival of clay-colored sparrows
(Spizella pallida) and vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus) relative
to the distance nests were located from aspen (Populus tremuloides)
woodland edges and relative to other habitat features near the nest.
Clay-colored and vesper sparrow nest survival was higher for nests
located near woodland edges, nests with greater cover of Kentucky
bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and nests more concealed by vegetation.
Vesper sparrow nest survival increased as the percent cover of tall
shrubs near the nest increased. Based on video-camera data, the
13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) was the most
common predator of sparrow eggs and young. Thirteen-lined ground
squirrels were more common far from woodland edges than near and this
pattern may, in part, explain clay-colored and vesper sparrow nest
survival in relation to woodland edges. In contrast to our results,
studies conducted in other grassland systems generally report lower
nest survival for grassland birds nesting near trees and shrubs. This
disparity in results demonstrates the need to identify specific nest
predators and their distributions with respect to important habitat
features because these data can be important in explaining-and perhaps
predicting-patterns of nest predation.
© NISC
670. Nesting birds and grazing cattle: Accommodating both on Midwestern pastures.
Temple, Stanley A.; Fevold, Brick M.; Paine, Laura K.; Undersander, Daniel J.; and Sample, David W.
Studies in Avian Biology 19: 196-202. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8.
Notes: 0197-9922 (ISSN); Ecology and conservation of grassland birds of the Western Hemisphere.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ community
structure/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ farming and agriculture/ habitat management/ pasture
management/ ecology/ reproduction/ reproductive productivity/ species
diversity/ population density/ pasture management/ grasslands/
Wisconsin/ Iowa and Lafayette Counties/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
671. Nesting ecology of mixed-grass prairie songbirds in southern Saskatchewan.
Davis, S. K.
Wilson Bulletin 115(2): 119-130. (2003)
Descriptors: brood
parasitism/ nest predation/ nesting behavior/ reproductive success/
songbird/ Canada/ North America/ Saskatchewan/ Ammodramus
bairdii/ Anthus spragueii/ Calcarius ornatus/ Microtus pennsylvanicus/
Molothrus ater/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ Spizella pallida/ Sturnella neglecta
Abstract:
During 1996-2000, I studied the nesting ecology of Sprague's Pipits
(Anthus spragueii), Clay-colored Sparrows (Spizella pallida), Savannah
Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), Baird's Sparrows (Ammodramus
bairdii), Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus), and Western
Meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) on 47 native mixed-grass prairie
pastures in southern Saskatchewan. Predation was the primary cause
of nest failure and occurred at a similar frequency among the six
species. Nest success and productivity varied among years and was
lowest during 1997, the year of a substantial increase in meadow vole
(Microtus pennsylvanicus) populations in southern Saskatchewan.
Nest predation was most severe during the nestling stage with daily
survival rates typically lower than those of the incubation period.
Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) parasitized nests of all six
species, with 5-29% of host nests containing cowbird eggs. Savannah
Sparrows, Clay-colored Sparrows, and Western Meadowlarks incurred the
highest frequency of brood parasitism. Parasitized hosts experienced
lower productivity due to a combination of reductions in clutch size,
hatching success, and fledging success. Overall, brood parasitism by
cowbirds cost these birds between 1.3 and 2.2 young per successful
nest. These results support the general contention that nest predation
is the primary factor influencing grassland songbird reproductive
success.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
672. Nesting-season
responses of three grassland sparrow species to previous-year mowing on
reclaimed surface mines in Clarion County, Pennsylvania.
Brauning, Daniel; Grishaver, Mary; and Grainer, Chris
Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 75(1):
23-26. (2001)
NAL Call #: Q11.J682; ISSN: 1044-6753
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial
habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Ammodramus henslowii/ Ammodramus
savannarum/ Passerculus sandwichensis (Emberizidae): farming and
agriculture/ mowing/ breeding season/ nesting season/ reclaimed surface
mines/ previous year mowing/ distribution within habitat/ nesting
season occupancy/ grassland/ prairie/ Pennsylvania/ Clarion County/
Emberizidae/ Passeriformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Declines
in populations of grassland birds have been attributed to the
intensive nature of modern agricultural practices, the loss of native
prairie grasses across the continent, and loss of agricultural acreage
in the Northeast. Using belt transects, we assessed numbers of three
sparrow species during the nesting season in relation to hay-cutting
during the previous year on three reclaimed surface mines
in Clarion County, Pennsylvania. Grasshopper sparrow
(Ammodramus savannarum) detection rates varied between 0.3 to 1.2 birds
per 100 ms, and showed no consistent response to previous-year
mowing. Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) occurred at
twice
the rate on mowed (0.58 birds/100 m) than on unmowed fields (0.22
birds/100 m). Henslow's sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) were from six
to 28 times more abundant on unmowed transects (0.6 to 1.2 birds per
100 m) than on mowed transects (0.04 to 0.09 birds per 100 m). Leaf
litter depth, number of dead forbs, and the height of tallest green
forbs differed significantly between mowed and unmowed areas. Leaf
litter depth was the best predictor of the number of Henslow's sparrows
(r2
= 0.63, p < 0.001) in all areas combined. The presence of dead forbs
was the best indicator of unmowed areas; no dead forbs were observed on
transects mowed the previous year. Habitat features associated with
mowing
the
previous year, i.e., elimination of dead forbs and reduction of leaf
litter depth, have direct functional affects on Henslow's sparrows in
the form of eliminating song perches and reducing cover for nests,
respectively. Our results corroborate recommendations to manage only a
portion of an area for Henslow's sparrow annually and to cut individual
parcels at intervals of no more than bi- or
tri-ennially.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
673. Nesting
success of upland nesting waterfowl and sharp-tailed grouse in
specialized grazing systems in south-central North Dakota.
Sedivec, K. K.; Messmer, T. A.; Barker, W. T.;
Higgins, K. F.; and Hertel, D. R.
In:
Can livestock be used as a tool to enhance wildlife habitat?
General Technical Report-RM 194/ Severson, Kieth E.,
ed.; Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1990. pp. 71-92.
Notes: 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Reno, Nev., February 13, 1990.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 194
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ land and freshwater zones/ Anas/ Aythya (Anatidae)/
Tympanuchus phasianellus (Phasianidae): farming and agriculture/
habitat management/ reproductive productivity/ population density/
nesting density/ North Dakota/ nesting success/ livestock grazing
systems/ Anatidae/ Anseriformes/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
674. Nongame wildlife communities in grazed and ungrazed montane riparian sites.
Schulz, T. T. and Leininger, W. C.
Great Basin Naturalist 51(3): 286-292. (1991)
NAL Call #: 410 G79; ISSN: 0017-3614
Descriptors: Zapus
princeps/ birds/ small mammal/ Wilson's warbler/ western jumping mouse/
cattle grazing/ wildlife management/ Rocky Mountains/ Colorado
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
675. The northern bobwhite decline: Scaling our management for the twenty-first century.
Williams, C. K.; Guthery, F. S.; Applegate, R. D.; and Peterson, M. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(3): 861-869. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032 <0861:TNBDSO>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: broad-scale/
Colinus virginianus/ fine-scale/ habitat/ harvest/ management/ northern
bobwhite/ usable space/ gamebird/ habitat management/ harvesting/
population decline/ wildlife management/ North America
Abstract:
Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) are one of the most broadly
researched and intensively managed species in North America.
However, we argue that a disadvantage of this status is that
traditional management principles currently are incompatible with the
spatial scale necessary to address the nationwide decline in bobwhite
abundance. We maintain that halting or reversing this decline will
entail 2 principal changes in the scale of management. Primarily we
suggest that habitat oversight must switch from historical fine-scale
management (promotion of edge habitat, weedy fencelines, disked strips,
living hedges, and food plots) to regional management of usable space.
Secondly, within these regional management areas, we should apply
harvest management that employs risk-sensitive strategies that
conservatively avoid undermining the primary goal. This entails
narrowing the scale of harvest management from statewide to regional
levels. If these ideological changes cannot be made and historical
policies remain in force, we risk failing to stabilize, let alone
increase, bobwhite populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
676. Northern bobwhites and postfire succession.
Ransom, Dean and Schulz, Gerral G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 565-570. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Colinus virginianus/ fires-burns/ habitat management/
density/ prescribed fire/ rangeland/ rolling plains/ ecosystems/ Texas/
environmental factors/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat use/
land zones/ population ecology/ wildlife management/ postfire
succession
Abstract:
Our study evaluated the effects of prescribed fire on northern
bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) occupying native rangelands in Rolling
Plains of Texas, USA, during 2002 and 2003. Prescribed fires
were conducted during February of 1996, 1998, and 2000; pastures with
no recent treatment history served as controls. We quantified bobwhite
densities from line transects using distance sampling. We used a
repeated-measures analysis of variance to test for treatment-year
differences in bobwhite densities. We measured postfire herbaceous and
woody vegetation attributes and evaluated vegetation relationships to
bobwhite density using simple linear regression. We found significant
between-year differences in fall bobwhite densities (F = 13.05, df = 3,
P = 0.036) but no differences among treatments or controls. Fall
bobwhite densities were inversely related to visual obstruction (r 2 = 0.179, df = 15, P = 0.058) and positively associated with increasing heterogeneity of grass cover (r
= 0.416, df = 15, P = 0.004). Our results suggest prescribed fire at
large spatial scales may be a neutral practice for managing bobwhite
habitat on semiarid rangelands.
© NISC
677. Observations of pronghorn distribution in relation to sheep grazing on the Desert Experimental Range.
Clary, W. P. and Holmgren, R. C.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 581-592; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Utah/ sheep/ pronghorn/ Antilocapra americana/ grazing
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
678. Observations of white-tailed deer and cattle diets in Mexico.
Martinez, Alfonso; Molina, Victor; Gonzalez, Fernando; Marroquin, Jorge S.; and Navar, Jesus
Journal of Range Management 50(3): 253-257. (1997)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/503/253-257_martinez.pdf
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ competition/ terrestrial habitat/
man-made habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Odocoileus virginianus
texanus (Cervidae): food plants/ food preferences/ interspecific
competition/ Bos indicus/ Bos taurus/ grazing resources/ dietary
structure/ selectivity/ rangelands/ grasslands/ cultivated land
habitat/ pasture/ Mexico/ Nuevo Leon/ anahuac/ dietary composition/
sympatric species overlap/ faecal analysis/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/
Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
679. Observations on white-tailed deer and habitat response to livestock grazing in south Texas.
Cohen, W. E.; Drawe, D. L.; Bryant, F. C.; and
Bradley, L. C.
Journal of Range Management 42(5): 361-365. (1989)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume42/Number5/azu_jrm_v42_n5_361_365_m.pdf
Descriptors: Odocoileus virginianus/ rotational grazing/ Texas/ white-tailed deer
Abstract:
Since short duration grazing (SDG) was introduced to Texas,
concern for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has magnified
because they are a species of major economic importance to ranchers.
The objective of this study was to observe the effects of SDG and
continuous yearlong grazing (CG) on home ranges and movement indices of
female deer, and on forage availability. The study was conducted on the
Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge, near Sinton, Texas. The study area included a 10-pasture SDG cell and a CG
pasture, each stocked at 2.8 ha/auy. Cattle grazed each SDG paddock 2
to 8 days; paddocks were rested 32 to 47 days. A total of 3,961
radio-fixes from 11 does was collected over an 11-month study period in
1983. Monthly and annual home ranges of does were similar (P > 0.05)
between SDG (207 ha) and CG (229 ha). However, white-tailed deer
traveled 35% more (P < 0.05) between fixes in SDG (449 m) than in CG
(332 m) from May to August, a time of greatest physiological and
nutritional stress for female deer in south Texas. Also, does avoided
(P < 0.05) cattle during 2 cycles of the SDG rotation. The primary
trend observed was for the deer under SDG to avoid cattle
concentrations by alternating between preferred habitats rather than a
predictable paddock-to-paddock movement. In general, there were few
differences in total grass and forb cover between SDG and CG. However,
several forage species important to deer were less frequent (P <
0.05) under SDG than CG.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
680. Occupied and unoccupied sage grouse habitat in Strawberry Valley, Utah.
Bunnell, K. D.; Flinders, J. T.; Mitchell, D. L.; and
Warder, J. H.
Journal of Range Management 57(5): 524-531. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: Centrocercus
urophasianus/ logistic regression/ sage grouse/ sagebrush/ gamebird/
habitat use/ nest site/ regression/ vegetation/ North America/
Strawberry Valley/ United States/ Utah/ Bromus inermis/
Centrocercus urophasianus
Abstract: This
study evaluated multiple aspects of spring/summer sage grouse
(Centrocercus urophasianus) habitat in Strawberry
Valley, Utah by measuring vegetation associated with nest, brood
and adult
use sites. In addition, 3 types of random habitats were measured
including available habitat within core use areas, random sagebrush
(Artemisia spp.)/grass habitat outside core use areas, and random
sagebrush/grass habitat sites that had been converted to an understory
of smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss) by past range management
practices. Logistic regression was used to identify those habitat
variables that discriminated between site types. Variables that
discriminated adult habitat from brood rearing habitat included: 1)
sagebrush height (P ≤ 0.01) and 2) forb diversity (P = 0.12) with
sagebrush height being greater at adult sites and forb diversity
greater at brood sites Variables that significantly discriminated
occupied adult habitat from random habitat outside of core use areas
included: 1) percent grass cover (P < 0.01) and 2) area of sagebrush
canopy (P = 0.03) with both variables having grater values in adult
habitat. Variables that significantly discriminated occupied adult
habitat from random habitat with a smooth brome understory included: 1)
percent forb cover (P ≤ 0.01), 2) shrub canopy cover (P = 0.02), and
3) area of sagebrush canopy (P = 0.08) with all variables being greater
in adult habitat. In addition, this study identified sagebrush age,
sagebrush canopy area, and forb diversity as potentially important
aspects of sage grouse habitat that have not been previously reported.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
681. Pastures for upland birds: Landowner incentive program restores native species in bermudagrass pastures (Texas).
Wagner, M.; Smeins, F.; and Hays, B.
Ecological Restoration 23(3): 209-210. (2005);
ISSN: 15434079
Descriptors: Aves/ Cynodon/ pastures/ birds/ uplands/ native habitat/ grasses/ Texas
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
682. Patch and landscape factors shape community assemblage of bumble bees, Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in montane meadows.
Hatfield, R. G. and LeBuhn, G.
Biological Conservation 139(1-2): 150-158. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.019.
Descriptors: grazing/ landscape/ patch/ pollinator/ Scale/ Sierra Nevada
Abstract: Understanding
the scale at which habitat influences species richness in
terrestrial ecosystems is central to both ecology and conservation
biology [Wettstein, W., Schmid, B., 1999. Conservation of arthropod
diversity in montane wetlands: effect of altitude, habitat quality and
habitat fragmentation on butterflies and grasshoppers. Journal of
Applied Ecology, 36, 363-373]. Community composition may be influenced
by habitat variation at patch and/or landscape-scales depending on the
body size, home range area, and dispersal distances of the focal taxa
[Calder III, W.A., 1984. Size, function, and life
history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA;
Haskell, J.P., Ritchie, M.E., Olff, H., 2002. Fractal
geometry predicts
varying body size scaling relationships for mammal and bird home
ranges. Nature 418, 527-530; Thomas, C.D., 2000. Dispersal and
extinction in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society
Biological Sciences Series B 267, 139-145], not merely their
phylogenetic affinity. We investigated the importance of habitat
variables at different scales on the richness and abundance of bumble
bees both annually and seasonally in Sierran montane meadows over two
years. We found that both patch and landscape factors influence the
species richness and abundance of bumble bees and these factors have a
seasonal component to their importance. The proportion of meadow in the
surrounding habitat was the most consistent positive influence on both
species richness and abundance across years. In the second year, 2003,
patch factors, plant species richness and current livestock grazing
also influenced bumblebee species richness; plant species richness was
positively correlated and current livestock grazing was negatively
correlated with bumble bee species richness. Bumble bee abundance was
positively influenced by meadow wetness and proportion of meadow in the
surrounding habitat in both years. These data suggest conservation of
pollinators depends on conservation planning with attention to the
quality and context of the landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
683. Patch size and landscape effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds.
Winter, M.; Johnson, D. H.; Shaffer, J. A.; Donovan, T. M.; and Svedarsky, W. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 158-172. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: bird
density/ bobolink/ clay-colored sparrow/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/
landscape composition/ nest success/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ patch
size/ replication/ Savannah sparrow/ Spizella pallida/ variability
Abstract: Current
management recommendations for grassland birds in North
America emphasize providing large patches of grassland habitat within
landscapes that have few forest or shrubland areas. These Bird
Conservation Areas are being proposed under the assumption that large
patches of habitat in treeless landscapes will maintain viable
populations of grassland birds. This assumption requires that patch
size and landscape features affect density and nesting success of
grassland birds, and that these effects are consistent among years and
regions and across focal species. However, these assumptions have not
yet been validated for grassland birds, and the relative importance of
local vegetation structure, patch size, and landscape composition on
grassland bird populations Is not well known. In addition, factors
influencing grassland bird nesting success have been investigated
mostly in small-scale and short-duration studies. To develop management
guidelines for grassland birds, we tested the spatial and temporal
repeatability of the influence of patch size and landscape composition
on density and nesting success of 3 grassland passerines, after
controlling for local-scale vegetation structure, climate, and-when
analyzing nest success-bird density. We conducted our study during 4
years (1998-2001) in 44 study plots that were set up in 3 regions of
the northern tallgrass prairie in Minnesota and North
Dakota, USA. In these study plots we measured density and nesting
success
of clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrows
(Passerculus sandwichensis), and bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorusj.
Statistical models indicated that density was influenced by patch size,
landscape, region, and local vegetation structure more so than by local
vegetation structure alone. Both magnitude and direction of the
response of density to patch size varied among regions, years, and
species. In contrast, the direction of landscape effects was consistent
among regions, years, and between Savannah sparrows and bobolinks.
In each species, this landscape effect was independent of patch size.
Nesting success was not clearly influenced by patch size or landscape
composition, and none of the factors that influenced avian density also
influenced nesting success in any of the 3 species. General statements
on "optimal habitat" for grassland birds should therefore be viewed
cautiously. Instead, long-term studies in different regions as well as
a deeper understanding of the local system are needed to determine
which factors are most important for grassland birds in a particular
area.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
684. Patterns of avian nest predators and a brood parasite among restored riparian habitats in agricultural watersheds.
Maul, Jonathan D.; Smiley, Peter C.; and
Cooper, Charles M.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 108(1-3):
133-150. (2005)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ prey/ parasites diseases and disorders/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: avian prey/
monitoring predators among restored riparian habitats/ community
structure/ monitoring avian nest predators and brood parasite among
restored riparian habitats/ population size/ avian predators/
monitoring nest predators among restored riparian habitats/ mammalian
predators/ reptilian predators/ riparian habitat/ restored habitats/
monitoring avian nest predators and brood parasite/ monitoring avian/
mammalian and reptilian predators/ Mississippi/ Panola County/ Long and
Hotophia Creeks/ Reptilia/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ reptiles/
vertebrates
Abstract:
In fragmented edge-dominated landscapes, nest predation and brood
parasitism may reduce avian reproductive success and, ultimately,
populations of some passerine species. In the fragmented agroecosystem
of northwest Mississippi, ment of drop-pipe structures has
been used as a restoration technique for abating gully erosion along
stream banks. These actions have formed small herbaceous and woody
habitat extensions into former agricultural lands. We quantified
species relative abundances, species richness, and evenness of avian
nest predators and a brood parasite within four categories of
constructed habitat resulting from drop-pipe installation. Differences
in the abundance of two nest predators, cotton mouse (Peromyscus
gossypinus) and blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), were observed among
constructed habitats. However, relative abundances of other predators
such as common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), American crow (Corvus
brachyrhynchos), and hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), and the
obligate brood parasite brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) did not
differ among four habitat categories. Although species richness,
abundance, and evenness of potential nest predators were generally
similar among the constructed habitats, predator species composition
varied, suggesting that these habitats supported different predator
communities. This difference is important because as each predator
species is added to or deleted from the community, variation may occur
in the framework of prey search methods, predator strategies, and
potentially overall predation pressure. We suggest that land managers
using drop-pipes as part of stream restoration projects allow for the
development of the constructed habitat with the largest area and
greatest vegetative structure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
685. Performance of greater sage-grouse models for conservation assessment in the Interior Columbia Basin, U.S.A.
Wisdom, Michael J.; Wales, Barbara C.; Rowland, Mary M.; Raphael, Martin G.; Holthausen, Richard S.;
Rich, Terrell D.; and Saab, Victoria A.
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1232-1242. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01074.x
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Centrocercus urophasianus (Phasianidae): habitat management/ sagebrush
steppe restoration/ modeled effects and evaluation/ food plants/
Artemisia/ feeding behavior/ population dynamics/ grassland/ sagebrush
steppe/ United States/ Interior Columbia Basin/ Phasianidae/
Galliformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Valid modeling of habitats and populations of Greater Sage-Grouse
(Centrocercus urophasianus) is a critical management need because of
increasing concern about population viability. Consequently, we
evaluated the performance of two models designed to assess landscape
conditions for Greater Sage-Grouse across 13.6 million ha of sagebrush
steppe in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions
of the Great Basin of the western United States (referred to as
the basin). The first model, the environmental index model, predicted
conditions at the scale of the subwatershed (mean size of approximately
7800 ha) based on inputs of habitat density, habitat quality, and
effects of human disturbance. Predictions ranged on a continuous scale
from 0 for lowest environmental index to 2 for optimal environmental
index. The second model, the population outcome model, predicted the
composite, range-wide conditions for sage grouse based on the
contribution of environmental index values from all subwatersheds and
measures of range extent and connectivity. Population outcomes were
expressed as five classes (A through E) that represented a gradient
from continuous, well-distributed populations (outcome A) to sparse,
highly isolated populations with a high likelihood of extirpation
(outcome E). To evaluate performance, we predicted environmental index
values and population outcome classes in areas currently occupied by
sage grouse versus areas where extirpation has occurred. Our a priori
expectations were that models should predict substantially worse
environmental conditions (lower environmental index) and a
substantially higher probability of extirpation (lower population
outcome class) in extirpated areas. Results for both models met these
expectations. For example, a population outcome of class E was
predicted for extirpated areas, as opposed to class C for occupied
areas. These results suggest that our models provided reliable
landscape predictions for the conditions tested. This finding is
important for conservation planning in the basin, where the models were
used to evaluate management of federal lands for sage grouse. [Ingenta]
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
686. Planting trees in prairie landscapes: Do the ecological costs outweigh the benefits?
Kelsey, K. W.; Naugle, D. E.; Higgins, K. F.; and
Bakker, K. K.
Natural Areas Journal 26(3): 254-260. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 08858608
Descriptors: avian diversity/ grassland birds/ native prairie/ riparian woodlands/ tree plantings
Abstract:
Tree plantings are striking landscape features that symbolize
settlement of the West. Although grassland birds require large tracts
of treeless grasslands, planting trees in prairie landscapes is still
regarded by many as a positive management practice. We compared bird
use of tree plantings (n=182) and natural riparian woodlands (n=37) to
evaluate whether ecological costs of tree plantings to grassland birds
is compensated for by the benefit they provide to forest birds of
management concern. Findings indicate that ecological costs of tree
plantings outweigh their benefits because they fail to provide habitat
for forest birds of management concern. Thus, loss of native grassland
bird communities is the currency in which we pay the ecological costs
of plantings trees in prairie landscapes. We recommend that managers
refrain from planting trees in or adjacent to grassland habitats. We
further recommend that managers refocus their tree plantings efforts to
restoration of riparian woodlands that maximize avian diversity in
prairie landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
687. A population decline recorded by operation burrowing owl in Saskatchewan.
Skeel, M. A.; Keith, J.; and Palaschuk, C. S.
Journal of Raptor Research 35(4): 371-377. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 08921016
Descriptors: Athene cunicularia/ burrowing owl/ endangered species/ habitat conservation/ population decline/ Saskatchewan/ stewardship
Abstract:
Operation Burrowing Owl (OBO) is a prairie stewardship program launched
in Saskatchewan in 1987 to preserve Burrowing Owl (Athene
cunicularia) habitat from cultivation. As of 2000, 459 OBO members were
protecting 61 259 ha of grassland habitat. Of the sites protected, 97%
(466) involved privately-owned land (21 376 ha) and the remaining sites
were publicly owned (39883 ha). Participants signed a voluntary
agreement to report annually the number of owls on their land and to
conserve the owls' nesting areas, even if sites became unoccupied. In
recent years, the program has promoted conservation easements and
assisted landowners with owl habitat enhancement. In recognition of
participation, members received a gate sign, an annual newsletter, and
educational material. In addition to conserving habitat, OBO has
increased public awareness of the owl, participated in research, and
monitored owl population changes. In 2000, 459 OBO members reported a
total of 54 pairs, considerably fewer than the 681 pairs reported by
352 members in 1988. After correcting for non-responding members each
year, the annual census indicated a 95% decline in estimated number of
pairs over 13 yr from 1988 (1032 pairs) to 2000 (56 pairs); this
represents an average decline of 21.5% per year. Between 1987-93, the
mean number of sites with ≥5 pairs of owls was 26 (range = 10-42;
5-11% of sites). In contrast, by 2000, 94% of all formerly-occupied
sites had zero owls, two sites had five pairs (<1% of sites), and no
site had ≥5 pairs of owls.
© 2001 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
688. Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape.
Clark, J. E.; Hellgren, E. C.; Jorgensen, E. E.;
Tunnell, S. J.; Engle, D. M.; and Leslie, D. M.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(6): 994-1003. (2003)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 00084301.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/z03-084.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biomass/ nitrogen/ exclosure fencing/ population statistics/ exclusion
experiment/ grassland/ nitrogen/ nutrient enrichment/ population
dynamics/ rodent/ Sigmodon hispidus
Abstract:
We conducted a mark-recapture experiment to examine the population
dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in response to
low-level nitrogen amendments (16.4 kg nitrogen/ha per year) and
exclosure fencing in an old-field grassland. The experimental design
consisted of sixteen 0.16-ha plots with 4 replicates of each treatment
combination. We predicted that densities, reproductive success,
movement probabilities, and survival rates of cotton rats would be
greater on nitrogen-amended plots because of greater aboveground
biomass and canopy cover. Population densities of cotton rats tended to
be highest on fenced nitrogen plots, but densities on unfenced nitrogen
plots were similar to those on control and fenced plots. We observed no
distinct patterns in survival rates, reproductive success, or movement
probabilities with regard to nitrogen treatments. However, survival
rates and reproductive success tended to be higher for cotton rats on
fenced plots than for those on unfenced plots and this was likely
attributable to decreased predation on fenced plots. As low-level
nitrogen amendments continue to be applied, we predict that survival,
reproduction, and population-growth rates of cotton rats on control
plots, especially fenced plots with no nitrogen amendment, will
eventually exceed those on nitrogen-amended plots as a result of higher
plant-species diversity, greater food availability, and better quality
cover.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
689. Population responses of Microtus pennsylvanicus across a chronological sequence of habitat alteration.
Dooley, James L. and Murray, Amanda L.
Ohio Journal of Science 106(3): 93-97. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 Oh3; ISSN: 0030-0950
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ land zones/ Microtus pennsylvanicus: habitat
management/ population dynamics/ man-made habitat/ reclaimed surface
mined habitats/ Ohio/ international Center for the Preservation of
Wild animals/ Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Understanding the effects of habitat alteration on population
demography and persistence is emerging as one of the most important and
challenging areas facing ecologists and conservation biologists today.
Here we compare the population demography of a common but important
consumer species in eastern and mid-western grassland communities
(Microtus pennsylvanicus) across three habitats that differ in the
amount of time since reclamation following strip-mining (30, 25, and 15
years). We established two 40 x 40 m plots at each of the three sites
and used traditional capture-recapture techniques to monitor population
size, survival, and recruitment through a nine-month period during
1999-2000. We predicted that populations of M. pennsylvanicus would
exhibit higher population numbers, better survival rates, and higher
rates of recruitment in habitat patches that had been recovering for
longer periods of time. In contrast to our predictions, results
indicated higher peak population numbers at the most recently disturbed
site (Z = 81.18 ± 9.59 individuals) and higher numbers of
reproductive females (x̄ = 3.38 ± 0.85) relative to sites recovering for 25 and 30 years (x̄ peak population size = 28.08 ± 23.09 and 31.16 ± 1.75 individuals, respectively; (x̄
number of reproductive females = 0.57 ± 0.32 and 1.13 ±
0.13, respectively). Thus it would appear that time since disturbance
was not an important predictor of population performance for this
species in this altered system. Alternative hypotheses such as the
influence of local habitat attributes and population fluctuations are
discussed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
690. Population status and management of lesser prairie-chicken in Colorado.
Giesen, Kenneth M.
Prairie Naturalist 32(3): 137-148(2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: population
studies/ wildlife management: conservation/ translocation/ management
method/ conservation status/ grassland restoration/ grazing management/
habitat degradation/ habitat suitability/ population changes/
population size/
United States Forest Service
Abstract:
Populations of lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus),
apparently abundant in southeastern Colorado prior to EuroAmerican
settlement, reached a low during the "Dust Bowl" years in the 1930's.
Restoration of native sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) grasslands
and management of grazing on the Comanche National Grasslands by the
United States Forest Service have resulted in modest population
increases of lesser prairie-chicken since the 1960's. Past
translocation efforts to expand distribution in Colorado and
increase population size were not successful because too few birds were
released and habitats may not have been suitable. Continued restoration
and management of degraded habitats, as well as successful transplants
into suitable habitats, could result in substantial increases in both
distribution and population size. Precipitation appears to be
a major factor affecting population changes as reflected in
annual
counts of active leks and males. Present populations in Colorado
are estimated at less than 1,500 breeding individuals.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
691. Potential effects of livestock water-trough modifications on bats in northern Arizona.
Tuttle, S. R.; Chambers, C. L.; and Theimer, T. C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3): 602-608. (Oct. 2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5
Descriptors: livestock/
water troughs/ fences/ Myotis/ Chiroptera/ drinking/ animal behavior/
Arizona/ Antrozous pallidus/ natural resources, environment, general
ecology, and wildlife conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ animal
production
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
692. Potential
effects of mowing prior to summer burning on the Eastern Massasauga
(Sistrurus c. Catenatus) at Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge, Holt County, Missouri, USA.
Durian, Francis E. and Lenhoff, Lisa
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 38:
21-25. (2004)
NAL Call #: 500 K13T; ISSN: 0544-540X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Sistrurus catenatus catenatus: habitat management/ mowing prior
to summer burning/ potential effects on mortality rate/ mortality/
mortality rate/ grassland/ prairie/ Missouri/ Holt County/ Squaw Creek
National Wildlife Refuge/ Reptilia, Lepidosauria, Squamata, Serpentes,
Viperidae/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We conducted a pilot study to begin evaluating the use of pre-burn
mowing to reduce or eliminate Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus c.
catenatus) mortality during summer prescribed fires. Drift fencing was
used to determine the presence of Eastern Massasaugas on a 8.1 ha
portion of native wet prairie at Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge
during the summer 2001. Twenty-two days of trapping with 10 randomly
located drift fence traps (n=220 trap nights) resulted in the capture
of 96 snakes representing 8 species, including 9 Eastern Massasaugas.
After trapping was completed the site was mowed to a height of 20 cm
and then burned 13 days after mowing was completed. Post-burn transect
searches of the site revealed one yellow-bellied racer (Coluber
constrictor) mortality due to the fire. The low mortality rate suggests
that pre-burn mowing may potentially reduce fire related mortality of
Eastern Massasaugas and other snake species by negatively modifying
occupied habitat which in turn forces snakes to leave the area or seek
refuge below ground.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
693. Potential uses of cattle grazing to manage waterfowl nesting cover on Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge.
Rees, J. R.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 86-93; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Washington/ grazing/ waterfowl/ nesting
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
694. Predation and the management of prairie grouse.
Schroeder, M. A. and Baydack, R. K.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 24-32. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Centrocercus
urophasianus/ greater prairie-chicken/ Grouse management/ lesser
prairie-chicken/ population regulation/ predator-prey relationships/
sage grouse/ sharp-tailed grouse/ Tympanuchus cupido/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus/ Tympanuchus phasianellus/ gamebird/ management/
predation/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Tympanuchus cupido/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus/ Tympanuchus phasianellus
Abstract:
This paper examines the importance of predation in the life cycles of
sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), sharp-tailed grouse
(Tympanuchus phasianellus), greater prairie-chicken (T. cupido), and
lesser prairie-chicken (T. pallidicinctus). Most individual prairie
grouse eventually succumb to predation, with substantial effects on
nest success, juvenile survival, and adult survival. Predator control
has occasionally been used as a management tool with the belief that
reducing predator numbers can enhance viability of game populations in
general and prairie grouse in particular. Although some experimental
research has shown that direct reduction of predator numbers can
increase grouse recruitment, most current management plans recommend
indirect management of the grouse-predator relationship by manipulating
habitats. However, as habitats become more fragmented and altered and
populations of prairie grouse become more threatened and endangered, it
is important to reconsider predator control as a management option and
to evaluate its viability through experimentation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
695. Predator activity related to landscape features in northern Iowa.
Kuehl, A. K. and Clark, W. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1224-1234. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Akaike
weights/ corn belt/ habitat fragmentation/ Iowa/ isolation/ Mephitis
mephitis/ predation/ Procyon lotor/ raccoon/ red fox/ striped skunk/
track stations/ Vulpes vulpes/ grassland/ predation risk/ predator/
predator-prey interaction/ United States/ Mephitis mephitis/ Phasianus
colchicus/ Procyon lotor/ Vulpes vulpes
Abstract:
We studied mammalian predator activity in relation to patches of
grassland habitat in the agricultural landscape of northern Iowa
to understand the potential interactions with ground-nesting birds,
including waterfowl and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). We
quantified presence and movement direction of striped skunk (Mephitis
mephitis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) using
unbaited track stations placed along the edges of 100-ha blocks of
grassland and at other locations throughout the surrounding landscape.
We used logistic regression with repeated measures and Akaike weights
to develop predictive models of predator presence as a function of
landscape variables including distance from a grassland block, shape of
grassland edges, and presence of woodlands, farmsteads, and wetlands.
Predators were detected at track stations in the landscape near
(≤500 m) grassland blocks 33.5% of the time, more frequently than at
stations immediately adjacent to edges of blocks (22.6%), and much more
frequently than at stations distant (>500 m) from blocks (13.6%).
Striped skunk presence at a station decreased as distance from
grassland patches increased and was positively related to the number of
farmsteads; raccoon presence was positively related to presence of
woody cover; and red fox presence increased with greater area of
pastureland and greater isolation from farmsteads, and decreased with
increasing amount of strip habitat in the landscape. Predicted predator
presence at locations where duck nests were found ≤5500 m from
blocks of grassland (23.1%) was within 1 SE of the Mayfield nest
mortality rate, whereas predicted presence at isolated nest locations
(12.0%) was greater than observed nest mortality. Track stations
indicated that predators moved into and out of grassland patches at
corners of blocks (80% of the time) much more frequently than when they
traveled along the straight sides of blocks (7%). If presence of
predators is directly related to predation rate, our models predict
that risk to nesting birds would be greatest in patches near large
grassland blocks where corridors, corners, and smaller patches focus
predator activity. We envision that wildlife biologists could use
models of predator activity to predict the potential influence of
landscape configuration on predation risk to nesting birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
696. Predicting regional abundance of rare grassland birds with a hierarchical spatial count model.
Thogmartin, W. E.; Knutson, M. G.; and Sauer, J. R.
Condor 108(1): 25-46. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 00105422
Descriptors: abundance/ bobolink/ grasshopper sparrow/ Henslow's sparrow/ hierarchical model/ sedge wren/
upland sandpiper
Abstract: Grassland
birds are among the most imperiled groups of birds in North
America. Unfortunately, little is known about the location
of regional concentrations of these birds, thus regional or statewide
conservation efforts may be inappropriately applied, reducing their
effectiveness. We identified environmental covariates associated with
the abundance of five grassland birds in the upper midwestern United
States (Bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Grasshopper Sparrow
[Ammodramus savannarum], Henslow's Sparrow [A. henslowii], Sedge Wren
[Cistothorus platensis], and Upland Sandpiper [Bartramia longicauda])
with a hierarchical spatial count model fitted with Markov chain Monte
Carlo methods. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are well suited to
this task because they are able to incorporate effects associated with
autocorrelated counts and nuisance effects associated with years and
observers, and the resulting models can be used to map predicted
abundance at a landscape scale. Environmental covariates were derived
from five suites of variables: landscape composition, landscape
configuration, terrain heterogeneity and physiognomy, climate, and
human influence. The final models largely conformed to our a priori
expectations. Bobolinks and Henslow's Sparrows were strongly sensitive
to grassland patch area. All of the species except Henslow's Sparrows
exhibited substantial negative relations with forest composition, often
at multiple spatial scales. Climate was found to be important for all
species, and was the most important factor influencing abundance of
Grasshopper Sparrows. After mapping predicted abundance, we found no
obvious correspondence in the regional patterns of the five species.
Thus, no clearly defined areas exist within the upper
midwestern United States where management plans can be developed
for a whole
suite of grassland birds. Instead, a larger, region-wide initiative
setting different goals for different species is recommended. ©
The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
697. Preliminary evaluation of elk habitat use within a three-pasture rest-rotation grazing system.
Frisina, M. R.
Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences 46:
27-36. (1986)
NAL Call #: 500 M762
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus canadensis/ grazing/ habitats/ livestock/ range management/
resource management/ rotational grazing/ wildlife management/ plant
protection/ wildlife-livestock relations/ Montana
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
698. A preliminary report on the effects of a deferred-rotation grazing system on wildlife at the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge.
Oldemeyer, J. L.; Martin, S. J.; and Woodis, S. G.
Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions: 26-42. (1983)
NAL Call #: SK351.W523; ISSN: 0095-3601
Descriptors: cattle/ Nevada/ rangelands/ wildlife/
rotational grazing
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
699. Prescribed fire and cattle grazing influences on the vegetation and elk use of a rough fescue community.
Jourdonnais, C. S. Univ. of Montana, 1985.
Descriptors: Cervus
canadensis/ habitat management/ livestock/ interspecific relations/
food supply/ Montana/ burning/ carbohydrates/ cattle/ chemical
analysis/ communities/ elk/ fall/ fescue/ grasses/ grazing/ nutrients/
production/ soils/ spring/ standing crop/ utilization/ vegetation/
weather
Abstract:
The influence of seasonal burning and fall cattle grazing were
compared to the following: (1) production and composition of a rough
fescue community; (2) elk use; (3) nutrient content of rough fescue,
Idaho fescue (F. idahoensis) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron
spicatum); (4) total nonstructural carbohydrate reserves of rough
fescue and idaho fescue; and (5) soil organic carbon content.
© NISC
700. Prescribed fire and cattle grazing on an elk winter range in Montana.
Jourdonnais, C. S. and Bedunah, D. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 18(3): 232-240. (1990)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: prescribed burns/ fire management/ cattle/ grazing/ Cervus elaphus/ American elk/ Montana
Abstract: Burn
and cattle-grazing treatments reduced rough fescue Festuca
scabrella standing crop, the preferred winter elk Cervus elaphus
forage, during the initial growing season. By the 2nd growing season,
the rough fescue standing crop was similar to the control in all
treatments. Cattle grazing maintained more down litter accumulations
than the burn treatments, were similar for all treatment in the second
and third growing seasons after treatment. Elk use of the study area
was limited to lake fall, winter, and early spring and was greater in
the burn and cattle-grazed treatments compared with the control. Elk
use of rough fescue was concentrated on plants without heavy
litter. Idaho fescue F. idahoensis received significant use by elk
only
after rough fescue was heavily utilized. Other native species received
little or no use. -from Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
701. Prescribed fire effects on herpetofauna: Review and management implications.
Russell, K. R.; Van Lear, D. H.; and Guynn, D. C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(2): 374-384. (Summer 1999)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 [WLSBA6]
Descriptors: prescribed burning/ amphibia/ reptiles/
wildlife management/ mortality
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
702. Prescribed sheep grazing to enhance wildlife habitat on North American rangelands.
Mosley, J. C.
Sheep Research Journal Special Issue: 79-91. (1994)
NAL Call #: SF371.R47; ISSN: 1057-1809
Descriptors: sheep/ grazing/ species diversity/ botanical composition/ habitats/ wildlife management/
Ovis canadensis/ plant litter
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
703. Private-land habitat opportunities for prairie grouse through federal conservation programs.
Riley, T. Z.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 83-91. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ Conservation Security Program/ CRP/ CSP/ Environmental
Quality Incentives Program/ EQIP/ Farm and Ranch Lands Protection
Program/ federal conservation programs/ grasslands/ Grassland Easement
Program/ Grassland Reserve Program/ GRP/ gamebirds/ habitat
restoration/ prairies/ private land/ United States/ Centrocercus
minimus/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ Tympanuchus cupido/ Tympanuchus
pallidicinctus/ Tympanuchus phasianellus
Abstract:
Habitat alterations have resulted in significant declines in the
populations of prairie grouse (Centrocercus minimus, C. urophasianus,
Tympanuchus cupido, T. pallidicinctus, T. phasianellus) throughout the
last century. Landscape-level habitat restoration through federal
conservation programs may be the only option available to prevent
several of these species from declining to dangerously low levels. I
examined 7 federal conservation programs available through the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and 5 programs through the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to determine how they
might be used to restore and protect habitat for prairie grouse on
private land. The USDA's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) has
restored ≥15 million ha of grassland with cost-share agreements and
10-year contracts. The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)
has the potential to restore habitat for prairie grouse because it is
well funded and primarily focused on improving livestock operations on
grasslands, much of which occurs on native prairies. Other USDA
conservation programs provide the necessary funding and incentives to
landowners to protect and restore prairie grouse habitat, but
competition among states for available funds and authorized practices
may reduce their effectiveness at restoring habitat over large
landscapes. The USFWS Grassland Easement Program, Partners for Fish and
Wildlife Program, and Private Stewardship Grants Program collectively
have restored and protected ≥ 300,000 ha of grassland and native
prairie with perpetual easements, cost-share agreements, technical
assistance, and term contracts. Much of the vegetation provided by
these programs should be of significant value for prairie grouse
habitat. The USFWS State and Tribal Wildlife Grants
Program and the Landowner Incentive Program should enable the states to
develop their own programs to restore and protect prairie grouse
habitat on private land.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
704. Pronghorn use of agricultural land in northwestern South Dakota.
Griffin, S. L.
Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, 1991.
Notes: M.S. Thesis
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ State conservation programs/ South Dakota
Abstract: Studied the seasonal use of CRP grasslands by pronghorns.
705. Protecting the prairie.
Ness, Eric
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(6): 287. (2003)
Descriptors: Grassland Reserve Program/ prairies/ haying/ grazing/ Natural Resources Conservation Service/ NRCS/
Abstract:
The author discusses the Grassland Reserve Program of the Natural
Resources Conservation Service. This program will get a disbursement of
$49.9 million and will protect the prairies. Under conservation
management the program will look into the haying and grazing of
eligible lands. More than 525 million acres of grasslands dominate
American private land. Between 1982 and 1997 almost 23 million acres of
grassland and scrublands were converted to crops. According to the 1997
Natural Resources Inventory another six million acres were developed.
Threats to short grass prairie in Colorado and in other areas have
affected grassland birds. The populations of mountain plover, prairie
chicken, Henslow's sparrow, sedge wrens, the Florida grasshopper
sparrow, and Bachman's sparrow have been declining over the past
quarter century. Mowing during the breeding season and invasion by
non-native grasses or shrubs due to fire suppression and
abandonment
are the main threats to these prairie grassland birds. The reserve
program would work by allowing haying and grazing of eligible lands
under conservation management.
© NISC
706. Ranching and prairie dogs.
Long, Dustin and Truett, Joe
In:
Grasslands Ecosystems, Endangered Species, and Sustainable Ranching in
the Mexico-U.S. Borderlands: Conference Proceedings, Proceedings-RMRS
40/ Basurto, Xavier and Hadley, Diana; Ogden, UT: Rocky
Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2006. pp. 87-91.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p040.html
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ Cynomys ludovicianus: farming and agriculture/ ranching/
Compatibility of management practices with ranching/ Mammalia,
Rodentia, Sciuridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
707. Ranching for longhorns and wildlife.
Ikenson, Ben
Endangered Species Bulletin 25(1-2): 10-11. (2000);
ISSN: 1091-7314.
http://www.fws.gov/Endangered/bulletin/2000/
01-04/10-11.pdf
Descriptors: Galliformes/ Phasianidae/ Tympanuchus cupido attwateri/ ranching/ cattle/ Coastal Prairie Conservation Initiative/ Texas
Abstract: The San Bernard River
in southeastern Texas passes
through a ranch where the Attwater's prairie chicken once thrived. This
species has become North America's most endangered bird. John
Elick, the owner of the Eagle Roost Ranch wanted to help restore this
bird and maintain habitat for wildlife. With the help of other
landowners, he started restoration of Texas coastal prairie
habitat as part of the Coastal Prairie Conservation Initiative. By this
program, the landowners receive cost-share incentives for voluntary
prairie habitat conservation practices. This improves the health of the
rangeland and enhances wildlife habitat. The landowners can also sign a
'safe harbor' agreement, which relieves landowners of liability under
the Endangered Species Act if the management practices attract
endangered species. The various endangered species covered
under Safe Harbor provisions are included in the article. By
this agreement, the rancher improves his habitat for cattle operation
and the Attwater's prairie chicken benefits from the improved habitat.
Due to high rates of private ownership in Texas, this program has
mushroomed in popularity.
© NISC
708. Rangeland modeling - Forage, water, and nutrients: Species competition and tree effects.
Zhai, T.; Mohtar, R. H.; and Chen, X.
In: ASAE Annual International Meeting 2004.
Ottawa, ON; pp. 3865-3886; 2004.
Descriptors: agroforestry/
APEX/ forage growth modeling/ GRASIM/ grazing management/ pasture
modeling/ silvopasture/ computer simulation/ decision support systems/
ecology/ watersheds/ ecology/ forestry/ mathematical models/ nutrients
Abstract:
Diverse uses of pasture and rangeland - from grazing to
watersheds, wildlife habitats, and recreations - require an improved
understanding of basic ecological processes and the effect of these
processes on productivity, environmental pollution, and management
practices. On going research is being conducted to develop
computer-based modeling and decision support systems that help address
research as well as management issues in pasture and range/and based
livestock production systems. This paper presents theoretical
development and field evaluation for modeling grazing system
productivity and environmental impact. This modeling tool includes
multispecies naturalized pasture and tree effects in silvopastoral
systems. Due to its complexity and large data and computing
requirement, this tool is made available on the Internet where all the
computation and data needed for simulation reside on a local server. A
Web-based interface is developed to facilitate input data entry and
output visualization.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
709. Recovery plan for bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges, California.
Rubin, E.
Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000.
Notes: Unpublished Wildlife Report.
http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/001025.pdf
Descriptors: mapping/
morphology/ taxonomy/ diseases/ predation genetics/ disturbance/
drought/ livestock/ grazing/ fire/ habitat management for wildlife/
plants, miscellaneous/ exotic species/ reproduction/ mortality/
interspecies relationships/ California/ peninsular ranges
© NISC
710. Relating geomorphic change and grazing to avian communities in riparian forests.
Scott, M. L.; Skagen, S. K.; and Merigliano, M. F.
Conservation Biology 17(1): 284-296. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: avifauna/ complexity/ fluvial geomorphology/ grazing/ riparian forest/ United States/ Vireo olivaceus
Abstract:
Avian conservation in riparian or bottomland forests requires an
understanding of the physical and biotic factors that sustain the
structural complexity of riparian vegetation. Riparian forests of
western North America are dependent upon flow-related geomorphic
processes necessary for establishment of new cottonwood and willow
patches. In June 1995, we examined how fluvial geomorphic processes and
long-term grazing influence the structural complexity of riparian
vegetation and the abundance and diversity of breeding birds along the
upper Missouri River in central Montana, a large, flow-regulated, and
geomorphically constrained reach. Use by breeding birds was linked to
fluvial geomorphic processes that influence the structure of these
patches. Species richness and bird diversity increased with increasing
structural complexity of vegetation (F1,32 = 75.49, p < 0.0001; F1,
32
= 79.76, p < 0.0001, respectively). Bird species composition was
significantly correlated with vegetation strata diversity (rs,33 =
0.98, p < 0.0001). Bird abundance in canopy and tall-shrub foraging
guilds increased significantly with increasing tree cover and
tall-shrub cover (F1,22 = 34.68, p < 0.0001; F1,20 = 22.22, p <
0.0001, respectively). Seventeen bird species, including five species
of concern (e.g., Red-eyed Vireo [Vireo olivaceus]), were significantly
associated (p < 0.10) with structurally complex forest patches,
whereas only six bird species
were significantly associated with structurally simple forest patches. We related the structural complexity of 34
riparian vegetation patches to geomorphic change,
woody vegetation establishment, and grazing history
over
a 35-year post-dam period (1953-1988). The structural complexity of
habitat patches was positively related to recent sediment accretion
(t33 = 3.31, p = 0.002) and vegetation establishment (t20.7 = -3.63, p
= 0.002) and negatively related to grazing activity (t19.6 = 3.75,
p = 0.001). Avian conservation along rivers like the
upper Missouri requires maintenance of the geomorphic processes
responsible for tree establishment and management of land-use
activities in riparian forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
711. Relative abundance of small mammals in native and restored tallgrass prairie.
Kezar, Samuel J. and Jenks, Jonathan A.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science 83: 33-37. (2004)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Mammalia: habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ small taxa/ restored tallgrass
prairie/ comparison with native prairie/ community structure/ native
and restored tallgrass prairie/ grassland/ native and restored
tallgrass prairie habitat/ South Dakota/ Brookings County/ Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract: Relative abundance was assessed for small mammals captured on native and restored tallgrass prairie habitats. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) (n = 30), meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) (n = 4), deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) (n = 5), northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda) (n = 3), pygmy shrews (Sorex hoyi)
(n
= 2), and thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus)
(n = 3) were captured using snap traps. Relative abundance of voles
(Microtus spp.) was higher in native prairie (163.3) than in restored
prairie (10.2). Relative abundance of deer mice (20.4), thirteen-lined
ground squirrels (13.3), and shrews (20.4) was higher in restored than
native prairie (< 5.1) habitat. Results indicated that restored
prairie habitats provide adequate components (forage, cover) to support
viable small mammal communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
712. Relative effects of litter and management on grassland bird abundance in Missouri, USA.
Swengel, S. R. and Swengel, A. B.
Bird Conservation International 11(2): 113-128. (2001); ISSN: 09592709.
Notes: doi: 10.1017/S095927090100020X.
Descriptors: grassland/ litter/ management practices/ prairie/ relative abundance/ songbird/ United States
Abstract:
Transect bird surveys were conducted at 43 tallgrass prairies in
southwestern Missouri, U.S.A. in mid-June each year from 1992
to 1999. Litter volume on and near the ground was estimated on a
nine-point scale during 1994 to 1999. The relative importance of
management type (rotational burning, rotational haying, or a
combination of both) and litter volume on relative abundance was
analysed for three declining grassland songbirds: Henslow's Sparrow
Ammodramus henslowii, Grasshopper Sparrow A. savannarum, and Dickcissel
Spiza americana. Haying resulted in significantly higher abundance
than burning for all species except Dickcissel, for which few
significant management effects were detected. Henslow's Sparrow
increased in abundance from light to heavy litter, Grasshopper Sparrow
peaked in low to intermediate litter, and Dickcissel showed little
pattern relative to litter. Litter scores recorded in each management
type increased with number of years since last treatment. Although
litter profoundly affected bird abundance, independent and equally
important was whether that litter was obtained via haying or burning.
Greater consistency among years in hayed vegetation structure may help
explain these birds'
preference for haying over burning or haying + burning.
Rotational haying should be employed more than burning in
the
management of these declining birds, especially for the sharply
declining, fire-sensitive Henslow's and Grasshopper Sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
713. Reproduction by northern bobwhites in western Oklahoma.
Cox, S. A.; Guthery, F. S.; Lusk, J. J.; Peoples, A. D.; Demaso, S. J.; and Sams, M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 133-139. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Clutch
size/ Colinus virginianus/ nest phenology/ nest success/ northern
bobwhite/ Oklahoma/ reproduction/ clutch size/ gamebird/
latitudinal gradient/ nest predation/ nesting success/ phenology
Abstract: We
studied northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in
western Oklahoma, USA, during the nesting seasons of
1992-2001. We
obtained latitude-specific information on nesting biology and tested
hypotheses on the cause of declines in clutch size with progression of
the nesting season and on the phenological relation of first, second,
and third nesting attempts. For pooled data on bobwhites alive during
15 April-15 September, 64 ± 6.5% of juvenile females (n = 56),
90 ± 10.0% of adult females (n=9), 13 ± 4.1% of juveniles
males (n = 68), and 41 ± 10.7% of adult males (n = 22) incubated
≥ 1 nest. Bobwhites that entered the reproduction period starting on
15 April (n = 229) accumulated 203 nesting attempts (male
and female incubations), which translated to 1.7 attempts/hen for all
hens that entered (n = 117) and 3.1 attempts/hen for hens that survived
to 15 September (n = 65). Overall success for incubated nests (48
± 2.8%, n
= 331) was independent of sex-age class and nesting attempt (1, 2, 3),
but it declined at a rate of 2.37%/year (95% CL = 1.10-3.64%/year)
during the study. Clutch size declined by 1 egg for every 14-20 elapsed
days in the nesting season and the rate of decline was independent of
incubation attempt (1 or 2); this result suggests that lower clutch
sizes later in the nest season were not necessarily a function of
re-nesting. Ending of nest-incubation attempts (1, 2, 3) occurred
within an 8-day period from 26 August-2 September. Our results implied
that early-season nesting cover is a management concern and that high
nest success is possible in the absence of nest predator suppression
where abundant nest sites occur across the landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
714. Reproductive success and brood survival of bobwhite quail as affected by grazing practices.
Cantu, R. and Everett, D. D.
In: Proceedings, Second National Bobwhite Quail Symposium. Schitoskey, F.; Schitoskey, E. C.; and Talent, L. G. (eds.)
Stillwater, Okla.: Oklahoma State University;
pp. 79-83; 1982 .
NAL Call #: QL696.G27N3 1982
Descriptors: Texas/ Colinus virginianus/ bobwhite quail/ grazing practices/ livestock
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
715. Reproductive success of chestnut-collared longspurs in native and exotic grassland.
Lloyd, John D. and Martin, Thomas E.
Condor 107(2): 363-374. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Emberizidae/ Calcarius ornatus/ Fringillidae/ Agropyron cristatum/
chestnut-collared longspur/ terrestrial ecology/ breeding habitat/
native grassland/ exotic grassland/ nest survival rate/ grasslands/
ecosystems/ habitat management/ Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge/
Montana/ native prairie/ crested wheatgrass/ productivity/ reproductive
success/ conservation/ wildlife management/ land zones/ reproduction/
Conservation Reserve Program/ exotic plant/ grassland birds/ nest
success
Abstract:
Habitat loss and fragmentation have been identified as important
factors in the decline of grassland bird populations. However,
population declines are apparent even in prairie ecosystems that remain
relatively intact suggesting that additional factors are involved. The
degradation of breeding habitat may be one such factor, but few studies
have examined habitat-specific demography of grassland birds, and thus
little is known of how changes in breeding habitat may be related to
population declines. We addressed this question by comparing
reproductive success of Chestnut-collared Longspurs (Calcarius ornatus)
in patches of native prairie and in monocultures of crested wheatgrass
(Agropyron cristatum), a grass introduced from Asia. Using
recently developed methods for estimating nest survival rate, we found
that, independent of habitat type, daily nest survival generally
declined from egg laying to fledging. We also found a positive effect
of clutch size on nest survival rate, which we interpreted as evidence
for individual heterogeneity in nest survival. Finally, we found that
the odds of a nest surviving a given day were 17% lower in the exotic
habitat, and that nestlings grew more slowly, and had a smaller final
mass in the exotic habitat. Despite having lower reproductive success
in the exotic habitat, we found no evidence that Chestnut-collared
Longspurs preferred to nest in the native habitat. Our results show
that the introduction and spread of a commonly planted exotic grass has
adverse fitness consequences for a grassland bird, and highlight the
importance of maintaining native prairie.
© NISC
716. Reproductive
success, territory size and predation pressures of the Florida
scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) at Savannas Preserve State Park.
Cowan, Ernest M.
Endangered Species Update 22(1): 29-39. (2005);
ISSN: 1081-3705
Descriptors: Corvidae/
Passeriformes/ Aphelocoma coerulescens/ scrub jay/ fires-burns/
Florida/ habitat management/ predators/ productivity/ reproductive
success/ Savannas Preserve State Park/ shrub grasslands/ ecosystems/
territorial defense/ home range-territory/ territory size/
environmental factors/ behavior/ conservation/ wildlife management/
habitat use/ land zones/ reproduction/ Quercus spp./ Saint Lucie County
Abstract: The Florida
Scrub-jay is found only in the fire-dependent xeric
oak communities of Florida. The number of scrub-jays statewide has
been in steady decline over the past century due to the habitat loss
resulting from urban development and the aging of xeric oak scrub
caused by fire suppression policies. This study looks at the effect
that aging of the scrub has on a population of scrub-jays at
the Savannas Preserve State Park in Port
St. Lucie, Florida. The population of scrub-jays at Savannas
has
been in decline over the past eight years. This study revealed that
they are occupying territories that are much smaller than the normal
optimal size and are having minimal reproductive success. In addition,
the birds are subjected to predation pressures from natural predators
present at higher than normal densities and by other predators brought
into their habitat by encroaching urban development. The implementation
of an aggressive prescribed fire program to restore their habitat is
crucial to the long-term survival of this population of Florida
Scrub-jays.
© NISC
717. Research observation: Effects of rangeland ecological condition on scaled quail sightings.
Joseph, J.; Holechek, J. L.; Valdez, R.; Collins, M.; and Thomas, M.
Journal of Range Management 56: 314-318. (July 2003)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82
Descriptors: Callipepla/
game birds/ drought/ pastures/ arid lands/ wildlife habitats/
ecological succession/ grazing intensity/ plant litter/ biomass/
vegetation cover/ population size/ New Mexico/ Callipepla squamata/
seral stages/ animal ecology and behavior
Abstract:
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) numbers were evaluated during and
after a 2-year drought period using strip census techniques on 2
pastures in late seral rangeland ecological condition and 2 pastures in
mid-seral rangeland ecological condtion. This study was conducted on
the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) in
south-central New Mexico on 4 adjoining pastures that were similar
in size and terrain. During part of the study (August 1994 to April
1997) all 4 pastures were destocked due to depletion of perennial grass
cover and biomass from a combination of drought and heavy cattle
grazing. Scaled quail sightings pooled across sampling periods (9) were
different (P = 0.08) on high and low rangeland ecological condition
treatments. They averaged 10.72 birds per pasture on late-seral and
4.22 birds per pasture on mid-seral rangeland ecological condition
treatments. Autumn perennial grass cover and standing biomass levels
was higher (P < 0.10) on late seral than on mid-seral rangeland
ecological condition pastures during both years of study. Availability
of scaled quail foods such as leatherweed croton and broom snakeweed
did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. Our study indicates
that during extended dry periods livestock grazing at moderate
intensities may adversely affect scaled quail populations in the Chihuahuan Desert by depleting perennial grass cover.
However, in years of above average precipitation there is evidence
scaled quail prefer mid-seral pastures over late-seral pastures.
Maintaining a mosaic of conservatively (late-seral) and moderately
(mid-seral) grazed pastures should best meet the habitat needs of
scaled quail in the Chihuahuan Desert.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
718. Response of a sage grouse breeding population to fire in southeastern Idaho.
Connelly, J. W.; Reese, K. P.; Fischer, R. A.; and Wakkinen, W. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 90-96. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Artemisia/
Centrocercus urophasianus/ fire/ habitat/ lek/ sage grouse/ sagebrush/
burning/ gamebird/ habitat management/ methodology/ species
conservation/ wildlife management/ United States
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is a common method to eliminate sagebrush (Artemisia
spp.) and has been suggested as a tool to enhance the habitat of sage
grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Effects of this practice on sage
grouse have not been evaluated rigorously. We studied effects of
prescribed fire on lek (traditional breeding display areas) attendance
by male sage grouse occupying low-precipitation (<26 cm) sagebrush
habitats in southeastern Idaho from 1986 through 1994. During the
preburn period (1986-89), average declines for male attendance were 48%
and 46% for treatment and control leks, respectively. Lek counts were
similar for treatment and control leks during the preburn years
(G-test, 0.25 > P > 0.10). During the postburn period (1990-94),
male attendance at treatment leks declined 90% and control leks
declined 63%. Although declines were similar between treatment and
control leks during the preburn period, postburn declines were greater
for treatment than control leks (0.05 < P < 0.10). We rejected
the null hypothesis that for the 2 largest leks in both the treatment
and control areas, counts were independent of years for preburn (0.05
< P < 0.10) and postburn (P ≤ 0.05) periods and concluded that
breeding population declines became more severe in years following
fire. Prescribed burning negatively affected sage grouse in
southeastern Idaho and should not be used in low-precipitation
sagebrush habitats occupied by breeding sage grouse.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
719. Response of birds to grazing of riparian zones.
Popotnik, Gary J. and Giuliano, William M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 976-982. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: avian
abundance/ avian communities: bird counts, nest density, nest
monitoring, reproductive success, riparian area livestock grazing
impacts, species richness/ livestock grazing/ pasture/ pasture streams/
riparian areas/ vegetative cover/ vegetative structure/ wetlands
Abstract:
Livestock grazing of streams and associated riparian areas may
negatively impact avian communities through direct disturbance and
alteration of vegetation structure. We determined the effects of
grazing on vegetation, avian abundance, species richness, and
reproductive success on pasture streams and associated riparian
habitats in southwest Pennsylvania. Bird counts, nest monitoring,
and vegetation sampling were conducted on 12 pairs (grazed and control)
of streams in 1996 and 10 pairs in 1997. Compared with control streams,
grazed areas had lower avian species richness and abundance. Several
wetland-and riparian-dependent species (e.g., common snipe (Gallinago
gallinago), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), green-backed heron
(Butorides striatus), belted kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon), and solitary
sandpiper (Tringa solitatia)) were found more often or only on control
areas. Although nest density was higher and nest destruction rates by
livestock were lower on control streams, nest success (all species
combined) was not affected by grazing. Avian communities in control
areas appear to benefit primarily from improved vegetative cover and
structure. Thus, management should focus on excluding livestock from
such areas.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
720. Response of bobwhites to cover changes within three grazing systems.
Hammerquist-Wilson, M. M. and Crawford, J. A.
Journal of Range Management 34(3): 213-215. (1981)
NAL
Call #: 60.18
J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume34/Number3/ azu_jrm_v34_n3_213_215_m.pdf
Descriptors: Texas/ Colinus virginianus/ bobwhite quail/ grazing/ livestock
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
721. Response of breeding Florida grasshopper and Bachman's sparrows to winter prescribed burning.
Shriver, W. G. and Vickery, P. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(3): 470-475. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Aimophila
aestivalis/ Ammodramus savannarum floridanus/ Bachman's sparrow/
breeding density/ dry prairie/ endangered species/ Florida grasshopper
sparrow/ grassland/ prescribed fire/ reproduction/ density/ fire
management/ grasshopper/ passerines/ population decline/ reproductive
success/ United States/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Ammodramus savannarum
Abstract:
Populations of Florida grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum
floridanus) and Bachman's sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis) are small and
declining. Prescribed burning is the primary management tool used to
maintain their grassland habitats, but the effects of this management
practice on the breeding density and reproductive success of these
populations are poorly understood. We conducted a 3-year spot-mapping
study
of
3 winter burn classes (0.5-yr, 1.5-yr, and 2.5-yr postfire) in native
dry prairie on 2 sites in central Florida to determine the effects
of fire management on breeding density and reproductive success of
these 2 sparrows. Florida grasshopper sparrow densities were
greater on recently burned plots (0.5 yr postburn: x̄ = 4.0 ± 1 territories/10 ha (x̄ ± SE); 1.5 yr postburn x̄ = 3.4 ± 0.8 territories/10 ha) than on plots that had not been burned in 2.5 years (x̄
= 1.8 ± 0.8 territories/10 ha). Grasshopper sparrow reproductive
success was also higher in recently burned plots (0.5 yr post-burn; x̄ = 1.6 successful territories/plot) than in 2.5-year burn plots (x̄
= 0.6 successful territories/plot). In contrast, Bachman sparrow
breeding densities and reproductive success were not affected by fire
management rotation. Our results indicate that a fire rotation of ≤3
years is necessary to maintain suitable breeding habitat for Florida grasshopper sparrows but does not appear to negatively
affect breeding Bachman's sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
722. Response of elk to changes in plant production and nutrition following prescribed burning.
Van Dyke, F. and Darragh, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(1): 23-29. (Feb. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: animal
ecology/ animal nutrition/ prescribed burning/ wildlife habitats/
wildlife food habits/ elks/ Cervus elaphus/ Artemisia/ grazing/ plant
communities/ seasonal variation/ nutritive value/ botanical
composition/ species diversity/ forage production/ forage quality/
habitat preferences/ forbs/ biomass/ grasses/ animal preferences/
Montana
Abstract: Researchers
have ascribed use of areas by grazers after burning to
changes in plant community structure, community composition,
nutritional quality, and seasonal availability. Researchers can better
evaluate these alternatives if they monitor changes in plant
communities following burning concurrently with changes in animal use.
We examined responses of elk (Cervus elaphus) to prescribed burning of
areas dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) in
south-central Montana, USA, within which we monitored changes
in plant
production, nutritional quality, and community composition and
diversity from 1989 to 1999. Elk increased use of burned sites 1-2
years after burning, then reduced use to levels associated with preburn
conditions over the next 3-10 years. Burning transformed low-diversity,
sagebrush-dominated communities into relatively high-diversity, grass-
and forb-dominated communities that persisted for 10 years, but forage
biomass and protein content declined on burned sites after initial
short-term increases. Changes in elk use closely tracked changes in
production and nutritional quality of plants. Therefore, we concluded
that increases in quantity and quality of forage were the primary cause
for increased use of burned sites by elk. Managers may observe only
short-term responses from elk following burning but can expect
longer-term increases in plant diversity and persistence of grass-forb
communities on burned sites for >10 years that may be important to
elk or other grazing ungulates.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
723. Response of northern bobwhite to intensive habitat development on a prairie site in Mississippi (Colinus virginianus).
Smith, Mark Dean. Mississippi State University, 2002.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Burger, Loren W.
Descriptors: bobwhite
quail/ prairies/ Colinus virginianus/ nesting/ habitat management/
landscape structure/ brood survival/ habitat use/ Mississippi
Abstract:
I documented annual changes in bobwhite population size during
the initial phases of habitat management implementation on Black
Prairie Wildlife Management Area (BPWMA), Mississippi, during
1997-1998. Additionally, I estimated survival, reproductive success,
and habitat use of 197 radio-marked northern bobwhite during the
1997-1998 breeding seasons to identify mechanisms of population growth.
The northern bobwhite population exhibited positive growth (r =
0.4215), primarily because of high breeding season survival, nest
success, renesting effort, renest success, and brood survival.
Demographic parameters did not differ between
years.
Measurements of vegetation at nest sites and surrounding landscape
structure were associated with probability of hatching. In
establishment of home ranges and allocation of time among habitats,
bobwhite exhibited selection for specific managed habitats. Habitat
models using macro-habitat characteristics within home ranges were
useful predictors of bobwhite habitat occupancy.
© NISC
724. Response
of small mammal populations to fescue hayfield conversion to native
warm season grasses in Bath County, Virginia.
Mengak, Michael T.
Virginia Journal of Science 55(4): 169-176. (2004);
ISSN: 0042-658X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ land zones/ Mammalia: farming and agriculture/ grassland
management influence on populations of small taxa/ population size/
Influence of grassland management on small taxa/ habitat utilization/
grassland types/ grassland/ existing fescue hayfield conversion to
switchgrass/
impact on populations of small taxa/ cultivated land
habitat/
Virginia/ George Washington National Forest/ Hidden Valley/ small taxa
population responses to grassland management/ Mammalia/ chordates/
mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract: I
investigated the effect on small mammal populations of converting an
existing fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hayfield to switchgrass (Panicium
virgatum) on the George Washington National Forest
at Hidden Valley in Bath County, Virginia. Native
warm season grasses are thought to provide better habitat than fescue
pastures for Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and several
species of grassland birds as well as herbivorous small mammals. I
established one live-trapping grid and conducted trapping
(pretreatment) in both the switcligrass (treatment) and the fescue
(control) field in March and May 1997. The treatment field was sprayed
with glyphosate herbicide (Roundup[registered trademark]) in June 1997,
burned and seeded to switchgrass. Live trapping was conducted at
approximately 60-day intervals during the growing season from March
1997 until October 1999. I caught significantly more individuals in the
treatment field (n=349 individuals of 5 species) than in the control
field (n=59 individuals of 4 species; X2
= 196.7, d.f. = 1, P0.05). The overall capture index was 14.432 and
2.273 animals per 100 trap nights in the treatment and control fields,
respectively. The treatment field had a significantly higher mean 2
plant biomass weight (x̄ =58.24 g/m2) than the control field (x̄ =38.41 g/m2; t =4.323; P0.00008, D.F. = 44).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
725. Response of small mammals to livestock grazing in south-central Idaho.
Johnson, M. K.
Journal of Range Management 35(1): 51-53. (1982)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume35/Number1/ azu_jrm_v35_n1_51_53_m.pdf
Descriptors: Idaho/ small mammals/ livestock/ grazing
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
726. Response
of vegetation and breeding birds to the removal of cattle on the San Pedro River, Arizona (U.S.A.).
Krueper, D.; Bart, J.; and Rich, T. D.
Conservation Biology 17(2): 607-615. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: riparian
environments/ arid environments/ riparian vegetation/ breeding success/
environment management/ nature conservation/ population density/
conservation/ Aves/ Arizona/San Pedro R./ birds/ cattle removal/
passeriformes/ landbirds/ songbirds
Abstract: In
late 1987 cattle were removed from the San Pedro Riparian National
Conservation Area (NCA) in southeastern Arizona (U.S.A.). We monitored
vegetation density and abundance of birds during the breeding season
during 1986-1990 in riparian, mesquite grassland, and Chihuahuan
desert-scrub communities in the NCA. The density of herbaceous
vegetation increased four- to six-fold in riparian and mesquite
grassland communities. Little change occurred in herbaceous vegetation
in desert scrub, or in the density of shrubs or trees in any of the
communities. Of 61 bird species for which sufficient data were
collected, mean detections per kilometer increased for 42 species, 26
significantly, and decreased for 19 species, 8 significantly. The
number of individuals of all avian species detected on surveys
increased each year from 103/kilometer in 1986 to 221/kilometer in
1991, an average annual increase of 23% (p < 0.001). The largest
increases occurred in riparian species, open-cup nesters, Neotropical
migrants, and insectivores. Species of the Chihuahuan desert-scrub, in
which vegetation changed the least, showed the smallest increases. Only
a few of the species showed increasing regional trends for the same
period, as demonstrated by the North American Breeding Bird Survey;
thus, increases on the San Pedro Riparian NCA were likely caused by the
change in local conditions, not by regional effects. Our results
suggest that removing cattle from riparian areas in the
southwestern United States can have profound benefits for breeding
birds.
© ProQuest
727. Response of winter birds to drought and short-duration grazing in southeastern Arizona.
Bock, Carl E. and Bock, Jane H.
Conservation Biology 13(5): 1117-1123. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: canopy
cover/ cattle ranch/ drought/ grassland oak savanna/ grazing/ livestock
exclosure/ short duration grazing/ species abundance/ vegetative ground
cover
Abstract:
In a grassland-oak savanna in southeastern Arizona, we compared
vegetative ground cover and bird populations between a 29-year
livestock exclosure and an adjacent cattle ranch that was managed
according to the principles of holistic resource management, including
short-duration rotational grazing. The study took in the winter
after a 2-year drought and 1 year after the drought ended and stocking
densities were reduced. During the first winter, grasses on the
livestock exclosure were taller (4.4 times) and had higher basal area
ground cover (2.5 times), canopy cover (2.2 times), and reproductive
canopy cover (10 times) than in the grazed area. These differences
persisted into the second winter but at lower levels. As a group, 19
species of ground-foraging, seed-eating birds (e.g., doves, quail,
sparrows, towhees) were 2.7 times more abundant on the exclosure than
on adjacent grazed grasslands during the first winter. These same
species were 1.7 times more abundant on the exclosureduring the second
winter and were 2.9 times more abundant on both sites combined after
the drought had ended. A second group of 24 avian species with
different foraging ecologies (e.g., predators, frugivores, arboreal
insectivores) did not differ between treatments or years. High-density,
short-duration rotational grazing, coupled with a drought, left the
land in a substantially denuded condition through two
winters
and negatively affected a variety of resident and migratory birds
dependent on ground cover and seed production for over-winter survival.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
728. Responses of birds, rodents, and vegetation to livestock exclosure in a semi desert grassland site.
Bock, C. E.; Bock, J. H.; Kenney, W. R.; and Hawthorne, V. M.
Journal of Range Management 37(3): 239-242. (1984)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume37/Number3/azu_jrm_v37_n3_239_242_m.pdf
Descriptors: Bouteloua
spp./ Eragrostis intermedia/ Trichachne californicum/ shrub/
seasonality/ xeric habitat/ feeding/ grazing/ Arizona
Abstract: Livestock
were excluded from a 3160-ha range in southeastern Arizona [USA]
since 1968. Compared to an adjacent
continuously grazed area, in 1981-1982 a protected upland site
supported 45% more grass cover, a comparatively heterogeneous grass
community and 4 times as many shrubs. Grama grasses (Bouteloua spp.)
were equally common in and outside the exclosure, while a variety of
other species, especially plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia)
and Arizona cottontop (Trichachne californicum) were much more
abundant on the protected site. The grazed area supported significantly
higher numbers of birds in summer, while densities did not differ in
winter. Rodents were significantly more abundant inside the protected
area. Species of birds and rodents more common in the grazed area
included those typical of more xeric lowland habitats and those
preferring open ground for feeding. Species more common on the
protected site were those which characterize semidesert or plains
grasslands, and which prefer substantial grass or shrub cover. Grazing
appeared to favor birds as a class over rodents.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
729. Responses of bobwhite to short duration and continuous grazing in south Texas.
Bareiss, Laura J. Texas Tech University, 1985.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ food supply/ habitat disturbance/ interspecific relations/
land use/ livestock/ mortality/ Texas/ bobwhite quail
© NISC
730. Responses of plant and bird communities to prescribed burning in tallgrass prairies.
Van Dyke, F.; Schmeling, J. D.; Starkenburg, S.;
Yoo, S. H.; and Stewart, P. W.
Biodiversity and Conservation 16(4): 827-839. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10531-006-9107-9.
Descriptors: DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge/ grassland birds/ Grassland plants/ prairie restoration/ prescribed burning/ tallgrass prairie
Abstract: Historic
losses and fragmentation of tallgrass prairie habitat to
agriculture and urban development have led to declines in diversity and
abundance of plants and birds associated with such habitat. Prescribed
burning is a management strategy that has potential for restoring and
rejuvenating prairies in fragmented landscapes, and through such
restoration, might create habitat for birds dependent upon prairies. To
provide improved data for management decision-making regarding the use
of prescribed fire in tallgrass prairies, we compared responses of
plant and bird communities on five burned and five unburned tallgrass
prairie fragments at the DeSoto National Wildlife
Refuge, Iowa, USA, from 1995 to 1997. Overall species
richness and diversity
were unaffected by burning, but individual species of plants and birds
were affected by year-treatment interactions, including northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) and ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus
colchicus), which showed time-delayed increases in density on burned
sites. Analyses of species/area relationships indicated that,
collectively, many small sites did make significant contributions to
plant biodiversity at landscape levels, supporting the overall
conservation value of prairie fragments. In contrast, most birds
species were present on larger sites. Thus, higher biodiversity in bird
communities which contain area-sensitive species might require larger
sites able to support larger, more stable populations, greater habitat
heterogeneity, and greater opportunity for niche separation. ©
2006 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
731. Responses of plants and arthropods to burning and disking of riparian habitats.
Benson, T. J.; Dinsmore, J. J.; and Hohman, W. L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6):
1949-1957.(Aug. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: riparian
areas/ wildlife habitats/ wetland conservation/ grasslands/ arthropods/
discing/ conservation buffers/ ecosystem management/ land restoration/
Lepidoptera/ Hemiptera/ plant litter/ plant response/ vegetation/
species diversity/ plant communities/ population size/ forbs/ biomass/
botanical composition/ wild birds/ prescribed burning/ Wetlands Reserve
Program/ woody plants/ Iowa/ plant ecology/ animal ecology and
behavior/ entomology related/ natural resources, environment, general
ecology, and wildlife conservation
Abstract: Alteration
of Iowa, USA, landscapes for agricultural
production has resulted in a loss of 99% of the original prairie and
95% of native wetlands. This conversion has included riparian areas,
which, as interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, are
important to many wildlife species. Farm Bill programs have resulted in
the reestablishment of millions of hectares of grasslands and wetlands
nationwide, including. 100,000 ha in riparian areas of
the Midwest. We assessed plant and arthropod responses to burning
and
disking of riparian grasslands in east-central Iowa in 2001 and
2002. Burning altered the plant community by removing litter and
standing dead vegetation and had negative effects on several arthropod
taxa, including Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. However, we observed no
differences in vegetation or arthropods between burned and unburned
fields during the second year postburning (P
> 0.05). Disking decreased the cover of grasses, litter, and
standing dead vegetation and increased plant species richness and the
cover of forbs and bare ground (P < 0.05). Arthropod abundance and dry biomass were greater on disked than undisked portions of fields
(P
< 0.05). Increases in the abundance and biomass of arthropods
associated with changes in vegetation structure and composition likely
improved habitat quality for a number of breeding bird species. Both
burning and disking appear to be effective management options for
maintaining or enhancing riparian grasslands for wildlife.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
732. Responses of raptors to livestock grazing in the western USA.
Kochert, M. N.
In: Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop. Boise, Idaho, USA
Pendleton, B. G. (eds.)
Washington, D.C., USA: Institute for Wildlife Research and National
Wildlife Federation; pp. 194-203; 317 p.; 1989.
Notes: Literature review; ISSN: 1044-4971.
NAL Call #: QL696.F3W47 1989; ISBN: 0945051026
Descriptors: mammal/
grazing system/ plant population change/ habitat destruction/ nesting/
prey availability/ diversity/ population/ conservation
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
733. Restoring forbs for sage grouse habitat: Fire, microsites, and establishment methods.
Wirth, Troy A. and Pyke, David A.
Restoration Ecology 11(3): 370-377. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971.
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ terrestrial ecology/
establishment method/ fires-burns/ restoration ecology/ revegetation/
sage grouse habitat restoration/ sagebrush steppe/ grasslands/
ecosystems/ grassland revegetation/ habitat management/ habitat
revegetation/ Hart mountain National Antelope Refuge/ Oregon/
conservation/ wildlife management/ land zones/ Artemisia spp.
Abstract:
The decline and range reduction of sage grouse populations are
primarily due to permanent loss and degradation of sagebrush-grassland
habitat. Several studies have shown that sage grouse productivity may
be limited by the availability of certain preferred highly nutritious
forb species that have also declined within sagebrush ecosystems of the
Intermountain West, U.S.A. The purpose of this study was to
determine the suitability of three species of forbs for revegetation
projects where improving sage grouse habitat is a goal. Species
suitability was determined by evaluating the emergence, survival, and
reproduction of Crepis modocensis, C. occidentalis, and Astragalus
purshii in response to method of establishment (seeding or
transplanting), site preparation treatment (burned or unburned), and
microsite (mound or interspace) in an Artemisia tridentata ssp.
wyomingensis vegetation association in south central Oregon. For
seeded plants A. purshii had the lowest emergence (8%) of all three
species. Both seeded Crepis species had similar overall emergence
(38%). Significantly more Crepis seedlings emerged from shrub mounds in
unburned areas (50%) than in any other fire-by-microsite treatment (33
to 36%). Approximately 10% more Crepis seedlings survived in mounds
compared with interspaces. Nearly twice as many emerging Crepis
seedlings
survived in the burned areas as opposed to unburned areas (p<0.01).
This resulted in more plant establishment in burned mounds despite
higher emergence in unburned mounds. Astragalus purshii seedlings also
survived better in burned areas (p=0.06) but had no differential
response to microsite. Fire enhanced survival of both Crepis and A.
purshii transplants (p=0.08 and p=0.001). We believe additional
research is needed to improve A. purshii emergence before it will
become an effective plant for restoring sage grouse habitat.
Conversely, we conclude that these Crepis species provide a viable
revegetation option for improving sage grouse habitat in south central Oregon.
© NISC
734. Restoring
grassland savannas from degraded pinyon-juniper woodlands: Effects of
mechanical overstory reduction and slash treatment alternatives.
Brockway, D. G.; Gatewood, R. G.; and Paris, R. B.
Journal of Environmental Management 64(2):
179-197. (2002)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 03014797.
Notes: doi: 10.1006/jema.2001.0522.
Descriptors: Bouteloua
gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths/ herbaceous biomass/
Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg./ logging slash/ plant cover/ soil
erosion/ species diversity/ grassland/ habitat restoration/ overstory/
savanna/ species diversity/ biodiversity/ biomass/ climate change/
controlled study/ domestic animal/ environmental management/
environmental protection/ fire ecology/ forest/ grass/ grassland/
grazing/ Juniperus/ livestock/ nutrient/ nutritional status/ plant
litter/ prescribed burning/ savanna/ scrub/ soil chemistry/ soil
erosion/ tree/ United States/ biomass/ climate/ Conservation of natural
Resources/ environmental monitoring/ forestry/ plant Leaves/ Poaceae/
population dynamics/ rain/ soil/ trees/ United States/ Bouteloua/
Bouteloua gracilis/ Juniperus/ Juniperus monosperma/ Pinus edulis/
Poaceae
Abstract:
Although the distribution and structure of pinyon-juniper woodlands in
the southwestern United States are thought to be the result of
historic fluctuations in regional climatic conditions, more recent
increases in the areal extent, tree density, soil erosion rates and
loss of understory plant diversity are attributed to heavy grazing by
domestic livestock and interruption of the natural fire regime. Prior
to 1850, many areas currently occupied by high-density pinyon-juniper
woodlands, with their degraded soils and depauperate understories, were
very likely savannas dominated by native grasses and forbs and
containing sparse tree cover scattered across the landscape. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical
overstory reduction and three slash treatment alternatives (removal,
clustering and scattering) followed by prescribed fire as techniques
for restoring grassland savannas from degraded woodlands. Plant cover,
diversity, biomass and nutrient status, litter cover and soil chemistry
and erosion rates were measured prior to and for two years following
experimental treatment in a degraded pinyon-juniper woodland in central
New Mexico. Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the cover
of native grasses and, to a lesser degree, forbs and shrubs. Plant
species richness and diversity increased most on sites where slash was
either completely removed or scattered to serve as a mulch. Although no
changes in soil chemistry or plant nutrient status were observed,
understory
biomass increased over 200% for all harvest treatments and was
significantly greater than controls. While treatment increased litter
cover and decreased soil exposure, this improvement did not
significantly affect soil loss rates. Even though all slash treatment
alternatives increased the cover and biomass of native grasses,
scattering slash across the site to serve as a mulch appears most
beneficial to improving plant species diversity and conserving site
resources.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
735. Restoring heterogeneity on rangelands: Ecosystem management based on evolutionary grazing patterns.
Fuhlendorf, Samuel D. and Engle, David M.
Bioscience 51(8): 625-632. (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 0006-3568.
http://teamquail.tamu.edu/fuhlendorf-engle2001.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves:
farming and agriculture/ grazing management/ habitat management/
rangeland grazing/ ecosystem conservation applications/ terrestrial
habitat/ role of grazing management/ North America/ Great Plains/
rangeland ecosystem conservation/ grazing management applications/
Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
736. Restoring resources for an endangered butterfly.
Schultz, Cheryl B.
Journal of Applied Ecology 38(5): 1007-1019. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ life cycle and development/ terrestrial
habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Icaricia icarioides fenderi
(Lycaenidae): habitat management/ prairie grasslands/ habitat
restoration/ food plants/ Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii/ life cycle/
life history/ grassland/ prairie/ Oregon/ Eugene area/ Prairie
Grassland Habitat Restoration Project/ Lycaenidae/ Papilionoidea,
Heteroneura, Glossata, Lepidoptera, Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract: 1.
Recent changes in land use have resulted in dramatic habitat loss
for numerous species. More than 99% of the habitat for Fender's blue
butterfly Icaricia icarioides fenderi, an endangered butterfly
in Oregon, USA, has been lost. 2. Fender's blue butterflies
require larval host-plants (Kincaid's lupine Lupinus sulphureus
kincaidii) and nectar from native wildflowers. 3. An experiment was
conducted at two degraded sites near Eugene, Oregon, to
investigate methods for restoration of Fender's blue habitat. The
experimental design included four soil treatments (tilling, reverse
fertilization, solarization and a control) combined with two planting
treatments (50% forb seed: 50% grass seed and 10% forb seed: 90% grass
seed) and two weeding treatments (weeding or not weeding). Treatments
were replicated in eight experimental blocks (9 [x] 28 m) at each site.
Seeds from 12 native plant species were field collected and sown in
September 1995. 4. Plant establishment was monitored in May 1996, 1997,
1998 and 1999. In 1999, flowers of all nectar species and leaves of
Kincaid's lupine were counted. 5. Based on estimates of resource needs
from previous work, resources were evaluated as insufficient,
sufficient or ample. 6. Solarization combined with 50% forb: 50% grass
planting promoted sufficient nectar to sustain butterflies at both
sites. Control treatments provided insufficient nectar at both sites.
None of the treatments produced sufficient larval resources. 7. This
experiment demonstrates a method to quantitatively link habitat
restoration to the resource needs of focal species. The results
emphasize the importance of connecting restoration efforts to the
life-history features of focal species. In addition, they highlight the
importance of using experiments conducted across a range of sites to
test restoration methods before large-scale efforts are implemented.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
737. Results from the use of a system of "rest rotational grazing" for livestock to improve wildlife habitat in Montana.
Mccarthy, J. J.
IBEX Journal of Mountain Studies 7(Supplement): 13-16. (2003); ISSN: 1590-3907
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land zones/ North America/ Cervus
canadensis (Cervidae): farming and agriculture/ rest rotation grazing
system/ rangeland management/ habitat quality/ habitat management/
terrestrial habitat/ rangelands/ Montana/ grazing management/ Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Rest rotation grazing is a forage management system that utilizes
livestock grazing to improve forage vigor, reduce erosion and improve
range conditions. Cyclic movement of livestock through pastures allow
plants to carry out photosynthetic processes and assist in seed
dissemination and seedling establishment. Elements of such a grazing
system are discussed, as are the benefits to plants and soils. An
example of a system that has been in operation since 1980 is also
described, as are the benefits to livestock producers and the
area’s wildlife.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
738. Richness and abundance of Carabidae and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), in northeastern dairy pastures under intensive grazing.
Byers, R. A.; Barker, G. M.; Davidson, R. L.;
Hoebeke, E. R.; and Sanderson, M. A.
Great Lakes Entomologist 33(2): 81-105. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL461.M5; ISSN: 0090-0222
Descriptors: ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Carabidae: community
structure/ intensively grazed pastures/ Pennsylvania and Vermont/
grassland/ intensively grazed dairy pastures/ New York/ Pennsylvania/
Vermont/ new records/ community structure in intensively grazed
pasture/ Carabidae/ Caraboidea/ Adephaga/ Coleoptera/ Insecta/
arthropods/ coleopterans beetles/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract: Dairy
cattle grazing has become popular to dairy farmers in the
Northeast looking for management schemes to cut production costs.
Carabidae (ground beetles) and Staphylinidae (rove beetles) are
indicators of habitat disturbances, such as drainage of wetlands, or
grassland for grazing animals, and their monitoring could provide one
measure of ecosystem sustainability if intensive grazing management
systems expand or intensify in the future. Our objective was to assess
the abundance and species richness of these two beetle families under
intensive grazing throughout Pennsylvania, southern New York
and Vermont. We collected 4365 ground beetles (83 species) and
4,027 rove beetles (79 species) by pitfall traps in three years
in Pennsylvania. Nine ground beetle species, Amara aenea, Poecilus
chalcites, Pterostichus melanarius, Bembidion quadrimaculatum
oppositum, Amara familiaris, Poecilus lucublandus, Agonum muelleri,
Bembidion obtusum and Bembidion mimus represented 80% of the Carabidae
collected. Five other species were new to Pennsylvania. Four rove
beetle species, Philonthus cognatus, Meronera venustula, Amischa
analis, and Philonthus various=(carbonarius), comprised 74% of the
total Staphylinidae collected. Yearly distributions of the dominant
species did not change significantly in the three years with A. aenea
and P. cognatus being most abundant every year. A parasitic rove
beetle, Aleochara tristis, was recovered for the first time
in Pennsylvania and Vermont since its release in the 1960's
to
control face fly, Musca autumnalis. Similar results were found
in New York and Vermont. We collected 1,984 ground beetles
(68
species). Pterostichus melanarius was most abundant. Pterostichus
vernalis was detected for the first time in the United States
(Vermont). It was previously reported from Montreal, Canada.
We collected 843 rove beetles (45 species). Philonthus
cognatus was the most abundant rove beetle. In addition, Tachinus
corticinus, previously known only from Canada, was discovered for
the first time in the United States in Vermont. Pastures
in Pennsylvania were diverse, containing 14 species of forage
plants
and 17 weed species. Botanical composition was similar in New York
and Vermont. Sixteen species of grasses and legumes made up 90% of
the plant composition and 36 species of weeds made up the remainder.
This diverse plant ecosystem may explain the richness of ground and
rove beetles in northeastern U.S. pastures because the
heterogeneity in the plant population provided additional resources
which can support a rich assemblage of beetles. Monitoring richness and
abundance of Carabidae and Staphylinidae over three years
in Pennsylvania suggests intensive grazing systems are
ecologically
sustainable.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
739. Ring-necked
pheasant and passerine abundance in Conservation Reserve Program
grasslands of differing age-classes and cover types in eastern South
Dakota, 1998-2000.
Eggebo, S. L. South Dakota State University, 2001.
Notes: Degree: M.S.; SD W-075-R/Study No. 7588;
Wildlife Coop. Unit Report - Thesis
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus/ phasianidae/ phasianus/ Phasianus colchicus/ abundance/ age/
birds, passerines/ broods and brooding/ conservation programs/ cover/
cultivated farmland/ grassland/ habitat management for wildlife/
pheasant, ring-necked/ productivity/ surveys/ vegetation/ South Dakota:
eastern region/ Big Sioux River Basin/ Prairie Coteau/ Brookings
County/ Kingsbury County/ Lake County/ Moody County/ Aurora County/
Davison County/ Hanson County/ Hutchinson County
Abstract:
Objectives were to: (1) determine ring-necked pheasant and
passerine abundance in relation to two differing age-classes of cool-
and warm- season grasslands and row-crop fields within low and high
pheasant density areas in eastern South Dakota; and (2) evaluate cover
quality characteristics (e.g., height-density index, litter depth) in
relation to differing age class stands and cover types of Conservation
Reserve Program.
© NISC
740. Riparian area responses to changes in management.
Borman, M. M.; Massingill, C. R.; and Elmore, E. W.
Rangelands 21(3): 3-7. (1999)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528
Descriptors: grasslands/
riparian grasslands/ grassland management/ grazing/ overgrazing/
surveys/ long term experiments/ cattle/ United
States/ Oregon/ condition/ Bos/ Bovidae/ ruminants/ Artiodactyla/
mammals/
vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals/ ungulates/ Pacific Northwest
Abstract:
The management of riparian areas in the USA is reviewed. In
particular, claims that the exclusion of livestock are the only
appropriate management for riparian areas are considered to be based on
flawed comparisons of ungrazed riparian areas with adjacent overgrazed
non-riparian areas. Surveys of 8 riparian areas in Oregon in the
late 1970s and early 1980s were reassessed in 1994, taking into account
condition and cattle grazing treatments. Trends in the condition of the
riparian communities were not specifically linked to grazing
management: with or without grazing, most riparian habitats had
improved since their original surveys. Those habitats which began in
good condition and which were grazed appropriately remained in good
condition. It is considered that climate, landscape setting, soil types
and land use history all affected the development of an appropriate
grazing management prescription, and that this prescription must be
adhered to.
© CABI
741. Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid North America: Diversity and human impacts.
Patten, D. T.
Wetlands 18(4): 498-512. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: ecosystems/
semiarid zones/ vegetation types/ plant communities/ deciduous forests/
floods/ forests/ human activity/ hydrology/ latitude/ altitude/ natural
resources/ poplars/ riparian vegetation/ sediment/ water quality/ water
table/ watersheds/ wetlands/ plant ecology/ species diversity/ erosion/
mixed forests/ coniferous forests/ plant succession/ amenity and
recreation areas/ riparian forests/ Prosopis/ Populus deltoides/ Salix/
North America/ Mimosoideae/ Fabaceae/ Fabales/ dicotyledons/
angiosperms/ Spermatophyta/ plants/ Salicaceae/ Salicales
Abstract: This
overview paper for the symposium presents a general description of
the diversity of riparian ecosystems in the arid-West of North America
(extending west from the 100th meridian to the crest of the Cascades
and Sierras and south from southern Canada to
northern Mexico). Similarities and differences of function,
structure and
process are discussed. All riparian ecosystems in the region are
dependent on supplemental water (usually from the shallow valley
alluvial aquifer) and they stabilize stream banks, trap sediment,
improve water quality and help control or modulate hydrological
processes. They also function as habitat for many western animal
species (serving as a small mesic island or strip within an arid
landscape) and as recreational sites for humans. Along elevational
gradients, riparian vegetation may change from simple deciduous forests
to mixed deciduous to coniferous and possibly alpine wetlands. Temporal
gradients occur within a location in the riparian zone as early pioneer
communities such as cottonwood/willow give way to late successional
communities such as mesquite or sagebrush, often a consequence of
sediment accumulation. Many similarities among western riparian
ecosystems exist because several dominant genera (e.g. Populus) are
common throughout the West, and many geomorphic and hydrological
processes that influence riparian establishment are similar. Western
riparian ecosystems have been greatly altered by human activity. Major
factors include natural resource use, urbanization, alteration of
stream flows through dam construction and groundwater withdrawal,
modification of biotic conditions through grazing, agriculture,
introduction of non-native species and alteration within watersheds.
© CABI
742. Riparian restoration on the Gila River, New Mexico, creates breeding habitat for southwestern willow flycatchers.
Boucher, Paul F.; Stoleson, Scott H.; Shook, Roland S.; Pope, Ralph D.; and Monzingo, Jerry
Studies in Avian Biology 26: 135-142. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ terrestrial habitat/
land zones/ Empidonax traillii extimus: disturbance by man/ habitat
management/ riparian restoration role in breeding habitat creation/
breeding site/ riparian habitat/ New Mexico/ Gila National Forest/ Gila
River Bird Area/ Aves, Passeriformes, Tyrannidae/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
In 1995, the Gila National Forest in southwestern New
Mexico was faced with a legal obligation to reduce severe erosion of
riverbanks in the Gila River Bird Area. A combination of managed and
natural processes stabilized banks and created riparian habitat.
Retiring grazing, excavating the riverbank to the water table level,
constructing a temporary berm, and planting poles set the stage for the
naturally occurring flooding, sediment deposition, and revegetation
that followed. Southwestern Willow Flycatchers (Empidonax traillii
extimus) colonized and bred for the first time in this restored habitat
and nearby natural regeneration in 1997. A similar project undertaken
upstream on private property on the U Bar Ranch was colonized in 1999.
The rapid colonization of these two restoration sites was due, in part,
to their proximity to a large core population of flycatchers upstream
in the Cliff-Gila Valley. This project demonstrates that
landowners can simultaneously stabilize banks, reduce erosion, and
create or improve Willow Flycatcher habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
743. Riparian wildlife habitat literature review.
McComb, William. and Hagar, Joan.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Department of Forest Science; 63 p. (1994).
Notes: Cover title. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 25-35).
NAL Call #: QH541.5.R52M36 1994
Descriptors: Riparian areas---United States/ Riparian animals---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
744. Rodent
communities in a grazed and ungrazed Arizona grassland, and a
model of habitat relationships among rodents in southwestern
grass/shrublands.
Jones, Zach F.; Bock, Carl E.; and Bock, Jane H.
American Midland Naturalist 149(2): 384-394. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: rodents/
small mammals/ grazing/ grasslands/ habitat relationships/ shrublands/
Arizona/ Baiomys taylori/ Reithrodontomys fulvescens/ Reithrodontomys
megalotis/ Sigmodon fluviventer/ Cricetidae/ Rodentia/ Chaetodipus
hispidus/ Dipodomys merriami/ Perognathus flavus/ Heteromyidae/ Muridae
Abstract:
We live-trapped rodents in 2000-2001 at eight sites on a 3160 ha
grassland and mesquite-oak savanna in southeastern Arizona that
had been ungrazed since 1968, and on eight paired sites on adjacent
cattle ranches. There were 917 captures of 14 species during 5760
trap-nights. Four species of Muridae (Sigmodon fulviventer, Baiomys
taylori, Reithrodontomys megalotis and R. fulvescens) were
significantly more common on ungrazed plots, while no species was more
abundant on grazed plots. However, Heteromyidae as a group (especially
Chaetodipus hispidus and Perognathus flavus) comprised a significantly
higher proportion of total captures on grazed plots, and heteromyids as
a percentage of total captures was positively correlated across all
plots with amount of bare ground. One of the eight cross-fence sites
also had been trapped in 1981-1983. In the 17 y between trapping events
at this site: (1) the grass canopy on both grazed and ungrazed plots
had become dominated by taller species, (2) a kangaroo rat (Dipodomys
merriami) that had been the second most common species in grazed areas
disappeared from both plots, (3) pocket mice increased on the grazed
plot and declined on the ungrazed plot and (4) Muridae (excluding
Peromyscus) as a percent of all captures increased by greater than
1.5-fold on both plots. Based on these results, and those from other
field studies, we propose a model for the composition of rodent
communities in grass/shrublands of the Southwest and Intermountain
West, based on ground cover. Kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) are
abundant in areas with the most bare soil, Muridae (specifically,
Sigmodon, Baiomys and Reithrodontomys) dominate areas with the most and
tallest ground cover, and pocket mice (Chaetodipus and Perognathus) are
common in areas of intermediate cover. In relatively mesic grasslands,
livestock grazing and fire drive the rodent community toward one
dominated by heteromyids instead of murids. In more arid landscapes,
grazing and fire favor kangaroo rats over pocket mice.
© NISC
745. The role of fire in structuring sagebrush habitats and bird communities.
Knick, Steven T.; Holmes, Aaron L.; and Miller, Richard F.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 63-75. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922.
http://www.sagestep.org/educational_resources/bibliographies/articles/Knicketal2005.pdf
Descriptors: birds/
wildlife habitat/ fire/ Fringillidae/ Galliformes/ Passeriformes/
Phasianidae/ Sturnidae/ Amphispiza belli/ Bromus tectorum/ Centrocercus
urophasianus/ Oreoscoptes montanus/ Spizella breweri/ disturbance/ fire
regimes/ sagebrush ecosystems/
Artemisia spp./ Juniperus spp.
Abstract:
Fire is a dominant and highly visible disturbance in sagebrush
(Artemisia spp.) ecosystems. In lower elevation, xeric sagebrush
communities, the role of fire has changed in recent decades from an
infrequent disturbance maintaining a landscape mosaic and facilitating
community processes to frequent events that alter sagebrush communities
to exotic vegetation, from which restoration is unlikely. Because of
cheatgrass invasion, fire-return intervals in these sagebrush
ecosystems have decreased from an historical pattern (pre-European
settlement) of 30 to >100 yr to 5-15 yr. In other sagebrush
communities, primarily higher elevation ecosystems, the lack of fire
has allowed transitions to greater dominance by sagebrush, loss of
herbaceous understory, and expansion of juniper-pinyon woodlands.
Response by birds living in sagebrush habitats to fire was related to
the frequency, size, complexity (or patchiness), and severity of the
bums. Small-scale fires that left patchy distributions of sagebrush did
not influence bird populations. However, large-scale fires that
resulted in large grassland expanses and isolated existing sagebrush
patches reduced the probability of occupancy by sagebrush-obligate
species. Populations of birds also declined in sagebrush ecosystems
with increasing dominance by juniper (Juniperus spp.) and pinyon (Pinus
spp.) woodlands. Our understanding of the effects of fire on sagebrush
habitats and birds in these systems is limited. Almost all studies of
fire effects on birds have been opportunistic, correlative, and lacking
controls. We recommend using the large number of prescribed bums to
develop strong inferences about cause-and-effect relationships.
Prescribed burning is complicated and highly contentious, particularly
in low-elevation, xeric sagebrush communities. Therefore, we need to
use the unique opportunities provided by planned bums to understand the
spatial and temporal influence of fire on sagebrush landscapes and
birds. In particular, we need to develop larger-scale and longer-term
research to identify the underlying mechanisms that produce the
patterns of bird responses to fire in sagebrush ecosystems.
© NISC
746. Rough-legged hawk habitat selection in relation to livestock grazing on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon.
Littlefield, Carroll D.; Thompson, Steven P.; and
Johnstone, Richard S.
Northwestern Naturalist 73(3): 80-84. (1992)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Accipitridae/
Ciconiiformes/ Buteo lagopus/ birds/ behavior/ grazing/ habitat use/
habitat alterations/ mowing/ overwintering/ wildlife-livestock
relationships
© NISC
747. Sage-grouse nesting and brood habitat use in southern Canada.
Aldridge, C. L. and Mark Brigham, R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(2): 433-444. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Alberta/
Artemisia/ broods/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ greater sage-grouse/
nesting/ sagebrush/ endangered species/ gamebird/ habitat management/
habitat use/ nesting/ patch size/ population decline/ Canada/ Artemisia
cana/ Centrocercus urophasianus
Abstract: Greater
sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations have
declined from 66 to 92% during the last 30 years in Canada, where
they are listed as endangered. We used radiotelemetry to examine
greater sage-grouse nest and brood habitat use in Alberta and
assess the relationship between habitat and the population decline. We
also identified the patch size at which sage-grouse were selecting nest
and brood-rearing sites. Nest areas were in silver sagebrush (Artemisia
cana) stands that had greater amounts of tall cover (P ≤ 0.001) at a
patch size of 7.5 to 15 m in radius. Within those sagebrush stands,
nests were located beneath the densest sagebrush present. Areas used
for brood rearing had greater amounts of taller sagebrush cover in an
area ≥ 15 m in radius than at random locations. Brood locations were
not selected based on forb content; mesic areas containing forbs
(20-40% cover) as a food resource for chicks were limiting (only 12%
cover available). Overall cover of sagebrush is considerably lower
in Canada (5-11%) compared with sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) cover
in
other areas throughout the range of greater sage-grouse (15-25%). If
management goals are to provide suitable nesting and brood-rearing
habitat, efforts should be directed toward protecting and enhancing
sagebrush stands ≥ 30 m2
and increasing overall sagebrush cover. Management strategies also
should focus on increasing the availability of mesic sites and
increasing the abundance of sites with >10% forb cover, to enhance
brood rearing habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
748. Sagebrush-steppe vegetation dynamics and restoration potential in the interior Columbia Basin, U.S.A.
Hemstrom, M. A.; Wisdom, M. J.; Hann, W. J.;
Rowland, M. M.; Wales, B. C.; and Gravenmier, R. A.
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1243-1255. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01075.x.
Descriptors: gamebird/
habitat loss/ habitat quality/ restoration ecology/ steppe/ vegetation
dynamics/ United States/ Artemisia/ Artemisia tridentata/ Centrocercus/
Centrocercus urophasianus/ Phasianidae/ Salvia
Abstract: We
modeled the dynamics and restoration of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)
habitats for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the
interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of
the Great Basin (referred to as the basin). Greater Sage-Grouse
have
undergone widespread decline and are the focus of conservation on over
13 million ha of sagebrush steppe in the basin, much of which is
managed by the U.S. Forest Service (FS) and U.S. Bureau of Land
Management (BLM). Consequently, we evaluated changes in the amount and
quality of sage-grouse habitat on 8.1 million ha of FS-BLM lands in the
basin. Changes were estimated from historical to current conditions and
from current conditions to those projected 100 years in the future
under proposed management and under two restoration scenarios. These
two scenarios were designed to improve long-term (100-year) projections
of sage-grouse habitat on FS-BLM lands in relation to current
conditions and proposed management Scenario 1 assumed a 50% reduction
in detrimental grazing effects by livestock (through changes in
stocking rates and grazing systems) and a six-fold increase in areas
treated with active restoration relative to proposed management
Scenario 2 assumed a 100% reduction in detrimental grazing effects and
the same level of active restoration as scenario 1. Under the two
scenarios, the amount of FS-BLM habitat for sage grouse within treated
areas declined by 17-19% 100 years in the future compared with the
current period, but was 10-14% higher than the 100-year projection
under proposed management Habitat quality under both scenarios was
substantially improved compared
with
the current period and proposed management Our results suggest that
aggressive restoration could slow the rate of sagebrush loss and
improve the quality of remaining habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
749. Season of burn influences fire behavior and fuel consumption in restored shortleaf pine-grassland communities.
Sparks, Jeffrey C.; Masters, Ronald E.; Engle, David M.; and Bukenhofer, George A.
Restoration Ecology 10(4): 714-722. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: Picoides
borealis/ Piciformes/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
terrestrial ecology/ prescribed burning/ Keetch-Byram drought index/
red-cockaded woodpecker/ Pinus echinata/ Pinus spp.
Abstract:
Pine forests of southeastern United States have been burned
primarily in the dormant season to accomplish silvicultural objectives,
but with increased emphasis on ecosystem restoration fires are now
prescribed in other seasons. We observed fire behavior during both
growing season and dormant season prescribed fires in shortleaf pine
(Pinus echinata) stands managed as pine-grassland communities for the
endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Fuel beds for
dormant season fires were characterized by lower amounts of live fuels,
higher amounts of 1-hr time lag fuel and a greater total fuel load than
growing season fires. Fuel consumption and percent of the total fuels
consumed was greater in dormant season fires than in growing season
fires. Fireline intensity, heat per unit area, reaction intensity, and
rate of spread were greater in dormant season fires than in growing
season fires. Lower fire intensity in growing season fires was possibly
a function of lower amounts of 1-hr time lag fuels, higher amounts of
live herbaceous fuels, and possibly a less porous fuel bed.
Additionally, growing season fires had lower heat per unit area and
reaction intensity and slower rates of spread. The Keetch-Byram drought
index (KBDI) did not provide a good index for potential fire behavior
on our drought-prone sandy loam soils. KBDI during growing season fires
averaged over four times greater than during dormant season fires, but
fire intensity was greater in dormant season fires. Low KBDI values may
be misleading and give a false sense of security for dormant season
fire prescriptions on sandy loam soils because the duff layer may dry
more quickly as a result of inherent low water holding capacity. High
KBDI values may result in prescribed burns being canceled because of
conditions that are erroneously perceived to be outside the
prescription window. We caution against over-reliance on KBDI as a
determining factor for conducting prescribed burns on areas with sandy
or sandy loam soils.
© NISC
750. Seasonal use of recently fenced agricultural riparian habitat by avifauna in Pennsylvania.
Argent, David G. and Zwier, Roberta J.
Northeastern Naturalist 14(3): 361-374. (Sept. 2007)
NAL Call #: QH105.M2M36
Descriptors: streams/ fencing/ riparian areas/
wildlife habitat/ Aves/ birds/ Pennsylvania
Abstract:
Streambank fencing is increasingly used to exclude livestock from
riparian corridors and to enhance biological communities. Our study
examined vegetative change and avian-community use of recently fenced
agricultural habitat. We conducted strip-transect surveys to census
bird communities, line-transect and plot surveys to assess vegetation,
and intensive nest monitoring to gauge use and reproductive success
across 12 fenced riparian sites in southwestern Pennsylvania.
Selected sites varied in age from 3 to 8 years since fencing and
averaged 21 m in width. We found avian use was significantly greater in
spring than in fall across our fenced sites. We determined that canopy
cover, shrub cover, and herbaceous ground cover could predict various
attributes of the avian community present within the fenced riparian
areas. Our results also suggest that the avian community has greater
species richness within sites containing greater habitat complexity,
and that these sites are important breeding and nesting areas. Among
the 145 nests monitored, 38% successfully fledged young. We found no
differences in distance to corridor edge between successful nests and
nests that failed. Our study confirms that riparian renovation efforts
do have conservation value for both migratory and resident birds.
© ProQuest
751. Section-based monitoring of breeding birds within the Shortgrass Prairie Bird Conservation Region (BCR 18).
Sparks, Robert A. and Hanni, David J. (Feb. 2006).
http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/BCR_18_2006.zip
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat management/
distribution/ population density/ habitat preference/ monitoring/
grasslands/ shortgrass prairie/ conservation/ United States/ Shortgrass
Prairie Bird Conservation Region/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In this document, we report the findings of the 2005 section-based
surveys and an initial population analysis using density estimates for
an interval of three years (2003 to 2005). Results are presented for
BCR 18 as well as management units participating with RMBO’s
grassland bird monitoring program including four states (Nebraska,
Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma) and four National Grasslands (Cimarron,
Comanche, Kiowa and Pawnee). This report provides natural resource
managers with information on grassland bird populations on both local
and regional scales. Such knowledge can assist managers in making
effective land management decisions regarding conservation of grassland
birds and their habitat. Participating agencies include Colorado
Division of Wildlife, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, Nebraska
Game and Parks Commission, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife
Conservation, Oklahoma City Zoo, and United States Forest Service
(USFS).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
752. Section-based monitoring of breeding birds within the Shortgrass Prairie Bird Conservation Region (BCR 18).
Sparks, Robert A.; Hanni, David J.; and
McLachlan, Megan (2005).
Notes: 2004 survey findings.
http://www.rmbo.org/pubs/downloads/BCR_2005.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ habitat management/ distribution/
habitat preference/ population density/ monitoring/ habitat management/
shortgrass prairie/ conservation/ Shortgrass Prairie Bird Conservation
Region/ United States, western/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In 2004, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO) implemented the fourth
year of grassland bird-monitoring program within the shortgrass prairie
region. During this year, RMBO conducted surveys in four western states
(Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma) and five
National Grasslands (Cimarron, Comanche, Kiowa, Pawnee and Rita
Blanca). The objective of this program is to monitor population trends
and distributions of grassland birds within the Shortgrass Prairie Bird
Conservation Region (BCR 18) using section-based surveys, a road-based
point count technique. A one square mile section is the basic land
management unit of the prairie. The section-based survey technique was
determined to be the most efficient and effective method for surveying
and monitoring grassland birds (Hanni 2002) in a landscape dominated by
private ownership. RMBO surveyed 2,414 sections within BCR 18, 15 May /
3 July 2004. Sections were stratified by habitat then randomly selected
for survey in proportion to habitat acreage on the landscape / 1,802
sections of native prairie habitat, 552 of dry-land agriculture
habitat, and 60 of land in CRP. We observed 115 bird species. Included
are 38 species of concern, as recognized by Partners In Flight (2004)
and/or the participating state and federal agencies. We calculated
density estimates for 49 species, analyzed by management unit, habitat
type, percent shrub cover and percent grass cover >15 cm. Included
among these density estimates are 22 species of concern, as recognized
by Partners In Flight (PIF database 2004) and/or the participating
state and federal agencies. We present distribution and index of
abundance maps for 62 species. In 2004, we conducted exploratory
habitat analyses to determine habitat preferences of eight grassland
bird species; Burrowing Owl, Loggerhead Shrike, Cassin's Sparrow,
Brewer's Sparrow, Lark Bunting, Grasshopper Sparrow, McCown's Longspur
and Chestnut-collared Longspur. Two habitat conditions were used in the
analysis, percent shrub cover and percent grass cover >15 cm. We
used a chi-square goodness of fit test (alpha .05) to detect
significant differences between expected use based on availability and
observed use within habitat condition categories. Figures were
generated to illustrate significant preferences of habitat conditions
by selected shortgrass prairie bird species (Neu et. al 1974, and Byers
et. al 1984). Long-term monitoring of Short Grass Prairie BCR region
will provide valuable information on trends and distribution within a
framework that allows land managers to make cooperative management
decisions. Equipped with this information and habitat preferences of
prairie birds, units to assess habitat suitability for species of
concern. In addition, monitoring birds will provide data that can by
applied to monitoring ecosystems, since bird species utilize an
inclusive habitat spectrum within ecosystems. As a result bird
monitoring provides a cost-effective means for monitoring ecosystems at
a variety of scales.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
753. Selective control of rangeland grasshoppers with prescribed fire.
Vermeire, L. T.; Mitchell, R. B.; Fuhlendorf, S. D.; and Wester, D. B.
Journal of Range Management 57: 29-33. (Jan. 2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82
Descriptors: range
management/ prescribed burning/ insect control/ Ageneotettix deorum/
Melanoplus/ Acrididae/ insect pests/ biomass/ fire ecology/
precipitation/ population density/ Oklahoma/ Melanoplus bowditchi/
Melanoplus flavidus/ Hesperotettix viridis/ species differences/ plant
production range and pasture grasses/ pests of plants insects/ animal
ecology and behavior/ entomology related
Abstract:
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are considered among the most
damaging rangeland pests yet desired for the development of many
wildlife species. Most grasshoppers are innocuous, but control with
insecticides is non-discriminatory among species. Our objectives were
to evaluate the effects of prescribed burning on the abundance and
biomass of grasshoppers and to determine if species could be
selectively controlled with prescribed fire. Twenty-four 4-ha sites
were selected in a sand sagebrush-mixed prairie near Woodward, Okla. and blocked by pasture. Plots were
randomly assigned fall-, spring-, or non-burned treatments within block
with 4 replications per treatment for each of 2 years. Grasshopper
biomass and abundance were sampled in late July and early August by
sweeping with canvas beating nets. Specimens were weighed to the
nearest 0.1 mg and identified to species. Fire treatments had no
effects on the abundance or biomass of grasshoppers across species,
with about 10 grasshoppers weighing 4,090 mg per 150 sweeps. Fire
effects on the 4 most common species were variable and could be
explained by the biology of the animals. Melanoplus bowditchi and M.
flavidus were unaffected by fire treatment. Hesperotettix viridis is
sensitive to damage to its host plants and was reduced about 88% by
fire in either season. Fall burns reduced Ageneotettix deorum abundance
by 65% because the species' eggs are laid near the soil surface and
exposed to the heat of passing fire. Fire prescriptions can be written
to target species-specific vulnerabilities and control pest
grasshoppers while maintaining the food base for grasshopper predators.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
754. Sentinel nematodes of land-use change and restoration in tallgrass prairie.
Todd, T. C.; Powers, T. O.; and Mullin, P. G.
Journal of Nematology 38(1): 20-27. (2006);
ISSN: 0022-300X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Nematoda: farming and agriculture/ role as indicator of land use
change/ Kansas and Nebraska/ habitat management/ habitat restoration/
role as indicator/ community structure/ role as indicator of land use
change and restoration/ environmental indicators/ grassland/ tallgrass
prairie/ Kansas/ Konza prairie/ Nebraska/ homestead National Monument/
Nematoda/ invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract:
Changes in land use and the associated changes in land cover are
recognized as the most important component of human-induced global
change. Much attention has been focused on deforestation, but
grasslands are among the most endangered ecosystems on Earth. The North
American tallgrass prairie is a dramatic example, exhibiting a greater
than 95% decline in historical area. Renewed interest in prairie
conservation and restoration has highlighted the need for ecological
indicators of disturbance and recovery in native systems, including the
belowground component. The tallgrass prairie differs from the
agricultural systems that have red it in having greater diversity
and heterogeneity of resources, less physical soil disturbance
(although other disturbances, such as fire and grazing, are prominent),
and greater nitrogen limitation. Understanding the responses of
nematode taxa to these characteristic differences is crucial to the
development and improvement of community indices, but while knowledge
of disturbance responses by individual taxa is accumulating, the level
of necessary taxonomic resolution remains in question. Although
nematode communities generally are better described for temperate
grasslands than for other natural ecosystems, identification of
sentinel taxa is further confounded by high levels of diversity, and
both spatial and temporal heterogeneity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
755. Sexual segregation in white-tailed deer: Responses to habitat manipulations.
Steward, Kelley M.; Fulbright, Timothy E.; Drawe, D. Lynn; Bowyer, R. Terry; and Stewart, Kelley M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(4): 1210-1217. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Cervidae/ Odocoileus virginianus/ Odocoileus virginianus/ white-tailed
deer/ social behavior/ behavioral responses/ age-sex relationships/
conservation/ wildlife management/ forage availability/ habitat
availability/ habitat management/ habitat manipulations/ intraspecies
relationships/ land management/ land zones/ mating season/ nutritional
requirements/ parturition/ reproduction/ sexual aggregation/ sexual
dimorphism/ sexual segregation/ shrubland matrix/ terrestrial ecology/
Texas/ habitat/ herbicides/ mechanical manipulation/ odocoileus
virginianus/ white-tailed deer/ forage/ abundance/ dispersion/ forest/
social organization
Abstract:
Sexually dimorphic cervids such as white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) often sexually segregate outside the mating season. Few
studies reporting results of mechanical manipulation of habitat to
benefit deer have considered that males and females may respond
differently to alterations of their environment. We examined effects of
habitat manipulation on sexual segregation in white-tailed deer in
south Texas by creating clearings within a shrubland matrix that
altered habitat and forage. We used mechanical chopping and herbicides
to manipulate forbs and resprouts of shrubs. We hypothesized that adult
males and adult females would respond differently to manipulations of
available forage during periods of sexual segregation (spring,
including parturition) but not sexual aggregation (autumn, including
rut). Proportion of males was greater in the study area during sexual
aggregation than during sexual segregation, but no differences occurred
in proportion of males using vegetation treatments during sexual
aggregation. During sexual segregation, however, proportion of males
observed on the treatment that reduced availability of forbs and shrubs
was greater than in other treatments. The treatment that reduced forbs
and resprouts of shrubs received the greatest proportional use by males
and had the greatest biomass of graminoids and low biomass of forbs and
shrubs. The gastrocentric hypothesis for sexual segregation proposes
that differing nutritional requirements between sexes result in males
consuming a larger quantity, but lower quality, of forage than females.
Thus, reducing forbs and shrubs likely created a plot that benefited
males more than females. Wildlife and land managers should consider
that mechanical manipulation of habitat and forage availability has the
potential to benefit one sex to the possible detriment of the other.
© NISC
756. Sharp-tailed grouse and range management practices in western rangelands.
Kessler, W. B. and Bosch, R. P.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 133-146; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: sharp-tailed grouse/ range management/ livestock
757. Short- and long-term changes in elk use and forage production in sagebrush communities following prescribed burning.
Van Dyke, Fred and Darragh, Jeffrey A.
Biodiversity and Conservation 15(14): 4375-4398. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ Cervus canadensis/ terrestrial ecology/ forage
production/ nutritional quality/ prescribed burning/ seasonal
availability/ wapiti/ dispersion/ habitat/ forest/ fire/ productivity/
vegetation/ diversity/ nitrogen-protein/ food/ Montana
Abstract:
Burning shrub and grassland communities often leads to increases in
plant production and nutritional quality that benefit herbivores,
resulting in increased herbivore use of burned areas. Increased use has
been ascribed more specifically to changes in plant community
structure, community composition and diversity, nutritional quality,
and seasonal availability. These hypotheses can be evaluated more
precisely if changes in plant communities following burning are
monitored concurrently with changes in herbivore use, especially in
longer-term studies. From 1988 to 1999, we examined responses of elk
(Cervus elaphus) following prescribed burning of areas burned in 1984
and 1988 that had been formerly dominated by mountain big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in south-central Montana (USA),
with concurrent monitoring of changes in plant production, nutritional
quality, and community composition. Elk made increased use of burned
sites up to 15 years after burning. Burning transformed big
sagebrush-dominated communities into native herbaceous communities that
persisted for 15 years without sagebrush reinvasion. Forage biomass and
protein content remained higher on burned sites for 15 years, although
differences were not significant in every year and declined as time
elapsed after burning. Forage production, forage protein, and elk use
were temporally correlated, suggesting the possibility that grazing by
elk might have contributed to persistence of elevated plant production
and protein levels on burned sites.
© NISC
758. Short- and longer-term effects of fire and herbivory on sagebrush communities in south-central Montana.
Van Dyke, Fred and Darragh, Jeffrey A.
Environmental Management 38(3): 365-376. (2006)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Cervidae/ Cervus elaphus/ environmental factors/ behavior/
conservation/ wildlife management/ diets/ foods-feeding/ habitat use/
environmental management/ fires-burns/ foraging site selection/
ecosystems/ habitat management/ herbivorous grazing/ land zones/ Line
Creek Plateau/ Gold Creek/ methods and techniques/ Montana/ nutrition/
prescribed burning/ sagebrush habitat/ sagebrush habitat management/
sagebrush habitat use/ shrub grasslands/ terrestrial ecology/ Artemisia
spp.
Abstract:
To better understand the role of herbivory and fire as potential
disturbance processes in sagebrush communities, we examined responses
of a grazing ungulate, elk (Cervus elaphus), following prescribed
burning of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in
south-central Montana (USA.) with concurrent monitoring of changes in
plant production, nutritional quality, and community diversity from
1989-1999. Burning transformed low-diversity, sage-brush-dominated
communities into high-diversity, graminoid-forb communities that
persisted for 10 years without significant reestablishment of
sagebrush. Elk increased use of burned sites one year after burning,
but elk use returned to pre-burn levels over the next two to nine
years. Forage biomass and nutritional quality declined after initial
increases that coincided with increased elk use. Increases in elk use
appeared to be influenced by increases in combined graminoid and forb
production and changes in structural vegetation characteristics that
permitted greater foraging efficiency, Declines in use were associated
with loss of nutritional enhancement and declines in combined graminoid
and forb production. Managers may observe only short-term responses
from grazing ungulates to prescribed fire in sagebrush communities, but
can expect longer-term increases in plant diversity and establishment
of graminoid-forb communities.
© NISC
759. Short-term grazing exclusion effects on riparian small mammal communities.
Giuliano, W. M. and Homyack, J. D.
Journal of Range Management 57(4): 346-350. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: riparian areas/ grazing intensity/ small mammals/ species diversity/ plant litter/ ground vegetation/ height/ Pennsylvania
Abstract:
Grazing of livestock in streams and associated riparian habitats
(hereafter referred to as riparian zones) may affect small mammal
communities by influencing vegetation, water quality, and other site
characteristics. To better understand these effects, we compared
vegetation structure, and abundance and richness of small mammals in
grazed riparian zones and similar areas where livestock had recently
(1-2 years) been excluded in southwest Pennsylvania, 1998 and
1999. Mammalian species richness and abundance (all species combined,
meadow voles [Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord], and meadow jumping mice
[Zapus hudsonius Zimmermann]) were greater on sites where livestock had
been excluded than grazed areas. These findings are likely the result
of greater litter cover and increased vertical vegetation obstruction
observed on these sites. Because small mammal communities respond
quickly to relaxation of grazing in riparian zones, subsidy programs
exist to partially pay for fencing, and landowners may potentially
benefit from fencing these areas through improved water quality,
erosion control, and livestock health, fencing may be an effective
wildlife and grazing management tool.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
760. Short-term temporal effects on community structure of lepidoptera in restored and remnant tallgrass prairies.
Summerville, Keith S.; Bonte, Anson C.; and Fox, Lena C.
Restoration Ecology 15(2): 179-188. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Heterocera: habitat
management/ tallgrass prairie restoration/ community structure/
grassland/ tallgrass prairie habitat/ restored and remnant
habitats/ Iowa/ short term variations/ restored and remnant
tallgrass
prairie/ Insecta, Lepidoptera/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/
Lepidopterans
Abstract:
Understanding the degree to which species assemblages naturally vary
over time will be critically important when assessing whether direct
management effects or contingency is responsible for species gain or
loss. In this study, we tested three predictions related to short-term
variation in prairie moth communities: (1) communities would only
exhibit significant temporal variation in newly restored sites (1-3
years old); (2) prairie size and age would positively influence
community reassembly, with larger, older restorations sampling a
greater proportion of the regional species pool; and (3) older
restorations (7-10 years old) would have yet to converge on the
community composition of prairie remnants. Moths were sampled from 13
Tallgrass prairie restorations and remnants in central Iowa in
2004-2005. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant
effects of sampling year on moth species richness and abundance as well
as on the richness of two functional groups, but difference among
prairie types was only observed in 2005. Rarefaction analysis revealed
that older restorations and prairie remnants supported higher species
richness compared to recently planted sites, and nonmetric,
multidimensional scaling ordination indicated that restorations older
than 7 years were clearly converging on the species composition of
remnants. These results suggest that moth communities in restorations
and remnants are highly variable in time but that as restorations age,
they appear to reaccumulate moth species found in
prairie
remnants. The long-term persistence of a particular species assemblage
within a given site, however, might be a difficult endpoint to attain
in central Iowa prairies because of significant annual variation
in species occurrence.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
761. Should heterogeneity be the basis for conservation? Grassland bird response to fire and grazing.
Fuhlendorf, S. D.; Harrell, W. C.; Engle, D. M.;
Hamilton, R. G.; Davis, C. A.; and Leslie, D. M.
Ecological Applications 16(5): 1706-1716. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: conservation
biology/ disturbance/ diversity/ grassland birds/ Henslow's sparrow/
heterogeneity/ Oklahoma/ rangelands/ tallgrass prairie preserve/
upland sandpiper
Abstract:
In tallgrass prairie, disturbances such as grazing and fire can
generate patchiness across the landscape, contributing to a shifting
mosaic that presumably enhances biodiversity. Grassland birds evolved
within the context of this shifting mosaic, with some species
restricted to one or two patch types created under spatially and
temporally distinct disturbance regimes. Thus, management-driven
reductions in heterogeneity may be partly responsible for declines in
numbers of grassland birds. We experimentally altered spatial
heterogeneity of vegetation structure within a tallgrass prairie by
varying the spatial and temporal extent of fire and by allowing grazing
animals to move freely among burned and unburned patches (patch
treatment). We contrasted this disturbance regime with traditional
agricultural management of the region that promotes homogeneity
(traditional treatment). We monitored grassland bird abundance during
the breeding seasons of 2001-2003 to determine the influence of altered
spatial heterogeneity on the grassland bird community. Focal
disturbances of patch burning and grazing that shifted through the
landscape over several years resulted in a more heterogeneous pattern
of vegetation than uniform application of fire and grazing. Greater
spatial heterogeneity in vegetation provided greater variability in the
grassland bird community. Some bird species occurred in greatest
abundance within focally disturbed patches, while others occurred in
relatively undisturbed patches in our patch treatment. Henslow's
Sparrow, a declining species, occurred only within the patch treatment.
Upland Sandpiper and some other species were more abundant on recently
disturbed patches within the same treatment. The patch burn treatment
created the entire gradient of vegetation structure required to
maintain a suite of grassland bird species that differ in habitat
preferences. Our study demonstrated that increasing spatial and
temporal heterogeneity of disturbance in grasslands increases
variability in vegetation structure that results in greater variability
at higher trophic levels. Thus, management that creates a shifting
mosaic using spatially and temporally discrete disturbances in
grasslands can be a useful tool in conservation. In the case of North
American tallgrass prairie, discrete fires that capitalize on
preferential grazing behavior of large ungulates promote a shifting
mosaic of habitat types that maintain biodiversity and agricultural
productivity. © 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
762. Shrub-grassland small mammal and vegetation responses to rest from grazing.
Rosenstock, S. S.
Journal of Range Management 49(3): 199-203. (1996)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume49/Number3/ azu_jrm_v49_n3_199_203_m.pdf
Descriptors: small mammals/ grazing/ microhabitats/ canopy/ species diversity/ habitats/ grasses/ shrubs/
plant communities/ Utah
Abstract:
Between 1989-1991, I studied the effects of livestock grazing on
vegetation and small mammals in semiarid shrub-grassland habitats of
south-central Utah. Responses were measured at 2 spatial habitat
scales; patches and macrohabitats. Patch-scale data were obtained from
4 small (<1 ha) livestock exclosures and nearby grazed areas.
Macrohabitat-scale data were collected at 4 actively grazed sites and 4
comparable, excellent condition sites, ungrazed for 30+ years. Ungrazed
patch and macrohabitat sites had more surface litter, greater perennial
grass cover, and taller perennial grass plants, but treatment response
varied among sites. Small mammal responses were apparent only at the
macro-habitat scale, where ungrazed sites had 50% greater species
richness and 80% higher abundance. Small mammal reproductive activity
and biomass were not affected by rest from grazing at either scale.
Small mammal community composition varied greatly among sites and
within treatments. This variability has important implications for
ecological monitoring efforts involving these species.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
763. Shrubsteppe bird response to habitat and landscape variables in eastern Washington, USA.
Vander Haegen, W. M.; Dobler, F. C.; and Pierce, D. J.
Conservation Biology 14(4): 1145-1160. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99293.x.
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/research/papers/shrub/shrubsteppe.pdf
Descriptors: avifauna/
habitat fragmentation/ landscape structure/ plant community/ soil type/
United States/ Amphispiza belli/ Lanius ludovicianus/ Spizella breweri
Abstract:
The landscape of the intermountain west has changed dramatically in the
last 150 years, particularly in the state of Washington, where
over half the native shrubsteppe ecosystem has been converted to
agricultural lands, resulting in a fragmented landscape with few
extensive tracts of shrubsteppe. We examined the historical and current
distribution of shrubsteppe on different soil types in eastern
Washington, and we censused bird communities at 78 sites in shrubsteppe
from 1991 to 1993. We compared abundance of species among soil types
and range conditions and developed models of species occurrence using
site-specific vegetation and landscape variables. The pattern of
shrubsteppe conversion has resulted in a disproportionate loss of deep
soil communities. Eight bird species showed strong relationships with
soil type and three with range condition. These associations likely
resulted from the influence of soil type and range history on the
vegetation of these communities. Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri)
and Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli) reached their highest abundances
in deep, loamy soils, whereas Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus)
were most abundant in deep, sandy soils. Sage Sparrows occurred more
frequently in landscapes dominated by shrubsteppe, indicating a
negative relationship with fragmentation. Our results suggest that
fragmentation of shrubsteppe and the pattern of agricultural conversion
among soil types have had detrimental effects on numerous shrubsteppe
species. The landscape for species with an affinity for deep, loamy
soil communities has changed considerably more than the overall loss of
shrubsteppe would indicate. Conservation practices that emphasize
retention of shrubsteppe communities on deep soils and that reduce
further fragmentation will be critical to the maintenance of avian
biological diversity in this system.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
764. Small mammal populations in a grazed and ungrazed riparian habitat in Nevada.
Medin, D. E. and Clary, W. P.
Ogden, UT: Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Research
Paper-INT 413, 1989. 6p.
Notes: 0886-7380 (ISSN).
NAL Call #: A99.9 F764U
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_int/int_rp413.pdf
Descriptors: mammals/ Populus tremuloides/ Salix/ population dynamics/ riparian buffers/ grazing/ Nevada
Abstract:
Community composition and relative abundance of small mammal
populations were compared between an aspen (Populus tremuloides)lwillow
(Salix spp.) riparian habitat seasonally grazed by cattle and a
comparable adjoining habitat protected from grazing for the previous 11
years by an exclosure. The exclosure, constructed in 1977, is on the
West Fork of Deer Creek in northeastern Nevada. Small mammal
populations were compared by removal trapping over a 5-day period in
late summer 1988. Four species accounted for 82 percent of the total
number of individual animals trapped. These were deer mouse (Peromyscus
maniculatus), western jumping mouse (Zapus princeps), least chipmunk
(Tamias minimus), and Great Basin pocket mouse (Perognathus
parvus). Other small mammals trapped either irregularly or in smaller
numbers on the study site included golden-mantled ground squirrel
(Spermophilus lateralis), vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans), long-tailed
vole (Microtus longicaudus), montane vole (Microtus montanus),
Townsend's ground squirrel (Spermophilus townsendi), northern pocket
gopher (Thomomys talpoides), and bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma
cinerea). Estimated density of small mammals was over a third higher in
the ungrazed habitat as compared to the grazed area. Small mammal
standing crop biomass, species richness, and species diversity were
3.24, 1.83, and 1.25 times higher, respectively, on the ungrazed site.
Each of the 11 species recorded during the study was trapped inside the
protected area. Only six species were trapped in the grazed habitat.
The grazed study site did not appear to have received excessive use by
cattle in recent years compared to nearby riparian habitats.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
765. Small mammal response to the introduction of cattle into a cottonwood floodplain.
Samson, F. B.; Knopf, F. L.; and Hass, L. B.
In:
Management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North
America.Flagstaff, Ariz. Szaro, R. C.; Severson, K. E.; and Patton, D.
R. (eds.);
Vol. GTR-RM-166.
Fort
Collins, Colo.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station; pp. 432-438; 1988.
Notes: ISSN: 0094-4823.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 166
Descriptors: ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Mammalia: community
structure/ comparisons of grazed and ungrazed grassland/ community
comparisons/ habitat exploitation/ comparison/ grassland/ grazed and
ungrazed grassland communities/ Colorado/ Logan County/
South Platte State Wildlife Area/ comparison of grazed and
ungrazed grassland/ small taxa/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
766. Small mammal responses to tallgrass prairie restoration from fescue pastures (Kansas).
Keller, Amber D. and Cully, Jack F.
Ecological Restoration 20(4): 279-280. (2002);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Mammalia: habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ small taxa community responses/
community structure/ small taxa responses to habitat restoration/
grassland/ tallgrass prairie/ small taxa community responses to habitat
restoration/ Kansas/ Labette County/ Kansas Army Ammunition Plant/
Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
767. Small mammals in tall-grass prairie: Patterns associated with grazing and burning.
Clark, Bryon K.; Kaufman, Donald W.; Finck, Elmer J.; and Kaufman. Glennis A.
Prairie Naturalist 21(4): 177-184. (1989)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: Blarina
hylophaga/ Microtus ochrogaster/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Peromyscus
leucopus/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ fires-burns/ grazing/ habitat
alterations/ prairies/ wildlife-livestock relationships/ Kansas: Geary
County/ Kansas: Riley County
© NISC
768. Society for Range Management issue paper: Ecology and management of sage-grouse and sage-grouse habitat - A reply.
Schroeder, M. A.; Connelly, J. W.; Wambolt, C. L.;
Braun, C. E.; Hagen, C. A.; and Frisina, M. R.
Rangelands 28(3): 3-7. (2006)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 01900528
Descriptors: habitat management/ sage grouse/ commentary
Abstract:
A critique to the 2005 issue paper of the Society for Range Management
(SRM) entitled "Ecology and Management of Sage-Grouse and Sage-Grouse
Habitat" and based on Crawford et al's compilation of the 2001 SRM
symposium on sage-grouse is presented. Focus is on issues and concerns
regarding sage-grouse distribution, habitat relationships, habitat
management practices, factors other than habitat that affect
sage-grouse populations and landscape issues. It is shown that by
focusing only in one paper, the issue paper authors may provide an
inaccurate and/or incomplete assessment of sage-grouse populations and
habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
769. Soil dwelling macro-invertebrates in intensively grazed dairy pastures in Pennsylvania, New York and Vermont.
Byers, R. A. and Barker, G. M.
Grass and Forage Science 55(3): 253-270. (2000)
Descriptors: macroinvertebrates/ dairy/ pasture/ grazing/ northeastern United States
Abstract: This
study estimates the relative contributions of environment and farm
management strategies in influencing soil faunal assemblages and
attempts to identify the species with potential to affect
sustainability of intensive grazing management systems in the
north-eastern USA. It arises because of the change from
confinement feeding of dairy cattle, consequent upon concerns about
negative environmental effects, the rising costs for machinery and
housing, and reduced profit margins, together with the absence of data
from which the consequences of such change on the soil fauna may be
predicted. Macro-invertebrates were sampled in soil from seventy-eight
grazed pastures on twenty-one dairy farms
in Pennsylvania, USA, in the spring of 1994. On five of these
farms,
macro-invertebrates were sampled (four pastures per farm) in the
spring, summer and autumn seasons of 1994, 1995 and 1996. In 1997,
macro-invertebrates were sampled in soil during spring, summer and
autumn from (four pastures per farm) on three farms in New York,
and during spring and summer on three farms in Vermont. Species
richness ranged from two to twelve species (mean 6.4) per pasture site
in Pennsylvania and five to eighteen species (mean 10.7)
in New York and Vermont. The communities were dominated at
most
sites by earthworms. Earthworms were correlated with soil basal and
substrate-induced respiration/carbon ratio, and soil moisture, but were
negatively correlated with cows per hectare and herbage biomass
in Pennsylvania. Sitona larvae were recorded at nineteen of the
twenty-one farms during the spring of 1994 across Pennsylvania and
occurred at populations >5 m-2 in 68% of the sampled pastures.
Sitona larvae were less abundant in New York and Vermont.
Elaterid larvae comprised a complex of seven species of which Aeolus
melillus (Say) and Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal) comprised 35% and
39%, respectively, of the elaterids collected in Pennsylvania.
Agriotes mancus (Say) and Ctenicera destructor (Brown) comprised 41%
and 26%, respectively, of four species collected in New York
and Vermont. Scarabaeid larvae, comprising a complex of eight
species,
were detected at only 27% of the seventy-eight pastures sampled in
spring 1994 in Pennsylvania. Five species were collected in ten of
the twelve New York pastures and four species in nine of the
twelve Vermont pastures. Populations of scarabaeid larvae averaged
<25
m-2 in all three states, except in three Pennsylvania pastures in
spring 1994. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) showed
pasture standing biomass, legume diversity, pre-winter stubble height,
white clover pasture content, and soil phosphorus levels influenced
numbers of invertebrate species more than climatic factors, such as
temperature, rainfall, altitude, latitude and seasonal water table.
DCCA also showed most pastures to be dose to the average of
environmental factors. The extremely low density of herbivorous
macro-invertebrates in soil and the absence of pest outbreaks may
indicate a stable soil ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
770. Soil macrofauna under two grazing systems.
Rodriguez, I.; Crespo, G.; Torres, V.; and Fraga, S.
Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 33(4):
415-422. (1999)
NAL Call #: S1.R4; ISSN: 0864-0408
Descriptors: biomass/
ferrallitic soils/ grassland soils/ grazing intensity/ grazing systems/
rotational grazing/ soil fauna/ soil types/ species diversity
Abstract:
The soil macrofauna of an 18 ha Cynodon nlemfuensis sward was studied
for three years (September 1993-96) on a red ferrallitic soil in Cuba
to compare an intensive rotational grazing system with 72 paddocks
(Voisin's rational grazing) and 260 large cattle (LC) units (equivalent
to liveweight of 500 kg), and a less intensive rotational grazing
system with 12 paddocks and an intensity of 51 LC. Three paddocks were
selected from each system in which three areas of 0.065 m2
each were sampled at 0-20 depth once each trimester to determine the
number of macrofauna individuals, the biomass and soil humidity. Data
were statistically analysed through a linear model and also the
principal component method was used to analyse the influence of
climatic factors on the variables studied and their relationship. There
were no significant differences between the two grazing systems in the
number of individuals (mean 4.37/m2) or in their biomass (19.9 g/m2).
Results showed differences (P<0.01) between trimesters with the
highest values in September-October-November and March-April-May.
Annual performance of the macrofauna showed that in the first year
there was a greater number of individuals (8.86 vs 2.26 and 1.96) and
higher biomass (39.3 vs 2.43 and 11.07 g/m2)
compared to the following years. Among the diversity of individuals
there were earthworms, coleopterous larvae and other insects. The first
two groups made up most of the total biomass. Results indicate that
diversity and biomass of macrofauna will not increase in the short term
under similar soil and climatic conditions in the grazing systems used
in this study.
© CABI
771. Soil microarthropods as indicators of exposure to environmental stress in Chihuahuan Desert rangelands.
Kay, F. R.; Sobhy, H. M.; and Whitford, W. G.
Biology and Fertility of Soils 28(2): 121-128. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762
Descriptors: bulldozing/
desert grassland/ desertification/ environmental stress indicators/
grazing/ habitat/ microclimate/ rainfall/ soil communities/ vegetation
damage
Abstract:
We studied soil microarthropod communities along livestock grazing
disturbance gradients, inside and outside grazing exclosures, and on
areas subjected to restoration efforts (herbicide and bulldozing) in
order to test the suitability of mites as indicators of rangeland soil
quality. We found that mite numbers generally increased with decreased
grazing disturbance. Soil microarthropods appeared to respond to a
complex of factors including soil compaction, depth to an impervious
soil layer, below-ground vegetative biomass, and residual effects of
herbicide. All of our study plots, except those that had been herbicide
treated, were dominated by microbivorous mites of the family
Nanorchestidae. The numerical responses of mites, especially
nanorchestids, appeared to provide a sensitive indicator of ecosystem
health in a Chihuahuan Desert grassland.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
772. Songbird abundance and parasitism differ between urban and rural shrublands.
Burhans, D. E. and Thompson, F. R.
Ecological Applications 16(1): 394-405. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: brood parasitism/ brown-headed cowbird/ landscape/ nest predation/ nesting success/ shrubland/ songbirds/ urban
Abstract:
Many studies have examined differences in avian community composition
between urban and rural habitats, but few, if any, have looked at
nesting success of urban shrubland birds in a replicated fashion while
controlling for habitat. We tested factors affecting nest survival,
parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and species
abundance in shrubland habitat in rural and urban landscapes. We found
no support for our hypothesis that nest survival was lower in urban
landscapes, but strong support for the hypothesis that survival
increased with nest height. We found strong support for our hypothesis
that cowbird parasitism was greater in urban than rural landscapes;
parasitism in urban sites was at least twice that of rural sites. We
found strong support for an urban landscape effect on abundance for
several species; Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) and
Brown-headed Cowbirds were more abundant in urban landscapes, whereas
Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora
pinus) were more abundant in rural sites. There was support for lower
abundances of Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) and Indigo
Bunting (Passerina cyanea) with increased housing density. For six
other species, edge and trail density or vegetation parameters best
explained abundance. Lower abundances and greater parasitism in habitat
patches in urban landscapes are evidence that, for some species, these
urban landscapes do not fulfill the same role as comparable habitats in
rural landscapes. Regional bird conservation planning and local habitat
management in urban landscapes may need to consider these effects in
efforts to sustain bird populations at regional and local scales.
© 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
773. Songbird community composition and nesting success in grazed and ungrazed pinyon-juniper woodlands.
Goguen, Christopher B. and Mathews, Nancy E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 62(2): 474-484. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Bos
taurus/ Fringillidae/ Passeriformes/ Molothrus ater/ Aves/ behavior/
birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/
interspecies relationships/ juniper/ nest parasitism/ nests-nesting/
pinyon pine/ productivity/ wildlife-livestock relationships/ wild
birds/ reproduction/ woodlands/ land use/ neotropical migrant
songbirds/ breeding success/ livestock grazing/ natural resources/
animal ecology and behavior/ plant production/ range and pasture
grasses/ abundance/ birds, passerines/ blackbirds and cowbirds/ cattle/
grazing/ habitat/ livestock/ nests and nesting/ parasitic habits/
sampling/ surveys/ vegetation/ agriculture/ prairie/ forest/ nest/
brood-egg/ fertility-recruitment/ brown-headed cowbird/ songbird/
biotop/ vegetation/ New Mexico/ Colfax County/
Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Abstract:
Liverstock grazing is a dominant land use of pinyon-juniper habitats in
the western United States, yet the effects of grazing on breeding
bird communities in this habitat have been poorly studied. The
authors compared habitat structure, songbird abundance, and nesting
productivity within pinyon-juniper woodlands on an actively grazed site
and a site experiencing long-term relief from livestock grazing in
northeastern New Mexicon. From 1992 to 1995, they performed
vegetation sampling, conducted songbird point counts, and located and
monitored nests on 8.35-ha study plots. Four of these plots
experienced moderate cattle grazing and four were ungrazed since 1973.
They found no differences in habitat or vegetation features
between grazed and ungrazed plots. Bird communities were similar,
with only one of the 11 species they tested more abundant on the
ungrazed treatment (western scrub-jay; Aphelocoma californicus).
They detected no differences in nesting success or cause-specific
rates of nest failure for seven common bird species (P<0.05), and
detected no differences in brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater)
parasitism rates for the major hosts between grazed and ungrazed areas.
Greater than 75% of the nests of the solitary vireo (Vireo solitarius),
western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), and blue-gray gnatcatcher
(Polioptila caerulea) were parasitized on both treatments. These
high parasitism rates may be the result of high densities of local
cowbirds because of abundant feeding sites (i.e., livestock), the high
mobility of cowbirds, and the close proximity of ungrazed plots to
grazed areas (all < 4 km). The results suggest that 20 years
of relief from grazing had little influence on the habitat structure or
bird species composition of the pinyon-juniper woodlands on the study
site. However, livestock grazing has indirectly affected the
nesting success of some songbird species via the influence of grazing
on cowbird abundance. The authors' findings highlight the need
for studies that incorporate nest monitoring and landscape-scale
approaches to better understand the relation between cowbirds,
livestock, and songbirds and the time required for recovery from
grazing effects.
© NISC
774. Spatial components of plant-herbivore interactions in pastoral, ranching, and native ungulate ecosystems.
Coughenour, M. B.
Journal of Range Management 44(6): 530-542. (1991)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume44/Number6/azu_jrm_v44_n6_530_542_m.pdf
Descriptors: ungulates/ spatial distribution/
spatial variation/ grazing
Abstract:
The spatial component of herbivory remains enigmatic although it is a
central aspect of domestic and native ungulate ecosystems. The effects
of ungulate movement on plants have not been clearly established in
either range or wildlife management. While livestock movement systems
have been implemented to cope with increases in livestock density,
restrictions on movement, and overgrazing, a large number of studies
have disputed the effectiveness of different livestock movement
patterns. Traditional pastoralism, particularly nomadism, has been
perceived as irrational and even destructive, but many studies have
documented features of traditional pastoral land use that would promote
sustainability. Disruptions of wild ungulate movements have been blamed
for wildlife overgrazing and population declines, but actual patterns
and mechanisms of disrupted movement and population responses have been
poorly documented. Models that integrate plant growth, ungulate
movement, and foraging are suggested as a way to improve analyses of
spatial plant-herbivore systems. Models must give due attention to
nonforage constraints on herbivore distribution, such as topography.
Models should assess the significance of movement as a means of coping
with local climatic variation (patchy rainfall). Models that distribute
an aggregate population over a landscape in relation to the
distribution of habitat features deemphasize aspects of ungulate
movements and population responses that inevitably cause nonideal
distributions, particularly in natural ecosystems. Individual based
models describe movement and foraging processes more accurately, but
these models are difficult to apply over large areas. Both top-down and
bottom-up approaches to spatial herbivory are needed. To model plant
responses to movement, it is important to account for small scale
phenomena such as tiller defoliation patterns, patch grazing, and
grazing lawns as well as large scale patterns such as rotation and
migration. Herbivory patterns at these different scales are
interrelated.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
775. Spatial distribution of upland beetles in relation to landform, vegetation and grazing management.
Dennis, Peter; Aspinall, R. J.; and Gordon, Iain J.
Basic and Applied Ecology 3(2): 183-193. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.B37; ISSN: 1439-1791
Descriptors: principle
component analysis: mathematical and computer techniques/ climate
change/ distance statistics/ grazing intensity/ grazing management/
land use changes/ landform management/ soil management/ soil moisture/
spatial distribution/ structural heterogeneity/ vegetation management
Abstract:
We applied a novel analysis based on distance statistics to investigate
how patterns of habitat heterogeneity affected the distribution of
representative ground and rove beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae,
Staphylinidae), sampled at an upland site of varied landform, soil and
vegetation structure. The structural heterogeneity of the Nardus
stricta-dominated grassland was further modified by varying grazing
intensity with sheep, or sheep and cattle. We collected pitfall trap
data from 120 sample points across the study area. Ground and rove
beetle species were selected to represent the major trends in the
species-trap abundance data, determined by the extent of their
correlation with the main components of a factor analysis (Principal
Components Analysis). The novel statistical analytical method,
calculation of the Getis and Ord distance statistic, G, was applied to
the distribution data of each selected species of ground and rove
beetle. The distance statistic was calculated for the smallest distance
to ensure that each sample point had at least one neighbour (73 m) and
this distance was used to detect local spatial association and to
explore the location and spatial scale of aggregations of each beetle
species over the hillside. Clusters of high and low G(z) values were
mapped to indicate the species' functional heterogeneity compared with
habitat heterogeneity determined by landform, soils or grazing
management. The small number of large aggregations indicated the
sensitivity of certain species to patterns of landform (Calathus
melanocephalus and Pterostichus adstrictus). More aggregations of
smaller size, coinciding with the pattern of particular grazing regimes
indicated species sensitive to grazing intensity and species of
mammalian herbivore (Carabus problematicus and Olophrum piceum). The
aggregations of Othius angustus and Philonthus decorus related to
landform, and suggested these species may have been directly responding
to soil moisture and patterns of trampling by grazers. The method
distinguished between those species that are sensitive to land use
change and those that may be affected more by climate change.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
776. Spatial dynamics of source-sink habitats: Effects on rare grassland birds.
Perkins, D. W.; Vickery, P. D.; and Shriver, W. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(3): 588-599. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Bachman's
sparrow/ core/ dry prairie/ edge/ Florida grasshopper sparrow/
grassland birds/ habitat fragmentation/ nest success/ reproductive
success/ edge effect/ endangered species/ passerines/ source-sink
dynamics/ United States/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Ammodramus savannarum/
Pinus palustris
Abstract:
Fragmentation and edge effects adversely affect passerines in North America, primarily by reducing territory density,
reproductive success, and survival. As natural landscapes become
increasingly altered and fragmented by human development, understanding
the demographic parameters of remaining subpopulations is important. We
wanted to determine whether remaining dry prairie fragments in central
Florida, USA, were acting as population sources or sinks for 2 rare and
declining sparrows: the federally endangered Florida grasshopper
sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus) and the regionally
threatened Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis). We obtained
sparrow survival estimates from 2 sites in central Florida and
combined these with productivity, estimates from 3 sites (1996-1998) to
determine whether each site was acting as a source or sink. We also
explored whether subunits within a site consistently functioned as
sources. For Florida grasshopper sparrows, we found that core
areas >400 m from edge were consistently sources. We think that the
only way Florida grasshopper sparrows can persist at these sites
is if the core source areas produce enough surplus young to compensate
for the sink habitat along the wide borders of these prairie fragments.
In contrast to grasshopper sparrows, we found no consistent source
areas for Bachman's sparrows. Dry prairie seems to be sink habitat for
Bachman's sparrows, and this species is likely to persist in this
habitat only through continued recruitment from adjacent long-leaf pine
(Pinus palustris) stands. We think
that
large prairie fragments, possibly >4,000 ha, are necessary for
maintaining source habitat for Florida grasshopper sparrows and
possibly other grassland bird species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
777. Spatial
heterogeneity of low-density populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes
(Orthoptera: Acrididae) associated with grazing and vegetation
treatments.
Fielding, Dennis J.; Brusven, M. A.; Shafii, Bahman; and Price, William J.
Canadian Entomologist 133(6): 843-855. (2001)
NAL Call #: 421 C16; ISSN: 0008-347X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Melanoplus
sanguinipes (Saltatoria): farming and agriculture/ livestock grazing/
population density/ low density populations/ distribution within
habitat/ spatial heterogeneity of low density populations/ grassland/
climate and weather/ Idaho/ spatial distribution of low density
populations/ effects of grazing and vegetation/ rangelands/ Saltatoria/
Orthoptera/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to determine whether the spatial
distribution of Melanoplus sanguinipes F., the most abundant species of
grasshopper on rangeland in southern Idaho, varied annually in
response to changing patterns of grazing and to investigate how
vegetation affects the spatial distribution of low-density populations
of M. sanguinipes at scales relevant to most rangeland-management
activities. A lattice of 72 sites was established across nine pastures,
covering approximately 5000 ha. At each site, densities of M.
sanguinipes, percent canopy coverage by plant species, and percent
forage utilization by livestock were estimated twice per year, in June
when M. sanguinipes was in the nymphal stage and in August during the
adult stage, for 4 years, 1991-1994. Spatial analyses of variance were
used to evaluate the influence of grazing and vegetation type on
densities of M. sanguinipes. In August of each year, densities of M.
sanguinipes were lower on heavily grazed sites than on lightly grazed
sites, except in 1993, when the opposite trend was observed.
Above-normal precipitation in 1993 resulted in abundant growth of
annual forbs and regrowth of grazed plants. The distribution of nymphs
in June of 1993 and 1994 reflected the grazing patterns of the previous
summer. Densities of M. sanguinipes were lower on crested wheatgrass
habitats than on annual grasslands for every sampling period from June
1991 to June 1993, after which no differences were observed. We
interpret the results to suggest that grazing effects on low-density
populations of M. sanguinipes were contingent on weather conditions;
under dry conditions, grazed habitats were less favorable to M.
sanguinipes but, during relatively cool wet summers, grazing created
conditions that were more favorable to M. sanguinipes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
778. Spatial models of northern bobwhite populations for conservation planning.
Twedt, D. J.; Wilson, R. R.; and Keister, A. S.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6):
1808-1818. (Aug. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: simulation
models/ conservation areas/ Colinus virginianus/ wild birds/ quails/
spatial data/ conservation programs/ wildlife management/ wildlife
habitats/ population dynamics/ land use change/ habitat conservation/
spatial distribution/ surveys/ grasslands/ agricultural land/
prediction/ population ecology/ remote sensing/ Louisiana/ Arkansas/
Texas/ Oklahoma/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and
wildlife conservation/ animal ecology and behavior
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
779. Spatial responses of bobolinks (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) near different types of edges in northern Iowa.
Fletcher, R. J. and Koford, R. R.
Auk 120(3): 799-810. (2003)
Descriptors: edge
effect/ habitat fragmentation/ hypothesis testing/ passerines/ spatial
distribution/ United States/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus
Abstract:
Habitat edges are well-studied components of fragmented landscapes, yet
factors mediating edge effects remain unclear. We report how different
types of edges surrounding patches may affect spatial distributions of
Bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), a declining, area-sensitive songbird that
breeds in grasslands. We expected Bobolinks to be less abundant near
edges, and we investigated a set of alternative hypotheses for
explaining that spatial pattern: (1) passive displacement, in which
individuals do not avoid edges but use edges as boundaries for
territories; (2) habitat gradients, in which individuals respond to
habitat structure gradients near edges; (3) territory size, in which
size of territories increases near edges; and (4) active avoidance, in
which individuals actively avoid edges by positioning territory
boundaries away from edges. To examine those hypotheses, we surveyed
Bobolinks in grassland habitats near 34 edges of three different edge
types (agriculture, road, and woodland) in northern Iowa,
1999-2000. Bobolink density was lower near woodland edges than near
other edge types, and density increased as a function of distance from
edge for all edge types. There was no evidence for a habitat gradient
close to edges, but there was some evidence for habitat structure
differing among edge types. Territory size increased near roads,
decreased near woodlands, but did not change near agricultural edges.
Territory positioning was consistent with active avoidance near
woodland edges, and to a lesser extent road edges, but positioning was
only consistent with passive displacement near agriculture edges. We
conclude that land use surrounding patches can have variable effects on
territorial dynamics and habitat use of this area-sensitive species.
Linking edge avoidance with fitness is needed to understand the
demographic consequences of those responses for species in fragmented
landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
780. Species diversity and habitat of grassland passerines during grazing of a prescribe-burned, mixed-grass prairie.
Danley, Robert F.; Murphy, Robert K.; and Madden, Elizabeth M.
Western North American Naturalist 64(1): 72-77. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: prescribed
burning: applied and field techniques/ rotation grazing: applied and
field techniques/ grazing/ habitat management/ mixed grass prairie:
prescribe burned/ species diversity/ stocking rates
Abstract:
No published data exist on responses of grassland passerines and their
habitat to combined grazing and burning treatments in northern
mixed-grass prairie. At Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge (LNWR) in
northwestern North Dakota, we monitored breeding bird occurrence,
abundance, and habitat during successive annual grazing treatments
(1998-2000) on 5 prescribe-burned, mixed-grass prairie management units
(range=50-534 ha, each burned 3-6 times in the previous 10-20 years).
All breeding passerine species characteristic of upland, northern
mixed-grass prairie were common (>10% occurrence) during at least 1
of 3 years on burned and grazed units, except Chestnut-collared
Longspur (Calcarius ornatus), which was uncommon. Vegetation was
generally shorter and sparser than that found on 4 nearby units treated
by fire only (1999; density, visual obstruction, and height, all
P<0.01). Regardless, occurrences of individual bird species
resembled those previously documented on prairie units at LNWR with
similar fire histories but no grazing; however, Brown-headed Cowbird
(Molothrus ater) occurred 2.4 times more frequently on burned and
grazed units studied. Our
data
suggest that species diversity of breeding grassland passerines changes
little during initial years of rotation grazing at moderate stocking
rates in fire-managed, northern mixed-grass prairie at LNWR.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
781. Species richness and California voles in an annual and a perennial grassland.
Fehmi, Jeffrey S. and Bartolome, James W.
Western North American Naturalist 62(1): 73-81. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: Microtus californicus/ Cricetidae/ Rodentia/ Muridae/ grazing/ California vole/ grasslands/ California
Abstract: Populations
of a common burrowing rodent, Microtus californicus
(the California vole), thrive in ungrazed or lightly grazed
grasslands
in coastal California. Two sites ungrazed by livestock, one
dominated by native perennial grasses and another dominated
by invasive annuals, were evaluated over 2 consecutive years for
the
relationship between plant species richness and location of M.
californicus burrow entrances (burrows). Plant species and burrows were
sampled as present or absent in contiguous 1-m2 quadrats on a 100-m2
grid. Quadrats with burrows averaged significantly more plant species
than quadrats without them (11.3 vs. 9.9 species, P < 0.001).
Burrows found in 1996 were not correlated with species richness in
1995, suggesting that voles affect richness rather than seek it out.
Vole burrow locations showed significant clumping on the annual site
and trended toward clumping on the perennial site in both 1995 and
1996. Because voles seem to create a clumped pattern with their burrow
entrances, the associated increase in plant species richness may have a
strong effect on the overall structure of the plant community. A
quantitative comparison of the 2 sites showed that the plant matrix of
the perennial site contained flora of the annual site. This similarity
in plant species composition may allow for similar treatment of our 2
types of sites and potentially other California grass-lands.
Undetected increases in vole populations with livestock grazing
reduction may account for the erratic results from grasslands
management research and the inconsistent success of derived management
practices.
© NISC
782. Species traits as predictors of lepidopteran composition in restored and remnant tallgrass prairies.
Summerville, Keith S.; Conoan, Christopher J.; and Steichen, Renae M.
Ecological Applications 16(3): 891-900. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Lepidoptera: habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ tallgrass prairies/ species trait
analysis use/ community structure/ restored and remnant tallgrass
prairies/ species trait analysis and conservation significance/
grassland/ restored and remnant habitats/ Iowa/ Insecta/
arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract:
Restoration ecologists are increasingly turning to the development of
trait-filter models, which predict how evolved traits limit species
membership within assemblages depending on existing abiotic or biotic
constraints, as a tool to explain how species move from a regional
species pool into a restored community. Two often untested assumptions
of
these models, however, are that species traits can reliably predict
species' broadscale distribution and that the effects of traits on
community membership do not vary between restored and remnant habitats.
The goals of this study were to determine whether combinations of
ecological traits predispose moth species toward recolonization of
restored prairies and to assess the degree to which restored prairies
contain moth assemblages comparable with prairie remnants. In 2004, we
collected 259 moth species from 13 tallgrass prairie remnants and
restorations in central Iowa. Principal components analysis (PCA)
was used to identify significant combinations of ecological traits that
were shared by groups of moth species. Logistic regression was then
employed to test for significant effects of the trait combinations on
the frequency of prairie sites occupied by moth species. PCA
partitioned moth traits into four axes that explained a total of 81.6%
of the variance. Logistic regression detected significant effects for
all four PCA axes on the fraction of sites occupied by moths. Species
frequently filtered from the regional species pool into prairies were
those that had long flight periods and were multivoltine, displayed a
feeding preference for legumes but not other forb families, and were
regionally abundant but relatively small in body size. Ordination
revealed significant differences in moth communities among prairies,
suggesting that species traits and habitat characteristics likely
interact to create observed patterns of species recolonization of
restorations. Thus, the optimal approach to restoring the lepidopteran
fauna of tallgrass prairies may involve locating prairie plantings
adjacent to habitat remnants.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
783. Spring livestock grazing affects crested wheatgrass regrowth and winter use by mule deer.
Austin, D. D.; Urness, P. J.; and Fierro, L. C.
Journal of Range Management 36(5): 589-593. (1983)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume36/Number5/azu_jrm_v36_n5_589_593_m.pdf
Descriptors: Utah/ grazing/ mule deer/ forage/ livestock
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
784. Status, ecology, and conservation of the southwestern willow flycatcher.
Finch,
Deborah M. and Stoleson, Scott H.; U.S. Forest Service Rocky
Mountain Research Station General Technical Repor RMRS-GTR 60, 2000.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr60.pdf
Descriptors: southwestern
willow flycatcher/ endangered species/ riparian/ Southwest/ exotic
woody plants/ rivers/ recovery/ habitat restoration/ neotropical
migratory birds/ brown-headed cowbird
Abstract:
The goal of this document is to describe the current status,
ecology, habitat, and threats of the southwestern willow flycatcher
(Empidonax traillii extimus); to offer guidance for managing and
protecting this Neotropical migrant and its habitats; and to identify
gaps in our knowledge of the bird and its requirements.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
785. The
status, habitat, and response to grazing of water vole populations in
the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, U.S.A.
Klaus, Marion
Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 35(1):
100-109. (2003)
NAL Call #: GB395.A73; ISSN: 1523-0430
Descriptors: USDA
Forest Service/ altitude/ bank structure/ channel types/ conservation
status/ creeks/ dry weight biomass/ grazing responses/ habitat
profiles/ habitat requirements/ historical records/ percent plant
cover/ precipitation/ riparian environments/ soils/ species abundance/
stream depth/ temperature
Abstract: Microtus
richardsoni, the water vole, was listed as a sensitive species
in Region 2 of the USDA Forest Service in 1994. Historical records
indicate water voles were found in
the Big Horn Mountains, but little was known about their
current status. The
purpose of this study was to locate water voles in
the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, develop a
habitat profile,
and evaluate the extent to which livestock grazing affects them.
Accessible creeks with habitat requirements for water voles were
surveyed. Water voles were not captured below 2440 m. Grazed and
ungrazed sites occupied by water voles were matched and analyzed for
percent plant cover, dry weight biomass, riparian classification, mean
stream depth, channel type, elevation, precipitation, and temperature.
Capture success was significantly greater in ungrazed areas. Percent
cover by ferns and thallophytes was significantly greater in areas
where water voles were more abundant, and bare ground was significantly
greater at grazed locations. Water voles were most abundant on Rosgen B
or E streams with a willow/wet Carex riparian class that is found on
relatively undisturbed sites with stable, well-developed soils and bank
structure. In the Big Horn Mountains, water vole
captures were low in comparison to the Beartooth Mountains
and synergistic effects of grazing and drying might
negatively impact this species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
786. Status
of the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) and effects of fire
management on its abundance in northeastern Kansas, USA.
Powell, Alexis F.; Busby, William H.; and Kindscher, Kelly
Journal of Insect Conservation 11(3): 299-308. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Speyeria idalia: habitat
management/ fire management effect on distributional status/ endangered
status/ Conservation status/ fire management relationships/ population
density/ grassland/ prairie habitat/ distributional status in relation
to fire management/ fire/ Kansas/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata,
Heteroneura, Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
Abstract: The
Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia), which once occupied prairies
and meadows in North America from the upper Great Plains to the
Atlantic coast, has disappeared in recent decades from nearly the
entirety of the eastern half of its range and has declined westward. In
the Great Plains, where the species is limited to native prairie
remnants, several large populations are thought to exist, but patterns
of occurrence and abundance in the region have not been described in
detail. We surveyed prairies within a three county area of
northeastern Kansas using distance-sampling along line transects
and found
Regal Fritillaries present at 70 of 87 sites. Population density varied
considerably among sites but was generally much higher at those that
had not been burned in the past year. Despite the loss of >99% of
its original prairie landcover and the small sizes of remnants (x̄ = 7.1 ha) we estimate that our study area supports a globally significant population of ≃12,000
adult individuals. Given the rapidity of decline of Regal Fritillary
populations elsewhere, this study establishes important population
benchmarks and a practical protocol for future monitoring efforts.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
787. A stewardship approach to grassland bird habitat conservation in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Davis, Stephen K; Springer, Bob; Lohmeyer, Jennifer; Hall, Lesley; and Harrison, Tom
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 1198-1200.
Notes:
Volume 2; Responsibility: Pacific Southwest Research Station; U.S.
Forest Service General Technical Report series; ISSN: 0196-2094;
Conference held 2002 March 20-24 in Asilomar, California.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/ psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/1198-1200.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Canada/ Aves/ habitat
management/ grassland conservation/ grassland/ stewardship/ habitat
conservation/ Saskatchewan/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
788. Study looks at small mammal populations in restored fields.
Schottler, Shawn
Grasslands 12(2): 4-5. (2002); ISSN: 1540-6857
Descriptors: wildlife management: conservation/ restored field habitat: small mammal populations/ tallgrass prairie
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
789. Suppression of grasshoppers in the Great Plains through grazing management.
Onsager, J. A.
Journal of Range Management 53(6): 592-602. (2000)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume53/Number6/azu_jrm_v53_n6_592_602_m.pdf
Descriptors: Melanoplus
sanguinipes/ insect control/ rotational grazing/ canopy/ rain/ heat
sums/ biomass/ prairies/ Agropyron cristatum/ population density/
Acrididae/ mortality/ life cycle/ range management/ North Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
790. Survey of CRP and other grasslands in the northeastern USA.
Adler, Paul R; Sanderson, Matt A.; and Goslee, Sarah C.
In: 88th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Savannah, GA.; Vol. 88: 6.; 2003.
Notes: Conference held jointly with the International Society for Ecological Modeling - North American Chapter.
Descriptors: conservation/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ Whittaker plot
technique/ applied and field techniques/ Conservation Reserve Program
[CRP]/ Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program [WHIP]/ biomass yield/ crop
production potential/ grassland ecosystems/ intersite variability/ mine
reclamation/ resource management/ soil properties/ spatial scales/
species composition/ species richness/ switchgrass fields
Abstract: Grassland
ecosystems are important wildlife habitat and have the
potential to be a significant component of the new biobased economy.
Most currently established grasslands in the Northeastern USA are
on land with marginal crop production potential. Little is known about
the plant composition or amount of biomass produced on these
grasslands. To assemble a database for the resource assessment of warm
season grasslands in the Northeastern USA we determined plant species
composition at multiple scales using the modified Whittaker plot
technique, measured various soil properties, and quantified biomass
yield on CRP, WHIP, mine reclamation, and other grasslands. A total of
22 grasslands were sampled in New
York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland,
and Virginia during September and
October 2002. We identified over 180 different plant species across the
study region. Species richness was about 35 and biomass was about 6000
kg/ha, but both were quite variable by site. Although biomass yields
were substantially lower than have been reported for monotypic
switchgrass fields, minimal inputs may substantially increase the
yields.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
791. Surveys and investigations projects as required by federal aid in Wildlife Restoration Act, Missouri.
Kurzejeski, E. W.
Columbia, MO: Missouri Dept. of Conservation; PB97170112XSP, 1996. 64 p.
Notes:
Final Report; Includes Study No. 1, Job No. 1, and Job No. 2; Sponsored
by Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC.
http://www.monwtf.org/attitudesurvey.pdf
Descriptors: grasses/
population/ reproduction biology/ birds/ vegetation/ Missouri/
Conservation Reserve Program/ medicine/ biology/ ecology/ zoology/
natural resources and earth sciences/ natural resource management
Abstract: During
1993-1995, we monitored vegetative conditions and avain
abundance, composition, and productivity on 8 blocked sites in
northern Missouri containing CP1 (cool-season grass), CP2
(warm-season
grass), and rowcrop fields. Total bird abundance (P less than 0.0001 in
1994), grassland bird abundance (P less 0.05 in 1994 and 1995), nest
density (P less than 0.001 each year), and number of nesting species (P
less than 0.05 each year) were all lower on crop fields than on CRP
fields. The bird community using crop fields markedly differed from
that of CRP fields, with short-grass and open-ground feeding birds
predominant on crop fields. Grassland bird species richness (P equals
0.057 in 1993, P less than 0.0001 each year), Henslow's sparrows
(Ammodramus henslowii) (P less than 0.001 in 1993 and 1995),
meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) P less than .01 in 1993 and 1995, and
American goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) (P less than 0.01 in 1994 and
1995) were higher on the structurally diverse than on CP2 fields. CP2
fields were tall, dense warm-season grass monocultures having higher
abundances of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) (P less than
0.05 in 1994) and common yellowthroats (Geothylpis trichas) P less than
0.001 each year than CP1 fields. Difference in nesting success and nest
densities of species between CP1 and CP2 fields, although rarely
significant, were similar to those of relative abundance. The
conservation value of CRP fields for declining grassland bird species
was higher for CP1 fields than for CP2 fields; species of concern were
either more abundant in both CP types. Monotypic stands of both
warm-season and cool-season grasses should be avoided to increase the
potential wildlife benefits of CRP and other idle grassland habitats.
792. Tallgrass prairie amphibian and reptile assemblage. Fire mortality.
Frese, Paul W.
Herpetological Review 34(2): 159-160. (2003);
ISSN: 0018-084X
Descriptors: Thamnophis
sirtalis/ Terrapene ornata/ Terrapene carolina/ Ophisaurus attenuatus/
Opheodrys aestivus/ Lampropeltis calligaster/ Elaphe obsoleta/ Coluber
constrictor/ Bufo americanus/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ prairies/
mortality/ habitat management/ habitat alterations/ grasslands/
fires-burns/ ecosystems/ amphibians and reptiles/ American toad/ box
turtle/ ornate box turtle/ slender glass lizard/ racer/ rat snake/
prairie kingsnake/ rough green snake/ common garter snake/ Missouri:
Dade County
Abstract:
The tallgrass prairie in Dade County, Missouri was
surveyed for evidence of vertebrate mortality resulting from a
prescribed burn conducted on 28 October 1999. A total of 72 individual
herps, consisting of eight species of reptiles and one species of
amphibian were observed. Twenty-nine individuals were found alive and
43 dead. Several T. carolina and T. ornata were found in formerly
brushy draws after the burn. Higher reptile mortality was caused due to
stimulated reptile activity because of four days of warm weather
preceding the burn date and temperatures >20 degrees on 28 October.
It was observed that to avoid high reptile mortality the prescribed
burns should be implemented during cool and overcast periods.
© NISC
793. Tallgrass prairie management and bird nest success along roadsides.
Shochat, E.; Wolfe, D. H.; Patten, M. A.; Reinking, D. L.; and Sherrod, S. K.
Biological Conservation 121(3): 399-407. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.05.012.
Descriptors: livestock
grazing/ nest placement/ Oklahoma/ prescribed fire/ survival analysis/
habitat conservation/ nesting/ prairie/ roadside environment/ wildlife
management/ Arthropoda/ Aves
Abstract:
The attributes of roadside vegetation, an important bird habitat in
grassland ecosystems, have been shown to affect bird abundance,
distribution composition, and diversity, yet there are relatively few
works on reproductive success of birds nesting along roadsides. Because
roadsides are linear habitats, management at the landscape scale can
affect nest success in roadsides through bottom-up and top-down
effects. In northeastern Oklahoma tallgrass prairie is subjected
annually to prescribed spring fires. In the short term fires can alter
both arthropod abundance and predator access to nests. We explored
effects of burning on bird nest success with a five-year study along
roads that traversed tallgrass prairie habitat. Using data from ~1400
nests of 23 species, we generated nest survival curves for groups of
altricial species defined by nest substrate (ground, shrub, tree, or
culvert). We then determined if these curves were affected by
management practice (spring burning), food abundance (arthropod
biomass), and habitat attributes (tree density and height). Nest
substrate had a large effect on nest success: despite their shorter
nest exposure period, ground nests were least successful and culvert
nests were most successful. An increase in arthropod biomass following
burning was possibly the cause for the increased nest success in burned
plots, regardless of substrate, suggesting bottom-up control. Tree
height and nest height were correlated positively with nest success,
whereas tree density had no effect. Conversely, nest predation rates
were correlated negatively with nest success, with ground nests
experiencing the highest predation, culvert nests the lowest. Our
results suggest that burning may increase nest success through
bottom-up processes, but some species may not benefit from the increase
in food abundance as a result of a concomitant increase in predation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
794. Tallgrass Prairie Restoration in southeast Kansas.
Cully, A. C.; Cully, J. F.; and Hynek, A.
Kansas Wildlife and Parks (2001); ISSN: 0898-6975
Descriptors: tall
grass prairie/ habitat management/ fescue/ grassland grazing/ cattle/
fertilization, soil and water/ burning/ transect survey/ abundance/
exotic species/ plants, miscellaneous/ land, military/ vegetation/
sampling/ Kansas
Abstract:
Cattle were removed from allotments as leases expired, and a program of
spring burning was implemented. Vascular plant species composition of
these experimental treatment pastures were compared to currently grazed
pastures and ungrazed but mowed pastures. Objectives were to determine
if a combinatioin of cessation of fertilizer application, grazing
removal, and burning would result in the reestablishment of tallgrass
prairie plant species over a relatively short period of time. Study was
conducted at the Kansas Army Ammunition Plant in southeast Kansas.
© NISC
795. The technology of bobwhite management: The theory behind the practice.
Guthery, F. S.
Ames, IA: Iowa State Press; 215 pp. (2002)
Descriptors: animal
ecology/ animal husbandry/ animal physiology/ endangered species/ game
birds/ habitats/ mathematical models/ population dynamics/ reference
works/ wild animals/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife management/
Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
This book elaborates on the management of northern bobwhites
(Colinus virginianus), stressing theory-based management technologies.
Population declines that started in the 1880s prevail over
approximately three-fourths of the original range of C. virginianus in
the United States, indicating the threat of extinction. The
different chapters discuss the bioenergetic and biophysical properties
of bobwhites as well as their water requirements, a mathematical model
to determine energy-based carrying capacity for subsequent application
in the theory of habitat management, population dynamics of the species
from a continental perspective, and demographic aspects in relation to
the theory and practice of harvest management and population viability.
Theories of habitat and habitat management are addressed.
© CABI
796. Teetering on the edge or too late? Conservation and research issues for avifauna of sagebrush habitats.
Knick, S. T.; Dobkin, D. S.; Rotenberry, J. T.;
Schroeder, M. A.; Vander Haegen, W. M.; and
Van Riper, C.
Condor 105: 611-634. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6.
http://sagemap.wr.usgs.gov/docs/Condor_105p611-634.pdf
Descriptors: birds/ sagebrush/ habitats/ land use/ agriculture/ environmental impact
Abstract:
Degradation, fragmentation, and loss of native sagebrush (Artemisia
spp.) landscapes have imperiled these habitats and their associated
avifauna. Historically, this vast piece of the Western landscape has
been undervalued: even though more than 70% of all remaining sagebrush
habitat in the United States is publicly owned, <3% of it is
protected as federal reserves or national parks. We review the threats
facing birds in sagebrush habitats to emphasize the urgency for
conservation and research actions, and synthesize existing information
that forms the foundation for recommended research directions.
Management and conservation of birds in sagebrush habitats will require
more research into four major topics: (1) identification of primary
land-use practices and their influence on sagebrush habitats and birds,
(2) better understanding of bird responses to habitat components and
disturbance processes of sagebrush ecosystems, (3) improved
hierarchical designs for surveying and monitoring programs, and (4)
linking bird movements and population changes during migration and
wintering periods to dynamics on the sagebrush breeding grounds. This
research is essential because we already have seen that sagebrush
habitats can be altered by land use, spread of invasive plants,
and disrupted disturbance regimes beyond a threshold at which natural
recovery is unlikely. Research on these issues should be instituted on
lands managed by state or federal agencies because most lands still
dominated by sagebrush are owned publicly. In addition to the challenge
of understanding shrubsteppe bird-habitat dynamics, conservation of
sagebrush landscapes depends on our ability to recognize and
communicate their intrinsic value and on our resolve to conserve them.
797. Temporal-spatial distribution of American bison (Bison bison) in a tallgrass prairie fire mosaic.
Schuler, Krysten L.; Shaw, James H.; Maichak, Eric J.; and Leslie, David M.
Journal of Mammalogy 87(3): 539-544. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J823; ISSN: 0022-2372
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Bovidae/ Bison bison/ age distribution/ behavior/ distribution/ habitat
use/ floral richness/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ land zones/ Oklahoma/
Pawhuska/ population composition/ status/ prairie vegetation/ social
behavior/ structural complexity/ tall grass prairie/ tallgrass prairie
fire mosaic/ temporal spatial distribution/ terrestrial ecology/ fire/
patch-burn mosaic/ season/ dispersion/ habitat/ prairie/ group size
Abstract:
Fire and bison (Bison bison) are thought to be historically responsible
for shaping prairie vegetation in North America. Interactions
between temporal-spatial distributions of bison and prescribed burning
protocols are important in current restoration of tallgrass prairies.
We examined dynamics of bison distribution in a patch-burned tallgrass
prairie in the south-central United States relative to bison group
size and composition, and burn age and temporal distribution. Bison
formed larger mixed groups during summer and smaller sexually
segregated Groups the rest of the year, and bison selected
dormant-season bum patches in the 1st postfire growing season most
often during spring and summer. Large bison herds selecting recently
burned areas resulted in seasonally variable and concentrated grazing
pressure that may substantially alter site-specific vegetation. These
dynamics must be considered when reintroducing bison and fire into
tallgrass prairie because variable outcomes of floral richness and
structural complexity are likely depending on temporal-spatial
distribution of bison.
© NISC
798. Texas landowner perceptions regarding ecosystem services and cost-sharing land management programs.
Olenick, Keith L.; Kreuter, Urs P.; and Conner, J. Richard
Ecological Economics 53(2): 247-260. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E26 ; ISSN: 0921-8009
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ agriculture/ economics/
wildlife habitat/ carbon sequestration/ ecosystem service/ water yield/
landowner perception/ cost sharing land management program
Abstract:
Publicly funded management programs can enhance important ecological
services including watershed functions, wildlife habitat, and carbon
sequestration. A mail survey was conducted in 2003 in the Western
Edwards Aquifer area of Texas to assess landowner perceptions
regarding the supply of ecological services from rangelands and their
willingness to participate in various land management programs aimed at
enhancing such services, which are receiving increasing public
consideration. In general, landowners favorably viewed programs that
would reduce woody plant (brush) cover in an effort to increase water
yields or to improve wildlife habitat, but they disapproved of programs
that would encourage the proliferation of woody plants in an attempt to
increase atmospheric carbon sequestration. In addition, whether land
management programs were voluntary or mandatory had a much greater
influence on the level of landowner willingness to participate in
programs than the availability of publicly funded cost-sharing.
Three-fourths of respondents indicated they would be willing to enroll
in cost-sharing brush management programs, and most viewed short-term
(5-10 year) performance contracts as the most acceptable legal
instrument for participating. To deal with ecosystem trade-offs
resulting from woody plant management, we recommend that publicly
funded programs aimed at enhancing ecosystem services through effective
woody plant management should be flexible. In addition, we recommend
the promotion of ecosystem level planning for such programs and
cooperative management strategies for landowners participating in such
program in order to maximize the effectiveness of associated public
investments. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
799. Total plasma protein and renesting by greater sage-grouse.
Gregg, M. A.; Dunbar, M. R.; Crawford, J. A.; and
Pope, M. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(2): 472-478. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: age/
blood chemistry/ Centrocercus urophasianus/ dietary protein/ greater
sage-grouse/ maternal condition/ nest initiation date/ nest predation/
nutrition/ renesting/ total plasma protein
Abstract:
Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) population declines
have been attributed to reduced productivity. Although renesting by
sage-grouse may contribute significantly to annual productivity during
some years, little information is available on this aspect of
sage-grouse reproductive ecology. We investigated the relationship
between total plasma protein, age of hen, time of first nest
initiation, and time of first nest loss on occurrence of renesting. We
captured, assigned age, extracted blood, and radiomarked prelaying,
female sage-grouse on 4 study areas during 1999-2004. We monitored
radiomarked females from mid-April through June to identify period of
nest initiation (early, mid, or late), nest loss (early or late), and
renesting activity. We only considered hens that were available to
renest (n = 143) for analysis, and we censored those that nested
successfully or died during their first nest attempt. Depredation and
abandonment accounted for 85% (122/143) and 15% (21/143) of the
unsuccessful first nests, respectively. The proportion of hens
renesting was 34% (48/143) across all study areas and years. Akaike's
Information Criterion model selection indicated that occurrence of
renesting varied by age, nest initiation period, nest loss period, and
total plasma protein. The best model had low predictive power for any
given hen (r2
= 0.296), but validation of the best model indicated that our predictor
variables were important for distinguishing renesting status and likely
explained substantial temporal and spatial variation in renesting
rates. A greater proportion of adults than yearlings renested, and hens
that nested early in the nesting season and lost nests early during
incubation were the most likely to renest. Hens that renested had
greater total plasma protein levels than non-renesting hens independent
of age, nest initiation period, and nest loss period. Because
sage-grouse depend on exogenous sources of protein for reproduction,
land management practices that promote high-quality, prelaying hen
habitat could increase dietary protein intake and sage-grouse renesting
rates.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
800. Trap-revealed microhabitat use by small mammals in monoculture grasslands.
Davis, S. S.; Mitchell, R. B.; and Demarais, S.
Texas Journal of Science 52(3): 195-200. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 00404403.
Notes:
Address: Mitchell, R.B.; Department of Range; Wildlife and Fisheries
Management; Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 79409-2125, United States;
email: rob.mitchell@ttu.edu.
Descriptors: Chaetodipus hispidus/ Eragrostis curvula/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Reithrodontomys megalotis
Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine if microhabitat differences in
canopy cover of weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) monoculture
grasslands influenced presence of small mammals. Canopy cover of
weeping lovegrass was measured at 12 trapping grids of 100 traps each.
Traps were pooled and separated into four categories (0 to 25%, 26 to
50%, 51 to 75% and 76 to 100%) based on percentage of weeping lovegrass
canopy cover at each trap location. First captures of small mammals
were analyzed using the chi square test statistic. Four species, cotton
rat (Sigmodon hispidus; n = 100), western harvest mouse
(Reithrodontomys megalotis; n = 173), hispid pocket mouse (Chaetodipus
hispidus; n = 28), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus; n = 41) were
captured in sufficient numbers for statistical comparison. Captures for
P. maniculatus and C. hispidus differed from the expected distribution
of captures (X2,
3 df, P ≤ 0.01) with more captures in open trap sites and fewer
captures in sites with increased cover. In contrast, captures for and
hispidus and R. megalotis differed from the expected distribution (X2,
3 df, P ≤ 0.001) with more captures in densely vegetated trap sites
and fewer captures in open trap sites. Canopy cover appears to
influence small mammal microhabitat selection during the spring in
weeping lovegrass monocultures. Land management decisions which affect
microhabitat characteristics may impact small mammal community
structure.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
801. Tree and shrub invasion in northern mixed-grass prairie: Implications for breeding grassland birds.
Grant, Todd A.; Madden, Elizabeth; and Berkey, Gordon B.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(3): 807-818. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Populus tremuloides/ Aves/ communities/ grasslands/ ecosystems/ habitat management/
J.
Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge/ North Dakota/ conservation/
wildlife management/ habitat use/ land zones/ aspen woodland/
fragmentation/ grassland birds/ mixed-grass prairie/ woody vegetation/
birds/ prairie/ vegetation/ exotic species/ change in vegetation/
habitat change/ brood-egg/ forest
Abstract:
North American grasslands continue to decline in quantity and quality.
In the northern mixed-grass prairie, potential edge and fragmentation
effects on grassland birds are poorly understood and conclusions are
based largely on data from outside the region. Lands in and adjacent to
J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge in north-central North
Dakota comprise one of the largest contiguous patches of northern
mixed-grass prairie remaining in North America. However, within
the region, aspen (Populus tremuloides), willow (Salix spp.), and other
woody species have increased, such that continued existence of
grasslands is threatened. We examined how breeding grassland birds
responded to habitat that has been variably fragmented by encroaching
woody vegetation. The probability of occurrence decreased markedly for
11 of 15 bird species (including 3 endemic to the northern Great
Plains) as percent woodland, tall shrub, or brush cover increased. Bird
species were increasingly affected as the height of woody plants
increased from brush to tall shrubs to trees. Grasslands became largely
unsuitable for 9 species as woodland cover exceeded 25%. Derived models
can be used by land managers to predict the outcome of management
actions that alter plant community succession or that restore
grasslands degraded by woody invasion.
© NISC
802. Tree invasion constrains the influence of herbaceous structure in grassland bird habitats.
Chapman, R. N.; Engle, D. M.; Masters, R. E.; and
Leslie, D. M.
Ecoscience 11(1): 55-63. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 11956860
Descriptors: Eastern
redcedar/ grassland birds/ Great Plains/ habitat structure/ hierarchy/
plant invasions/ woody plant encroachment/ avifauna/ biological
invasion/ ecological impact/ grassland/ habitat structure/ vegetation
structure/ woody plant/ Great Plains/ North America/ Juniperus
virginiana
Abstract: Trees
and other woody plants threaten grassland obligate birds, as well
as the biological integrity of grasslands around the world. Bird
species associated with grasslands of southern mixed-grass prairie
of North America have declined in abundance, whereas species
associated with shrub-stage and woodland habitats have increased.
Recent increases in the extent of eastern redcedar (Juniperus
virginiana) in the southern Great Plains of North America explain some
of the change in bird assemblages in landscapes composed of patches of
grassland fragmented by cropland and stands of eastern redcedar. In
this study, we determined the influence of eastern redcedar, relative
to the influence of structural attributes of the herbaceous layer, on
bird assemblages within individual patches of grassland habitat. We
indexed bird abundance within the breeding season with point counts on
grassland patches with varying levels of invasion of eastern redcedar.
Canopy cover of eastern redcedar explained a greater proportion of the
composition of bird communities in these grasslands than structure of
herbaceous vegetation. Species associated with grassland habitats
generally declined in abundance, whereas species associated with shrub
and woodland habitats increased as cover of eastern redcedar increased.
Perhaps more important to conservation ecology, our data indicate that
as canopy cover of eastern redcedar increased, variation in
abundance
of grassland birds decreased, indicating that canopy cover of eastern
redcedar may constrain the local influence of herbaceous habitat
structure on bird assemblages.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
803. Treelines between fields reduce the density of grassland birds.
O'Leary, Charles H. and Nyberg, Dennis W.
Natural Areas Journal 20(3): 243-249. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ behavior/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/
man-made habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves: disturbance by man/
habitat management/ field connection/ field enlargement/ treelines/
spatial patterns/ territoriality/ spatial patterns/ population decline/
treelines between fields/ population density/ nests/ distribution
within habitat/ grassland/ spatial analysis/ cultivated land/ habitat
fragmentation/ Illinois/ Cook County/ Poplar Creek Preserve/ grassland
species/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
804. Trends in abundance of grassland birds following a spring prescribed burn in southern Arizona.
Kirkpatrick, Chris; DeStefano, Stephen;
Mannan, R. William; and Lloyd, John
Southwestern Naturalist 47(2): 282-292. (2002)
Descriptors: Zenaida
macroura/ Columbiformes/ Aimophila botterii/ Aimophila cassinii/
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus/ Pooecetes gramineus/ Passeriformes/
Picoides scalaris/ Piciformes/ Aves/ terrestrial ecology/ prescribed
burning/ breeding ecology/ desert grasslands/ Arizona/ Buenos Aires
National Wildlife Refuge/ communities/ fires-burns/ grasslands/
ecosystems/ habitat management/ environmental factors/ conservation/
wildlife management/ habitat use/ land zones/ birds/ habitat/ prairie/
fire/ abundance/ mourning dove/ Botteri's sparrow/ Cassin's sparrow/
cactus wren/ vesper sparrow/ ladder-backed woodpecker
Abstract:
We examined short-term trends in relative abundance and species
richness of breeding and wintering grassland birds before (1996) and
after (1997, 1998) a prescribed burn in a mesquite-invaded, desert
grassland at Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. We
surveyed birds and sampled vegetation along 1-km line transects
bisecting 14 (7 control, 7 burn) 25-ha plots located randomly within a
burn and adjacent control unit. Following a spring burn that was
moderate in intensity and patchy in areal extent, we observed that
ground cover was affected more strongly by burning than mesquite
(Prosopis) cover, smaller mesquite were affected more strongly by
burning than larger mesquite, and mortality of mesquite was low. No
change in total abundance of birds was detected on the burn unit
following fire for either wintering or breeding birds; however, species
richness of breeding birds decreased in the first year post-burn.
During the breeding season, mourning doves (Zenaida macroura)
increased, whereas Botteri's sparrows (Aimophila botterii), Cassin's
sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and cactus wrens (Campylorhynchus
brunneicapillus) decreased in relative abundance following fire. During
the wintering season, ladder-backed woodpeckers (Picoides scalaris) and
vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus) increased and cactus wrens
decreased in relative abundance following fire. Beyond species-level
trends, we found stronger evidence of trends and greater magnitudes of
relative change for breeding species associated with open grasslands
compared to those associated with shrubs. The use of spring burns on
the Refuge will likely improve conditions for open-grassland species
that were historically more abundant by killing smaller mesquite and
reducing mesquite recruitment. However, more intense and extensive
fires will be required to reduce the presence of larger mesquite. Such
fires would likely have a greater impact on birds associated with
shrubs, and consequently, a greater impact on the avian community as a
whole.
© NISC
805. Trends in grassland bird abundance following prescribed burning in southern Arizona.
Kirkpatrick, Christopher Kreitler. University of Arizona, 2000.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Destefano, Stephen and Mannan, R. William
Descriptors: algarrobo/ aves/ procreando/ Prosopis spp./ ecology/ agriculture/ range management
Abstract:
I examined trends in relative abundance and species richness of
breeding and wintering grassland birds before (1996) and after (1997,
1998) a spring prescribed burn in a mesquite-dominated desert grassland
at Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. The burn was
moderate in intensity, patchy in extent, and affected ground cover more
strongly than shrub cover, smaller shrubs more strongly than larger
shrubs, and killed 1% of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina). Species
richness of breeding birds decreased in the first year post-burn. Of
breeding species, black-throated sparrows (Amphispiza bilineata) and
mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) increased; whereas Botteri's sparrows
(Aimophila botterii), Cassin's sparrows (Aimophila cassinii), and
pyrrhuloxias (Cardinalus sinuatus) decreased in relative abundance.
Breeding species characterized as not shrub-dependent exhibited changes
that were more pronounced than those for shrub-dependent species. Of
wintering birds, ladder-backed woodpeckers (Picoides scalaris) and
vesper sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus) increased, and cactus wrens
(Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) decreased in relative abundance.
© NISC
806. Understanding relationships between greater sage-grouse habitat and population dynamics in eastern Montana.
Moynahan, Brendan J.; Lindberg, Mark; and
Thomas, Jack Ward
Intermountain Journal of Sciences 8(4): 258-259. (2002); ISSN: 1081-3519
Descriptors: Centrocercus
urophasianus/ birds/ population ecology/ status/ habitat use/
ecosystems/ sagebrush/ habitat management/ wildlife management/ habitat
surveys/ study methods/ greater sage grouse/ Artemisia spp./ Aves/
Montana
Abstract: The
long-term decline of greater sage grouse (Centrocercus
urophasianus) over much of their historic range is of concern to
managers of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats. A petition has
been submitted to list the Washington population of sage grouse
under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and a range-wide listing
petition is expected in the near future. That habitat quality is
related to demographics of populations is a fundamental assumption of
the practice of managing species via managing habitat. However,
few studies explicitly acknowledge this relationship, and still fewer
explicitly attempt to define this relationship on a species-specific
basis. There currently is no way to reliably determine the nature
of the interaction between sage grouse population status (as indicated
by estimated vital rates) and habitat condition. This research
will use a combination of well-establish population demography tools
and state-of-the-art analysis methods to elucidate relationships
between Sage-Grouse populations and habitat at six sites in
eastern Montana. Mark-resight and radio telemetry methods
will be
employed to estimate vital rates of sage grouse populations.
Sensitivity analysis will identify which rate(s) has the greatest
influence on population growth rate (λ)
under different habitat conditions. Habitat condition at each
site will be assessed by several critical habitat characteristics.
A regression approach will quantify the relationship between
individual vital rates and each of the measured habitat
characteristics. The research will provide
crucial
information to federal and state wildlife professionals charged with
managing for sage grouse and will be of particular use in the event of
a petition to list sage grouse under the ESA.
© NISC
807. Upland bird research: Evaluation of livestock grazing and residual herbaceous cover on sage grouse nest success.
Giesen, K. M. Colorado Division of Wildlife, 1995. 16 pp. Job Final Report.
Notes: Period Covered: 1 Jan. 1993 –31 Dec. 1994.
Descriptors: telemetry/
habitat/ female/ vegetation/ size/ sagebrush/ predation/ trapping/
marking/ Colorado/ Jackson County
Abstract:
Six strutting grounds in North Park, Colorado
(Boettcher Junction, Coalmont, Delaney Butte, Lost Creek, Raven, and
Spring Creek) were selected for documentation of hen movements to
nests. Nesting habitat adjacent to each study lek was identified, and
nest success and causes of failures were ascertained. Vegetative
structure at nest sites was measured to determine possible selection
for specific nesting habitats. Grazing from a portion of the nesting
habitat associated with each strutting ground studied was
experimentally excluded, and subsequent nest success between nests in
grazing exclosures and control areas was compared.
© NISC
808. The use of cattle as a management tool for wildlife in shrub-willow riparian systems.
Krueger, H. O. and Anderson, S. H.
In:
Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses,
General Technical Report-RM 120/ Johnson, R. Roy; Ziebell, Charles D.;
Patton, David R.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; and Hamre, R. H.; Fort Collins,
Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1985.
pp. 300-304.
Notes: Conference held April 16-18, 1985 in Tuscon, Ariz.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: cattle/ grazing/ wildlife/ habitats/ resource management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
809. Use of riparian corridors and vineyards by mammalian predators in northern California.
Hilty, J. A. and Merenlender, A. M.
Conservation Biology 18(1): 126-135. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: habitat corridor/ habitat fragmentation/ predation/ riparian zone/ vineyard/ California/
Sonoma County
Abstract:
To address increasing fragmentation, conservation biologists have
focused on protecting core habitat areas and maintaining connectivity
among protected areas. Wildlife corridors, strips of relatively intact
habitat designed to connect habitat fragments, may enhance
connectivity, but little empirical evidence supports the idea that
large mammals prefer to use corridors rather than the surrounding
developed landscape. In Sonoma County, a premium
wine-grape-growing region in California, we examined mammalian
predator use of 21 riparian corridors classified as denuded, narrow, or
wide according to the width of the remaining natural vegetation
adjacent to the creek. We used unbaited, remotely triggered cameras to
determine occurrence of predator species. We also monitored predator
use of six vineyards, three close to core habitat and three far from
core habitat, with unbaited cameras. Mammalian predator detection rates
were 11-fold higher in riparian study areas than in vineyards. More
native mammalian predator species were found in wide corridors than in
narrow or denuded creek corridors. The number and activity level of
native predators was higher in vineyards adjacent to core habitat than
in vineyards farther away, where the number and activity level of
non-native predators was higher. Maintaining wide and well-vegetated
riparian corridors may be important in maintaining the connectivity of
native predator populations to ensure their long-term survival.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
810. Using short duration grazing to accomplish wildlife habitat objectives.
Guthery, F. S.; DeYoung, C. A.; Bryant, F. C.; and
Drawe, D. L.
In:
Can livestock be used as a tool to enhance wildlife habitat?, General
Technical Report-RM 194/ Severson, Kieth E., ed.; Fort Collins, Colo.:
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1990. pp. 41-55.
Notes: Literature review; 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Reno, Nev., February 13, 1990.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 194
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
abiotic factors/ physical factors/ Aves/ Mammalia: farming and
agriculture/ short duration grazing use as habitat management tool/
habitat management/ short duration grazing use/ population dynamics/
short duration grazing effects/ habitat
management
aspects/ grassland/ habitat management by short duration grazing/
aridity/ desertification reversal due to livestock watering/
conservation aspects/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
811. Variation in grasshopper (Acrididae) densities in response to fire frequency and bison grazing in tallgrass prairie.
Joern, A.
Environmental Entomology 33: 1617-1625. (Dec. 2004)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532
Descriptors: bison grazing/ prairies/ Orthoptera/ population dynamics/ prescribed burning
Abstract:
While weather can contribute significantly to grasshopper population
dynamics in North American grasslands, local environmental conditions
resulting from land use practices may be equally important. In this
study, significant differences in grasshopper density were detected
among adjacent watersheds from Kansas Flint Hills tallgrass prairie
that differed in fire frequency and especially bison grazing
treatments. Grasshopper densities were approximately equal to 2.5 times
greater in grazed watersheds compared with ungrazed ones. Grasshopper
densities also varied somewhat in response to fire frequency, mostly in
species-specific ways. No treatment interactions on overall grasshopper
density were detected. The effects of fire frequency and bison grazing
were
implemented
in part through their combined effect on the structural heterogeneity
of vegetation, and other habitat characteristics. Individual
grasshopper species responded uniquely to combinations of fire
frequency and bison grazing. Grazing resulted in significant increases
in density for seven of the nine most abundant species; fire frequency
affected two species; and one species did not respond to either fire or
grazing. Understanding effects of habitat on grasshopper densities
provides opportunities to manage these populations for economic or
conservation needs.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
812. Vegetation and deer response to mechanical shrub clearing and burning.
Rogers, James O.; Fulbright, Timothy E.;
Ruthven, Donald C.; and Ruthven D.C.
Journal of Range Management 57(1): 41-48. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Cervidae/ Odocoileus virginianus/ brushland habitat/ burning/ burning
and mechanical clearing/ fire/ food availability/ habitat management/
habitat utilization/ scrub/ Texas/ abiotic factors/ conservation/
conservation measures/ ecology/ land zones/ nutrition/ physical
factors/ terrestrial habitat/ white-tailed deer/ experiment/
vegetation/ productivity/ food
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is a recommended maintenance treatment following
mechanical treatments of south Texas brushlands, but it is unknown
whether it is preferable to additional mechanical treatments to improve
habitat for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Raf.). We tested
the hypotheses that prescribed burning of aerated (top-growth removal
of woody plants) plots during late summer would decrease
protein-precipitating tannins in browse, increase forb biomass, and
increase deer utilization compared to a second aeration. Ten patches of
brush, ranging in size from 2.8-8.1 ha, were aerated during spring
1999. In late summer 2000, maintenance treatments were applied; 5
patches were burned and 5 were aerated a second time. Standing crop,
nutritional quality, and tannin concentrations (browse only) of deer
forages were estimated. Deer tracks crossing bulldozed lanes
surrounding each patch were counted to estimate deer use. Standing crop
of browse, forbs, grass, succulents, protein-precipitating tannins in
browse, and track density did not differ between treatments. Based on
deer use and forage biomass response, burning and a second aeration
16-17 months following an initial aeration appear to have similar
effects on habitat characteristics and use of cleared patches by
white-tailed deer. Because of lower cost, we recommended prescribed
burning as a maintenance treatment of aerated shrublands.
© NISC
813. Vegetation cover and forb responses to cattle exclusion: Implications for pronghorn.
Loeser, Matthew R.; Mezulis, Sharon D.; Sisk, Thomas D.; and Theimer, Tad C.
Rangeland Ecology and Management 58(3): 234-238. (2005)
NAL Call #: SF85.J67; ISSN: 1550-7424
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ land zones/ Antilocapra americana
(Bovidae): farming and agriculture/ cattle exclusion/ fawn hiding
cover/ forb availability/ food plants/ food availability/ habitat
utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ rangeland habitat/ Arizona/ Anderson
Mesa/ Bovidae/ Artiodactyla/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Cattle
grazing is often implicated as a factor that reduces vegetative
cover and the abundance of important forage plants for wildlife. Recent
declines in northern Arizona populations of pronghorn
(Antilocapra americana Ord) have focused public and scientific
attention on the
factors contributing to low fawn recruitment and the potential benefits
of cattle removal. To further understand the effects of cattle grazing,
we studied the potential hiding cover provided by standing live and
dead herbaceous matter as well as forb richness and canopy cover
following 5 years of cattle removal. Cattle removal increased
horizontal hiding cover by 8% at a distance of 5 in (P = 0.025), but
had no statistically significant effect on the potential hiding cover
at distances of 10 in (P = 0.105) or 25 in (P = 0.746). Forb species
richness was 16% lower in exclosures than in an adjacent grazed pasture
in 2001 (P = 0.036), but no differences were observed in 2002 (P =
0.636). The canopy cover of forbs was generally unaffected by cattle
removal. These results suggest that curtailing or removing cattle is
unlikely, by itself, to lead to rapid improvements in the hiding cover
or forb availability for pronghorn on similar rangelands in
northern Arizona. In this region, where immediate improvements in
fawn
survival and recruitment are important to population persistence,
additional management actions should be considered.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
814. Vegetation trends in tallgrass prairie from bison and cattle grazing.
Towne, E. G.; Hartnett, D. C.; and Cochran, R. C.
Ecological Applications 15(5): 1550-1559. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: bison/
cattle/ grazing effects/ herbivory/ Konza Prairie (Kansas, USA)/ plant community/ species richness/ temporal heterogeneity
Abstract: Comparisons
between how bison and cattle grazing affect the plant
community are understood poorly because of confounding differences in
how the herbivores are typically managed. This 10-year study compared
vegetation changes in Kansas (USA) tallgrass prairie that was burned
and grazed season-long at a moderate stocking rate by either bison or
cattle. We held management practices constant between the herbivores
and equalized grazing pressure by matching animals so that the total
body mass in all pastures was similar each year. Trends in species
cover and diversity indices in the bison and cattle pastures were
compared with ungrazed prairie that also was burned annually. We found
that little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) cover decreased over
time in bison pastures, and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) cover
increased over time in cattle pastures. Grazing by either herbivore
increased the canopy cover of annual forbs, perennial forbs, and
cool-season graminoids, but both annual and perennial forb cover
increased at a greater rate in bison pastures than in cattle
pastures. Missouri goldenrod (Solidago missouriensis) and heath
aster
(Symphyotrichum ericoides) were primarily responsible for the increased
forb cover in grazed pastures. Species richness at both small (10 m2) and large (200 m2)
spatial scales increased at a greater rate in bison pastures than in
cattle pastures, but richness did not change through time in ungrazed
prairie. The number of annual forb species was significantly higher in
bison pastures than in pastures grazed by cattle. Residual graminoid
biomass at the end of the grazing season was lower in bison pastures
than in cattle pastures, whereas forb residuum increased over time at a
greater rate in pastures grazed by bison than in pastures grazed by
cattle. Although bison and cattle differentially altered some
vegetation components, the plant communities in bison and cattle
pastures were 85% similar after 10 years of grazing. We conclude that
most measurable differences between bison-grazed and cattle-grazed
pastures in tallgrass prairie are relatively minor, and differences in
how the herbivores are typically managed may play a larger role in
their impact on prairie vegetation than differences between the
species. © 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
815. Viewpoint: The ecological value of shrub islands on disturbed sagebrush rangelands.
Longland, William S. and Bateman, Sheryl L.
Journal of Range Management 55(6): 571-575. (2002)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ habitat utilization/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology:
habitat management/ Disturbed sagebrush rangelands/ ecological value of
shrub vegetation islands/ community structure/ biodiversity and
succession in shrub vegetation islands/ implications for recovery of
rangelands/ succession in habitats/ role of shrub vegetation islands/
terrestrial habitat/ sagebrush rangelands/ ecological value of shrub
vegetation islands in disturbed landscapes/ conservation implications/
ecological value of shrub vegetation islands in disturbed sagebrush
rangelands/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
816. Vole herbivory shapes vegetation in experimental tallgrass prairie restorations (Illinois and Wisconsin).
Howe, Henry F.
Ecological Restoration 20(4): 278-279. (2002);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: nutrition/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Microtus pennsylvanicus:
feeding behavior/ herbivory/ plant community restoration/ Illinois/
Wisconsin/ grasslands/ tallgrass prairie/ Chicago/ Morton Arboretum/
Viola/ Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
817. A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation buffers in agricultural watersheds.
Qiu, Z.
Environmental Management 32(3): 299-311. (2003)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X
Descriptors: Benefit-cost
analysis/ conservation buffers/ landscape planning/ variable source
areas/ agriculture/ biodiversity/ environmental engineering/ flood
control/ soils/ water quality/ wetlands/ agricultural landscapes/
wildlife habitats/ watersheds/ buffer/ agricultural land/ buffer zone/
landscape planning/ nonpoint source pollution/ watershed/ agriculture/
environmental protection/ watershed/ agriculture/ Conservation of
natural Resources/ environment Design/ models, theoretical
Abstract:
Conservation buffers have the potential to reduce agricultural nonpoint
source pollution and improve terrestrial wildlife habitat, landscape
biodiversity, flood control, recreation, and aesthetics, Conservation
buffers, streamside areas and riparian wetlands are being used or have
been proposed to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution. This
paper proposes an innovative strategy for placing conservation buffers
based on the variable source area (VSA) hydrology. VSAs are small,
variable but predictable portion of a watershed that regularly
contributes to runoff generation. The VSA-based strategy involves the
following three steps: first, identifying VSAs in landscapes based on
natural characteristics such as hydrology, land use/cover, topography
and soils; second, targeting areas within VSAs for conservation
buffers; third, refining the size and location of conservation buffers
based on other factors such as weather, environmental objectives,
available funding and other best management practices. Building
conservation buffers in VSAs allows agricultural runoff to more
uniformly enter buffers and stay there longer, which increases the
buffer's capacity to remove sediments and nutrients. A field-scale
example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and
cost-effectiveness of the within-VSA conservation buffer scenario
relative to a typical edge-of-field buffer scenario. The results
enhance the understanding of hydrological processes and interactions
between agricultural lands and conservation buffers in
agricultural
landscapes, and provide practical guidance for land resource managers
and conservationists who use conservation buffers to improve water
quality and amenity values of agricultural landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
818. Waterfowl use of dense nesting cover in the Canadian parklands.
Arnold, Todd W.; Craig-Moore, L. E.;
Armstrong, Llwellyn M.; Howerter, David W.;
Devries, James H.; Joynt, Brian L.; Emery, Robert B.; and
Anderson, Michael G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8): 2542-2549. (Nov. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: waterfowl/ nesting/ habitat management/ ducks/ wetlands/ Anas/ prairie
Abstract:
Dense nesting cover (DNC) has been a conspicuous component of habitat
management for upland-nesting ducks for >30 years, but its benefits
for nesting ducks have been contentious. During 1994-1999 we monitored
3,058 dabbling duck (Anas spp.) nests in 84 DNC fields located
throughout the Canadian Parklands to examine sources of among-field
variation in nest density and nesting success. Nest density averaged
1.51 (SE = 0.15) nests/ha and overall nesting success was 20.4%, but
there was pronounced annual variation in both estimates. Nesting
success increased with increasing field size (range = 6-111 ha), but
nest density remained constant. Nest density increased with percent
wetland habitat within DNC fields and declined with percent perennial
cover in the surrounding 2.4 X 2.4-km landscape, but these variables
were not important for predicting nesting success. Nest abundance and
nesting success roughly doubled in fields seeded with alfalfa (Medicago
sativa) or sweet clovers (Melilotus spp.), but there was no benefit
from using native as opposed to tame grasses. We recommend that
waterfowl
managers in the Canadian Parklands establish DNC with alfalfa in large
fields in landscapes with abundant wetlands but minimal competing cover.
© ProQuest
819. What factors determine where invertebrate-feeding birds forage in dry agricultural grasslands?
Atkinson, Philip W.; Buckingham, David; and
Morris, Antony J.
Ibis 146(Suppl. 2): 99-107. (2004); ISSN: 0019-1019
Descriptors: mowing: applied and field techniques/ agricultural grassland/ foraging behavior/ grazing
Abstract:
Increases in the intensity of the management of agricultural grasslands
over the past 50 years have reduced plant species diversity in swards
and increased uniformity in structure through changes in fertilizer
regimes, grazing and mowing practices. These factors, as well as
increased disturbance and trampling, have reduced the number and
diversity of forbs and thus the diversity and abundance of
invertebrates, in particular of foliar species. Associated with these
changes in management, there has been a large decline in the abundance
of many species of farmland birds in pastoral areas and more local
extinctions compared with arable areas. To understand the impact of
these management changes on bird populations, and design measures to
reverse the declines, it is necessary to identify the key factors
influencing bird usage of fields. We review results from five studies,
which have related fertilizer and grazing management to bird usage of
grass fields. Species that fed on soil invertebrates tended to show a
positive response to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer added and
increased grazing pressure, although there was a high degree of
correlation between these two variables. In summer, many species,
including corvids, Common Blackbird Turdus merula, Common Starling
Sturnus vulgaris, Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba and Hedge Accentor
Prunella modularis, showed a negative relationship with sward height,
and in winter more species showed a positive relationship with bare
ground. Taller sward heights are associated with a greater abundance
and diversity of bird invertebrate food resources, and accessibility of
food items or a lower risk of predation (actual or perceived) are
likely to be the reasons for birds choosing to forage on shorter swards
and in areas with more bare ground. Birds feeding on soil invertebrates
were found to be generally tolerant of modern management practices that
maintain short swards short, as accessibility to the soil has been
increased. Species that feed on foliar invertebrates or forb seeds have
been affected negatively by modern grassland agricultural practices.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
820. Where should buffers go? Modeling riparian habitat connectivity in northeast Kansas.
Bentrup, G. and Kellerman, T.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 59(5):
209-215. (2004)
Descriptors: fragmentation/
geographical information systems/ habitats/ indicators/ riparian
vegetation/ riverbank protection/ vegetated strips/ water quality/
watersheds/ Ambystoma/ Glaucomys/ Papilio glaucus/ Zapus hudsonius
Abstract:
Through many funding programmes, riparian buffers are being created on
agricultural lands to address significant water quality problems.
Society and landowners are demanding many other environmental and
social services (e.g., wildlife habitat and income diversification)
from this practice. Resource planners therefore need to design riparian
buffer systems in the right places to provide multiple services.
However, scientific guidance for this is lacking. We developed a
geographic information system (GIS)-based assessment method for quickly
identifying where buffers can be established to restore connectivity of
riparian areas for the benefit of terrestrial wildlife. An area in
northeastern Kansas, USA, was selected to evaluate this tool.
Species with limited dispersal capabilities were used as indicators for
riparian connectivity. These include meadow jumping mouse (Zapus
hudsonius), tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), southern flying
squirrel (Glaucomys volans) and eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly
(Papilio glaucus). To improve connectivity, results indicated that 22%
of the perennial stream length in the study area would need riparian
buffers. This coarse-filter approach appears to be appropriate for
large area planning and can be used singly or in combination with other
GIS-guided resource assessments to guide riparian buffer design and
implementation.
© CABI
821. Where the bobolinks roam: The plight of North America's grassland birds.
Mccracken, Jon D.
Biodiversity 6(3): 20-29. (2005); ISSN: 1488-8386
Descriptors: wildlife management: conservation/ urbanization/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss
Abstract:
Grassland birds, in this study defined as species that are wholly or
mostly dependent upon upland grasslands for their survival, have
experienced the most pronounced declines of any other group of birds on
the North American continent, and the declines appear to be continuing
unabated. Widespread declines of farmland birds are also occurring in Great Britain and western Europe, largely due to the
intensification of agricultural operations. Habitat loss has been the
major driving force for declines of grassland birds up until the last
50 years when the intensification of mechanized agricultural
operations, along with increased habitat fragmentation that is
associated with larger "industrial" farm sizes, became strong factors
Other threats to grassland birds come from invasive species and
planting of exotic grasses, urbanization, residential development, oil
and gas extraction, wind power development, excessive
predation/parasitism, fire suppression that results in succession to
shrubland, ground water depletion, development of transportation
corridors, use of pesticides, and rodent eradication programs. No
single management approach or conservation solution will benefit the
entire suite of grassland bird species across large geographic regions.
Just stabilizing populations of grassland birds at their present levels
presents a huge conservation challenge.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
822. Wild
ungulate influences on the recovery of willows, black cottonwood and
thin-leaf alder following cessation of cattle grazing in northeastern Oregon.
Case, Richard L. and Kauffman, J. Boone
Northwest Science 71(2): 115-126. (1997)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: biomass/
black cottonwood/ crown volume/ ecosystem restoration/ grazer/ grazing/
habitat degradation/ herbivore/ salmonid habitat recovery/ seedling
establishment/ thin leaf alder/ tree recovery
Abstract:
Restoration of degraded riparian ecosystems is of great importance for
the recovery of declining and endangered stocks of Columbia River
salmonids as well as riparian-obligate wildlife species. Willows (Salix
spp.), thin-leaf alder (Alnus incana), and black cottonwood (Populus
trichocarpa) are important features of western riparian ecosystems
having multiple functional roles that influence biological diversity,
water quality/quantity, and aquatic/terrestrial food webs and habitats.
Removal of domestic livestock and the construction of big game
enclosures have been hypothesized to be effective restoration
techniques for riparian ecosystem as well as for salmonid habitat
recovery. Following more than a century of livestock grazing, cattle
were removed from Meadow Creek in 1991 and the rates of riparian shrub
recovery were measured for the two years following. Elk and deerproof
enclosures were constructed to quantify the browsing influences of
native large ungulates. The initial mean height of 515 deciduous trees
and shrubs (14 species) was 47 cm. After two years in the absence of
livestock, significant increases in height, crown area, crown volume,
stem diameter and biomass were measured both outside and inside of the
enclosures. Mean crown volume of willows increased 550% inside of wild
ungulate exclosures and 195% outside. Black cottonwood increased 773%
inside and 808% outside, while thin-leaf alder increased 1046% inside
and 198% outside. Initial shrub densities on gravel bars were low
averaging 10.7 woody plants/100m-2. Shrub numbers significantly
increased apprxeq 50% (to 15.8 plants/100m-2 m or one new shrub for
every 9 meters of transect length) outside of elk and deer proof
enclosures through both clonal and seedling establishment. At the
beginning of the study (1991), catkin production on willows was low
(i.e., only 10% produced catkins). Wild herbivores had a significant
influence on the reproductive output of willows; in 1993 catkins were
produced by 34% of the tagged willows within enclosures but only 2%
outside of enclosures. Wild herbivores were found to have significant
influences on the rate of height growth of black cottonwood. For
willows, wild herbivores had a significant influence on the rate of
growth for the parameters of height, crown area, crown volume, and
standing biomass. Nevertheless, due to the inherent resilience and
adaptions to natural disturbance processes displayed by the riparian
species, there was a rapid and positive response to cessation of those
land use activities (i.e, cattle grazing) that caused habitat
degradation and/or were preventing recovery.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
823. Wildlife and livestock grazing alternatives in the Sierra Nevada.
Kie, John G.
Transactions of the Western Section of the
Wildlife Society 27: 17-29. (1991)
NAL Call #: SK351.W523; ISSN: 0893-214X.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ land and freshwater zones/ Strix nebulosa (Strigidae)/
Molothrus ater (Icteridae)/ Empidonax traillii (Tyrannidae)/ Mammalia:
farming and agriculture/ alternative livestock grazing strategies/
habitat conservation benefit/ habitat management/ benefit of
alternative livestock grazing strategies/ conservation benefit of
alternative livestock grazing strategies/ California/ Sierra Nevada/
habitat conservation benefit of alternative livestock grazing
strategies/ Strigidae/ Strigiformes/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
824. Wildlife
on ungrazed and grazed bottomlands on the South Platte River,
northeastern Colorado: Habitats, land management, adverse effects.
Crouch, G. L.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur
D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 186-197; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: Colorado/ lowlands/ wildlife/ livestock/ grazing/ South Platte River
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
825. Wildlife responses to grazing management and habitat manipulation: The Welder Wildlife Refuge experience.
Drawe, D. L.
In: Proceedings of a conference on multispecies grazing. Baker, Frank H. and Jones, R. Katherine (eds.)
Morrilton, Ark.: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development; pp. 93-108; 1985.
NAL Call #: SF85.3.P76
Descriptors: range management/ objectives/ United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
826. Wildlife use of livestock water under short duration and continuous grazing.
Prasad, N. L. and Guthery, F. S.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(4): 450-454. (1986)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ Procyon lotor/ Canis latrans/ Meleagris gallopavo/ Zenaida
macroura/ Tayassu tajacu/ Molothrus ater/ cattle/ grazing management/ Texas
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
827. Willow flycatcher and yellow warbler response to cattle grazing.
Taylor, D. M. and Littlefield, C. D.
American Birds 40(5): 1169-1173. (1986)
NAL Call #: QL671.A32; ISSN: 0004-7686
Descriptors: Empidonax traillii/ Dendroica petechia/ human activity/ habitat protection
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
828. Winter foraging habitat of greater sandhill cranes in northern California.
Littlefield, Carroll D.
Western Birds 33(1): 51-60. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL684.C2; ISSN: 0160-1121
Descriptors: nutrition/
feeding behavior/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ man-made habitat/ land
and freshwater zones/ Grus canadensis tabida (Gruidae): foraging/
habitat preference/ cultivated land habitat/ California/ Sacramento
Valley/ Upper Butte Basin/ winter foraging habitat/ Gruidae/
Gruiformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In the upper Butte basin (Butte, Colusa, Glenn, and Sutter
counties) of California's Sacramento Valley,
wintering Greater Sandhill Cranes select unaltered harvested rice
stubble most consistently for foraging. They feed in burned and flooded
rice stubble for brief periods; their use of such fields decreases
dramatically by January and remains low thereafter. Few cranes forage
in rice stubble disked in autumn. Recently planted winter wheat
attracts large numbers of cranes from the time of planting until
shortly after seedling emergence but not after early January. Disked
corn stubble is used sporadically, primarily in late January and
February just before cranes migrate in spring. Grazed grasslands also
support cranes, mostly after
the
onset of winter rains. Foraging habitat for cranes in the basin is
currently ample, but continuing changes in agricultural practices may
result in future food shortages.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
829. Words from the woods: Bobwhite.
Overcott, Nancy
Minnesota Birding 40(6): 20-21. (2003)
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ vocalization/ pastures/ mortality/ hedgerows/
habits-behavior/ habitat use/ farmland/ environmental factors/
ecosystems/ distribution/ climate/ census-survey methods/ birdwatching/
birds/ bobwhite/ Minnesota: Fillmore County
Abstract: The
author discusses the sighting of bobwhites (northern bobwhite
quail) in Fillmore County, south of Canton near the lowa
border. The bird's calls and songs were heard. These birds were
familiar across southern Minnesota where small family farms with
hedgerows, windbreaks, and pastures provided ideal habitat until the
mid 1900s. As farms became larger with fewer hedgerows and pastures,
the bobwhite population declined. Only a small number remained in the
southeastern counties by 1950. Research indicates that because of a
high mortality rate and low life expectancy, up to 4000 birds may be
required for a self-sustaining population. Climate also plays a part.
Bobwhites in southeastern Minnesota are on the fringes of their
northern range. The entire state may eventually become suitable for the
species due to regional warming. An increased number of bobwhite
sightings in neighboring Houston County were observed. Wisconsin also
shows an increasing trend in bobwhites numbers on breeding bird
surveys. The species have a tendency to make seasonal movements to food
sources, so it seems an expanding population of
bobwhite from Wisconsin may occasionally expand
into Minnesota.
© NISC
830. Abundance
and attributes of wildlife trees and coarse woody debris at three
silvicultural systems study areas in the interior cedar-hemlock zone, British Columbia.
Stevenson, Susan K.; Jull, Michael J.; and Rogers, Bruce J.
Forest Ecology and Management 233(1): 176-191. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
North America/ Canada/ comprehensive zoology: forestry/ trees and
coarse woody debris used by wildlife/ implications/ forest/ habitat
management/ logged forest/ forest and woodland/ logging/ British
Columbia/ northern interior wetbelt
Abstract:
Unmanaged cedar (Thuja plicata)-hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests of
the northern Interior Wetbelt of British Columbia support standing and
dead trees with a variety of structural features that provide habitat
for wildlife. We describe the pre-harvest abundance and characteristics
of wildlife trees (standing trees with special characteristics that
provide habitat for wildlife) and coarse woody debris (CWD) at three
silvicultural systems trials in cedar-dominated stands, and the
short-term effects of forest harvesting on the abundance and attributes
of CWD. The treatments were clearcut, group retention (70% volume
removal), group selection (30% volume removal), and unlogged control.
We measured standing trees in 75 0.125-ha plots and CWD along 225 24-m
transects, using a functional classification system to characterize
habitat attributes of trees and logs. CWD assessments were repeated on
the same transects after the harvest. The relationship between tree
size and occurrence of habitat features was strong for both standing
trees and logs. Each of the four major tree species in the study area
was associated with specific habitat features that occurred more often
in that species than in any other. Large concealed spaces at the bases
of trees, providing den sites and escape cover, were associated with
hybrid white spruce (Picea engelmannii x glauca). We suggest that these
trees had originated on nurse logs that subsequently rotted away; if
that supposition is correct, there may be shortages of these structures
in future stands that originate from plantations. Forest
harvesting had little effect on the volume of CWD, but did affect the
decay class distribution, reduce the proportion of pieces having
structural habitat attributes, and reduce piece lengths; these effects
were generally proportional to the level of harvest removal.
Partial-cut silvicultural systems have the potential to mitigate
anticipated deficits in large wildlife trees and logs in managed
stands, if components of the stand are managed on longer rotations than
those planned for timber production alone. © 2006 Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
831. Abundance
and richness of neotropical migrants during stopover at farmstead
woodlots and associated habitats in southeastern South Dakota.
Swanson, D. L.; Carlisle, H. A.; and Liknes, E. T.
American Midland Naturalist 149(1): 176-191. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: abundance/
avifauna/ migratory species/ species richness/ stopover/ woodland/
United States/ Ambrosia trifida/ Catharus ustulatus/ Coccyzus/
Dendroica striata/ Icterus/ Mimidae/ Pheucticus/ Troglodytes/ Vermivora
celata/ Vermivora ruficapilla/ Wilsonia pusilla
Abstract:
Woodland habitats are scarce in the northern Great Plains and were
historically concentrated along river corridors. Over the past century,
riparian habitats in this area have been much reduced, but new woodland
habitats in the form of farmstead woodlots and shelterbelts have
appeared. We used mist net sampling and point counts to document
richness and abundance of Neotropical migrant birds in farmstead
woodlot habitats during spring and fall migrations (1996-1997) in
southeastern South Dakota. A total of 668 individuals of 30
Neotropical migrant species (excluding the taxa Coccyzus, Troglodytes,
Mimidae, Icterus and Pheucticus, in which migratory and non-migratory
individuals were difficult to distinguish) was captured in 4342 net
hours (using 9-m. rather than the standard 12-m mist nets) in spring.
The corresponding fall totals (again using 9-m nets) were 3250 net h,
231 individuals and 29 species. If fall captures in a ragweed (Ambrosia
trifida) patch occurring within the woodlot are included, however, the
fall totals were 5107 net h. 1211 individuals and 29 species. Overall
densities of Neotropical migrants from point counts were 1302 birds km-2 in spring and 898 birds km-2in
fall. Capture and point count data followed similar phenologies,
with peak abundance during mid-May in spring and late August-early
September in fall. Both methods indicated seasonal abundance
differences for some species, with Swainson's thrush (Catharus
ustulatus) and blackpoll warbler (Dendroica striata) more abundant in
spring. Orange-crowned (Vermivora celata). Nashville (V.
ruficapilla) and Wilson's (Wilsonia pusilla) warblers were more
abundant in fall. Captures within the woodlot were evenly distributed
among different microhabitats during spring migration, but fall
captures occurred disproportionately in scrubby edge-related
microhabitats, especially in ragweed, suggesting that seasonal shifts
in microhabitat selection may occur within woodlots. Density and
capture rate data were similar to previously reported values for
riparian habitats in this area. Thus, a diverse assemblage of
Neotropical migrants occurs in woodlots during migration, suggesting
that woodlots are regularly used as stopover sites and supplement
available natural woodland habitats
along river corridors.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
832. Abundance
and species composition of amphibians, small mammals, and songbirds in
riparian forest buffer strips of varying widths in the boreal mixedwood
of Alberta.
Hannon, S. J.; Paszkowski, C. A.; Boutin, S.; DeGroot, J.; Macdonald, S. E.; Wheatley, M.; and Eaton, B. R.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(10):
1784-1800. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x02-092.
Descriptors: aquaculture/
biodiversity/ water quality/ species composition/ forestry/ amphibians/
avifauna/ buffer zone/ forest management/ riparian forests/
silviculture/ small mammals/ Canada/ Amphibia/ Aves/ Mammalia/ Passeri/
Passeriformes/ Riparia/ Vertebrata
Abstract: Forested buffer strips are left along water
bodies
after forest harvesting to protect water quality and fish stocks, but
little is known about their utility as reserves for forest species in
managed landscapes. We report on changes in terrestrial vertebrate
communities from pre- to post-harvest in experimentally created buffer
strips (20, 100, 200, and 800 m wide) in a boreal mixedwood forest in
Alberta, Canada. We trapped anuran amphibians and small mammals and
spot-mapped bird territories around 12 lakes (4 treatment levels, 3
replicates) before and after harvesting. Changes in small mammal or
amphibian abundance were not detected for any treatment relative to
controls; however, these species are habitat generalists that used and
even bred in clearcuts. Total bird abundance did not change after
harvesting, with the exception of crowding in 20-m buffers 1 year
post-harvest. Species composition did not change for amphibians and
small mammals after harvest, but forest-dependent bird
species declined as buffer width narrowed from 200 to
100 m and narrower. We concluded that 20-100 m
buffers would not serve as reserves for forest songbirds
in
managed landscapes, but that 200 m wide stripsconserved the pre-harvest
passerine bird community, at least up to 3 years post-harvest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
833. Abundance of green tree frogs and insects in artificial canopy gaps in a bottomland hardwood forest.
Horn, Scott; Hanula, James L.; and Ulyshen, Michael D.
American Midland Naturalist 153(2): 321-326. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Anura/
Hylidae/ Lissamphibia/ Hyla cinerea/ Aiken/ bottomland hardwood forest/
canopy/ habitat use/ forests/ ecosystems/ land zones/ population
ecology/ status/ South Carolina/ terrestrial ecology
Abstract:
We found more green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) in canopy gaps than in
closed canopy forest. Of the 331 green tree frogs observed, 88% were in
canopy gaps. Likewise, higher numbers and biomasses of insects were
captured in the open gap habitat. Flies were the most commonly
collected insect group accounting for 54% of the total capture. These
data suggest that one reason green tree
frogs
were more abundant in canopy gaps was the increased availability of
prey and that small canopy gaps provide early successional habitats
that are beneficial to green tree frog populations.
© NISC
834. Active and passive forest management for multiple values.
Carey, Andrew B.
Northwestern Naturalist 87(1): 18-30. (Apr. 2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8
Descriptors: forest management/ wildlife habitat/ management techniques/ habitat fragmentation/ biodiversity
Abstract:
Comparisons of natural and managed forests suggest that single-focus
management of 2nd growth is unlikely to achieve broad conservation
goals because biocomplexity is important to ecosystem capacity to
produce useful goods and services. Biocomplexity includes species
composition, the absolute and relative abundances of those species, and
their arrangement in space (for example, trees and shrubs of various
species, sizes, vigor, and decay states). Key to high biocomplexity is
patchiness at the appropriate spatial scale (for example, 0.1 to 0.5
ha). Passive management (benign neglect) does not necessarily remedy
whatever degradation might have occurred under past management or
neglect (for example, lack of biological legacies, artificial
homogeneity, loss of biodiversity, missing keystone species, presence
of diseases, or increased vulnerability to disturbance). Furthermore,
not all management is equal. Purposefully managing processes of forest
development and landscape dynamics is more likely to be successful in
maintaining ecosystem and landscape function (and adaptiveness) than
just providing select structural elements in stands and select
structural stages in landscapes, as is often suggested for
conservation. Deliberate simplification of ecosystems (for example,
even-aged, single-species plantations harvested every 15 to 40 y to
maximize wood production) runs counter to conservation, even if
rotations are extended slightly and conventional thinning is applied.
Recent experiments support the importance of biocomplexity to soil
organisms, vascular plants, fungi, invertebrates, birds, small mammals,
and
vertebrate
predators. These studies suggest that various techniques used
purposefully over time are more likely to be successful than any 1-time
intervention, passive management, or traditional timber management.
Biocomplexity is promoted by variable-retention harvest systems,
planting and precommercial thinning for species diversity,
variable-density thinning to create spatial heterogeneity and foster
species diversity, managing decadence processes to provide cavity trees
and coarse woody debris, and long to indefinite rotations. At the
landscape scale, passive management (reserves and riparian corridors)
that does not take into account restoration needs may be
self-fulfilling prophecies of forest fragmentation and landscape
dysfunction. Restoring landscape function entails restoring function to
both 2nd growth and riparian areas. Intentional (integrated, holistic,
and collaborative) systems management seems to offer the best hope for
meeting diverse objectives for forests, including conservation of
biodiversity, a sustained yield of forest products, and economic,
social, and environmental sustainability.
© ProQuest
835. Active vs. passive management for biodiversity and other forest values.
Carey, Andrew B.
Northwestern Naturalist 86(2): 87. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: birds/ corridors/ biodiversity/ ecosystem function/ habitat restoration/ wildlife conservation
Abstract:
Comparisons of natural and managed forests suggest that neither
single-species management nor conventional forestry is likely to be
successful in meeting broad and diverse conservation goals.
Biocomplexity is important to ecosystem function and capacity to
produce useful goods and services; biocomplexity includes much more
than trees of different sizes, species diversity, and individual
habitat elements. Managing multiple processes of forest
development, not just providing selected structures, is necessary to
restore biocomplexity and ecosystem function. Experiments in
inducing heterogeneity into 2nd-growth forest canopies not only support
the importance of biocomplexity to various biotic communities including
soil organisms, vascular plants, fungi, birds, small mammals, and
vertebrate predators, but also suggest that management can promote
biocomplexity. At the landscape scale, strategies emphasizing
reserves and riparian corridors that do not take into account
ecological restoration of 2nd-growth forest ecosystems and degraded
streams may be self-fulfilling prophecies of forest fragmentation and
landscape dysfunction. Restoring landscape function entails
restoring function to 2nd-growth forest. Intentional management
can reduce the need for wide riparian buffers, produce landscapes
dominated by late-seral stages that are hospitable to wildlife
associated with old-growth forests, provide a sustained yield of forest
products, and contribute to economic, social, and environmental
sustainability.
© NISC
836. Adequacy of roost locations for defining buffers around Mexican spotted owl nests.
Ward, J. P. and Salas, D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3): 688-698. (Fall 2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5
Descriptors: Strix
occidentalis/ nesting/ wildlife management/ geographic information
systems/ New Mexico/ habitat selection/ habitat buffers/ conservation
planning/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ forestry related/ animal ecology and behavior
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
837. Amphibian and reptile habitat relationships in forest stands scheduled for disturbance: Pre-treatment results.
Sutton, W. B.; Wang, Y.; and Schweitzer, C. J.
Southeastern Biology 53(2): 228. (2006); ISSN: 1533-8436
Descriptors: forest
habitats/ forests/ habitat alterations/ anthropogenic disturbances/
habitats/ habitat management/ reptiles/ amphibia/ reptiles/ forest
environments/ Alabama
Abstract:
Understanding habitat influences upon amphibian and reptile communities
is essential for forests currently under a disturbance regime. This
study presents pre-treatment analysis of habitat factors and the roles
they play in constructing amphibian and reptile communities.
Pre-treatment habitat and herpetofaunal variables were collected from
eighteen experimental forest stands located within the William B.
Bankhead National Forest, Alabama. These plots represent forest stands
that are scheduled for forest disturbance. Experimental design for this
study consists of a three by two factorial randomized complete block
design. Disturbance factors included three thinning levels (no thin, 11
sq m per ha residual basal area (BA), and 17 sq m per h residual BA)
and two burn treatments (no burn and burn). Ten habitat variables were
assessed along three random line transects within each plot (54 total
habitat plots). Amphibians and reptiles were collected by drift fences
from April-November 2005. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was
used to determine and evaluate habitat features responsible for
structuring herpetofaunal communities. Thirty-five total species (17
amphibian
species and 18 reptile species) were captured throughout the sampling
period. Pre-treatment evaluation of habitat factors is necessary to
determine long term effects of forest disturbance on amphibian and
reptile communities.
© NISC
838. Amphibians in managed, second-growth Douglas-fir forests.
Aubry, Keith B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 1041-1052. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Ambystoma
gracile/ Plethodon vehiculum/ Ascaphus truei/ Ensatina eschscholtzii/
Rana aurora/ Douglas fir/ amphibians and reptiles/ distribution/
habitat management/ ecosystems/ forests, coniferous/ forestry
practices/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ amphibia/ species diversity/
clearcutting/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ secondary forests/ Washington/
species richness/ natural resources/ forest management
Abstract: Few
studies have been conducted on amphibian communities in managed,
second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in
the Pacific Northwest. The author's objectives were to investigate
patterns of amphibian species richness, biomass, and abundance, and
explore habitat relationships in different age classes of second-growth
Douglas-fir forests primarily for timber production. He sampled
terrestrial amphibian populations occurring in four distinct age
classes of managed forest in western Washington with pitfall traps
from 1992 to 1994. Although these forests were devoid of residual old
growth, and all stands were at least in their second rotation, they
contained the same assemblage of amphibian species occurring in
unmanaged Douglas-fir forests in this region. Terrestrial amphibian
communities in managed forests were structured differently than in
unmanaged forests, however, with higher proportions of northwestern
salamanders (Ambystoma gracile) and western redback salamanders
(Plethodon vehiculum), and a much lower proportion of tailed frogs
(Ascaphus truei). Contrary to several previous studies, he found no
evidence that variation in amphibian abundances was strongly influenced
by the amount of coarse woody debris on the forest floor. Further
research is needed to elucidate the effects of intensive timber
management on coarse woody debris and its role in the persistence of
terrestrial amphibian populations in managed forests. Because
rotation-age stands (the oldest age class) had the highest amphibian
species richness, total biomass, and total abundance, and contained
significantly higher abundances of the ensatina (Ensatina
eschscholtzii) and red-legged frog (Rana aurora) than all younger age
classes, silvicultural strategies that increase the percentage of
rotation-age forest conditions within managed landscapes are likely to
enhance the long-term habitat quality of intensively managed forest
landscapes for terrestrial amphibians.
© NISC
839. An analysis of late-seral forest connectivity in western Oregon, U.S.A.
Richards, William H.; Wallin, David O.; and
Schumaker, Nathan H.
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1409-1421. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Mammalia/
Aves/ mammals/ birds/ silviculture/ loss of habitat/ dispersal/
ecological requirements/ territory/ home-range/ simulation/
habitat management/ landscape
Abstract: Habitat
loss and fragmentation due to timber harvest in western Oregon has
put wildlife species reliant on late-seral forest under
demographic pressure as available habitat shrinks and local populations
become isolated. Few studies have examined the effects of habitat
removal and fragmentation on the ability of wildlife to disperse over
large areas. We used a spatially explicit population model to examine
the effects of landscape patterns on the dispersal success of
territorial wildlife species with different dispersal capabilities and
home-range sizes. Simulations of dispersal were conducted on 8.3
million ha of forested landscape in western Oregon, based on
forest conditions derived from satellite imagery. We compared dispersal
success for baseline conditions of land cover with two alternative
landscape patterns: late-seral forest habitat systematically converted
to a younger forest class based on (1) public ownership and (2) the
Northwest Forest Plan reserve system. Dispersal success increased with
larger dispersal distances and with smaller home ranges (p < 0.01).
Results indicate that the reserve system will not maintain habitat
connectivity throughout the landscape for species with relatively short
dispersal distances. Patches showing the greatest decrease in dispersal
activity following the systematic removal of late-seral forest habitat
were identified as important areas of connectivity.
© NISC
840. An appraisal of biological diversity 'standards' for forest plantation.
Spellerberg, I. F. and Sawyer, J. W. D.
In:
Assessment of biodiversity for improved forest planning: Proceedings of
the Conference on Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Planning.
Monte Verita, Switzerland. Bachmann, P.; Kohl, M.; and
Paivinen, R. (eds.)
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers;
pp. 361-365; 1998.
Notes: Literature review.
NAL Call #: SD1.F627-v.51; ISBN: 0792348729
Descriptors: forest
plantations/ biodiversity/ evaluation/ forest management/ standards/
nature conservation/ land use/ wildlife/ forest ecology/ objectives
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
841. Approaches to investigate effects of forest management on birds in eastern deciduous forests: How reliable is our knowledge?
Thompson, F. R.; Brawn, J. D.; Robinson, S.; Faaborg, J.; and Clawson, R. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1111-1122. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: experimental
design/ forest management/ research/ songbirds/ avifauna/ deciduous
forest/ forest management/ reproductive success
Abstract:
We reveiw some key features of scientific inquiry and experimental
design and apply them to studies of the effects of forest management on
songbirds. We use examples from contemporary studies in eastern
deciduous forests. Scientific methods, observational versus
experimental studies, replication and randomization, choice of factors
and models, and response variables are important elements in designing
research approaches that address effects of forest management. There
are significant gaps in our knowledge on the effects of forest
management on birds. Many studies have addressed effects of management
on species abundance, but we can make only limited inferences from most
of these. The design of studies is complicated because of the range of
forest management practices, variation in bird species responses,
differences among forest types, and the effects of confounding factors
such as landscape effects. Few studies have addressed effects of forest
management on the reproductive success of forest songbirds. We believe
the reliability of our knowledge in this area will be improved most
quickly if we use current knowledge to generate hypotheses, use a mix
of well-designed observational and manipulative experiments to test
them, and more frequently measure reproductive success in addition to
bird abundance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
842. Arboreal squirrel response to silvicultural treatments for dwarf mistletoe control in northeastern Oregon.
Bull, E. L.; Heater, T. W.; and Youngblood, A.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19(2): 133-141. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD388.W6; ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors: habitats/
mistletoes/ responses/ silvicultural systems/ silviculture/ thinning/
witches' brooms/ Arceuthobium/ Glaucomys/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Abstract:
Various silvicultural treatments are commonly used to sanitize stands
by removing trees infected with dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp.),
yet witches' brooms in trees infected with dwarf mistletoe often
provide structures used by many wildlife species. We compared relative
abundance, habitat use, and area of use of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus) and northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) before
and after two different treatments designed to remove a range of dwarf
mistletoe-caused witches' brooms in northeastern Oregon in
1998-2002. Dwarf mistletoe sanitation treatments included: (1) an
island treatment, with retention of up to 0.5 ha groups of trees
containing witches' brooms in evenly distributed uncut islands, and all
harvest activity confined to thinning from below outside these islands
to eliminate trees containing witches' brooms; and (2) a total removal
treatment, which consisted of removing all trees that contained a
witches' broom estimated to be >25 cm in diameter. Before treatment,
over half of the red squirrels and northern flying squirrels in the
treatment area occupied summer rest sites in witches' brooms on large
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Live trapping indicated a
pretreatment abundance of 1.0 per 100 trap/nights for red squirrels and
0.4 per 100 trap/nights for northern flying squirrels, and a
posttreatment abundance of 2.1 per 100 trap/nights for red squirrels
and 0.2 per 100 trap/nights for northern flying squirrels. Type of rest
site and amount of red squirrel reuse did not change after the island
treatment, although the number of red squirrels located in rest sites
increased with the island treatment. Most of the red squirrel locations
occurred within the islands. Area of use by red squirrels did not
change with island treatment. Type of rest site used by red squirrels
and northern flying squirrels shifted after the total removal treatment
from mostly witches' brooms to predominantly tree cavities. Area of use
by red squirrels increased from 1.8 to 7.6 ha after the total removal
treatment.
Results suggest that retention of trees containing witches' brooms in
small groups or islands offers an opportunity to retain rest site
habitat, although northern flying abundance declined with both
treatments.
© CABI
843. Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?
Girard, Caroline; Darveau, Marcel; Savard, Jean Pierre L.; and Huot, Jean
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(9):
1895-1907. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/
Canada/ Aves: habitat management/ temperate mixedwood forests
significance as distinct habitat/ occurrence data implications/ habitat
utilization/ forest and woodland/ temperate mixedwood forests/
perception as distinct habitat/ occurrence data analysis and management
implications/ Quebec/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Forestry
practices used in mixedwood forests have led to a reduction of
the availability of mixedwood stands and to a simplification of the
forest mosaic, with unknown consequences on wildlife. We assessed bird
occurrences at different spatial scales (50-, 100-, and 1000-m radius)
in response to coniferous, deciduous, and mixedwood stands within
the Quebec balsam fir-yellow birch domain. Our objective was to
evaluate whether birds perceive temperate mixedwood forests as distinct
from deciduous and coniferous forests. We quantified bird occurrence at
57 observation points and determined habitat composition from forest
maps. At the 50-, 100-, and 1000-m scales, the occurrence of two, four,
and four species, respectively, was positively related to mixedwood
stands. Among them the Blackburnian Warbler, the Northern Parula,
the Black-throated Blue Warbler, and the Ovenbird responded at more
than one scale. Some species were also influenced by coniferous and
deciduous stands at the three spatial scales. Mixedwood stands were
positively associated with the occurrence of many species and moreover
were preferred over coniferous or deciduous stands by some species.
These results support our hypothesis that mixedwood forests are
distinct habitats and provide a new justification for preserving this
forest type.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
844. Area sensitivity and edge avoidance: The case of the three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) in a managed forest.
Imbeau, Louis and Desrochers, Andre
Forest Ecology and Management 164(1-3): 249-256. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Picoides
tridactylus/ Piciformes/ Picidae/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ area sensitivity/ boreal forestry/
edge avoidance/ industrial forestry/ old-growth forest specialization/
distribution/ foods-feeding/ ecosystems/ forest management/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ Lac Saint-Jean area/ Quebec/ wildlife-human
relationships/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife/
disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ northern three-toed woodpecker/
silviculture/ forest fringe/ boundary
Abstract:
Given the extensive progression of industrial forestry in boreal
regions that reduces the area of old-growth forests and considerably
increases the amount of sharp edges, important declines are to be
expected among old-forest specialists area-sensitive or edge-avoiding
boreal birds. The Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) is
likely to be one of the species most negatively affected by boreal
forestry and is possibly sensitive to forest area and edges. In this
study, we quantify the area sensitivity and edge-avoidance of the
Three-toed Woodpecker by analyzing its pattern of occurrence at 100
playback stations that had from 8 to 100% forest cover within a 300 m
radius. Behavioral observations were also conducted to further
investigate its response to edges in logged forests using foraging
locations in relation to the nearest clear-cut border. Moreover, we
document their foraging movement patterns in two contrasting landscapes
(continuous versus shredded forests after logging). Although the
occurrence of Three-toed Woodpeckers was highly related to the area of
suitable habitat around the playback station, this relationship was
quasi-linear and no critical threshold was found within the range of
forest cover sampled. The amount of edge did not provide additional
information on woodpecker occurrence. Individual woodpeckers in
shredded forests did not select foraging trees further away from
clear-cut edges than available ones. However, based on the results of
the movement path analysis, continuous forests might provide better
nesting habitat than residual, shredded forests. Indeed, spatial
configuration of residual forest seemed to highly constrain foraging
movements of this species because of its strong avoidance of open
areas. Considering other studies conducted on forest birds, such
modified movement patterns could be particularly harmful while both
adults must feed their nestlings and behave as central foragers.
Therefore, even if no pattern of area-sensitivity or edge-avoidance
were found, harmful consequences of forest shredding following forest
logging may still occur for boreal species such as the Three-toed
Woodpecker. However, residual forests strips are essential to maintain
this species within managed areas, its population density within such
residual forests being comparable to the one obtained in continuous
forests.
© NISC
845. Area
sensitivity in grassland passerines: Effects of patch size, patch
shape, and vegetation structure on bird abundance and occurrence in
southern Saskatchewan.
Davis, S. K.
Auk 121(4): 1130-1145. (2004)
Descriptors: abundance/
habitat fragmentation/ passerines/ patch dynamics/ patch size/ prairie/
vegetation structure/ Canada/ North America/ Saskatchewan/ Ammodramus/
Ammodramus bairdii/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Anthus/ Anthus spragueii/
Aves/ Calcarius/ Calcarius ornatus/ Eremophila/ Eremophila alpestris/
Molothrus/ Molothrus aeneus/ Molothrus ater/ Passerculus sandwichensis/
Passeri/ Passeriformes/ Spizella pallida/ Sturnella neglecta
Abstract:
Information on area sensitivity and effects of habitat fragmentation
has come largely from forest and tallgrass-prairie habitats. Research
from other ecosystems is required to determine whether the
fragmentation paradigm derived from those studies is applicable to
passerine communities elsewhere. I examined the effects of habitat
fragmentation on abundance and occurrence of nine species of
mixed-grass prairie passerines in southern Saskatchewan. I
conducted 190 point-counts in 1996 and 1997 on 89 pastures ranging in
size from 8 to 6,475 ha. Sprague's Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Baird's
Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Grasshopper Sparrow (A. savannarum), and
Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) were found to be
area-sensitive, in that they were more abundant or occurred more
frequently, or both, in larger patches of mixed-grass prairie. However,
the ratio of edge to interior habitat was a better predictor of area
sensitivity than patch size in most cases. Horned Lark (Eremophila
alpestris), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Clay-colored
Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta),
and Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) were insensitive to patch
size, though occurrence of Clay-colored Sparrow and Western Meadowlark
tended to be greater in smaller pastures. Vegetation structure was also
found to be an important predictor of grassland songbird abundance and
occurrence, in that it explained additional variation not accounted for
by patch size or the ratio of edge to interior habitat. Although
protection of large contiguous tracts of habitat is essential to
conservation of native species, small native-prairie patches with
minimal edge habitat also play a vital role in conservation of
grassland birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
846. Arthropod responses to harvesting and wildfire: Implications for emulation of natural disturbance in forest management.
Buddle, Christopher M.; Langor, Dauid W.; Pohl, Greg R.; and Spence, John R.
Biological Conservation 128(3): 346-357. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Araneae/ Carabidae/ Staphylinidae: forestry/ habitat
management/ community structure/ wildfire/ forest and woodland/ forest
litter/ litter habitat/ Alberta/ arachnids/ arthropods/ beetles/
Chelicerates/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Although natural disturbance has been widely adopted as a template for
forest management that protects biodiversity, this hypothesis has not
been adequately tested. We compared litter-dwelling arthropod
assemblages (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae; Araneae) in
aspen-dominated stands originating as clear-cuts or wildfires across
three age classes (1-2, 14-15, and 28-29 years old) to test whether the
post-harvest and post-fire assemblages converged following
disturbances, and to compare faunal succession. These findings were
compared to data about epigaeic arthropods in old and mature pyrogenic
aspen stands (>70 years old) to determine whether diversity and
community composition of arthropods from the younger age-classes
approached what may have been typical predisturbance conditions. The
resulting data-set of almost 27,000 arthropods and 230 species showed
convergence in most taxa, and some general similarities between 28- and
29-year-old stands and old and mature stands. However, not all taxa
responded similarly, and faunal succession following clear-cutting
appeared to progress more rapidly than following wildfire.
Rarefaction-estimated diversity was elevated in 1-2-year-old stands,
compared to unharvested stands, reflecting a mix of closed-canopy and
open-habitat species. Nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling ordinations
showed that samples from young wildfire disturbed stands (1-2 years
old) included more variable assemblages than all other study sites, and
contained species that may depend on unique post-fire habitat
characteristics. The fauna of old and mature stands exhibited low
diversity, but contained species with limited dispersal abilities, and
species tied to old-growth habitats such as dead wood. Harvesting
systems that do not allow adequate recovery following a first
harvesting pass, or do not maintain microhabitat features associated
with older fire-origin forests, may threaten persistence of some
elements of boreal arthropod faunas. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
847. Artificial inoculation of decay fungi into Douglas-fir with rifle or shotgun to produce wildlife trees in western Oregon.
Filip, G. M.; Parks, C. G.; Baker, F. A.; and Daniels, S. E.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19(3): 211-215. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD388.W6; ISSN: 08856095
Descriptors: cavity-nester habitat/ Fomitopsis cajanderi/ internal decay/ rifle and shotgun inoculation/ tree topping/ Trichaptum abietinum
Abstract: A
total of 188 Douglas-fir trees were treated to determine whether
fungal inoculation with rifle or shotgun promoted stem decay and
subsequent use by cavity-nesting birds in the Coast Range
in Oregon. Inoculated trees were either live or killed by topping.
Topped trees were climbed and severed just below the lowest whorl of
live branches. Fungal inoculum was delivered by either a 0.45-70
caliber rifle or a 12-gauge shotgun to tree trunks at a height of about
8 m aboveground. Inoculum of either Phellinus pini or Fomitopsis
cajanderi was grown on small wooden dowels or sawdust and fitted into
the rifle slug (dowels) or behind the shotgun slug (sawdust). Sterile
dowels or sawdust were used as a control. After 5 years, all topped
trees had died, and at least 50% had sap rot as indicated by the
presence of conks of Trichaptum abietinum. Conks of Crytoporus
volvatus, Fomitopsis pinicola, or P. pini were sometimes observed on
topped (dead) trees. Almost half of the topped trees had evidence of
wildlife activity including foraging holes, nest cavities, or bark
removal. There was no difference in sap rot incidence or subsequent
wildlife activity among three treatments (rifle, shotgun, or not shot)
or among three inoculum types (P. pini, F. cajanderi, or sterile). None
of the untopped (live) but artificially inoculated trees had conks or
evidence of wildlife use. Of seven live and shot trees that were
destructively sampled, there was an average of 68.7 cm2
of decay area on each wood disc that was associated with each bullet.
There was no apparent difference in internal decay area between sterile
and viable inoculum, but sample size was small. It appears that tree
killing by topping below the live crown is a faster method of creating
wildlife habitat than ballistic inoculation of live Douglas-fir trees
in the Oregon Coast Range. Topped and dead trees
had more avian foraging holes, deep cavities, and bark removed than did
live inoculated trees. Based on the seven live shot trees that we
sampled for internal decay, it appears that shooting trees with a
shotgun or rifle is effective in creating internal decay within 5
years, but it may take several more years to form a decay column large
enough to be used by cavity-nesting birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
848. Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators.
Noss, R. F.
Forest Ecology and Management 115(2/3): 135-146. (1999)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
forest management/ biological indicators/ assessment/ planning/ nature
conservation/ methodology/ protection of forests/ wildlife communities/
old growth forests/ virgin forests/ forest fragmentation/ forest fires/
road construction/ forest ecology/ North America
Abstract:
Enlightened forest management requires reliable information on the
status and condition of each forest (interpreted from a broad context)
and of change in forest conditions over time. The process of forest
planning must begin with a clear statement of goals, from which
detailed objectives and management plans follow. Goals and objectives
for forest management should reflect the conservation value of a forest
relative to other forests of the same general type. This paper reviews
some recent assessments (with emphasis on North America), presents
a framework for forest assessment and monitoring, and suggests some
indicators of biodiversity in forests. Among the broad assessments of
forest status and conservation value are a global 'forest frontiers'
assessment by the World Resources Institute, gap analysis projects that
assess the level of representation of forests and other communities in
protected areas, and ecoregion-based conservation assessments conducted
by the World Wildlife Fund. Also important is information on change in
forest area and condition over time. Among the common changes in
forests over the past two centuries are loss of old forests,
simplification of forest structure, decreasing size of forest patches,
increasing isolation of patches, disruption of natural fire regimes,
and increased road building, all of which have had negative effects on
native biodiversity. These trends can be reversed, or at least slowed,
through better management. Progress toward forest recovery can be
measured through the use of ecological indicators that correspond to
the specific conditions and trends of concern.
Although
there is a wealth of indicators to choose from, most have been poorly
tested and require rigorous validation in order to be interpreted with
confidence.
© CABI
849. Assessing risks to spotted owls from forest thinning in fire-adapted forests of the western United States.
Lee, D. C. and Irwin, L. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 211: 191-209.
(June 2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73
Descriptors: temperate
forests/ Strix occidentalis/ endangered species/ wild birds/ risk
assessment/ wildlife management/ forest thinning/ forest ecology/ fire
ecology/ wildfires/ fire hazard reduction/ prescribed burning/
overstory/ stand density/ stand structure/ simulation models/
California/ risk modeling/ plant ecology/ forest fire management/
mathematics and statistics
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
850. Assessing the influence of forest management of amphibian microhabitat.
Risenhoover, Ken L. and McBride, Tim C.
Northwestern Naturalist 82(2): 80. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: amphibians/ microhabitat/ conservation/ soil temperature/ forest management/ riparian zones/
Abstract:
Because of their limited mobility and apparent narrow tolerance for
microhabitat conditions, there is a growing concern that amphibians may
be negatively impacted by harvest activities in managed forests.
Here, we summarize preliminary results from our investigations of
microhabitat conditions in managed forests and relate them to patterns
of amphibian occurrence. We measured fine-scale patterns in
microhabitat (soil moisture, soil temperature, relative humidity,
ambient air temperature, and vegetation) along transects running
perpendicular from the stream edge and extending up to 60 m into the
adjacent upland. We contrasted patterns of microhabitat found in
mature (55 to 65 yr old) and recently harvested stands with continuous
or discontinuous riparian management zones. Generally, soil
temperature increased slightly with increasing distance from the stream
edge, and ambient air and soil temperatures were highest in clearcuts
outside of streamside buffers. Soil moisture was highly variable
and showed no consistent trend in relation to distance from streams.
Soil moisture was higher in clearcuts than in forested areas.
Surprisingly, the range of microhabitat conditions present in
clearcuts did not differ greatly from those found in riparian buffers
and in unharvested stands, Although microhabitat conditions tended to
be more variable in recently harvested stands. Diel patterns of
ambient temperature and relative humidity suggested that microclimatic
conditions were similar between clearcut and unharvested areas with the
exception of 4 to 6 hr in the mid-afternoon during dry summer months.
During July to August, 90% of surface active amphibians occurred
within 2 m of streams suggesting that protection of near-stream
microhabitat should be the focus of conservation measures.
Surface vegetation and woody debris available in recently
harvested stands appears to provide suitable microclimate and refugia
for the amphibians.
© NISC
851. Association
between severity of prescribed burns and subsequent activity of
conifer-infesting beetles in stands of longleaf pine.
Sullivan, B. T.; Fettig, C. J.; Otrosina, W. J.; Dalusky, M. J.; and Berisford, C. W.
Forest Ecology and Management 185: 327-340. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: bark-beetles/ forest/ silviculture/ fire/ forest damage/ population dynamics/ abundance/ South Carolina
Abstract:
A randomized complete block experiment was performed to measure the
effect of prescribed, dormant-season burns of three different levels of
severity (measured as fuel consumption and soil surface heating) on
subsequent insect infestation and mortality of mature longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris Mill.). Multiple-funnel traps baited with a low
release rate of turpentine and ethanol were used to monitor activity of
certain coniferophagous beetles. Non-aggressive species, including the
root beetles Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff and H. tenuis Eichhoff, the
ambrosia beetle Xyleborus pubescens Zimmermann, the reproduction weevil
Pachylobius picivorus (Germar), and buprestid borers, were attracted to
burned plots in numbers that correlated positively with burn severity.
Beetle attraction to burned sites was greatest in the first weeks
post-burn and disappeared by the second year. Two potential
tree-killing bark beetles, Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) and Ips
grandicollis (Eichhoff), were trapped in significant numbers but
exhibited no attraction to burned plots. Tree mortality correlated
significantly with the severity of the burns and amounted to 5% of
stems in the hottest burn treatment after 3 years. The majority of the
mortality was observed in the second and third years post-burn. Attacks
of Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles were apparent on nearly all dead
or dying trees, and evidence suggested that root pathogens may have
contributed to tree susceptibility to beetle attack and mortality. Our
data indicate that selection of burn regimes that reduce or eliminate
consumption of duff (e.g., favoring heading fires over backing fires)
could significantly reduce mortality of longleaf pine managed for long
rotations.
© NISC
852. The association of small mammals with coarse woody debris at log and stand scales.
Bowman, Jeffrey C.; Sleep, Darren; Forbes, Graham J.; and Edwards, Mark
Forest Ecology and Management 129(1/3): 119-124. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Blarina
brevicauda/ Clethrionomys gapperi/ Microtus chrotorrhinus/ Microtus
pennsylvanicus/ Napaeozapus insignis/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Sorex/
Synaptomys cooperi/ Zapus hudsonius/ Rodentia/ Insectivora/ behavior/
habitat management/ mammals/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ dead wood/
diversity/ fauna/ insectivores/ rodents/ bank vole/ red-backed mouse/
red-backed vole/ deer mouse/ woodland jumping mouse/ jumping mouse/
meadow vole/ bog lemming/ short-tailed shrew/ long-tailed shrew/
Canada/ New Brunswick
Abstract:
Coarse woody debris is an important structural element in forests.
The authors empirically investigated the relationships between
small mammals and coarse woody debris decay stage at two different
scales: individual logs and forest stands. There were no
significant relationships between small mammals and individual logs of
different decay classes. They investigated the stand scale using
areas with contrasting management intensities (a reference area and a
more intensively managed area). No significant relationships were
found between small mammal abundance (any species) and either mean
decay class of logs in a stand, or overall abundance of logs.
There was evidence of a landscape context effect.
Red-backed voles, the most abundant microtine in the region, were
significantly related to the abundance of the most decayed logs.
This relationship was only significant on the intensively managed
landscape, where highly decayed logs were rare.
© NISC
853. Associations between forest fire and Mexican spotted owl.
Jenness, J. S.; Beier, P.; and Ganey, J. L.
Forest Science 50: 765-772. (Dec. 2004)
Descriptors: Strix
occidentalis/ owls/ threatened species/ forest fires/ prescribed
burning/ forest stands/ Pinus/ reproduction/ wildlife management/
forest wildlife relations/ Arizona/ New Mexico/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ forest fire
management/ forestry production natural regeneration
Abstract:
In 1993, the US Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Mexican spotted
owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) as threatened, in part because of the
rising threat to its habitat from stand-replacing wildfires. In 1997,
we surveyed 33 owl sites that, in the previous four years, had burned
at various levels ranging from light controlled burns to
stand-replacing fires. We compared owl occupancy and reproduction in
these burned sites to 31 unburned owl sites with similar habitat and
topography. Although unburned sites showed higher proportions of both
occupancy and reproduction, the negative relationship observed between
recent fire occurrence and owl occupancy rank was statistically weak
(Test for Marginal Homogeneity, P = 0.110). Owls tended not to be
present where pure pine stands (Pinus spp.) comprised a large
proportion (38-85%) of burned sites, but no other factors relating to
habitat or fire severity had a significant, biologically interpretable
influence on occupancy rank. We suspect that relatively low-intensity
ground fires, including most prescribed fires, probably have little or
no short-term impact on Mexican spotted owl presence or reproduction,
but we have no data on long-term effects of fire. We recommend
proactive fuels-management treatments in areas not currently occupied
by owls as a means of reducing fire risk in areas occupied by owls.
Within
areas occupied by owls, judicious treatments may be appropriate after
case-by-case evaluations of potential benefits and risks within those
sites.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
854. Associations of forest-floor vertebrates with coarse woody debris in managed forests of western Oregon.
Butts, Sally R. and McComb, William C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(1): 95-104. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: forests/
woody debris/ forest management/ habitat management/ vertebrates/
mammals/ amphibians/ forest floor/ Sorex trowbridgii/ Aneides ferreus/
Ensatina eschscholtzii
Abstract:
Forests managed primarily for wood resources may be lacking in adequate
amounts of coarse woody debris (CWD) for forest-floor vertebrates.
We assessed associations between captures of forest-floor
vertebrates and volume of CWD in 18 closed-canopy stands of Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii). The volume of CWD ranged from 14 to 859 m3/ha.
Pitfall traps and timed, area-constrained ground searches were
used to capture small mammals and amphibians. The abundance of
ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii) and clouded salamanders (Aneides
ferreus) increased with volume of CWD. In addition, the
probability of encountering either ensatina or Trowbridge's shrew
(Sorex trowbridgii) increased with cover of CWD on the forest-floor.
The average distance from the nearest CWD for amphibians captured
during timed, area-constrained ground searches was 0.5 m, versus 1 m
between random points and the nearest CWD. Our study suggests
that current management guidelines for CWD retention may not provide
adequate habitat for forest-floor vertebrates that depend on this
component of the habitat.
© NISC
855. Associations of winter birds with riparian condition in the lower Calapooia Watershed, Oregon.
McComb, B. C.; Bilsland, D.; and Steiner, J. J.
Northwest Science 79(2-3): 164-171. (2005)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: avifauna/
community composition/ riparian vegetation/ species richness/
vegetation type/ Oregon/ Willamette River/ Aves
Abstract:
We examined the association between winter bird community composition
and three riparian vegetation types common in the central Willamette River basin: grass-riparian, shrub-riparian,
and forest-riparian. There were 20 times more birds detected and 3
times as many species detected in forest-riparian sites than in
grass-riparian sites. There were over three times as many species
observed in forest-riparian sites as grass-riparian sites. Not all
species were associated with trees or shrubs, and not all that were
associated with trees or shrubs were riparian dependent. A significant
curvilinear relationship was detected between tree cover and winter
bird species richness. Based on this relationship we hypothesize that
providing 10-15% of a square km in tree cover would maximize winter
bird richness within the range of conditions that we sampled.
© 2005 by the Northwest Scientific Association. All rights reserved.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
856. Avian nest success in Midwestern forests fragmented by agriculture.
Knutson, M. G.; Niemi, G. J.; Newton, W. E.; and
Friberg, M. A.
Condor 106(1): 116-130. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 00105422
Descriptors: agriculture/
driftless area/ forest fragmentation/ functional group/ landscape/
midwestern United States/ nest success/ Contopus virens/
Molothrus ater/ Setophaga ruticilla
Abstract: We
studied how forest-bird nest success varied by landscape context
from 1996 to 1998 in an agricultural region of
southeastern Minnesota, southwestern Wisconsin, and
northeastern Iowa. Nest success was 48% for all nests, 82% for
cavity-nesting
species, and 42% for cup-nesting species. Mayfield-adjusted nest
success for five common species ranged from 23% for the American
Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) to 43% for the Eastern Wood-Pewee
(Contopus virens). Nest success was lowest for open-cup nesters,
species that reject Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) eggs, species
that nest near forest edges, and Neotropical migrants. The proportion
of forest core area in a 5-km radius around the plot had a weakly
negative relationship with daily survival rate of nests for all species
pooled and for medium or high canopy nesters, species associated with
interior and edge habitats, open-cup nesters, and nests located between
75 and 199 m from an edge. The proportion of forest core area was
positively related to daily survival rate only for ground and low
nesters. Our findings are in contrast to a number of studies from the
eastern United States reporting strong positive associations
between forest area and nesting success. Supported models of habitat
associations changed with the spatial scale of analysis and included
variables not often considered in studies of forest birds, including
the proportion of water, shrubs, and grasslands in the
landscape. Forest area may not be a strong indicator of nest
success in
landscapes where all the available forests are fragmented.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
857. Avian response to bottomland hardwood reforestation: The first 10 years.
Twedt, Daniel J.; Wilson, R. Randy; Henne-Kerr, Jackie L.; and Grosshuesch, David A.
Restoration Ecology 10(4): 645-655. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation measures/ ecology/
habitat utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ reforestration strategies/ habitat
colonization relations/ habitat colonization/ reforestration strategy
relations/ Louisiana and Mississippi/ forest and woodland/
bottomland hardwood/ Louisiana/ Madison Parish/ Mississippi/ Issaquena County/ reforestation
strategy relations/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Bottomland
hardwood forests were planted on agricultural fields
in Mississippi and Louisiana predominantly using either
Quercus
species (oaks) or Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood). We assessed
avian colonization of these reforested sites between 2 and 10 years
after planting. Rapid vertical growth of cottonwoods (circa 2-3 m/year)
resulted in sites with forest structure that supported greater species
richness of breeding birds, increased Shannon diversity indices, and
supported greater territory densities than on sites
planted
with slower-growing oak species. Grassland birds (Spiza americana
[Dickcissel] and Sturnella magna [Eastern Meadowlark]) were indicative
of species
breeding on oak-dominated reforestation no more than
10
years old. Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird) and Colinus
virginianus (Northern Bobwhite) characterized cottonwood reforestation
no more than 4 years old, whereas 14 species of shrub-scrub birds
(e.g., Passerina cyanea [Indigo Bunting]) and early-successional forest
birds (e.g., Vireo gilvus [Warbling vireo]) typified cottonwood
reforestation 5 to 9 years after planting. Rates of daily nest survival
did not differ between reforestation strategies. Nest parasitism
increased markedly in older cottonwood stands but was overwhelmed by
predation as a cause of nest failure. Based on Partners in Flight
prioritization scores and territory densities, the value of cottonwood
reforestation for avian conservation was significantly greater than
that of oak reforestation during their first 10 years. Because of
benefits conferred on breeding birds, we recommend reforestation of
bottomland hardwoods should include a high proportion of fast-growing
early successional species such as cottonwood.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
858. Avian species richness and reproduction in short-rotation coppice habitats in central and western New York.
Dhondt, A. A.; Wrege, P. H.; Cerretani, J.; and Sydenstricker, K. V.
Bird Study 54(1): 12-22. (2007); ISSN: 00063657
Descriptors: species richness/ wildlife habitats/ birds/ nesting/ habitat management/ coppicing/ New York
Abstract:
Capsule: Species richness and density increase rapidly with coppice
age, and are similar to estimates from early successional habitats.
Aim: To investigate avian species richness, density and breeding
success in short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) planted as potential
source of renewable bioenergy. Methods: We carried out regular bird
censuses and systematic nest searches in dense plantations of
fast-growing willow and poplar clones coppiced at three- to five-year
intervals in New York, USA. Results: Thirty-nine species
regularly used SRWC plantations; of these at least 21 were confirmed
breeding on study plots. A total of 63% of the variation in bird
species richness was explained by the number of years since coppicing
and plot area together. Both the richness and overall density of avian
species in SRWC plots was similar to estimates obtained from the
Breeding Bird Census for more typical shrublands and successional
habitats (e.g. abandoned fields, second-growth forest, regenerating
clear-cuts). Nesting success for the most common species was within the
range of values from published studies in alternative nesting habitats,
although often at the lower end of the range. Brood parasitism by
Brown-headed Cowbirds Molothrus ater, often an important actor in
nesting success, was extremely low on the study plots. Conclusion: If
planted on a fairly large scale with staggered coppicing schedules,
SRWC plantations would help to maintain breeding populations of birds
that range from open-habitat species to woodland species. There is no
evidence that conversion of substantial land area to SRWC would result
in an 'ecological trap' for species common in the farmland-
small woodland landscapes of the northeastern USA.
© 2007 British Trust for Ornithology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
859. Avian use of early successional habitats: Are regenerating forests, utility right-of-ways and reclaimed surface mines the same?
Bulluck, Lesley P. and Buehler, David A.
Forest Ecology and Management 236(1): 76-84. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ early successional habitats use/
community structure/ early successional habitats comparison/ population
size/ habitat utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ utility right of way/
reclaimed surface mines/ habitat use/ comparison with other early
successional habitats/ forest and woodland/ regenerating forest/
Tennessee/ Cumberland Mountains/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The importance of early successional habitats for breeding and
post-breeding birds has received recent attention. Common early
successional habitats in the eastern United States are
regeneration after timber harvests, utility right-of ways and reclaimed
surface mines. Few studies, however, have compared the characteristics
of these with regard to avian habitat use. We conducted a passive
mist-netting study to assess the breeding and post-breeding avian
communities associated with these land uses in the Cumberland Mountains
of eastern Tennessee. We used analysis of variance to compare the
vegetation structure among these habitat types and discriminant
function analyses to illustrate differences in vegetation structure and
bird abundance among habitats. We banded 1562 individuals of 40 species
(1.08 birds/net-hour). The percent cover of saplings, forbs and grass
differed among habitat types, but there was no detectable difference in
shrub cover. Vegetation structure allowed good discrimination between
habitat types (Wilks' λ
= 0.16), specifically in differentiating clearcuts from surface mines
and right-of-ways. Although the three habitat types had several avian
species in common, the abundance of 12 species differed substantially
among habitat types, and their species abundance patterns allowed for
excellent discrimination between these habitat types (Wilks' λ
= 0.08). We conclude that these three early successional habitat types
are different with regard to vegetation structure and avian community
assemblage. These differences are important for local and
landscape-scale conservation planning for both early and late
successional avian species. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
860. Avian use of successional cottonwood (Populus deltoides) woodlands along the middle Missouri River.
Rumble, M. A. and Gobeille, J. E.
American Midland Naturalist 152(1): 165-177. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: Passerina cyanea/ Populus deltoides/ Toxostoma rufum/ Vireo bellii
Abstract: Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) woodlands are important habitats
for birds. Yet, little is known of the relations between bird habitat
and succession in these woodlands. We studied the bird community in
cottonwood woodlands from early to late seral stages along the Missouri
River in central South Dakota from 1990 to 1992 to describe
quantitative relations between avifauna and ecological patterns of
succession in cottonwood woodlands
along the Missouri River. The vegetation in the early seral
cottonwood
was characterized by a high density of seedlings and saplings that were
restricted to narrow bands along the rivers. Late seral cottonwoods
were characterized by a few large old trees that extended across the
flood plain. Seventy-nine percent of the bird species were woodland
obligates. Birds that nest in trees or cavities were the most common,
while shrub and ground nesting birds were relatively uncommon. Total
bird abundance, species diversity, species richness, richness of
woodland obligates, abundance in the tree-nesting guild, abundance in
the cavity-nesting guild and abundance in the shrub-nesting guild were
greater (P < 0.01) in late and late intermediate seral cottonwood
stands. Patterns of bird use in cottonwood seral stages by individual
species were less evident. Several species were more abundant (P <
0.08) in late or late intermediate seral cottonwood and no species were
more abundant (P > 0.10) in early or early intermediate seral
cottonwood. Bell's vireos (Vireo belli), indigo buntings
(Passerina cyanea) and brown thrashers (Toxostoma rufum) occurred
predominantly in early or early intermediate seral stages, but no
significant differences among seral stages were noted. Expanses of late
seral cottonwood on flood plains will likely decline because controlled
river flows reduce flooding that is necessary for cottonwood
regeneration. Cottonwood regeneration was evident only in narrow
bands along the river channels. Cavity nesting species will be the most
negatively affected by loss of late seral cottonwood.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
861. Avifauna in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon.
Hagar, Joan C. and Stern, Mark A.
Northwestern Naturalist 82(1): 12-25. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: birds/
communities/ ecosystems/ white oak/ forests, deciduous/ succession/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ species diversity/ conservation/
wildlife management/ habitat management/ Oregon, Central
Abstract: Oregon
white oak (Quercus garryana) woodlands are an important
habitat for breeding birds that is threatened by development and
altered disturbance regimes. The authors described habitat
characteristics and examined species composition and abundance of
breeding birds in nine oak woodland sites in the Willamette Valley,
Oregon during May and June, 1994 to 1996. Based on comparisons to
earlier studies, their results suggest that avian community composition
has changed in recent decades. Changes in species composition likely
have been associated with a shift from open- to closed-canopy habitats,
resulting from successional advancement in the absence of fire.
Although there is some evidence that avian species composition has
changed to more closely resemble that of closed-canopy,
conifer-dominated habitats, oak woodlands in the Willamette Valley
nonetheless support both neotropical migrant and resident bird species
that are uncommon in or absent from coniferous habitats in western
Oregon. The authors identified 12 species currently occurring in oak
woodlands that may be negatively affected by the replacement of oak
habitats with closed-canopy, conifer-dominated forest. Because
conifers dominate much of the forested regions of
western Oregon, Willamette Valley oak woodlands provide
an important
element of regional diversity and should receive priority consideration
in conservation planning. The conservation and management of semi-open
woodlands with large-diameter oaks may be particularly critical for
some species that have declined in abundance and/or do not occur in
dense forests.
© NISC
862. Bachman's sparrow habitat in the lower Flint River Basin, Georgia.
Perkins, Micah W. and Conner, L. Mike
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 57:
235-242. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aimophila aestivalis: habitat management/ habitat preference/
forest and woodland/ habitat suitability/ habitat availability/
Georgia/ Lower Flint River System/ Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) populations are generally
declining throughout much of the Southeast, and habitat loss is
suspected as the principal force driving declines. Therefore, we
assessed the potential effects of current land use practices on
Bachman's sparrows (BACS) within the lower Flint River Basin (LFRB). We
then used a previously developed habitat model to quantify current
available BACS habitat and used common landscape metrics to describe
fragmentation of remaining habitat. Prior to major land use changes
associated with European settlement, approximately 86% of the LFRB was
suitable for BACS. Of this once suitable habitat, 3.8% is now urban,
42.4% is now in agriculture, and 48.2% is now in forests unsuitable for
BACS. We estimated that only 3.3% of the original upland forests within
the basin re-main suitable for BACS. Today, 97.4% of suitable habitat
occurs in patches <30 ha with 17.9% of patches fragmented by
>1000 m. Small patch size and increased distance between patches
combine to yield low proximity indices. Pine plantation management
emphasizing prescribed fire and thinning may increase overall habitat
availability for BACS while reducing habitat fragmentation. The recent
interest in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) restoration may similarly
benefit BACS.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
863. Bat activity is low in thinned and unthinned stands of red pine.
Tibbels, A. E. and Kurta, A.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(12):
2436-2442. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x03-177.
Descriptors: forestry/
insect control/ ultrasonic devices/ plantations/ ultrasonic detectors/
ecology/ bats/ forest management/ plantation forestry/ stand structure/
thinning/ Manistee National Forest/ Michigan/ Pinus resinosa
Abstract:
We investigated the use of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations
by bats in the Manistee National Forest of Michigan. Using ultrasonic
detectors, we compared the activity of bats in the interior of stands
of red pine and in openings within the stands, both before and after
thinning (mean time after thinning = 7 years). Bat activity was more
than 20 times greater in small openings within thinned and unthinned
stands than within the stands themselves, and bat activity was
associated with greater insect abundance in openings. Thinning lead to
a significant change in structural complexity, as shown by a 39%
decrease in basal area and a 45% decline in tree density, although
these changes did not lead to an increase in use of red pine stands by
bats. Red pine plantations, even after thinning, most likely are too
structurally complex and have low insect abundance, making them a
largely unsuitable habitat for bats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
864. Benefits
and tradeoffs of timber management for wildlife habitat on industrial
and nonindustrial private landownerships (Mississippi).
Barlow, Rebecca Jo. Mississippi State University, 2005.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Grado, Stephen C.
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ forest management/ geographic information systems/ habitat
management/ Pinus spp./ bobwhite quail/ white-tailed deer/ wild turkey/
gray squirrel/ Mississippi
Abstract:
Nonmarketed forest outputs such as clean air and water,
recreation, and wildlife habitat need to be measured quantitatively, to
allow projections of the economic gains and losses associated with
varying amounts of these outputs relative to timber production. of
particular importance to many landowners is the quantity and value of
timber production forgone relative to varying amounts of wildlife
habitat created. Scenario planning and Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) were used to estimate potential economic gains or losses for
Mississippi resulting from manipulations of timber growing stock to
produce more or less habitat for Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus
virginianus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), bobcat (Lynx
rufus), Eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and eastern gray
squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Current United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service (USFS), Forest Inventory and Analysis
(FIA) data, and 2000 USFS Resource Planning Act (RPA) data were
examined using the USFS forest-planning model, SPECTRUM, and the GIS
software ArcView, to determine effects of management options for
wildlife habitat in the North Central Hills, Tombigbee Hills, South
Central Hills, and Pine Belt physiographic regions of Mississippi.
Baseline scenarios, which maximized Net Present Value (NPV), produced
higher Land Expectation Value (LEV) and Equal Annual Income (EAI)
values per acre and allocated fewer acres of habitat for all wildlife
species in all regions versus managing for wildlife habitat quality.
When high quality wildlife habitat was the management objective,
improved Northern bobwhite and Eastern wild turkey habitat in the
Tombigbee Hills region of the state had the most favorable opportunity
costs of any species in any region when compared to Npv maximization in
the same region. Low-level Northern bobwhite and white-tailed deer
habitat management in the North Central Hills, Central region had the
least favorable opportunity costs of all scenarios. Inclusion of fee
hunting reduced the cost difference between Npv and wildlife management
scenarios in all cases. Simulations that compare management regimes
maximizing NPV and optimum wildlife habitat result in quantitative
measures useful for land managers to evaluate tradeoffs inherent in
multiple-use management, and potential impacts on both state and
regional timber inventories and affected economies.
© NISC
865. Bicknell's
thrushes (Catharus bicknelli) in New Brunswick clear cuts: Their
habitat associations and co-occurrence with Swainson's thrushes
(Catharus ustulatus).
Nixon, E. A.; Holmes, S. B.; and Diamond, A. W.
Wilson Bulletin 113(1): 33-40. (2001)
Descriptors: coexistence/
habitat use/ interspecific interaction/ passerines/ population
density/ Canada/ Abies balsamea/ Betula papyrifera/ Catharus
bicknelli/
Catharus ustulatus/ Prunus pensylvanica
Abstract:
We studied the use of regenerating clear cuts in the central highlands
of New Brunswick by Bicknell's (Catharus bicknelli) and Swainson's
(Catharus ustulatus) thrushes during the 1997 breeding season.
Bicknell's Thrushes were found at 57 of the 90 points surveyed on six
mountains. Swainson's Thrushes occupied 89 of 90 survey points.
Bicknell's Thrushes had a lower probability of detection (P = 0.40)
than Swainson's Thrushes (P = 0.76). Fixed-radius point counts yielded
breeding density estimates for birds on individual mountains ranging
from about 3-22 pairs/100 ha (average 16 pairs/100 ha) for Bicknell's
Thrushes, and from about 39-69 pairs/100 ha (average 51 pairs/100 ha)
for Swainson's Thrushes. White birch (Betula papyrifera), balsam fir
(Abies balsamea), and pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) were the
dominant tree species on regenerating sites. Points occupied by
Bicknell's Thrushes tended to be at higher elevations than unoccupied
points and to have a greater proportion of white birch stems, a greater
number of stems in the 5-10 cm diameter class and a lower diversity of
trees and shrubs. No attempt was made to characterize Swainson's Thrush
habitat since this species was present at virtually all survey points.
We believe that relatively young (average height about 4 m) mixed
stands of regeneration with moderate to high stem densities provide
important habitat for Bicknell's Thrushes in New Brunswick.
Suggestions are made about the direction of future research needed to
formulate habitat management and conservation plans for this species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
866. Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the eastern United States.
Hutchens, J. J.; Batzer, D. P.; and Reese, E.
Water, Air and Soil Pollution 4(1): 37-53. (2004)
NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 1567-7230
Descriptors: wetlands/
streams/ bioindicators/ environment management/ forestry/ nature
conservation/ environmental policy/ logging/ conservation/ United
States, eastern region/ environmental action/ water resources and
supplies/ water quality control/ general environmental engineering
Abstract:
Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging
practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands.
Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment,
and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical
characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time.
Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation
rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing
the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to
wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those
differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and
macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In
wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and
birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management
practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging
on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that
have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and
wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that
address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in
streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in
scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is
unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP
efficacy for biota from this body of research.
© ProQuest
867. Biocomplexity
and restoration of biodiversity in temperate coniferous forest:
Inducing spatial heterogeneity with variable-density thinning.
Carey, A. B.
Forestry 76(2): 127-136. (2003); ISSN: 0015752X
Descriptors: biodiversity/ coniferous forest/ forest management/ restoration ecology/ thinning/ United States
Abstract:
Single-species conservation and natural reserves seem insufficient for
protecting biodiversity to scientists, and conventional forestry seems
suspect in sustainability to much of the public. In north-western USA,
comparisons of natural and managed coniferous forests support the idea
that both single-species conservation and conventional forestry are
unlikely to be successful because biocomplexity is more important than
individual habitat elements in maintaining the diversity of forest
ecosystems and their capacity to produce useful goods and services.
Experiments in inducing heterogeneity into forest canopies support the
importance of biocomplexity to various biotic communities including
soil organisms, vascular plants, fungi, birds, small mammals and
vertebrate predators. Holistic management, however, requires a suite of
techniques to direct developmental processes to useful trajectories.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
868. Biotic diversity of Natchez Trace State Forest, western Tennessee.
Franklin, S. B.; Kupfer, J. A.; Grubaugh, J. W.; and Kennedy, M. L.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 93(1-3):
31-54. (2004)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 01676369
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biological inventory/ eastern deciduous forest/ ecological land types/
forest management/ biodiversity/ ecology/ forestry/ biotic community/
biotic resources/ atmospheric chemistry/ forest inventory/ land type/
birds/ conservation of natural resources/ trees/ Tennessee
Abstract:
We carried out a multiple-scale assessment of biotic resources within
Natchez Trace State Forest (NTSF) in western Tennessee, focusing
on the relation between biotic communities and seven previously
developed ecological land types (ELT, based on topography and soils).
We wanted to test the functional ability of ELTs for biodiversity
stewardship. Woody and herbaceous flora as well as herpetofauna and
avifauna communities had substantial differences between upland and
lowland forests. However, none of the faunal communities distinguished
among upland ELTs. In addition, herbaceous taxa also failed to
distinguish upland ELTs. The results suggest the present use of ELTs at
NTSF will not be a helpful guide to land stewardship focusing on
biodiversity. The disturbance history of the Forest and the
mobility of animals are given as potential explanations for a poor
relationship between abiotic ELTs and the resident biota. © 2004
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
869. Bird communities are affected by amount and dispersion of vegetation retained in mixedwood boreal forest harvest areas.
Schieck, J.; Stuart-Smith, K.; and Norton, M.
Forest Ecology and Management 126(2): 239-254. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00088-2.
Descriptors: bird
communities/ harvest/ mixedwood boreal forest/ residual trees/
structured cut-blocks/ avifauna/ boreal forest/ community response/
dispersion
Abstract:
We evaluated bird community response to type, amount, and dispersion of
trees, snags, and shrubs that were retained at harvest in mixedwood
boreal forests of Alberta, Canada. We also evaluated whether
the degree of similarity between bird communities in harvest and
old-growth areas was related to the type and amount of materials
retained at harvest. We combined data from three separate studies to
generate a large data set covering a wide range of cut-block
structures. Birds were surveyed using point counts and line transects.
Residual vegetation was surveyed partially on the ground, and partially
from aerial photographs. Bird species commonly associated with parkland
and open country habitats had high densities in harvest areas that
contained abundant shrubs and few residual trees or snags. Within
harvest areas where more trees, particularly large deciduous trees,
were retained, and when those trees were retained in clumps, bird
communities were more similar to those found in old-growth forests.
Thus, by retaining clumps of large trees and snags in harvest areas
managers may be able to create habitats that are used by old-growth
forest bird species. However, for many forest birds, density was lower
in cut-blocks with residual trees and snags than it was in old-growth
forest. Results should be interpreted cautiously because survival and
reproductive success of forest birds in cut-blocks with residual trees
and snags was not determined.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
870. Bird communities associated with harvested hardwood stands containing residual trees.
Rodewald, A. D. and Yahner, R. H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 924-932. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: bird
community/ clearcutting/ deciduous forest/ even-aged management/
habitat management/ Pennsylvania/ residual trees/ variable retention
system/ avifauna/ community structure/ forest management/ habitat
structure/ harvesting/ United States/ Molothrus ater/
Vireo olivaceus
Abstract:
Retention of residual trees in even-aged harvested stands is an
alternative to traditional clearcutting, seed-tree, and shelterwood
systems, but little is known about effects of new even-aged retention
methods on bird communities. Clearcutting on Pennsylvania state forests
recently has been replaced by a new forest-management practice termed
even-aged reproduction stands with reservation guidelines (hereafter,
EAR stands), in which high densities of trees in multiple crown and
size classes (101 live trees/ha ±28 SE on study sites) of both
commercially and non-commercially important tree species are
permanently reserved to maintain species and structural diversity. We
compared habitat structure and breeding-bird communities between EAR
stands (harvested) and reference stands (unharvested) in 2 state
forests of Pennsylvania in 1997-98 and related bird abundance within
harvested stands to differences in habitat characteristics among EAR
stands and the surrounding landscapes. Total abundance of all bird
species combined, abundances of early-successional and edge-habitat
guilds, and abundances of many early-successional bird species were
significantly higher in EAR stands than in reference stands, but
abundances of the forest habitat guild and of 8 forest-associated
species were lower in EAR stands. Although EAR stands provide suitable
habitat for bird species associated with early-successional forests,
abundances of species associated with mature forests were lower in EAR
stands than in reference stands despite retention of residual trees.
However, some species of forest birds (e.g., red-eyed vireos [Vireo
olivaceus]), which usually are absent from recent clearcut stands until
12-20 years post-harvest, were often detected in EAR stands. Thus,
residual trees in EAR stands provide to forest birds habitat components
that are generally lacking in clearcut stands. Because abundances of
both forest habitat and forest-canopy nesting guilds declined and
abundance of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) increased with size
of EAR stands (especially when >20 ha), managers should consider
limiting the size of EAR stands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
871. Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests.
Schieck, Jim and Hobson, Keith A.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30(8):
1281-1295. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: Aves/
birds/ communities/ density/ ecosystems/ fires-burns/ forestry
practices/ forests, boreal/ habitat islands/ habitat management/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ biocenosis/ fire/ Canada/ Alberta
Abstract: By
retaining patches of trees in cut blocks, managers expect to retain
some forest birds and create bird communities more similar to those
found after fires. The authors surveyed birds from a range of
patch sizes (1 to >3000 live residual trees), at four ages (2, 15,
30, 60 years), following two disturbance types (harvest, fire) in
mixedwood boreal forest. Bird communities varied among patch
size, forest ages, and disturbance types. Immediately post-disturbance,
bird communities from large patches (>100 residual trees) were more
similar to those from old forest than were communities from small
patches (<or=10 residual trees). Birds that nest or forage in open
or riparian habitats had highest densities in small patches two years
post-harvest, whereas birds that nest in large snags had highest
densities in small patches two years post-fire. Throughout the
chronosequence following both disturbance types, birds from small
patches became more similar to those from old forest. Birds that nest
and forage in small trees and shrubs were common 15 and 30 years
post-disturbance, and generalist forest birds were common 60 years
post-disturbance. Birds associated with old forest were present in all
patch sizes 15, 30, and 60 years post-disturbance, although larger
patches had higher densities of these species.
© NISC
872. Bird community structure across riparian buffer strips of varying width in a coastal temperate forest.
Shirley, S. M. and Smith, J. N. M.
Biological Conservation 125(4): 475-489. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.04.011.
Descriptors: bird
communities/ habitat loss/ Pacific Northwest/ riparian forests/
species-area relationships/ avifauna/ buffer zone/ community structure/
habitat loss/ riparian forest/ species richness/ British
Columbia/ Canada/ North America/ Vancouver Island/ Aves/
riparia
Abstract: Buffer
strips are strips of forest retained along streamsides after
harvesting to mitigate negative impacts of forestry on aquatic and
riparian fauna and water quality. The capacity of riparian buffer
strips of old-growth forest to maintain species richness and abundance
of natural bird communities was explored in coastal montane forest
on Vancouver Island, Canada. Breeding bird communities in
buffer strips of varying widths along rivers were compared with
controls of equivalent area in uncut old-growth riparian forest to
identify shifts in species richness, diversity, abundance and
composition. We observed that effects on riparian bird communities were
greatest in very narrow buffers with high amounts of edge habitat.
Several forest-interior species were found almost exclusively in wider
buffers and abundances dropped dramatically between wide (125 m) and
medium (41 m) width buffers with replacement by open-edge species in
narrow buffers. Species composition of communities in wide buffers were
very similar to controls while narrow buffers shared less than half of
their species with controls. Species richness and diversity increased
in buffers over the three years while remaining constant in controls.
Increases in species richness and abundance within buffers were
positively correlated with similar increases in the adjacent clearcuts,
suggesting that regeneration in clearcuts may facilitate recolonization
of forest in remnant buffers. For the forest-interior species found
primarily in wide buffers, buffers
>100 m may need to be retained.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
873. Bird-forestry relationships in Canada: Literature review and synthesis of management recommendations.
Wedeles, C. and Donnelly, M.
NCASI Technical Bulletin (892)(2004); ISSN: 08860882
Descriptors: avian
communities/ avian populations/ bird communities/ bird conservation
regions/ bird populations/ Canada/ forest age/ forest management/
forest products industry/ forest structure/ forestry practices/ natural
disturbance/ timber harvest/ biodiversity/strategic planning/
vegetation/ bird-forestry relationships/ landscape-scale assessments/
natural disturbances/ operational planning/ forestry/ biodiversity/
planing/ plants/ productivity/ Aves
Abstract:
The influences of forest management on birds in Canada are
described. The existing knowledge on the effects of forest management
on birds and bird habitat were also described. The synthesis of
management recommendations is expected to provide both broad and
specific suggestions which can be of great use to forest managers in
contemplating methods to take bird responses to forest management. The
practical aspects of forest management with future research needs are
also identified.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
874. Bird responses to burning and logging in the boreal forest of Canada.
Hannon, Susan J. and Drapeau, Pierre
Studies in Avian Biology 30: 97-115. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ land zones/ Canada/ Aves: forestry/ logging/ habitat
management/ burning/ logging/ boreal forest communities/
fire/ Alberta/ Quebec/ Saskatchewan/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract: We
compared how bird communities differed between burned and logged
stands in black spruce (Picea mariana) forests of the boreal shield
in Quebec and mixed-wood forests on the boreal plain
in Alberta
and Saskatchewan. Bird community composition was quite different
in burns and clearcuts shortly after disturbance. In burns, cavity
nesters and species that forage on beetles in dead trees predominated,
whereas clearcuts were dominated by open-country species. Generally,
snag-dependent species decreased and shrub-breeding species increased
by 25 yr postfire. Species that forage and nest in canopy trees were
more common 25 yr post-logging because of the retention of live
residual trees. The bird communities tended to converge over time as
the vegetation in burns and logged areas became more similar.
Black-backed Woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) and Three-toed Woodpeckers
(Picoides tridactylus) exploit recently burned coniferous forest to
forage on wood-boring insect larvae (Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) and
bark beetle larvae (Scolytidae) for a short period after fire and then
decline. Black-backs were absent from mature forests and found at low
density in old-growth forest. Over the long term, burns may be
temporary sources for fire specialists. The major conservation issue
for fire- associated species is salvage logging, because woodpecker
foraging and nesting trees are removed. Maintenance of suitable amounts
of postfire forests spared from salvage logging is essential
for
sustainable forest management. Climate change is predicted to alter
fire cycles: they will be shorter in the prairies leading to a shortage
of old-growth forest and
will be longer in Quebec leading to a shortage of
younger forest.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
875. Bird species diversity and nesting success in mature, clearcut and shelterwood forest in northern New Hampshire, USA.
King, David I. and DeGraaf, Richard M.
Forest Ecology and Management 129(1/3): 227-235. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Aves/
artificial structures/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ forestry
practices/ forests/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ nest
predation/ productivity/ species diversity/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ fauna/ diversity/ abundance/ mortality/ nest/ New
Hampshire, northern/ New Hampshire: White Mountain National Forest
Abstract:
Bird species distribution and predation rates on natural and artificial
nests were compared among unmanaged mature, shelterwood, and clearcut
northern hardwoods forest to evaluate the effect of these practices on
bird populations. Twenty-three of the 48 bird species detected
during the study differed significantly in abundance among unmanaged
mature forest, shelterwoods, and clearcuts. Results of multiple
regressions of bird abundance and habitat variables suggest that
differences in bird species distribution among treatments were the
result of differences in habitat structure among treatments. Bird
species diversity and species richness were significantly higher in
shelterwoods than either mature forest of clearcuts, although there
were bird species that occurred exclusively, or nearly so, in each of
the three treatments. Predation rates on artificial nests were
lowest in mature forest, and predation rates on natural nests was
highest in mature forest, although neither of these differences was
statistically significant. The authors conclude that use of
partial cutting exclusively would result in the decline of several
species of mature forest and clearcut specialists, and, consequently, a
decrease in species diversity at the landscape scale. The use of
a variety of silvicultural techniques is recommended to maintain bird
species diversity in forested landscapes.
© NISC
876. Bird use of forest structural classes in grand fir forests of the Blue Mountains, Oregon.
Sallabanks, Rex; Riggs, Robert A.; and Cobb, Lynda E.
Forest Science 48(2): 311-321. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: Sialia
currucoides/ Troglodytes aedon/ Passeriformes/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ cluster analysis/ forest
structural classes/ Blue mountains/ ecosystems/ habitat management/
habitat use/ Oregon/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial
enterprises/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ land zones/ mountain
bluebird/ house wren
Abstract:
We sampled breeding birds in 83 stands in the Blue Mountains,
northeastern Oregon, 1994-1996, to describe bird use of forest
structural classes in grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. We classified
stands, based on basal area in different tree-size categories, into six
forest structural classes: (1) stand initiation (SI); (2) stem
exclusion, open canopy (SEOC); (3) stem exclusion, closed canopy
(SECC); (4) understory reinitiation (UR); (5) young forest,
multistory (YFMS); and (6) old forest, multistory (OFMS). Most species
were detected in all structural classes, but slightly more than
one-third of species analyzed (13 of 38) differed in abundance among
structural classes (P < 0.004). Cluster analysis, based on
structural attributes measured in each stand and weighted by avian
abundance, grouped birds with similar habitat associations and allowed
us to identify "non-SI associates," "SI associates," "structural class
generalists," and "mature forest associates." We did not identify any
species that could be considered strictly "OFMS associates." With the
exception of some SI associates, such as the mountain bluebird (Sialia
currucoides) and house wren (Troglodytes aedon), we found little
evidence of structural class specialization by birds. In grand fir
forests of the Blue Mountains, ecologists and managers should
focus on understanding how specific silvicultural prescriptions
influence structural attributes that are correlated with avian
abundance, rather than on stand age per se.
© NISC
877. Birds
of upland oak forests in the Arkansas Ozarks: Present community
structure and potential impacts of burning, borers, and forestry
practices.
Smith, Kimberly G.; Mlodinow, Michael; Self, Janet S.; Haggerty, Thomas M.; and Hocut, Tamara R.
In:
Proceedings of the Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current
Conditions, and Sustainability, General Technical Report-SRS 73/
Spetich, M.; Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station,
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp.
243-252.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs073/gtr_srs073.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Aves: forestry/ Impact
on community structure in upland oak forest/ habitat management/
burning of upland oak forest/ Impact on community structure/ community
structure/ influencing factors/ forest and woodland/ upland oak forest/
fire/ Arkansas/ Ozark region/ community structure in upland oak forest/
Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Based on published works, our own research, and the U.S. Forest
Service's R8 Bird database, we characterize breeding bird communities
in mesic and xeric upland hardwood forests of the Arkansas Ozarks.
Although 59 species have been recorded as breeding, typical breeding
assemblages in mesic forests are 20-25 species, with only 5 species
commonly found in xeric forests. Due to changes in forest composition,
the breeding assemblages of today were probably rare or absent from the
Ozarks 150 years ago. Any forestry practice that opens the closed
canopy increases the number of species in upland hardwood forests.
Development of a shrub-layer allows a difference suite of birds to
occupy the forest, which typically would be unsuitable habitat for
them. Relatively few birds occur in upland forest in fall migration and
especially winter, but many migrants use this habitat in spring. The
recent decline in oaks due to the borer infestation may dramatically
change the avifauna of this upland habitat. Prescribed burning in
deciduous forests may also have positive and negative effects, which
need further investigation. Cowbirds do not occur in upland forests,
and their spread should be limited by the lack of feeding sites.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
878. Black bear home-range sizes in Washington: Climatic, vegetative, and social influences.
Koehler, Gary M. and Pierce, D. John
Journal of Mammalogy 84(1): 81-91. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J823; ISSN: 0022-2372
Descriptors: Ursus
americanus/ Ursidae/ Euarctos americanus/ American black bear/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ classification by gender/ home-range
size/ private land/ public land/ browse plants/ age-sex relationships/
habitat management/ forage availability/ land management/ social
behavior/ habitat use/ aerial census/ North America/ adaptive kernels/
forest practices/ vegetative conditions/ land zones/ cover types/ error
polygons/ precipitation/ climate/ female/ male/ Washington, USA/
utilization/ rain/ shrubs/ reproduction/ ecosystems/ silviculture/
cover/ food/ telemetry/ trees/ forests
Abstract:
We evaluated size of home ranges for male and female black bears (Ursus
americanus) at 3 study sites in Washington to determine whether
home-range sizes differed between sexes, study sites, and objectives of
forest
management.
Vegetative conditions differed among study sites as a result of
differences in mean annual precipitation (52, 200, and 380 cm/year) and
forest management practices. We analyzed ranked proportions of
forest-cover types within error polygons for telemetry locations as
measures of use, interspersion, and juxtaposition of cover types and
compared these with ranks of cover types available within composite
home ranges for all bears in each study site and with those available
within adaptive-kernel home ranges for individual bears. Fixed-kernel
estimates of home ranges for males were 3.8 times larger than those for
females. Home-range size for females differed (P=0.04) between study
sites but home-range size for males did not (P=0.79). In the study site
with intensively managed and relatively undisturbed forestlands, home
ranges for females were of similar size. Males and females occupied
cover types different from that available within study sites and within
individual home ranges. Differences among study sites for home-range
sizes for females may be-correlated to differences in available forage
plants and cover, which may be explained by differences in annual
precipitation. Behavioral differences for males and females, too, may
explain differential use of forest-cover types. Hence, differences in
home-range sizes between males and females and among regions may
result, in part, from climatic and vegetative conditions, as well as
from social status.
© NISC
879. Black-throated blue warbler and veery abundance in relation to understory composition in northern Michigan forests.
Kearns, Laura J.; Silverman, Emily D.; and
Hall, Kimberly R.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118(4): 461-470. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55 ; ISSN: 1559-4491
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Catharus
fuscescens/ Dendroica caerulescens: habitat management/ Hardwood
forests/ population dynamics/ forest and woodland/ relations with
understory composition/ implications for habitat
management/ Michigan/ Mackinac County/ Hiawatha National
Forest/ Aves, Passeriformes, Parulidae/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract: Balsam
fir (Abies balsamea) understory may be an important predictor of
Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens) and Veery
(Catharus fuscescens) distributions in northern hardwood forests that
are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We
examined the abundance and age ratios of Black-throated Blue Warblers,
and the abundance of Veerys, in 16 plots of hardwood forest with
different understory composition within a heavily browsed region of
the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan's
eastern Upper Peninsula. Four of these 36-ha plots had minimal
understory
and 12 had dense understory with variable amounts of balsam fir.
Black-throated Blue Warbler abundance was significantly greater in
plots with an average of 27% balsam fir understory cover than in plots
dominated by deciduous understory; no Black-throated Blue Warblers were
detected on the minimal understory plots. Age ratios did not differ
significantly relative to balsam fir understory density. Veery
abundance also did not vary with balsam fir understory density, but it
increased with overall understory density. In forests such as these,
where deer are abundant but rarely browse balsam fir, active management
of balsam fir understory could provide key habitat for sustaining
populations of Black-throated Blue Warblers and Veerys. We recommend
that managers consider the presence of balsam firs in the understory
when planning forest harvests in deer-impacted areas, so that they
leave some balsam fir and stagger the cutting of stands with balsam fir
over time to create and maintain heterogeneous understory structure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
880. Boreal bird community response to jack pine forest succession.
Venier, Lisa A. and Pearce, Jennie L.
Forest Ecology and Management 217(1): 19-36. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Aves/ age ratio/ biodiversity/ bird community response/ breeding
season/ Canada/ communities/ distribution/ habitat use/ forests/
ecosystems/ forest succession/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
habitat availability/ land zones/ North America/ White River vicinity/
Ontario/ density/ population ecology/ species composition/ succession/
birds/ Biocenosis/ fauna/ diversity/ habitat/ abundance/ dispersion/
ecological requirements/ habitat management
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to examine bird communities in
regenerating (5-25 years) and mature (40-100 years) jack pine (Pinus
banksiana) forest in boreal Ontario. The study area was located
near White River in north central Ontario with an area of 187,800
ha. We explored the response of bird community structure to stand age,
and the influence of stand age on the distribution of individual
species. We were interested in two principal questions. The first was
how unique are the bird communities to specific age classes. If bird
communities are highly specific to age classes then alterations to the
age class distribution of the forest can have important impacts on the
overall bird community composition and structure. The second question
was how specific are individual species to age classes. Species that
are highly specific to a single age class are expected to be highly
sensitive to the amount and potentially the configuration of that age
class on the landscape. We sampled birds for three breeding seasons.
The number of bird species increased with stand age. Tree species
composition did not change as stands aged, but there were distinctive
changes in vegetation structure through succession. For example, the
total amount of vertical vegetation structure increased significantly
with age. More than half of the bird species examined were significant
indicators of individual age classes. Blue-headed vireo, brown creeper,
black-throated green warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, ovenbird and
red-breasted nuthatch were all significant indicators of the mature age
class. The bird assemblage of mature stands was significantly different
from that of regenerating forest and within regenerating forest,
3-5-year-old stands contained a significantly different bird assemblage
to that of 8-25-year-old regenerating forest. These results suggest
that the distribution of forest age classes on the landscape is a
critical element in determining habitat availability and therefore the
viability of boreal bird populations in managed forests. © 2005
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© NISC
881. Bottomland hardwood reforestation for neotropical migratory birds: Are we missing the forest for the trees?
Twedt, Daniel J. and Portwood, Jeff
Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(3): 647-652. (1997)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: behavior/
birds/ bottomlands/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests, deciduous/
habitat management/ habitat use/ management/ migration/ succession/
wildlife/ bottomland forests/ afforestation/ wild birds/ natural
resources/ forest practices/ forests/ growth/ habitat management for
wildlife/ hardwoods/ land, private/ oak/ plant succession/ planting/
rehabilitation/ seeding/ species diversity/ wildlife management/
neotropical migrant
Abstract:
The authors identify the benefits derived by land managers and wildlife
resources when fast-growing trees, such as cottonwood or sycamore,
alone or mixed with oaks, are established on lands under cultivation.
Reforestation with fast-growing species promotes rapid colonization of
sites by forest-breeding neotropical migrants. The authors recommend
silvicultural practices to promote succession from the fast-growing
trees to forests dominated by heavy-seeded, slow-growing species. klf.
© NISC
882. Breeding and post-breeding habitat use by forest migrant songbirds in the Missouri Ozarks.
Pagen, R. W.; Thompson, F. R.; and Burhans, D. E.
Condor 102(4): 738-747. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 00105422
Descriptors: early-successional/ habitat use/ Missouri Ozarks/ post-breeding/ songbirds
Abstract:
We compared habitat use by forest migrant songbirds during the breeding
and post-breeding periods in four Missouri Ozark habitats: mature
upland forest, mature riparian forest, 9- to 10-year-old upland forest,
and 3- to 4-year-old upland forest created by clearcutting. Adult
forest-ground species showed a decrease in abundance in all habitats
during the post-breeding period, but hatching-year birds of one of the
two forest-ground species were most abundant in early-successional
forest during this time. Adults of the two forestcanopy species tended
to increase in abundance in 3- to 4-year-old forest from breeding
season to post-breeding season. During the breeding season, some forest
species were detected with mist-nets in the two early-successional
habitats, but infrequently or not at all with point counts in those
habitats. Forest birds captured in early-successional habitats
during the breeding season may have been nonbreeding floaters, or may
have been foraging there from nearby territories in mature forest.
Dense shrubs or young trees in early-successional forest may provide
habitat for nonbreeding and post-breeding forest migrant songbirds in
the Missouri Ozarks.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
883. Breeding biology of the yellow-billed cuckoo relative to timber harvest in a bottomland hardwood forest.
Wilson, Jennifer Karen. University of Georgia, 2000.
Notes: Advisor: Chapman, Brian R.
Descriptors: forestry/ thinning/ birds/ yellow-billed cuckoo/ habitat management/ nesting success/ breeding/ bottomland hardwood forests
Abstract:
I studied the breeding biology of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo in
relation to thinning cuts and patch cuts at White River National
Wildlife Refuge, from 1994-1997. Nesting success, basic nesting
ecology, nest-site selection, and nest-patch selection were compared
between harvested study plots and control plots before and after
harvest. Yellow-billed Cuckoos were observed nesting from April-August
each year. No time or treatment effect on mean clutch size was
detected. Predation accounted for the majority of nest failures
observed. Nests constructed on thinned plots had a lower survival
probability than nests built prior to harvest. Nesting success
increased within the breeding season. Unsuccessful nests located on
thinned plots also had a lower mean nest height than did successful
nests, suggesting that higher nests had a better survival probability.
Nests of this species were located in forest tree gaps in various
successional stages. I found no evidence of timber harvest or nesting
outcome influencing patch characteristics. These results suggest that
the thinning treatment used did impact the ability of the Yellow-billed
Cuckoo to successfully breed on the refuge. Since the results reported
come from a single study site, and the study was not replicated over
space and time, I cannot state that the manipulations studied similarly
affect the breeding biology of this species throughout its range.
© NISC
884. Breeding bird response to riparian buffer width in managed Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir forests.
Pearson, S. F. and Manuwal, D. A.
Ecological Applications 11(3): 840-853. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: American
robin/ bird species richness/ black-throated gray warbler/ breeding
bird density/ Douglas-fir forest/ Pacific-slope flycatcher/ riparian
bird community/ riparian buffer width/ riparian forest management/
species turnover/ winter wren/ breeding population/ community response/
forest management/ habitat selection/ riparian forest/ United States/
Alnus rubra/ Bombycilla cedrorum/ Certhia americana/ Dendroica
nigrescens/ Empidonax difficilis/ Junco hyemalis/ Melospiza melodia/
Regulus satrapa/ Rubus spectabilis/ Troglodytes troglodytes/
Turdus migratorius
Abstract:
We examined the relative importance of riparian vs. upland habitats to
breeding birds by comparing species abundance, richness, and similarity
of bird communities in managed Douglas-fir forests in western Washington State, USA. We also examined whether forested
buffer strips along second- and third-order streams effectively
maintain the pre-logging riparian breeding bird community by comparing
species abundance, richness, and turnover among three treatments: (1)
unharvested controls; (2) sites that were clear-cut, leaving a narrow
(~14 m) forested buffer on both sides of the stream; and (3) sites that
were clear-cut, leaving a wide (~31 m) forested buffer along both sides
of the stream. Deciduous trees, berry-producing shrubs, and other
deciduous shrubs less common in adjacent upland forest characterized
streamside zones. Despite different vegetation features, riparian and
upland habitats did not differ in any measures of bird species richness
and composition. No species or species group was more abundant in the
upland. Neotropical migrants, resident species, and species associated
with deciduous trees and shrubs in forested habitats were more abundant
in riparian habitats than in adjacent uplands. Total bird abundance and
abundance of four species (American Robin [Turdus migratorius],
Pacific-slope Flycatcher [Empidonax difficilis], Black-throated Gray
Warbler [Dendroica nigrescens], and Winter Wren [Troglodytes
troglodytes]) were higher in riparian habitats. Abundance of these
riparian associates was correlated with percent cover of
berry-producing shrubs and the number of deciduous trees in the canopy.
We found that the number of breeding bird species on sites with narrow
buffers increased from slightly fewer than controls before harvest to
an average of 10 more species than controls after harvest, a change
reflected in an average 20% increase in species turnover on
narrow-buffer sites relative to controls. Total bird abundance did not
differ between treatments and controls. Resident species, those species
associated with shrubs in forested habitats and conifer trees, declined
on both buffer treatments. Species associated with upland and riparian
forests (Black-throated Gray Warbler, Golden-crowned Kinglet [Regulus
satrapa], and Brown Creeper [Certhia americana]) decreased in
abundance on riparian buffer treatments relative to controls, whereas
species associated with open, shrubby habitats (Dark-eyed Junco [Junco
hyemalis], Cedar Waxwing [Bombycilla cedrorum], and Song Sparrow
[Melospiza melodia]) increased in abundance on one or both riparian
buffer treatments. High species turnover on narrow-buffer treatments
indicated that buffers <14 m on each side of the stream did not
maintain the pre-logging bird community. There was little difference in
species turnover or species richness between the wide-buffer treatment
and the control, indicating that a 30-m buffer on both sides of
second-order and third-order streams maintains most of the pre-logging
bird community in the first two years postharvest. The Black-throated
Gray Warbler was the only riparian associate to decline on both the
narrow- and wide-buffer treatments; its abundance was positively
correlated with buffer width, and a buffer ≥ 45 m wide on each side
of second- and third-order streams was needed to support populations at
densities found on unharvested controls. To maintain the entire
breeding bird community associated with forested riparian habitats in
the coastal Northwest, we recommend a minimum buffer of 45 m along both
sides of second- and third-order streams. Habitat features such as
deciduous trees (Alnus rubra and Acer macrophyllum) and berry-producing
shrubs (especially Rubus spectabilis) appear to be important and should
be maintained within forested riparian buffer strips. This study
documents short-term effects of riparian treatments on the breeding
bird community, which may take several years to respond to habitat
manipulations. Thus, we recommend continued monitoring to assess
long-term effects of buffer width reduction.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
885. Breeding bird response to riparian forest harvest and harvest equipment.
JoAnn Hanowski, J.; Danz, N.; Lind, J.; and Niemi, G.
Forest Ecology and Management 174(1-3): 315-328. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73
Descriptors: breeding
bird communities/ buffers/ Cut-to-length/ forest/
harvest/ Minnesota/ riparian/ Principle response curves/ streams/
buffers
Abstract: We
examined response of breeding bird communities to timber harvest in
riparian areas using two harvest techniques (full tree harvest and
cut-to-length (CTL)) along first to third order streams in
northern Minnesota, USA. Although many studies have
quantified bird
response to riparian buffer harvest, we are unaware of any study that
examined the response of breeding birds to riparian forest harvest
using different cutting practices. We compared community composition,
total abundance and species richness, as well as abundance of six
individual species on plots within four treatments (three
plots/treatment) completed within 30 m on both sides of the stream.
Treatments in the riparian area (30 m on both sides of the stream)
were: (1) riparian control (no harvest); (2) reduction of basal area to
an average of 7-10 m2/ha with full tree harvest system; (3) reduction of basal area to an average of 7-10 m2/ha
with CTL harvest system; and (4) control (no harvest in riparian area
or upland). For treatments 1, 2, and 3, adjacent upland forests on the
plots were clearcut. Bird surveys were completed 1 year prior to, and 3
years after harvest and revealed a significant response of the bird
community to timber harvest in the riparian area. Bird communities were
most affected by tree removal with both harvest methods, but harvest
type also affected bird communities. Early-successional species, e.g.
song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia
albicollis), mourning warbler (Oporornis philadelphia), and
chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) were associated with
harvested plots, whereas forest species, e.g. scarlet tanager (Piranga
olivacea) and black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens) were
associated with riparian control and control plots. Of six individual
species tested for response to riparian harvest treatment over time,
only the ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) showed a significant time by
treatment interaction. Ovenbird numbers decreased in both the CTL and
full tree harvest plots through 2000, when no individuals were
observed. Two other forest-dependent species, black-throated green
warbler and hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus), showed similar responses
to treatment as the ovenbird. The winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)
responded positively to the greater amount of slash that was left
on-plot with the CTL harvest system. However, with the exception of the
winter wren, we found that bird species and communities did not differ
in their response to harvest system.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
886. Breeding birds in forestry plantations and natural forest in the vicinity of Fundy National Park, New Brunswick.
Johnson, G. A. M. and Freedman, B.
Canadian Field Naturalist 116(3): 475-487. (2002)
Descriptors: breeding
birds/ forestry/ Fundy National Park/ monitoring/ New
Brunswick/ plantations/ abundance/ avifauna/ breeding population/
community composition/ plantation/ species diversity/ Canada
Abstract:
We studied the populations of breeding birds in five reference stands
of natural mixedwood forest and 11 conifer plantations up to 21-years
old in southern New Brunswick, Canada. Variations of the
distribution and abundance of birds were related to changes in the
plant-species composition and structural attributes of their habitat.
Bird species occurred in plantations in levels of abundance and
diversity similar to that of reference forest, although community
composition was highly dissimilar. Species of reference stands were
typical of mature, mixedwood forest. Species of younger plantations
were typical of open, early successional, upland habitats. Once the
plantations became older than 13 years and the tree height exceeded
about 5 m, birds typical of conifer forest began to invade the habitat,
resulting in a mixed-species composition. Although cavity-containing
snags were rare in the plantations, if they did occur in them or near
their edge they were used by hole-nesting birds. Although we could not
study a complete rotation, the field data and habitat trajectory
suggest that the plantations will not support some elements of the
avian biodiversity of the natural forest in the study area. The mature
plantations will be highly depauperate in coarse-woody debris, snags,
and cavities, and will not support species dependent on these critical
habitat elements. In addition, birds requiring habitat containing trees
of larger size and of various species, including hardwoods, will not
find the mature plantations to be suitable. To accommodate the needs of
species potentially at risk from the extensive development of
plantations, the following changes in forestry management practices
should be instituted: (1) retention of natural cavity-trees, snags,
coarse-woody debris, and hardwood trees and shrubs in residual
non-harvested "islands" within clear-cuts and plantations; (b)
retention of a patchy angiosperm component by leaving some areas
untreated during herbicide applications; and (c) setting aside large
areas of natural forest as non-harvested protected areas. Although we
believe that these mitigations would help sustain elements of
indigenous biodiversity that are at risk in an extensive industrial
forest, we stress that these predictions would have to be tested
through additional research and monitoring.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
887. Breeding birds in riparian and upland dry forests of the Cascade Range.
Lehmkuhl, John F.; Burger, E. Dorsey; Drew, Emily K.; Lindsey, John P.; Haggard, Maryellen; and
Woodruff, Kent Z.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(8): 2632-2643.
(Nov. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: birds/
breeding/ wildlife habitat/ forest management/ upland dry forests/
upland mesic forests/ riparian forests/ Cascade Range/ Washington
Abstract: We
quantified breeding bird abundance, diversity, and indicator species
in riparian and upland dry forests along 6 third- to fourth-order
streams on the east slope of the Cascade
Range, Washington, USA. Upland dry forest on southerly
aspects was dominated by open
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and dry Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) plant associations. Upland mesic forest on northerly aspects
was dominated by closed-canopy Douglas-fir or dry grand fir (Abies
grandis) plant associations. Riparian overstory vegetation was
dominated by black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) plant associations
with a prominent hardwood tree and shrub component. We quantified bird
assemblages, diversity, and abundance from parallel point transects on
riparian and adjacent dry and mesic upslope forests. We detected 80
bird species from >12,000 point-transect observations during
1998–1999. Eighteen species accounted for 75% of all detections.
Species richness and evenness were similar in all 3 forest types, with
approximately 35 species and high evenness (0.85) in each forest type.
Bird species assemblages differed among dry, mesic, and riparian forest
types, with the greatest differences between riparian and both dry and
mesic upland forests. Riparian forest had the greatest number (9) of
strong characteristic, or indictor, species among the 3 forest types.
Upland mesic forest was characterized by 7 indicator species. Upland
dry forest had 4 indicator species. Our results indicate that current
standards and guidelines for riparian buffers zones would allow for
avian refuge and corridor functions along these streams. Forest
managers could use our indicator species to predict and monitor shifts
in upland forest species composition from thinning and prescribed
burning practices that are used to reduce fuels in uplands and to
reduce continuity of fire effects between riparian and upland zones.
© ProQuest
888. Breeding birds of even- and uneven-aged pine forests of eastern Texas.
Thill, R. E. and Koerth, N. E.
Southeastern Naturalist 4(1): 153-176. (2005)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706 ; ISSN: 15287092
Descriptors: pine forests/ forest management/ thinning/ breeding/ birds/ Texas
Abstract:
While single-tree selection, uneven-aged management is being used
increasingly on southern national forests as an alternative to
clearcutting and planting of pine, its effects on wildlife are largely
unknown. We compared breeding season bird abundance, species richness,
diversity, and composition among uneven-aged stands and six serai
stages of even-aged stands in upland pine (predominantly loblolly pine,
Pinus taeda Linnaeus) forests of eastern Texas. Even-aged stands
18-80 years old generally had the lowest abundance, richness, and
diversity of birds; uneven-aged stands and even-aged stands 1-9 years
old generally had comparable values for all three of these measures.
Numbers of migrants were highest in seedling, sapling, and
pre-commercially thinned even-aged stands. Although many migrants were
encountered in uneven-aged stands, their frequencies of occurrence
there (even in the most recently harvested stands) were generally less
than in early sere even-aged stands. While overall bird abundance,
species richness, and diversity under single-tree selection may be
comparable or higher than that found throughout most of a typical
national forest even-aged rotation, our data suggest that single-tree
selection management will not provide suitable habitat for many migrant
species that require early succession conditions.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
889. Breeding songbird abundance related to secondary succession in the subarctic forests of western Labrador.
Schwab, F. E.; Simon, N. P. P.; and Carroll, C. G.
Ecoscience 8(1): 1-7. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 11956860
Descriptors: fire/
Labrador/ secondary succession/ snags/ songbirds/ subarctic forest/
abundance/ breeding population/ disturbance/ forest fire/ secondary
succession/ snag/ songbirds/ Canada/ Betula papyrifera
Abstract: To
describe the effects of natural disturbance on birds in
western Labrador, we mapped songbird territories in fourteen 10-ha
plots
originating by natural fire. Plots were 2, 18, 40, < 70 (young
conifer) and > 135 years old (mature conifer and mature white birch.
Betula papyrifera, forests). Three species, dark-eyed junco,
white-throated sparrow and ruby-crowned kinglet, accounted for 50% of
all bird records. Bird density and species richness peaked in
2-year-old burns and mature forest stages. High bird densities in
2-year-old burns were likely due to high snag densities. Most species
were not unique to a particular age since disturbance, but there were
different species in early, <40-year-old burns, and later stages.
Some birds such as yellow-billied flycatcher and Swainson's thrush were
exclusive to white birch forests, a rare forest type in
western Labrador.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
890. Bridging
native and scientific observations of snowshoe hare habitat restoration
after clearcutting to set wildlife habitat management guidelines on
Waswanipi Cree land.
Jacqmain, H.; Belanger, L.; Hilton, S.; and Bouthillier, L.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(3):
530-539.(Mar. 2007)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35
Descriptors: habitat management/ snowshoe hare/ forest management/ tribal peoples/ Quebec/ Canada
Abstract:
Large-scale timber harvesting in the northern black spruce forest, on
Quebec Cree territory, causes immediate loss of productive wildlife
habitat for Cree hunters. Duration of this impact is key information to
improve forest management. The objective here was to examine the
postharvesting habitat restoration delay for snowshoe hare, a species
valuable to Cree hunters, as well as a wildlife indicator of the
sapling stage. A minimum threshold for vegetation development was
established, at which the return of hare populations is considered
acceptable by Cree hunters. To do so, an adaptive approach was used,
combining Cree hunter knowledge and biological assessment. Hare
populations were monitored in 36 cut blocks, ranging from 0 to 30 years
after harvest. Cree hunters were interviewed to determine when a cut
block becomes adequate for snaring. The combined analysis of the two
knowledge sources indicated that stands that meet the threshold average
4 m in height, 6300 trees/ha in density, and are aged between 13 and 27
years. Current regulation sets this threshold at 3 m in height,
regardless of cut block scale, and at 20 years postcut when considering
family hunting ground scale, and thus, does not fully meet sustainable
resource development objectives.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
891. Burning for wild turkey.
Speake, D.
Forest Landowner 62(1): 28-29. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: combustion/ competition/ cost effectiveness/ vegetation/ habitat management/ forestry
Abstract:
The use of burning as a tool for control of vegetation for food and
cover is discussed. It is a cost-effective, natural force that plants
and animals are adapted to and it can be used over large areas in a
short period of time. The use of controlled burning along with other
habitat controls to manage the wild turkey habitats was also discussed.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
892. Burrow
availability and desiccation risk of mole salamanders (Ambystoma
talpoideum) in harvested versus unharvested forest stands.
Rothermel, B. B. and Luhring, T. M.
Journal of Herpetology 39(4): 619-626. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 00221511.
Notes: doi: 10.1670/251-04A.1.
Descriptors: Ambystoma/ Ambystoma talpoideum/ Ambystomatidae/ Amphibia/ Amphiuma means/ Caudata/ Pinus taeda
Abstract:
Clearcutting and other forest management practices that remove canopy
and disturb ground cover may exacerbate the risk of desiccation,
particularly for newly metamorphosed amphibians. We examined
dehydration rates of juvenile Mole Salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum)
in relation to burrow availability in four experimental forest
management treatments. Juvenile salamanders (N = 41) were confined to
small enclosures in four treatments representing a range of habitat
disturbance: clearcut with coarse woody debris (CWD) removed; clearcut
with CWD retained; thinning; and an unharvested control of
second-growth, mature loblolly pine. Half of the salamanders in each
habitat treatment were provided with artificial burrows. Water loss
over 72 h was significantly higher in the clearcut with CWD retained
than in the other three treatments. Most water loss occurred during the
first two nights, when salamanders may have been most active. Only 40%
of salamanders without burrows survived in the clearcuts, versus 90% in
the thinned stand and 100% in the control. Ninety percent of the
salamanders with access to a burrow survived in the clearcuts versus
100% in the thinning and control. We found no correlation between soil
moisture and water loss and attribute higher desiccation rates in the
clearcuts to high temperatures (> 44°C). Although habitat
changes resulting from thinning did not lead to increased desiccation,
complete canopy removal greatly increased risk of mortality caused by
desiccation. Our results also demonstrate that this risk is strongly
mediated by the availability of burrows. © 2005 Society for the
Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
893. Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) habitat and forest succession in northern Maine, USA.
Hoving, C. L.; Harrison, D. J.; Krohn, W. B.; Jakubas, W. J.; and McCollough, M. A.
Wildlife Biology 10(4): 285-294. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 09096396
Descriptors: Akaike's
information criterion/ AIC/ habitat/ Lepus americanus/ Lynx
canadensis/ Maine/ model/ regeneration/ succession/ lynx/ Lynx
lynx
Abstract:
The contiguous United States population of Canada lynx, Lynx
canadensis, was listed as threatened in 2000. The long-term viability
of lynx populations at the southern edge of their geographic range has
been hypothesized to be dependent on old growth forests; however, lynx
are a specialist predator on snowshoe hare Lepus americanus, a species
associated with early-successional forests. To quantify the effects of
succession and forest management on landscape-scale (100 km2)
patterns of habitat occupancy by lynx, we compared landscape attributes
in northern Maine, USA, where lynx had been detected on snow
track surveys to landscape attributes where surveys had been conducted,
but lynx tracks had not been detected. Models were constructed a priori
and compared using logistic regression and Akaike's Information
Criterion (AIC), which quantitatively balances data fit and parsimony.
In the models with the lowest (i.e. best) AIC, lynx were more likely to
occur in landscapes with much regenerating forest, and less likely to
occur in landscapes with much recent clearcut, partial harvest and
forested wetland. Lynx were not associated positively or negatively
with mature coniferous forest. A probabilistic map of the model
indicated a patchy distribution of lynx habitat in northern Maine.
According to an additional survey of the study area for lynx tracks
during the winter of 2003, the model correctly classified 63.5% of the
lynx occurrences and absences. Lynx were more closely associated with
young forests than mature forests; however, old-growth forests were
functionally absent from the landscape. Lynx habitat could be reduced
in northern Maine, given recent trends in forest management
practices. Harvest strategies have shifted from clearcutting to partial
harvesting. If this trend continues, future landscapes will shift away
from extensive regenerating forests and toward landscapes dominated by
pole-sized and larger stands. Because Maine presently supports the
only verified populations of this federally threatened species in the
eastern United States, changes in forest management practices
could affect recovery efforts throughout that region.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
894. A case for using plethodontid salamanders for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity of North American forests.
Welsh, H. H. and Droege, S.
Conservation Biology 15(3): 558-569. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
canopy/ ecosystems/ forest health/ forests/ microclimate/
microhabitats/ monitoring/ small mammals/ Amphibia/ birds/ Caudata/
Lepidoptera/ North America/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals/
insects/ arthropods/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Terrestrial salamanders of the family Plethodontidae have unique
attributes that make them excellent indicators of biodiversity and
ecosystem integrity in forested habitats. Their longevity, small
territory size, site fidelity, sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic
perturbations, tendency to occur in high densities, and low sampling
costs mean that counts of plethodontid salamanders provide numerous
advantages over counts of other North American forest organisms for
indicating environmental change. Furthermore, they are tightly linked
physiologically to microclimatic and successional processes that
influence the distribution and abundance of numerous other hydrophilic
but difficult-to-study forest-dwelling plants and animals. Ecosystem
processes such as moisture cycling, food-web dynamics, and succession,
with their related structural and microclimatic variability, all affect
forest biodiversity and have been shown to affect salamander
populations as well. We determined the variab ility associated with
sampling for plethodontid salamanders by estimating the coefficient of
variation from available time-series data. The median coefficient of
variation indicated that variation in counts of individuals among
studies was much lower in plethodontids (27%) than in lepidoptera
(93%), passerine birds (57%), small mammals (69%), or other amphibians
(37-46%), which means plethodontid salamanders provide an important
statistical advantage over other species for monitoring long-term
forest health.
© CABI
895. Cattle grazing in a national forest greatly reduces nesting success in a ground-nesting sparrow.
Walsberg, Glenn E.
Condor 107(3): 714-716. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: dark-eyed
junco/ Pinus ponderosa/ ponderosa pine/ Arizona/ cattle grazing/
Coconino County, Kaibab National Forest/ commercial enterprises/
disturbances/ farming and agriculture/ forest/ grazing/ habitat
destruction/ land zones/ nesting success/ North America/ predation/
productivity/ reproduction/ savanna/ terrestrial ecology/ vegetation
cover/ wildlife-human relationships/
Junco hyemalis
Abstract: Grazing
of domestic livestock on public lands in the western United States
is a major source of habitat destruction. I
quantified nest success of ground-nesting Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco
hyemalis) breeding in ponderosa pine forests and pine savanna in
the Kaibab National Forest of northern Arizona.
Comparison.
of results for areas grazed by cattle to results for immediately
adjacent areas protected from grazing revealed that cattle grazing was
associated with a dramatic (75%) reduction in nest success. Cattle
grazing reduced vegetation cover over nests by an average of 41%,
exposing the nest to more extreme climatic conditions as well as
possibly making them more conspicuous to predators.
© NISC
896. Cavity-nester habitat development in artificially made Douglas-fir snags.
Brandeis, T. J.; Newton, M.; Filip, G. M.; and Cole, E. C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 625-633. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: beetle
colonization/ Decay development/ Douglas-fir/ Fomitopsis cajanderi/
Fomitopsis pinicola/ Fungal inoculation/ Oregon/ Phellinus pini/
Phlebiopsis gigantea/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ snags/ wildlife habitat/
beetle/ cavity/ nesting/ wildlife management/ Cryptoporus volvatus/
Dendroctonus/ Dryocopus pileatus/ Fomitopsis cajanderi/ Fomitopsis
pinicola/ Phellinus pini/ Phlebiopsis gigantea/ Picoides villosus/
Pseudotsuga menziesii/ Trichaptum abietinum
Abstract:
Standing dead trees, or snags, are a source of foraging habitat and
nesting cavities for wildlife. We evaluated the efficacy of creating
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) snags (by girdling, silvicide
treatment, and topping) and their influence on deterioration rate by
describing bark beetle activity, fungal colonization, and use by cavity
nesters. To compare the development of artificial with natural fungal
infection, we inoculated snags with Fomitopsis pinicola, Fomitopsis
cajanderi, Phellinus pini, and Phlebiopsis gigantea. Silvicide-treated
and fully topped trees took just over 1 year to die; girdled trees took
slightly over 2 years to die. Trees topped at mid-crown that died took
almost 3 years. Top breakage began 4 years after treatment. Neither
snag-creation methods nor artificial inoculation directly affected bark
beetle (Dendroctonus spp., Ips spp.) activity or the presence of
externally visible fungal fruiting bodies 4 years after treatment.
Native decay fungi, particularly Trichaptum abietinum and Cryptoporus
volvatus, extensively colonized snag sapwood. Snag-creation method and
artificial inoculation did not appreciably affect woodpecker activity
after 4 years. Rather, length of time the snag had been dead had the
most influence on bird use. All snags except the living mid-crown
topped trees provided foraging habitat and may be a suitable condition
for cavity-nest excavation. Pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus),
hairy woodpeckers (Picoides villosus), and other species excavated and
de-barked the created snags during foraging, and possibly during
nesting activity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
897. Cervid forage utilization in noncommercially thinned ponderosa pine forests.
Gibbs, M. C.; Jenks, J. A.; Deperno, C. S.; Sowell, B. F.; and Jenkins, K. J.
Journal of Range Management 57(5): 435-441. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus/ diets/ forage/ standing biomass/ mule deer/ Odocoileus
hemionus/ Odocoileus virginianus/ white-tailed deer/ habitat use/
thinning/ ungulate/ Custer State Park/ South Dakota/
Pinus ponderosa
Abstract:
To evaluate effects of noncommercial thinning, utilization of forages
consumed by elk (Cervus elaphus L.), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus
Raf.), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Raf.) was measured
in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) stands in Custer
State Park, S. D. Treatments consisted of unthinned (control; 22 to 32 m2/ha basal area), moderately thinned (12 to 22 m2/ha basal area), and heavily thinned (3 to 13 m2/ha
basal area) stands of ponderosa pine. During June, July, and August,
1991 and 1992, about 7,000 individual plants were marked along
permanent transects and percent-weight-removed by grazing was ocularly
estimated. Sample plots were established along transects and plants
within plots were clipped to estimate standing biomass. Pellet groups
were counted throughout the study area to determine summer habitat use
of elk and deer. Diet composition was evaluated using microhistological
analysis of fecal samples. Average percent-weight-removed from all
marked plants and percent-plants-grazed were used to evaluate forage
utilization. Standing biomass of graminoids, shrubs, and forbs
increased (P < 0.05) from unthinned to moderately and heavily
thinned stands. Utilization of graminoids and shrubs averaged less than
1% when measured as percent-weight-removed and percent-plants-grazed
and did not differ (P > 0.05) across treatments. Forb use averaged
less than 5% within sampling periods when measured as
percent-weight-removed and percent-of-plants grazed and did not differ
among treatments. Results of pellet group surveys indicated that
cervids were primarily using meadow habitats. When averaged over the 2
years, forbs were the major forage class in deer diets, whereas
graminoids were the major forage class in diets of elk.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
898. Change in wildlife habitats in Quebec forests: Analysis of major trends over three decades.
Crete, M. and Marzell, L.
Forestry Chronicle 82(3): 368-382. (2006)
Descriptors: boreal
forests/ dead wood/ fauna/ forest management/ forest pests/ habitats/
insect pests/ plant communities/ plant pests/ species diversity/
wildlife conservation/ Abies balsamea/ Acer saccharum/ Betula
alleghaniensis/ Carya cordiformis/ Choristoneura fumiferana/ mosses/
Odocoileus virginianus/ Picea
Abstract:
As forest management intensified between the 1970s and the 1990s, we
tested the prediction that three forest attributes, likely essential
for some wildlife species, became rarer during this time interval: old
(>100 years) stands, dead wood and woody species diversity. We used
a network of about 7000 permanent plots, surveyed at least three times,
for determining trends followed by these variables during the last
three decades of the 20th century. We stratified our analysis according
to the six vegetation domains of the southern half of Quebec where
forest management occurs, i.e., from the sugar maple-bitternut to the
spruce-moss domain. The proportion of old stands clearly diminished
only in the western part of the sugar maple- and balsam fir-yellow
birch domains. However, stands composed of old trees were already very
scarce during the 1970s everywhere except in the spruce-moss domain
where they could have increased in importance during the study period.
Snags tended to become rarer only in the western part of sugar maple-
and balsam fir-yellow birch domains whereas their abundance increased
elsewhere, sometimes substantially, because of the spruce budworm
epidemic that affected Quebec between 1975 and 1990. Results
suggest that tree diversity was impoverished in the two southernmost
forest domains; the same tendency existed also for saplings,
particularly because of intense browsing by white-tailed deer. In the
boreal forest, the spruce budworm epidemic favoured sapling diversity
during the 1980s and 1990s. Our analysis indicates that we must: (1)
quickly exclude some typical old stands from forest management in all
vegetation domains; (2) determine if some woody species became rarer in
forest stands of southern Quebec; (3) identify which elements of the
forest fauna depend on old stands, rare tree species and senescent
trees, and (4) continue to monitor the trend of dead wood present in
Quebec forests.
© CABI
899. Changing fire regimes and the avifauna of California oak woodlands.
Purcell, Kathryn L. and Stephens, Scorr L.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 33-45. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: violet-green
swallow/ western bluebird/ western kingbird/ anthropogenic/ avian
diversity/ fire/ fire frequency/ fire intensity/ fire suppression/
livestock grazing/ oak woodlands
Abstract:
Natural and anthropogenic fire once played an important role in oak
woodlands of California. Although lightning-ignited fires were
infrequent, the California Indians used fire to modify oak woodland
vegetation for at least 3,000 yr. These high-frequency, low-intensity
fires likely resulted in little mortality of mature oaks, low but
continuous tree recruitment, an open understory, and a fine-grained
mosaic of vegetation patches. Following settlement by Europeans in the
mid-1800s, ranchers burned to reduce shrub cover and to increase
grassland area and forage production; surface fires were common with
average fire-return intervals of 8-15 yr. Fire suppression, begun in
the 1940s to 1950s, led to increases in surface and crown fuels,
invasion of woody vegetation in the understory, and increased tree
density. In the absence of demonstrated fire effects on oak woodland
birds, we used changes in vegetation structure expected to result from
fire and fire suppression to predict the response of oak woodland birds
to fire and fire suppression based on nesting habitat of 17 common oak
woodland species breeding at the San Joaquin Experimental Range, Madera County, California. Our results
suggest that populations of Western Kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis),
Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), and Violet-green Swallows
(Thchycineta thalassina), would increase in abundance following fire,
because they consistently nested in habitat similar to that expected to
result from frequent, low-intensity fire. The species predicted to
respond negatively to changes resulting from fire differed among the
variables examined. If fire produces a mosaic of habitat patches rather
than a homogeneous landscape, we expect that the differing habitat
needs of most species will be provided for. As with fire, the most
obvious change resulting from excluding livestock was an increase in
shrub cover. The question naturally arises to what extent livestock
grazing creates habitat similar to that created by historical fire, but
this question remains unstudied. More fire-history research is needed
to understand past fire regimes of oak woodlands and the effects of
fire, including prescribed fire, on the vegetation and the bird
community. The effects of grazing and the extent to which grazing
mimics fire clearly require more study. We encourage others to test our
hypotheses regarding responses of birds to variables expected to be
altered by fire: shrub cover, tree density, and numbers of snags,
saplings, and logs. Finally, we need to test our working hypothesis
that a mosaic of habitat patches will provide the habitat conditions
needed to sustain the high avian diversity characteristic of oak
woodlands.
© NISC
900. Changing perceptions of the role of managed forests as wildlife habitat in the Pacific Northwest.
Aubry, K. B.
In: Managing for wildlife habitat in westside production forests, General Technical Report-PNW 695/
Harrington,
T. B. and Nicholas, G. E.; Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 2007. pp. 3-17.
Notes: 08874840 (ISSN).
Descriptors: forest management/ landscape/ old growth/ riparian/ wildlife
Abstract:
Forest management objectives and the perceived role of managed
forests as wildlife habitat in the Pacific Northwest changed in
many significant ways during the 20th century. Before 1900, wildlife
was generally considered something to be exploited or exterminated, not
managed or protected. This perspective began to change in the early
1900s when Theodore Roosevelt promoted the doctrine of "conservation
through wise use," and Aldo Leopold established the science and
practice of wildlife management with the publication of his seminal
textbook, Game Management. However, the most revolutionary changes in
public and professional perceptions regarding forest management for
wildlife objectives occurred in the latter part of the 20 th century.
Many of these changes began during the 1970s, after the environmental
movement of the 1960s resulted in the enactment of federal legislation
designed to minimize environmental degradation, perpetuate biological
diversity, and protect endangered species. In this paper, I argue that
changing perceptions about the role of managed forests as wildlife
habitat were associated primarily with the following four key
conceptual turning points that were strongly influenced by these
legislative mandates and the ground-breaking research and landmark
publications of various scientists and resource professionals in this
region: (1) for which species should forests be managed? (2) at what
spatial or ecological scales should forests be managed? (3) which
riparian zones should be managed? (4) can old-growth attributes be
created in managed forests?
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
901. Characteristics of Mount Graham red squirrel nest sites in a mixed conifer forest.
Merrick, Melissa J.; Bertelsen, Sadie R.; and
Koprowski, John L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6): 1958-1963. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Rodentia/
Sciuridae/ Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis/ Arizona/ breeding
grounds/ forests/ ecosystems/ forest management/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ forestry management/ Graham County, Pinaleno
Mountains/ habitat management/ habitat use/ mixed conifer forest/ nest
site characteristics/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial
enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ land
zones/ reproduction/ breeding/ Picea engelmannii/ Populus ssp.
Abstract:
The Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
grahamensis) is constrained to the Pinaleno Mountains in
southeastern Arizona, USA. The population's endangered status
and extensive forest damage from insects and fire warrants a better
understanding of habitat variables important for nest site selection.
We examined characteristics of cavity (n = 91) and drey (n = 38) nests
and compared these to random sites (n = 113). Dreys were found
primarily in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and corkbark fir
(Abies lasiocaroa var. arizonica). Cavity nests occurred primarily in
aspen (Populus tremuloides) and corkbark fir. Squirrels selected nest
sites with higher canopy cover and more corkbark fir, decayed logs, and
living trees. Forest management plans emphasizing thinning must
consider how altering these habitat characteristics could affect
availability and suitability of tree stands for nesting squirrels.
© NISC
902. Characteristics of roost sites of adult wild turkey females.
Chamberlain, Michael J.; Leopold, Bruce D.; and
Burger, L. Wes
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(4): 1025-1032. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Meleagris
gallopavo silvestris/ wild turkey/ Meleagris gallopavo/ birds/
behavior/ roosts/ roosting/ habitat use/ movements/ home
range-territory/ ecosystems/ pine/ forests, mixed/ riparian habitat/
diurnal rhythm/ habitat management for wildlife/ modeling/ seasonal
activities/ statistics/ wildlife management areas/ wild turkey/
habitat/ sleeping / dispersion/ female/ movement/ season/ eastern
wild turkey/ Mississippi: central region/ Jasper County, Mississippi/
Newton County, Mississippi/ Scott County, Mississippi/ Smith County,
Mississippi
Abstract:
Little research has examined roost-site selection processes by eastern
wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). Additionally, few
studies have quantified selection of roost sites relative to
availability of habitats within the home range and female movements
prior to roosting. Hence, the authors examined selection of roost sites
relative to availability of habitats within the home range and assessed
the relationship between selected landscape metrics and location of
roost sites. They obtained 638 triangulated roost locations on 34 adult
female wild turkeys during 1996-97 on a study area composed of
different landowners in central Mississippi. Roosting habitat use
differed (P < 0.01) from availability within home ranges, with
females preferring to roost in sawtimber pine (Pinus spp.) and
pine-hardwood stands. Distance to nearest creek and stand age
frequently differed (P < 0.05) between roost and random sites. Roost
sites were closer to creeks and in older aged stands than random sites.
Females did not appear to increase movements prior to roosting,
suggesting that roosting may influence female movements throughout the
day, allowing females to be at preferred roosting sites at dusk.
Alternatively, females may simply roost in the nearest suitable habitat
at the end of the day. The authors suggest managers and biologists
consider the importance of stand age and landscape metrics to roost
site selection when managing for eastern wild turkeys.
© NISC
903. Clearcut logging restricts the movements of terrestrial Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus Good).
Johnston, Barbara and Frid, Leonardo
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(12): 2170-2177. (2002)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301
Descriptors: Dicamptodon
tenebrosus/ Caudata/ Dicamptodontidae/ Lissamphibia/ behavior/ wildlife
management/ clearcut logging/ movement patterns/ precipitation/ British
Columbia/ Chilliwack and Nooksack Drainage Basins/ distribution/
forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ home
range/ territory/ Washington/ wildlife-human relationships/ Canada/
commercial enterprises/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land zones/ Pacific
giant salamander
Abstract: Pacific
giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus Good) in
the Chilliwack River valley of southwestern British
Columbia
are at the periphery of their range, and therefore of conservation
concern. Although logging is a potential threat to the species, no
studies have examined how clear-cutting affects its terrestrial stage.
We used radiotelemetry to compare the movements of 35 terrestrial
Pacific giant salamanders at sites with three different logging
histories: forested, clearcut to the stream margin, and clearcut with
riparian buffer strips. The results demonstrate that logging affected
movements of the salamanders. Salamanders in clearcuts remained
significantly closer to the stream, spent more time in subterranean
refuges, and had smaller home ranges than those at forested sites.
During a dry year, salamanders in clearcuts were significantly more
dependent on precipitation for their movement than salamanders in
forested habitats. Salamander movement behavior in riparian buffer
strips was not significantly different from that at forested sites but
was significantly different from that at
clearcut sites. Riparian buffer strips appear to mitigate some of the negative effects of clearcuts on salamander movement.
© NISC
904. Coarse
woody debris and pine litter manipulation effects on movement and
microhabitat use of Ambystoma talpoideum in a Pinus taeda stand.
Moseley, K. R.; Castleberry, S. B.; and Ford, W. M.
Forest Ecology and Management 191(1-3): 387-396. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.015.
Descriptors: Ambystoma
talpoideum/ Ambystomidae/ coarse woody debris/ pine litter/ plantation
silviculture/ debris/ forestry/ radar/ mole salamanders/ pine litters
(PL)/ ecology/ amphibians/ habitat use/ litter/ silviculture/ woody
debris/ Ambystoma talpoideum/ Pinus taeda
Abstract: We
examined effects of coarse woody debris (CWD) and pine litter (PL)
manipulations on movement and microhabitat use by mole salamanders
(Ambystoma talpoideum) in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina.
Individuals were tracked within field enclosures using harmonic radar
detection from 3 December 2002 to 1 August 2003. Enclosure study one
(ES1) consisted of three treatments: (1) high CWD/high PL; (2) low
CWD/low PL; (3) high CWD/low PL. Enclosure study two (ES2) consisted of
two treatment types: complete PL removal and unmanipulated control.
Activity of A. talpoideum within ES1 high CWD/low PL,
low CWD/high PL and high CWD/high PL treatments did not
differ.
Individuals subject to ES2 PL removal treatments moved during more
nights than individuals in control treatments. During night
surveys ES2 PL removal treatments moved on a greater percentage of
nights,
and were active for longer periods of time, than individuals in control
treatments. A. talpoideum exposed to low PL treatments may have
utilized CWD as a means of compensating for inadequate microclimate
conditions provided by reduced pine litter depth. Our results suggest
that reduction of CWD and pine litter has little effect on A.
talpoideum activity levels. Conversely, complete pine litter removal
prompts individual salamanders to move more frequently and for longer
periods, thereby potentially being subjected to increased desiccation
and predation risk. Within managed pine forests in the
southeastern United States, forest management practices that
minimize pine
litter and CWD removal can help to maintain suitable habitat for
amphibian groups such as ambystomatid salamanders.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
905. Combining pine timber and wildlife management objectives.
Goerlich, D. and Parkhurst, J.
Forest Landowner 62(4): 42-44. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: conservation/
logging (forestry)/ softwoods/ vegetation/ pine timber management/
regeneration harvest/ wildlife habitat/ wildlife management/ forestry/
conservation/ forest management/ forests/ harvesting/ plantations/
prescribed burning/ reforestation/ thinning/
Abstract:
In some cases pine plantations, once established, are not managed
effectively to produce maximum wildlife benefit. Pine plantations can
provide great wildlife habitat over time where landowners are willing
to adopt well-established management strategies. No single vegetation
group-pine plantation or otherwise-can satisfy the habitat needs for
all wildlife species. With proper design and periodic and timely
management efforts, pine timber and wildlife management objectives can
be compatible.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
906. A comparison of density and reproductive indices of songbirds in young and old boreal forest.
Rangen, S. A.; Hobson, K. A.; and Clark, R. G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1): 110-118. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: boreal
forest/ density/ forest management/ habitat quality/ nest success/
power analysis/ reproductive behaviors/ songbirds/ critical analysis/
estimation method/ index method/ passerines/ reproductive success/
Zonotrichia albicollis
Abstract:
Reproductive behaviors have been used to estimate relative reproductive
success for songbirds in grasslands, but little is known about the ease
of detecting these behaviors in more complex habitats such as forests.
We evaluated the feasibility of detecting differences in reproductive
effort and success, using songbird behavior and number of fledglings
observed, and investigated the relationship of indices of reproductive
behaviors and fledgling frequencies versus species densities in 2
age-classes of forest. We used spot-mapping to determine breeding bird
densities, whereas behavioral censuses and spot-mapping documented
reproductive activity. Eighty-three percent of species did not differ
in density between young and old stands. Census coverage totalled 4.3
hour/ha (SE = 0.12, n = 6) for young (25 years) and 4.1 hour/ha (SE =
0.13, n = 6) for old stands (76-100 years), when we combined behavioral
observations obtained from late morning surveys and early morning
spot-mapping on the same grids. Two of 7 ground and 1 of 5 aboveground
nesting species showed greater productivity in young than old stands
and 1 of 7 ground-nesting species had greater reproductive success in
old than young stands, using indices of reproductive behavior. However,
differences between forest age-classes in detections of fledglings were
found only for white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Lack
of differences in indices of reproductive behavior between stand ages
was related to low statistical power and poor visibility of birds in
forests, particularly in stands with high canopies. Power analysis
indicated that 126 spot-mapping grids/treatment are required to attain
80% power with a hypothesized difference in the index reproductive
behavior of 50% (i.e., effect size = 0.5) and α
= 0.05. Thus, using indices of reproductive behavior and observations
of fledglings to estimate nesting success in forested habitats is not
feasible unless number of replicate spot-mapping grids is extremely
large, species are very abundant, and birds concentrate their
activities in lower parts of the canopy. Relationships between indices
of reproductive behaviors or frequencies of fledglings and density were
positive for 40-45% of species, yet were weak for species overall.
Further work is needed in different habitat types, including varied
forest types, to test the feasibility of collecting reproductive
behaviors and estimating fledgling numbers and to verify the assumption
that breeding bird density is a good predictor of habitat quality.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
907. Comparison
of rodent communities in sites with different degrees of disturbance in
deciduous forest of southeastern Morelos, Mexico.
Garcia Estrada, Carlos; Romero Almaraz, Ma De Lourdes; and Sanchez Hernandez, Cornelio
Acta Zoologica Mexicana Nueva Serie (85): 153-168. (2002); ISSN: 0065-1737
Descriptors: age
structure/ cattle grazing/ community composition/ conservation biology/
deciduous forests: habitat/ demographic parameters/ environmental
disturbance/ firewood extraction/ intersite differences/ lumber
harvesting/ microhabitat preference/ population density/ soils/ species
diversity/ topography
Abstract: This
study is the first work that compares rodent communities in a
deciduous forest in Mexico. It documents differences between sites
experiencing different degrees of disturbance caused by firewood and
lumber extraction, and cattle grazing; a relatively undisturbed site
(Site 1) and another more disturbed site (Site 2) in
southeastern Morelos State. In each site we captured six
species of
rodents. Though habitat disturbance did not modify diversity or
evenness of rodent species, the total number of individuals captured in
Site 1 (n=319) was greater than in Site 2 (n=90). Effects of habitat
fragmentation were expressed in significant differences in population
density, age structure and microhabitat preference between two sites
for Baiomys musculus, Peromyscus levipes and P. melanophrys. The
disturbance of deciduous forest appears to be the principal factor
explaining differences in demographic parameters of rodent species
between the two study sites, as these two sites have the same climate,
similar soils, and topography which differ only slightly.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
908. Compatibility of delayed cutting regime with bird breeding and hay nutritional quality.
Nocera, J. J.; Parsons, G. J.; Milton, G. R.; and
Fredeen, A. H.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 107(2-3):
245-253. (2005)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2004.11.001.
Descriptors: bobolink/
breeding phenology/ crude protein/ fledging rate/ grassland birds/ hay
cutting/ livestock nutrition/ grassland/ hay/ phenology/ Canada/ North
America/ Nova Scotia/ Ammodramus nelsoni/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/
Passerculus sandwichensis
Abstract:
The breeding phenology of three grassland bird species was studied in
managed hayfields of Nova Scotia, Canada: bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis),
and Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus),
under delayed hay cutting regimes (post-1 July). Weekly changes were
monitored in several measures of hay nutritional quality (percent crude
protein (CP %), acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus
(P)). Timing of peak fledging was variable across years, but generally
occurred in the first week of July. Delay of cutting by 1 week in late
June or early July resulted in a small reduction in hay nutritional
quality. However, that hay would still meet energy and CP %
requirements for non-lactating beef cows. Regression models showed that
a delay of 1.5 weeks (from 20 June to 1 July) in cutting translated to
a mean decrease in CP % of 2.1. Conversely, this delay secured an
increase in the rate of fledgling, from 0 to 20% for bobolink, 56% for
savannah sparrow, and 44% for Nelson's sharp-tailed sparrow. Postponing
cut by 1 more week (to a minimum of 7 July) gave the benefit of
allowing maximum fledging rates for all species, while CP % lost 3.5.
While this level of CP % is unlikely to support high maintenance
periparturient cows and feeder/finisher cattle, it could be made
profitable through mineral supplementation. ADF levels were
considerably elevated, while Ca and P improved in the same time period.
These trends show delayed hay cutting can be a viable option for
farmers opting to conserve
breeding birds on hayfields. The feasibility of delaying cut
varies
with a farm's specialization, and to a degree, breed kept. Such
practices can be incorporated into a holistic approach to agroecosystem
management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
909. Competitive effects on plantation white spruce saplings from shrubs that are important browse for moose.
Posner, Scott D. and Jordan, Peter A.
Forest Science 48(2): 283-289. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: Alces
alces/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
terrestrial ecology/ herbicide control/ competitive suppression/ frost
damage/ USDA Forest Service/ browse shrub species/ conifer plantations/
controlling competing shrubs/ foods-feeding/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ Minnesota/ Superior National Forest/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ diets/ disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ moose
Abstract:
Conifer planting is often accompanied by herbicide control of
surrounding broadleaf, woody plants that may interfere with conifer
growth, a process that releases conifers from competitive suppression.
Because potential competitors often provide browse for wildlife, their
removal may conflict with objectives in multiple-resource management.
While some agencies, such as the USDA Forest Service (USFS), have
greatly reduced herbicide use, many other timber producers still rely
on chemicals to release conifers from competing vegetation. In
northeastern Minnesota, where moose (Alces alces) are a highly
valued resource, we studied impacts of broadleaf shrubs on 4- to
16-yr-old white spruce (Picea glauca) along with the extent of browsing
by moose on these shrubs. Height, diameter, and current vertical growth
increment of spruce were compared among four levels of presence
(density strata) of shrubs immediately surrounding each sapling. Spruce
grew as well or better in the low and medium density strata as in the
non-shrub stratum. In the high density stratum, height and growth
increment, particularly in 10- to 16-yr-old spruce, appeared reduced.
Presence of shrubs seemed to reduce frost damage in young spruce. Moose
browsing reduced height of most shrub species, suggesting that these
animals provide a release effect on adjacent spruce. We recommend a
release strategy that avoids reduction of shrubs beyond the level that
assures normal growth in young spruce, so as both to minimize loss of
browse for wildlife and avoid unnecessary silvicultural costs.
© NISC
910. Conservation incentives programs for endangered species: An analysis of landowner participation.
Langpap, C.
Land Economics 80(3): 375-388. (2004); ISSN: 00237639
Descriptors: economic incentives/ forestry/ habitat conservation/ wildlife habitat
Abstract:
It has been argued that the land-use restrictions prescribed by the
Endangered Species Act have failed to protect endangered species on
private land. Hence, there has been a call for using incentives to
complement this regulatory approach. This paper uses data from a survey
of private forest owners to examine the demographic and land
characteristics that determine landowner participation in incentives
programs. The results suggest that targeting incentives to younger
landowners who have acquired property more recently, who own more
woodland, and who are interested in conservation and providing wildlife
habitat may be effective in increasing participation rates. © 2004
by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin
System.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
911. Conservation of endangered species: Can incentives work for private landowners?
Langpap, C.
Ecological Economics 57(4): 558-572. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 09218009.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.007.
Descriptors: Endangered Species Act/ incentives/
NIPFs/ non-industrial private forests/ voluntary
conservation agreements
Abstract: It
has been argued that the traditional regulatory approach of the
Endangered Species Act, based on land-use restrictions, has failed to
protect endangered species on private land. In response, there has been
a call for the use of incentives to complement this regulatory
approach. This paper examines the potential of incentives programs to
elicit conservation-oriented management choices from landowners. Data
obtained from a survey of non-industrial private forest owners
in Oregon and Washington is used to examine the effectiveness
of
various incentives. The results indicate that incentives, in particular
compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the
conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest
that conservation policy for private lands could be improved by relying
on a combination of incentives, including financial incentives and
assurances, rather than exclusively on the threat of regulation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
912. Conservation of the marbled murrelet under the northwest forest plan.
Raphael, Martin G.
Conservation Biology 20(2): 297-305. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ land zones/
Brachyramphus marmoratus: disturbance by man/ habitat management/
forest management plan application/ endangered species/ national parks
and reserves/ forest and woodland/ abiotic factors/ United States/
Aves, Charadriiformes, Alcidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) was listed as
threatened in 1992, primarily because of loss of its old-forest nesting
habitat. Monitoring conducted over the first 10 years following
implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan shows at-sea murrelet
populations appear to be stationary, but recruitment is very low and
demographic models project a 4-6% annual rate of decline. Monitoring of
nesting habitat indicated there were about 1.6 million ha of
higher-suitability nesting habitat on all lands at the start of the
plan, about half of which occurred on federal lands. Most (88%) of
higher-suitability habitat on federal lands was protected within
reserves. Over the past 10 years, losses of habitat due primarily to
fire have totalled about 2% on federal lands. Losses have been much
greater (12%) on nonfederal lands, due primarily to timber harvest.
Habitat is expected to accrue within reserves as younger forest matures
and attains sufficient diameter to support nesting sites. At-sea
estimates of population size are strongly and positively correlated
with amounts of adjacent nesting habitat at a broad scale, supporting
the idea that amounts of nesting habitat are a primary driver in
wide-scale murrelet population distribution. Conditions at sea,
however, such as temperature regimes, prey availability, and
pollutants, continue to affect murrelet populations. The system of
large reserves seems to have achieved the short-term objective of
conserving much of the remaining nesting habitat on federal lands.
These reserves are also likely to contribute to the long-term objective
of creating large, contiguous blocks of nesting habitat. The plan has a
primary role in conserving and restoring nesting habitat on federal
land but will succeed in this role only if land allocations calling for
such protection are in for many decades.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
913. Conservation of the northern spotted owl under the northwest forest plan.
Noon, Barry R. and Blakesley, Jennifer A.
Conservation Biology 20(2): 288-96. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Strix
occidentalis/ ecosystem/ strigiformes/ trees/ conservation of natural
resources [history]/ conservation of natural resources [methods]/
forestry [organization and administration]/ conservation of natural
resources [legislation and jurisprudence]/ forestry [history]/ history,
20th century/ northwestern United States/ weather/ spotted owl/ habitat
management/ forest/ silviculture/ population/ loss of habitat/
competition/ prey/ food
Abstract:
Development of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) was motivated by
concerns about the over-harvest of late-seral forests and the effects
of intensive forest management on the long-term viability of the
Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Following several
years of intense political and legal debates, the final NWFP was
approved in 1994. Even though the plan evolved with a broad ecosystem
perspective, it remained anchored in the Spotted Owl reserve design
proposed in 1990. Based on a criterion of stable or increasing
populations, a decade later it remains unclear whether the enactment of
the NWFP has improved the conservation status of Spotted Owls. The
results of intensive monitoring of several Spotted Owl populations for
over a decade suggest a continuing range-wide decline even though rates
of timber harvest have declined dramatically on federal lands. The
cause of the decline is difficult to determine because the research
needed to establish cause and effect relations has not been done. One
plausible hypothesis is that the owl's life history greatly constrains
its rate of population growth even when habitat is no longer limiting.
Since enactment of the NWFP, new threats have arisen, including the
movement of Barred Owls (S. varia) into the range of the Spotted Owl,
political pressure to increase levels of timber harvest, and recent
changes to forest laws that eliminate the requirement to assess the
viability of wildlife populations on U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service lands. At this time is appears that Spotted Owl
conservation rests critically on continued implementation of the
protections afforded by the NWFP and the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
© NISC
914. Convergence in arthropod assemblages with various restoration approaches for Canadian deciduous forests.
Bellocq, M. Isabel and Smith, Sandy M.
Journal of Insect Conservation 7(2): 99-109. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68 ; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Canada/ North America/ Arthropoda: habitat management/ deciduous
forest restoration/ treatments effect on abundance and community
structure/ trophic structure/ deciduous forest restoration treatments
effect/ community structure/ population density/ forest and woodland/
deciduous forest/ restoration treatments effect on abundance and
community structure/ Ontario/ Durham Regional Forest/ deciduous forest
restoration treatments effect on abundance and community structure/
Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea/ arthropods/ beetles/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Silvicultural practices are traditionally aimed at increasing forest
profits; however, recent approaches to forest conservation have
broadened to include nature-based silviculture for regenerating
forests. In southern Ontario (Canada), originally dominated
by deciduous forests, conifer plantations were established on abandoned
agricultural sites. Currently, there is an increasing interest to
convert these conifer stands to a state that mimics the original
deciduous forest. We investigated arthropod abundance, species richness
of carabid beetles, and abundance of arthropod assemblages (trophic and
prey groups) under five silvicultural treatments conducted to
regenerate deciduous forests (the natural forest type) from the old
conifer plantations. The treatments included: (1) uniform canopy
removal; (2) uniform canopy removal and understory removal; (3) group
canopy removal; (4) group canopy removal and understory removal; and
(5) untreated control plots (relatively pure red pine). Insects were
sampled annually using sweepnets and pitfall traps. Results revealed
treatment effects on the abundance of Coleoptera, Heteroptera,
herbivores, and small arthropods (<3 mm) caught in sweepnet samples,
where plots subjected to group shelterwood removal and understory
removal supported higher abundances than the control plots. There was
no treatment effect on the abundance of other arthropod groups or on
the species richness and abundance of carabid beetles. The
silvicultural treatments used to encourage natural regeneration did not
seem to affect arthropod food availability for insectivorous
vertebrates. Thus, the type of silvicultural strategy used to convert
pine plantations to a stage that mimics the natural deciduous forests
had little overall impact on arthropods.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
915. Coordinating
short-term projects into an effective research program: Effects of site
preparation methods on bird communities in pine plantations.
Kilgo, John C.; Miller, Karl V.; and Moore, William F.
Studies in Avian Biology (21): 144-147. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: habits-behavior/
birds/ communities/ conservation/ ecosystem management/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ habitat management/ habitat use/ management/ pine
plantations/ techniques/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
Pinus spp./ South Carolina, Western/ Savannah River Site
Abstract:
Several short-term projects conducted at the Savannah River Site have
focused on the effects on avian populations of different techniques of
preparing a site for tree planting in young pine plantations. The
purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of these studies, to
summarize the information they provide regarding the effects of pine
management on avian communities, and to demonstrate how multiple
short-term projects can be used to address pressing management issues.
O'Connell (1993), Sparling (1996), and Branch (1998) examined breeding
and wintering bird use of areas treated with several mechanical and
chemical site preparation methods. Overall, there were few
treatment-related effects on bird populations. Both O'Connell and
Sparling believed that the few differences in bird use of treatment
plots were associated with minor differences in the structural
diversity of the vegetation. Each of these short-term studies provided
timely information on an issue of management importance and, taken
together, they provide a more comprehensive picture of the effects of
site preparation methods on bird communities in pine plantations than a
single long-term study.
© NISC
916. Corridor use by diverse taxa.
Haddad, Nick M.; Bowne, David R.; Cunningham, Alan; Danielson, Brent J.; Levey, Douglas J.; Sargent, Sarah; and Spira, Tim
Ecology 84(3): 609-615. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/ retention of
corridors between habitat patches/ evaluation of corridor use by
diverse taxa/ landscape level experiments/ emigration/ effects of
habitat corridors between patches/ diverse taxa/ landscape experiment
study/ distribution within habitat/ dispersal along habitat corridors
of diverse taxa/ habitat utilization/ habitat corridors/ use by diverse
taxa/ conservation implications/ terrestrial habitat/ fragmented
landscapes/ use of habitat corridors by diverse taxa/ forest and
woodland/ fragmented pine forest/ landscape level experiment/ South
Carolina/ Savannah River National Environment Research Park/ corridor
use by diverse taxa in experimentally fragmented forest
Abstract:
One of the most popular approaches for maintaining populations and
conserving biodiversity in fragmented landscapes is to retain or create
corridors that connect otherwise isolated habitat patches. Working in
large-scale, experimental landscapes in which open-habitat patches and
corridors were created by harvesting pine forest, we showed that
corridors direct movements of different types of species, including
butterflies, small mammals, and bird-dispersed plants, causing higher
movement between connected than between unconnected patches. Corridors
directed the movement of all 10 species studied, with all corridor
effect sizes >68%. However, this corridor effect was significant for
five species, not significant for one species, and inconclusive for
four species because of small sample sizes. Although we found no
evidence that corridors increase emigration from a patch, our results
show that movements of disparate taxa with broadly different life
histories and functional roles are directed by corridors.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
917. Corridors may not improve the conservation value of small reserves for most boreal birds.
Hannon, S. J. and Schmiegelow, F. K. A.
Ecological Applications 12(5): 1457-1468. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: boreal
birds/ boreal mixedwood forest/ clearcuts/ conservation value/
corridors/ fragmentation/ gap sensitivity/ habitat generalists/
landscape connectivity/ logging/ old-forest specialists/ reserve size/
avifauna/ boreal forest/ conservation management/ habitat corridor/
habitat fragmentation/ reserve design
Abstract:
Building or maintaining corridors in fragmented landscapes may be an
important method to conserve gap-sensitive species that avoid crossing
gaps in forest cover. We tested the effectiveness of corridors by
examining the changes in abundance of boreal birds pre- and
post-logging in experimental 10-ha and 40-ha reserves that were
isolated or connected by corridors, relative to their abundance
responses in continuous forest (reference sites). Prior to the
analysis, we categorized birds as to their predicted gap sensitivity
based on two measures: their use of corridors and gap-crossing behavior
in small-scale trials, and their habitat affinities (forest species vs.
habitat generalists). The abundance of forest species as a group was
consistently higher in reference reserves than in isolated or connected
reserves after harvest, except for the first year after harvest, when
crowding occurred in isolates. Habitat generalist species showed no
differences in abundances across reserve types. As a group, resident
species were more abundant in reference and connected reserves than in
isolates in three of five years post-harvest, suggesting that corridors
might benefit these species. None of the single species analyzed showed
consistent evidence of benefiting from corridors. Although four species
were most abundant in connected reserves after harvest, their
abundances were not significantly lower in isolates than in reference
sites. Behavioral classification (gap-crossing propensity) was not
useful in classifying single species as to how gap sensitive they would
be in response to our experiment: habitat affinity was a better
predictor. We suggest that corridors may be useful to retain resident
birds on harvested landscapes, but that corridors connecting small
reserves of forest are unlikely to offset the impacts of fragmentation
for most boreal birds. Assessments of the utility of corridors must,
however, be done in the context of the full plant and animal
communities that live in the boreal forest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
918. Created snag monitoring on the Willamette National Forest.
Boleyn, Pat; Wold, Eric; and Byford, Ken
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.; Shea, P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 765-775.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ reproduction/ reproductive
behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Picidae: habitat
management/ Creation of standing dead trees/ foraging/ breeding site/
nest site/ roosting/ habitat utilization/ Created standing dead tree
use/ forest and woodland/ Oregon/ Cascade mountains/ Willamette
National Forest/ Aves, Piciformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Management
agencies currently create snags from live trees and
leave them in stands after cutting. Little information exists on the
use of these snags by wildlife. This study had two objectives: to
document whether created snags were used by wildlife, and if used, to
elucidate stand and snag features associated with the use of these
created snags by wildlife. We documented sign of woodpecker foraging
and/or nesting or roosting use, along with snag and stand features in
55 systematically selected stands across
the Willamette National Forest in Oregon. We found that
woodpecker use was
associated with created snag characteristics. Mainly, the status (live
or dead) of the created snag was associated with the presence or
absence of woodpecker foraging excavations. Management considerations
are discussed, including the need to monitor wildlife use before and
after created snags are killed and in subsequent years.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
919. A cross-sectional analysis of Michigan nonindustrial private forest landowners.
Potter-Witter, K.
Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22(2): 132-138. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD143.N6; ISSN: 07426348
Descriptors: landowner
assistance program effectiveness/ private nonindustrial forestland/
budget control/ harvesting/ soils/ taxation/ timber/ landowner
assistance program effectiveness/ private nonindustrial forest
management/ private nonindustrial forestland/ wildlife habitats/
forestry/ forest management/
Abstract:
Incentive and assistance programs for nonindustrial private landowners
in Michigan were evaluated for their effectiveness in encouraging
forest management activities. This article reports on selected results
of a comparative analysis of program enrollment, landowner
characteristics, and management accomplishments. The analysis was based
on data from a survey of 2,230 nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF)
owners who were members of the Michigan Forest Association (MFA) or
were enrolled in the Commercial Forest Program (CF), the Forest
Stewardship Program (FSP), or the Two-Hearted River Watershed (TRW)
landowner program in 2000. With a 55% overall response rate, landowners
reported on present and past management activities and program
enrollment. To address the question of the effectiveness of incentive
programs, this comparative analysis tested the hypotheses that forest
management activity reported by Michigan NIPF landowners who were
enrolled in several types of incentive programs did not differ
significantly by program and that management activity was not
significantly explained by landowner demographics and parcel
characteristics. Landowner program enrollment was compared with respect
to tree-planting, timber harvesting, timber stand improvement, wildlife
habitat improvement, and soil and water protection. To examine the
differences, if any, between landowners who practice forest management
and
those who do not, explanatory demographic and parcel
characteristic
variables also were tested for their effect on management activity
levels. © 2005 by the Society of American Foresters.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
920. Current and future red-cockaded woodpecker habitat availability on non-industrial private forestland in North Carolina.
Drake, D. and Jones, E. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 661-669. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: endangered
species/ forest management/ habitat/ non-industrial private forests/
North Carolina/ Picoides borealis/ red-cockaded woodpecker/
conservation management/ forest management/ habitat availability/
private land/ United States/ Picoides borealis
Abstract:
We conducted a mail survey of 2,000 non-industrial private forest
landowners (NIPFLs) in the Sandhills and lower Coastal Plain regions of
North Carolina to determine the current condition and predict future
availability of habitat for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker
(Picoides borealis, RCW) on non-industrial private forestland. Concern
has been raised that the legal penalties under Section 9 of the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) create a disincentive among private
landowners to provide habitat and manage RCW on their property. Section
9 prohibits the physical harming or killing of an endangered or
threatened species as well as any modification or destruction of
habitat that supports a federally listed species. We found that current
habitat availability in terms of combined tract size and stand age was
low, and shrinks considerably when the nominal level of habitat
management occurring on these lands is factored in. The amount of RCW
habitat that may be provided on private lands in the future has the
potential to improve moderately due to an increasing level of habitat
management that is currently occurring and a relatively stable outlook
regarding respondents' forest management objectives for the next 25
years. However, stand age and habitat management should be increased in
order to increase the amount of RCW habitat provided on private lands.
Private lands, through the Safe Harbor Program and other incentives,
could play an integral role in RCW recovery efforts by providing
additional landmass as well as movement corridors among public lands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
921. Dead wood all around us: Think regionally to manage locally.
Duncan, Sally
PNW Science Findings (42): 1-5. (2002).
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi42.pdf
Descriptors: ecosystem
management/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests/ habitat
management/ habitat surveys/ land use/ modeling/ snags/ study methods/
succession/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ Washington/ Oregon
Abstract:
The author discusses the relevance of dead wood, which acts as a
crucial component of healthy, biologically diverse forests. The basic
information about the distribution and characteristics of snags and
down trees in the forests of the Pacific Northwest is lacking.
Dead wood is home to invertebrates and microorganisms and is important
habitat for wildlife. Initially, dead wood data were collected to
address wildlife habitat issues. However, recently, the study of dead
wood is used to study the issues of forest health, site productivity,
fuels, and carbon stores as well.
A
recent study by the Pacific Northwest Research Station delved into
existing resource inventories to create new information estimating
density, volume, and percentage cover for dead wood across 49 million
acres of upland forests in Oregon and Washington. The aim was
to provide basic information about ecological patterns as well as
analyzing forest policies at regional and national levels. At the
forest policy level, the data will act as indicators of biodiversity
and global carbon cycles for the conservation and sustainable
management of temperate and boreal forests. Over the last 100 years,
timber management and wildlife suppression have significantly altered
forest succession and the distribution of dead wood. Researchers
analyzed plots that estimated the natural range of variability in snags
and down wood in upland forest habitats. The findings are being used in
dead wood management models and to provide information about wildlife
habitat and ecosystem health.
© NISC
922. Decay dynamics and avian use of artificially created snags.
Hallett, J. G.; Lopez, T.; O'Connell, M. A.; and
Borysewicz, M. A.
Northwest Science 75(4): 378-386. (2001)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: avifauna/ cavity/ decomposition/ foraging behavior/ habitat use/ nest site/ snag/ United States
Abstract:
The loss of standing dead trees (snags) from logging has led to
artificial creation of snags to help maintain cavity-nesting species.
We compared two methods of snag creation: cutting tops and girdling. A
total of 1,189 trees of 10 coniferous species was treated between 1991
and 1997 on timber sales in northeastern Washington. We monitored
1,108 trees at approximately 2-yr intervals to determine degree of
decay (on a nine-point scale), signs of foraging, and presence of
cavities. Nearly 7% of the girdled trees were still alive after 4-7 yr,
whereas all but one topped tree died. Initial decline (i.e., reaching
decay class 2) was faster for ponderosa pine and western larch than for
Douglas-fir. Western larch lost bark (decay class 4) earlier than other
species. Topped trees declined more quickly than girdled trees, but
girdled trees reached decay class 4 faster. The proportion of trees
with evidence of foraging and cavities increased with decay class.
Western larch was used more for foraging than other species, and there
was no effect of treatment on foraging use. In contrast, topped
Douglas-fir and grand fir were used more for foraging than girdled
trees at later decay classes. Cavities were observed only in trees that
were topped. Interspecific differences in presence of cavities were not
observed before decay class 4; western larch had the lowest frequency
of cavities, whereas grand fir had the highest. The use of specific
treatments for creating snags and selection of species may make these
habitat elements available over long time periods.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
923. Decaying wood in Pacific Northwest forests: Concepts and tools for habitat management.
Rose, C. L.; Marcot, B. G.; Mellen, T. K.; Ohmann, J. L.;
Waddell, K. L.; Lindley, D. L.; and Schreiber, B.
Wildlife habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington/ Johnson, D. H. and O'Neill, T. A.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2001;
pp. 580-623.
http://www.fs.fed.us/wildecology/decaid/decaid_background/chapter24cwb.pdf
Descriptors: vertebrates/ silviculture/ habitat management/ dead wood/ Washington/ Oregon
Abstract:
This chapter provides a synthesis of knowledge on processes and
functions of wood decay in forest productivity and wildlife habitat,
and summarizes available information on the current regional status of
decaying wood. It then ofers managers a stepwise assessment process to
set goals and objectives, and select silvicultural tools to manage wood
decay for desired results.
© NISC
924. Defining quality of red-cockaded woodpecker foraging habitat based on habitat use and fitness.
Walters, Jeffrey R.; Daniels, Susan J.; Carter, Jay H.; Doerr, Phillip D.; and Carter J. H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1064-1082. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Picoides
borealis/ Piciformes/ Picidae/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ Picidae/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ wildlife management/ bird
group size/ fitness/ foraging habitat quality/ forest stands/ habitat
features/ habitat management/ habitat patches/ habitat use/ midstory/
pine density/ resource selection/ sandhills/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ foods-feeding/ forests/ ecosystems/ group size/ home
range-territory/ North Carolina/ status/ resource selection and habitat
use/ Sandhills/ behavior/ land zones/ nutrition/ population ecology/
woodpeckers/ extermination-endanger/ food/ habitat/ habitat evaluation/
ecological requirements/ reproduction/ fertility-recruitment/ forest/
silviculture/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ Pinus spp.
Abstract:
Accurate understanding of habitat quality is a critical component of
wildlife management. We developed a definition of high-quality foraging
habitat for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), a
federally endangered, cooperatively breeding bird species, from
analyses of resource selection and habitat use, relationships between
fitness measures and habitat features, and an extensive literature
review. In the North Carolina Sandhills, use of foraging habitat at the
level of individual trees, habitat patches, and forest stands was
strongly and positively related to age and size of pines (Pinus spp.).
Use of habitat patches and forest stands was greatest at intermediate
densities of medium-sized and large pines and was negatively associated
with hardwood and pine midstory. Size of red-cockaded woodpecker
groups, an important fitness measure for this species, was positively
related to density of old-growth pines within the home range and
negatively related to density of medium-sized pines and height of
hardwood midstory. Similar results were reported by 2 other studies.
High-quality foraging habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers, therefore,
contains sparse or no midstory, intermediate densities of medium-sized
and large pines, and oldgrowth pines in at least low densities.
Although we documented a relationship between group size and the amount
of habitat meeting our definition of "high quality," we were unable to
identify the optimum amount of high-quality habitat to provide per
group because most study groups had relatively little high-quality
foraging habitat. Both fitness and habitat selection in our study
population may be constrained by quality and quantity of foraging
habitat. James et al. (2001) recommended. and we strongly agree, that
foraging habitat be managed for abundant herbaceous ground cover, low
densities of small and medium-sized pines, and moderate densities of
large pines. We also stress the importance of old-growth pines in
foraging habitat. Because the structure of high-quality foraging
habitat is similar to that of high-quality nesting habitat, we
recommend that management of these 2 be increasingly integrated.
© NISC
925. Demographic effects of habitat selection by hermit thrushes wintering in a pine plantation landscape.
Brown, David R.; Strong, Cheryl M.; and Stouffer, Philip C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(2): 407-416. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Catharus
guttatus/ Passeriformes/ Turdidae/ hermit thrush/ population studies/
terrestrial ecology/ arrival patterns/ between-winter site fidelity/
body condition/ body size/ demographic effects/ habitat quality/
habitat selection/ hardwood forest/ overwinter survivorship/ territory
size/ wintering/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ Louisiana/ pine
plantation and hardwood forests/ Tangipahoa Parish/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ hermit thrush/ Pinus taeda/
Louisiana
Abstract:
Many species of migratory songbirds use silvicultural landscapes during
the nonbreeding season. However, variation in habitat quality (i.e.,
the differential relative fitness value of habitats) resulting from
different silvicultural management strategies and different age classes
of these habitats is poorly understood. We studied the patterns of
winter habitat selection by hermit thrushes (Catharus guttatus) among
pine and hardwood habitats within a pine plantation landscape in
southeastern Louisiana. We compared arrival patterns, relative
abundance, territory size, body condition (mass, fat, and feather
regrowth), between-winter site fidelity, and overwinter survivorship
among birds in 3 age classes of even-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
plantation and hardwood forest. We considered these demographic and
condition measures as proximate estimates of relative fitness, and thus
as indicators of habitat quality. Hermit thrushes in pole-stage (13-16
yr old) pine habitat had smaller territories, higher relative
abundance, stayed leaner, and regrew feathers faster than birds in the
other habitats, which suggests that this is the best habitat for
wintering hermit thrushes among those we studied. Among other habitats,
hardwood forest appears to be the lowest quality, but some measures
(fat, territory size, and overwinter survivorship) indicate that the
sapling-stage pine habitat is the lowest quality. Early arriving birds,
disproportionately adults, avoid hardwoods, but beyond this we could
find no evidence of segregation by age, sex, or body size among
habitats. Our findings suggest that relatively small differences in
habitat type and within-season changes in habitat quality can have
important effects on the overwinter success of hermit thrushes. Pine
plantations that differ in age by less than 10 years differentially
affect the condition and demographics of wintering hermit thrushes. For
conservation strategies to be successful, the dynamic spatial and
temporal variation in habitat quality must be incorporated into models
of population processes. Although pine plantation managers should
consider multiple wildlife species, they also must be aware that
individual species may have differential success among suitable
habitats.
© NISC
926. Demographic responses by birds to forest fragmentation.
Lampila, P.; Monkkonen, M.; and Desrochers, A.
Conservation Biology 19(5): 1537-1546. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00201.x.
Descriptors: bird
demography/ edge effects patch size/ habitat loss/ meta-analysis/ patch
isolation/ avifauna/ demography/ forest ecosystem/ habitat
fragmentation/ habitat loss/ Aves
Abstract:
Despite intensive recent research on the effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation on bird populations, our understanding of underlying
demographic causes of population declines is limited. We reviewed avian
demography in relation to habitat fragmentation. Then, through a
meta-analysis, we compared specific demographic responses by forest
birds to habitat fragmentation, providing a general perspective of
factors that make some species and populations more vulnerable to
fragmentation than others. We obtained data from the scientific
literature on dispersal, survival, fecundity, and nesting success of
birds. Birds were divided into sub-groups on the basis of region, nest
site, biogeographical history, and migration strategy. Species most
sensitive to fragmentation were ground- or open-nesters nesting in
shrubs or trees. Residents were equally sensitive to fragmentation in
the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, but Nearctic migrants were more
sensitive than Palearctic migrants. Old World species were less
sensitive than New World species, which was predicted based on the
history of forest fragmentation on these two continents. Pairing
success was the variable most associated with fragmentation, suggesting
an important role of dispersal. Fledgling number or condition, timing
of nesting, and clutch size were not associated with sensitivity to
fragmentation, suggesting that negative fragmentation effects on birds
do not generally result from diminished food resources with increasing
level of fragmentation. Future studies on demographic responses of
birds to habitat fragmentation would be more effective if based on a
combination of measures that can distinguish among the demographic
mechanisms underlying population changes related to habitat
fragmentation. ©2005 Society for Conservation Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
927. Demography of northern flying squirrels informs ecosystem management of western interior forests.
Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Kistler, K. D.; Begley, J. S.; and
Boulanger, J.
Ecological Applications 16(2): 584-600. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/27220
Descriptors: Cascade
Range/ demography/ density/ Douglas-fir/ fuel management/ Glaucomys
sabrinus/ home range/ Mycophagy/ northern flying squirrel/ ponderosa
pine
Abstract:
We studied northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) demography in
the eastern Washington Cascade Range to test hypotheses about regional
and local abundance patterns and to inform managers of the possible
effects of fire and fuels management on flying squirrels. We quantified
habitat characteristics and squirrel density, population trends, and
demography in three typical forest cover types over a four-year period.
We had 2034 captures of flying squirrels over 41 000 trap nights from
1997 through 2000 and marked 879 squirrels for mark-recapture
population analysis. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest appeared
to be poorer habitat for flying squirrels than young or mature
mixed-conifer forest. About 35% fewer individuals were captured in open
pine forest than in dry mixed-conifer Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) and grand fir (Abies grandis) forests. Home ranges were 85%
larger in pine forest (4.6 ha) than in mixed-conifer forests (2.5 ha).
Similarly, population density (Huggins estimator) in ponderosa pine
forest was half (1.1 squirrels/ha) that of mixed-conifer forest (2.2
squirrels/ha). Tree canopy cover was the single best correlate of
squirrel density (r=0.77), with an apparent threshold of 55% canopy
cover separating stands with low- from high-density populations. Pradel
estimates of annual recruitment were lower in open pine (0.28) than in
young (0.35) and mature (0.37) forest. High recruitment was most
strongly associated with high understory plant species richness and
truffle biomass. Annual survival rates ranged from 45% to 59% and did
not vary among cover types. Survival was most strongly associated with
understory species richness and forage lichen biomass. Maximum snow
depth had a strong negative effect on survival. Rate of per capita
increase showed a density-dependent response. Thinning and prescribed
burning in ponderosa pine and dry mixed conifer forests to restore
stable fire regimes and forest structure might reduce flying squirrel
densities at stand levels by reducing forest canopy, woody debris, and
the diversity or biomass of understory plants, truffles, and lichens.
Those impacts might be ameliorated by patchy harvesting and the
retention of large trees, woody debris, and mistletoe brooms. Negative
stand-level impacts would be traded for increased resistance and
resilience of dry-forest landscapes to now-common, large-scale stand
replacement fires. © 2006 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
928. A
density-dependent matrix model for bottomland hardwood stands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Zhao, Dehai; Borders, Bruce; and Wilson, Machelle
Ecological Modelling 184(2-4): 381-395. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors: density
dependent matrix model: mathematical and computer techniques/ wildlife
habitat/ biodiversity/ timber production/ Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ water quality protection
Abstract:
Bottomland hardwoods in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV)
have become one of the most endangered ecosystems in the United
States. This ecosystem is an important ecological resource providing
many functions and values such as wildlife habitat, water quality
protection, biodiversity, and timber production. Active management and
restoration of bottomland hardwoods stress the need for tools to
support decision-making, but no reliable quantitative information, such
as developed growth and yield models, is available for such forests
with high species diversity. A density-dependent matrix model, which
recognizes differences in tree species and size, was developed for
these bottomland mixed-species hardwoods in LMAV. The model was
calibrated using data from continuous forest inventory plots. Trees
were placed in one of 13 diameter classes of soft hardwoods or hard
hardwoods, or four diameter classes of non-commercial species.
Five-year predictions show good agreement between the actual and
predicted diameter distributions. In terms of value of stand basal
area, the model predicted well for stands with densities ranging from
13.8 to 41.3 m2/ha (60-180 ft2/acre).
The model will be useful for short-term inventory projections and
simulation studies of the development of these stands using different
management regimes. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
929. A density management diagram for longleaf pine stands with application to red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
Shaw, J. D. and Long, J. N.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31(1): 28-38. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 01484419
Descriptors: Picoides borealis/ Pinus palustris/ silviculture/ stand density index/ stocking diagram
Abstract:
We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris P. Mill.) using data from Forest Inventory and
Analysis plots. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as longleaf
pine basal area (BA) that is 90% or more of plot BA, and even-agedness,
as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index.
The diagram predicts stand top height (mean of tallest 40 trees/ac) and
volume (ft3/ac)
as a function of quadratic mean diameter and stem density (trees/ac).
In this DMD we introduce a "mature stand boundary" that, as a model of
stand dynamics, restricts the size-density relationship in
large-diameter stands more than the expected self-thinning trajectory.
The DMD is unbiased by geographic area and therefore should be
applicable throughout the range of longleaf pine. The DMD is intended
for use in even-aged stands, but may be used for uneven-aged management
where a large-group selection system is used. Use of the diagram is
illustrated by development of density management regimes intended to
create and maintain stand structure desirable for the endangered
red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis).
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
930. Diameters and heights of trees with cavities: Their implications to management.
Bunnell, Fred L.; Wind, Elke; Boyland, Mark; and
Houde, Isabelle
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.;
Shea,
P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T. E.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 717-737.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves/ Mammalia: forestry/ tree cavity
use in relation to tree diameter and height significance/ habitat
management/ habitat utilization/ tree cavity use/ influence of tree
diameter and height/ management implications/ forest/ habitat
preference/ forest and woodland/ North America/ Pacific Northwest/ tree
cavity use in relation to tree diameter and
height/ forest management significance/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Primary cavity nesters select larger trees when nesting in
conifers than when nesting in hardwoods. Larger birds use larger nest
trees, but the trend is more weakly expressed in hardwoods, as is
expected if rot governs nest tree selection. Birds select larger nest
trees in more productive coastal forests than in inland forests. Actual
nest heights are much shorter than nest tree heights, but
species-specific averages are rarely below 5 meters. Larger mammals
require older, larger trees where rot is advanced. Bats also use larger
trees, particularly when roosting in conifers. Sustaining all cavity
users requires sustained provision of a range of diameters of decaying
and dead trees, including some trees at least 50 cm dbh (smaller in
less productive forests).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
931. The disruption of an ant-aphid mutualism increases the effects of birds on pine herbivores.
Mooney, K. A.
Ecology 87(7): 1805-1815. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 00129658
Descriptors: ant-aphid
mutualism/ canopy arthropod community/ Cinara/ emergent
multiple-predator effect/ Essigella/ insect community ecology/
intraguild predation/ mutualism/ Pinus ponderosa/ Schizolachnus/
trait-mediated indirect interaction
Abstract:
Predators affect herbivores directly and indirectly, by consumptive and
nonconsumptive effects, and the combined influence of multiple
predators is shaped by interactions among predators. I documented the
individual and combined effects of birds (chickadees, nuthatches,
warblers) and ants (Formica podzolica) on arthropods residing in pine
(Pinus ponderosa) canopies in a factorial field experiment. Birds and
ants removed herbivores but simultaneously benefited them by removing
predatory arthropods. Birds and ants had net negative and positive
effects, respectively, on the abundance of herbivore prey, supporting
the notion that vertebrate predators have stronger negative effects on
herbivores than do arthropod predators. Aphids (ant-tended and untended
species) constituted three-quarters of herbivore biomass. The effect of
birds on ant-tended aphids was twice that on untended aphid species or
tended aphid species without ants. This was not due to there being more
ant-tended aphids for birds to prey on; tended and untended aphid
species were in similar abundances in the absence of birds. Instead,
the effects of birds were strengthened by attributes of the mutualism
that rendered tended aphids susceptible to predation. These dynamics
led to nonadditive effects of birds and ants: birds only reduced tended
aphid species and total herbivore abundances on trees with ants, while
ants only increased tended aphid species and total herbivore abundances
in the absence of birds.
Consequently,
top predators in this system only influenced total herbivore abundance
when they disrupted an ant-aphid mutualism. © 2006 by the
Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
932. Distribution patterns of birds associated with snags in natural and managed eastern boreal forests.
Drapeau, Pierre; Nappi, Antoine; Giroux, Jean Francois; Leduc, Alain; and Savard, Jean Pierre
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.;
Shea,
P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T. E.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 193-205.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Aves: forestry/ forest/ Ontario and
Quebec/ habitat management/ species distribution/ dead trees/ natural
vs managed forest significance/ distribution within habitat/ natural vs
managed forest/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ Ontario/
Abitibi Lake model Forest/ Quebec/ Abitibi region/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: In
boreal forests, several bird species use standing dead trees
for feeding or nesting and depend on them for their survival. Studies
on wildlife use of snags have shown that their availability is greatly
influenced by the age of the forest and the type of perturbation
(natural versus anthropogenic). Accordingly, cavity-nesting birds seem
largely affected by these changes in availability of snags. In North
American boreal forests, relationships between birds and dead wood
availability have predominantly been documented in western forests. The
dynamics of dead wood and the distribution patterns of birds associated
with this habitat feature remain largely unknown in eastern black
spruce forests. Distribution patterns of birds associated with dead
wood were documented in the eastern black spruce forest of
northwestern Quebec, Canada. Study areas were composed of
four forest
landscapes (50-100 kmz) that were naturally disturbed by different fire
events (1 year, 20 years, 100 years and > 200 years) and two logged
landscapes (20 years, 80 years). Birds were surveyed by point counts.
Overall, 348 point counts were distributed over the six forest
landscapes. Vegetation plots centered at each point count were used to
sample live trees and dead wood. In naturally disturbed forest
landscapes, species richness and abundance cavity-nesting birds reached
a peak in early post-fire and in mature forest landscapes. Standing
dead wood availability and abundance patterns of cavity-nesting birds
were significantly less in 20-year-old managed forests landscapes than
in those of naturally disturbed forests landscapes. This pattern was
persistent in mature forests comparisons between 80-year-old
horse-logged second-growth forests and mature forests of post-fire
origin. Our results suggest that old-growth forests in this portion of
the eastern black-spruce forest ecosystem do not play a key role for
cavity- nesting birds. Mature and over-mature stands are, however, key
habitats for many species of secondary cavity nesters, whereas early
post-fire stands are key habitats for primary cavity-nesting birds and
represent the main source of recruitment for standing dead wood in this
ecosystem. Changes in silvicultural practices designed to maintain
specific structure of over-mature stands (increased partial cutting)
may provide a means for maintaining cavity-nesting birds at the
landscape scale. Intensification of salvage cutting in early post-fire
landscapes
is another serious concern in black spruce forests. Reduction in the
overall availability of dead wood through such forest practice may
affect populations of some primary cavity nesters that are restricted
to this specific forest type.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
933. Disturbance effects on small mammal species in a managed Appalachian forest.
Kaminski, J. A.; Davis, M. L.; Kelly, M.; and Keyser, P. D.
American Midland Naturalist 157(2): 385-397. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: ecological
disturbance/ forestry practices/ forests/ habitat selection/ habitats/
harvesting/ logging/ microhabitats/ mountain areas/ mountain forests/
small mammals/ wild animals/ wildlife conservation/ Acer rubrum/ Acer
saccharum/ Betula alleghaniensis/ Blarina brevicauda/ Clethrionomys
gapperi/ Dipodidae/ Fagus grandifolia/ Liriodendron tulipifera/
Magnolia/ Peromyscus leucopus/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Prunus serotina/
Tamias striatus
Abstract:
Forestry practices result in a range of levels of disturbance to forest
ecosystems, from clearcutting and deferment (high disturbance) to
single-tree selection cutting and unharvested forests (low
disturbance). We investigated the effects of timber harvest and
disturbance on small mammal species in the Allegheny Mountains of West
Virginia. In 2003 and 2004, mammals were captured using Sherman
box traps, individually marked, and released. We collected habitat data
in 2004 to characterize macrohabitat at the stand level and
microhabitat surrounding each trap. Trap success was significantly
higher in disturbed habitats than undisturbed habitats for red-backed
vole Myodes (Clethrionomys) gapperi (P=0.0012) and woodland jumping
mouse Napaeozapus insignis (P=0.0221). Abundance estimated using the
Jolly-Seber method was significantly higher in disturbed habitats for
red-backed voles (P=0.0001). Adult northern short-tailed shrews Blarina
brevicauda (P=0.0001) and white-footed and deer mice Peromyscus spp.
(P=0.0254) weighed more in disturbed habitats. Small mammal
distribution was strongly influenced by microhabitat factors, which
differed substantially within stands. Leaf litter depth was a
significant microhabitat factor for four of the five species analyzed,
with red-backed voles (P=0.0001), woodland jumping mice (P=0.0001),
Peromyscus spp. (P=0.0055), and eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus
(P=0.0007) all preferring shallow leaf litter. These small mammal
species responded neutrally or favorably to disturbance, and identified
favorable microhabitat features regardless of stand type.
© CABI
934. Diversity and abundance of breeding birds in a managed loblolly pine forest in Louisiana.
Legrand, H. G.; Chamberlain, M. J.; and Moser, E. B.
American Midland Naturalist 157(2): 329-344. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031.
Notes: doi: 10.1674/0003-0031(2007)157 [329:DAAOBB]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Pinus taeda/ loblolly pine/ birds/ breeding/ wildlife habitat/ Louisiana
Abstract:
Declines of numerous Neotropical migrant birds have been attributed to
habitat destruction and alteration. Forest management activities
may promote changes to habitat components and, with the increase in
commercial forestry in the South, information on Neotropical migrants
in managed forests is needed. We examined the avian communities and
habitat characteristics of four forest age classes at Ben's Creek
Wildlife Management Area, a managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest
in eastern Louisiana during the 2003 and 2004 summer breeding
seasons. Mean species richness and relative diversity in 4-5 and 13-23
y stands were similar and greater than 7-9 y stands, and similar in 1 y
stands to other age classes. Of 17 guilds (habitat, foraging and
nesting) examined, relative abundance was similar across stand age only
for second growth inhabitants and ground gleaning foragers. Frequency
of occurrence varied across stand age for 17 of 19 species analyzed.
Late-successional bird species occurred with greater frequency in 13-23
y stands, whereas occurrence of early-successional bird species was
greater in 1 y and 4-5 y stands. Birds of conservation concern detected
included both early- and late-successional species. Mean bird community
conservation value was similar across stand age. Effects of stand age
appear to benefit certain species, but are potentially costly for
others. Efforts to combine management of timber and conservation of
songbirds must consider both species habitat requirements and the
distribution of these requirements in the landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
935. Diversity in ponderosa pine forest structure following ecological restoration treatments.
Waltz, A. E. M.; Fule, P. Z.; Covington, W. W.; and
Moore, M. M.
Forest Science 49: 885-900. (Dec. 2003)
Descriptors: Pinus
ponderosa/ forest trees/ coniferous forests/ Populus tremuloides/ Pinus
edulis/ Juniperus osteosperma/ Artemisia tridentata/ Bromus tectorum/
ecological restoration/ natural regeneration/ stand structure/ stand
density/ history/ canopy/ basal area/ stems/ prescribed burning/
wildlife habitats/ fire behavior/ forest litter/ forest thinning/
dendrochronology/ Quercus gambelii/ Robinia/ Arizona/ Robinia
neomexicana/ forest mensuration and description/ forestry production
natural regeneration/ forest fire management/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ forestry
related
Abstract:
We tested the effectiveness of ponderosa pine forest restoration by
comparing forest restoration treatments to untreated forest and to
reconstructed forest structure in 1870 (date of Euro-American
settlement) using an experimental block design at the Grand
Canyon-Parashant National Monument in northwestern Arizona. Forest
tree density averaged more than 20 times the historical tree density,
and basal area was 4 to 6 times higher in contemporary forests than in
historical forests. Restoration treatments consisted of thinning young
trees to emulate the forest density, tree composition, and spatial
distribution in 1870, followed by prescribed burning. Following
restoration treatment, tree density was significantly reduced but
remained 6 times higher than historical forests. Basal area in restored
forests was still 2.5 times greater than reconstructed basal area
values. Ponderosa pine dominance changed little from pretreatment data
across the four blocks, averaging 60% of stems and 87% of the basal
area prior to treatment and 56% of stems and 85% of the basal area
following treatment. Ninety-eight percent of contemporary forest trees
were less than 100 yr old prior to restoration treatment; this
proportion was reduced to 82% following treatment. Restoration
treatment also significantly reduced canopy cover and increased total
tree regeneration. However, treatment effects on forest fuels were
highly variable. Litter and duff fuel layers were significantly reduced
by prescribed fire but woody debris increased. Overall forest
structural diversity following treatment implies that fire behavior,
wildlife habitats, and other ecological attributes will vary relatively
widely in the future landscape.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
936. Diversity of the beetle (Coleoptera) community captured at artificially-created snags of Douglas-fir and Grand fir.
Sandoval, S. J.; Cook, S. P.; Merickel, F. W.; and
Osborne, H. L.
Pan-Pacific Entomologist 83(1): 41-49. (2007);
ISSN: 00310603
Descriptors: Buprestidae/ Cerambycidae/ Curculionidae/ Scolytinae/ snags/ species diversity/ species richness
Abstract:
Snags are dead standing trees that have been killed by such forces as
fire, wind, lightning, insects/disease, drought and/or flooding. Snag
management includes such practices as protecting/maintaining existing
snags and artificially creating additional snags. Snags can be used by
the insect community that occurs on a site. The objective of the
current study was to describe and compare the abundance, species
composition and diversity of the beetle community captured adjacent to
artificially created snags of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var.
glauca Franco, and Grand fir, Abies grandis (Douglas) Lindley. Beetle
populations directly adjacent to the artificially created snags were
monitored throughout the season using Lindgren-funnel traps placed
directly adjacent to snags. A total of 27,428 beetles from 28 families
were captured from May through September, 2002. Significantly more
beetles were captured adjacent to the Douglas-fir snags than the Grand
fir snags. Beetle capture was highest in late May and lowest in early
August. Family richness of the captured beetle community was similar at
traps adjacent to the Douglas-fir and Grand fir snags but family
diversity was lower at traps adjacent to the Douglas-fir snags. A
single species, Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim) (Curculionidae:
Scolytinae), dominated the early capture peak. Ten genera of scolytids
and at least 14 species were captured. An additional 10 genera (16
species) of other curculionids were captured. The population of these
other curculionids was similar in abundance, richness and diversity at
both the Douglas-fir and Grand fir snags. There were 12 species (7
genera) of Buprestidae captured and the total population was also
similar adjacent to both snag species. The Cerambycidae captured during
the study represented 26 species, with species richness and diversity
being higher adjacent to the Grand fir snags.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
937. Dying and dead hardwoods: Their implications to management.
Bunnell, Fred L.; Wind, Elke; and Wells, Ralph
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.;
Shea, P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T. E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research
Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 695-716.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ reproduction/ reproductive
behavior/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/ ecological importance
of presence of hardwoods significance/ forest/ foraging/ site
preferences/ presence of hardwood trees relationship/ parental care/
rearing location/ species diversity/ forest and woodland/ ecological
importance of presence of hardwoods and habitat management
implications/ North America/ Pacific Northwest
Abstract: Although
they usually comprise less than 10 percent of forest
cover in western forests, hardwoods contribute greatly to sustaining
biological richness. Hardwoods are highly preferred as cavity sites,
are preferred foraging sites for several bird species, encourage
insectivorous mammals and amphibians, and provide preferred substrate
for many cryptogams and invertebrates. In the Pacific Northwest,
two cavity-nesting species choose hardwoods for 70 percent or more of
their nest sites, while many prefer hardwoods, even in coastal forests
where hardwoods are scarce. Because many forest-dwelling species in
the Pacific Northwest show strong preferences for hardwoods,
hardwoods
should be retained and managed as desired trees.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
938. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance.
Cote, S. D.; Rooney, T. P.; Tremblay, J. P.; Dussault, C.; and Waller, D. M.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 113-147. (2004); ISSN: 00664162.
Notes: doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725.
Descriptors: browsing/
Cervidae/ forest regeneration/ herbivory/ plant-herbivore interactions/
browsing/ ecological impact/ plant-herbivore interaction/ ungulate/
Animalia/ Aves/ Cervidae/ Hexapoda/ Insecta/ Mammalia
Abstract:
Deer have expanded their range and increased dramatically in abundance
worldwide in recent decades. They inflict major economic losses in
forestry, agriculture, and transportation and contribute to the
transmission of several animal and human diseases. Their impact on
natural ecosystems is also dramatic but less quantified. By foraging
selectively, deer affect the growth and survival of many herb, shrub,
and tree species, modifying patterns of relative abundance and
vegetation dynamics. Cascading effects on other species extend to
insects, birds, and other mammals. In forests, sustained overbrowsing
reduces plant cover and diversity, alters nutrient and carbon cycling,
and redirects succession to shift future overstory composition. Many of
these simplified alternative states appear to be
stable and difficult to reverse. Given the influence of deer
on
other organisms and natural processes, ecologists should actively
participate in efforts to understand, monitor, and reduce the impact of
deer on ecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
939. Ecological management and restoration of bat trees.
Brown, Timothy K.
Bat Research News 41(4): 111. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227
Descriptors: bats/
habits-behavior/ ecosystems/ foods-feeding/ forestry practices/
forests/ habitat management/ habitat use/ mammals/ management/
restoration/ roosts/ roosting/ techniques/ wildlife/ Washington
Abstract:
The author presented information on techniques for modifying tree
structure and function in younger forests and maintenance of existing
trees in more mature forests. A variety of techniques utilizing chain
saws, fire, and logging are used to create special bat roosting and
foraging features in Washington forests.
© NISC
940. Ecological relationships of terrestrial small mammals in western coniferous forests.
Hallett, James G.; O'Connell, Margaret A.; and
Maguire, Chris C.
In:
Mammal community dynamics: Management and conservation in the
coniferous forests of western North America/ Zabel, C. J. and
Anthony, R. G., 2003;
pp. 120-156.
Notes: Literature review; 0511057903 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ land zones/ Mammalia:
forestry/ coniferous forest management/ ecological relationships/ small
terrestrial fauna/ habitat management/ North America/ Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
941. Ecological research at the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northeastern California.
Ritchie, Martin W.
Albany, CA:
Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PSW 192,
2005. 121 p.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Aves/ Mammalia: forestry/
establishment and activities/ forest/ habitat management/ ecology/
large scale ecological research project/ Establishment and activities/
fire/ California/ Klamath National Park/ Goosenset
Ranger District/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
This paper describes the establishment of an interdisciplinary,
large-scale ecological research project on the Goosenest Adaptive
Management Area of the Klamath National Forest in
northeastern California. This project is a companion to the Blacks
Mountain Ecological Research Project described by Oliver (2000). The
genesis for this project was the Northwest Forest Plan (USDA and USDI
1994a). As a part of the Northwest Forest Plan, a network of Adaptive
Management Areas was created in Oregon, Washington, and
northern California. One of the primary goals of the Goosenest
Adaptive Management Area was to investigate means of accelerating the
development of late-successional forest properties. Led by researchers
from the
Pacific
Southwest Research Station in Redding, California, an
interdisciplinary team of scientists designed an experiment to evaluate
the use of mechanical treatments and prescribed fire to accelerate
late-successional conditions in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area.
The experimental design features four treatments, each replicated five
times. The treatment units are 100 acres (40.5 hectares), plus a buffer
area of varying size, but generally close to 328 feet (100 meters) in
width. The first of the four treatments features a thinning favoring
the reestablishment of pine dominance in the forest (Pine-Emphasis
Treatment). In this treatment the prescription favors the retention of
dominant and codominant pine trees. The second treatment employs the
same mechanical treatment as the Pine Emphasis, with the additional
application of prescribed fire (Pine-Emphasis With Fire). A third
treatment is a mechanical treatment intended to redistribute growth to
the largest diameter trees without regard for species distribution
(Large Tree Treatment). The fourth, and final, treatment is a control
of no active management (Control Treatment), permitting the vegetation
to continue along its current trajectory. The last of the mechanical
treatments were completed in 2000. The initial prescribed burn
treatment was completed on the five Pine-Emphasis-with-Fire Treatments
in fall 2001; these same five units will be reburned 5-10 years after
the initial burn. The first post-treatment measurements of vegetation
and wildlife were taken in summer 2002. Remeasurements are planned for
a 5-year cycle for most forest attributes. Currently, however, birds
and small mammals are observed yearly due to year-to-year variation in
abundance common to these species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
942. Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective.
Allen,
C. D.; Savage, M.; Falk, D. A.; Suckling, K. F.; Swetnam, T. W.;
Schulke, T.; Stacey, P. B.; Morgan, P.; Hoffman, M.; and Klingel, J. T.
Ecological Applications 12(5): 1418-1433. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: anthropogenic
change/ ecological restoration/ ecosystem management/ fire suppression
effects/ forest restoration programs/ natural range of variation/
ponderosa pine forests/ reference conditions/ United States,
southwestern region/ ecosystem management/ forest ecosystem/ prescribed
burning/ restoration ecology/ thinning/ Pinus ponderosa
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to promote a broad and flexible
perspective on ecological restoration of Southwestern (U.S.) ponderosa
pine forests. Ponderosa pine forests in the region have been radically
altered by Euro-American land uses, including livestock grazing, fire
suppression, and logging. Dense thickets of young trees now abound,
old-growth and biodiversity have declined, and human and ecological
communities are increasingly vulnerable to destructive crown fires. A
consensus has emerged that it is urgent to restore more natural
conditions to these forests. Efforts to restore Southwestern forests
will require extensive projects employing varying combinations of
young-tree thinning and reintroduction of low-intensity fires.
Treatments must be flexible enough to recognize and accommodate: high
levels of natural heterogeneity; dynamic ecosystems; wildlife and other
biodiversity considerations; scientific uncertainty; and the challenges
of on-the-ground implementation. Ecological restoration should reset
ecosystem trends toward an envelope of "natural variability," including
the reestablishment of natural processes. Reconstructed historic
reference conditions are best used as general guides rather than rigid
restoration prescriptions. In the long term, the best way to align
forest conditions to track ongoing climate changes is to restore fire,
which naturally correlates with current climate. Some stands need
substantial structural manipulation (thinning) before fire can safely
be reintroduced. In other areas, such as large wilderness and roadless
areas, fire alone may suffice as the main tool of ecological
restoration, recreating the natural interaction of structure and
process. Impatience, overreaction to crown fire risks, extractive
economics, or hubris could lead to widespread application of highly
intrusive treatments that may further damage forest ecosystems.
Investments in research and monitoring of restoration treatments are
essential to refine restoration methods. We support the development and
implementation of a diverse range of scientifically viable restoration
approaches in these forests, suggest principles for ecologically sound
restoration that immediately reduce crown fire risk and incrementally
return natural variability and resilience to Southwestern forests, and
present ecological perspectives on several forest restoration
approaches.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
943. An ecological simulation framework integrating forest dynamics and red-cockaded woodpecker habitat management.
Rewerts, Chris C.; Doresky, John K.; Swiderek, Peter K.; Barron, Michael G.; and Sydelko, Pamela J.
In:
89th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America: Lessons
of Lewis and Clark: Ecological Exploration of Inhabited Landscapes.
Portland, OR.;
p. 424; 2004.
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ forestry/ wildlife management: conservation/ forest
dynamics/ forest management/ habitat management/ population recovery
Abstract:
The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) (RCW) is a
federally listed endangered species endemic to open, mature and old
growth pine ecosystems in the southeastern United States. At Fort Benning, Georgia, the RCW population recovery is
inarguably the most central and critical land management issue. Over
the course of the last several years, a number of management actions
have resulted in an increase in the installation's RCW population.
Longer term goals for the installation RCW recovery have focused on
developing restoration strategies designed to reestablish a dominant
upland canopy structure of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), which were
likely present as the primary upland forest type in pre-settlement
conditions. Currently, older stands of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda)
dominate these areas, and thus are the critical source of habitat for
the RCW. The loblolly species are considered "off-site" for these
areas; being not well adapted to the local conditions, they are showing
signs of a combination of stress and disease known as "pine decline
syndrome" and ultimately premature mortality. The combination of having
a large proportion of the RCW population dependant upon senescing
stands of loblolly pines presents the possibility that the installation
will be facing a potential of significant population declines.
Responding to this, the installation organized a workshop in February
2004 to explore strategies for RCW management, longleaf restoration,
and components of pine decline syndrome. The goal is to represent these
strategies in a simulation framework that combines the dynamics of
forest management, growth, and mortality with a spatially-explicit,
individual based model of the population dynamics of the RCW. This
simulation framework needs to be able to help prioritize short-term
management actions as well as to project longer-term outcomes of
management plans. This paper gives the status of the understanding of
the situation, the management actions proposed, and the strategies
developed to use simulation tools to focus the management actions and
project their outcomes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
944. Economic
and biological compatibility of timber and wildlife production: An
illustrative use of production possibilities frontier.
Rohweder, Mark R.; McKetta, Charles W.; and
Riggs, Robert A.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(2): 435-447. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ comprehensive
zoology: forestry/ habitat management/ forest and woodland/ timber and
wildlife resource compatibility analysis
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
945. Edge effect on nesting success of ground nesting birds near regenerating clearcuts in a forest-dominated landscape.
Manolis, J. C.; Andersen, D. E.; and Cuthbert, F. J.
Auk 119(4): 955-970. (2002)
Descriptors: avifauna/
clearcutting/ ecological impact/ edge effect/ forest edge/ nesting
success/ population ecology/ silviculture/ United States/ Catharus
guttatus/ Molothrus ater/ Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract: Forest
fragmentation has been implicated as a cause of population
declines of several Neotropical migrant bird species. Fragmentation
increases the amount of habitat edge, and reduced nesting success rates
near forest edges are well documented in agricultural landscapes ("edge
effects"). However, edge effects in predominantly forested landscapes,
particularly those related to timber harvest, are poorly understood.
This study examines nesting success of ground nesting birds in relation
to clearcut edges in a forest-dominated landscape in
north-central Minnesota. A total of 383 nests of seven species of
ground nesting
birds were found and monitored during 1992-1998. Ovenbird (Seiurus
aurocapilus; n = 318) and Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus; n = 44)
nests composed the majority of the sample. Predation accounted for 94%
of all nest failures. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism
was low (1.8% for all ground nests). Using proportional hazards
regression, distance to nearest clearcut edge was the best predictor of
nest failure. For all ground nests, nesting success was 0.18 at 0-100
m, 0.39 at 101-500 m, and 0.52 at 501-954 m from nearest clearcut edge.
Source-sink modeling indicated that distances ≤100 m from clearcut
edges were sink habitats for Ovenbirds (i.e. recruitment was lower than
survival).
These
results provide strong evidence of a negative edge effect on ground
nests, extending 100 m or more from clearcut edges in a
forest-dominated area of north-central Minnesota.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
946. Edge effects on nesting dickcissels (Spiza americana) in relation to edge type of remnant tallgrass prairie in Kansas.
Jensen, W. E. and Finck, E. J.
American Midland Naturalist 151(1): 192-199. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: bird/ brood parasitism/ edge effect/ grassland/ nest predation/ Kansas/ Spiza americana
Abstract:
Edge effects on grassland-nesting birds should be less pronounced or
absent near cropland edges of grasslands that lack wooded-edge habitat
often used by nest predators and brood parasites. We compared nest
predation, brood parasitism and densities of dickcissel (Spiza americana) nests in relation to distance from woodland and
cropland edges of Kansas tallgrass prairie. Daily nest predation
rates did not differ (P > 0.25) among distance intervals (≤50 m,
51-100 m, ≤100 m and >100 m) from either edge type or among 50-m
intervals adjacent to each edge type. Brood parasitism rates by the
brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were higher ≤100 m vs. >100
m from woodland edges (P = 0.04), being highest ≤50 m from woodland
edges (P = 0.09). Parasitism rates were not related to distance from
cropland edges, although parasitism rates ≤50 m from woodland and
cropland edges were statistically similar (P = 0.16). Dickcissel nest
densities were lower ≤50 m from woodland edges relative to farther
distance intervals (P = 0.004), indicating dickcissel avoidance of this
edge type. There was no similar pattern of nest density on
cropland-edged sites, but nest densities ≤50 in from woodland and
cropland edges were statistically similar (P = 0.17). Thus, some
woodland edge effects on this grassland bird species were apparent but
might vary geographically.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
947. Effect
of cattle stocking rate on the nutritional ecology of white-tailed deer
in managed forests of southeastern Oklahoma and southwestern Arkansas.
Jenks, Jonathan. Oklahoma State University, 1992.
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ livestock/ food supply/ feeding behavior/ nutrition/
grazing/ habitat alterations/ wildlife-livestock
relationships/ Arkansas: Pike County/ Arkansas: Howard County/ Oklahoma: McCurtain County
© NISC
948. Effect of domestic cattle on the condition of female white-tailed deer in southern pine-bluestem forests, USA.
Jenks, Jonathan A.; Leslie, David M.; and Leslie, D. M.
Acta Theriologica 48(1): 131-144. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 AC88; ISSN: 0001-7051
Descriptors: Arkansas/
carcass weight/ cattle stocking/ commercial enterprises/ disturbances/
ecosystems/ farming and agriculture/ fat/ femur/ food competition/ food
supply/ forest management/ forests/ globulin/ glucose/ habitat use/
Howard and Pike Counties/ interspecies relationships/ interspecies
relationships or intraspecies relationships/ kidneys/ land zones/
McCurtain County/ nutrition/ nutritional condition/ Oklahoma/ physical
condition/ physiological indices/ physiology/ productivity/
reproduction/ soils/ southern pine bluestem forests/ stocking
intensity/ vegetation/ wildlife management/ wildlife-human
relationships/ white-tailed deer/ cattle/ agriculture/ condition/
weight/ competition/ food/ pregnancy/ blood
Abstract: Effect
of domestic cattle stocking on the nutritional condition of
white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) was
assessed using physiological indices of collected specimens.
Three study areas were delineated in McCurtain
County, Oklahoma (heavy cattle stocking), and Howard (moderate to
light
cattle stocking) and Pike (no cattle stocking) counties, Arkansas
that were similar with respect to soils and vegetation but differed
with respect to cattle stocking rate. Female white-tailed deer
were collected from study areas in February and August 1987-1988 to
assess nutritional condition. Deer collected from study areas
exposed to cattle grazing in February had lower carcass weights, fat
attributes (femur marrow and kidney fat), and reproductive rates
(fetuses/doe) than deer that were not exposed to cattle grazing.
In August, deer collected from the moderate cattle area had
heavier eviscerated carcass weights, serum glucose, albumin, and
albumin/globulin ratios than deer collected from the heavy cattle area.
Results suggest that if cattle are removed from managed forests
in winter, nutritional condition of deer would be improved because of
reduced competition for food.
© NISC
949. The effect of forest roads on the reproductive success of forest-dwelling passerine birds.
King, D. I. and DeGraaf, R. M.
Forest Science 48(2): 391-396. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015749X
Descriptors: edges/ habitat/ microclimate/ nest success/ Seiurus aurocapillus/ biodiversity/ microclimate/ forestry/ Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract:
Recent studies indicate that forest roads may affect the distribution
of forest-dwelling birds. However, previous studies have not
demonstrated any significant effects of forest roads on avian
productivity. We studied the effect of maintained and unmaintained
forest roads on (1) forest bird nest survival, (2) reproductive
parameters of ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) potentially associated
with food abundance, and (3) habitat and microclimate at six sites on
the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, during two breeding
seasons. Nest survival did not differ between areas near (0-150 m) and
far (>150 m) from maintained forest roads, and was marginally
(P=0.08) higher in areas near (0-150 m) unmaintained roads. When the
0-150 m distance class was subdivided, however, nest survival was
significantly higher within 0-75 m of maintained roads than >75-150
m away. Ovenbird nest initiation dates, clutch size, and fledging
success did not differ between areas near (0-150 m) and far (>150 m)
from maintained and unmaintained forest roads, and this result did not
change when the distance class 0-150 m from roads was subdivided. There
were no relationships between habitat or microclimate and distance from
maintained roads. We conclude that small, unsurfaced forest roads at
low road density do not result in decreases in forest passerine bird
productivity in extensively forested areas in New England.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
950. The effect of shelterwood harvesting and site preparation on eastern red-backed salamanders in white pine stands.
Morneault, Andree E.; Naylor, Brian J.; Schaeffer, Lee S.; and Othmer, Dianne C.
Forest Ecology and Management 199(1): 1-10. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Plethodon
cinereus: forestry/ habitat management/ population size/ forest
shelterwood harvesting and site preparation effects/ forest and
woodland/ White pine forest/ Ontario/ Central/ Amphibia, Lissamphibia,
Caudata, Plethodontidae/ amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: We
studied the effects of the regeneration cut of the shelterwood
system and four site preparation options on populations of eastern
red-backed salamanders in 90-100-year-old white pine forests in
central Ontario, Canada. We established the study in 1994
using
a randomized complete block design with three replicates and five
treatments: (1) no harvest, no site preparation; (2) harvest. no site
preparation; (3) harvest, mechanical site preparation; (4) harvest,
chemical site preparation; (5) harvest, mechanical and chemical site
preparation. We applied harvest and site preparation treatments from
fall 1995 to fall 1997. We collected pre-treatment data in spring and
summer of 1995 and post-treatment data from 1998 to 2002. We monitored
salamander abundance using a grid of 20 cover boards surveyed 10 times
per year within each of the 15 treatment plots. We also quantified
changes in overstory and understory cover, supply of downed woody
debris, and disturbance to the forest floor. Our data suggest that
shelterwood cutting and site preparation can have immediate negative
effects on the abundance of red-backed salamander populations in pine
forest. However, effects are relatively short lived (5 years). Changes
in abundance appeared to be related to overstory and understory cover,
and forest floor disturbance. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
951. Effect of vegetation maintenance of an electric transmission right-of-way on reptile and amphibian populations.
Yahner, R. H.; Bramble, W. C.; and Byrnes, W. R.
Journal of Arboriculture 27(1): 24-29. (2001)
NAL Call #: SB436.J6; ISSN: 02785226
Descriptors: amphibians/
herbicides/ reptiles/ right-of-way/ salamanders/ snakes/ tree control/
relative abundance/ species diversity/ United States/ Diadophis
punctatus/ Plethodon cinereus/ Storeria occipitomaculata
Abstract:
A 2-year study of reptile and amphibian populations was conducted on a
230-kV transmission line right-of-way (ROW) of GPU Energy in the
Allegheny Mountain Physiographic Province, Centre County, Pennsylvania,
U.S., from June through October 1998 and March through October 1999.
The objective was to compare the diversity and relative abundance of
reptiles and amphibians between the ROW versus the adjacent forest,
among five treatment units on the ROW, and between wire and borders
zones on treatments on the ROW. Nine species were recorded during the
study, with the three most common species being redback salamanders
(Plethodon cinereus), northern redbelly snakes (Storeria
occipitomaculata occipitomaculata), and northern ringneck snakes
(Diadophis punctatus edwardsii). All nine species occurred on the ROW,
but only redback salamanders and Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma
jeffersonianum) were found in the adjacent forest. The diversity and
relative abundance ranged from six species in the stem-foliage unit to
three species in the handcutting unit. Eight and six species,
respectively, were noted in the wire and border zones of the ROW.
However, 81% of the observations in wire zones were those of snakes,
whereas 85% of the observations in border zones were salamanders. The
ROW contained a much more diverse community of reptiles and amphibians
than the adjacent forest. Forest-management practices can have negative
impacts on populations of amphibians and reptiles. Thus, this study
provides important information on forest-management practices required
for the conservation of reptiles and amphibians.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
952. Effects of burning and thinning on lodgepole chipmunks (Neotamias speciosus) in the Sierra Nevada, California.
Meyer, Marc D.; Kelt, Douglas A.; and North, Malcolm P.
Northeastern Naturalist 88(2): 61-72. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH105.M2M36; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ biometrics/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Neotamias speciosus: forestry/ forest burning and
thinning/ Effect on population structure and body mass/ weight/ body
mass/ forest burning and thinning effects/ population structure/ forest
and woodland/ mixed conifer forest/ burning and thinning/ California/
Sierra Nevada/ Teakettle Experimental Forest/ Mammalia, Rodentia,
Sciuridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning are widely used to manage
fuels in North American forests, but few studies have examined the
relative impacts of these treatments on wildlife. Using a fully
factorial and completely randomized design, we examined the short-term
effects of prescribed burning (no burn vs. burn), mechanical thinning
(no thin, light thin, and heavy thin), and combinations of these
treatments on the capture rate and demographic parameters of Lodgepole
Chipmunks (Neotamias speciosus) in mixed-conifer forests in the
southern Sierra Nevada of California. Chipmunks were sampled in
eighteen 4-ha treatment plots during the summer of 1999 and 2000
(pre-treatment) and 2002 and 2003 (post-treatment). Although burning
and thinning caused significant changes in forest structure, neither
treatment had a significant effect on the capture rate or most
demographic parameters of N. speciosus. Body mass of males (2002 and
2003) and the ratio of males to females (2003) decreased following
burning. Body mass and percentage reproductive females were positively
correlated with the total number of White Fir (Abies concolor) cones
produced across treatments and years, possibly reflecting a positive
association between chipmunk reproduction and food availability. These
results suggest that prescribed burning and mechanical thinning may
have minor or no short-term effects on the capture rate and demography
of N. speciosus in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, but
effects over longer periods have not been investigated.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
953. Effects
of clearcutting with corridor retention on abundance, richness, and
diversity of small mammals in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA.
Constantine, N. L.; Campbell, T. A.; Baughman, W. M.; Harrington, T. B.; Chapman, B. R.; and Miller, K. V.
Forest Ecology and Management 202(1-3): 293-300. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.036.
Descriptors: clearcutting/
pine plantations/ Pinus/ small mammals/ agricultural products/ coastal
zones/ ecosystems/ forestry/ harvesting/ corridor retention/ habitat
diversity/ pine plantation management/ biodiversity/ abundance/ forest
management/ habitat corridors/ plantation/ species diversity/ species
richness/ biodiversity/ rice/ South Carolina/ Gossypium hirsutum/
Mammalia/ Oryzomys palustris/ Rodentia/ Sigmodon hispidus
Abstract:
We studied six pine plantations in coastal South Carolina to
determine the influence of clearcutting with corridor retention on
small mammal abundance, richness, and diversity. Small mammals were
live-trapped in recently clearcut stands that retained pine corridors
100 m in width and in adjacent pine plantations, 20-23-years-old. We
compared small mammal communities between harvested stands with
corridors and non-harvested pine stands. We captured 1158 small
mammals, representing 844 unique individuals and seven different
species in 94,080 trap nights. Rodent abundance, richness, and
diversity indices were greater in harvested stands with corridors than
in non-harvested pine stands. The early successional habitat created by
clearcutting was used by many small mammal species, including cotton
rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris).
Species composition of small mammals within the corridor habitats was
similar to that in the non-harvested pine stands. The inclusion of
corridors in pine plantation management enhances habitat diversity and
ecosystem maintenance and contributes to local diversity of the small
mammal community.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
954. Effects of commercial thinning on home-range and habitat use patterns of a male northern spotted owl: A case study.
Meiman, Susan; Anthony, Robert; Glenn, Elizabeth; Bayless, Todd; Ellingson, Amy; Hansen, Michael C.; and Smith, Clint
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(4): 1254-1262. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Strix
occidentalis caurina/ Strigiformes/ Strigidae/ northern spotted owl/
Strix occidentalis/ habitat use patterns/ strix occidentalis caurina/
core use area/ home range patterns/ second-growth forests/ northern
spotted owl/ old-growth forests/ wildlife-human relationships/ home
range-territory/ habitat management/ habitat alterations/ habitat
change/ habitat use/ commercial enterprises/ forestry practices/
commercial thinning/ terrestrial ecology/ land zones/ home-range/
disturbances/ behavior/ conservation/ male/ distribution/ ecosystems/
silviculture/ wildlife/ dispersion/ forests/ Oregon
Abstract:
Presents a case study that examined the effects of commercial thinning
on home-range and habitat-use patterns of spotted owls in second-growth
forests in the Oregon Coast Ranges. Information on site history and
radiotelemetry monitoring; Data analysis; Implications of the study on
wildlife management.
© NISC
955. The effects of corridors on herpetofauna assemblages in intensively managed forests.
Baughman, William Mckelvey. Clemson University, 2000.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Guynn, David C.
Descriptors: corridors/
habitat fragmentation/ species diversity/ forest management/
monitoring/ pine plantations/ survival/ coarse woody debris/ coastal
plain/ South Carolina/ Pinus taeda
Abstract:
Long-term studies have indicated major declines in herpetofauna
communities in the United States. One activity that has drawn
particular attention is forest management. While some studies have
suggested that timber harvesting is a major factor contributing to this
decline, others indicate that negative impacts are temporary, as buffer
zones or corridors may maintain species richness within herpetofaunal
communities. The objective of our study was to determine the value of
corridors to herpetofauna in managed forest landscapes in the Coastal
Plain of South Carolina. A 100-m wide unharvested corridor was left
across each of three 20-ha harvest sites. A 1-ha enclosure was placed
in each of the three corridors and within an unharvested 20-ha control
area. Two standard drift fence arrays were located in the harvested
areas on each site as well as in the unharvest control. Pre-harvest
(January 1997 through December 1997) monitoring from the four
intensively managed Pinus taeda plantations found 49 species and 4,147
individuals. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference in
the number of species captured between sites. Analysis of variance
detected no difference for the number of Anura, Testudines, Lacertilia,
and Serpentes captured between treatments. The number of Caudata
bordered on significance between sites (F = 15.79, P = 0.057), with the
control site harboring more individuals. No significant differences
were detected in habitat variables between sites. Pearson's correlation
analysis revealed that the number of Caudata was positively correlated
with coarse woody debris (r = 0.98, P = 0.01). Post-harvest monitoring
(May 1998 through December 1999) identified 59 species and 15,747
individuals using these sites. Analysis of variance detected no
difference for the number of Anura, Cau data, Lacertilia, Testudines,
and Serpentes moving into or along corridors. No significant
differences were detected in pre- and post-treatment species diversity
and evenness indices for corridor habitats. No significant differences
were detected in recruitment for Anura and Testudines. There was an
increase in recruitment of Caudata on the treatment sites (F = 13.49, P
= 0.05). Estimates of survival indicate no significant differences
between the control and treatment sites.
© NISC
956. Effects of disturbance on birds of conservation concern in eastern Oregon and Washington.
Bull, E. L. and Wales, B. C.
Northwest Science 75([supplement]): 166-173. (2001)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: rare
species/ fires/ roads/ human impact/ forest management/ Aves/
Haliaeetus leucocephalus/ Falco peregrinus/ Histrionicus histrionicus/
Bartramia longicauda/ Accipiter gentilis/ Buteo regalis/ Leucosticte
atrata/ Pinus ponderosa/ birds/ bald eagle/ peregrine falcon/ harlequin
duck/ upland sandpiper/ northern goshawk/ ferruginous hawk/ black rosy
finch/ ponderosa pine
Abstract:
The effects on birds of forest insects, tree diseases, wildfire, and
management strategies designed to improve forest health (e.g.,
thinning, prescribed burns, road removal, and spraying with pesticides
or biological microbial agents) are discussed. Those bird species of
concern that occur in forested habitats in eastern Oregon and
Washington include the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), peregrine
falcon (Falco peregrinus), harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus),
upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda), northern goshawk (Accipiter
gentilis), ferruginous hawk (Buteo regalis), and black rosy finch
(Leucosticte arctoa). In addition, seven species of woodpeckers and
nuthatches were considered because of their rare status. Forest
disturbances that create dead trees and logs are critical to
cavity-nesting birds because the dead trees with their subsequent decay
provide nesting and roosting habitat. The insects associated with
outbreaks or dead trees provide prey for the woodpeckers and
nuthatches. The loss of nest or roost trees as a result of disturbance
could be detrimental to bald eagles, goshawks, or ferruginous hawks,
while the loss of canopy cover could be detrimental to harlequin ducks
and goshawks or to prey of some of the raptors. The more open canopies
created by thinning may be beneficial to a species like the black rosy
finch, yet detrimental to some woodpeckers due to a decrease in cover.
Prescribed burning may be beneficial to those woodpeckers primarily
associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands and detrimental
to other woodpeckers because of the loss of coarse woody debris.
Removal of roads is likely to benefit most of these species because of
the subsequent decrease in human activity. Recovery plans for bald
eagles and peregrine falcons are available for managers to use in
managing habitat for these species.
© ProQuest
957. Effects of edge contrast on redback salamander distribution in even-aged northern hardwoods.
Degraaf, Richard M. and Yamasaki, Mariko
Forest Science 48(2): 351-363. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: Plethodon
cinereus/ Caudata/ Lissamphibia/ Plethodontidae/ climatology/ clearcut
harvesting/ coverboard clusters/ edge contrast types/ clear cutting/
conservation/ distribution/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ New Hampshire/ status/ White Mountain National
Forest/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/
disturbances/ habitat use/ land zones/ population ecology/ redback
salamanders
Abstract:
Terrestrial salamanders are sensitive to forest disturbance associated
with even-aged management. We studied the distribution of redback
salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) for 4 yr at edges between even-aged
northern hardwood stands along three replicate transects in each of
three edge contrast types: regeneration/mature, sapling/mature, and
poletimber/mature in northern New Hampshire. We used 2 m2
coverboard clusters at the edge, and at 5, 10, 20, and 40 m into the
younger and mature stands. Salamanders were surveyed 12 times per year
from May to October, approximately once every 2 wk, usually within 24
hr of a rain event. Habitat variables included board station soil
temperature, litter depth, organic layer depth, depth to soil mottling,
herbaceous cover, down log cover, three classes of understory hardwood
stem density
(0.5-1m
tall, 1-2 m tall and <10 cm dbh, and > 2 m tall), softwood stem
density, Rubus/other stem density, and overstory basal area (ba) and
mean dbh. A total of 4,038 redback salamanders were detected during 432
transect counts. The mean salamander density was 0.41/ m2 across regenerating stand transects, 0.47 m2 across sapling transects, and 0.69 m2
across poletimber transects. We analyzed salamander distribution by
edge type, replicate, year, station (distance from edge), and their
interactions. There were significant differences in salamander
detections among edge types, replicates, station, and years for both
counts across entire younger forest/mature forest transects and across
the younger forest transect sections. There were significant
interactions between edge type and distance from edge. Salamander
detections were greater (P < 0.001) in pole/mature edges than in
sapling/mature and regeneration/mature edges in all years. Counts in
sapling and regeneration stands were not different. The pattern of
salamander abundance was similar across all edge types: low abundance
40 m out in the younger stand, increased abundance near or at the edge,
a decrease just inside the edge, peak abundance in the mature stand (20
m inside the edge), and decline at 40 m in the mature stand. alamander
counts differed among years across all transects, tracking yearly
precipitation differences. Counts also varied seasonally; early spring
and late summer counts were higher (P < 0.001) than counts in early
to mid-summer and fall. Salamander counts were negatively related to
total understory stem density, density of hardwood stems > 2 cm tall
and < 10 cm dbh, and percent herb cover, and positively related to
soil organic layer depth (P values 0.10). A stepwise regression model
included percent herbaceous ground cover, number of hardwood stems >
2 m tall and < 10 cm dbh, and organic soil layer depth, and
explained 29% of the variation in redback salamander counts. Our
findings are consistent with reported recovery times for redback
salamanders after clearcut harvesting; recovery rates even along edges
may take about 30 yr. Seasonal and yearly variation must be taken into
account if terrestrial salamanders are used in monitoring programs.
© NISC
958. Effects of experimental forestry treatments on a Maine amphibian community.
Patrick, David A.; Hunter, Malcolm L.; and
Calhoun, Aram J. K.
Forest Ecology and Management 234(1-3): 323-332. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Anura/
Lissamphibia/ Ranidae/ Rana sylvatica/ wildlife-human relationships/
clearcutting/ commercial enterprises/ distribution/ disturbances/
habitat use/ experimental forestry treatment/ forests/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ forestry treatments/ habitat
quality/ habitat selection/ land zones/ Maine/ movements during
dispersal/ Orono, Dwight B. Demeritt and Penobscot Forests/ terrestrial
ecology
Abstract: Predicting
how timber harvesting will influence sensitive taxa such as
Amphibians is of critical importance for sustainable management of
forests. In 2004 and 2005, we studied the effects of four forestry
treatments (clearcut with coarse woody debris (CWD) removed, clearcut
with CWD retained, partial-cut of 50% of canopy cover, and an uncut
control) on movement, habitat selection, and abundance of Amphibians
in Maine. Four landscape-scale replicates of these four forestry
treatments were created with each replicate centered on a breeding
pool. A total of 8632 emerging juvenile wood frogs were captured and
marked at drift fences encircling breeding pools, with 1166 marked wood
frogs (Rana sylvatica), and 13,727 unmarked Amphibians captured in
drift fence/pitfall arrays at 16, 50, 100, and 150 m from the pools.
Our capture results in the different treatments were consistent with
previous studies in showing that adult abundance and habitat use
differed among species, with wood frogs, spotted salamanders (Ambystoma
maculatum), and eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)
preferring uncut and partial-cut habitat, and adult green frogs (Rana
clamitans) and American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) being more
tolerant of clearcutting. Spotted salamanders also showed reduced
captures with partial canopy removal and increased captures with the
retention of CWD. Our results for juvenile Amphibians differed from
previous research, with lower captures of all study species
(statistically significant for seven of nine species) in clearcuts
compared to uncut and partial-cut treatments. Clearcuts did not reduce
habitat permeability for the low number of marked wood frogs that
entered these treatments. Data from marked wood frogs also suggest that
both density of conspecifics and habitat quality can influence habitat
selection, and potentially dispersal of juvenile Amphibians. The
avoidance of clearcuts by juveniles of all study species suggests that
this silvicultural technique may reduce both abundance and dispersal of
many species, rather than just species where adults are known to be
forest-dependent. Species may also be affected by partial as well as
full canopy removal, and the retention of CWD may play a role in
mitigating some of the effects of clearcutting. © 2006 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.
© NISC
959. Effects of experimentally reduced prey abundance on the breeding ecology of the red-eyed vireo.
Marshall, M. R.; Cooper, R. J.; DeCecco, J. A.;
Strazanac, J.; and Butler, L.
Ecological Applications 12(1): 261-280. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Appalachia/
avian breeding productivity/ Bacillus thuringiensis/ deciduous forest
anhropods/ food limitation/ gypsy moth/ indirect pesticide effects/
Lepidoptera/ neotropical migrant birds/ red-eyed vireo/ timing of
breeding/ Vireo olivaceus/ clutch size/ hatching/ mortality/ prey
availability/ reproduction/ United States/ Aves/ bacteria
(microorganisms)/ Galliformes/ Lepidoptera/ Lymantria/ Lymantria
dispar/ Lymantriidae/ Passeri/ Phacelia congesta/ Vertebrata/
Vireonidae
Abstract:
Given the demonstrated importance of caterpillars in the
breeding-season diet of many neotropical-nearctic migratory forest
songbirds, a large-scale manipulative experiment was conducted to
examine how variation in caterpillar abundance influenced the breeding
ecology of the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). The Red-eyed Vireo is
a canopy-forager that consumes and feeds its young a large proportion
of caterpillars during the breeding season. Caterpillar abundance was
experimentally reduced in May of 1997 and 1998 on nine replicate 30-ha
study plots (three treated, six untreated) in the Monongahela National
Forest, West Virginia, through the application of Bacillus
thuringiensis according to gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) management
protocols. Each annual application significantly reduced the abundance
of Lepidoptera larvae on the Bacillus-treated plots relative to the
nontreated plots for five and six weeks after spraying, respectively.
This time period coincided with the nest initiation, incubation, and
nestling stages of the Red-eyed Vireo. However, there was minimal
evidence that this reduction in Lepidoptera larvae had a concurrent
negative effect on the Red-eyed Vireos' ability to successfully rear
nestlings. There were no differences in clutch size, hatching success,
nestling mortality, overall nest success, or annual adult survival
between the treated and untreated plots in any year of the study. It
did appear, however, that Red-eyed Vireos waited 3-5 placed longer to
initiate nests in years when caterpillar' abundance was low, due to
either natural or experimental causes. Because of a relatively short
breeding season, this delay could reduce the seasonal productivity of
this species by 0.15-0.25 young per female per year. Even though the
effects of Bacillus-induced caterpillar reduction on Red-eyed Vireo
reproduction were minimal, we urge caution when considering the
application of Bacillus over larger spatial scales, repeatedly in the
same area, or in locations of endangered species where even a modest.
reduction in seasonal productivity could be detrimental.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
960. Effects of fire management practices on butterfly diversity in the forested western United States.
Huntzinger, M.
Biological Conservation 113(1): 1-12. (2003 )
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00356-7.
Descriptors: fire/
forest management/ fuel break/ Lepidoptera/ prescribed burn/ riparian/
species diversity/ butterfly/ community composition/ community
structure/ fire management/ forest management/ species diversity/
United States/ Lepidoptera
Abstract: In
response to a policy of fire suppression since early in the 20th
century, forest managers have recently initiated emergency programs of
prescribed burning to reduce readily combustible fuel loads in many
forests of the western United States. The effects of burning on
woody plant composition and structure are relatively well understood;
however, little is known about the impact of burning on other taxa. I
tested the response of butterflies to fire reintroduction in
the Rogue River National Forest
and Yosemite National Park. I established replicated
transects on three
different types of prescribed burn treatment (forest burns, fuel
breaks, and riparian burns), as well as control sites, to monitor adult
butterfly richness and diversity. Two to three times as many butterfly
species occur in forest burns as controls, 13 times as many in fuel
breaks as controls, and twice as many in riparian burns as controls.
The results of this study suggest that the reintroduction of diverse
fire management methods, especially riparian burning, will benefit
butterfly diversity in coniferous forests. Further study is required to
examine potential proscriptions against riparian burning, including
erosion and invasive species encroachment. Both area and density
of gaps in the forest canopy were found to explain large amounts of the
variation in butterfly richness (R2 = 0.64 and R2 = 0.80,
respectively). This study demonstrates that using non-
traditional taxa (e.g., butterflies instead of trees) to study
ecosystem processes may help to provide valuable insights into alternative management strategies.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
961. The effects of forest clearcut harvesting and thinning on terrestrial salamanders.
Grialou, Julie A.; West, Stephen D.; and Wilkins, R. Neal
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(1): 105-113. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ community structure/ population
dynamics/ population structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Caudata: forestry/ habitat management/ forest
clearcuts/ harvesting/ thinning/ species diversity/ species presence/
population size/ age-class distribution/ forest and woodland/
Washington/ Willapa Hills/ abundance/ Lissamphibia, Amphibia/
amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
962. Effects of forest edges on ovenbird demography in a managed forest landscape.
Flaspohler, D. J.; Temple, S. A.; and Rosenfield, R. N.
Conservation Biology 15(1): 173-183. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99397.x.
Descriptors: edge effect/ forest ecosystem/ forest management/ population ecology/ reproduction/
United States/ Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract:
We studied the reproductive ecology of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus)
for 3 years in a primarily forested landscape in northern Wisconsin. We searched for and monitored nests in large,
closed-canopy northern hardwood forests adjacent to recent clearcuts
(<6 years old) and measured the effect of proximity to edge on nest
success, clutch size, and breeding pair density. Mayfield nest success
was lower near the forest edge (0.44, Nnests = 42; <300 m) than in the forest interior (0.69. Nnests = 47.. >300 m; x2
= 4.43, df = 1, p ≤ 0.04), and mean clutch size was higher (4.93)
near the forest edge than in the forest interior (4.27; t = -3.83, df =
59, p ≤ 0.0003). Edge effects on nest success and clutch size
extended farther (300 m) into intact forest than has been documented
previously. Using habitat-specific demographic parameters, we found
that annual productivity per pair was similar in edge (3.37 fledglings)
and interior (3.85 fledglings) habitat. We used our estimates of per
capita annual productivity and published estimates of adult and
juvenile survival to approximate the finite rate of growth (λ)
for birds breeding in edge and interior locations. Based on published
estimates of age-specific survival, both edge and interior habitats
appear to be source habitats (where λ>
1) for Ovenbirds in the landscape we studied. Our assessment of
population status, however, was extremely sensitive to variation in
survival estimates. We used geographic information system data from
the Nicolet National Forest to estimate population size in
northern and mixed-hardwood forests in this region and to quantify
annual productivity in this landscape. Ovenbirds near forest edges
faced higher predation pressure but laid more eggs on average than
birds in the forest interior. Our data suggest that Ovenbirds may make
tradeoffs between the probability of nest success and the per-nest
productivity as measured by clutch size. Our findings are consistent
with the equilibrium state of the ideal free distribution model in that
although individual demographic characteristics (nest success and
clutch size) varied with distance from edge, an important correlate of
fitness, finite rate of increase (λ) remained relatively similar.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
963. Effects of forest management on density, survival, and population growth of wood thrushes.
Powell, L. A.; Lang, J. D.; Conroy, M. J.; and
Krementz, D. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(1): 11-23. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: forest
management/ Hylocichla mustelina/ neotropical migrant songbird/
radiotelemetry/ survival/ transect surveys/ wood thrush/ forest
management/ passerines/ population density/ population growth/
survival/ United States/ Hylochichla mustelina/ Picoides borealis
Abstract: Loss
and alteration of breeding habitat have been proposed as causes of
declines in several Neotropical migrant bird populations. We conducted
a 4-year study to determine the effects of winter prescribed burning
and forest thinning on breeding wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina)
populations at the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge (PNWR)
in Georgia. We estimated density, adult and juvenile survival
rates,
and apparent annual survival using transect surveys, radiotelemetry,
and mist netting. Burning and thinning did not cause lower densities
(P
= 0.25); wood thrush density, ranged from 0.15 to 1.30 pairs/10 ha. No
radiomarked male wood thrushes (n = 68) died during the 4 years, but
female weekly survival was 0.981 ± 0.014 (SE) for females (n =
63) and 0.976 = 0.010 for juveniles (n = 38). Apparent annual adult
survival was 0.579 (SE = 0.173). Thinning and prescribed burning did
not reduce adult or juvenile survival during the breeding season or
apparent annual adult survival. Annual population growth (y) at PNWR
was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32-1.63), and the
considerable uncertainty in this prediction underscores the need for
long-term monitoring to effectively manage Neotropical migrants.
Population growth increased on experimental compartments after the burn
and thin (95% CI before = 0.91-0.97, after = 0.98-1.05), while control
compartment y declined (before = 0.98-1.05, after = 0.87-0.92). We
found no evidence that the current management regime at PNWR, designed
to improve red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) habitat,
negatively affected wood thrushes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
964. Effects of forest management practices on red-shouldered hawks in Ontario.
Naylor, B. J.; Baker, J. A.; and Szuba, K. J.
Forestry Chronicle 80(1): 54-60. (2004)
Descriptors: Buteo
lineatus/ effectiveness monitoring/ forest management/ habitat
guidelines/ nest success/ Ontario/ red-shouldered hawk/ selection/
shelterwood/ tolerant hardwoods/ Buteo lineatus
Abstract:
The red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) is a species of special
concern throughout its northern range. It is considered to be sensitive
to forest management practices because it requires dense mature
hardwood forest for nesting. In Ontario, guidelines that prescribe
spatial and temporal buffers were developed in about 1990 to mitigate
the potential impacts of harvesting. We monitored 84 nesting areas of
red-shouldered hawks in central and southeastern Ontario from 1988
to 1995 to describe the effects of forest management practices on the
occupancy and productivity of nesting areas, to evaluate the
effectiveness of the guidelines, and recommend modifications as
appropriate. The number of years nesting areas had been used previously
had a significant negative effect on activity status, but not on nest
success. Nesting areas harvested with application of the guidelines had
a similar probability of being active to those in uncut forest but
nesting areas harvested without application of the guidelines did not.
Neither the area nor proximity of selection cuts with a moderate to
high residual basal area (≥ 18 m2/ha)
affected the activity status of nesting areas. In contrast, the area
and proximity of heavy cuts (shelterwood cuts or selection cuts with a
residual basal area of 14-16 m2/ha)
appeared to have a negative effect on activity status. When nesting
areas were active, the proximity and amount of harvesting did not
influence nest success. We concluded that the impact of harvesting on
the activity status of nesting areas could be mitigated by prohibiting
heavy cuts within 300 m of active nests and retaining ≥20 ha of
forest dominated by tolerant and mid-tolerant hardwood trees, ≥18 m
tall, with ≥70% canopy closure around nests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
965. Effects
of forest management practices on the diversity of ground-occurring
beetles in mixed northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes
region.
Werner, Shahla M. and Raffa, Kenneth F.
Forest Ecology and Management 139(1-3): 135-155. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Coleoptera: forestry/
forest management practices/ ground dwelling community/ community
structure/ habitat preference/ ground dwelling taxa/ forest and
woodland/ hardwood forests/ Michigan/ Wisconsin/ Great Lakes region/
Coleoptera/ Insecta/ arthropods/ coleopterans/ beetles/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract:
Ground-occurring Coleoptera were sampled over 2 years using pitfall
traps in 23 northern hardwood or eastern hemlock-dominated sites
representing even-aged, uneven-aged, or old growth forests. Overall,
65,586 individuals were obtained, representing 33 families and 192
species. Carabids comprised 54% of the total catch in 1996, when all
the families were tallied. There was little variation in the number and
relative abundance of carabid species caught between seasons. No
differences in overall species richness or abundance were observed
among forest management regimes or habitat types. However, there were
substantial differences in species composition. Thirteen species showed
significant habitat associations among the five forest management
regimes, and 21 species were associated with specific habitat features
of the sites, such as dominant tree species or canopy structure. More
species (16) were affected by the presence of forest management than by
tree species dominance (6) or canopy structure (5). Harpalus
fulvilabris, Pterostichus coracinus, Carabus nemoralis, Glischrochilus
siepmanni, Nicrophorus orbicollis, and Nicrophorus sayi were more
commonly caught in managed than in old growth forest sites, while
Carabus sylvosus, Platynus decentis and Oiceoptoma novaboracensis were
more commonly associated with old growth sites. Calosoma frigidum and
Necrophila americana were associated with northern hardwood sites,
while Platynus decentis was significantly associated with sites
dominated by eastern hemlock. Calosoma frigidum, Necrophila americana, and Nicrophorus vespilloides were more common in
even-aged sites, while a lampyrid and a leiodid morphospecies were more
common in sites with an uneven-aged canopy structure. The importance of
microsite features was reflected in the high variability observed among
sites and among traps within sites. Results indicate that conservation
of a range of forest types is required in order to maintain the
diversity of ground-occurring beetles on a regional scale. This will be
quite challenging, since forest types such as old growth
hemlock-hardwood are rare across the landscape due to habitat
fragmentation and logging.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
966. Effects of forest roads on macroinvertebrate soil fauna of the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Haskell, D. G.
Conservation Biology 14(1): 57-63. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99232.x.
Descriptors: fauna/ invertebrate/ forest ecosystem/ macroinvertebrate/ road/ soil fauna/ United States
Abstract:
Many forested landscapes are fragmented by roads, but our understanding
of the effects of these roads on the function and diversity of the
surrounding forest is in its infancy. 1 investigated the effect of
roads in otherwise continuous forests on the macroinvertebrate fauna of
the soil. I took soil samples along transects leading away from the
edges of unpaved roads in the Cherokee National Forest in the Southern
Appalachian mountains of the United States. Roads significantly
depressed both the abundance and the richness of the macroinvertebrate
soil fauna. Roads also significantly reduced the depth of the
leaf-litter layer. These effects persisted up to 100 m into the forest.
Wider roads and roads with more open canopies tended to produce steeper
declines in abundance, richness, and leaf-litter depth, but these
effects were significant only for canopy cover and litter depth. The
macroinvertebrate fauna of the leaf litter plays a pivotal role in the
ability of the soil to process energy and nutrients. These
macroinvertebrates also provide prey for vertebrate species such as
salamanders and ground-foraging birds. The effect of roads on the
surrounding forest is compounded by the sprawling nature of the road
system in this and many other forests. My data suggest that even
relatively narrow roads through forests can produce marked edge effects
that may have negative consequences for the function and diversity of
the forest ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
967. Effects of forest thinning and prescribed burning on bat activity in the Piedmont of South Carolina.
Loeb, Susan C.; Waldrop, Thomas A.; and Leput, David W.
Bat Research News 43(4): 164. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227.
Notes: Conference paper: 32nd Annual North American
Symposium on Bat Research, Burlington, VT, November 06-09, 2002.
Descriptors: Eptesicus
fuscus/ Lasionycteris noctivagans/ Lasionycteris seminolus/ Lasiurus
borealis/ Nycticeius humeralis/ Pipistrellus subflavus/
Vespertilionidae/ Chiroptera/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
wildlife management/ bat detector/ Piedmont regions/ bat activity/
habitat suitability/ snags/ stand density/ tree growth/ big brown bat/
silver-haired bat/ Seminole bat/ red bat/
evening bat/ eastern pipistrelle/ Pinus spp.
Abstract:
Based on morphological and acoustical considerations, several
investigators have predicted that structurally complex environments,
such as dense forests, will not be used by many species of bats.
Thus, forest management practices that decrease clutter may
increase the suitability of many forested stands for bats. We
tested this hypothesis using two common forest management practices
that decrease stand density: thinning and prescribed burning. The
study was conducted on 12 14-ha plots on the Clemson Experimental Forest in the Upper Piedmont of South
Carolina. The plots were located in 17-50 year-old pine-hardwood
stands. The study design consisted of three replicates of four
treatments: Control, Thin, Burn, Thin+Burn. From May-August 2002
we mist-netted in the vicinity of the plots to determine the
composition of the bat community. We used Anabat II bat detectors
to sample bat activity on each plot during two night each month from
May through August 2001 and 2002. Bat detectors were placed at
two random grid points for the first night and moved to new points on
the second night. One detector was placed at the top of a 10 m
extendable pole and the other was placed at approximately 1 m above
ground. Red bats (Lasiurus borealis), big brown bats (Eptesicus
fuscus), eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus), and evening
bats (Nycticeius humeralis) were the most common bats captured; we also
captured one silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and one
seminole bat (L. seminolus). Bat activity was significantly lower
in 2002 than in 2001, and in both years, we recorded significantly
higher activity from detectors mounted on 10-m poles than from
detectors close to the ground. Bat activity also varied
significantly among treatments. In 2001, bat activity was
significantly higher in Thin and Thin-Burn plots than in Control or
Burn plots. In 2002, bat activity was significantly higher in
Thin, Burn, and Thin-Burn plots than in Control plots. Thus, in
the short-term, forest management practices that decrease tree density
increase habitat suitability for bats. Other benefits of these
practices, such as increased tree growth resulting in larger trees and
snags, should favor bats in the long-term.
© NISC
968. Effects of group-selection opening size on breeding bird habitat use in a bottomland forest.
Moorman, C. E. and Guynn, D. C.
Ecological Applications 11(6): 1680-1691. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: bottomland
forest/ breeding birds/ gap size/ gap vegetation/ group selection/
habitat use/ neotropical migrant/ silviculture/ South Carolina/
succession/ avifauna/ breeding population/ group selection/ habitat
use/ United States/ Aves/ Empidonax virescens/ Geothlypis trichas/
Impleta/ Indigofera/ Molothrus ater/ Parula americana/ Passerina
cyanea/ Vireo griseus
Abstract: An
increase in timber removals from southern bottomland forests of
the United States has been predicted, warranting investigations of
the
effects of silvicultural alternatives on avian breeding habitat. We
studied the effects of creating group-selection openings (man-made
canopy gaps) of various sizes on breeding bird habitat use in a
bottomland hardwood forest in the Upper Coastal Plain of South
Carolina, USA. We used spot mapping and mist netting to estimate bird
abundance at 0.06-, 0.13-, 0.26-, and 0.5-ha gaps and at uncut control
areas during the 1996, 1997, and 1998 breeding seasons (1 May-1
August). There were significant increases in the number of species
mapped (P = 0.0001) and netted (P = 0.0001) with successive increases
in gap size. The greatest number of total spot-map detections (P =
0.0002) and mist net captures (P = 0.0004) also occurred in and around
the large gaps. These patterns were the result of increased use of
larger gaps by field-edge species, primarily Brown-headed Cowbird
(Molothrus ater), Common Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas), and Indigo
Bunting (Passerina cyanea), and some forest-edge species, such as
White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Northern Parula
(Parula americana). Conversely, Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax
virescens)
was less abundant in and adjacent to gaps. Because there were few
differences in vegetation among gaps of different sizes, it is likely
that birds that were detected more frequently in and adjacent to larger
gaps selected those gaps based on other factors correlated with size.
Creation of 0.5-ha group-selection openings in southern bottomland
forests should provide breeding habitat for some field-edge species in
gaps and habitat for forest-interior species and canopy-dwelling
forest-edge species between gaps, provided that sufficient mature
forest is maintained.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
969. Effects of group-selection opening size on the distribution and reproductive success of an early-successional shrubland bird.
King, David I. and Degraaf, Richard M.
Forest Ecology and Management 190(2-3): 179-185. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: forestry/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ group selection forestry method/ applied and
field techniques/ clearcut/ group selection opening size effects/
habitat quality/ opening shape/ opening size/ patch area/ reproductive
success/ silviculture
Abstract:
Group-selection is a widely used silvicultural technique, and although
recent studies have compared the ecology of birds inhabiting patches of
regenerating forest created by group-selection with that of birds in
clearcuts, little is known about the effect of opening size and shape
on the ecology of early-successional shrubland birds within stands
treated with group-selection. We studied chestnut-sided warblers
(Dendroica pensylvanica), which are an early-successional shrubland
bird, nesting in 29 patches of regenerating (4-5 years old) northern
hardwoods forest 0.15-0.69 ha in area to determine whether the ecology
of this species is affected by patch size or shape. Chestnut-sided
warbler density decreased with patch size, however nests were initiated
earlier in larger patches. There were no relationships between patch
area and number of young fledged per territory or nest predation rates.
Similarly, there were no relationships between patch shape (defined as
the ratio of the patch perimeter to the perimeter of a circle of the
same area) and territory density, date of initiation of first nests,
number of young fledged per territory, or nest predation rates. These
results contrast with the results of studies of area sensitivity of
mature forest and grassland birds, in which bird density is negatively
related to patch area. However, later nest initiation in smaller
patches suggests that smaller patches are lower quality habitat, which
is consistent with the negative relationships between patch area and
habitat quality reported in studies of birds nesting in patches of
mature forest.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
970. Effects of group selection silviculture in bottomland hardwoods on the spatial activity patterns of bats.
Menzel, M. A.; Carter, T. C.; Menzel, J. M.; Mark Ford, W.; and Chapman, B. R.
Forest Ecology and Management 162(2-3): 209-218. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00516-3.
Descriptors: anabat/
bottomland hardwoods/ foraging/ group selection silviculture/ habitat
use/ hardwoods/ harvesting/ timber/ bat activity/ forestry/ activity
patterns/ bats/ ecological impact/ foraging behavior/ habitat use/
harvesting/ silviculture/ United States
Abstract: The
effects of forest management practices on the spatial activity
patterns of bats are poorly understood. We determined the effect of
group selection timber harvests on the spatial activity patterns of
bats below the forest canopy at the Savannah River
Site, Aiken, SC, using the Anabat system. We monitored the
effect of group selection timber harvests on feeding and foraging
activity of bats at three spatial scales: among habitats within a
landscape, among harvested and unharvested areas in the stand where
patches were harvested, and within an individual gap. Habitats examined
included Carolina bays, unharvested bottomland hardwoods,
bottomland hardwoods in which a group selection harvest occurred, and
upland stands containing a hardwood/pine mix. Within the harvested
stand, we compared the level of foraging and feeding activity among
large patch cuts (gaps), small gaps, skidder trails, and forested
areas. Within the large gaps, we compared activity among the center of
the gap, the edge of the gap, and the forest surrounding the gap.
Levels of bat activity differed among stands. More activity occurred in
the bottomland stand in which patches had been harvested and
around Carolina bays than in unharvested stands of bottomland
hardwoods
and upland hardwoods and pines. Levels of bat activity also differed
among harvested and unharvested areas within the stand and among
different positions within gaps and the surrounding forest. Activity
was concentrated in forest gaps and along skidder trails. Within gaps,
activity was concentrated along the edge between the gap and forest.
Spatial activity patterns also depended on the species of bat. These
results suggest that the inclusion of gaps in bottomland hardwoods
increases the total level of foraging and feeding activity of bats
below the canopy. They also suggest differences in the size and shape
of the harvest affect the total amount of bat activity recorded in the
gap and that these effects may be species specific.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
971. Effects of group-selection timber harvest in bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant birds.
Kilgo, John C.; Miller, Karl V.; and Smith, Winston P.
Journal of Field Ornithology 70(3): 404-413. (1999)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater
zones/ Aves: forestry/ bottomland hardwood group selected timber
harvest/ migration/ community structure/ migrant communities/ forestry
practices/ distribution within habitat/ habitat utilization/ forest and
woodland/ South Carolina/ Aiken/ Barnwell and Allendale Counties/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
972. Effects of gypsy moth defoliation on forest birds: An assessment using breeding bird census data.
Gale, G. A.; DeCecco, J. A.; Marshall, M. R.; Russ McClain, W.; and Cooper, R. J.
Journal of Field Ornithology 72(2): 291-304. (2001)
Descriptors: Lymantria dispar/ gypsy moth/ birds/ species richness/ species density/ forest management
Abstract:
Although the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a significant insect pest
of eastern deciduous forests in the United States, relatively
little is known about its effects on forest bird communities. We used
six Breeding Bird Census sites from Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Virginia to assess changes in bird species
richness and individual species density in the years surrounding a
gypsy moth outbreak. Individual species' responses were variable among
states, and only a few species showed consistent responses to outbreaks
across sites. Yellow-billed Cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus) and
Black-billed Cuckoos (C. erythmpthalmus) appeared two years prior to an
outbreak and then disappeared immediately after an outbreak on four of
the sites and increased in numbers on another site. Indigo Buntings
(Passerina cyanea), which are usually associated with open habitat,
increased temporarily after outbreaks and then returned to pre-outbreak
densities within 5 yrs after the outbreak. At the community or guild
level, there was a significant reduction in species associated with
closed-canopy forests during the outbreak year(s) compared with the
average of all other years (before and after the outbreak). There were
no other general responses by the avian communities to the outbreaks,
including associations with habitat preference, foraging guild, or
nesting substrate. This study suggests that the effects of gypsy moth
defoliation on the avian community are likely to be short-term
(assuming that tree mortality is not severe) and spatially variable.
The minimal nature of these effects also suggests that compared with
pesticide options for gypsy moth control, allowing the gypsy
moth to defoliate, when feasible, is preferable when managing for forest birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
973. Effects of hardwood reduction on winter birds in northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhill forests.
Provencher, L.; Gobris, N. M.; and Brennan, L. A.
Auk 119(1): 71-87. (2002)
Descriptors: avifauna/
conservation management/ habitat management/ herbicide/ prescribed
burning/ thinning/ United States/ Baeolophus bicolor/ Dendroica
pinus/ Picoides borealis/ Pinus palustris/ Poecile carolinensis/ Sitta
pusilla/ Spizella passerina
Abstract:
Reversing decades of fire exclusion by hardwood midstory reduction is
now used to recover populations of the federally endangered
Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) in longleaf pine (Pinus
palustris) forest ecosystems. The effects of Red-cockaded Woodpecker
management on winter birds in longleaf pine sandhill forests are
largely unknown. Examining habitat use of winter migrants, some of
which are declining, may influence the selection of habitat management
techniques used for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers to benefit overwintering
migrants. During the winters (December-February) of 1997-1998 and
1998-1999, we tested experimentally the effects of hardwood reduction
treatments applied in 1995 on winter birds at Eglin Air Force Base in
fire-excluded northwest Florida longleaf pine sandhills.
Treatments were (1) prescribed spring burning, (2) herbicide
application, (3) mechanical felling and girdling, and (4) a control
where decades of fire exclusion was maintained. We also sampled winter
bird flocks in frequently burned, nonexperimental reference plots to
measure management success. Hardwood reduction techniques had no effect
on flock species richness, which averaged 7.9 and 7.2, respectively,
during 1997-1998 and 1998-1999. Larger flocks in felling and girdling
and in herbicide plots were primarily due to significantly higher
numbers of overwintering Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina), as
well as resident Red-cockaded Woodpeckers and an influx of temperate
migrant Pine Warblers (Dendroica pinus). In contrast, flocks in control
plots were smaller (flock size and species composition in spring burn
plots were intermediate) and composed of hardwood-associated species,
such as Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) and Carolina Chickadee
(Poecile carolinensis). The relative uses of longleaf pines and
hardwoods by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers, Pine Warblers, and Brown-headed
Nuthatches (Sitta pusilla) during both winters best explained that
winter birds present in herbicide, felling and girdling, and reference
plots were more likely to forage on the same tree species and
substrates than birds in spring-burned plots, and least likely to
forage on the same species and substrates as birds in the control
plots. Those differences corresponded to the following increasing order
of hardwood stem mortality among treatments: control, spring burn
(41%), felling and girdling (62%), and herbicide (92%). Repeated
burning is recommended to restore the reference foraging condition
because it was eight times less expensive than other techniques, which
favored mostly Chipping Sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
974. Effects of jack pine plantation management on barrens flora and potential Kirtland's warbler nest habitat.
Houseman, G. R. and Anderson, R. C.
Restoration Ecology 10(1): 27-36. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.10103.x.
Descriptors: barrens
restoration/ Carex pensylvanica/ endangered species/ jack pine/
Kirtland's warbler/ plantations/ Vaccinium angustifolium/ endangered
species/ forest management/ passerines/ plantation/ United States/
Carex/ Passeriformes/ Pinus banksiana
Abstract:
Jack pine barrens, once common in northern lower Michigan, mostly have
been converted to managed jack pine plantations. Management of the
disturbances associated with logging provides the opportunity to
maintain the unique plant assemblages of jack pine barrens and nest
habitat of the federally endagered Kirtland's warbler. Studies indicate
that Carex pensylvanica can develop into dense mats and strongly
compete with other barrens species such as Vaccinium angustifolium,
which seem to be important species for Kirtland's warbler nest
locations. According to forest managers, the most important factors
facilitating high cover of V. angustifolium and reducing cover of C.
pensylvanica are the amount of shade produced by tree crowns before
harvest (pre-harvest shade), the length of time between harvest and
planting (planting delay), and fire. We found that high or low levels
of pre-harvest shade had no effect on cover of either V. angustifolium
or C. pensylvanica. Planting delays of at least three years following
prescribed burns generally increased cover of V. angustifolium in
forest plots, which are important for warbler nesting. Analysis of
community composition in openings indicated that burning enhanced the
growth of barrens species. We found only weak evidence for a negative
correlation between the cover of V. angustifolium and C. pensylvanica
on our study sites. The openings created in the jack pine plantation
are important refugia for barrens flora that would likely be lost under
forests managed strictly for jack pine. Maintenance of jack pine
barrens flora and Kirtland's warbler nest habitat is possible within
the context of a heavily managed forest plantation system.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
975. Effects of livestock grazing on forest habitats.
Dennis, Ann
In: Conservation in highly fragmented landscapes/ Schwartz, Mark W.
New York: Chapman and Hall, 1997; pp. 313-341.
Notes: ISBN 0412070316.
NAL Call #: QH76.5.M53C66 1997
Descriptors: forest habitats/ livestock grazing effects/
long term conservation/ book chapter
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
976. Effects of long-term forest management on a regional avifauna.
Kilgo, John C.; Franzreb, Kathleen E.; Miller, Karl V.; Chapman, Brian R.; and Gauthreaux, Sidney A.
Studies in Avian Biology (21): 81-86. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: birds/
communities/ density/ distribution/ ecosystem management/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ forests/ habitat management/ land use/ species
diversity/ wildlife/ South Carolina, Western/ Savannah River Site
Abstract:
We compared breeding bird populations on and off of the Savannah River
Site (SRS), South Carolina, to determine whether management
practices on SRS have affected abundance and composition of the
resident avifauna. We assessed relative abundance by comparing Breeding
Bird Survey (BBS) data from six routes off SRS with three surrogate
routes generated using point-count data from four research projects on
SRS. Total number of species per route did not differ on-and off-site.
Total number of birds per route was greater off SRS than on.
Twenty-three species were more abundant on than off SRS, and 33 species
were more abundant off than on SRS. Species more abundant off SRS
primarily were those that prefer agricultural or urban habitats,
whereas those more abundant on SRS primarily prefer mature forest
habitat. We conclude that management practices on SRS have resulted in
a landscape that supports many species not otherwise common in the
region.
© NISC
977. Effects of long-term grazing by big game and livestock in the Blue Mountains forest ecosystems.
Irwin, L. L. and Cook, J. G.
Portland, Ore.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station; PNW-GTR-325, 1994. 49 p.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A46 no. 325
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw%5Fgtr325.pdf
Descriptors: Ungulata/
Bos taurus/ Equus caballus/ Ovis aries/ ungulates/ cattle/ horse/
domestic sheep/ vegetation/ food/ agriculture/ forest grazing land/
damage [forest]/ silviculture/ regeneration/ change in vegetation/
fertility-recruitment/ population dynamics
© NISC
978. Effects of new forest management strategies on squirrel populations.
Carey, A. B.
Ecological Applications 10(1): 248-257. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5531
Descriptors: biodiversity/
Douglas-fir/ ecosystem management/ forest ecology/ forest management/
Glaucomys sabrinus/ managed forest/ old growth restoration/ Pacific
Northwest/ silviculture/ Squirrels/ Tamias townsendii/ Tamiasciurus
douglasii/ thinning/ forest management/ management practices/
population size/ rodent/ rotation/ thinning/ United States/ Glaucomys
sabrinus/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ Tamias townsendii/ Tamiasciurus
douglasii/ Tsuga heterophylla
Abstract: Two
strategies for managing forests for multiple values have achieved
prominence in debates in the Pacific Northwest: (1) legacy
retention with passive management and long rotations, and (2) intensive
management for timber with commercial thinnings and long rotations.
Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), Townsend's chipmunks
(Tamias townsendii), and Douglas' squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii)
were studied retrospectively in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
forests managed under the alternative strategies in the Puget Trough
of Washington. Flying squirrels were twice as abundant under
legacy
retention as under intensive management for timber, almost as abundant
as in old-growth western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests on the
Olympic Peninsula of Washington, but <50% as abundant as in
old-growth Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon. Chipmunks were four
times as abundant under intensive timber management, as under legacy
retention, but less abundant than in old-growth forests. Abundance
of Douglas' squirrels did not differ between strategies. Neither
strategy produced the increased abundance of all three species that is
an emergent property of late-seral forests. A third strategy holds
promise: active, intentional ecosystem management that incorporates
legacy retention, variable-density thinning, and management for
decadence.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
979. The effects of partial cutting on the rose-breasted grosbeak: Abundance, food availability, and nest survival.
Smith, Lyndsay A.; Burke, Dawn M; Nol, Erica; and
Elliott, Ken A.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36(5):
1087-1096. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ forestry/ biogeography:
population studies/ wildlife management: conservation/ partial cutting/
applied and field techniques/ population density/ food availability/
nest survival
Abstract:
Periodic partial harvesting of trees is an important economic activity
within the highly fragmented woodlands of southern Ontario. We
studied the population density, age structure, food abundance,
productivity, and nest survival of Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Pheucticus
ludovicianus) nesting in 35 deciduous woodlots with varying intensities
of harvest. Heavily cut woodlots contained higher densities of
territorial males and greater abundances of fruit-bearing shrubs
compared with standard cut and reference sites (uncut for > 13
years). Results based on insect sampling were mixed, depending on the
sampling technique and sample date. All treatments were demographic
sinks, with populations in this landscape showing annual declines of
19%-24%. Though the proportion of parasitized nests tended to be higher
in heavily cut sites, harvesting had little effect on nest survival,
nest initiation dates, clutch size, age structure, or the number of
young fledged from a successful nest. Our results indicate that within
the fragmented woodlots of southern Ontario, partial harvesting
does not further degrade breeding habitat for Rose-breasted Grosbeaks.
However, further research is needed to determine the underlying causes
of population declines.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
980. Effects of postfire snag removal on breeding birds of western Labrador.
Schwab, Francis E.; Simon, Neal P. P.; Stryde, Steven W.; and Forbes, Graham J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5): 1464-1469. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Piciformes/ Aves/ wildlife-human relationships/ bird-vegetation
relationship/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/
disturbances/ habitat use/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ generalized linear mixed model/ habitat management/
Labrador, Churchill Falls/ land zones/ methods and techniques/
Newfoundland/ North America/ snag-forest/ wildlife management/ birds/
fire/ Labrador/ salvage logging/ snags/ subarctic forest/ diversity/
biocenosis/ brood-egg/ silviculture/ dead wood/ Newfoundland
Abstract:
The article presents a study on the effects of postfire snag removal on
breeding birds of Western Labrador, Canada. A before and after
experiment with three intensities of postfire snag removal was
conducted in the area. There were 231 and 221 breeding territories of
17 and 12 species in 2000 and 2002, respectively, have been recorded.
Total bird abundance has been reduced by 50 percent due to 100 percent
snag removal treatment, but total bird abundance was similar between
years on other treatments.
© NISC
981. Effects of precommercial thinning on snowshoe hare habitat use during winter in low-elevation montane forests.
Ausband, David E. and Baty, G. Ross
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(1):
206-210. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: Lagomorpha/
Leporidae/ Lepus americanus/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ Montana/ montane
forest/ montane forest management/ precommercial tree thinning/
Stillwater State Forest/ winter habitat use/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ snowshoe hare/ habitat/ winter/
silviculture/ field technique/ signs/ snow/ feces/ dispersion/ Montana
© NISC
982. Effects of precommercial thinning on snowshoe hares, small mammals, and forest structure in northern Maine.
Homyack, J. A.
Orono, ME: University of Maine, 2003.
Notes: Degree: MSc
http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/theses.asp?Cmd=abstract&ID=WLE2003-001
Descriptors: Lepus
americanus/ abundance/ capturing methods/ cutting/ forest practices/
habitat changes/ habitat management/ hare, varying/ mammals/ mice,
deer/ population density/ sampling/ shrews/ statistics/ transect
survey/ Trapping/ voles/ Maine, northern region/ Piscataquis County
© NISC
983. The
effects of prescribed burning and thinning on herpetofauna and small
mammals in the upper piedmont of South Carolina: Preliminary
results of the national fire and fire surrogate study.
Kilpatrick, Eran S.; Kubacz, Dean B.; Guynn, David C.; Lanham, J. Drew; and Waldrop, Thomas A.
In:
Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 71/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp. 18-22.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6304
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ prescribed burning
and thinning/ community structure effects/ forest habitats/ preliminary
results/ community structure/ prescribed burning and thinning effects/
forest and woodland/ mixed and pine forest habitats/ fire/ prescribed
burning/ South Carolina/ upper piedmont/ Amphibia/ amphibians/
chordates/ mammals/ reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract: Due
to heavy fuel loads resulting from years of fire suppression,
upland pine and mixed pine hardwood forests in the Upper Piedmont
of South Carolina are at risk of severe wildfire. The National
Fire
and Fire Surrogate Study (NFFS) was conducted on the Clemson
Experimental Forest to study the effects of prescribed burning and
thinning on a multitude of factors, including herpetofauna and small
mammals. Drift fence/pitfall arrays, modified pitfalls, unmodified
pitfalls, and hand captures were used to sample herpetofauna. We
captured 1,317 reptiles and amphibians representing 40 species from
September 9, 2000 to January 9, 2002. There were no significant
treatment effects on abundance within five major taxa (frogs/toads,
salamanders, turtles, lizards, and snakes). However, there were
treatment effects on two lizard species. When comparing richness, the
thin treatment had a significantly higher number of snake species than
the burn treatment. Live traps, snap traps, and herpetofauna traps were
used to sample small mammals. No small mammals were caught in live
traps for 9,600 trap nights. Snap trap success was 0.10 percent for
27,000 trap nights. Small mammals were captured at low levels in
herpetofuana traps (0.06 percent trap success) for 163,968 trap nights.
Treatment effects could not be determined for small mammals due to the
low number of captures.
Although
treatment effects were limited, prescribed burning and thinning have
been found to alter herpetofauna and small mammal communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
984. Effects
of prescribed burning on distribution and abundance of birds in a
closed-canopy oak-dominated forest, Missouri, USA.
Blake, J. G.
Biological Conservation 121(4): 519-531. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.06.021.
Descriptors: birds/
fire/ oak/ prescribed burning/ restoration/ abundance/ avifauna/
prescribed burning/ restoration ecology/ spatial distribution/ Cuivre
River State Park/ Missouri/ Aves/ Empidonax/ Empidonax virescens/
Helmitheros/ Helmitheros vermivorus/ Hylocichla mustelina/ Impleta/
Indigofera/ Oporornis/ Oporornis formosus/ Passerina cyanea/ Picidae/
Quercus/ Seiurus/
Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract:
Prescribed, biennial burning in forest understory started in Cuivre River State Park, Missouri, USA, in the late
1980s to help restore the forest to conditions that existed prior to
European settlement. Bird surveys were started in 1996 on two burned
and two unburned sections of the park to determine what effects the
burning and subsequent changes in vegetation were having on bird
populations. Birds were sampled at 17 60-m radius point counts on each
study area; each point was sampled twice per year during the main
breeding period from 1996 through 2002. Total abundance and species
richness differed among the four areas but no differences could be
attributed to burning. Some individual species, however, differed in
abundance and frequency of occurrence between burned and unburned
areas. For example, Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Kentucky Warbler
(Oporornis formosus), and several species of woodpeckers were more
abundant on burned areas; Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), Worm-eating
Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorous), Wood Thrush (Hylocicla mustelina)
and Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) were among the species
more abundant on unburned areas. As a consequence, overall community
composition differed significantly between burned and unburned areas of
the park, but did not differ between burned areas or between unburned
areas. Prescribed burning was instituted to restore vegetation to
presettlement conditions and has started to achieve that objective.
Restoration also has affected and likely will continue to affect bird
populations.
Future
maintenance of a full complement of bird species, including a number of
neotropical migrants, will be dependent on presence of both burned and
unburned forest habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
985. Effects of prescribed burns on wintering cavity-nesting birds.
Bateman, Heather L. and O'Connell, Margaret A.
Northwest Science 80(4): 283-291. (2006)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Piciformes/ environmental factors/ cavity nesting/ Columbia Basin,
Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge/ conservation/ wildlife management/
habitat use/ fires-burns/ forests/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ land
zones/ pine woodland/ population ecology/ prescribed burning/ species
abundance/ terrestrial ecology/ Washington/ Pinus spp./ ponderosa pine
Abstract:
Primary cavity-nesting birds play a critical role in forest ecosystems
by excavating cavities later used by other birds and mammals as nesting
or roosting sites. Several species of cavity-nesting birds are
non-migratory residents and consequently subject to winter conditions.
We conducted winter bird counts from 1998 to 2000 to examine the
abundance and habitat association of cavity-nesting birds in prescribed
burned and unburned ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) stands. Even
though bird diversity indices did not differ between burned and
unburned stands, species-specific bird abundance was associated with
habitat variables in three burned and four unburned stands. Total
cavity-nesting bird abundance was greater in burned stands. Most
cavity-nesting birds were observed in mixed-species flocks. Individual
species of these flocks were associated with different habitat
variables within stands. Numbers of woodpeckers were significantly
greater in burned stands and numbers of chickadees were significantly
greater in unburned stands. Bark foragers such as woodpeckers (Picoides
spp.) and pygmy nuthatches (Sitta pygmaea) were associated with fewer
small trees and recently decayed snags and logs. Foliage gleaners such
as the chickadees (Poecile spp.) were associated with small diameter
snags. The juxtaposition of burned and unburned stands is important for
individual birds reliant upon other members of a mixed-species flock
and habitat heterogeneity within stands is important for maintaining a
diverse cavity-nesting bird assemblage.
© NISC
986. Effects of prescribed fire and fire surrogates on floral visiting insects of the Blue Ridge province in North Carolina.
Campbell, J. W.; Hanula, J. L.; and Waldrop, T. A.
Biological Conservation 134(3): 393-404. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: associations/
mutualism/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Insecta: pollination/ effects of
prescribed fire and fire surrogates on floral visiting taxa/ community
structure/ population size/ forest and woodland/ fire/ prescribed fire
and fire surrogates/ effects on floral visiting taxa/ North Carolina/
Hendersonville/ Green River Game Management Area/ Insecta/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Pollination by insects in forests is an extremely important process
that should be conserved. Not only do pollinating insects help to
maintain a diversity of plants within forests, but they also aid in
pollinating crops found near forested land. Currently, the effects of
various forest management practices on floral visiting insect abundance
or diversity is unknown, so we investigated how prescribed burning,
mechanical shrub control, and combination of the two affected abundance
of floral visiting insects. We caught 7921 floral visitors from four
orders and 21 families. Hymenoptera was the most abundant and diverse
order, with Halictidae being the most abundant family. A total of 45
species of Hymenoptera representing six families were captured. We
caught seven families and 35 species of Lepidoptera, six families and
33 species of Coleoptera, and two families and 13 species of Diptera.
Most floral visitors were captured in the mechanical shrub control plus
prescribed burn treatments, while lower numbers were caught on the
mechanical shrub control only, prescribed burn only and control
treatments. Overall species richness was also higher on mechanical plus
burn treatments. Total pollinator abundance and the abundance of most
orders and families was correlated with decreased tree basal area and
increased percent herbaceous plant cover. Our study shows that floral
visitors increased in abundance and species richness most from forest
disturbance that reduced the density of overstory trees and increased
the amount of herbaceous plant growth.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
987. Effects of prescribed fire on habitat of beaver (Castor canadensis) in Elk Island National Park, Canada.
Hood, G. A.; Bayley, S. E.; and Olson, W.
Forest Ecology and Management 239(1-3): 200-209.
(Feb. 2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73
Descriptors: Castor
canadensis/ habitats/ habitat preferences/ wildlife habitats/
prescribed burning/ forest ecology/ animal ecology/ fire ecology/ mixed
forests/ boreal forests/ wetlands/ drought/ fires/ frequency/
ungulates/ herbivores/ statistical models/ Saskatchewan/ beaver lodges/
plant ecology/ aquaculture/ mathematics and statistics
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
988. The effects of prescribed fires in different seasons on small mammals in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest.
Monroe, Michelle Erin
Davis, CA: University of California, Davis, 2006.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Eliott-Fisk, Debbie
Descriptors: prescribed
fire/ small mammals/ conifer forest/ Sierra Nevada Mountains/ lodgepole chipmunk/ Neotamias speciosus/ deer mouse/
Peromyscus maniculatus/ population density/ habitat management
Abstract:
Prescribed fire is an important management practice used to
restore natural fire regimes in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
forests where fire has been suppressed over the last century. It is not
well known, however, how the timing of prescribed fire affects wildlife
species. I compared the effects of prescribed fires during the early
season (spring and early summer) with those during the late season
(late summer and fall) on small mammal populations using model
selection and inference methods. in Chapter 1, I examined the effects
of prescribed fire treatments on small mammal movements. in Chapter 2,
I evaluated the effects of prescribed fire treatments on small mammal
population demographics. in Chapter 3, I explored small mammal habitat
relationships following prescribed fire treatments. Lodgepole chipmunk
(Neotamias speciosus) movements differed between years, but there was
no effect of prescribed fires on their movements (Chapter 1). Deer
mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) movements differed between age groups
within years. Prescribed fire treatments did not affect deer mouse
movements, except when only adult female deer mouse movements were
analyzed. Year effects were more important than fire effects on
lodgepole chipmunk densities, total small mammal biomass, deer mouse
densities, and deer mouse age ratios (Chapter 2). Prescribed burning
had a positive effect on deer mouse pregnancy ratios, and there was
only limited support for an effect of year on these ratios. there was
essentially no support for different effects of fire depending on the
season of fire on total small mammal biomass and deer mouse densities,
and only limited support for these effects on lodgepole chipmunk
densities, deer mouse age ratios, and deer mouse pregnancy ratios. the
prescribed fire treatments differentially impacted small mammal habitat
components depending on the season of the fire (Chapter 3). However,
there were few significant relationships between these habitat
components and deer mouse densities, lodgepole chipmunk densities or
small mammal species richness. Overall, year effects often had the
greatest influence on the small mammal populations examined, and there
were few strong differences between the effects of early season fires
and late season fires on these populations.
© NISC
989. Effects
of prescribed surface fires on ground- and shrub-nesting Neotropical
migratory birds in a mature Indiana oak forest, USA.
Aquilani, S. M.; LeBlanc, D. C.; and Morrell, T. E.
Natural Areas Journal 20(4): 317-324. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 08858608
Descriptors: abundance/
neotropical migrants/ nesting success/ oak-hickory forest/ prescribed
burning/ avifauna/ ecological impact/ forest management/ nesting/
prescribed burning/ reproductive success/ United States/
Molothrus ater/ Quercus/ Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract:
Prescribed fires have been used as a forest vegetation management tool
in the eastern United States during the past decade, but concerns
have been raised about direct or indirect adverse effects on
Neotropical migrant bird species that nest in forest interior habitats.
Prescribed fires were set in 1993 and 1995 in a mature hardwood forest
in southern Indiana, USA, to reduce shade-tolerant understory
woody vegetation and thereby increase the abundance and diversity of
ground layer vegetation and seedlings of tree species that require
moderate light levels (e.g., Quercus L. spp.). The objective of this
study was to determine if prescribed fires reduced the abundance or
reproductive success of ground- and shrub-nesting Neotropical migrant
bird species. The burned area and an adjacent unburned area were
studied during the summers of 1996 and 1997. An unlimited-radius point
count method was used to determine relative abundance. Nests were
monitored to determine fledging success. Vegetation structure was
quantified at nest sites and at random points to assess fire effects
and bird nest-site selection. Abundance of birds in this nesting guild
was greater in the unburned area during both years. The greatest
difference in abundance was for ovenbird (Seiurus aurocappilus
Linnaeus). The probability of nest success for all bird species in this
nesting guild combined, determined by the Mayfield method, was
significantly lower in the burned area (0.125) than in the unburned
area (0.291). Abundance of the brood parasite brown-headed cowbird
(Molothrus ater Boddaert) did not differ between burned and unburned
areas. However, the probability of nest success for parasitized nests
(0.140) was lower than that of unparasitized nests (0.735). The mean
number of host young fledged from successful nests was significantly
lower in parasitized nests (1.3) than from unparasitized nests (3.0).
Prescribed fires significantly reduced vegetative cover in the burned
area. Nest sites in the burned area had higher vegetative cover than
random points, indicating that birds may have selected nest sites that
were less affected by the fire. While prescribed fires that burn in a
'natural' hit-or-miss pattern may retain nesting habitat for bird
species in this nesting guild, lower nest success in the burned area
indicates that management for desirable vegetation and for this nesting
guild may not be compatible within the same forest stand at the same
time. This argues for planning at a landscape level to attain
objectives for both vegetation composition and maintenance of bird
species diversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
990. Effects of prickly pear control on survival and nest success of northern bobwhite in Texas.
Hernandez, F.; Henke, S. E.; Silvy, N. J.; and Rollins, D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2): 521-527. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: bobwhite/
brush control/ Colinus virginianus/ Opuntia/ Quail/ birds/ cactus/
nesting success/ survival/ wildlife management/ Texas
Abstract:
Control of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) with a tandem of
prescribed fire and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) is
a common practice in the Rolling Plains of Texas. The effects of
such a practice on the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) have not
been documented. We evaluated the effect that prickly pear control (2-3
years post-treatment) has on survival and nest success of northern
bobwhites. We captured and radiomarked 217 bobwhites (n=66 males, n=151
females) within 2 treated (burned and sprayed) and 2 nontreated
pastures during spring and summer of 1997-1998 in Shackelford
County, Texas. Treated pastures were burned in February 1995 and
subsequently sprayed in April 1995 with 0.27 kg/ha of picloram. Season
survival (15 Mar-15 Aug) did not differ between treated (0.17) and
nontreated pastures (0.36) in 1997 (P=0.12) or 1998 (0.58 vs. 0.61,
respectively; P=0.72). Eighty-one nests were located, 48 in treated
pastures and 33 in nontreated pastures. Nest success did not differ
between treated (46%) and nontreated (46%) sites (P=0.96). Prickly pear
control did not affect seasonal survival or nest success of northern
bobwhites 2-3 years post-treatment.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
991. Effects of restoration techniques on breeding birds in a thermally-impacted bottomland hardwood forest.
Buffington, J. M.; Kilgo, J. C.; Sargent, R. A.; Miller, K. V.; and Chapman, B. R.
Ecological Engineering 15(Suppl 1): S115-S120.
(Sept. 2000)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26
Descriptors: breeding/
burning/ ecosystem disturbance/ ecosystem management/ environmental
impact/ environmental restoration/ forests/ habitat improvement
(biological)/ herbicides/ nuclear power plants/ revegetation/
vegetation cover/ water temperature/ Aves/ South Carolina/ Savannah R.
Abstract:
We evaluated the effects of revegetation techniques on breeding bird
communities in a bottomland hardwood forest impacted by thermal
effluent. In 1993, sections of the Pen Branch bottomland on the
Savannah River Site, South Carolina, were herbicide-treated
(glyphosate), burned, and planted; other sections were planted only
while others were unaltered and served as controls. Few differences in
the avian community occurred at 1 and 2 years post-treatment among
treatments. Plots that were herbicide-treated, burned, and planted had
greater species richness in 1994 and abundance in 1995 than sections
that were planted only (P < 0.05). Bird species composition differed
slightly among treatments and White-eyed Vireos (Vireo griseus), Common
Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas), Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea),
and Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) were the most abundant
species in the corridor. Revegetation techniques used to restore this
thermally-impacted bottomland had little effect on the avian
communities 1 and 2 years post-treatment.
© ProQuest
992. Effects of selection cutting and landscape-scale harvesting on the reproductive success of two neotropical migrant bird species.
Bourque, Julie. and Villard, Marc Andre
Conservation Biology 15(1): 184-195. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ terrestrial habitat/
land and freshwater zones/ North America/ Canada/ Dendroica
caerulescens/ Seiurus aurocapillus (Parulidae): forestry/ harvesting
intensity/ habitat management/ forest harvesting intensity/
reproductive productivity/ forest and woodland/ New
Brunswick/
Riley Brook area/ reproductive success/ forest harvesting intensity
effects/ Parulidae/ Passeriformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
993. Effects of selective logging on breeding bird communities in bottomland hardwood forests in Louisiana.
Heltzel, Jeannie M. and Leberg, Paul L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5): 1416-1424. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Fringillidae/ Tyrannidae/ Vireonidae/ Acadian flycatcher/ Empidonax
virescens/ hooded warbler/ Kentucky warbler/ Limnothlypis swainsonii/
Oporornis formosus/ prothonotary warbler/ Protonotaria citrea/
Swainson's warbler/ Vireo griseus/ white-eyed vireo/ Wilsonia citrina/
Aves/ wildlife-human relationships/ bird abundance/ bottomland hardwood
forests/ breeding productivity/ commercial enterprises/ communities/
disturbances/ habitat use/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ habitat quality/ land zones/ logging/ Louisiana/ methods
and techniques/ selective logging/ wildlife management/ canopy gaps/
forestry/ point counts/ silviculture/ songbirds/ success/ timber
harvest/ birds/ biocenosis/ habitat/ forest/ vegetation/ field
techniques
Abstract:
Bottomland hardwood forests of the southeastern United States
support a rich avifauna, including > 20 species of conservation
concern; understanding the impact of land use practices on these
communities is critical to their conservation. Selective timber
harvesting is a common management practice in southern bottomland
hardwood forests, but little research has examined impacts > 5 years
after harvesting. We studied breeding bird communities in selectively
harvested bottomland forests in northeastern Louisiana during
2003-2004. We conducted point counts in recently harvested stands (1-5
yr postharvest) and older harvests (1218 yr postharvest); we paired
each with a reference stand that had not been harvested for > 30
years. Of 35 species with sufficient detections for analysis, we found
evidence that abundances of 17 species differed among treatments. Three
species were sensitive to creation of canopy openings by timber
harvests, including 2 species of concern in the Mississippi Alluvial
Valley, USA, prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea) and Acadian
flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). However, 4 species of concern often
associated with densely vegetated canopy gaps were more abundant in
older harvests than in reference stands: Swainson's warbler
(Limnothlypis swainsonii), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina),
white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus), and Kentucky warbler (Oporomis
formosus). As expected, a suite of species typically associated with
shrub and forest-edge habitats was more abundant in recent harvests
than in reference stands. We conclude that selective logging has a
strong influence on bird abundances in both recent and older harvests
in bottomland forests. With the exception of Acadian flycatcher, older
harvests and reference stands supported similar abundances of the
species typically found in closed-canopy bottomland forests. In
addition, older harvests supported substantially higher abundances of
gap-dependent species than other treatments. Our results should be
useful to land managers and conservation planners evaluating short- and
long-term effects of timber
management practices on breeding birds in the Mississippi
Alluvial Valley. However, measures of breeding productivity are necessary
to evaluate more fully the habitat quality of harvested forests.
© NISC
994. The effects of selective logging on nest-site selection and productivity of hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina) in Canada.
Whittam, Rebecca M.; McCracken, Jon D.;
Francis, Charles M.; and Gartshore, Mary E.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(4): 644-654. (2002)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301
Descriptors: Wilsonia
citrina/ Passeriformes/ Parulidae/ behavior/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ reproduction/ wildlife management/ canopy height/
daily survival rate/ deciduous forest/ forest gaps/ forest management/
ground vegetation density/ nest basal area/ nest parasitism/ nest-site
selection/ pine plantation/ productivity/ selective logging/ stump
number/ tree stem number/ breeding grounds/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ habitat use/ nesting site selection/ Ontario/
selective forest logging/ Canada/ conservation/ wildlife management/
land zones/ North America/ breeding/ hooded warbler
Abstract:
We examined nest-site selection by hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina)
in two forests differing in composition (extensive pine plantation
versus largely deciduous) and management (recent selective logging
versus minimal logging). We measured habitat at 52 nests and 66
controls in one forest and 57 nests and 41 controls in the second.
Nests had denser ground vegetation, fewer tree stems, less basal area
due to small trees and greater basal area due to large trees than
controls in both forests. In the managed forest with extensive pine
plantations, hooded warblers were in coniferous and logged stands more
often than expected by chance, nests had more stumps and greater canopy
height than controls, and 91% (52/57) of all nests were found in gaps,
84% of which were created by harvest. Gap age was 6.2 ±0.9 years
(mean ±SE) in 1999, and 7.6 ±0.6 years in 2000. In the
managed forest, 52% of 24 nests were parasitized in 1999 and 39% of 33
nests were parasitized in 2000. The daily survival rate was 0.936
±0.019 in 1999 and 0.944 ±0.014 in 2000. Successful nests
did not differ from unsuccessful nests in any habitat variable. To
benefit hooded warblers, forest managers should mimic natural gap
creation by using selective logging to create gaps no larger than 0.05
ha, and should leave a residual basal area of mature trees (>38 cm
diameter at breast height) of at least 12 m2/ha.
© NISC
995. The effects of shelterwood logging on bird community composition in the Black Hills, Wyoming.
Anderson, Stanley H. and Crompton, Bradley J.
Forest Science 48(2): 365-372. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: Certhia
americana/ Seiurus aurocapillus/ Sitta canadensis/ Passeriformes/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ terrestrial ecology/
shelterwood logging/ complex history/ frequent cool ground fires/ human
disturbance/ intensive fire suppression/ natural disturbance/ open
even-aged stands/ Black Hills National Forest/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ harvested forest/ status/ species diversity/
Wyoming/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/
communities/ conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ habitat
use/ land zones/ brown creeper/ ovenbird/ red-breasted nuthatch/ Pinus
ponderosa/ ponderosa pine/ South Dakota
Abstract:
The Black Hills of Wyoming and South Dakota are characterized by a
complex history of both natural and human disturbance regimes.
Historically, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) communities were
characterized by frequent, cool ground fires. Intensive fire
suppression and timber harvest throughout the past century have
drastically altered the structure of existing forests. Today, much of
the area has been harvested using shelterwood logging resulting in open
even-aged stands. The goal of this study was to compare bird
communities in treated (areas that have recently been harvested) and
untreated (areas receiving minimal silvicultural treatment) in the past
40 yr. Of the 20 commonly observed bird species, 3 species
[red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta Canadensis), brown creeper (Certhia
Americana), and ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus)] were conspicuously
less abundant in treated than in untreated stands. Eleven other species
were more abundant in treated stands, while six species showed no
response to treatment. Although bird species diversity and the
abundance of birds were highest in treated stands, this does not imply
that logging is beneficial to the entire bird community. The abundance
of particular bird species may appear to have increased, but the
composition of the bird community has been altered. As more of the
forested areas are harvested, the bird community will shift from one
with birds typical of both open pine and dense pine forest to one
dominated by ground foraging species.
© NISC
996. Effects
of silvicultural activity on ecological processes in floodplain forests
of the southern United States: A review of existing reports.
Lockaby, B. G.; Stanturf, J. A.; and Messina, M. G.
Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 93-100. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: functions/ harvests/ wetland forests
Abstract:
Activities associated with timber harvesting have occurred within
floodplain forests in the southern United States for nearly two
hundred years. However, it is only in the last ten years that any
information has become available about the effects of harvesting on the
ecological functions of this valuable resource. Hydrology is the
driving influence behind all ecological processes in floodplains, and
timber harvesting alone usually has little long-term effect on
hydroperiod. However, logging roads, built in association with harvest
sites, can sometimes alter hydroperiod to the extent that vegetation
productivity is raised or lowered. There is no evidence that harvesting
followed by natural regeneration represents a threat to ground or
surface water quality on flood plain sites, as long as 'best management
practices' are followed. Harvested floodplains may increase or have
little effect on decomposition rates of surface organic matter. The
nature of the effect seems to be controlled by site wetness. Data from
recently harvested sites (i.e. within the last ten years) suggest that
vegetation productivity is maintained at levels similar to those
observed prior to harvests. During the early stages of stand
development, tree species composition is heavily influenced by harvest
method. Similarly, amphibian populations (monitored as bioindicators of
ecosystem
recovery)
seem to rebound rapidly following harvests, although species
composition may be different from that of unharvested stands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
997. The effects of stand age on avian communities in aspen-dominated forests of central Saskatchewan, Canada.
Hobson, K. A. and Bayne, E.
Forest Ecology and Management 136(1-3): 121-134. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Aves: forestry/ aspen dominated forest/
forest management/ habitat management/ stand age/ breeding communities/
community structure/ forest and woodland/ Saskatchewan/ Prince Albert
Model Forest Area/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Timber harvest projections for aspen-dominated forests in the prairie
region of Canada include a truncation of the current age
distribution, whereby old stands of fire origin will become rarer on
the landscape, while young, post-harvest stands will increase in
abundance. To determine the effects this harvesting strategy might have
on communities of breeding forest birds, we conducted point counts in
young forests regenerated from clear-cutting (15-25 years), and mature
(50-60 years), and old (80-110 years) forests regenerated from fire.
Avian species richness was highest in old stands at the point-count
station, forest stand, and landscape level. Increased species richness
with forest age was associated with increases in the relative abundance
of canopy- and cavity-nesting species. At local scales (station and
stand), species richness of ground- and shrub-nesting birds was similar
among forest age-classes. However, as determined by rarefaction
analyses appropriate at the landscape scale, ground-nesting species
were more common in young and old forests, while shrub-nesting species
were more common in young and mature forests. Density of deciduous
shrubs was an important factor influencing the abundance of species
like American redstart, Canada warbler, and chestnut-sided
warbler. An increase in conifer in old stands resulted in greater use
by conifer- or mixedwood associated species such as bay-breasted
warbler, magnolia warbler, and ruby-crowned kinglet. Our data indicate
that vegetation and structural characteristics such as shrub density
should be considered when prescribing sustainable forestry objectives.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
998. Effects of stand-replacement fire and salvage logging on a cavity-nesting bird community in eastern Cascades, Washington.
Haggard, M. and Gaines, W. L.
Northwest Science 75(4): 387-396. (2001)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: avifauna/ cavity/ fire/ foraging behavior/
forest management/ logging (timber)/ nest site/ snag/
United States
Abstract:
We monitored the response of cavity-nesting species to three snag
density treatments (high = 37-80 snags/ha, medium = 15-35 snags/ha, and
low = 0-12 snags/ha) during two breeding seasons 4-5 yr post-fire and
logging in Douglas-fir- ponderosa pine forests in the eastern Cascades,
Washington. Snag surveys were used to describe habitat, and both
breeding bird surveys and nest surveys were used to characterize the
bird community. Stands with the medium snag density treatment had the
highest abundance, species richness, and nesting population of cavity
nesters. The reasons for this may be: 1) snags were not evenly
distributed within a stand such that both clumped and dispersed snag
density habitats were interspersed in this treatment, and 2) a greater
proportion of ponderosa pine snags in medium density treatments may
have attracted species that prefer ponderosa pine for nesting and
foraging. Ponderosa pine was preferred for nest sites and large snags
(> 48 cm dbh) provided nesting habitat for more species than smaller
snags. However, smaller snags were used for nesting and foraging by
some species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
999. Effects
of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat
in a southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest.
Doyon, F.; Gagnon, D.; and Giroux, J. F.
Forest Ecology and Management 209(1-2): 101-116. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.005.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
coarse woody debris/ forest management/ low-impact silviculture/
passerines/ vertical and horizontal habitat structure/ cutting/
hardwoods/ forest habitats/ single-tree selection cutting/ woody
debris/ forestry/ avifauna/ coarse woody debris/ ecological impact/
habitat structure/ harvesting/ selective logging/ silviculture/ birds/
forest strip/ forests/ hardwoods/ North America/ trees/ Canada/ North
America/ Quebec [Canada]/ Aves/ Catharus ustulatus/ Dendroica
pensylvanica/ Dendroica virens/ Galliformes/ Pheucticus ludovicianus/
Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract: In
the northern hardwood forest of northeastern North America,
ecological and social perceptions call for forest management systems
using reduced-impact silviculture such as single-tree selection cutting
and small clearcuts. When applied over large areas, single-tree
selection cut and small clearcut systems are likely to generate
different local habitat structures and spatio-temporal habitat
distribution in the landscape. This study assessed the effects of strip
cutting and single-tree selection cutting on forest breeding birds when
extensively applied in a northern hardwood forest in
southwestern Quebec, a decade after timber harvest. Birds were
surveyed twice
during two consecutive breeding seasons by 270 point counts, equally
distributed in a single-tree selection cut forest, a strip cut forest,
and an untreated forest. At each point count, habitat features and
horizontal heterogeneity of these features were measured. Managed
forest habitats had a much more developed understory, fewer snags and
more downed woody debris. Horizontal heterogeneity was higher in the
strip cut forest and lower in the single-tree selection cut forest. Of
the 20 bird species analyzed, 13 showed a difference in abundance
between at least two of the three treatments. Dendroica pensylvanica
was mostly seen in the treated forests while Dendroica virens and
Seiurus aurocapillus were more abundant in the untreated forest.
Pheucticus ludovicianus was twice as abundant in the strip cut forest,
while Catharus ustulatus was more frequently observed in the
single-tree selection cut forest. Habitat vertical structure variables
that differed among the three treatments were the most correlated with
bird abundance. The results of this study support the use of a mix of
silvicultural systems within the same forest in order to sustain
habitat diversity for maintaining the regional avian cortege.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1000. Effects
of structural complexity enhancement on eastern red-backed salamander
(Plethodon cinereus) populations in northern hardwood forests.
McKenny, Heather C.; Keeton, William S.; and
Donovan, Therese M.
Forest Ecology and Management 230(1-3): 186-196. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Caudata/
Lissamphibia/ Plethodontidae/ Plethodon cinereus/ abundance estimate/
wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/ wildlife
management/ course woody debris/ disturbances/ habitat use/ forests/
ecosystems/ forest management/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
Green mountain range/ habitat conservation/ habitat management/ habitat
size/ hardwood forest/ Hardwood forest structural complexity
enhancement/ land zones/ density/ population ecology/ status/
silviculture/ structural complexity/ structural complexity enhancement/
structural habitat attribute/ Vermont
Abstract:
Managing for stand structural complexity in northern hardwood forests
has been proposed as a method for promoting microhabitat
characteristics important to eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon
cinereus). We evaluated the effects of alternate, structure-based
silvicultural systems on red-backed salamander populations at two
research sites in northwestern Vermont. Treatments included two
uneven-aged approaches (single-tree selection and group-selection) and
one unconventional approach, termed "structural complexity enhancement"
(SCE), that promotes development of late-successional structure,
including elevated levels of coarse woody debris (CWD). Treatments were
applied to 2 ha units and were replicated two to four times depending
on treatment. We surveyed red-backed salamanders with a natural cover
search method of transects nested within vegetation plots 1 year after
logging. Abundance estimates corrected for detection probability were
calculated from survey data with a binomial mixture model. Abundance
estimates differed between study areas and were influenced by forest
structural characteristics. Model selection was conducted using Akaike
Information Criteria, corrected for over-dispersed data and small
sample size (QAICc). We found no difference in abundance as a response
to treatment as a whole, suggesting that all of the uneven-aged
silvicultural systems evaluated can maintain salamander populations
after harvest. However, abundance was tied to specific structural
habitat attributes associated with study plots within treatments. The
most parsimonious model of habitat covariates included site, relative
density of overstory trees, and density of more-decayed and
less-decayed downed CWD. Abundance responded positively to the density
of downed, well-decayed CWD and negatively to the density of poorly
decayed CWD and to overstory relative density. CWD volume was not a
strong predictor of salamander abundance. We conclude that structural
complexity enhancement and the two uneven-aged approaches maintained
important microhabitat characteristics for red-backed salamander
populations in the short term. Over the long-term, given decay
processes as a determinant of biological availability, forestry
practices such as SCE that enhance CWD availability and recruitment may
result in associated population responses. © 2006 Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.
© NISC
1001. The effects of thinning and prescribed fire on foraging patterns of bark-gleaning birds.
Woolf, Jennifer C.
Intermountain Journal of Sciences 9(4): 145-146. (2003); ISSN: 1081-3519
Descriptors: birds/
forest management/ forest restoration/ Pinus ponderosa/ ponderosa pine/
snags/ cavity nesting/ woodpeckers/ nuthatches/ chickadees
Abstract: Fire
suppression in western forests has changed the mosaic of
successional stage of forest that once existed. In the
western United States, recent large-scale, high-intensity fires
have been
attributed to the lack of fire in forest systems for the past century.
The Montana Department of Natural Resources (DNRC) is integrating
ponderosa pine forest restoration into their timber harvest program
with a commercial thin that is combined with a selective cut and
followed by a prescribed burn. Many studies have considered the
effects of forest management practices on nest availability for cavity
nesters, but little published information exists on how thinning
combined with prescribed fire affects their foraging patterns.
Snags can provide important nesting habitat for cavity nesters,
but it has been suggested that food availability may be the limiting
factor for woodpeckers. In this project, I examined the foraging
patterns of bark-gleaning birds on sites treated by the DNRC versus
untreated sites. I determined which tree characteristics are
important in the selection of forage trees for five different species:
red-breasted nuthatches, white-breasted nuthatches, mountain
chickadees, hairy woodpeckers, and black-backed woodpeckers.
Treated and untreated sites were analyzed separately to determine
if the same tree characteristics were important on both sites.
Selection of forage trees with certain characteristics occurred
on both sites for most species.
© NISC
1002. The effects of timber harvesting on neotropical migrants in cove hardwood forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Franzreb, Kathleen E.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 301-311.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: forestry/
timber harvesting/ species diversity/ breeding densities/ neotropical
migrants/ cove hardwood forest/ habitat management/ population density/
forest and woodland/ North Carolina/ Southern Appalachian Mountains/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
I compared avian species richness, density, and diversity for
neotropical migrants, short distance migrants, and permanent residents
following timber harvesting in cove hardwood forests in the Southern
Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. The forest stands were 4-
103 years old, had undergone a clearcut or selective tree removal, and
represented four successional stages (early, sapling/pole, mid, and
late). Neotropical migrants constituted 60.5 to 69.0 percent of species
richness. Mean breeding bird density for all species was 225.1 pairs/40
ha ±16.3 SE) with an overall mean density for neotropical
migrants of 186.2 pairs/40 ha ±5.4 SE). Late successional cove
hardwood forest habitats provide for a significantly more diverse
avifauna with respect to the entire avifauna, and, specifically the
neotropical migrants, than does sapling/pole or midsuccessional
forests. Neotropical migrants are the most substantial avian component
of the highly diverse cove hardwood forest habitat, accounting for
a
minimum of 70 percent of the individual birds in each successional
class. Therefore, their needs must not be overlooked in considering the
consequences of habitat alterations and management activities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1003. Effects of timber harvests on invertebrate biomass and avian nest success.
Duguay, J. P.; Wood, P. B.; and Miller, G. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1123-1131. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Insect
biomass/ nest predation/ nest survival/ silviculture/ timber
management/ avifauna/ biomass/ invertebrate/ management practices/
nesting success/ population decline/ timber harvesting/ United States/
Hylochichla mustelina
Abstract:
Concerns over declining songbird populations have led to investigations
of effects of various timber management practices on breeding
songbirds. We assessed the influence of 2 types of practices, two-age
and clearcutting, on invertebrate biomass and avian daily nest survival
in the Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during summers of
1995 and 1996. We also examined relationships between invertebrate
biomass, avian daily nest survival, and wood thrush (Hylocichla
mustelina) nestling growth rates. Mean total invertebrate biomass
collected per sample day and litter-dwelling invertebrates collected
per sample day were 0.0614 g and 0.0254 g greater (P≤0.10),
respectively, in the unharvested than clearcut treatment late in the
season (2 Jun to 12 Jul) when most birds had young in the nest; whereas
invertebrates that hide under tree bark during the day had greatest
biomass (P=0.003) in the two-age treatment during this same time period
(0.1355 g greater than clearcut and 0.0616 g greater than unharvested).
In addition, daily nest survival rates (216 nests) were greater in the
unharvested than two-age treatment (P≤0.05). The lesser daily nest
survival rates of birds breeding in the harvested treatments may be due
to increased predator activity within these areas and/or reduced food
supplies. Significant positive correlations between invertebrate
biomass and daily nest survival rates of breeding birds and faster
growth rates of wood thrush nestlings in stands with a greater
invertebrate biomass suggest that changes in invertebrate biomass
caused by silvicultural practices have an influence on breeding birds
within these areas.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1004. Effects of uneven-aged timber harvest on forest floor vertebrates in the Cascade Mountains of southern Washington.
MacCracken, James G.
Forest Ecology and Management 208(1-3): 123-135. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: biogeography/
uneven-aged timber harvest/ species abundance/ air temperature/
precipitation/ tree cover/ body condition/ tree density/ breeding pond/
capture rate/ wetland buffer width/ Tsuga spp.
Abstract:
I sampled amphibians and small mammals in noble fir-western hemlock
(Abies procera-Tsuga heterophylla) stands following selective timber
harvest and in reference stands from 1997 to 2001 in the Cascade
Mountains of Washington. Forest stands surrounded a 25 ha wetland.
Selective harvest had large, negative effects on tree density and cover
and shrub cover, but large positive effects on herbaceous cover.
Harvest effects on the abundance of all forest floor vertebrates (FFVs)
were small, negative for most amphibians, and positive for most small
mammals. Indices of body condition for species with adequate captures
were also similar between harvested and reference stands. Annual
changes in abundance of forest floor vertebrates in relation to trends
in precipitation and air temperature, however, were much larger than
those attributed to timber harvest. In addition, the distance of a trap
site to breeding ponds had a moderate effect on capture rates of
pond-breeding amphibians. Incomplete descriptions of timber harvest
techniques in most studies complicated comparisons among studies and
formulating generalizations about the effects of uneven-aged harvest on
forest floor vertebrates. Wetland buffer width in this study (congruent
to 61 m) maintained wetland associated species, but longer term (> 5
years) trends need study.
© 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© NISC
1005. Effects of wildfire on recruitment of Fraxinus pennsylvanica in eastern Montana woodlands.
Lesica, P.
American Midland Naturalist 149(2): 258-267. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: habitat
management/ prescribed burning/ recruitment/ regeneration/ restoration
ecology/ wildfire/ woodland/ North America/ Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Abstract: Fraxinus
pennsylvanica woodlands are an important component of the Northern
Great Plains ecosystem and critical habitat for many
species of birds, mammals and plants. Many F. pennsylvanica woodlands
are decadent, declining from closed-canopy to open-canopy stands with
few tall shrubs and a ground layer dominated by Eurasian meadow
grasses. Fire has been suggested to facilitate regeneration of these
woodlands. Understanding the effects of fire on tree recruitment is
essential if controlled burning is to be used for regenerating F.
pennsylvanica woodlands. In 2001 I subjectively chose one stand with
evidence of ground fire and a similar unburned stand at each of seven
sites where F. pennsylvanica woodlands had experienced warm-season
wildfire between 1988 and 1998. I measured density of F. pennsylvanica
seedlings and number and size of crown sprouts for each tree in 3-4
sample plots in each stand. Fire had a significant negative effect on
Fraxinus pennsylvanica regeneration at most sites. Trees in burned
stands had three times as many crown sprouts (P = 0.02) that were
nearly twice as large in diameter (P = 0.09) than in unburned stands.
However, seedlings averaged 75% fewer in burn plots compared to
unburned (P = 0.06). Burn plots with live mature F. pennsylvanica trees
remaining had twice as many seedlings compared to those in which all
mature trees were top-killed (P = 0.08). A large number of F.
pennsylvanica trees were apparently killed by fire at several of the
study sites. This study did not support using fire to restore F.
pennsylvanica woodlands in eastern Montana.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1006. Effects
of wildlife stand improvements and prescribed burning on bat
communities on the Buffalo Ranger District, Ozark National Forest.
Jackson, Jeremy L.; Prescott, Shane R.; Whilhide, J. D.; and Wilhide, J. D.
Bat Research News 43(4): 155-156. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227.
Notes:
Conference: 32nd Annual North American Symposium on Bat Research, Burlington, VT, USA, November 06-09, 2002.
Descriptors: Chiroptera/
terrestrial ecology/ mist netting/ community ecology/ foraging areas/
forest management strategies/ movement areas/ open woodlands/ wildlife
habitat/ forest stands
Abstract:
Beginning in the year of 2001 managers of the Buffalo Ranger District
(BRD) in the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas (Boston Mountains, of north central Arkansas) began using wildlife
stand improvements (WSI) and prescribed burning (PB) as part of their
management strategy in selected portions of the forest. One
result of these management procedures is to alter the forest stands,
from forests that contain many crowded, similarly aged trees to a
considerably more open forest. We predicted that both the
abundance of bats and the number of bat species would increase after a
WSI that included PBs, since more open woodlands contain more potential
foraging and movement areas for bats. To test this prediction, we
compared bat abundance and species diversity between two intensively
managed areas and two reference areas. Specifically, a WSI and PB
were administered on a watershed located on the northwestern portion of
the BRD during the fall of 2001 and spring of 2002. Similar
management practices occurred in 1998 at treatment site two located on
the eastern portion of the district. We selected two areas within
the BRD, where little or no forest management has occurred in recent
years to serve as reference areas. All four sites were
approximately 5000 ha in size. Mist netting was conducted at a
variety of water sources to assess bat abundance and diversity.
We mist netted each area for an average of 23 nights (range 12-34
nights) in the summer of both 2001 and 2002 (one reference site was
only sampled in 2002). Both bat species diversity and abundance
was higher on the managed areas as compared to our reference sites.
In addition a relationship was found between the number of bats
captured and the density of trees (basal area). In general, more
bats were captured in more open areas. These data suggest that
forest management strategies incorporating WSI and PB may be beneficial
to bat communities.
© NISC
1007. Efficacy of herbicides and fire to improve vegetative conditions for northern bobwhites in mature pine forests.
Jones, J. D. J. and Chamberlain, M. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1077-1084. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032 [1077:EOHAFT]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ forest management/ glyphosate/ habitat management/
herbicide/ Imazapyr/ Louisiana/ northern bobwhite/ pine forest/
prescribed fire/ forest management/ gamebird/ habitat management/
herbicide/ prescribed burning/ species diversity/ vegetation structure/
Colinus/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
Declining northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) populations during
the past 30 years have prompted managers to seek ways to improve
habitat quality for this species. Reductions in frequency of prescribed
fire throughout considerable expanses of mature pine (Pinus spp.)
forests have resulted in closed-canopy conditions, predominantly woody
understory conditions, and a loss of early-successional habitats needed
by bobwhites. Herbicides, particularly in conjunction with prescribed
fire, may be useful for managing these pine forests to benefit the
bobwhite and other early-successional species, but effects of
herbicides in combination with fire are not well understood. Therefore,
we used 3 similar-aged, mature pine stands to evaluate vegetative
response to selective herbicides with prescribed fire with respect to
bobwhite nesting and brood-rearing habitats. Our treatments were
imazapyr with fire, imazapyr combined with glyphosate with fire, and
dormant-season prescribed fire only. Plant diversity tended to decline
on herbicide treatments during the first year but increased
substantially on imazapyr plots during the second growing season
following a burn. Bobwhite food plants increased following application
of imazapyr during the first growing season and were greater for both
herbicide treatments than burning alone during the second growing
season. Abundance of hardwoods declined on both herbicide treatments.
However, no treatments produced bare-ground percentages known to be
selected by bobwhites, and only prescribed fire alone created and
maintained suitable escape cover. Overall, imazapyr with fire provided
the greatest net improvement in vegetative conditions for bobwhites and
retained floristic diversity. We recommend that managers target areas
in which vegetative conditions have progressed to where burning alone
is incapable of restoring early-successional plant communities needed
by the bobwhite and other species and apply imazapyr with fire to
create diverse, patchy habitat for bobwhites.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1008. Elevated numbers of flying insects and insectivorous birds in riparian buffer strips.
Whitaker, D. M.; Carroll, A. L.; and Montevecchi, W. A.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(5): 740-747. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 00084301
Descriptors: abundance/
avifauna/ buffer zone/ insect/ insectivore/ riparian zone/ Canada/
Abies balsamea/ Dendroica coronata/ Dendroica striata/ Diptera/
Hymenoptera
Abstract:
We compared the abundances of flying insects along undisturbed
lakeshores and riparian buffer strips in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
forests in western Newfoundland. Insects were collected in pan
traps placed on the forest floor and tanglefoot (sticky) traps
suspended within the live canopy. Significantly greater numbers of
insects were captured in riparian buffer strips than in undisturbed
shorelines for four of five size classes in the canopy and two of five
size classes in the understory. Collections were dominated by adult
Diptera and Hymenoptera. Mean capture rates along buffer strips were
120-200% of the mean capture rates along undisturbed shorelines. This
increase was greatest for large-bodied insects. A likely explanation
for our observations is that buffer strips act as windbreaks,
collecting airborne insects blown in from adjacent clearcuts and lakes.
This phenomenon has been widely documented in agricultural landscapes.
Understory wind speed was generally greater along buffer strips than
controls, which is a reflection of increased exposure caused by
clear-cutting. A concurrent parallel study conducted at the same sites
investigated the effects of riparian buffering on breeding bird
assemblages. Ubiquitous insectivorous birds, including the
yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata) and blackpoll warbler
(Dendroica striata), were more abundant along buffer strips than
undisturbed shorelines, possibly in response to increased prey
availability. Increased food availability may in part explain the high
numbers of insectivorous birds typically observed in riparian buffer
strips in boreal forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1009. Environmental impacts of forest monocultures: Water use, acidification, wildlife conservation, and carbon storage.
Cannell, M. G.
New Forests 17/18(1/3/1): 239-262. (1999)
NAL Call #: SD409.N48; ISSN: 0169-4286.
Notes:
Literature review; Special issue: Planted forests: Contributions to the
quest for sustainable societies/ edited by J. R. Boyle, J. Winjum, K.
Kavanagh and E. Jensen. Paper presented at a symposium held June 1995, Portland, Oregon. Includes references.
Descriptors: forest
plantations/ monoculture/ sustainability/ water use/ species diversity/
wildlife/ habitats/ wildlife conservation/ carbon/ carbon cycle/
evapotranspiration/ plant height/ pollutants/ surface water/ water
pollution/ forest management/ volume/ yields/ plant succession/
botanical composition/ stand structure
Abstract:
A broad assessment is given of the contentions that plantation forests
are high consumers of water, increase acidification, sustain a low
diversity of wildlife, and store more carbon than do unmanaged forests.
The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Evapotranspiration from
planted forest monocultures is greater than from short vegetation, as a
result of greater interception loss. Water loss from conifer forests is
usually greater than from deciduous hardwoods, but evapotranspiration
from Eucalyptus in the dry tropics is often no greater than from native
hardwoods. (2) Compared to short vegetation, forests can significantly
increase the transfer of acidifying pollutants from the air to the soil
and surface waters, and conifers are more likely to enhance
acidification than are hardwoods. (3) There are normally sufficient
plantation management options available to make most plantation
landscapes the homes of a rich diversity of flora and fauna.
(4) An area covered with a plantation managed for maximum volume yield
will normally contain substantially less carbon than the same area of
unmanaged forest.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1010. Establishment success of conservation tree plantations in relation to silvicultural practices in Indiana, USA.
Jacobs, Douglass F.; Ross-Davis, Amy L.; and
Davis, Anthony S.
New Forests 28(1): 23-36. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD409.N48 ; ISSN: 0169-4286
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ conservation/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ conservation planting/ tree establishment success/
white-tailed deer
Abstract:
In the Central Hardwood Forest region of the United
States, the variable and somewhat unpredictable establishment success
of hardwood tree plantations has traditionally been attributed to
competing vegetation and damage due to animal browse. We examined
operational plantation establishment success (1-5 years following
planting) as it relates to use of particular silvicultural practices.
Silvicultural histories were obtained for 87 randomly selected
plantations throughout Indiana and field data were collected from
each to determine tree survival, tree vigor, and abundance of
surrounding vegetation. Survival was highest at sites that were treated
with herbicide prior to planting and that had been mechanically planted
(as opposed to hand planted). The percentage of trees with evidence of
dieback was highest on sites at which browse protection measures had
been used, likely reflecting a combination of damage due to inherently
high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) populations
at such sites and ineffectiveness of current browse protection
measures. Sites planted by a professional forester and those with
herbicide applied subsequent to planting had a higher percentage of
trees deemed free-to-grow. Subsequent herbicide application did not
reduce cover or height of competing vegetation; however, when used in
conjunction with mechanical site preparation techniques, overall cover
and height of herbaceous vegetation was reduced.
© NISC
1011. Evaluating the effects of ecosystem management: A case study in a Missouri Ozark Forest.
Gram, W. K.; Sork, V. L.; Marquis, R. J.; Renken, R. B.; Clawson, R. L.; Faaborg, J.; Fantz, D. K.; Le Corff, J.;
Lill, J.; and Porneluzi, P. A.
Ecological Applications 11(6): 1667-1679. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: animal
communities/ community-level diversity/ ecosystem management/ even-aged
vs. uneven-aged forest/ forest management/ meta-analysis/ Missouri
Ozark Forest ecosystem Project/ Missouri Ozarks/ community structure/
ecosystem function/ ecosystem management/ sustainability/ Animalia/
Anura/ Aves
Abstract:
Many federal and state management agencies have shifted from
commodity-based management systems to multiple resource-based
management systems that emphasize sustainable ecosystem management.
Long-term sustainability of ecosystem functions and processes is at the
core of ecosystem management, but a blueprint for assessing
sustainability under different management strategies does not exist.
Using the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) as a case
study, we present one approach to evaluating the landscape-scale,
short-term (one and two years posttreatment) consequences of even-aged
and uneven-aged forest management treatments on community-level
biological diversity. We chose changes in density of ecological species
groups, representing groups of species with similar resource
requirements, as our response variable. Changes in density are
detectable before species completely disappear from an area, and these
changes may be an early indicator of significant alterations to
community structure and ecosystem function. Meta-analysis was used to
statistically combine changes in densities across multiple species
groups and assess the overall impacts of management treatments on the
animal community. We also separately examined changes in density for
each ecological species group. Our findings demonstrated that, in the
short-term, even-aged and uneven-aged forest management treatments
caused changes in animal community density in Missouri Ozark forests.
Even-aged management sites showed greater changes than uneven-aged
management sites after harvesting, and changes in species' densities
were larger two years posttreatment (1998) than one year posttreatment
(1997). Evaluation of treatment effects on individual ecological groups
revealed that toads, forest interior birds, and edge/early successional
birds were significantly affected by management treatments. We did not
expect most species groups to exhibit treatment effects because
relatively little forest biomass was removed per experimental site
(only 10%), forest cover at the regional landscape level did not change
and was generally high during the study, and the time scale was
relatively short. The challenges facing ecosystem management evaluation
parallel the challenges of ecological science in general: identifying
appropriate variables, spatial and temporal scales, and
experimental/management treatments. The integrative approach
demonstrated in this paper is a first step toward the analysis of the
effects of management treatments on multiple organisms within an
ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1012. Evaluating
the effects of ecosystem management alternatives on elk, mule deer, and
white-tailed deer in the interior Columbia River Basin, USA.
Lehmkuhl, J. F.; Kie, J. G.; Bender, L. C.; Servheen, G.; and Nyberg, H.
Forest Ecology and Management 153(1-3): 89-104. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00455-8.
Descriptors: Bayesian
model/ Cervus elaphus/ ecosystem management/ forest management/
Odocoileus hemionus/ Odocoileus virginianus/ environmental impact/
forestry/ land use/ mathematical models/ ocean habitats/ watersheds/
land management/ ecosystems/ Bayesian analysis/ ecological modeling/
ecosystem management/ ungulate/ animals/ United States
Abstract:
Elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed
deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are highly valued for their game,
aesthetic, and spiritual qualities by sportsman, wildlife enthusiasts,
and Native Americans in North America. As part of the Interior
Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP) of the US Forest
Service and Bureau of Land Management, we: (1) defined key habitat
associations of those species that could be used for a broad-scale (58
million hectares) analysis of management practices and (2) determined
how three ecosystem management alternatives of a supplemental draft
environmental impact statement (SDEIS) might affect the regional
distribution of habitat for those species across the Basin over the
next 100 years. For the three species, we developed a Bayesian Belief
Network model that used available SDEIS datasets to estimate
historical, current, and future habitat capability under the management
alternatives in each of the 7467 subwatersheds (mean 8000 ha) in the
study area. The model quantified "inherent habitat capability" as a
function primarily of forage habitat capability, with cover as a minor
influence. Forage habitat capability was a function of the percentage
area of rangeland and early seral forest community types, and the
qualitative influences of livestock overgrazing, wildfire, and
prescribed fire. For the current and future periods, an "adjusted
habitat capability" was estimated by adjusting inherent habitat
capability for the negative effects of poor security from human
disturbance. Open road density, cover area, and a terrain relief index
were used to estimate the security effect. Habitat capability was
reported by 15 ecological regions within the study area as mean
subwatershed capability. Under all management alternatives, habitat
capability increased about 5% for all three ungulate species over the
next 100 years. Limitations of the coarse analysis scale restrict
application of the model to large-scale assessments. Lacking regional
population data, verification of model output was not feasible at the
scale of analysis. However, the model was considered useful for
tracking regional changes given the available habitat data and
regional-scale objectives of the effort.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1013. Evaluation of facilitated succession at Las Palomas Wildlife Management Area in south Texas.
Judd, Frank W.; Lonard, Robert I.; and
Waggerman, Gary L.
Texas Journal of Science 54(2): 163-176. (2002)
NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 0040-4403
Descriptors: conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/
land
and freshwater zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/
revegetation program/ facilitated succession/ wildlife management
areas/ forest and woodland/ native woodland/ Texas/ Las Palomas
Wildlife Management Area/ revegetation programs
Abstract: This study examined the effectiveness of
re-vegetation efforts which have been ongoing in the
Lower
Rio Grande Valley of Texas since 1958. Species composition, richness
and diversity were evaluated in an undisturbed native woodland, a site
planted with late successional species in 1961 (facilitated succession)
and
a farm field abandoned in 1974 (unaided succession) in
northwestern Cameron County. Species richness and diversity
for both
trees and shrubs were greatest in the native woodland site. While there
was greater similarity
in species composition between the native woodland
and the facilitated succession sites, species diversity
in the tree and shrub layers of the facilitated succession
site is still significantly lower than the native
woodland site.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1014. Evaluation of reforestation in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley.
King, S. L. and Keeland, B. D.
Restoration Ecology 7(4): 348-359. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: reforestation/ forestry/ wildlife habitat/ habitat restoration/ Mississippi River valley
Abstract: Only about 2.8 million ha of an estimated
original
10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests still exist in the Lower
Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV) of the United States. The
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and state
agencies initiated reforestation efforts in the late 1980s to improve
wildlife habitat. We surveyed restorationists responsible for
reforestation in the LMAV to determine the magnitude of past and future
efforts and to identify major limiting factors. Over the past 10 years,
77,698 ha have been reforested by the agencies represented in our
survey and an additional 89,009 ha are targeted in the next 5 years.
Oaks are the most commonly planted species and bare-root seedlings are
the most commonly used planting stock. Problems with seedling
availability may increase the diversity of plantings in the future.
Reforestation in the LMAV is based upon principles of landscape
ecology; however, local problems such as herbivory, drought, and
flooding often limit success. Broad-scale hydrologic restoration is
needed to fully restore the structural and functional attributes of
these systems, but because of drastic and widespread hydrologic
alterations and socioeconomic constraints, this goal is generally not
realistic. Local hydrologic restoration and creation of specific
habitat features needed by some
wildlife
and fish species warrant attention. More extensive analyses of
plantings are needed to evaluate functional success. The Wetland
Reserve Program is a positive development, but policies that provide
additional financial incentives to landowners for reforestation efforts
should be seriously considered.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1015. An evaluation of research on the effects of timber harvest on bird populations.
Sallabanks, R.; Arnett, E. B.; and Marzluff, J. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1144-1155. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: bird
populations/ cavity-nesting birds/ demography/ forest management/
forestry practices/ silviculture/ songbirds/ timber harvest/ abundance/
avifauna/ conservation management/ population density/ timber
harvesting
Abstract:
We reviewed 95 studies (published from 1972 to 1997) that examined
relationships between timber harvest and populations of songbirds and
cavity-nesting birds. We critique the way in which studies have been
conducted, evaluate their usefulness to forest managers, and suggest
new directions of study. The number of bird-forestry studies conducted
increased throughout our review period and most appeared in The Journal
of Wildlife Management (24%) and U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest
Service technical publications (19%). More studies (32%) have occurred
in the northeastern United States than elsewhere and most have
examined effects of clearcutting (53%). Researchers typically collect
data on all bird species, especially songbirds (78%), using common
sampling protocols such as point-count surveys, line transects, and
spot-mapping techniques to assess relative avian abundance (55%) and
density (32%). Few studies (13%) measured avian demographic parameters
such as nest success or survivorship. Most studies (68%) lasted only
1-2 years; only 7 (7%) lasted >4 years. Most studies (27%) had only
one replicate/treatment. Research on effects of timber harvest on bird
populations has been limited to mensurative (observational) studies in
which treatment effects cannot be inferred statistically. Most research
is correlational (84%) and does not address cause-and-effect
relationships. Incorporating experimental treatments to provide pre-
and post-timber-harvest comparisons is rare (16%). Future research
should: 1) be more long-term; 2) incorporate rigorous experimental
designs in which treatments are assigned randomly and better
replicated; and 3) although difficult, measure parameters related to
avian fitness and population viability. Rather than only documenting
observed
patterns,
researchers need to focus on identifying causal mechanisms that can be
translated into meaningful management recommendations to enhance
conservation of forest avifauna.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1016. Evaluation
of silvicultural management in Missouri oak-hickory forests:
Immediate effects of even- and uneven-aged forest management on small
mammal communities on state forests in southern Missouri's oak-
hickory forest.
Fantz, D. K. and Renken, R. B.
In: Missouri Department of Conservation Annual Report, 35, 2002.
Notes: Project no. MO W-013-54/JKob 3/ Study No. 35; 0085-3496 (ISSN).
Descriptors: abundance/
chipmunks/ cutting/ forest practices/ forests/ habitat changes/ habitat
management/ hickory/ mammals/ mice, deer/ mice, white-footed/ oak/
pine/ rats, wood/ rodents/ species diversity/ squirrel, flying/ Carya
spp./ Pinus spp./ Quercus spp./ Missouri/ Carter County/ Reynolds
County/ Shannon County
Abstract:
A capture-recapture study was conducted on northeast-facing
slopes to determine the initial large-scale effects of even- and
uneven-aged forest management as compared to no harvest management on
species composition, species richness, and relative abundance of small
mammal communities. Study sites were selected on the Current River and Peck Ranch Conservation Areas.
© NISC
1017. An evaluation of tradeoffs between wood production and ecological integrity in the Oregon Coast Range.
Spies,
Thomas A.; Johnson, K. Norman; Reeves, Gordon; Bettinger, Pete;
McGrath, Michael T.; Pabst, Robert; Burnett, Kelly; and Olsen, Keith
In:
Congruent Management of Multiple Resources: Proceedings from the Wood
Compatibility Initiative workshop, General Technical Report-PNW 563/
Johnson, Adelaide C.; Haynes, Richard W.; and Monserud, Robert A.;
Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002.
pp. 111-119.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
comprehensive zoology: forestry/ timber production/ ecological
integrity trade offs in old growth forests/ evaluation/ habitat
management/ forest management strategies/ ecological integrity and
timber production trade offs in old growth forests/ forest and
woodland/ old growth forests/ ecological integrity and wood production
trade offs/ Oregon/ Coast range
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1018. Evaluation of two forest management practices recommended for small mammals: Buffer strips and retention of woody debris.
Billig, S. C. and Servello, F. A.
In: NCASI Proceedings.; Vol. 2.
Portsmouth, NH; pp. 371; 2000.
Descriptors: debris/ harvesting/ wood/ coarse woody debris (CWD)/ forestry/ fiber debris/ forest management/ harvesting/ mammals/
Abstract:
Small mammal communities between upland buffer strips and forest
stands in harvested landscapes were compared. The relationship between
small mammal bundance and coarse woody debris was determined. Results
indicated that upland buffer strips retained similar communities of
common small mammals as unharvested
forest
and were useful management tool in harvested areas. Abundance was not
related to measures of CWD for most species, but it was important for
some species in specific habitat types.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1019. Experimental manipulation of spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir forests: Effects on squirrels.
Carey, Andrew B.
Forest Ecology and Management 152(1-3): 13-30. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Glaucomys sabrinus/
Tamias townsendii/ Tamiasciurus douglasii (Sciuridae): forestry/
silvicultural practices/ habitat management/ relative abundance/
population dynamics/ silvicultural practices effect/ forest and
woodland/ Washington/ Thurston County/ Fort Lewis Military Reservation/
silvicultural practices effect on populations/ Douglas fir forests/
Sciuridae/ Rodentia, Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract: Squirrel
communities simultaneously composed of abundant populations of
Glaucomys, Tamias, and Tamiasciurus are: (1) a result of high
production of seeds and fruiting bodies by forest plants and fungi and
complexity of ecosystem structure, composition, and function; (2)
indicative of high carrying capacity for vertebrate predators and (3)
characteristic of old, natural forests in the Pacific
northwest, USA. I hypothesized that silvicultural manipulation of
canopies of
second-growth forests could result in spatial heterogeneity that would
reproduce the biocomplexity and plant-fungal productivity associated
with high squirrel populations. I predicted that accelerating
biocomplexity would require ≥ 20 years, but short-term effects of
induced heterogeneity would be apparent in 5 years: initial decreases
followed by increases in Glaucomys populations, nonlinear increases in
Tamias populations, and little change in Tamiasciurus populations. If
my predictions proved accurate, confidence in long-term predictions
would be enhanced. I chose 16 13-ha stands with two different
management histories for a randomized block experiment and began
measuring squirrel populations in 1991. Variable-density thinnings were
implemented in spring 1993. Fall and spring populations were measured
through fall 1998. Populations responded as predicted, except for a
treatment-management history interaction. Previous conventional
thinnings altered ecosystem function such that low Glaucomys
populations failed to respond to treatment. Variable-density thinning,
in conjunction with retention of biological legacies and management of
decadence, could possibly accelerate biocomplexity in second-growth
forest that mimics that in old, natural forests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1020. Factors affecting avian species richness and density in riparian areas.
Peak, R. G. and Thompson, F. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 173-179. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: wildlife habitats/ riparian areas/ riparian forests/ riparian buffers/ wild birds/ species diversity/ population
density/ wildlife management/ Missouri/ natural resources, environment,
general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ forestry related/ animal
ecology and behavior
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1021. Factors affecting private forest landowner interest in ecosystem management: Linking spatial and survey data.
Jacobson, Michael G.
Environmental Management 30(4): 577-583. (2002)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: biodiversity/
conservation/ environmental sciences/ geographic information system/
GIS data/ ecosystem management/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ South Carolina/
wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ conservation of natural
resources/ ownership/ private sector/ forestry [economics]/ data
collection/ decision making/ ecosystem/ environment/ humans
Abstract:
Many factors influence forest landowner management decisions. This
study examines landowner decisions regarding participation in ecosystem
management activities, such as a landscape corridor cutting across
their private lands. Landscape corridors are recognized worldwide as an
important tool in biodiversity conservation. For ecosystem management
activities to occur in areas dominated by a multitude of small private
forest landholdings, landowner participation and cooperation is
necessary. Data from a survey of landowners combined with an analysis
of their land's spatial attributes is used to assess their interest in
ecosystem management. Results suggest that spatial attributes are not
good predictors of an owner's interest in ecosystem management. Other
factors such as attitudes and opinions about the environment are more
effective in explaining landowner interest. The results have
implications for any land manager using GIS data and implementing
ecosystem management activities on private forestland.
© NISC
1022. Factors determining the distribution of soil nematodes in a commercial forest landscape.
Matlack, Glenn R.
Forest Ecology and Management 146(1-3): 129-143. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Nematoda: forestry/ management impact on soil
community ecology/ community structure/ population density/
distribution within habitat/ forest soils/ forest and woodland/ soil
habitat/ forest community ecology/ Mississippi/ forest soil/ Helminths/
invertebrates/ nematodes
Abstract: Soil
nematodes were censused at 99 forested sites in
southern Mississippi, USA to examine the impact of forest
management
practices on the soil community. Taxonomic richness and numerical
abundance in five feeding groups were linked to soil organic matter,
phosphorus, shrub cover, and abundance of other nematode groups,
consistent with limitation by availability of food items. Sites
adjacent to streams showed significantly larger populations of plant
feeders than nearby uplands. Sites plowed (bedded) for tree planting
and sites recently excavated had significantly lower richness and
abundance of plant feeders than undisturbed sites. Fungal feeder
richness was depressed at excavated sites, which showed low
concentrations of soil organic matter. Aboveground vegetation structure
and landscape position appeared to have little influence on nematode
distributions. Commercial plantations and sites with a history of
frequent fire did not differ from undisturbed sites in soil properties
or in any measure of the nematode community. No significant changes in
soil properties or nematode fauna were observed over a 60-year
chronosequence beginning at tree establishment. These findings suggest
that aboveground disturbance affects the nematode community only to the
extent that it influences the availability of potential hosts or prey
in the soil. In contrast to aboveground events, disturbance of the soil
had a clear impact on the nematode community, with a magnitude
proportional to disturbance intensity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1023. Factors influencing Acadian flycatcher nesting success in an intensively managed forest landscape.
Hazler, K. R.; Amacher, A. J.; Lancia, R. A.; and
Gerwin, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(2): 532-538. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Acadian
flycatcher/ core area/ corridors/ ecological trap/ edge effect/
Empidonax virescens/ nesting success/ pine plantations/ South Carolina/
vegetation structure
Abstract:
We examined factors affecting the nesting success of a migratory
songbird, the Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), in loblolly
pine plantations in the coastal plain of South Carolina, USA. From
1997-2000, we located and monitored 163 Acadian flycatcher nests in
loblolly pine stands and corridors that were 18-27 years old. We used
Mayfield logistic regression (Aebischer 1999, Hazler 2004) to model the
effects of edge and stand-level vegetation structure on nest daily
survival rate. There was no evidence of an effect of edge on nest
survival, but nest survival was positively related to the height of the
deciduous subcanopy and to the density of shrub cover. Although Acadian
flycatchers are generally regarded as habitat specialists requiring
mature hardwood forests, our data suggest that pine plantations can
support breeding populations, provided that a substantial hardwood
component is present. We believe that maintaining multiple vegetation
strata and increasing the length of harvest rotations would improve the
habitat value of pine plantations for Acadian flycatchers and
presumably other species more typically associated with deciduous
forests. Maintenance of a corridor network, as practiced by some
industrial forest managers, is one means of providing more mature
forest habitat, thereby fostering higher nesting success. Concern that
these corridors might act as ecological traps seems to be unwarranted
in our study area. Corridors thus appear to be a valuable management
tool for promoting wildlife values within the context of an industrial
forest landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1024. Factors influencing amphibian and small mammal assemblages in central Appalachian forests.
Mitchell, J. C.; Rinehart, S. C.; Pagels, J. F.; Buhlmann, K. A.; and Pague, C. A.
Forest Ecology and Management 96(1/2): 65-76. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: wetlands/
biodiversity/ species diversity/ community ecology/ forest management/
forest ecology/ small mammals/ deciduous forests/ forest plantations/
clear felling/ plant succession/ seral stages/ climax communities/
habitats/ stand characteristics/ synecology/ age of trees/ stand
density/ mixed forests/ wild animals/ Amphibia/ frogs/ insectivores/
rodents/ Pinus strobus/ Quercus alba/ Quercus rubra/ Betula lenta/
Carya glabra/ Acer rubrum/ Soricidae/ Quercus montana
Abstract:
Terrestrial amphibian and small mammal assemblages were studied using
drift fences and pitfall traps in five forested stands during 1987-88
on Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National
Forest, Virginia, USA. The stands were (1) recently clear felled (2 yr
old, dominant species Pinus strobus, Quercus alba), (2) white pine (P.
strobus) managed forest, (3) mixed hardwood forest (dominant species Q.
rubra, Betula lenta), (4) oak/hickory forest (dominant species Q.
prinus, Q. alba, Carya glabra) and (5) climax hardwood forest (dominant
species Q. rubra, Acer rubrum, Q. alba). Eleven species of salamanders,
5 species of frogs, 5 species of shrews, and 7 species of rodents were
monitored. Amphibians were significantly more abundant in forest stands
consisting of mature hardwoods than in the recently clear felled area
and the white pine forest. Although there was considerable variation in
abundance among species in the 5 stands, small mammal abundance was
high in all the habitats studied. Amphibian species diversity (Shannon
Index) was less than half that for small mammals because red-backed
salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) were dominant in most assemblages.
Amphibian and small mammal diversity and total species richness were
not related to estimated stand age, total number of canopy trees, tree
diversity, or frequency of underground rocks. Maintenance of amphibian
biodiversity requires the combination of mature hardwoods and wetland
habitats (e.g. wildlife ponds and seepages). Most of the small mammals
encountered were habitat generalists. Management focus on mature
hardwood forests would maintain populations of small mammals requiring
cool, moist situations in upper-altitude habitats in the central Appalachian Mountains.
© CABI
1025. Fallow discing for wildlife.
Franklin, R. A.
Forest Landowner 60(1): 54. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 1087-9110.
Notes: First published in http://www.clemson.edu/extfor/Landowner_tech_info/ Spring%202000.pdf
(South Carolina Steward, Spring 2000).
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ Galliformes/ Odontophoridae/ Colinus virginianus/
agricultural practices/ habits-behavior/ birds/ foods-feeding/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ mammals/ management/
nesting sites/ nests-nesting/ techniques/ wildlife/ white-tailed deer/
quail/ South Carolina
Abstract:
The author encourages the use of fallow discing to manage and maintain
wildlife openings in forests without having to go to the expense of
clearing, fertilizing, and planting food patches. The process of fallow
discing is described and its benefit to white-tailed deer and quail
explained.
© NISC
1026. The
fine scale physical attributes of coarse woody debris and effects of
surrounding stand structure on its utilization by ants (Hymenoptera:
Formicidae) in British Columbia, Canada.
Higgins, Robert J. and Lindgren, B. Staffan
In:
Insect Biodiversity and Dead Wood: Proceedings of a Symposium for the
22nd International Congress of Entomology, General Technical Report-SRS
93/ Grove, Simon J. and Hanula, James L.; Asheville, NC: Southern
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2006.
pp. 67-74.
Notes: Symposium held August 15-21, 2004 at
Brisbane, Australia.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs093/gtr_srs093.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/
ecology/ animal constructions/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/
land zones/ Canada/ Formicidae: forestry/ habitat management/ breeding
site/ biological breakdown/ distribution within habitat/ habitat
utilization/ nests/ forest and woodland/ coarse woody debris
utilization/ forest stand structure/ physical factors/ British
Columbia/ Houston area/ Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata,
Formicoidea/ arthropods/ Hymenopterans/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Coarse woody debris (CWD) is increasingly recognized in Canada for its contribution toward biodiversity. It is a
particularly vital resource in subboreal forests as nesting habitat for
ants (Formicidae). Wood, which has low specific heat, provides a
thermally favorable environment in this cool climate. Ants contribute
to the physical breakdown of wood, and colonies are a significant food
source for many vertebrates. However, this resource differs
significantly between harvested and non-harvested stands. This study
examined the physical attributes of CWD in 8-10 year old harvested and
non-harvested stands while also examining the associated ant fauna. We
found no significant difference in volume or total surface area between
stand types. However, in harvested stands CWD is smaller in diameter,
shorter, has less bark and has less evenly distributed decay classes as
compared to non-harvested stands. In addition, the lack of earliest
decay class and the physical damage evident on the majority of CWD
pieces in harvested stands creates concern regarding the long term
availability of CWD in harvested stands. Ants exploit available CWD in
harvested stands but the community structure of this fauna appears to
be young in these 8-10 year post-harvest stands. Larger ant species
such as Camponotus herculeanus and Formica aserva were present but not
common in these stands. They seem to require larger pieces of CWD and
stumps for nesting habitat than is the average for CWD in harvested
stands. The desirability of these ants as prey for bears and birds
makes management of their nesting habitat of interest for conservation
biology. Ants were largely excluded from non-harvested stands, probably
because of cool and humid conditions. Historically, the ant fauna of
this landscape was probably restricted to natural gaps and disturbed
areas.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1027. Fire and amphibians in North America.
Pilliod, D. S.; Bury, R. B.; Hyde, E. J.; Pearl, C. A.; and Corn, P. S.
Forest Ecology and Management 178(1-2): 163-181. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: amphibians/
aquatic ecosystems/ fuel reduction/ prescribed fire/ wildland fire/
ecosystems/ fires/ forestry/ fuels/ fire management/ ecology/ aquatic
ecosystem/ fire/ fire management/ population decline/ ecosystem fire
history/ ecology/ ecosystems/ forest fires/ fuels/ water animals/ North
America
Abstract: Information
on amphibian responses to fire and fuel reduction practices
is critically needed due to potential declines of species and the
prevalence of new, more intensive fire management practices in North
American forests. The goals of this review are to summarize the known
and potential effects of fire and fuels management on amphibians and
their aquatic habitats, and to identify information gaps to help direct
future scientific research. Amphibians as a group are taxonomically and
ecologically diverse; in turn, responses to fire and associated habitat
alteration are expected to vary widely among species and among
geographic regions. Available data suggest that amphibian responses to
fire are spatially and temporally variable and incompletely understood.
Much of the limited research has addressed short-term (1-3 years)
effects of prescribed fire on terrestrial life stages of amphibians in
the southeastern United States. Information on the long-term
negative effects of fire on amphibians and the importance of fire for
maintaining amphibian communities is sparse for the majority of taxa
in North America. Given the size and severity of recent wildland
fires and the national effort to reduce fuels on federal lands, future
studies are needed to examine the effects of these landscape
disturbances on amphibians. We encourage studies to address
population-level responses of amphibians to fire by examining how
different life stages are affected by changes in aquatic, riparian, and
upland habitats. Research designs need to be credible and provide
information that is relevant for fire managers and those responsible
for assessing the potential effects of various fuel reduction
alternatives on rare, sensitive, and endangered amphibian species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1028. Fire and birds in maritime Pacific Northwest.
Huff, Mark H.; Seavy, Nathaniel E.; Alexander, John D.; and Ralph, C. John
Studies in Avian Biology 30: 46-62. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/
habitat management/ prescribed burning/ fire/ United States,
Maritime Pacific Northwest/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Resource managers face the challenge of understanding how numerous
factors, including fire and fire suppression, influence habitat
composition and animal communities. We summarize information on fire
effects on major vegetation types and bird/fire relations within the
maritime Pacific Northwest, and pose management-related questions
and research considerations. Information on how fire affects birds is
limited for the maritime Pacific Northwest, even though fire is an
essential process within natural vegetation communities throughout the
region. We describe fire regimes, vegetation succession patterns, bird
communities, and fire effects on birds for 12 major vegetation types in
the region. Fire regimes and fire effects vary considerably within this
region due to its diverse topography and climate. Seven of the types
have a low- to moderate-severity fire regime and five have a
high-severity fire regime with fire-return intervals that span several
centuries. Bird communities and effects of fire are best known from the
western hemlock type, which has a high-severity fire regime. The
postfire stand-initiation stage in this type supports a reasonably
distinct avifauna compared to other successional stages, a phenomenon
that has been documented for high-severity fire regimes in other
regions. In general, there is a high turnover of species after
high-severity fires, with a shift primarily from canopy-dwelling to
ground-, shrub-, and snag-dwelling species that mostly are not
associated with other successional stages. No studies exist that
directly address how bird communities are affected by habitat changes
from fire suppression in this region. The most likely bird communities
vulnerable to these changes are in low-severity, high-frequency fire
regimes that include the Douglas-fir type, drier portions of the white
fir type, Oregon-oak woodlands and savannas, native grasslands and
sclerophyllous shrublands. In general, prescribed fire is not being
used for bird conservation in this region. Where prescribed fire is
being used to restore fire as an ecological process or more often for
reducing potentially hazardous fuels, bird conservation objectives can
be achieved as a secondary benefit. New land management polices that
will greatly accelerate fuel reduction activities throughout the
Pacific Northwest, including use of prescribed fire, are currently
being undertaken with limited scientific information on the ecological
consequences for bird communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1029. Fire and fire surrogate treatment effects on leaf litter arthropods in a western Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest.
Apigian, K. O.; Dahlsten, D. L.; and Stephens, S. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 221(1-3): 110-122. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.009.
Descriptors: forest
restoration/ leaf litter arthropods/ pitfall trapping/ prescribed burn/
biodiversity/ forestry/ mastication/ leaf litter arthropods/ pitfall
trapping/ fires/ arthropod/ fire/ forest management/ habitat
management/ restoration ecology/ species richness/ fires/ forestry/
Araneae/ Arthropoda/ Coleoptera/ Coniferophyta/ Formicidae
Abstract:
Frequent, low-intensity fires were a common feature of Sierran forest
ecosystems, but suppression policies over the past century have left
many forests at risk for catastrophic wildfires. Recent policies
highlight the use of prescribed burning or harvesting as fire risk
reduction tools, but few studies have investigated the impacts of these
management practices on the leaf litter fauna of Sierran forests. This
study examines how three fire and "fire surrogate" treatments,
prescribed burning, overstory thinning with understory mastication, and
combined thinning and burning, impact diversity and abundance of
Coleoptera and other leaf litter arthropods. Pitfall trapping was used
to collect litter arthropods before and immediately after treatments in
replicated forest compartments. The diverse Coleoptera assemblage was
dominated by only a few common species, with many rare species
represented by only one or two individuals. Rank-abundance diagrams
indicated that much of the change in the beetle assemblage due to the
treatments was a result of changes in the numbers of rare species.
Indicator species analysis showed several species closely allied with
the treated compartments, but few with the untreated controls. Both NMS
and CCA ordination show considerable change in overall assemblage
structure on compartments treated with fire, but less change in the
thinned compartments. Coleoptera species richness was slightly higher
in burned compartments. Some common beetle species, families of
beetles, and other common groups such as ants and spiders showed
changes in abundance due to the treatments, but the changes were
taxon-specific and showed no general pattern. Overall impacts of the
treatments appear to be moderate, and the increased habitat
heterogeneity at the compartment level may provide additional habitat
for many rare species to coexist. We conclude that the use of fire and
fire surrogate treatments in Sierran mixed-conifer forests is justified
from the standpoint of their effects on leaf litter arthropods, but the
history of management at the site and the scale of treatments must be
carefully considered.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1030. Fire ecology and management of the major ecosystems of southern Utah.
Hood, Sharon M. and Miller, Melanie
Fort
Collins, CO: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RMRS 202, 2007. 110
p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr202.pdf
Descriptors: fire/ forest management/ prescribed burning/ wildlife/ Utah
Abstract:
This document provides managers with a literature synthesis of
the historical conditions, current conditions, fire regime condition
classes (FRCC), and recommended treatments for the major ecosystems in
southern Utah. Sections are by ecosystems and include: 1)
coniferous forests (ponderosa pine, mixed conifer, and Engelmann
spruce-subalpine fir), 2) aspen, 3) pinyon-juniper, 4) big and black
sagebrush, and 5) desert shrubs (creosotebush, blackbrush, and interior
chaparral). Southern Utah is at the ecological crossroads for much of
the western United States. It contains steep environmental
gradients and a broad range of fuels and fire regimes associated with
vegetation types representative of the Rocky Mountains, the Great
Basin, Northern Arizona and New Mexico, and the Mohave
Desert. The Southern Utah Demonstration Area consists of contiguous
state and federal lands within the administrative boundaries of the
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fishlake and Dixie National Forests,
National Park Sevice, and State of Utah, roughly encompassing the
southern 15 percent of Utah (3.24 million ha). The vegetation types
described are similar in species composition, stand structure, and
ecologic function, including fire regime to vegetation types found on
hundreds of millions of hectares in the 11 western states.
1031. Fire impact to small mammals in Piedmont oak-shelterwoods.
Keyser, P. D.; Sausville, D. J.; Ford, W. M.; Mengak, M. T.; Brose, P.; and Van Lear, D. H.
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings 55: 375-381. (2001).
Notes: Published Wildlife Report.
Descriptors: abundance/
burning/ fire/ forests/ habitat management/ hardwoods/ mammals/ mice,
white-footed/ oak/ rodents/ seasons/ shrews/ trapping/ wildlife
management areas/ Quercus spp./ Virginia/
Buckingham County/ Piedmont Region
Abstract:
As part of a larger study examining the role of presecribed fire in
regenerating upland oaks, seasonal prescribed burns were applied to
first-stage shelterwood harvested stands on Horsepen WMA in the
Virginia Piedmont in 1995. Small mammal communities in these stands
were surveyed to assess the impact of such fires on this component of
the fauna.
© NISC
1032. Florida scrub jay habitat restoration utilizing a fuel wood timber harvest: The planning phase.
Alshouse, Alan W.; Neal, Harry V.; Lala, Ruth; and
Shaw, Susan
Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Ecosystems Restoration and Creation 28: 93-99. (2001).
http://images.library.wisc.edu/EcoNatRes/EFacs/Wetlands/Wetlands28/reference/econatres.wetlands28.aalshouse.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Aphelocoma coerulescens coerulescens: forestry/ fuel wood timber
harvest/ habitat management/ xeric scrub restoration/ use of fuel wood
timber harvest/ scrub/ Florida/ Seminole County/ Aves, Passeriformes,
Corvidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1033. Foliage structure influences foraging of insectivorous forest birds: An experimental study.
Whelan, C. J.
Ecology 82(1): 219-231. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 00129658
Descriptors: aviary
experiment/ bird community structure/ deciduous foliage/ foliage
structure/ foraging behavior/ Insectivorous birds/ New Hampshire/
northern hardwoods/ Parulidae/ vegetation structure/ warblers/
avifauna/ foraging behavior/ habitat structure/ insectivory/ leaf
morphology/ Acer saccharum/ Betula alleghaniensis/ Dendroica
caerulescens/ Dendroica virens/ Setophaga ruticilla
Abstract:
Preferences for foraging in particular tree species have been well
documented in a variety of bird species, but underlying reasons remain
little investigated. Understanding the causal bases for such patterns
of habitat use can help to elucidate mechanisms of habitat selection
and, therefore, community organization and structure. I
experimentally
tested the hypothesis that fine-scale foliage structure of two
deciduous tree species influences the foraging behavior of three small,
insectivorous bird species. On sugar maple (Acer saccharum), with its
orbicular leaves elevated above the branch, Black-throated Blue
Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) and American Redstarts (Setophaga
ruticilla) captured prey predominantly from lower leaf surfaces,
whereas Black-throated Green Warblers (Dendroica virens) captured prey
predominantly from upper leaf surfaces. In contrast, on yellow birch
(Betula alleghaniensis), with its oblong-ovate leaves held within the
plane of the supporting branch, all three bird species captured prey
disproportionately from upper leaf surfaces. Overall, aerial maneuvers
were used more frequently to capture prey from upper than from lower
leaf surfaces on sugar maple, but the opposite occurred on yellow
birch, where non-aerial maneuvers were used more frequently to capture
prey from upper than from lower leaf surfaces. Those results indicate
that the leaf surface from which prey are more easily captured (with
less energetically costly non-aerial maneuvers) differs between those
tree species. Experimental manipulation of leaf dispersion and distance
to prey demonstrated that leaf dispersion is the chief determinant of
prey capture location (upper vs. lower leaf surfaces), and that
distance to prey is the chief determinant of prey capture maneuver
(aerial vs. non-aerial). When foraging on artificial branches in which
vertical distance between branches was systematically increased
experimentally, Black-throated Green Warblers captured a significantly
smaller proportion of prey from lower surfaces of leaves on the upper
branch than did Black-throated Blue Warblers. Taken together, these
results indicate that different tree species, as well as different
locations within tree species, present insectivorous birds with
distinct foraging environments and, therefore, constitute distinct
foraging microhabitats. Furthermore, even closely related bird species
that are generally similar morphologically respond in behaviorally
unique ways to differences in foliage structure. For those reasons,
forest management practices that enhance tree species diversity could
concomitantly enhance foraging opportunities (niche diversity) for
forest insectivores and may thus help to promote high bird species
diversity and maintain abundant populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1034. Food availability versus preference of wild turkey poults in intensively-managed pine stands in Mississippi.
Iglay, Raymond B.; Leopold, Bruce D.; Burger, Loren W.; and Miller, Darren A.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59:
100-113. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: nutrition/
diet/ feeding behavior/ life cycle and development/ development/
ecology/ population dynamics/ predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Invertebrata: population density/ prey resource selection/
gamebird young/ intensively managed pine stands/ avian predators/
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris/ distribution within habitat/ forest and
woodland/ Mississippi/ Kemper County/ Interior Flatwoods Resource Area/
Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
Abstract: Importance
of invertebrates to growth and development of eastern wild
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) poults has been well
documented. However, few studies have investigated direct invertebrate
use by poults, specifically in relation to alternative forest
management regimes. Therefore, we measured invertebrate selection by
turkey poults in thinned, mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
plantations, treated with factorial combinations of prescribed burning
and a selective herbicide, in east-central Mississippi in 2000 and
2001. Using suction sampling and human-imprinted turkey poults, we
quantified invertebrate use by poults relative to
availability. Turkey poults exhibited heterogeneous use of
invertebrate Orders
among broods across all treatments and years of study (P < 0.001).
Additionally, poults did not select invertebrates relative to
availability across all treatments and years of study (P < 0.001).
Consistent with previous research, poults exhibited selection of five
Orders (Coleoptera, Diptera, Gastropoda, Homoptera, Hymenoptera) and
avoided four Orders
(Araneae,
Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and 'other'). Future research better defining
relationships between poults, vegetation structure, and food
availability may assist managers in achieving quality brood habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1035. Forage production after thinning a natural loblolly pine-hardwood stand to different basal areas.
Peitz, David G.; Shelton, Michael G.; and Tappe, Philip A.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 697-705. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: loblolly
pine/ Pinus taeda/ habitat management/ wildlife/ habitat alterations/
forestry practices/ food supply/ ecosystems/ forests, mixed/ loblolly
pine/ forests, deciduous/ silviculture/ stress/ cover/ food s/ feeding/
vegetation/ Arkansas: Drew County
Abstract:
Mixed pine (Pinus spp.)-hardwood forests are common in the southern
United States (U.S.), but little quantitative information exists on the
response of understory forage to reductions in basal area from
thinning. The authors determined understory forage
characteristics before thinning and two and four years after thinning a
35-years-old natural loblolly pine (P. taeda)-hardwood stand (initially
27 m2/ha of pine and 8 m2/ha of hardwood basal area). A combination of three loblolly pine (15, 18, and 21 m2/ha) and three hardwood (0, 3.5, and 7 m2/ha)
basal areas was replicated three times, resulting in 27 0.08-ha plots.
Understory coverage and forage biomass were determined on 25
understory plots systematically located within each plot, with data
analyzed using analysis of variance and regression. Herbaceous
forage biomass and coverage and light intensity were correlated
negatively (P<0.05)
with retained pine and hardwood basal areas, with hardwood basal area
being the more important factor. Stand thinning improved
herbaceous forage availability for wildlife, but the response was
time-dependent. Forage from woody browse and vines also increased
following stand thinning although responses were not as time-dependent
as herbaceous forages. Results of this study indicate that
managers can manipulate forage production by thinning stands to
prescribed basal areas and compositions.
© NISC
1036. Foraging area size and habitat use by red bats (Lasiurus borealis) in an intensively managed pine landscape in Mississippi.
Elmore, L. W.; Miller, D. A.; and Vilella, F. J.
American Midland Naturalist 153(2): 405-417. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: activity
patterns/ bats/ best management practices/ BMPs/ conservation planning/
foraging behavior/ forest management/ habitat use/ Mississippi/
Lasiurus borealis/ Riparia
Abstract: Forest managers are increasingly expected to incorporate
biodiversity objectives within forest landscapes devoted to timber
production. However, reliable data on which to base management
recommendations for bats within these systems are extremely limited.
Although the red bat (Lasiurus borealis) is a widespread common species
in temperate forests of North America, little is known of its ecology
within intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) forests of the
southeastern United States. Therefore, we investigated size of
foraging areas and habitat use by red bats during summer 2000 and 2001
in
an
intensively managed pine landscape in
east-central Mississippi, USA. We captured bats using
four-tier mist nets placed over water
and attached radiotransmitters to red bats. Radiotagged red bats (n =
16) used habitat types randomly at the study area and foraging area
scale. Mean size of foraging areas and mean maximum distance traveled
between diurnal roosts and foraging locations were not different (P
< 0.05) among adult male, adult female, juvenile male or juvenile
females (n = 18). Most foraging areas contained a reliable source of
water and all but one diurnal roost was located within foraging areas.
Location of diurnal roosts may dictate location of foraging areas. Open
canopy conditions in intensively managed pine stands (young, open
canopy stands, thinned stands and riparian hardwood stands) likely
provide appropriate foraging habitat for red bats. Landscape context
may influence size of foraging areas and commuting distances of red
bats. Provision of appropriate aged forest stands for diurnal roosts
may be the best management action for red bats within intensively
managed pine landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1037. Foraging by bats in cleared, thinned and unharvested boreal forest.
Patriquin, Krista J. and Barclay, Robert M. R.
Journal of Applied Ecology 40(4): 646-657. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: Chiroptera/
Lasionycteris noctivagans/ Myotis lucifugus/ Myotis septentrionalis/
Vespertilionidae/ Microchiroptera/ Lasionycteris noctivagan/
Lasionycteris noctivagans/ behavior/ terrestrial ecology/ wing/
selective harvesting/ body size/ boreal forests/ Alberta/ cleared,
thinned and unharvested forest/ foods-feeding/ forests/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ habitat
use/ Peace River area/ wings/ wildlife-human relationships/ morphology/
biometrics/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ chiroptera/ clear-cut/
forestry/ logging/ silviculture/ thinning/ Microchiroptera/ forest/
habitat change/ dispersion/ abundance
Abstract:
1. Modern silvicultural methods employ various styles of selective
harvesting in addition to traditional clear-cutting. This can create a
mosaic of patches with different tree densities that may influence
habitat use by foraging bats. Use of forest patches may also vary among
bat species due to variation in their manoeuvrability. Apart from
studies investigating use of clear-cuts, few have tested for
differences in use of forest patches by bats, or for differences among
bat species. 2. We investigated the influence of various harvesting
regimes, which created forest patches of different tree densities, on
habitat selection by foraging bats in the boreal mixed-wood forest
of Alberta, Canada. We also tested for variation in habitat
selection among species related to differences in body size and wing
morphology. 3. Over two summers we assessed habitat use by bats using
ultrasonic detectors to count the echolocation passes of foraging bats.
We measured activity in three forest types and four tree densities,
ranging from intact (unharvested) forests to clear-cuts. 4. Smaller,
more manoeuvrable, species (Myotis spp.) were less affected by tree
density than the larger, less manoeuvrable, Lasionycteris noctivagans.
Two Myotis spp. differed in their habitat use. Myotis lucifugus, an
aerial insectivore, preferred to forage along the edge of clear-cuts,
while M. septentrionalis, a species that gleans prey from surfaces, did
not forage in clear-cuts but preferred intact forest. 5. The largest
species in our study, L. noctivagans, preferred clear-cuts and avoided
intact patches. There were therefore differences in habitat selection
by foraging bats among the species in our study area, and these were
correlated with size and wing morphology. 6. Synthesis and
applications. Our results suggest that, in the short term, thinning has
minimal effect on habitat use by bats. They also indicate that
silvicultural methods have different immediate effects on different
species of bats that may be obscured if the community is studied as a
single entity. Management for forest-dwelling bats must take such
species-specific effects into consideration. Harvesting that creates a
mosaic of patches with different tree densities is likely to satisfy
the requirements of more species than a system with less diverse
harvesting styles.
© NISC
1038. Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: A resource selection function.
Lemaitre, Jerome and Villard, Marc Andre
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(10):
2387-2393. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: Picidae/
Piciformes/ Dryocopus pileatus/ wildlife-human relationships/ Canada/
commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/ diameter at
breast height/ disturbances/ study methods/ techniques/ habitat use/
food habits studies/ foods-feeding/ foraging pattern/ forests/
ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ habitat quality/ land zones/ New Brunswick/ North America/
Northwest, Black Brook District/ nutrition/ resource selection
function/ terrestrial ecology/ ecological requirements/ habitat/
forest/ vegetation/ silviculture/ food/ Fagus spp.
Abstract:
We analyzed the relative influence of foraging substrate
characteristics as predictors of the probability of use by the pileated
woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus L.) and determined threshold values for
significant predictors. We sampled used and available substrates around
126 stations distributed in an intensively managed forest in
northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. We developed a
resource selection function (RSF), validated by a resampling procedure,
and compared selection ratios for significant predictors. Diameter at
breast height (DBH) of trees and snags was the most significant
predictor, probably reflecting nesting selection by its main prey,
carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.). The pileated woodpecker preferred
deciduous substrates with DBH > 35 cm and coniferous substrates with
DBH > 30 cm. Among deciduous substrates, it preferred snags over
living trees, but there was no such preference for coniferous
substrates. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was clearly
preferred
over all other species. The RSF we developed and the thresholds we
obtained should help forest managers and conservation planners assess
habitat quality for this keystone species.
© NISC
1039. Forest
bird response to partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou
winter range in west-central British Columbia.
Waterhouse, Michaela J. and Armleder, Harold M.
British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management 8(1): 75-91. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD146.B7 B34; ISSN: 1488-4674.
http://www.forrex.org/jem/ISS39/vol8_no1_art6.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Aves: forestry/ partial cutting of
forest/ community structure and habitat use effect/ habitat management
implications/ forest/ habitat management/ community structure and
habitat use response to partial cutting of forest significance/
community structure/ partial cutting of forest effect/ habitat
utilization/ forest and woodland/ community structure and habitat use/
influence of partial cutting of forest/ conservation implications/
Chilcotin Plateau/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Breeding birds were surveyed 1 year pre-harvest (1995) and 4 years
post-harvest (1996-2001) to measure the response to partial cutting in
old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) forests on the Chilcotin
Plateau of British Columbia. The irregular group shelterwood and group
selection systems recommended to manage northern caribou (Rangifer
tarandus caribou Gmelin) habitat did not negatively affect the breeding
bird community. In some years within the post-harvest period, dark-eyed
juncos (Junco hyemalis L.), red crossbills (Loxia curvirostra L.),
yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata L.), and gray jays
(Perisoreus canadensis L.) showed significant
(α
= 0.05) increases in use of the partial-cutting treatments compared
with the no-harvest treatment. No species decreased significantly in
any of the partial-cutting treatments. The increased observations of
mostly common species resulted in significantly (α
= 0.05) higher species richness, and increased frequency of
observations for the bird community in some years in the partial cuts.
Partial cutting of caribou habitat will maintain bird communities
typical of mature to older lodgepole pine forests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1040. Forest clearings management: Insects and vegetation for wild turkey broods.
Lafon, Nelson W.; Norman, Gary W.; Jeffreys, Jay C.; Steffen, David E.; and Fell, Richard D.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 55:
547-559. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ ecology/ predators/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Insecta: habitat management/ forest clearing
management/ prey availability/ avian predators/ Meleagris gallopavo
sylvestris/ prey availability in brood habitat/ forest and woodland/
Virginia/ George Washington and Jefferson National Forests/ arthropods/
birds/ chordates/ insects/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Insects and herbaceous vegetation important to young eastern wild
turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) may be enhanced in forested
areas by managing clearings. Natural resource agencies in Virginia
and other eastern states have committed significant resources to create
and maintain forest clearings to provide habitat for wild turkey broods
in predominantly forested areas. However, techniques used to manage
clearings often lack definitive ecological justifications. We compared
effectiveness of 4 management regimes on forest clearings typical of
those used by wildlife managers in the eastern United States to
produce insects and vegetation beneficial to turkey broods. Ranging
from low to high intensity in development and maintenance, treatments
were 1) mowing; 2) disking and liming; 3) planting ladino clover
(Trifolium repens latum), mowing, and liming; and 4) planting a
perennial grass-forb mixture, mowing and liming. Insect production did
not differ between high intensity (3 and 4 above) and low intensity (1
and 2 above) treatments (P=0.19). Mowing may have suppressed insect
numbers briefly before increasing them, while disking apparently
delayed insect production. We observed several year and period
differences in insect dry weights perhaps attributable to timing of
vegetation treatments or natural environmental fluctuations. Areas
receiving high intensity treatments had higher clover cover estimates
(P=0.08 1) and more plant species per plot (P=0.036). All treated areas
had adequate brood vegetation dry weight, plant height, and herbaceous
cover estimates. Herbaceous vegetation and insects associated with
forest clearings may be important for other wildlife species besides
wild turkeys. Managers should consider effects on all species of
interest as they weigh potential gains from intensive management
practices against the extra cost and labor involved with those
treatments. Managers can promote herbaceous ground cover and insects
useable by wild turkey broods with simple, low-intensity management
techniques.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1041. Forest
decision making under uncertainty: Adaptive management for the
conservation of bird populations on a national wildlife refuge
(Picoides borealis, Hylocichla mustelina, Georgia).
Moore, Clinton Thomas. University of Georgia, 2002.
Notes: Advisor: Conroy, Michael J.
Descriptors: birds/
uncertainty/ decision-making/ forest management / habitat management/
red-cockaded woodpecker/ Picoides borealis/ wood thrush/
Hylocichla mustelina
Abstract:
I constructed a stochastic, spatially-explicit landscape model to
seek optimal forest management decisions for long-term persistence of
populations of red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) and wood
thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) on the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge
in Georgia, USA. I addressed uncertainty in decision making
by considering alternative model forms that expressed different
mechanisms of response by the forest and the bird populations to
silvicultural actions. The implication of model uncertainty in this
system is that conservation tradeoffs for both species differ according
to choice of model. Decision variables in each model were the spatial
scheduling of forest compartments for silvicultural treatments and the
average periodicity of prescribed burning in compartments. Model
responses were the number of active woodpecker clusters and abundance
of wood thrushes. Additionally, I obtained a composite response as the
average of the two abundance responses, each scaled by its standard
error. I simulated each model under extremes of the decision
alternatives, and I found a near-optimal management schedule for each
model and for each of the responses. I also found near-optimal
schedules for the case of complete uncertainty with regard to all
models in the model set. Forest and bird monitoring data collected
on the Refuge are the means by which measures of belief in each model
are updated and decisions are adaptively improved. In nearly all
models, both species responded strongly, but in opposite directions, to
burning, and woodpeckers were sensitive to compartment scheduling.
Consequently, optimal decisions were mostly similar among models, and
values of information computed for each response suggested that little
would be gained in management performance by resolving uncertainty
among these models. However, fundamental uncertainties in the
management of this system were probably not captured in this model set,
and adaptive approaches therefore still hold promise for Refuge
management. Current impediments to conducting adaptive management on
the Refuge are (1) uncertainties regarding objectives, (2) lack of a
comprehensive forest monitoring system, (3) inadequate system models,
and (4) constraints in the expression and breadth of decision
alternatives. I discuss critical information needed for the adaptive
management of this and similar resource systems.
© NISC
1042. Forest habitat associations of the golden-mantled ground squirrel: Implications for fuels management.
Shick, Katharine R.; Pearson, Dean E.; and
Ruggiero, Leonard F.
Northwest Science 80(2): 133-139. (2006)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: Mustelidae/
Carnivora/ Sciuridae/ Rodentia/ Falconiformes/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ habitat use/ forests/ ecosystems/ forest
habitat association/ forest health restoration practices/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ fuel management/ habitat management/
land zones/ Montana/ pine and larch stands/ population ecology/ status/
terrestrial ecology/ United States, western region/ Larix spp./ Pinus
ponderosa/ ponderosa pine
Abstract:
Golden-mantled ground squirrels are commonly associated with
high-elevation habitats near or above upper timberline. This species
also occurs in fire-adapted, low-elevation forests that are targeted
for forest health restoration (FHR) treatments intended to remove
encroaching understory trees and thin overstory trees. Hence, the
golden-mantled ground squirrel may be affected by FHR treatments, but
little is known about its habitat associations within these forest
types. We sampled mature western larch and ponderosa pine forests in
western Montana to determine the macro- and microhabitat
associations of this ground squirrel. At the macrohabitat scale,
golden-mantled ground squirrels were absent from western larch stands
which consistently had a denser understory. Because we did not detect
golden-mantled ground squirrels within larch stands, it is unclear
whether FHR treatments in this forest type would improve habitat
conditions for these ground squirrels. In contrast, golden-mantled
ground squirrels were common in ponderosa pine stands and favored more
open conditions there. At the microhabitat scale within ponderosa pine
stands. golden-mantled ground squirrels were captured at trap stations
with fewer canopy trees, more rock cover, and less grass and forb cover
compared to stations without captures. Thus, FHR treatments that open
the understory of ponderosa pine stands while maintaining-mature pines
similar to historic conditions may increase golden-mantled ground
squirrel populations. However, the extent to which golden-mantled
ground squirrels are positively affected by FHR treatments in ponderosa
pine stand types may be limited by the degree of their dependence on
rocky structure.
© NISC
1043. Forest management activities for improved wildlife habitat.
Dougherty, D. S.
Forest Landowner 63(1): 36-38. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: agriculture/
ecosystems/ environmental protection/ hardwoods/ land use/ management/
softwoods/ strategic planning/ timber/ hardwood stands/ timber
management/ wildlife habitat/ wildlife management/ forestry/
agriculture/ forest management/ forestry/ forests/ hardwoods/ land use/
Pinus/ thinning/ wildlife/ Quercus phellos/ Salix
Abstract: When Arthur Dick bought a farm which he named Willow Oaks Plantation, he retained his District Manager
Nate
Farrior of Dougherty and Dougherty Forestry in Wallace, NC to
help in managing the wildlife successfully. Arthur assigned
Farrior the following goals: 1) prepare a 12-month proposed activity
schedule and budget; 2) implement the proposed activities and; 3)
produce a long-term land management plan. Farrior responded by first
evaluating the existing wildlife habitat conditions for each land use
or timber stand type on the property, assessing the potential for each
land use type, and, completing activities in each stand type to improve
the habitat. With this kind of management, it is expected that the
wildlife will be a mosaic of well-interspersed, forage producing stand
types capable of contributing to an abundance of high-quality hunting
memories.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1044. Forest management and bird populations: An introduction.
Sallabanks, Rex and Marzluff, John M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1086-1087. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat management/ management/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships
Abstract:
The authors discuss the organization and objectives of a symposium
entitled "Contemporary research on the effects of forest management on
bird populations" held during the fall of 1997 in conjunction with the
fourth Annual Conference of The Wildlife Society in Showmass
Village, Colorado. Objectives of the symposium were: 1) to
bring the scientific community up to date on the current state of
knowledge on how forest management practices, such as timber harvest,
influence bird populations; 2) to set standards for future research by
providing results from studies that have taken an experimental of
mechanistic approach and therefore have the greatest utility for
on-the-ground management; and 3) to provide targets for the next decade
of research by identifying the information gaps that still exist for
researchers and managers working in forested ecosystems.
© NISC
1045. Forest management and female black bear denning.
White T. H.; Bowman, J. L.; Jacobson, H. A.;
Leopold, B. D.; and Smith, W. P.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(1): 34-40. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: batture/
black bear/ denning/ elevation/ flooding/ forest management/
Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ reproduction/ topography/ Ursus
americanus/ den/ flooding/ habitat selection/ United States/ Ursus
americanus
Abstract:
Most habitats available to black bear (Ursus americanus) in the
Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) consist of seasonally flooded
commercial forests where lack of suitable dens may limit population
growth. We studied interactions between forest management and flooding
relative to female black bear denning. Denning behavior differed
between commercial and noncommercial forests. Females used tree dens
exclusively on noncommercial forests, whereas on commercial forests,
most (83%) were ground dens. Variations in ground den elevation
resulted in differing inundation probabilities, altering survival
probabilities for neonates. On commercial forests, ground
dens
with similar inundation probabilities as tree dens allowed successful
reproduction to occur. Management practices that enhance suitable cover
in areas of minimal inundation probability may mitigate for lack of den
trees in flood-prone landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1046. Forest management and the dead wood resource in ponderosa pine forests: Effects on small mammals.
Chambers, Carol L.
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.; Shea, P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 679-693.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Peromyscus boylii/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ Peromyscus truei: forestry/ forest restoration treatments/
habitat management/ habitat utilization/ Dead wood use/ forest
management implications/ habitat preference/ forest and woodland/
Arizona/ Colorado River/ Arizona strip/ Mount Trumbull/ Mammalia,
Rodentia, Muridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Changes in vegetation structure and composition affect habitat
for wildlife. Species such as small mammals that are restricted to
small home ranges and are relatively immobile may be most affected
since it is more difficult to find and move to new habitat. In the
southwestern United States, forest management treatments (thinning and
prescribed burning) are being implemented to alter structure and
function of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystems and recreate
pre-settlement (ca. 1870) tree species composition and size class
distribution. These forest restoration treatments will affect the
availability of dead wood to wildlife (e.g., prescribed fires may
consume dead wood, forest operations may create snags and logs). I
live-trapped small mammals in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest
prior to restoration treatment and found that mouse species (Peromyscus
species) were associated with some dead wood elements (e.g., Gambel oak
[Quercus gambelii] snags, ponderosa pine snags, ponderosa pine stumps).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1047. Forest management and wildlife in forested wetlands of the southern Appalachians.
Wigley, T. Bently and Roberts, Thomas H.
Water, Air and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 445-456. (1994)
NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979
Descriptors: forested
wetlands/ wildlife/ Appalacian Mountains/ Animalia/
Plantae/ animals/ plants/ biodiversity/ ecology/ environmental
protection/ forestry/ habitat/ resource management
Abstract:
The southern Appalachian region contains a variety of forested wetland
types. Among the more prevalent types are riparian and bottomland
hardwood forests. In this paper we discuss the temporal and spatial
changes in wildlife diversity and abundance often associated with
forest management practices within bottomland and riparian forests.
Common silvicultural practices within the southern Appalachians
are diameter-limit cutting, clearcutting, single-tree selection, and
group selection. These practices alter forest composition, structure,
and spatial heterogeneity, thereby changing the composition, abundance,
and diversity of wildlife communities. They also can impact special
habitat features such as snags, den trees, and dead and down woody
material. The value of wetland forests as habitat also is affected by
characteristics of adjacent habitats. More research is needed to fully
understand the impacts of forest management in wetlands of the southern Appalachians.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1048. Forest management for spotted owls on Rayonier lands of the Olympic Peninsula: The wildlife plan area.
Varland, Daniel E.
Northwestern Naturalist 81(2): 89. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Strigidae/
Strigiformes/ Strix occidentalis/ habits-behavior/ birds/ dispersal/
endangered-threatened species/ habitat management/ habitat use/ land
use/ management/ snags/ study methods/ techniques/ wildlife
Abstract:
The Wildlife Agreement between the Washington State Department of Fish
and Wildlife and Rayonier for 66,000 acres of Rayonier land on the
northwest Olympic Peninsula is designed primarily to create spotted owl
dispersal habitat between the Olympic National Park Interior and the
park Coastal Strip. Through this cooperative agreement, Rayonier is
performing landscape management practices to create more dispersal
habitat and is co-sponsoring a snag research program to provide more
habitat for bird and mammal species. The duration of the agreement is
30 years, with options for two extensions of 10 years each.
© NISC
1049. Forest management guidelines for forest-dwelling caribou in Quebec.
Courtois, R.; Ouellet, J. P.; Dussault, C.; and Gingras, A.
Forestry Chronicle 80: 598-607. (Sept. 2004-Oct. 2004)
Descriptors: caribou/ forest management/ habitat management/ Quebec/ Canada
Abstract:
The forest-dwelling ecotype of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus
caribou) is vulnerable to predation, hunting, and disturbances due to
anthropogenic activities. Its strategies of space and habitat use are
oriented towards reducing the effects of these limiting factors.
Caribou occupy large home ranges, undertake extensive movements, and
avoid fragmented areas. They use various habitats, but especially
mature and over-mature conifer stands with irregular structure, which
are less suitable for other ungulates, wolves and black bears. In order
to protect habitat for forest-dwelling caribou, we suggest an ecosystem
approach based on the protection of large forested blocks, the
concentration of forest harvesting in large management blocks, and the
maintenance of habitat connectivity. This strategy focuses on
short-term conservation of minimum caribou habitats in the protected
blocks, a medium-term habitat recovery in the management blocks, the
maintenance of forest activities, and facilitation of seasonal and
dispersal movements. Within the management blocks, we recommend
creation of an irregular forest structure similar to the pattern
created by natural disturbances inherent to spruce-moss forests. These
guidelines have been tested in Quebec for the last few years and
were well received by forest and wildlife agencies as well as the
forest industry.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1050. Forest management strategy, spatial heterogeneity, and winter birds in Washington.
Haveri, Bruce A. and Carey, Andrew B.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(3): 643-652. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Aves/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ wildlife/ species diversity/
overwintering/ management/ habitat management/ habitat alterations/
forests/ forestry practices/ ecosystems/ Douglas fir/ conservation/
birds/ behavior/ silviculture/ fauna/ diversity/ dead wood/ Pseudotsuga
spp./ Washington: Thurston County
Abstract:
Ecological management of second-growth forest holds great promise for
conservation of biodiversity, yet little experimental evidence exists
to compare alternative management approaches. Wintering birds are one
of several groups of species most likely to be influenced by forest
management activities. The authors compared species richness and
proportion of stand area used over time by wintering birds in 16
second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands to determine
the effects of management strategy and experimental variable-density
thinnings. Management strategies were retaining legacies (large live,
dead, and fallen trees from the previous old-growth stand) with long
rotations and managing for high-quality timber with multiple thinnings
and removal of defective trees. Experimental thinnings were designed to
reduce inter-tree competition and monopolization of light, moisture,
and nutrients by trees at the expense of other growth forms; reproduce
the within-stand spatial heterogeneity found in old-growth forests; and
accelerate development of habitat breadth. Proportion of area used and
species richness increased with experimental thinnings. Two of the
eight most common winter species increased their use of experimentally
thinned stands. No species exhibited greater use of unthinned,
competitive-exclusion-stage stands over thinned stands. Variable-density
thinnings, in conjunction with other conservation measures (legacy
retention, decadence management, and long rotations), should provide
habitat for abundant and diverse birds.
© NISC
1051. Forest management under uncertainty for multiple bird population objectives.
Moore, C. T.; Plummer, W. T.; and Conroy, M. J.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191; Albany, CA: Pacific
Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 373-380.
Notes: Bibliography.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/373-380.pdf
Descriptors: Aves/ birds/ habitat management/ habitat/ forest/ theory-model/ simulation/ Georgia
© NISC
1052. Forest restoration in a global context.
Stanturf, J. A.
In:
Proceedings of a Conference on Sustainability of Wetlands and Water
Resources: How Well Can Riverine Wetlands Continue to Support Society
into the 21st Century?, General Technical Report-SRS 50/ Holland,
Marjorie M.; Warren, Melvin L.; and Stanturf, John A.; Asheville,
NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 160-167.
Notes: , Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service.
http://www.forestdisturbance.net/publications/ ForestRestGolbal-Stanturf.pdf
Descriptors: afforestation/
agricultural land/ bottomland forests/ choice of species/ degraded
forests/ degraded land/ forest plantations/ forests/ land use/
reclamation/ rehabilitation/ silviculture
Abstract:
Forest restoration on land cleared for agriculture is
occurring around the world. Often land was abandoned because of
infertility, frequent flooding, or other site limitations. In some
countries, market forces or changing trade policies drive conversion of
cleared land to plantations of exotic or native tree species. The
objective of this paper is to introduce the special session on
restoration of bottomland hardwoods by placing efforts in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley into a
global context. The challenges of forest restoration are surprisingly
similar: overcoming site degradation, prescribing appropriate species,
and applying cost-effective establishment methods. While plantation
forestry remains the most effective approach to large-scale
restoration, the trend is toward plantations that are more complex.
This trend is characterized by more intimate association with other
land uses, more diverse goals for species composition and vegetation
structure in restoration planting, and more direct involvement by
landowners in both the conception and
implementation
of restoration schemes. Benefits of restoration planting include
reduced soil erosion; improved water quality; increased wildlife
habitat; and increased supply of wood for fuel, lumber, and fiber.
Increasingly, objectives of restoration planting include carbon
sequestration.
© CABI
1053. Forest vertebrate responses to landscape-level changes in Ontario.
Voigt, Dennis R.; Baker, James A.; Rempel, Robert S.; and Thompson, Ian D.
In:
Ecology of a managed terrestrial landscape: Patterns and processes of
forest landscapes in Ontario/ Euler, David; Perera, Ajith H.;
Thompson, I. D.; and Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources.
Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, 2000; pp. 198-234.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
abiotic factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Vertebrata:
forestry/ habitat management/ landscape level management/ forest fauna/
population dynamics/ forest and woodland/ physical factors/ Ontario/ forest taxa responses/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1054. Forestry herbicide influences on biodiversity and wildlife habitat in southern forests.
Miller, K. V. and Miller, J. H.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1049-1060. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032 [1049:FHIOBA]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
habitat/ herbicide/ release treatment/ site preparation/ United States,
southeastern region/ wildlife/ biodiversity/ forest management/ habitat
quality/ herbicide/ species richness/ yield
Abstract: In
the southern United States, herbicide use continues to increase
for timber management in commercial pine (Pinus spp.) plantations, for
modifying wildlife habitats, and for invasive plant control.
Several studies have reported that single applications of forestry
herbicides at stand initiation have minor and temporary impacts on
plant communities and wildlife habitat conditions, with some reports of
enhanced habitat conditions for both game and nongame species. Due to
the high resiliency of floral communities, plant species richness and
diversity rebound rapidly after single herbicide treatments, with
short- and long-term compositional shifts according to the selectivity
and efficacy of the herbicide used. Recently, however, a shift to the
Southeast in North American timber supplies has resulted in increased
forest management intensity. Current site-preparation techniques rely
on herbicide combinations, often coupled with mechanical treatments and
≥ 1 years of post-planting applications to enhance the spectrum and
duration of vegetation control. This near-total control of associated
vegetation at establishment and more rapid pine canopy closure, coupled
with shortened and repeated rotations, likely will affect plant
diversity and wildlife habitat quality. Development of mitigation
methods at the stand and landscape levels will be required to minimize
vegetative and wildlife impacts while allowing continued improvement in
pine productivity. More uncertain are long-term impactsof
increasing invasive plant occupation and the projected increase in
herbicide
use that will be needed to reverse this worsening situation. In
addition, the potential of herbicides to meet wildlife management
objectives in areas where traditional techniques have high social costs
(e.g., prescribed fire) should be fully explored.© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1055. Forestry matters: Decline of oaks will impact wildlife in hardwood forests.
McShea, William J.; Healy, William M.; Devers, Patrick; Fearer, Todd; Koch, Frank H.; Stauffer, Dean; and
Waldon, Jeff
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 1717-1728. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: habitat
use/ forests/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ hardwood forest habitats/
conservation/ wildlife management/ land zones/ Quercus spp.
Abstract:
Acorn production by oaks (Quercus spp.) is an important food resource
for wildlife in many deciduous forests. Its role as a hard mast crop
that can be either stored or used to build fat reserves for winter
survival cannot be replaced by most other potential foods. Changes in
forest management, introduced pests and pathogens, and increased deer
populations have resulted in significant changes in the demography of
oaks in eastern North America, as evident in Forest Inventory and
Analysis data. Specifically, maples (Acer spp.) are replacing oaks in
many forests through dominance of the younger age classes. These
changes are not yet obvious in mast production but will take decades to
reverse. Effective forest management for mast production is arguably
one of the more important tasks facing wildlife professionals, yet
receives scant attention by both public and private land managers.
Public forests need to explicitly include mast production in their
forest planning and reduce adversarial relationships over forest
management. Market forces are driving commercial forests toward forest
certification. Private forests compose 80% of our oak forests and are
the hardest group to influence. States have not been able to
effectively market forest plans and we recommend joining with advocacy
groups more adept at motivating the public. Increased communication
between wildlife and forestry professionals is needed through agency
restructuring and joint meetings of professional agencies at the state
level. Professional wildlife and forest managers are encouraged to make
increased use of monitoring data and form a multiagency cooperative
using a joint venture model, which has been successful for other
organizations.
© NISC
1056. Forests, fungi, and small mammals: The impact of fire and thinning on a tri-trophic mutualism.
Meyer, Marc Datu
Davis, CA: University of California, Davis, 2004.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Kelt, Douglas
Descriptors: ecology/ forestry/ wildlife/ fire/ mutualism/ selective harvesting/ forest management/ flying squirrels/ spotted owls/ chipmunks
Abstract:
A fundamental question of forest management in North America
is whether selective timber harvest mimics the effects of a natural
fire regime. Understanding such effects on forest structure, ecological
interactions, and wildlife within forest ecosystems is crucial to
effective forest management. in Chapters 1 and 2, I identify
significant habitat features of the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys
sabrinus), the primary prey of the California Spotted Owl (Strix
occidentalis Occidentalis), in a mixed-conifer and red fir forest of
the southern Sierra Nevada. in Chapters 3 and 4, I report on the
short-term effects of mechanical thinning (light, heavy, and none) and
prescribed burning (burned vs. unburned) on the interaction between
truffle-producing mycorrhizal fungi and truffle-consuming lodgepole
chipmunks (Tamias speciosus). Northern flying squirrels were strongly
associated with perennial creeks. this association could be partly
explained by the greater availability of truffles, the main food
resource of flying squirrels, adjacent to creeks (Chapter 1). Flying
squirrels selected nest trees that were larger in diameter, taller, and
closer to riparian habitat than random or large neighboring trees.
Flying squirrels also showed a preference for snags over live trees and
selected red fir (Abies magnifica) but avoided incense cedar
(Calocedrus decurrens, Chapter 2). Forest management practices
that remove these preferred habitat elements could impact this
important prey species of the California Spotted Owl. Prescribed
burning and mechanical thinning had very different effects on forest
structure (e.g. canopy cover, large tree density, shrub and herbaceous
plant cover, soil depth), but both treatments had similar impacts on
truffle production (no significant impact) and consumption of truffles
by lodgepole chipmunks (both significantly reduced consumption). In
addition, neither treatment had a significant effect on the densities
or demographic parameters of T. speciosus (Chapter 4). Different
intensities of thinning also had similar impacts on T. speciosus
densities and demographic parameters. These results suggest that
burning and thinning have similar short-term effects on T. speciosus.
However, longer-term data are needed to thoroughly evaluate the
relative impacts of prescribed burning versus mechanical thinning on
forest wildlife and their interactions.
© NISC
1057. Fuel
reduction treatment and wildfire influence on carabid and tenebrionid
community assemblages in the ponderosa pine forest of northern Arizona, USA.
Chen, Z.; Grady, K.; Stephens, S.; Villa-Castillo, J.; and Wagner, M. R.
Forest Ecology and Management 225(1-3): 168-177. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.043.
Descriptors: biodiversity/ Carabidae/ ecological indicators/ fuel reduction treatment/ ponderosa pine/ Tenebrionidae/ wildfire
Abstract:
We investigated the response of community assemblages of carabids
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) and tenebrionids (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
from June to August in 2003 and 2004 on ponderosa pine forest stands of
various conditions that were created by fuel reduction treatments
(thinning, and thinning plus prescribed burning) and wildfires between
1987 and 1996 in northern Arizona. We found that richness and abundance
increased for carabids but decreased for tenebrionid significantly from
June (the driest season of the year) to August (wet monsoon season of
the year), a temporal partition for ecological niches in ponderosa pine
forests. For both taxa, wildfire burned stands had the highest species
richness and diversity; whereas the thinned stands had the highest
species evenness. Both fuel reduction treatment and wildfire resulted
in significantly different community assemblages of carabids and
tenebrionids compared to unmanaged stands. Results showed that carabids
from the genera of Amara, Anisodactylus, Cicindela, Harpalus, Radine,
and tenebrionids in the genus of Eleodes were ecological indicators for
wildfire stands. However, Synuchus dubius, and Coelocnemis spp.1 were
indicator species for thinned stands, and unmanaged stands,
respectively. We concluded that the richness and diversity of both taxa
tended to increase after fuel reduction treatment and wildfire, and
that some species from both taxa were suitable as ecological indicators
for the structural change of ponderosa pine forests. Creating a mosaic
of heterogeneous landscape through mechanical fuel reduction treatments
is an important management strategy to maintain high invertebrate
species diversity in ponderosa pine forest ecosystems in the
southwestern US.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1058. Gopher tortoise response to habitat management by prescribed burning.
Yager, L. Y.; Hinderliter, M. G.; Heise, C. D.; and
Epperson, D. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 428-434. (Apr. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: prescribed burning/ habitat management/ Gopherus polyphemus/ gopher tortoises/ longleaf pines/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
As quality of forested habitat declines from altered fire regimes,
gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) often move into ruderal areas to
the detriment of the animal and land manager. We evaluated effects of a
dormant-and-growing-season prescribed fire on habitat and gopher
tortoise use of degraded longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests
surrounding military training areas. We burned 4 of 8 sites in winter
2001-2002 and again in April 2003. Changes in vegetation measured
during 2001-2004 indicated that burn treatments did not increase
herbaceous vegetation. Similarly, movement patterns, burrow usage, and
home range of tortoises radiotracked from 2002-2004 did not differ
between treatments. Woody cover initially was reduced in the forests
postburn, and we found more new burrows in burned forest sites. Once
shrub cover was reduced, tortoises started using forested habitat that
had become overgrown. However, shrub reduction may be temporary, as
woody stem densities increased postburn. Thus, the one-time use of fire
to manage tortoise habitat may not rapidly restore the open canopy,
sparse woody midstory, and abundant herbaceous vegetation that this
species requires. Repeated prescribed fires or additional management
techniques may be needed for complete restoration.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1059. Grassland bird response to harvesting switchgrass as a biomass energy crop.
Roth, A. M.; Sample, D. W.; Ribic, C. A.; Paine, L.; Undersander, D. J.; and Bartelt, G. A.
Biomass and Bioenergy 28(5): 490-498. (2005);
ISSN: 09619534.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.11.001.
Descriptors: biomass
energy/ grassland birds/ panicum virgatum/ switchgrass/ combustion/
composition/ electric power generation/ energy utilization/ fuels/
vegetation/ biofuels/ habitat/ landscape/ biomass/ avifauna/ behavioral
response/ energy crop/ grassland/ Wisconsin/ Ammodramus henslowii/
Aves/ Cistothorus platensis/ Panicum virgatum/ Troglodytes troglodytes
Abstract:
The combustion of perennial grass biomass to generate electricity may
be a promising renewable energy option. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
grown as a biofuel has the potential to provide a cash crop for farmers
and quality nesting cover for grassland birds. In southwestern Wisconsin (near lat. 42°52', long. 90°08'), we
investigated the impact of an August harvest of switchgrass for
bioenergy on community composition and abundance of Wisconsin
grassland bird species of management concern. Harvesting the
switchgrass in August resulted in changes in vegetation structure and
bird species composition the following nesting season. In harvested
transects, residual vegetation was shorter and the litter layer was
reduced in the year following harvest. Grassland bird species that
preferred vegetation of short to moderate height and low to moderate
density were found in harvested areas. Unharvested areas provided tall,
dense vegetation structure that was especially attractive to tall-grass
bird species, such as sedge wren (Cistothorus platensis) and Henslow's
sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). When considering wildlife habitat value
in harvest management of switchgrass for biofuel, leaving some fields
unharvested each year would be a good compromise, providing some
habitat for a larger number of grassland bird species of management
concern than if all fields were harvested annually. In areas where most
idle grassland habitat present on the landscape is tallgrass, harvest
of switchgrass for biofuel has the potential to increase the local
diversity of grassland birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1060. Grazing management of wet pastures in an environmentally sensitive area.
Mallon, E. D.; McAdam, J. H.; and Montgomery, W. I.
In:
Vegetation management in forestry, amenity and conservation areas:
Managing for multiple objectives; Series: Aspects of Applied Biology
44.
Warwick: Association of Applied Biologists, 1996;
pp. 245-250.
Notes: ISSN: 0265-1491.
NAL Call #: QH301.A76 no.44
Descriptors: natural resource management/ wildlife management/ forestry/ habitat/ pastures/ grazing management/ wetlands
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1061. Ground
beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species assemblage as an indicator of
forest condition in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests.
Villa-Castillo, J. and Wagner, M. R.
Environmental Entomology 31(2): 242-252. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: Carabidae/
forest health/ forest management/ Pinus ponderosa/ prescribed fire/
thinning/ beetle/ forest health/ forest management/ prescribed burning/
thinning/ canopy thinning/ community structure/ fire ecology/ forest/
growing season/ habitat quality/ indicator organism/ native species/
organismal community/ plant stand structure/ species reintroduction/
United States/ United States/ Amara/ Carabidae/ Coleoptera/
Cyclotrachelus constrictus/ Harpalus/ Pinus ponderosa/ Synuchus dubius
Abstract:
Reintroduction of fire and thinning have been suggested as the main
practices to regain forest health in northern Arizona ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Lawson) forests. Criteria for assessing
the impact of such management practices in the forest are based on
benchmark reconstructed conditions resembling pre-European forest stand
structure and on the enhancement of tree vigor. A range of forest
conditions currently exists including stands that have been unmanaged,
thinned only, thinned plus prescribed burned and burned by wildfire. A
surrogate taxon was used to assess forest condition under criteria of
maintaining habitat for native species operating at the soil level. We
assessed changes occurring in ground beetle assemblages at the stand
scale as related to changes that had occurred in forest stands
previously treated with the above treatments. A pitfall-trapping scheme
was deployed during the summer months of 1998, 1999, and 2000. A total
of 4,452 specimens was caught representing 1.5 genera and 20 species of
ground beetles. We found that species diversity increased as the level
of disturbance increased. The indicator species assemblage found on the
wildfire treatment was represented by species in the genera Amara and
Harpalus that are characteristic of dry-open habitats. Unmanaged stands
generally had the lowest diversity and the assemblage was dominated by
the species Synuchus dubius (Leconte). The thinned only stands did not
significantly vary from unmanaged stands in species assemblage.
Cyclotrachelus constrictus (Say) was indicative of the thinning plus
broadcast burned stands. Stands that were thinned plus burned were
richer than both unmanaged and thinned only stands without a shift
toward an open-area dominant assemblage as occurred in the stands
burned by wildfire.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1062. Habitat and landscape correlates of presence, density, and species richness of birds wintering in forest fragments in Ohio.
Doherty, P. F. and Grubb, T. C.
Wilson Bulletin 112(3): 388-394. (2000)
Descriptors: avifauna/ community structure/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat structure/ landscape structure/ United States
Abstract:
We investigated the distribution of wintering woodland bird species in
47 very small, isolated, woodland fragments (0.54-6.01 ha) within an
agricultural landscape in north-central Ohio. Our objectives were
to determine correlations between temporal, habitat, and landscape
variables and avian presence, density, and species richness within the
smallest woodlots occupied by such species. Our results suggest that
even common species are sensitive to variation in habitat, landscape,
and season. Woodlot area explained the most variation in presence,
density, and species richness. Shrub cover was also an important
predictor variable for presence of the smallest resident birds. Shrub
cover might function as both a refuge from predators and as a
windbreak, reducing thermal costs in a flat, open landscape. Landscape
factors related to isolation and connectedness were also correlated
with species presence and density. The species composition of the
community changed through the winter, as did the density of individual
species, suggesting that the winter season may play an important role
in determining the
distributions
of bird populations across woodlots. The models presented here
for Ohio birds in this specific landscape may have biological
inference for other species in similar landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1063. Habitat and population ecology of northern bobwhite in northern Mississippi (Colinus virginianus).
Szukaitis, Scott J. Mississippi State University, 2002.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Burger, Loren W.
Descriptors: population
ecology/ breeding/ wildlife management/ habitat management/ mortality/
survival/ habitat use/ Colinus virginianus/ northern bobwhite quail/ Mississippi/ Black prairie wildlife management
Abstract:
To further the understanding of the population processes involved
in population response to habitat management by northern bobwhite
Colinus virginianus, I studied changes in survival, reproductive
effort, reproductive strategies, nest success, and chick survival and
recruitment during the 3 and 4 years of habitat management on Black
Prairie Wildlife Management Area, in North-Central Mississippi,
1999-2001. I radio-collared 253 bobwhite (146 male and 107 female) and
monitored breeding season survival, cause-specific mortality,
reproductive effort, reproductive success, nest site vegetative
characteristics, habitat use, and brood survival. Breeding season
survival was 23.8%. Mammalian (31.6%), avian (25.9%), and unknown
predators (16.3%) accounted for most of the natural mortality. Males
accounted for 30.43% of total nesting effort, whereas female first
nests and renests accounted for 52.17% and 17.39%, respectively.
Overall nest survival extended to include the length of the mean laying
period (15 days) and the 23-day incubation period (38 days) was 15.97%.
Brood recruitment to fall was estimated at 46.62% and 19.0% for 1999
and 2000, respectively.
© NISC
1064. Habitat associations of black-backed and three-toed woodpeckers in the boreal forest of Alberta.
Hoyt, J. S. and Hannon, S. J.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(10):
1881-1888. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x02-109.
Descriptors: fires/
flame retardants/ fire suppression/ forestry/ birds/ boreal forest/
conservation management/ ecological impact/ habitat use/ logging
(timber)/ prescribed burning/ silviculture/ Canada/ Aves/
Coniferophyta/ Picea/ Picidae/ Picoides/ Picoides arcticus/ Picoides
tridactylus/ Tridactylus
Abstract:
Recent studies suggest that black-backed (Picoides arcticus) and
three-toed woodpeckers (Picoides tridactylus) might decrease in
abundance because of habitat loss from fire suppression and
short-rotation logging in landscapes managed for forestry. We examined
black-backed and three-toed woodpecker occupancy of stands in a 2-year
post-fire forest, mature and old-growth spruce and pine forests, and
six post-fire coniferous forests of different ages. Three-toeds were
detected in old stands and in the 2-year-old burn, and their
probability of occupancy of burned forests decreased between 3 and 8
years post-fire. Within 50 km of the 2-year-old burn, black-backs were
only detected in the burn and not in old-growth or mature conifer
stands. However, they did occupy old coniferous stands located 75 and
150 km from the recent burn. They had a similar probability of
occupying stands in the 3-, 4-, and 8-year-old burns but were not
detected in the 16-year-old burn. The persistence of three-toed
woodpeckers in boreal Alberta will likely depend on the presence
of both old-growth and recently burned coniferous forests or forests
with old-growth structural characteristics. Black-backed woodpeckers
appear to be more burn dependent than three-toeds, and their long-term
persistence may depend on the frequency of recently burned forests
within their dispersal range.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1065. Habitat associations of gopher tortoise burrows on industrial timberlands.
Jones, Jeanne C. and Dorr, Brian
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(2): 456-464. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Chelonia/
Anapsida/ Cryptodira/ Testudines/ Testudinidae/ Gopherus polyphemus/
biogeography/ canopy coverage/ commercial forest management/ foraging
conditions/ intermediate forest stand thinning/ loam soil/ midstory
control/ nesting/ population decline/ prescribed fire/ sandy soil/
timber industry/ Alabama/ corporate timberlands/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ habitat use/ Mississippi/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ land zones/ Pinus palustris
Abstract: The
western population of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) was
listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1987 due to
extensive population declines. Declines have been linked to site
conversion of native pine (Pinus spp.) forests for urban development,
agriculture, and commercial forest management. We conducted surveys to
detect tortoise burrows on corporate timberlands in
southern Mississippi and southwestern Alabama during summer
1994. We
surveyed 2,759 0.5-ha strip transects on soil types of 9 different
suitability categories for gopher tortoises. We found 460 active and
264 abandoned burrows on the 1,380 ha surveyed. Edaphic and vegetative
conditions, such as sandy soils and total and midstory canopy coverage,
influenced gopher tortoise occurrence. Logistic regression analyses
revealed that active burrow occurrence was related positively to deep,
sandy soils and related negatively to total canopy closure and fine
loam soils with limited sand content. Abandoned burrow occurrence was
related positively to increasing midstory canopy closure and selected
soil types. Sandy soils and open overstory canopy that created
favorable burrowing, nesting, and foraging conditions were important
influences in active burrow occurrence. Vegetation management
techniques, such as prescribed fire, midstory control, and intermediate
forest stand thinning, are recommended on gopher tortoise conservation
areas and connective corridor habitats on commercial timberlands. We
theorize that restoration of longleaf pine (P. palustris) forests on
sandy ridges can produce desirable core habitats and dispersal
corridors for gopher tortoises in landscapes dominated by intensively
managed pine plantations.
© NISC
1066. Habitat characteristics in the core breeding range of the Swainson's warbler.
Graves, G. R.
Wilson Bulletin 114(2): 210-220. (2002)
Descriptors: breeding
site/ habitat management/ habitat selection/ passerines/ United
States/ Arundinaria gigantea/ Limnothlypis swainsonii
Abstract:
I investigated the physiognomic and floristic characteristics of
Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) territories at five
localities within its core breeding range in Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida. The warbler
attained its greatest abundance (10-20 territorial males/ km2)
in floodplain forest characterized by small (<25 cm dbh) trees (ca
620-820 stems/ha) and understory thickets of saplings, vines, and
shrubs (ca 35,000-48,000 small woody stems/ha). Territories in mature
forest typically were associated with disturbance gaps. Canopy height,
basal area, and floristics appear to be relatively unimportant factors
in habitat selection, provided that understory requirements are met,
which explains the warbler's occurrence in regenerating clearcuts as
well as in relic tracts of old growth forest. Giant cane (Arundinaria
gigantea), hypothesized to be an essential habitat requisite along the
northern periphery of its breeding range, was sparse or absent in the
prime breeding locations surveyed in this study. Selective thinning and
clearcutting are viable habitat management techniques for the
Swainson's Warbler.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1067. Habitat islands, forest edge and spring-active invertebrate assemblages.
Pearce, J. L.; Venier, L. A.; Eccles, G.; Pedlar, J.; and McKenney, D.
Biodiversity and Conservation 14(12): 2949-2969. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Araneae/ Carabidae: forestry/
clearcutting/ logging activity/ habitat management/ spruce forest
management/ community structure/ spring active assemblage composition/
clearcut matrix/ forest and woodland/ Ontario/ Thunder Bay/ Rinker Lake
Research Area/ arachnids/ arthropods/ beetles/ Chelicerates/ insects/
invertebrates
Abstract: Forest management results in forest patches of varying sizes
within a clearcut matrix. The result is a large amount of edge habitat
and many small patches across the landscape. Here we describe the
spring-active epigeal spider and carabid fauna found at the
forest-clearcut edge of spruce forest in northern Ontario, Canada. We include two types of edge: the forest-clearcut
interface and the small habitat patches formed by forest residuals
within the clearcut. Spring-active forest spiders and carabids appear
little affected by adjacent clearcutting activity, and some forest
species, such as Agyneta olivacea (Emetron), Diplocentria bidentata
(Emetron) and Microneta viaria (Blackwall), are more prevalent at the
forested edge. Common and abundant spider species were equally recorded
in forest interior and forest edge. Generally, no invasion of
open-habitat species was observed within the forest, although smaller
forest patches may be at higher risk.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1068. Habitat preferences of primary cavity excavators in Washington's East Cascades.
Bevis, Kenneth R. and Martin, Sandra K.
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.; Shea, P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 207-221.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: forestry/ habitat preference/
abundance/ primary cavity excavators/ forest/ population density/
forest management treatments/ dead tree characteristics/ habitat
preference/ forest and woodland/ Washington/ East Cascades/ Cle Elum/
Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Primary
cavity excavator (PCE) bird densities and habitat
preferences in relation to forest management treatments and snag
characteristics were investigated in grand fir forests of
eastern Washington. PCE birds selected large diameter, broken top
snags
for feeding and nesting. They selected western larch and Douglas-fir
for feeding excavations and ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir for nest
cavity snags. Grand fir were also utilized as available on managed
plots. Soft snags with advanced wood decay were particularly important
for nest sites. Species composition of PCE birds varied significantly
in different forest management treatments, with unique species groups
associated with unmanaged and heavily managed sites. Total population
densities of PCE birds were most closely associated with snag density,
particularly large diameter snags (> 25 cm DBH).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1069. Habitat quality and reproductive behavior in chickadees and tits: Potential for habitat matrix use in forest generalists.
Otter, Ken A.; van Oort, Harry; and Fort, Kevin T.
In: Ecology and behavior of chickadees and titmice: An integrated approach/ Otter, Ken A.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Notes: ISBN: 9780198569992.
NAL Call #: QL696.P2615 E26
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ terrestrial
habitat/ Paridae: habitat management/ potential use of managed matrix
vegetation to improve breeding success/ reproductive behavior/
relationships with habitat quality/ potential use of managed matrix
vegetation/ reproductive productivity/ breeding success/ enhancement
through potential use of managed matrix vegetation/ habitat preference/
habitat quality and reproductive behavior/ forest and woodland/ Aves,
Passeriformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Habitat destruction and fragmentation poses one of the most
serious threats to biodiversity in conservation biology. What
distinguishes habitat fragments is that the intervening gaps are often
vegetated, rather than open expanses of ocean. This intervening
habitat, referred to as ‘the matrix’, differs in species
composition or age and/or structure of the vegetation so as to be
sufficiently distinct from the remnant habitat islands they surround.
Matrix habitat is considered less hospitable for remnant-dwelling
species, yet terrestrial matrices may not be quite as impermeable as
open oceans. This chapter addresses the potential for breeding in
altered habitats, such as those found in managed habitat matrices that
separate remnant, native forest. Using studies on both Eurasian tits
and North American chickadees, analyses investigating breeding in
forests of divergent habitat quality are paralleled with proposed
management of matrix vegetation as alternative breeding habitat for
matrix-tolerating species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1070. Habitat restoration across large areas: Assessing wildlife responses in the Clearwater Basin, Idaho.
Svancara, L. K.; Servheen, G.; Melquist, W.; Davis, D.; and Scott, J. M.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19(2): 123-132. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD388.W6; ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors: modeling/ ecosystem management/
habitat management/ restoration
Abstract:
Over the past century, fire suppression and prevention have altered
disturbance regimes across the Pacific Northwest, resulting in a
significant divergence of historical and current conditions in forested
habitats. To address this continuing trend in habitat changes and begin
restoring historical patterns of disturbance, the Clearwater Basin Elk
Habitat Initiative (CEI) proposes relatively extensive management
actions in the Clearwater basin of north-central Idaho. We
attempted to evaluate potential effects of such management actions on
selected wildlife species using extant data sets and suggest ways to
improve such projects with respect to a multispecies and adaptive
management approach. Although there is increased interest in ecosystem
management over large areas, the increased scale of analysis and
implementation require a substantial increase in the level of species
information beyond what currently exists. We conclude that baseline
information required for an effective multispecies land-management
policy in the Clearwater basin does not exist for many terrestrial
wildlife species. To implement a true multispecies or ecosystem
approach, wildlife and land managers should cooperate to increase
existing population data and modeling efforts for wildlife species in
the basin and develop a sustainable monitoring program to evaluate
habitat management changes and their influence on wildlife populations
within the context of adaptive management theory. Management actions to
restore disturbance patterns should attempt spatial and temporal scales
that are biologically relevant to the population ecology of species
being affected.
© NISC
1071. Habitat selection and home range size of ruffed grouse in Rhode Island.
Endrulat, E. G.; McWilliams, S. R.; and Tefft, B. C.
Northeastern Naturalist 12(4): 411-424. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH105.M2M36; ISSN: 10926194.
Notes: doi: 10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012 [0411:HSAHRS]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Bonasa umbellus/ Carya/ Coniferophyta/ Phasianidae
Abstract: Bonasa
umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) are one of many wildlife species that
require early successional forest and whose populations have declined
as New England forests have matured. We studied habitat selection
and home range size of Ruffed Grouse in oak-hickory forests
in Rhode Island to determine the importance of different habitat
types for grouse. Home range size did not significantly differ by age
or gender (mean = 103 ± 24.91 ha). Habitat selection was
assessed at two spatial scales: home range and study area scale. At the
study area scale, grouse selected early successional forest, mixed
deciduous-conifer stands, deciduous forest, and forested roads, whereas
grouse avoided evergreen forests and developed areas. Given that grouse
selected early
successional
forests at a relatively large spatial scale, we suggest that the
conservation and restoration of early successional forested habitats
will benefit Ruffed Grouse and many other associated wildlife.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1072. Habitat selection by Swainson's warblers breeding in loblolly pine plantations in southeastern Louisiana.
Bassett-Touchell, C. A. and Stouffer, P. C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 1013-1019. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [1013:HSBSWB]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: habitat selection/ habitat structure/ Limnothlypis swainsonii/ Louisiana/ pine plantations/
Pinus taeda/ Swainson's warbler/ thinning/
vegetation characteristics
Abstract:
Although Swainson's warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is typically
associated with bottomland hardwood forests, they also breed in
even-age pine (Pinus spp.) plantations. We used mist nets and point
counts from 1998-2000 to survey intensively managed even-age loblolly
pine (P. taeda) plantations of different age classes and management
histories to determine breeding status and stand structure preferences
of Swainson's warbler in southeastern Louisiana, USA. We detected
Swainson's warblers in 23 of 124 sampled loblolly pine stands. We also
confirmed breeding in 7-24-year-old pine stands. We found Swainson's
warblers in pine stands that had well-developed canopy closure,
abundant understory vegetation, and sparse live ground cover. Floristic
differences between hardwood and pine breeding habitats demonstrate
that Swainson's warblers do not require specific vegetation
composition, although they discriminate within habitats based on
physical structure of vegetation. Although management of Swainson's
warblers has generally been directed at bottomland hardwood forests,
widespread use of pine plantations may offer additional management
opportunities for this species of concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1073. Habitat selection models for eastern wild turkeys in central Mississippi.
Miller, D. A.; Leopold, B. D.; Hurst, G. A.; and Gerard, P. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 765-776. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: eastern
wild turkey/ habitat models/ habitat use/ logistic regression/
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris/ Mississippi/ predictive models/
ecological modeling/ gamebird/ habitat selection/ habitat use/ United
States/ Meleagris gallopavo
Abstract:
Few quantitative models of habitat use exist for eastern wild turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo silvestris). We used logistic regression to build
and cross-validate sex- and season-specific multivariate models of
habitat selection for wild turkeys in central Mississippi. We
examined 4 models: successfully nesting and unsuccessfully nesting
females during preincubation, spring males, and summer males.
Preincubation females were associated with riparian corridors, perhaps
to travel from bottomland areas to upland nesting sites. During
preincubation, successfully nesting females were more closely
associated with potential nesting habitat than unsuccessfully nesting
females. Habitat selection by males during spring corresponded with
habitat use of females. During summer, males were nonselective in their
habitat choices. Models developed were consistent with and complemented
data from previous studies on this area. Our modeling procedure may be
useful for other studies of wild turkey habitat selection. We recommend
using habitat models in conjunction with habitat use analyses (e.g.,
use versus availability) to maximize information gained from habitat
selection studies. Habitat management for turkeys in a predominantly
forested area should include maintenance of riparian corridors and
habitat diversity, with a preponderance of mature (>40-yr-old)
timber stands, and a 3-4-year burning rotation in mature pine stands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1074. Habitat selection of female turkeys in a managed pine landscape in Mississippi.
Miller, D. A. and Conner, L. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 744-751. (May 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: coniferous
forests/ wildlife habitats/ wild birds/ game birds/ turkeys/ forest
management/ habitat preferences/ animal preferences/ estimation/
females/ wildlife management/ Pinus/ autumn/ winter/ agricultural land/
montane forests/ hardwood forests/ lowland forests/ spring/ summer/
forest roads/ forest thinning/ forest stands/ prescribed burning/
regression analysis/ Mississippi/ Meleagris gallopavo silvestris
Abstract:
Intensive pine (Pinus spp.) management is a dominant form of forest
management in the southeastern United States. Previous research
has shown that managed pine forests provide suitable habitat for
eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), but little
research has examined seasonal habitat selection for female wild
turkeys from a landscape perspective, particularly within managed pine
landscapes. Therefore, we used a long-term (1986-1993) data set to
describe seasonal habitat selection by female wild turkeys, using an
information-theoretic approach from a landscape perspective, on an
intensively managed pine landscape. Habitat use patterns during
preincubation and autumn-winter were indicative of female wild turkeys
moving between a bottomland hardwood-agricultural field complex during
autumn-winter and upland managed pine stands during the remainder of
the year. During spring and summer, female wild turkeys used landscapes
primarily composed of intensively managed pine, including thinned and
burned stands and roadsides. Our results confirm results of short-term,
stand-based habitat analyses on our study area. We recommend variable
fire return intervals of 3 to 7 years to improve habitat conditions for
wild turkeys within intensively managed pine forests. Further research
is needed to examine management actions, such as thinning, prescribed
fire, and herbicide use, within the context of wild turkey use of
intensively managed pine landscapes.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1075. Harvest-related edge effects on prey availability and foraging of hooded warblers in a bottomland hardwood forest.
Kilgo, John C.
Condor 107(3): 627-636. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Arthropoda:
forestry/ strategies/ abundance effects/ avian predator foraging
efficincy relations/ forest habitat/ population size/ forestry
strategies effects/ avian predator foraging efficiency relations/ avian
predators/ Wilsonia citrina/ predator foraging efficiency/ forestry
strategies effect on prey abundance relations/ forest and woodland/
Hardwood forest habitat/ avian predator foraging efficiency/ South
Carolina/ Aiken/ Allendale and Barnwell counties/ abundance/ Aves,
Passeriformes, Parulidae/ arthropods/ birds/ chordates/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
The effects of harvest-created canopy gaps in bottomland hardwood
forests on arthropod abundance and, hence, the foraging ecology of
birds are poorly understood. I predicted that arthropod abundance would
be high near edges of group-selection harvest gaps and lower in the
surrounding forest, and that male Hooded Warblers (Wilsonia citrina)
foraging near gaps would find more prey per unit time than those
foraging in the surrounding forest. In fact, arthropod abundance was
greater >100 m from a gap edge than at 0-30 m or 30-100 m from an
edge, due to their abundance on switchcane (Arundinaria gigantea);
arthropods did not differ in abundance among distances from gaps on
oaks (Quercus spp.) or red maple (Acer rubrum). Similarly, Hooded
Warbler foraging attack rates were not higher near gap edges: when
foraging for fledglings, attack rate did not differ among distances
from gaps, but when foraging for themselves, attack rates actually were
lower 0-30 m from gap edges than 30-100 m or >100 m from a gap edge.
Foraging attack rate was positively associated with arthropod
abundance. Hooded Warblers apparently encountered fewer prey and
presumably foraged less efficiently where arthropods were least
abundant, i.e., near gaps. That attack rates among birds foraging for
fledglings were not affected by distance from gap (and hence arthropod
abundance) suggests that prey availability may not be limiting at any
location across the forest, despite the depressing effects of gaps on
arthropod abundance.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1076. Harvest
retention patches are insufficient as stand analogues of fire residuals
for litter-dwelling beetles in northern coniferous forests.
Gandhi, K. J. K.; Spence, J. R.; Langor, D. W.;
Morgantini, L. E.; and Cryer, K. J.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 1319-1329.
(June 2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35
Descriptors: conifers/
forest stands/ forest trees/ canopy gaps/ habitat fragmentation/ forest
insects/ forest litter/ Coleoptera/ fauna/ species diversity/ logging/
forest fires/ insect ecology/ forest habitats/ refuge habitats/ stand
structure/ forest succession/ population size/ conservation practices/
Alberta/ residual size/ residual shape/ plant ecology/ forestry
related/ animal ecology and behavior/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation
Abstract:
We compared litter-dwelling beetle assemblages of <1- to 2-ha
unharvested coniferous patches embedded in 1-year-old clearcuts with
beetle assemblages from <1- to 10-ha unburned fire residuals within
15- and 37-year-old burned forests. Our primary objective was to
determine whether unharvested patches retain biotic elements that are
similar to those of the surrounding uncut forests and to those of
patches of forest skipped by wildfires. Beetle assemblages of the
harvest residuals were similar to those of the uncut forest, suggesting
that harvest residuals retain elements of the mature forest. However,
beetle assemblages of harvest residuals differed from those of fire
residuals. Thus, harvest residuals sited without regard to microhabitat
characteristics or stand structure in fire residuals are insufficient
analogues for the late successional habitats provided by fire
residuals. There was no relationship between size of harvest residuals
and either beetle catch or diversity. Beetle catches were higher in
round harvest residuals, and a number of forest species also appeared
to be aggregated in round residuals. Forest managers may preserve
biotic elements of young uncut forest by leaving round harvest
residuals in clearcuts; however, a closer habitat match between harvest
and fire residuals is likely required to preserve and maintain
landscape-level forest biodiversity.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1077. Harvesting
impacts on selected floral and faunal communities in the Mississippi River batture lands: Pre-treatment measurements.
Lockhart, Brian R.; Thompson, Lynne C.; Tappe, Philip A.; Peitz, David G.; Weih, Robert C.; Guo, Yanfei;
Brown, Nicholas R.; Lawson, Edwin R.; and Ku, Timothy T.
In: Proceedings of the southern forested wetlands ecology and management conference/ Flynn, Kathryn M.
Clemson: Consortium for Research on Southern Forested Wetlands, 1996; pp. 30-35.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Carabidae/ Aves: forestry/ practices/ community structure relationship/
community structure/ forestry practices effect/ forest and woodland/
Mississippi/ Issaquena County/ Pittman Island/ influence of forestry
practices/ bottomland forest/ Carabidae/ Caraboidea, Adephaga,
Coleoptera, Insecta/ arthropods/ birds/ chordates/ coleopterans/
beetles/ insects/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1078. Herpetofaunal assemblages in relation to forestry practices on wildlife management areas in northeast Louisiana.
Dixson, Marcie. University of Louisiana at Monroe, 2006.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Carr, John L.
Descriptors: forestry
practices/ bottomland hardwood forests/ wildlife management/
reforestation/ Bayou Lafourche/ Louisiana/ Ouachita Parish
Abstract:
Ouachita (Owma) and Russell Sage Wildlife Management Areas
(RSWMA) are state-owned and managed public lands in Ouachita Parish,
northeast Louisiana. Both are comprised of bottomland hardwood
forest within the Bayou Lafourche floodplain, although OWMA also has
extensive areas of reforested agricultural fields. Between the two
WMAs, twenty-six 500-meter transects were marked. Visual encounter
surveys (VES), and drift fence surveys were conducted along transects,
whereas anuran call surveys were conducted at points independent of the
transects. Surveys conducted from April 2003 through November 2004
resulted in 40 species at OWMA and 42 species at RSWMA. Both VES and
drift fence sampling individually accounted for a little over half
(55-68%) of the total species known from each WMA. the two techniques
produced very similar indices of overall similarity. Significant
differences in diversity were found
among
treatments at Owma between the reforested and forested tracts, with the
reforested areas having less diversity. at RSWMA there were no
significant effects of timber treatment management.
© NISC
1079. Herpetofaunal species richness responses to forest landscape structure in Arkansas.
Loehle, Craig; Wigley, T. Bently; Shipman, Paul A.;
Fox, Stanley F.; Rutzmoser, Scott; Thill, Ronald E.; and Melchiors, M. Anthony
Forest Ecology and Management 209(3): 293-308. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ management strategies effect on
species diversity/ species diversity/ forest habitat characteristics
and management strategies relations/ forest and woodland/ habitat
characteristics and management strategies/ species diversity relations/
Arkansas/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Species accumulation curves were used to study relationships between
herpetofaunal richness and habitat characteristics on four watersheds
in Arkansas that differed markedly with respect to management
intensity. Selected habitat characteristics were estimated for stands
containing the sample points and within buffers with radii of 250, 500
m, and 1 km surrounding the sample points. Richness of all three
herpetofarmal groups (amphibians, reptiles, and all herpetofauna) was
greater in hardwood forests than in pine or mixed pine-hardwood. For
all three groups, the youngest forest age class had the most species.
For amphibians and total herpetofauna, richness declined as stand ages
increased. Reptiles had the highest richness at sample points with the
lowest class of stand basal area (BA), whereas amphibians were richest
at points having the highest BA. In contrast to expectations, there was
no effect of distance from water on richness of any taxa; however, we
may have had incomplete data on the spatial distribution of small ponds
outside the sample plots because they were not recorded in the GIS
data. Results for distance to roads were ambiguous, but with more
separation of compared curves as more plots were sampled. a positive
influence of road proximity was suggested. There was a positive effect
of buffer age diversity at the 250 m scale for all three herpetofaunal
groups, but less so at scales >250 m except for amphibians, which
also showed a positive effect at the 1 km scale. The two most
intensively managed watersheds had higher species richness than the two
less intensively managed watersheds for reptiles, amphibians, and both
groups combined. In this study landscape, where urban and agricultural
influences were minimal, we did not observe
negative
impacts of forest management and associated activities, and local
habitat heterogeneity created by silviculture often had a positive
effect on herpetofaunal species richness. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1080. Herpetological habitat relations in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas.
Crosswhite, D. L.; Fox, S. F.; and Thill, R. E.
In:
Ouachita and Ozark Mountains Symposium: Ecosystem Management Research,
General Technical Report-SRS 74/ Guldin, J. M.; Asheville, NC: Southern
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004.
pp. 273-282.
Descriptors: canopy/
clear felling/ dead wood/ forest litter/ forest management/ forests/
ground cover/ habitats/ mixed forests/ mountain areas/ mountain
forests/ rotations/ selective felling/ silvicultural systems/ wild
animals/ wildlife conservation/ Amphibia/ Pinus echinata/ Quercus/
reptiles
Abstract:
We studied habitat relationships of the herpetofauna inhabiting
managed pine-oak woodlands of the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas. We
used drift fence arrays with pitfall and double-ended funnel traps to
sample two replications each of three treatments: young clearcuts,
selectively harvested stands, and late-rotation untreated controls. Our
objectives were to compare herpetofaunal communities among these
treatments and to quantify habitat relationships. Ninety-one days of
trapping over two field seasons yielded 633 captures representing 35
species. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that species
composition differed significantly among treatments. The most distinct
separation of species groups was between reptiles and amphibians;
reptiles were far more abundant in the young, xeric clearcuts, while
amphibians were most abundant in the other two treatments. Four habitat
parameters (canopy coverage, litter depth, woody plant cover, and
large, woody debris) explained much of the variation in species
composition among sample sites. Several species showed clear
preferences for particular habitats.
© CABI
1081. Heterospecific facilitation of forest-boundary crossing by mobbing understory birds in north-central Florida.
Sieving, K. E.; Contreras, T. A.; and Maute, K. L.
Auk 121(3): 738-751. (2004)
Descriptors: Megascops asio/ Florida/ birds/ forest birds/ predation risk/ predation management/ forest habitat
Abstract:
Perception of predation risk by animals living in habitat mosaics
moderates movement behaviors, potentially influencing the connectivity
of landscapes. Perception of risk varies with environmental factors,
which opens the possibility of managing connectivity for animals in
fragmented landscapes. Observing understory forest birds wintering in
north-central Florida, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of
the Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), a vigilant, socially dominant
flocking species, would increase the propensity of multispecies flocks
engaged in mobbing to cross forest boundaries and move into open areas.
Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) calls were broadcast next to an
owl model at sites within continuous oak forest habitats (control) or
just outside of forest in either old-field habitats with clustered
saplings and shrub cover (shrub treatment) or in early successional
habitats (open treatment; 11 trials in each habitat). In both
treatments (forest adjacent to open or shrub), models were positioned
15 m from forest boundaries in nonforest habitat. For each individual
responding to the playback (i.e. that entered a 30-m radius around the
model), we recorded the species and its proximity to the model using
three distance classes: within 15 m (at the forest edge), 10 m (out in
the open), and 1 m (at the model). Both greater vegetative cover and
presence of titmice were significantly correlated with proportion of
responding individuals and species that approached and crossed forest
boundaries, and the effects were additive. We show experimentally that
socially dominant titmice can facilitate forest-boundary crossing by
other bird species, which suggests a potential mechanism defining
connectivity in fragmented landscapes for wintering forest birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1082. Home range and survival characteristics of male Bachman's sparrows in an old-growth forest managed with breeding season burns.
Cox, James A. and Jones, Clark D.
Journal of Field Ornithology 78(3): 263-269. (2007)
Descriptors: Fringillidae/
Passeriformes/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Bachman's sparrow/ longleaf pine/
Pinus palustris/ survival/ site fidelity/ prescribed burning/ home range/ Georgia
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is essential for maintaining suitable habitat for
Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis), but burns conducted during
the breeding season may lead to site abandonment and low survival or
productivity. We monitored a color-banded population of Bachman's
Sparrow in Georgia for four breeding seasons to assess home range
size, site fidelity, and survival in an area managed primarily using
breeding season burns. Our study area was one of the last remaining
tracts of old-growth longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), and alternating
halves of the tract were burned during the breeding season during each
year of our study. Mean home range size for males (N= 46) during the
breeding season was 3.1 ha based on 95% fixed kernel analysis and 1.8
ha based on minimum convex polygons. Breeding season burning had no
effect on male site fidelity and home range characteristics. The
proportion of males remaining on burned areas was similar to the
proportion remaining on unburned areas. Shifts in home range centroids
pre- and postburn were also similar for males on unburned (median =
49.7 m) and burned (median = 65.6 m) areas. In addition, the size of
home ranges that were burned (ha) was similar to that of home ranges
that were not burned (ha). Estimated annual survival for males was
0.59. The median shift in annual home range centers calculated for 38
males observed during multiple breeding seasons was 63 m and, coupled
with our survival estimates, suggest greater site fidelity than
previously reported. These results suggest that breeding season burns
were not as detrimental to Bachman's Sparrows as reported at other
locations, and such burns may be helpful in maintaining suitable
habitat.
© NISC
1083. Home range and survival of breeding painted buntings on Sapelo Island, Georgia.
Springborn, E. G. and Meyers, J. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(4): 1432-1439. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Georgia/ home range/ maritime shrub/ movement/ painted bunting/ Passerina ciris/ pine-oak forest/ Sapelo Island/ wetlands
Abstract:
The southeastern United States population of the painted bunting
(Passerina ciris) has decreased approximately 75% from 1966-1996 based
on Breeding Bird Survey trends. Partners in Flight guidelines recommend
painted bunting conservation as a high priority with a need for
management by state and federal agencies. Basic information on home
range and survival of breeding painted buntings will provide managers
with required habitat types and estimates of land areas necessary to
maintain minimum population sizes for this species. We radiotracked
after-second-year male and after-hatching-year female buntings on Sapelo Island, Georgia, during the breeding seasons
(late April-early August) of 1997 and 1998. We used the animal movement
extension in ArcView to determine fixed-kernel home range in an
unmanaged maritime shrub and managed 60-80-year-old pine
(Pinus
spp.)-oak (Quercus spp.) forest. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, we
estimated an adult breeding season survival of 1.00 for males (n = 36)
and 0.94 (SE = 0.18) for females (n = 27). Painted bunting home ranges
were smaller in unmanaged maritime shrub (female: kernel x = 3.5 ha
[95% CI: 2.5-4.5]; male: kernel x = 3.1 ha [95% CI: 2.3-3.9]) compared
to those in managed pine-oak forests (female: kernel x = 4.7 ha [95%
CI: 2.8-6.6]; male: kernel x = 7.0 ha [95% CI: 4.9-9.1]). Buntings
nesting in the managed pine-oak forest flew long distances (≥ 300 m)
to forage in salt marshes, freshwater wetlands, and moist forest
clearings. In maritime shrub buntings occupied a compact area and
rarely moved long distances. The painted bunting population
of Sapelo Island requires conservation of maritime shrub as
potential optimum nesting habitat and management of nesting habitat in
open-canopy pine-oak sawtimber forests by periodic prescribed fire
(every 4-6 years) and timber thinning within a landscape that contains
salt marsh or freshwater wetland openings within 700 m of those
forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1084. How dead trees sustain live organisms in western forests.
Bunnell, Fred L.; Houde, Isabelle; Johnston, Barb; and Wind, Elke
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.;
Shea,
P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station,
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp.
291-318.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ reproduction/ reproductive
behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Vertebrata: habitat
management/ dead tree use/ dead wood use/ forest/ foraging/ breeding
site/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ North America/ Pacific
Northwest/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Dead wood contributes to biological richness as substrate, cavity
sites, foraging sites, and shelter or cover. In the Pacific
Northwest, 69 vertebrate species commonly use cavities, 47species
respond positively to down wood, and prevalence of both uses is related
to natural fir regimes. Almost 80 percent of nests of weak excavators
are in dead trees; strong excavators make greater use of live trees.
Most bat roosts are in dead trees, whereas carnivores use mostly
declining, living trees. Selection of both cavity and foraging sites is
governed by decay patterns. Some species prefer large pieces of down
wood. Management implications are discussed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1085. How should we spatially distribute dying and dead wood?
Bunnell, Fred L.; Boyland, Mark; and Wind, Elke
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.; Shea, P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 739-752.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Vertebrata: forestry/ habitat use/
spatial distribution/ dead wood density/ habitat management/ habitat
utilization/ habitat preference/ forest and woodland/ North America/
Pacific Northwest/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We consider density and degree of aggregation of dead wood.
Cavity nesters as a group respond asymptotically to snag density and
attain half their maximum density at about 2.4 large snags/hectare.
However, individual species show different responses, and there is no
apparent effect of territoriality among smaller species. Dispersed
retention of trees and snags strongly favors secondary cavity nesters
and increases their abundance above that found in mature or old-growth
forests: large patches favor primary nesters. Despite good operational
and biological reasons for patchwise retention of dead wood, there are
negative effects on some species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1086. Hypothetical
response of mixed Douglas-fir tan oak forests to different fire
intensity-severity levels: Implications for terrestrial salamanders and
their habitats.
Major, Don J. and Edwards, Thomas C.
Northwestern Naturalist 84(2): 105. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Plethodon
spp./ forest ecosystems/ fire regimes/ salamanders/ Douglas fir/ tan
oak/ Pseudotsuga menzeseii/ Lithocarpus densifloris/ Pacific Northwest
region
Abstract:
Fire suppression activities in many forested ecosystems have
dramatically altered stand structure and ensuing fire regimes of
fire-dependent ecosystems. In the Pacific Northwest, the
effect of fire suppression on stand structure and composition is likely
to be most dramatic in fire-dependent systems characterized by short
fire return intervals and mixed severity fire regimes. Prescribed
burning has been identified as an effective management strategy to both
reduce excessive fuel loadings (short-term) and successfully maintain
(long-term) the fire-dependent mixed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menzeseii) tan oak (Lithocarpus densifloris) forests of the
Klamath-Siskiyou region. These forests are also the home to two
endemic terrestrial salamanders (Plethodon spp.). The direct and
indirect effects of natural (wildland fire) and prescribed burning
activities on these resident terrestrial salamanders and their habitats
remain unknown. We examined the effect of different fire
intensity-severity levels on post-fire stand structure and composition
in mixed Douglas-fir-tan oak forests with the use of a conceptual model
of pre- and post-fire response profiles describing stand and forest
floor structure-composition. This information was combined with
preliminary observations from our current work and published ecological
requirements of these terrestrial salamanders to identify potential
fire-mediated changes in important habitat components.
Stand-level dynamics resulting from the identified response
profiles were explored to provide insights on potential fine- and
coarse-scale impacts of fire as well as identify specific knowledge
gaps in fire-salamander relationships.
© NISC
1087. Identifying habitat linkages for American black bears in North Carolina, USA.
Kindall, Jason L. and Van Manen, Frank T.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 487-495. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Carnivora/
Ursidae/ Ursus americanus/ wildlife management/ habitat linkage/
forests/ ecosystems/ forest cohesion and agriculture edge density/
habitat management/ habitat use/ highway underpass positioning/ home
range-territory/ North Carolina/ Washington County, Albemarle-Pamlico
Peninsula/ behavior/ conservation/ wildlife management/ land zones
Abstract:
Understanding landscape structure and the role of habitat linkages is
important to managing wildlife populations in fragmented landscapes. We
present a data-based method for identifying local- and regional-scale
habitat linkages for American black bears (Ursus americanus) on the
Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula of North Carolina, USA. We used
weights-of-evidence, a discrete multivariate technique for combining
spatial data, to make predictions about bear habitat use from 1,771
telemetry locations on 2 study areas (n = 35 bears). The model included
3 variables measured at a 0.2-km(2) scale: forest cohesion, forest
diversity, and forest-agriculture edge density, adequately describing
important habitat characteristics for bears on our study area. We used
2 categories of unique habitat conditions to delineate favorable bear
habitat, which correctly classified 79.5% of the bear locations in a
10-fold model validation. Forest cohesion and forest-agriculture
edge density were the most powerful predictors of black bear habitat
use. We used predicted probabilities of bear occurrence from the model
to delineate habitat linkages among local and regional areas where bear
densities were relatively high. Our models clearly identified 2 of the
3 sites previously recommended for wildlife underpasses on a new,
4-lane highway in the study area. Our approach yielded insights into
how landscape metrics can be integrated to identify linkages suitable
as habitat and dispersal routes.
© NISC
1088. Immediate,
landscape-scale impacts of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management
on herpetofaunal communities of the Missouri Ozark Forest ecosystem project.
Renken, Rochelle B. and Fantz, Debby K.
In:
Proceedings of the Second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project
Symposium: Post-treatment Results of the Landscape Experiment, General
Technical Report-NC 227/ Shifely, S. R. and Kabrick, J. M.; St. Paul,
MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 171-182.
Notes: 0363-616X (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Reptilia: habitat
management/ forest management/ immediate landscape scale impacts/
community structure/ forest management/ forest and woodland/ Missouri/ Ozarks/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/
vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined the immediate, landscape-scale impacts of even-aged
and uneven-aged forest management on the species composition, species
richness, and relative abundance of herpetofaunal communities and
selected focal groups of species during the second and third years
following initial tree harvest on Missouri Ozark Forest
' Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) sites in southern Missouri. We
compared these measures of the pre-treatment (1992-1995) community to
measures of the 1998 and 1999 post-treatment communities. We did not
observe changes in species composition, species richness, and overall
amphibian and reptile relative abundance in 1998 or 1999 because of the
first-entry harvest within sites. Landscape-scale impacts also were not
observed in the relative abundances of woodland salamanders (Plethodon
spp.) and a group of small snakes (prairie ring-necked snake
(Diaclophis punctatus arnyi), northern red-bellied snake (Storeria
occipitomaculata occipitomaculata), and western smooth earthsnake
(Virginia valeriae elegans)). We did observe a landscape-scale
effect on pond-breeding salamanders (Ambystoma spp.) and skinks
(Eumeces spp.). Even-aged and uneven-aged forest management appeared to
dampen a natural oscillation in Ambystoma relative abundance estimates
on southwest-facing slopes and resulted in an increase in Eumeces
relative abundance on northeast-facing slopes in 1998. Potential
mechanisms for these observed impacts and future analysis plans are
discussed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1089. Impact of forest type and management strategy on avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA.
Twedt, D. J.; Wilson, R. R.; Henne-Kerr, J. L.; and Hamilton, R. B.
Forest Ecology and Management 123(2-3): 261-274. (1999)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: agro-forestry/
avian density/ bottomland hardwood forests/ cottonwood plantations/
forest birds/ forest management effects/ silviculture/ avifauna/
density/ forest management/ species richness/ United States/ Geothlypis
trichas/ Hylochichla mustelina/ Icteria virens/ Passerina cyanea/
Populus deltoides/ Vireo griseus
Abstract: Avian
territory densities were determined from 20 Breeding Bird
Censuses in mature (>30 years) bottomland hardwood stands and 18
Breeding Bird Censuses in young (6-9 years old) cottonwood (Populus
deltoides) plantations in
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Avian species richness,
diversity, and territory density
were greater (p < 0.01) in bottomland hardwood stands than in
intensively-managed cottonwood stands but these parameters were not
impacted by selective timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands
nor by method of regeneration within cottonwood plantations (p >
0.05). Even so, detrended correspondence analysis based on avian
territory densities readily segregated forest types and silvicultural
treatments. Timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands resulted
in a shift in bird communities toward those found in cottonwood stands
by increasing the densities of early-successional species such as
Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria
virens), and Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Conversely,
regenerating cottonwood stands from root sprouts; rather than planting
stem cuttings, resulted in a shift in bird communities toward those
found in bottomland hardwood stands by increasing densities of species
such as White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla
mustelina). Tree species diversity, angular canopy cover, and midstory
density were positively associated with bird species assemblages in
bottomland hardwood stands, whereas vegetation density at ground level
was positively associated with bird communities in cottonwood
plantations. Conversion of agricultural fields to short-rotation
cottonwood plantations results in increased breeding bird populations
by adding up to 140 additional territories 40 ha-1.
Even so, relative conservation values, derived from indicator species
analysis and Partners in Flight concern scores, suggest that mature
bottomland hardwood forests are twice as 'valuable' for bird
conservation as are cottonwood plantations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1090. The impact of the timing of brush management on the nutritional value of woody browse for moose, Alces alces.
Rea, Roy V. and Gillingham, Michael P.
Journal of Applied Ecology 38(4): 710-719. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ land and freshwater zones/ Canada/
Alces alces (Cervidae): forestry/ brush management timing/ food plants/
Salix scouleriana (Scouler's willow)/ woody browse/ nutritional
value/ British Columbia/ Vanderhoof/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla,
Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
1. We examined how the removal of above-ground biomass (mechanical
brushing) at different times of the year affected the nutritional value
of regenerating shoots of Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana for moose
for two winters after brushing. 2. Brushing trials were conducted
throughout the 1996 and 1997 growing seasons in central British
Columbia on a 10-year-old regenerating clear-cut replanted in lodgepole
pine Pinus contorta var. latifolia. 3. We assessed the nutritional
value of the browse in relation to length, diameter, mass, digestible
energy, digestible protein, tannin and lignin content of current annual
growth shoots in winter, as well as the phenology of plant leafing. 4.
One winter after brushing, willows brushed in early July had shoots
that were lower in lignin, higher in digestible protein and lower or
not different in tannin content compared with shoots from earlier
brushed or unbrushed willows. Willows brushed in early July also had
long, heavy, shoots that were high in digestible energy and delayed
leaf senescence. 5. In the second winter after brushing, willows that
were brushed in July had larger shoots that were lower in digestible
energy, digestible protein, tannin and lignin content and delayed leaf
senescence compared with several other treatments. Willows brushed
after July regenerated negligible shoot material in the first year
after brushing. Willows brushed in September delayed leaf flush in the
first post-brushing spring. 6. To increase the nutritional value of
woody browse for cervids, we suggest that brushing should be performed
in early to mid-July (mid-summer). 7. Reductions in browse quality and
quantity may negatively affect many mammalian species. Therefore, we
recommend that the needs of other fauna potentially affected by changes
in shrub architecture, shoot morphology and shoot chemistry be
considered when planning the timing of brush management activities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1091. Impact of timber harvest on species accumulation curves for oak herbivore communities of the Missouri Ozarks.
Marquis, Robert J.; Forkner, Rebecca; Lill, John T.; and
Le Corff, Josiane
In:
Proceedings of the Second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project
Symposium: Post-treatment Results of the Landscape Experiment, General
Technical Report-NC 227/ Shifely, S. R. and Kabrick, J. M.; St. Paul,
MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 183-195.
Notes: 0363-616X (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ parasites diseases and disorders/ hosts/
ecology/ community structure/ land zones/ Insecta: habitat management/
forest management/ timber harvest methods/ oak herbivore diversity/
food plants/ Quercus alba/ Quercus velutina/ herbivore diversity/ plant
hosts/ species diversity/ Missouri/ Ozarks/ Insecta/ arthropods/
insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We report the effects of two timber harvest methods, even-aged
and uneven-aged harvest, versus no harvest on species accumulation
curves for leaf-chewing herbivores of Quercus alba and Q. velutina in
the Missouri Ozarks. The study was part of a larger project, the
Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP). Herbivores were
sampled four times during the year (early May, June, July, and late
August) for each of 4 years after cutting. Species accumulation curves
were generated by plotting the total number of species recorded per
leaf area sampled in all stands (N=6 stands/site) within a site in May
1997, the first census of the first year following cutting, and then
adding the number of new species encountered in each subsequent census
through the end of 2000, Treatment effects first became apparent in
1998. Uneven-aged management tended to reduce the rate of species
accumulation across years for Q. alba compared to no harvest (control)
and even-aged management, although marginally so. In contrast,
even-aged management significantly increased the rate of species
accumulation on Q. velutina compared to no harvest, with uneven-aged
curves lower than no harvest. The May and June censuses contributed
most to the treatment effect for Q. alba and Q. velutina, respectively.
We interpret these results to mean that the treatments either increased
or decreased population size relative to controls, thus resulting in an
increased or decreased probability, respectively, of sampling a
species. Species accumulation curves were lower for younger forests,
suggesting that continued cutting, regardless of harvesting method,
will reduce species richness of this herbivore fauna.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1092. Impacts of alternative timber harvest practices on leaf-chewing herbivores of oak.
Forkner, Rebecca E.; Marquis, Robert J.; Lill, John T.; and Le Corff, Josiane
Conservation Biology 20(2): 429-440. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Lepidoptera: forestry/
alternative timber harvest practices/ leaf chewing communities/ oak
forests/ habitat management/ food plants/ Quercus alba/ Quercus
vetulina/ community structure/ population density/ forest and woodland/
Missouri/ Ozark Forest/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/
lepidopterans
Abstract:
Studies of the effects of logging on Lepidoptera rarely address
landscape-level effects or effects on larval, leaf-feeding stages. We
examined the impacts of uneven-aged and even-aged logging on the
abundance, richness, and community structure of leaf-chewing insects of
white (Quercus alba L.) and black (Q. velutina L.) oak trees remaining
in unharvested areas by sampling 3 years before and 7 years after
harvest. After harvest, white oaks in uneven-aged sites had 32% fewer
species of leaf-chewing insects than control sites. This reduction in
species richness may have resulted from changes in microclimate
(reducing plant quality and/or changing leaf phenology) that affected a
much larger total area of each site than did even-aged cuts. For black
oak after harvest, species richness in uneven- and even-aged sites
increased relative to levels before harvest. Harvesting did not alter
total insect density or community structure in the unlogged habitat for
either oak species with one exception: insect density on black oak
increased in the oldest forest block. Community structure of herbivores
of black and white oaks in clearcut gaps differed from that of oaks in
intact areas of even-aged sites. Furthermore, both richness and total
insect density of black oaks were reduced in clearcut gaps. We suggest
that low-level harvests alter herbivore species richness at the
landscape level. Treatment effects were subtle because we sampled
untreated areas of logged landscapes, only one harvest had occurred,
and large temporal and spatial variation in abundance and richness
existed. Although the effects of logging were greater in uneven-aged
sites, the effects of even-aged management are likely to increase as
harvesting continues.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1093. Impacts of land management practices on a population of nine-banded armadillos in northern Florida.
McDonough, C. M. and Loughry, W. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(4): 1198-1209. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: armadillo/ Dasypus novemcinctus/ fire/ Florida/ hardwood removal
Abstract:
Over a 12-year period (1992-2003), we examined the impact of prescribed
burning and hardwood removal on a population of nine-banded armadillos
(Dasypus novemcinctus) located at Tall Timbers Research Station just
north of Tallahassee, Florida. Although these armadillos
are often found in close proximity to humans, there currently are no
data on how they are affected by human impacts on the environment.
Responses to annual burns between 1992-1997 indicated that in some
years armadillos, particularly adults, avoided areas that had been
burned, but effects were inconsistent and relatively weak. In contrast,
hardwood removal during 1998-2000 coincided with a significant decline
in population numbers that continued through 2003. However,
interpretation of hardwood removal effects was complicated by the
occurrence of a severe drought during the same time period. Comparisons
between animals in logged and unlogged parts of the study area during
the period of hardwood removal revealed few differences, suggesting
drought was an important influence. However, because our population
continued to decline after the drought ended, it seems likely that
hardwood removal generated more persistent effects that were
temporarily masked by the drought. We observed armadillos frequently in
logged areas, probably because few other habitat choices were
available. Armadillos weighed less during and after hardwood removal
than prior to it. Although adult reproductive behavior appeared largely
unaffected by logging, numbers of juveniles captured and recruited
declined significantly with the onset of hardwood removal. There was no
evidence that the disturbance from logging caused increases in
distances moved by animals that remained in the study area. Our results
may have broader implications for predicting how armadillo populations
in Latin America will be affected by similar land management
practices.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1094. Implementing
the expanded prescribed fire program on the Gila National
Forest, New Mexico: Implications for snag management.
Boucher, Paul F.; Block, William M.; Benavidez, Gary V.; and Wiebe, L. E.
NMOS Bulletin 29(2): 25-26. (2001).
Notes: Published by the New Mexico Ornithological Society.
Descriptors: birds/
ecosystems/ snags/ habitat management/ forests, coniferous/ ponderosa
pine/ fires-burns/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ habitat use/ Pinus
ponderosa/ Pinus spp./ New Mexico/ Gila National
Forest
Abstract:
Efforts to return natural fire to the Gila National Forest, New Mexico,
have resulted in controversy regarding management of snags (standing
dead trees). The importance of snags for wildlife, especially
cavity-dependent birds, is well documented. Although general uses of
snags by birds are known (nesting, roosting, perching, and foraging),
the authors know little about the optimum number of snags that would
persist under a natural fire regime. Recently, efforts were initiated
to understand relationships among snags, birds, and fire in
fire-adapted ponderosa pine forests of the southwestern United
States. Preliminary results suggest that fire exclusion has resulted in
large numbers of old snags (dead
>or= six years), but few recent snags (dead < six years). In
contrast, fewer old snags but more recent snags were found on areas
experiencing a recent fire. Understanding snag dynamics under
conditions that emulate natural fire regimes is key to understanding
the ramifications of management efforts. For example, snags may need to
be removed in order to hold a prescribed fire within the maximum
manageable area. Although some existing snags are lost, replacement
snags are created as a result of the fire. Information that details the
range of variation of snag dynamics follow natural fire events may help
guide key management decisions made during the fire and satisfy
ecological and safety concerns.
© NISC
1095. Importance of coarse woody debris to avian communities in loblolly pine forests.
Lohr, S. M.; Gauthreaux, S. A.; and Kilgo, J. C.
Conservation Biology 16(3): 767-777. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01019.x.
Descriptors: avifauna/
coarse woody debris/ community composition/ habitat management/ habitat
use/ nesting/ snag/ Aves/ Galliformes/ Melanerpes/ Melanerpes
erythrocephalus/ Myiarchus/ Myiarchus crinitus/ Picidae/ Pinus taeda/
Pipilo/ Pipilo erythrophthalmus/ Thryothorus/ Thryothorus ludovicianus/
Troglodytes troglodytes
Abstract:
To investigate the importance of standing (snags) and down coarse woody
debris (DCWD) to bird communities in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
forests, we compared breeding (1997-1999) and nonbreeding (1997-1998,
1998-1999) responses of birds among two coarse woody debris (CWD)
removal and control treatments. In each of four blocks, we established
four experimental units: (1) DCWD removed, (2) snags and DCWD removed,
and (3) and (4) unmodified control plots. We quantified vegetation
layers to determine their effects on the experimental outcome. Total
breeding bird abundance, abundance of resident species, breeding bird
diversity, breeding species richness, and abundance of Great Crested
Flycatchers (Myiarchus crinitus) were reduced by the removal of DCWD
and snags. Total woodpecker and Carolina Wren (Thryothorus
ludovicianus) breeding territories were reduced by snag removal Weak
excavating and secondary cavity-nesting species, Neotropical migrants,
and Eastern Towhees (Pipilio erythrophthalmus) had fewer breeding
territories on plots where DCWD was removed. Red-headed Woodpeckers
(Melanerpes erythrocephalus) and midstory and canopy-nesting species
were at lowest densities on plots where all CWD had been removed. The
CWD removal had no effect on the nonbreeding bird community. Most
breeding and nonbreeding species used habitats with sparse midstory and
well-developed understory, whereas sparse canopy cover and dense
midstory were important to some nonbreeding species. Snag and DCWD
retention, and practices that maintain a dense understory and sparse
midstory and canopy, will create favorable breeding habitat for many
bird species of loblolly pine forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1096. Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock.
Dessecker, D. R. and McAuley, D. G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 456-465. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: American
woodcock/ aspen/ Bonasa umbellus/ early successional habitat/ even-age
management/ Ruffed grouse/ Scolopax minor/ abundance/ forest
management/ gamebird/ population decline/ United States/ Bonasa
umbellus/ Scolopax minor
Abstract:
Ruffled grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and American woodcock (Scolopax minor)
provide of days of recreation each year for people in the eastern
United States (U.S). These popular game birds depend on early
successional forest habitats throughout much of the year. Ruffed grouse
and woodcock populations are declining in the eastern United
States as an abundance of shrub-dominated and young forest habitats
decrease in most of the region. Continued decreases in early
successional forest habitats are likely on nonindustrial private forest
lands as ownership fragmentation increases and tract size decreases and
on public forest lands due to societal attitudes toward proactive
forest management, especially even-age treatments.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1097. Importance of patch scale vs. landscape scale on selected forest birds.
Lee, M.; Fahrig, L.; Freemark, K.; and Currie, D. J.
Oikos 96(1): 110-118. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299
Descriptors: Aves/ abundance/ birds/ data analysis/ dispersion/ field technique/ forest/ habitat management/ Ontario/ Canada
© NISC
1098. Increasing canopy heterogeneity to create structural and biological complexity in young, managed forests.
Wilson, Todd M.
Northwestern Naturalist 87(2): 193. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733.
Notes:
Conference: 2006 Annual Meetings of the Society for Northwestern
Vertebrate Biology and the Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society,
held jointly at Evergreen State College, Washington, March 27-April 1,
2006.
Descriptors: forest
management/ birds/ invertebrates/ mammals/ wildlife/ habitat
management/ monitoring/ forest canopy/ thinning/ Pacific Northwest
Abstract:
Young, simplified forests currently dominate much of the managed
landscape in the Pacific Northwest. Increasing canopy
heterogeneity through variable-density thinning (VDT) has been
suggested as one way to help stimulate key ecological processes in
these forests that, over time, can lead to structurally and
biologically complex forests that provide habitat for a wide range of
organisms, including old growth associated species like northern
spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). Two large-scale experimental
studies, The Forest Ecosystem Study in the Puget Trough and the Olympic
Habitat Development Study on the Olympic Peninsula, were initiated in
the early 1990s to test this hypothesis. Treatment effects were
measured by monitoring key biotic communities in 51 stands, including
arboreal rodents (squirrels and chipmunks), forest-floor small mammals
(mice, voles, and shrews), resident and neotropical birds, terrestrial
amphibians, mycorrhizal fungi, litter invertebrates,a nd under-, mid-,
and over-story vegetation. Overall results to date suggest that 1) VDT
had positive or neutral effects for most (but not all) organisms two to
11 y post-thinning, 2) prior management history had a major influence
on treatment effects and stand trajectories, 3) future success in
accelerating complexity may depend on managing for site-specific issues
such as laminated root rot and competitive exclusion by clonal natives,
and 4) VDT appears promising as part of a suite of
new
eco-silviculture tools to create healthy forests that provide
sustainable habitats for a wide range of plant and wildlife
communities, including threatened and endangered species.
© NISC
1099. Influence
of a granivorous diversionary food on population dynamics of montane
voles (Microtus montanus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and
western harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis).
Sullivan, T. P. and Sullivan, D. S.
Crop Protection 23(3): 191-200. (2004); ISSN: 02612194.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2003.08.005.
Descriptors: deer
mice/ diversionary food/ feeding damage/ Microtus/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ population dynamics/ Reithrodontomys megalotis/ Sunflower
seed/ voles/ Western harvest mice/ food supplementation/ forest/ pest
control/ pest damage/ population dynamics/ rodent/ British Columbia/
Canada/ North America/ summerland/ Microtus montanus/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ Pinus contorta/ Reithrodontomys megalotis
Abstract:
Feeding damage to forest and agricultural crops by voles of the genera
Microtus and Clethrionomys occurs periodically in temperate and boreal
ecosystems. Application of diversionary food is an alternative
management practice that does not rely on a reduction in the target
population. This study tested two hypotheses that a granivorous
diversionary food, sunflower seeds, would (1) reduce feeding damage to
tree seedlings by montane voles (Microtus montanus) without enhancing
abundance or other population attributes and (2) enhance population
dynamics of non-target deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and western
harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis) in old field habitats at
Summerland, British Columbia, Canada in 1993-1995. Small mammal
populations were intensively live-trapped on replicate control and food
sites pre- and post-treatment in two (A and B) experiments (food
application rates of 68.1 and 113.5kg/ha). Mean abundance and
recruitment of voles/ha were similar between control and treatment
sites. Mean abundance and recruitment of deer mice was higher on
treatment than control sites in Experiment B but not in A. Mean
abundance and recruitment of western harvest mice was similar between
control and treatment sites. Overall survival (28-day), early juvenile
survival, and body mass showed no patterns for any of the species when
comparing control and treatment sites. This granivorous diversionary
food did not reduce feeding damage by voles to lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) seedlings. The supply of sunflower seed was likely
insufficient to divert voles from feeding on trees through the
overwinter (5-6 months) period. The predicted increase in numbers of
deer mice and western harvest mice appeared only as brief pulses of
animals, and hence may not have increased the intensity of competition
with voles.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1100. Influence
of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity
of plant and mammal communities in young lodgepole pine forest.
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; Lindgren, P. M. F.; and Boateng, J. O.
Forest Ecology and Management 170(1-3): 173-187. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00775-7.
Descriptors: glyphosate
herbicide/ lodgepole pine/ pre-commercial thinning/ small mammal
communities/ species diversity/ stand structure/ understory vegetation/
biodiversity/ ecosystems/ plants (botany)/ vegetation/ silviculture
practices/ forestry/ habitat use/ herbivore/ mammal/ silviculture/
stand structure/ thinning/ understory/ Canada/ Alces alces/ Cervidae/
Lepus/ Lepus americanus/ Mammalia/ Odocoileus/ Odocoileus hemionus/
Pinus contorta
Abstract: Silvicultural
practices that provide a wide variety of vegetative
composition and structure (habitats) in young stands should help manage
for biological diversity across forested landscapes. This study was
designed to test the hypotheses that: (i) abundance and diversity of
stand structure attributes (species diversity and structural diversity
of herb, shrub and tree layers) and forest floor small mammal
communities, and (ii) relative habitat use by large herbivores, will
increase from unthinned to conventionally thinned to chemically thinned
stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest. Replicate study
areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna
and Williams Lake in south-central British
Columbia, Canada. Each
study area had three treatments: a conventionally thinned, a chemically
thinned and an unthinned stand.
Pre-commercial thinning was conducted in 1993. Coniferous stand structure and understory vegetation
were measured prior to thinning in 1993 and 5 years later
in
1998. Small mammal populations were sampled intensively from 1993 to
1998. Relative habitat use by large herbivores was sampled in 1998. Our
results indicate that chemical thinning of young lodgepole pine stands
produced
an aggregated pattern of crop trees compared with stands subjected to
conventional thinning. Diameter growth of crop trees in the chemically
thinned stands
was similar to that in the conventionally thinned, but also
to
that in unthinned stands. Although horizontal stratification
(aggregates of trees) was enhanced, vertical stratification (structural
diversity of vegetation) was less in the chemically than conventionally
thinned stands. Abundance and diversity of understory vegetation and
small mammal communities were generally unaffected by stand thinning in
these particular installations. Relative habitat use by mule deer
(Odocoileus hemionus) occurred in a gradient from highest in the
conventionally thinned stand to lowest in the unthinned stand. Habitat
use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) tended to have the opposite
trend. Moose (Alces alces) exhibited no difference in habitat use among
stands. Thus, although there were few differences
among treatment stands, chemical thinning could be used to develop an aggregated pattern of crop trees in
pre-commercially thinned stands to maintain habitat
for herbivores such as snowshoe hares and mule
deer. Understory plant and forest floor small mammal communities would be maintained in these stands as well.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1101. Influence
of habitat characteristics on detected site occupancy of the New
Mexico endemic Sacramento Mountains salamander, Aneides hardii.
Haan, S. S.; Desmond, M. J.; Gould, W. R.; and Ward, J. P.
Journal of Herpetology 41(1): 1-8. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 00221511.
Notes: doi: 10.1670/0022-1511(2007) 41 [1:IOHCOD]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: salamanders/ Aneides hardii/ canopy cover/ forest management/ amphibians/ wildlife habitat/
New Mexico
Abstract: The
Sacramento Mountains Salamander (Aneides hardii) is a state-listed
threatened species endemic to three mountain ranges in
south-central New Mexico. Information about the ecological
requirements of this
species is inadequate for managers to make informed conservation
decisions, yet changes in management practices are needed throughout
the species range because of poor forest health. During summer 2004, we
examined patterns of A. hardii distribution in relation to several
abiotic and biotic parameters on 36 plots, each of which was 9.6-ha in
area and located in mixed conifer forest. We evaluated 18 a priori
logistic regression
models using Akaike's Information Criterion corrected for small-sample bias (AICc). The model with the highest ranking (lowest AICc) value) included soil moisture and soil temperature, and the second highest ranked model
(ÄAICc
= 0.05) included only soil temperature. Soil temperature was lower, and
soil moisture was higher on plots where salamanders were detected. The
relative importance of canopy cover and log volume was low
in this study likely because the study plots, all of
which had sufficient canopy cover and log volume,
hadsimilar disturbance history. We recommend
managers focus on practices that ensure
salamander
microhabitats remain cool and moist in conservation areas. © 2007
Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1102. The influence of local habitat and landscape composition on cavity-nesting birds in a forested mosaic.
Warren, T. L.; Betts, M. G.; Diamond, A. W.; and
Forbes, G. J.
Forest Ecology and Management 214(1-3): 331-343. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.017.
Descriptors: cavity-nesting
birds/ chickadee/ forest management/ landscape composition/ woodpecker/
biodiversity/ composition/ ecosystems/ landforms/ vegetation/
cavity-nesting/ landscapes/ sapsuckers/ woodpeckers/ forestry/ forest
management/ habitat structure/ habitat use/ home range/ landscape
structure/ nest site/ biodiversity/ birds/ ecosystems/ forestry/
formulations/ plants/ Aves/ Colaptes auratus/ Paridae/ Picoides
pubescens/ Picoides villosus/ Sitta canadensis/ Sphyrapicus varius
Abstract: Forest management influences both stand and landscape structure.
While research exists on stand-scale habitat relationships for
cavity-nesting birds, there are few studies at the landscape scale. In
a managed forest, we characterised the influence of local vegetation on
the occurrence of cavity-nesting bird species and determined whether
landscape scale variables explained any of the remaining variation. We
selected three spatial extents for investigation based on the species'
natural history: (1) local (100 m radius); (2) meso-scale (300 m
radius); (3) macro-landscape (1000 m radius). Variables at the larger
scales generally explained little of the species occurrence once we
controlled for local factors. The occurrence of boreal chickadees,
red-breasted nuthatches, hairy woodpeckers, and yellow-bellied
sapsuckers was explained by variables solely at the local scale. Two
species most commonly associated with younger stands, northern flicker
and downy woodpecker, were influenced by variables at both the
meso-scale and macro-landscape scales, although the amount of variance
explained by the greater of these extents was small. We speculate that
the comparatively strong influence of meso-scale variables may be due
to the larger home range size of these two species. Sites that are
appropriate at the stand level could remain unoccupied if the area of
suitable habitat is not extensive enough to contain an entire home
range.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1103. Influence
of long-term dormant-season burning and fire exclusion on
ground-dwelling arthropod populations in longleaf pine flatwoods
ecosystems.
Hanula, J. L. and Wade, D. D.
Forest Ecology and Management 175(1-3): 163-184. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: arthropods/
fire/ insects/ Pinus palustris/ prescribed-burning/ biodiversity/
biomass/ ecosystems/ fires/ Shannon diversity/ forestry/ abundance/
arthropod/ burning/ exclusion experiment/ forest ecosystem/ species
diversity/ wildlife management/ biomass/ ecosystems/ forest fires/
forestry/ United States/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
Frequent dormant-season prescribed bums were applied at 1-, 2- and
4-year intervals to longleaf pine stands, Pinus palustris, for over 40
years on the Osceola National Forest in Baker
County, Florida. Control plots were unburned for the same period
of time. Pitfall traps were operated from November 1994 to October 1999
to measure the short- and long-term effects of prescribed burning
frequency on the relative abundance and diversity of ground-dwelling
macroarthropods. We also measured dead and live plant biomass to
determine how long-term frequent fires affected the structure of the
forest floor. The average total dead plus live plant biomass was
significantly higher on plots where fire had been excluded. Annual and
biennial burning resulted in about the same amount of total plant
biomass (dead and live plant material combined) which was significantly
less than the quadrennially burned plots. Shannon diversity (H')
and evenness of ground-dwelling arthropods were reduced by burning.
Annually burned plots had the lowest diversity and evenness while
biennially and quadrennially burned plots also were significantly lower
than unburned control plots. Dormant-season burning did not increase
the number of rare genera regardless of frequency. Percent similarity
of arthropod communities was highest for comparisons between plots that
had been burned (60-68%) and lowest for the comparison of annually
burned plots to unburned controls (37%). Examination of diversity and
similarity through time showed that changes were due to short-term
effects caused by the application of fire and not long-term changes in
the ground-dwelling arthropod community. Burning significantly reduced
the numbers of predators regardless of fire frequency and resulted in
an increased number of detritivores. A total of 42 genera were reduced
by prescribed burning; 32 genera were captured in greater numbers on
annually burned plots, and 11 genera had higher numbers in one or both
of the intermediate bum frequencies (biennial or quadrennial).
Twenty-six genera were captured in equal numbers on quadrennially and
annually burned plots, but in significantly lower numbers than on
unburned plots, demonstrating that 4 years was insufficient time for
their populations to recover from mild dormant-season fires. Arthropod
response to burning appeared to be species specific so attempts to
generalize how arthropods will respond based on a few species
or groups should be avoided. The slow recovery rate of so many species
suggests that management oriented toward conservation of biodiversity
in longleaf pine flatwoods should include areas of fire exclusion.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1104. Influence of precommercial thinning on snowshoe hares.
Bull, E. L.; Heater, T. W.; Clark, A. A.; Shepherd, J. F.; and Blumton, A. K.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; Research Paper-PNW 562, 2005. 16
p.
Notes: 05025001 (ISSN).
Descriptors: fuel
reduction/ Lepus americanus/ Oregon, northeastern/ snowshoe hare/
thinning/ habitat use/ home range/ lagomorph/ relative abundance/
survival/ thinning/ Lepus/ Lepus americanus/ Pinus contorta
Abstract:
Relative abundance, survival, home range, and habitat use of
snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) were evaluated in five precommercial
thinning treatments in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)
stands in northeastern Oregon between June 2000 and July 2003. A
combination of track surveys, trapping grids, and radiocollared hares
was used to evaluate these characteristics. Relative abundance of
snowshoe hare tracks was highest in unthinned control stands and lowest
in the recently thinned stands. The highest abundance of snowshoe hares
in trapping grids occurred in patch cuts (10-m-wide cuts interspersed
with unthinned patches 10 to 30 m wide). Hare home ranges were smallest
in the patch cuts. Habitat use changed seasonally, with hares using
denser stands during summer and more open stands in winter. In the
short term, the patch cut appeared to provide the best hare habitat of
the treatments investigated.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1105. Influence
of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae)
assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon.
Niwa, C. G. and Peck, R. W.
Environmental Entomology 31(5): 785-796. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: Carabidae/
forest litter arthropods/ Oregon/ pitfall traps/ prescribed fire/
spiders/ abundance/ beetle/ forest floor/ litter/ pitfall trap/
prescribed burning/ United States/ Araneae/ Carabidae/ Coleoptera/ Omus
cazieri/ Pterostichus herculaneus/ Pterostichus setosus/ Scaphinotus
rugiceps/ Zacotus matthewsii
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to determine if prescribed fire affects
spider (Araneae) and carabid beetle (Carabidae) abundance, and whether
the magnitude of this effect varies with time since fire. Within mixed
conifer stands, nine understory fuels-reduction burns, ranging from
<1 to 15 yr old, were compared with adjacent unburned sites.
Pittfall traps were used to compare macroarthropod abundance over 5
too. In total, 3,441 spiders in 24 families and >120 species, and
14,793 carabid beetles from 17 Species, were identifed from the
samples. Seven spider families and five species of carabid beetles were
abundant enough to be analyzed statistically. Four spider families were
more abundant in unburned sites (Antrodiaetidae, Cybaeidae, Thomisidae
and Linyphiidae) while three families were more numerous in burned
sites (Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae and Dictynidae). Four of five carabid
beetle species were more abundant in unburned sites [Pterostichus
herculaneus Mannerheim, P. setosus Hatch, Scaphinotus rugiceps rugiceps
(Horn) and Zacotus matthewsii LeConte]. There was no difference found
for Omus cazieri van den Berghe. No differences in species richness or
diversity (Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Berger-Parker indices) were
found for spiders or carabid beetles. Overall, the relationship between
abundance and time since burning was weak, with marginal significance
found only for Dictynidae and Gnaphosidae. We suggest that changes in
foraging substrate, prey availability or microclimatic conditions since
fire may have interacted with life history characteristics to influence
the abundance of these organisms. Differences in fire intensities among
years may have masked patterns in arthropod abundance associated with
time since burning.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1106. Influence of repeated fertilization on forest ecosystems: Relative habitat use by mule deer and moose.
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; Lindgren, P. M. F.; and Ransome, D. B.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36(6):
1395-1406. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/X06-033.
Descriptors: mule deer/ moose/ thinning/ forest management/ wildlife habitat/ British Columbia/ Canada
Abstract: This
study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale
precommercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization of young
lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.)
stands would enhance relative habitat use by mule deer (Odocoileus
hemionus Rafinesque) and moose (Alces alces L.) in summer and winter
periods, compared to that in mature and old-growth stands. Replicate
study areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna,
and Williams Lake in south central British
Columbia, Canada. Each study area had a range of PCT densities,
with and
without fertilization, and mature and old-growth stands. Habitat use in
summer and winter was measured by pellet-group counts of deer and moose
from 1999 to 2003, 6-10 years after the onset of treatments. During
summer months, habitat use by deer was enhanced by PCT with
fertilization, and the 1000 stems/ha fertilized stands experienced
greater use than the unthinned or mature stands. Winter habitat use by
deer was similar in the 1000 stems/ha fertilized stands and old-growth
stands. In both summer and winter, moose preferred fertilized to
unfertilized stands and low-density to high-density stands. Intensive
management of young lodgepole pine forests has considerable potential
to develop summer and winter ranges for these ungulates.
© 2006 NRC.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1107. Influence of repeated fertilization on forest ecosystems: Relative habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus).
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; Lindgren, P. M. F.; and Ransome, D. B.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36(9):
2080-2089. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/X06-093.
http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_
handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjfr&volume=36&articleFile=x06-093.pdf
Descriptors: snowshoe hares/ Lepus americanus/ wildlife habitat/ forest management/ thinning/ British Columbia/ Canada
Abstract: This
study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale
precommercial thinning (PCT) and repeated fertilization of lodgepole
pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) would
enhance relative habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus
Erxleben) in managed stands. Study areas were located near
Summerland, Kelowna, and Williams Lake in
south-central British
Columbia, Canada. Each study area had nine treatments: four pairs
of stands thinned to densities of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 stems/ha,
with one stand of each pair fertilized five times at 2-year intervals,
and an unthinned stand. Understory vegetation and relative habitat use
by snowshoe hares were measured annually from 1999 to 2003, 6-10 years
after the onset of treatments. Mean crown volume index of herbs was
significantly higher in fertilized than unfertilized stands, but
density had no effect. Shrub volume was not affected by either
treatment. Mean crown volume index of trees was significantly greater
in the fertilized and high-density stands. Mean total richness of
vascular plants was significantly reduced by fertilization. Mean total
structural diversity of vegetation was highest in the low-density
stands but was not affected by fertilization. Relative habitat use by
hares, based on fecal pellet counts, was highest in the 2000 stems/ha
and unthinned stands in summer. This pattern also occurred in winter
when hare use was higher in fertilized than unfertilized stands.
Overall, fertilized 2000 stems/ha stands provided habitat for hares to
a degree comparable with unthinned stands of lodgepole pine. ©
2006 NRC.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1108. Influence of surrounding vegetation on woodpecker nest tree selection in oak forests of the Upper Midwest, USA.
Adkins Giese, C. L. and Cuthbert, F. J.
Forest Ecology and Management 179(1-3): 523-534. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: cavity
nesting birds/ dead standing trees/ nest trees/ woodpeckers/ forestry/
functions/ harvesting/ mathematical models/ timber/ vegetation/
nesting/ ecology/ Populus tremuloides
Abstract:
This study examined the influence of forest context on woodpecker nest
tree selection, which has implications for forest managers leaving
trees during timber harvest for cavity nesting birds. We surveyed
habitat variables in 11.3 m radius subplots centered on 165 active
woodpecker nest trees and 144 randomly selected points in oak forests
of southeastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin in 1997-1998.
Forward stepwise sequential F-tests indicated that the number of
potential nest trees and basal area (BA) of dead elms were the most
important variables in distinguishing nest sites and random sites.
Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 71% of the
observations. However, a comparison of nest sites only to those random
sites containing a tree likely suitable for nesting showed no
differences. This suggests that nest tree has a greater influence in
nest site selection than does surrounding vegetation. Yellow-bellied
sapsucker nest trees were surrounded by a significantly higher BA of
trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and density of mast-producing
trees than the nest trees of the downy, hairy, red-bellied, red-headed,
and pileated woodpeckers, and the northern flicker. However, we found
no interspecific differences among downy, hairy, red-bellied, and
red-headed woodpeckers. This study is significant because it indicates
forest management for cavity nesting birds should focus on providing
suitable nest trees within the larger forest context; vegetation
immediately surrounding nest trees may have minimal influence on
woodpecker nest tree selection.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1109. Influence of thinning of Douglas-fir forests on population parameters and diet of northern flying squirrels.
Gomez, D. M.; Anthony, R. G.; and Hayes, J. P.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 1670-1682. (Oct. 2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: coniferous
forests/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ forest trees/ forest thinning/
Glaucomys/ squirrels/ forest wildlife relations/ population density/
body size/ mortality/ viability/ wildlife food habits/ fungi/ diet/
population size/ wildlife management/ Oregon/ habitat management for
wildlife/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ forestry related/ forestry
production artificial regeneration
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1110. Influences of hardwood stand area and adjacency on breeding birds in an intensively managed pine landscape.
Turner, J. Chris; Gerwin, John A.; and Lancia, Richard A.
Forest Science 48(2): 323-330. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ forest interior/
hardwood stand area/ intensively managed pine landscape/ mature
hardwood stands/ pine matrix/ forests/ ecosystems/ habitat management/
lower coastal plain/ managed pinewoods/ South Carolina/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ Pinus spp.
Abstract:
We compared species richness, abundance, and community composition of
breeding landbirds among three areal classes of mature hardwood stands
within an intensively managed pine (Pinus taeda) landscape in the Lower
Coastal Plain of South Carolina. We also compared these community
metrics among rotation-age pines ([apprxeq]20 yr old), the pine matrix
(regenerated to rotation-age pine stands comprising 50% of the
landscape), and all hardwood stands regardless of area. Approximately
220 fixed-radius point counts were conducted in 1995 and 1996. Species
richness (21, 23, and 25 species, respectively) within small (n = 19;
1.0-4.4 ha), medium (n = 17; 6.0-34.4 ha), and large (n = 6; 65-560 ha)
hardwood islands within the pine matrix was the same, but the trend was
for richness to increase with island area. Forest interior,
neotropical migrants dominated all hardwood stand areas. Most species
were common to all areal classes, with only a few restricted to a
particular areal class. Thus, there was little evidence that these
hardwood islands, embedded in a managed pine landscape context,
harbored unique bird communities. Species richness (40) was greatest
within the matrix of pine stands of all ages, intermediate (32) in
hardwood stands, and least (27) in rotation-age pine stands. Hardwood
stands supported the highest total bird densities as well as the
highest densities of neotropical migrants. Pine stands hosted high
densities of both resident and early successional neotropical migrants.
We concluded that the presence of hardwood stands embedded within a
matrix
of different age classes of pine likely allowed forest-interior
neotropical migrants typical of hardwood stands to "spill over" into
adjacent, structurally similar pine stands and vice versa.
© NISC
1111. Influences of herbivory and canopy opening size on forest regeneration in a southern bottomland hardwood forest.
Castleberry, S. B.; Ford, W. M.; Miller, K. V.; and
Smith, W. P.
Forest Ecology and Management 131(1-3): 57-64. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00200-5.
Descriptors: bottomland
hardwoods/ group selection/ herbivory/ regeneration/ South
Carolina/ white-tailed deer/ browsing/ canopy gap/ forest ecosystem/
herbivory/ regeneration/ relative abundance/ species diversity/
Odocoileus virginianus
Abstract:
We examined the effects of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
browsing and canopy opening size on relative abundance and diversity of
woody and herbaceous regeneration in various sized forest openings in a
southern bottomland hardwood forest over three growing seasons
(1995-1997). We created 36 canopy openings (gaps), ranging from 7 to 40
m in radius, by group selection timber harvest in December 1994. Fenced
exclosures were constructed in the center of each gap and vegetation
was sampled monthly from April to September. Plant species richness,
diversity, evenness, relative abundance, and a browsing index were
calculated for each gap size and for each exclosure type. Herbaceous
richness, diversity, or evenness did not differ among exclosure types
in any year of the study. Browsing index was higher in the controls in
1996 and 1997. Browsing index for woody species was highest in the
controls in 1995 and 1997. Relative abundance of herbaceous species war
highest in the 29 m gap size in 1997. Richness and diversity of woody
species were lowest in the 29 m gap size in 1995 and 1996. Overall
browsing rates on both woody and herbaceous vegetation were low
throughout all the 3 years of the study. Low browsing rates reflect
seasonal changes in habitat use by deer. Because of the low rates of
browsing, vegetative differences among exclosure treatments and gap
sizes likely are not attributable to deer herbivory. Other factors,
such as soil disturbance, may have influenced the initial vegetative
response more than herbivory or gap size.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1112. Initial and long-term use of inserts by red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Saenz, D.; Conner, R. N.; Collins, C. S.; and Rudolph, D. C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 165-170. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: active
cavity/ artificial cavity/ cavity tree/ insert cavity/ Picoides
borealis/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ birds/ cavity/ management practices/ United States/
Picoides borealis
Abstract:
Artificial cavities have become a standard management technique for
red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). Seventy cavity inserts
were installed in our study sites on the Angelina National
Forest in eastern Texas from 1990 to 1995. Eighty-two percent of
the inserts were used for at least one year. It is still too early to
make a direct comparison, but it is likely that inserts will remain
usable as long as natural cavities do. Inserts installed in 1990 and
1991 were 20.5 cm in height, whereas inserts installed from 1992 to
1995 were 25.5 cm in height. Larger inserts (25.5 cm) appear to remain
usable for a longer time than smaller inserts (20.5 cm). Newer unused
inserts are more likely to become active for the first time than older
unused inserts. Similar to unused inserts, active cavities (naturally
excavated and inserts) that have become inactive are less likely to be
reactivated the longer they are inactive. Newness and recency of cavity
use and red-cockaded woodpecker activity appear to be important factors
in the attractiveness of inserts and naturally excavated cavities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1113. Initial cerulean warbler response to experimental silvicultural manipulations, Desha County, Arkansas.
Hamel, Paul B.; Staten, Mike; and Wishard, Rodney
In:
Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 92/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2006. pp. 3-9.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/23305
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Dendroica cerulea: forestry/ forestry management/ habitat
management/ habitat utilization/ forestry management effects/ forest
and woodland/ Arkansas/ Desha County/ Aves, Passeriformes, Parulidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Cerulean warbler (Dendroica cerulea (Wilson) Aves,
Parulidae) is a neotropical migratory bird that has become a focus of
management attention. Since 1992, we have studied breeding birds on a
54-ha site owned by Anderson-Tully Company, in Desha County, AR. In
2002, we conducted an unreplicated experiment there to assess the
species' response to silvicultural manipulation within its habitat. We
applied one of two sulvicultural prescriptions to randomly selected
halves of the plot. Establishment criteria were that each half-plot be
the same size and have had a comparable history of warbler use.
Treatments were (1) a standard Anderson-Tully Company prescription
designed to establish regeneration, develop existing advance
regeneration, and add growth to residual sawtimber trees; and (2) a
prescription designed to add growth to residual sawtimber trees and
favor development of trees similar to those used by the cerulean
warbler. Our initial posttreatment survey identified three cerulean
warbler territories on the subplot treated with the cerulean warbler
prescription and none on the other portion.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1114. Initial response of butterflies to an overstory reduction and slash mulching treatment of a degraded pinon-juniper woodland.
Kleintjes, P. K.; Jacobs, B. F.; and Fettig, S. M.
Restoration Ecology 12(2): 231-238. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Papilionoidea:
habitat management/ Degraded pinon juniper/ woodland restoration/
Initial responses to overstory reduction and slash mulching treatment/
evidence for success/ community structure/ environmental indicators/
forest and woodland/ New Mexico/ Bandelier National Monument/ Insecta,
Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/
Lepidopterans
Abstract:
Overstory reduction and slash mulching (ORSM) has been shown to be an
effective means for increasing herbaceous cover and diversity in
degraded pinon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma)
woodlands of northcentral New Mexico. Local fire history, tree
age-class structure, and grazing records suggest that many areas now
occupied by dense pinon-juniper woodlands were formerly more open, with
grassy understories that supported well-developed soils and a fire
regime. At Bandelier National Monument, studies are
evaluating the use of ORSM treatments as a restoration management tool.
In 1999 and 2001, we evaluated the effects of an ORSM treatment
implemented in 1997 upon butterfly abundance and species richness
between a pair of treated and control watersheds. Butterfly abundance
and species richness were significantly greater on the treated
watershed in both years, and these measures were correlated with
significant increases in forb and grass cover in the treated watershed.
Five of the 10 most common nectar and larval host plants had
significantly greater cover in the treated watershed, including the
legume Lotus wrightii. Our results suggest that the increased
herbaceous cover resulting from an ORSM treatment of a single watershed
induced a positive, initial response by butterflies. Using butterflies
as indicators of site productivity and species richness, our results
suggest ORSM is a promising technique for restoring biodiversity in
degraded pinon-juniper woodlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1115. Initiating uneven-aged management in longleaf pine stands: Impacts on red-cockaded woodpecker habitat.
McConnell, W. V.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4): 1276-1280. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Picoides
borealis/ Piciformes/ Picidae/ longleaf pine/ Pinus palustris/
red-cockaded woodpecker/ Picidae/ forestry/ stand management/ wildlife
habitat
Abstract:
The United States Forest Service and other land management agencies are
introducing the widespread use of group selection, a form of
uneven-aged management, into stands of longleaf (Pinus palustris) and
other southern pines in the southeastern United States. I compared
the results of applying 2 methods of group selection in longleaf stands
on the Apalachicola National Forest to the guidelines contained in the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service's draft revised red-cockaded
woodpecker (Picoides borealis) recovery plan. The application of a
group-selection method based on residual basal area and informal area
regulation (BAAR) resulted in modified red-cockaded woodpecker habitat
markedly superior to the habitat modified by a method based on residual
basal area, an upper diameter limit, and a factor (q) used to establish
the relationship between adjacent diameter classes (BDq). Restrictions
imposed by the BDq method might result in failure to obtain pine
regeneration. I recommend that
concerned agencies initiate a long-term and broadly based
research
study to determine the relative merits of the several alternative
methods now being used to manage the pine forests of the Southeast.
© NISC
1116. Integrating grouse habitat and forestry: An example using the ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in Minnesota.
Zimmerman, Guthrie S.; Gilmore, Daniel W.; and
Gutierrez, R. J.
Wildlife Biology 13(1): 51-58. (2007)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 0909-6396
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Bonasa umbellus/ signals/ auditory sense/ drumming/
forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ habitat selection/ Minnesota/ Cloquet Forestry
Center/ wildlife-human relationships/ behavior/ commercial enterprises/
communication/ conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ land
zones/ Picea spp./
Pinus spp./ Populus ssp.
Abstract:
We quantified forest stand attributes at ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus
drumming display sites to develop tree stocking guides as a tool for
guiding ruffed grouse management. We estimated tree density and basal
area surrounding grouse drumming sites and compared these with unused
sites. We used model selection to assess predictions about whether tree
density and basal area surrounding drumming sites varied by site
classification (primary drumming site, alternate site, unused site) or
forest type. We plotted the predicted values from the best model on
tree stocking guides, which are tools commonly used by forest managers.
Tree density and basal area varied by site classification and by forest
type. Our results show that stem density was higher and basal area
lower at both primary and alternate drumming sites compared to unused
sites in all forest types. We also found that grouse sites in aspen
stands had a greater stem density and lower basal area than grouse
sites in pine and spruce/fir stands. Incorporating these results into a
tree stocking guide suggested that management for grouse in aspen
stands should attempt to maintain stands with average stem density and
basal area for this species. In contrast, foresters who are managing
for conifers and also wish to maintain some grouse habitat should
favour wider spacing of trees in stands. Wider spacing will encourage
the development of dense understory vegetation favoured by grouse as
well as enhance the growth of quality saw-logs. Our study describes a
method for incorporating habitat data on ruffed grouse and other
wildlife into tree stocking charts, which are commonly used to
facilitate management of forest stands.
© NISC
1117. Is a "hands-off" approach appropriate for red-cockaded woodpecker conservation in twenty-first-century landscapes?
Saenz, D.; Conner, R. N.; Rudolph, D. C.; and
Engstrom, R. T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(3): 956-966. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: fire-maintained
ecosystems/ Picoides borealis/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ wilderness/
conservation management/ endangered species/ forest management/
population ecology/ prescribed burning/ United States/ Picoides
borealis
Abstract: The
endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is well
adapted to fire-maintained pine ecosystems of the
southeastern United States. Management practices vary greatly
among land
ownerships. In some wilderness areas and state parks, a "no management"
policy has eliminated use of prescribed fire, artificial cavities, and
woodpecker translocation, tools that have proved effective elsewhere in
recovering woodpecker populations. We compared forests with essentially
"no management" to actively managed forests of similar tree ages and
similar red-cockaded woodpecker population demographics. We also
compared sites that had received no management in the past to the same
sites after management. In every case, populations in forests that did
not use state-of-the-art management for woodpeckers declined severely
compared to those in managed forests. Because managed forests typically
used all available management techniques concurrently, it was not
possible to separate and rank effectiveness of specific management
activities. One exception was the Wade Tract in Georgia, where
prescribed fire was the primary activity for herbaceous layer and
hardwood management in a high-density, stable woodpecker population.
Wilderness areas, which are intended to be pristine places that
preserve biodiversity, are losing red-cockaded woodpeckers, a keystone
species in the ecosystem, at an alarming rate. Collectively, 9 groups
of red-cockaded woodpeckers were present in 4 wilderness areas
in Texas national forests in 1983. At the close of the millennium,
only one woodpecker group remained and its continued existence is
unlikely without management. The very fragmented features of
present-day landscapes and intervention by humans impair the
effectiveness of natural disturbance processes, primarily
growing-season fire, that historically produced and maintained open
pine savannas with grass-forb herbaceous layers in the pre-Columbian
forests of the southeastern U.S.; therefore, active management must be
used if the red-cockaded woodpecker is to persist.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1118. Is forest close to lakes ecologically unique? Analysis of vegetation, small mammals, amphibians, and songbirds.
Ellen Macdonald, S.; Eaton, B.; Machtans, C. S.; Paszkowski, C.; Hannon, S.; and Boutin, S.
Forest Ecology and Management 223(1-3): 1-17. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.06.017.
Descriptors: amphibians/
biodiversity/ boreal/ community composition/ forest/ forest structure/
lake/ riparian/ small mammals/ songbirds/ understory vegetation
Abstract: We
compared vegetation structure, flora, and fauna in forest stands at
varying distances from small lakes in the boreal mixedwood zone of
Alta., Canada, with that in the surrounding upland landscape. We
tested the hypothesis that lakeside riparian forest is more
structurally diverse, hosts different biotic communities, and has
greater floral diversity and greater abundance and richness of other
biota, as compared with similar forest in areas far from open
water. Lakeside forest was characterized by greater canopy cover,
and
aspen height and diameter (breast height) than upland forest, but
absolute differences were quite small and there was no evidence of
greater structural diversity. Contrary to expectations, herb richness
and diversity were lower in lakeside forests and the understory
community there could not be differentiated from that of upland
forests. Two species of anuran amphibians [wood frog (Rana sylvatica)
and boreal toad (Bufo boreas boreas)] were more abundant in forest up
to 100 m from lakes than in upland areas 400-1200 m away from open
water. However, differences in abundance between trapping sites in the
non-forested riparian zone and sites up to 100 m into the lakeside
forest were small. Use of upland habitats by amphibians (juvenile wood
frog in particular) was substantial during the latter part of their
active season, possibly because they used upland areas for dispersal
and overwintering. The two most abundant species of small mammal
[red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) and deer mouse (Peromyscus
maniculatus)] were trapped less often in the non-forested riparian
zone, while the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), meadow jumping
mouse (Zapus hudsonicus), and shrews (Sorex spp.) were more abundant in
those areas. Abundance did not differ significantly among trap lines
located in forest from 50 m to >600 m from open water. Songbird
abundance and richness were higher near lakes, possibly because of the
additional niches available at the forest/lake interface and increased
food supply for insectivorous birds. Overall, our results did not
strongly support our hypotheses concerning the ecological attributes of
lakeside riparian forest. If any part of these lakeside riparian areas
can be considered ecologically unique or species-rich it appears to be
the non-forested riparian zone and, for birds, the natural lakeshore
ecotone (~50 m into the forest). We encourage those responsible for
forest management to re-think prescriptive placement of fixed-width
forested buffers around all lakes, and instead consider a
landscape-scale planning approach that determines the appropriate
placement of uncut forest on the landscape to meet broad conservation
objectives.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1119. Landbird community composition varies among seasons in a heterogeneous ponderosa pine forest.
Wightman, C. S.; Germaine, S. S.; and Beier, P.
Journal of Field Ornithology 78(2): 184-194. (2007)
NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 02738570.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00102.x.
Descriptors: interseasonal variation/ landbird communities/ migration ecology/ Pinus ponderosa/ ponderosa pine/ species richness
Abstract:
There is growing recognition of the need to conserve areas used by
birds during migration, including forest and upland habitats. Because
extensive thinning and burning treatments are planned for ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the southwestern United States,
information on the use of these forests by landbirds during migration
is needed for conservation planning. We compared species richness among
spring, breeding, and fall seasons at 69 points in a ponderosa pine
forest to assess changes in landbird communities and the role of
different ponderosa pine cover types in habitat selection among
seasons. We detected a total of 64 bird species. Bird community
similarity was lowest between the breeding and fall seasons and highest
between the spring and breeding seasons. Twenty percent of the species
detected were present exclusively in the fall and, of these, over half
were Neotropical migrants. Only two species (3%) were detected
exclusively during the spring. Although we found little difference in
bird species similarity among vegetative cover types during the
breeding season, forests that contained a deciduous component exhibited
higher bird species similarity with each other than with habitats that
did not include a deciduous component in spring and fall. In addition,
foliage foragers dominated the community in spring and fall, and all
Neotropical migrants detected exclusively in fall were found in
ponderosa pine forests with a deciduous component. Our results indicate
that ponderosa pine forests may be important to migrating or dispersing
landbirds in autumn, especially if there is a deciduous component.
© 2007 Association of Field Ornithologists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1120. Landscape characteristics of northern spotted owl nest sites in managed forests of northwestern California.
Folliard, Lee B.; Reese, Kerry P.; and Diller, Lowell V.
Journal of Raptor Research 34(2): 75-84. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 0892-1016
Descriptors: Neotoma
fuscipes/ Strix occidentalis/ strigidae/ strigiformes/ birds/ coastal
habitat/ Douglas fir/ ecosystems/ endangered-threatened species/
foods-feeding/ forestry practices/ forests, coniferous/ forests,
deciduous/ habitat management/ mammals/ nesting sites/ nests-nesting/
predation/ redwood/ succession/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ spotted
owl/ habitat/ ecosystem/ ecological requirements/ nest/ habitat:
description/ reproduction: nest structure, nest site/ success/ northern
spotted owl/ dusky-footed woodrat/
California: Humboldt County
Abstract:
The authors investigated vegetative and topographic characteristics of
forest landscapes surrounding northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis
caurina) nest sites on managed timberlands in northwestern California. Nest sites occurred primarily in young (31-60-year
old) forests of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii). They compared 60 northern spotted owl nest
landscapes (0.8-km radius circle centered on the nest site) with 60
randomly selected landscapes. Vegetative type and age class were used
to classify forest stands within the landscape. Landscape features
differed between nest sites and random sites (Wilks' F = 6.073, p <
0.001) suggesting that nest-site selection was correlated with
landscape level features. Nest landscapes had greater amounts of forest
in the 31-45 and 46-60 year old age classes, and a greater amount of
total edge. In addition, nest sites were located lower on slopes.
In the study area, dusky-footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes) were
the major prey species. Edges may provide opportunities for owls to
prey on woodrats that are abundant in early seral habitats. The coastal
forests of the redwood zone have unique characteristics that contribute
to rapid development of northern spotted owl habitat. These include
coppice growth (i.e., vegetative reproduction) of redwoods and several
hardwood species, favorable growing conditions, and the occurrence of
major prey species in young seral habitats. Despite differences in
habitat types and age classes, northern spotted owl nestsite selection
in these young, managed forests showed some consistent patterns with
other portions of the owls' range.
© NISC
1121. Landscape connectivity and biological corridors.
Laurance, Susan G.
In:
Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes/
Schroth, G. Fonseca G. A. da Harvey C. A. Gascon C. Vasconcelos H. L.
Izac A. M., 2004.
Notes: 1559633565 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ comprehensive
zoology: forestry/ biological corridors creation to counteract habitat
fragmentation/ agroforestry role/ overview/ habitat management/ forest
and woodland
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1122. Landscape effects on breeding songbird abundance in managed forests.
Lichstein, Jeremy W.; Simons, Theodore R.; and Franzreb, Kathleen E.
Ecological Applications 12(3): 836-857. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Aves/ terrestrial ecology/ partial-regression analysis/ breeding
ecology/ clearcuts/ conservation biology/ habitat fragmentation/
habitat management/ land cover/ landscape composition/ landscape
effects/ landscape patterns/ managed forests/ distribution/ forests/
ecosystems/ North Carolina/ Pisgah National Forest/ status/ Tennessee/
communities/ habitat use/ land zones/ birds/ abundance/ dispersion/
forest/ landscape/ habitat
Abstract:
We examined the relationship between songbird relative abundance and
local and landscape-scale habitat variables in two predominately mid-
to late-successional managed National Forests in the southern
Appalachian Mountains, USA. We used partial-regression analysis to
remove correlations between habitat variables measured at different
spatial scales (local habitat and square landscape regions with sides
of 0.5, 1, and 2 km) and between landscape composition (proportion of
different land cover types) and pattern (spatial arrangement of land
cover) variables. To account for spatial autocorrelation, we used
autoregressive models that incorporated information on bird abundance
in the spatial neighborhood surrounding each sample point. Most
species, especially Neotropical migrants, were significantly correlated
with at least one landscape variable. These correlations included both
composition and pattern variables at 0.5-2 km scales. However,
landscape effects explained only a small amount of the variation in
bird abundance that could not be explained by local habitat. Our
results are consistent with other studies of songbird abundance in
large managed forests that have found weak or moderate landscape
effects. These studies suggest that songbird abundance in forested
landscapes will primarily reflect the quantity of different habitats in
the landscape rather than the spatial arrangement of those habitats.
Although some studies have suggested consolidating clearcuts in large
managed forests to reduce edge and landscape heterogeneity, much of the
current evidence does not support this management recommendation. An
important future challenge in avian conservation is to better
understand how the importance of landscape effects varies in relation
to (1) the amount of suitable habitat in the landscape, and (2) land
use patterns at broader spatial scales.
© NISC
1123. Landscape-level effects of forest management on bird species in the Ozarks of southeastern Missouri.
Clawson, Richard L.; Faaborg, John; Gram, Wendy K.; and Porneluzi, Paul A.
In:
Proceedings of the Second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project
Symposium: Post-treatment Results of the Landscape Experiment, General
Technical Report-NC 227/ Shifely, S. R. and Kabrick, J. M.; St. Paul,
MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 147-160.
Notes: 0363-616X (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ habitat management/ forest mangement/ population
density/ reproductive success/ reproductive productivity/ Missouri/
Ozarks/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
This study was designed as an experiment to test how bird
populations in an extensively forested landscape respond to small
(group and single-tree selection) and large (clearcut) openings. Our
objectives are to test the landscape-level effects of even-aged and
uneven-aged forest management relative to no-harvest management on
population density and reproductive success for forest-interior and
early-successional bird species. Pre-treatment data were gathered
during the period 1991 through 1995, treatments were applied in 1996
and early 1997, and post- treatment data have been collected from 1997
through the present. Immediately following treatment, populations of
forest-interior species declined on all study sites. Post-treatment,
forest-interior species responded both positively and negatively to the
even-aged and uneven-aged treatments. For early successional species,
changes in density were positive in response to both even-aged and
uneven-aged treatment types. Neither nest predation rates nor nest
parasitism rates increased following treatment. From a landscape-level
perspective, our findings indicate that the short- term effects of
even-aged management are mixed, positive , and negative, for
forest-interior species and that the response by early-successional
species is greater for even-aged than for uneven-aged management.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1124. A landscape perspective of bird nest predation in a managed boreal black spruce forest.
Boulet, M.; Darveau, M.; and Belanger, L.
Ecoscience 7(3): 281-289. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 1195-6860
Descriptors: Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus/ Corvidae/ Passeriformes/ Perisoreus canadensis/ Aves/
behavior/ birds/ black spruce/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests,
boreal/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ mammals/ nest
predation/ nests-nesting/ predators/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
nestbox/ predation/ silviculture/ gray jay/
red squirrel/ cover/ Picea mariana
Abstract:
Several landscape level studies have reported that bird nest predation
increases as forest cover decreases. These studies have mainly been
conducted in agricultural or urban regions. However, few studies have
explored relationships between forest cover and nest predation in
boreal forests managed for timber harvesting. In 1997 and 1998, the
authors evaluated bird nest predation in a mosaic of clearcuts and
forest remnants dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.]
B.S.P.) and located north of Lake Saint-Jean, Quebec. They used a
7 km x 9 km grid of sampling points to determine nest predation at four
landscape scales (local vegetation, and 250 m, 500 m, and 1000 m radii
around sampling points). Artificial nests (ground and arboreal)
containing a common quail (Coturnix coturnix L.) egg and a plasticine
egg were used to calculate predation pressure and to identify nest
predators. Nest predation was high over the entire study area. Dominant
predators were the gray jay (Perisoreus canadensis L.) and the red
squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben). Depredation by squirrels
was influenced by local variables in 1997 and by landscape variables in
1998. In the latter case, depredation by squirrels increased as spruce
cover increased. Depredation by gray jays was positively related to
water body area and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) cover. Squirrels
preyed more on ground nests than on arboreal nests, while gray jays
preyed almost exclusively on arboreal nests. The authors conclude that
these predators probably impose different threats to different songbird
species in boreal black spruce forests. Their results show that, in the
short term, timber harvesting did not seem to increase predation in a
boreal black spruce forest.
© NISC
1125. Landscape-scale disturbances and changes in bird communities of boreal mixed-wood forests.
Drapeau, Pierre; Leduc, Alain; Giroux, Jean-Franois; Savard, Jean-Pierre; Bergeron, Yves; Vickery, William L.; and Savard J. P.
Ecological Monographs 70(3): 423-444. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec72; ISSN: 0012-9615
Descriptors: Aves/
agricultural practices/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ forestry
practices/ forests, boreal/ forests, mixed/ habitat alterations/
habitat management/ succession/ wildlife-habitat relationships/
biocenosis/ habitat change/ landscape/ silviculture/ agriculture/
settlement/ Canada/ Quebec
Abstract:
Bird community response to both landscape-scale and local (forest
types) changes in forest cover was studied in three boreal mixed-wood
forest landscapes modified by different types of disturbances: (1) a
pre-industrial landscape where human settlement, agriculture, and
logging activities date back to the early 1930s, (2) an industrial
timber managed forest, and (3) a forest dominated by natural
disturbances. Birds were sampled at 459 sampling stations distributed
among the three landscapes. Local habitat and landscape characteristics
of the context surrounding each sampling station (500-m and 1-km
radius) were also computed. Bird communities were influenced by
landscape-scale changes in forest cover. The higher proportion of
early-successional habitats in both human-disturbed landscapes resulted
in significantly higher abundances of early-successional bird species
and generalists. The mean number of mature forest bird species was
significantly lower in the industrial and pre-industrial landscapes
than in the natural landscape. Landscape-scale conversion of mature
forests from mixed-wood to deciduous cover in human-disturbed
landscapes was the main cause of changes in mature forest bird
communities. In these landscapes, the abundance of species associated
with mixed and coniferous forest cover was lower, whereas species that
preferred a deciduous cover were more abundant. Variation in bird
community composition determined by the landscape context was as
important as local habitat conditions, suggesting that predictions on
the regional impact of forest management on songbirds with models
solely based on local scale factors could be misleading. Patterns of
bird species composition were related to several landscape composition
variables (proportions of forest types), but not to configuration
variables (e.g., interior habitat, amount of edge). Overall, the
authors' results indicated that the large-scale conversion of the
southern portion of the boreal forest from a mixed to a deciduous cover
may be one of the most important threats to the integrity of bird
communities in these forest mosaics. Negative effects of changes in
bird communities could be attenuated if current forestry practices are
modified toward maintaining forest types (deciduous, mixed-wood, and
coniferous) at levels similar to those observed under natural
disturbances.
© NISC
1126. Landscape-scale
forest habitat relationships to tassel-eared squirrel populations:
Implications for ponderosa pine forest restoration.
Dodd, N. L.; Schweinsburg, R. E.; and Boe, S.
Restoration Ecology 14(4): 537-547. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00165.x.
Descriptors: Arizona/
forest restoration/ habitat relationships/ landscape/ Pinus ponderosa/
ponderosa pine/ population dynamics/ Sciurus aberti/ tassel-eared
squirrels/ thresholds
Abstract:
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) forest ecosystem restoration is a
growing emphasis in the southwestern United States to address over 120
years of forest structure change, decreased forest health, and
increased potential for disease and wildfire. Restoration treatments
replicating pre-settlement conditions may reduce tree density by 98%,
are detrimental to canopy-dependent wildlife such as tassel-eared
squirrel (Sciurus aberti), particularly at the patch scale, and are of
concern when applied at the landscape scale. We examined S. aberti
population dynamics in north-central Arizona, U.S.A., from 1999 to 2002
at nine 280-ha sites oriented along a landscape gradient of varying
proportions (4.6-99.2%) of unlogged, high-quality (HQ) habitats within
a matrix of intensively thinned low-quality habitat. Our objectives
were to estimate S. aberti density, juvenile recruitment, and survival
across this gradient; quantify patch- and landscape-scale habitat
relationships to populations; evaluate possible habitat thresholds in
squirrel population response; and develop forest management
recommendations. In regression models, both patch-scale and
landscape-scale parameters influenced squirrel populations. At the
patch scale, number of interlocking canopy trees was added most
frequently, whereas the proportion of HQ habitat was the
landscape-scale variable added in five of seven models. Recruitment and
survival at dense, HQ plots were inversely related to number of small,
sapling-sized trees. Nonlinear thresholds in density and recruitment
occurred when the proportion of HQ habitat at study sites was between
24 and 42%. Our study points to the importance of maintaining HQ
habitat in mesoreserves on the landscape at or above this threshold
range, as well as pursing a mix of forest management prescriptions in
the matrix surrounding mesoreserves to achieve wildlife, forest
restoration, and fire risk reduction objectives. © 2006 Society
for Ecological Restoration International.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1127. Large-scale management experiments in the moist maritime forests of the Pacific Northwest.
Monserud, Robert A.
Landscape and Urban Planning 59(3): 159-180. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ comprehensive zoology: forestry/ silviculture/
conservation measures/ biodiversity preservation/ habitat management/
wildlife habitat enhancement/ forest and woodland/ moist maritime
forests/ conservation tools/ United States/ Pacific
Northwest/ large scale forest management
Abstract:
Several large, integrated forest management experiments have been
initiated in the Pacific Northwest this past decade, partially in
response to contentious resource management debates. Their goal is to
use alternative silviculture treatments to enhance wildlife habitat,
biodiversity, or the conservation of aquatic resources in a manner that
is socially acceptable. Seven of these large-scale multi-resource
silvicultural experiments are examined and evaluated, in light of
previous experience with large-scale experiments. All seven employ
randomized block designs with replicated treatment units large and
practical enough to be commercially operational (most treatment units
are 13-20 ha). Because the large-scale context is designed into these
experiments, results can be directly interpreted at the scale of
management that produced the manipulation, eliminating a
change-of-scale bias common in smaller management experiments. The
considerable advantages of large, operational treatments are
accompanied by their own problems, however. Because of the great
expense (≃US$
106/block) and size (50-200 ha) of the experimental blocks, sample size
is small (n<7 blocks) on all but one experiment. This means that
statistical power (the probability of correctly rejecting the null
hypothesis) will be weak across blocks. With few replicates and high
variability both within and among these large-scale treatments,
investigators face the possibility that differences might only be
detectable at untraditionally high significance levels. A second
problem with large-scale experiments is pseudoreplication (lack of
independence across replicates), which results in the strength of the
experimental evidence being overstated. This is a concern for three of
the experiments because their blocks are located in relatively small
geographic areas. Meta-analysis (a joint hypothesis test across
experiments) is proposed as an effective way to increase sample
size-and, therefore, power-while accounting for the different degrees
of variation across studies. Looking for commonality, all seven studies
are examining the effect of alternative silvicultural on both wildlife
habitat and biodiversity. A test of a common hypothesis about ecosystem
management would greatly increase not only the power of the test but
the return on investment from these rather expensive experiments. In
addition to small sample sizes, large variability, and
pseudoreplication, other problems common to large-scale experiments are
evident. Forest growth experiments are inherently long-term
because they are dominated by slow processes with strong transient
dynamics. Investigators are faced with institutional and academic
demands for short-term results that not only are publishable but also
can justify the large investments. The realities of the timber-sale
process delayed or eliminated several blocks on at least
three
of the experiments. Randomization becomes a serious concern for the
forest manager, because a clearcut or heavy removal treatment could be
assigned to a highly visible location that might be socially
unacceptable.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1128. Leaf-litter decomposition and macroinvertebrate communities in boreal forest streams linked to upland logging disturbance.
Kreutzweiser, David P.; Good, Kevin P.; Capell, Scott S.; and Holmes, Stephen B.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 27(1): 1-15. (Mar. 2008)
NAL Call #: QL141.F7
Descriptors: macroinvertebrates/ leaf litter/ forests/
forestry practices
Abstract:
Leaf-litter decomposition and associated macroinvertebrate communities
were compared in standardized leaf packs across forest streams in
recently clearcut (n = 9) and reference (n = 12) low-order catchments
on the Boreal Shield in northeastern Ontario, Canada.
Logging was conducted under best management practices that included
application of 30- to 100-m-wide no-harvest buffer zones on both sides
of each stream. No significant differences were detected between sites
in logged and reference streams for any reach- or catchment-level
characteristics (except % area logged) or water-quality variables.
Coarse-mesh leaf-pack mass loss was significantly lower (t-test, p =
0.003), and the ratio of fine-mesh to coarse-mesh leaf-pack mass loss
was significantly higher (t-test, p = 0.008) in logged than in
reference streams, but no difference in fine-mesh leaf-pack mass loss
was detected between logged and reference streams. A stepwise multiple
regression model of coarse-mesh leaf-pack mass loss on 15 reach- and
catchment-level characteristics indicated that only logging
presence/absence (r = -0.524) and average reach velocity (r = 0.397)
were significantly and independently associated with leaf-litter
decomposition. Macroinvertebrate communities on leaf packs in logged
streams were different from those in reference streams. Taxonomic
richness was significantly lower in logged than in reference streams. A
multivariate ordination and analysis of similarity separated logged
from reference streams, and abundances of the 3 most discriminating
taxa were significantly lower in logged than in reference streams. A
multivariate BVSTEP routine indicated that macroinvertebrate community
structure was most strongly associated with logging presence/absence
among the suite of site characteristics. Leaf-litter decomposition and
aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure were successful
bioindicators of catchment logging impacts, even when logging was
conducted under best management practices. Effects on litter
decomposition and leaf-pack macroinvertebrate communities seem to have
been caused by upland logging disturbances because riparian areas were
undisturbed in logged catchments.
© ProQuest
1129. Legacy retention versus thinning: Influences on small mammals.
Wilson, Suzanne M. and Carey, Andrew B.
Northwest Science 74(2): 131-145. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X
Descriptors: Clethrionomys
gapperi/ Microtus oregoni/ Neurotrichus gibbsii/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ Peromyscus oreas/ Sorex monticolus/ Sorex trowbridgii/
Sorex vagrans/ communities/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests,
coniferous/ forests, old-growth/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ mammals/ management/ snags/ species diversity/ succession/
wildlife/ creeping vole/ montane shrew/ Trowbridge's shrew/ southern
red-backed vole/ deer mouse/ meadow mouse/ American shrew mole/
Columbian mouse/ Washington
Abstract:
Management strategies for promoting late-seral attributes in
second-growth forest need evaluation for their efficacy in maintaining
biodiversity, including complete forest-floor, small-mammal
communities. Two common strategies in the Pacific Northwest are
(1) management with thinnings to promote large trees with developed
understories and (2) retention of legacies, defined as live trees,
logs, and snags from the preceding forest, at harvest, followed by
protection but not thinnings of the new stand. The authors compared
small-mammal communities resulting from >65 years of application of
these strategies in the Puget Trough, Washington. They
also compared these communities with the small-mammal communities found
in old-growth, naturally young, and extensively managed forests
elsewhere in western Washington. Forests managed with thinnings
had 1.5 times the individual mammals and 1.7 times the mammal biomass
of forests managed with legacies of coarse woody debris and snags
-differences similar to those between old-growth and naturally young
forest (1.2 times more individuals in old-growth) and old-growth and
extensively managed forest (1.6 times more in old-growth). Management
strategy had a profound impact on community structure, with the
Columbian mouse (Peromyscus oreas), the small mammal most associated
with old growth, much reduced in Puget Trough forests (absent from most
stands) and the creeping vole (Microtus oregoni) (a species commonly
associated with early seral stages, but found in all seral stages in
Washington) third-ranked in thinned stands but seventh ranked in legacy
stands. The montane shrew (Sorex monticolus) was second-ranked, after
Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii), in marked contrast to codominance
by the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), S. monticolus,
and P. oreas in old growth. Thus, neither strategy produced communities
typical of late-seral forests.
© NISC
1130. Linking shade coffee certification to biodiversity conservation: Butterflies and birds in Chiapas, Mexico.
Mas, A. H. and Dietsch, T. V.
Ecological Applications 14(3): 642-654. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: biodiversity/
certification/ Chiapas, Mexico/ coffee agroecosystems/ forest birds/
fruit-feeding butterflies/ intensity gradient/ market-based
conservation/ shade coffee/ agricultural ecosystem/ agricultural
practices/ biodiversity/ certification/ coffee/ conservation
management/ ecolabeling/ ecological economics/North America/ Aves/
Papilionoidea
Abstract:
Shade coffee certification programs have emerged over the past six
years to verify that coffee marketed as "shade grown" is actually grown
on farms that provide higher quality habitat for biodiversity. In spite
of good intentions and an increasing market, little consensus exists on
whether current criteria can successfully identify coffee farms of
conservation significance. This paper provides the first ecological
evaluation and comparison of shade-grown coffee criteria used by major
certification programs. Using vegetative data, we evaluated criteria
developed by the Rainforest Alliance, the Smithsonian Migratory Bird
Center (SMBC), and the Specialty Coffee Association of America across a
range of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico, to
determine which management practices each program would certify.
Fruit-feeding butterflies and forest bird species found in these coffee
agroecosystems were compared with nearby forest reserves as indicators
of biodiversity and conservation potential. These agroecosystems fall
into three categories: rustic, commercial polyculture, and shaded
monoculture. The rustic system contained significantly higher
fruit-feeding butterfly diversity and an avifauna more similar to that
found in forest reserves than the other systems. This was also the only
agroecosystem that met the criteria for all certification programs,
while the shaded monoculture fell short of all sets of criteria. This
suggests that certification programs are succeeding in discriminating
between the extremes of shade coffee production. Certification programs
differed, however, in their treatment of the intermediate, commercial
polyculture systems, reflecting different philosophies for conservation
in managed ecosystems. Programs promoted by SMBC use high standards
that would exclude all but the most diverse commercial polyculture or
rustic systems to certify only those systems that support high levels
of biodiversity. The program supported by the Rainforest Alliance only
excludes the shaded monoculture while engaging the others in the move
toward greater sustainability. The merits of each approach should be
put to rigorous debate, and their ability to contribute to biodiversity
conservation should be reflected in product marketing. This study
suggests that further research can provide a stronger scientific basis
and independent verification for the certification of green products
that claim to enhance biodiversity conservation in tropical
agroecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1131. A literature review of management practices to support increased biodiversity in intensively managed Douglas-fir plantations.
Zobrist, Kevin W. and Hinckley, Thomas M.
Pullman, WA: Rural Technology Initiative, 2005.
Notes:
See related document at http://www.ncseonline.org/NCSSF/cms.cfm?id=683;
Literature review; Final Technical Report to the National Commission on
Science for Sustainable Forestry (NCSSF).
http://www.ncseonline.org/ewebeditpro/items/O62F7175.pdf
Descriptors: Pseudotsuga menziesii/ Douglas fir/ biodiversity/ forest management/ management practices/ wildlife
1132. A literature review of management practices to support increased biodiversity in intensively managed loblolly pine plantations.
Zobrist, Kevin W.; Hinckley, Thomas M.; and
Andreu, Michael G.
Pullman, WA: Rural Technology Initiative, 2005.
Notes:
See related document at http://www.ncseonline.org/NCSSF/cms.cfm?id=683;
Literature review; Final Technical Report to the National
Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry (NCSSF).
http://www.ruraltech.org/pubs/working/ncssf/tech_c/index.asp
Descriptors: Pinus taeda/ loblolly pine/ biodiversity/ forest management/ management practices/ wildlife
1133. Litter invertebrate responses to variable density thinning in western Washington forest.
Schowalter, T. D.; Zhang, Y. L.; and Rykken, J. J.
Ecological Applications 13(5): 1204-1211. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Invertebrata:
habitat management/ variable density thinning/ forest/ effects on
litter fauna/ community structure/ forest litter/ effects of forest
thinning/ forest and woodland/ Douglas fir forest/ variable density
thinning effects on litter fauna/ Litter habitat/ Washington/ Ft Lewis
Military Reservation/ forest thinning effects on litter fauna/
invertebrates
Abstract: We
evaluated the response of forest floor invertebrates to variable
density thinning (VDT) of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii
(Mirb.) Franco) forest overstory at Ft. Lewis, Washington,
during 2000 and 2001 (7-8 years. post-thinning). We placed pitfall
traps at 8-12 random grid points in each of four thinned
units and four control (unthinned) units in each of two sites (blocks)
representing different management histories. Most taxa showed
significant seasonal trends, with peak abundances during summer. ANOVA
indicated strongly significant effects of site for 9 of 39 species and
combined taxa, probably reflecting factors associated with management
history; only two taxa showed significant responses to the thinning
treatment or to blockxtreatment interactions. Indicator analysis
revealed three spider species as potential indicators of thinning
treatment. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis
for 85 species indicated that the thinning treatments altered the
invertebrate assemblage in different ways, depending on initial
structure. Multiresponse permutation procedure (MRPP) confirmed that
species assemblages, but not combined taxa or functional groups, in
treated units differed significantly from those in control units and
from each other. Therefore, VDT affected forest floor invertebrates in
the short term, but the effect was strongly modified by site (block)
factors, especially management history. These results indicated that
previous management history is an important determinant of treatment
effect and that compensatory shifts in relative importance among
species within functional groups may maintain ecological function
during environmental changes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1134. Little trees, big benefits.
DeWitt, Bob
Missouri Conservationist 64(8)(2003); ISSN: 0026-6515
Descriptors: wildlife/
succession/ mammals/ habitat management/ forests/ forestry practices/
forest/ wildlife relationships/ food supply/ ecosystems/ ecosystem
management/ birds/ Missouri
Abstract:
Trees follow the same cycle of birth, growth, reproduction, and death
that governs all living things. These changes during its lifetime are
referred to as succession. The ability of trees to provide wildlife
habitat varies throughout their life cycle. When mature trees are
removed, sun reaches the soil surface and stimulates new vegetation.
This new growth is made up of several types including woody plants that
sprout from shoots and roots of removed trees. The period of regrowth
of a forest is called regeneration, which can last up to 20 years. The
regeneration stage provides many things to different species of
animals. Its abundant foliage provides browse for mammals and insects.
Its insects form high-protein food source for many bird species. The
fruits and seeds of plants provide food for birds during fall and
winter. Species that prefer areas of forest regeneration include quail,
turkey, deer, and numerous songbirds. Maintaining an adequate amount of
forests in the regenerative condition requires harvesting timber.
Several projects are implemented to create suitable habitat for
wildlife. The River Hills Forest Habitat Project, was formed to create
sufficient successional habitat to increase the numbers of ruffed
grouse in east central Missouri. The forest management standard is
to preserve 10 percent of forest cover in regeneration condition.
Woodland improvement and woody edge enhancement are the practices that
can be implemented to provide young forest habitat. During woodland
improvement undesirable tree species are removed. The process of woody
edge enhancement creates small openings in large blocks of mature
forest to stimulate forest regeneration.
© NISC
1135. Long-term effects of even-aged management on bird communities in central Pennsylvania.
Yahner, R. H.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1102-1110. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: bird
community/ clearcutting/ even-aged management/ forest/ nest predation/
nesting success/ Pennsylvania/ avifauna/ brood parasitism/ community
composition/ community structure/ deciduous forest/ nesting success/
predation/ wildlife management/ United States/ Pipilio erythophthalmus/
Poecile atricapillus/ Seiurus aurocapillus
Abstract: Long-term
studies are a prerequisite for understanding the impacts of
even-aged management on bird communities of the eastern deciduous
forest. In this paper, I synthesize the results obtained from a series
of studies dealing with the structure and composition of wintering and
breeding bird communities and the impacts of predation and brood
parasitism on avian nesting success over a 22-year period (1974-1995)
on a study area affected by even-aged management in
central Pennsylvania. Fourteen wintering species were noted on the
study
area; 8 (57%) were present on treated (managed) and reference (uncut)
sectors. Species richness of wintering birds remained relatively
constant over time, but trunk-bark foraging species, e.g., black-capped
chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), predominated on the study area.
Forty-seven breeding species were recorded on the study area; 37 (79%)
occupied both sectors. Unlike in winter, species richness fluctuated
widely over time, perhaps due to chance or short-term response to
habitat changes created by even-aged management. Early successional
species, e.g., eastern towhee (Pipilio erythrophthalmus), tended to be
most common on the study area; however, as plant succession progressed,
forest-interior species, e.g., ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), became
abundant. Nest predation declined over time, in part because of
probable reductions in abundance of avian nest predators. Incidences of
brood parasitism remained relatively low throughout the study period. A
comprehensive, long-term study on a localized area, such as this study
in central Pennsylvania, provides important insight into the
effects of small-scale, even-aged management on bird communities in a
managed forested landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1136. Long-term
impacts of even-aged timber management on abundance and body condition
of terrestrial amphibians in northwestern California.
Karraker, N. E. and Welsh, H. H.
Biological Conservation 131(1): 132-140. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ whole animal physiology/ ecology/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Amphibia:
forestry/ even aged timber management/ long term impact on abundance
and body condition/ habitat management/ even aged silvicultural
systems/ physiological condition/ body condition/ long term impact of
even aged timber management/ population size/ abundance/ forest and
woodland/ abundance and body condition/ California/ Amphibia/
amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Conservation needs for amphibians in managed timberlands may differ
based upon the species present and the timber harvesting methods
employed. Clearcuts have been documented to be detrimental to
amphibians but the impacts of associated silvicultural edges and
alternative harvesting treatments are not well understood. The primary
objective of this study was to determine if amphibian abundances and
body condition differed in thinned forests and intact forests, and in
clearcuts and associated silvicultural edges. We also examined which
environmental attributes were important in explaining observed
differences. We sampled clearcuts, silvicultural edges, and adjacent
late-seral forests at 10 sites in northwestern California from
October 1999 to July 2002. Clearcuts at these sites ranged in age from
6 to 25 years. Five of these forest stands were intact and five had
been commercially thinned at least 10 years prior to our study.
Amphibian abundances were similar in thinned and unthinned forests, but
body condition of the most common species was lower in thinned forests.
Abundances of amphibians were nearly twice as high in forests and at
silvicultural edges than in clearcuts. Clearcutting at these sites
appears to have affected amphibian numbers up to 25 years post-harvest,
however, silvicultural edges were suitable habitats for amphibians.
While commercial thinning did not reduce amphibian numbers, it is an
intermediate treatment followed by clearcutting. Where conservation of
amphibians is a concern, even-aged silvicultural systems may not
provide the most appropriate method for maintaining viable populations
on managed forestlands in the northwestern US.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1137. Long-term prescribed burning regime has little effect on springtails in pine stands of southern Arkansas.
Renschin, Michele L.; Thompson, Lynne C.; and
Shelton, Michael G.
In:
Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 71/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp. 79-81.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6304
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Collembola: forestry/ prescribed burning/
community structure/ prescribed burning effects/ forest and woodland/
pine forest habitat/ fire/ Arkansas/ Ashley County/ Crossett
Experimental Forest/ Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract: Concerns
regarding the impacts of prescribed fires on faunal
communities in pine stands have led to numerous studies. One
soil/litter insect that may be influenced by fire is springtails, an
important member of the forest floor community. A study was conducted
in burned and unburned loblolly/shortleaf pine stands in
southeastern Arkansas to examine whether springtail abundance,
composition, and
diversity were different between areas burned every 2 to 3 years over
the past 20 years and areas not burned at all. Litterbags were used to
collect springtails periodically over a 10-month period. Comparisons of
springtail populations for the two treatments were
analyzed
by abundance, diversity, and similarity. A total of 5,528 individuals
were collected, but only 92 percent could be identified to family;
identified specimens represented
24
genera and 10 families. The prescribed fires significantly affected
only one genus, Orchesella, which occurred in burned areas more
frequently than in unburned areas. Springtail diversity was not
affected by burning. Dendrograms based on Jaccard and Sorenson
(Bray-Curtis) similarity indices showed no distinct
grouping
of the treatments. These results indicate that springtail populations
on the sites are influenced more by other environmental factors than by
prescribed fire.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1138. Long-term
responses of ecosystem components to stand thinning in young lodgepole
pine forest, Part I: Population dynamics of northern flying squirrels
and red squirrels.
Ransome, D. B.; Lindgren, P. M.; Sullivan, D. S.; and Sullivan, T. P.
Forest Ecology and Management 202(1-3): 355-367. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.08.002.
Descriptors: Glaucomys
sabrinus/ lodgepole pine/ old-growth attributes/ population dynamics/
pre-commercial thinning/ Tamiasciurus hudsonicus/ ecosystems/ growth
kinetics/ population statistics/ sampling/ late-seral forests/
population dynamics/ pre-commercial thinning/ forestry/ forest
management/ old-growth forest/ population dynamics/ rodent/ thinning/
ecosystems/ forestry/ Pinus/ Sampling/ Glaucomys/ Glaucomys sabrinus/
Pinus contorta/ Sciuridae/ Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
Abstract:
A new paradigm in forest management is managing second-growth forests
to accelerate development of structural characteristics associated with
late-seral forests. A key uncertainty is whether those wildlife species
associated with these structural characteristics will respond
positively to their development in thinned young seral forests. This
study was designed to test the hypothesis that population dynamics
(abundance, breeding condition, and survival) of northern flying
squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and red squirrels (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus) would be maintained at levels recorded in old-growth
forests by large-scale pre-commercial thinning of young (17-27 years
old) lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests. Replicated study areas
were located near Penticton, Kamloops, and Prince George
in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area
had three young pine stands thinned to densities of ~500 (low), ~1000
(medium), and ~2000 (high) stems/ha, with unthinned (4300-7600
stems/ha) and old-growth stands for comparison. Populations of G.
sabrinus and T. hudsonicus were sampled intensively from 2000 to 2002
corresponding to 12-14 years after thinning. Abundance of G. sabrinus
was significantly higher in the high-density stand and lowest in the
low-density and unthinned stands. Intermediate densities were found in
the medium-density and old-growth stands. Adult male body mass was
significantly greater in old-growth than high-density stands. We failed
to detect significant differences among treatments for recruitment,
movement, and survival for G. sabrinus and all parameters measured for
T. hudsonicus. Survival increased significantly in 2002 from previous
years for G. sabrinus, while survival decreased significantly for T.
hudsonicus during this period. Our results support the hypothesis that
population dynamics of G. sabrinus and T. hudsonicus would be
maintained at levels recorded in old-growth forests by large-scale
pre-commercial thinning of young lodgepole pine forests. Abundance of
G. sabrinus in high-density stands exceeded levels recorded in
old-growth stands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1139. Long-term
responses of ecosystem components to stand thinning in young lodgepole
pine forest, Part II: Diversity and population dynamics of forest floor
small mammals.
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; Lindgren, P. M.; and Ransome, D. B.
Forest Ecology and Management 205(1-3): 1-14 . (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: abundance/
Clethrionomys gapperi/ forest-floor small mammals/ lodgepole pine/
population dynamics/ pre-commercial thinning/ species diversity
Abstract: A
variety of silvicultural practices may be used to diversify
second-growth forests that have regenerated from clearcut harvesting.
These young stands are structurally simple and amenable to practices
such as variable-density and conventional thinnings to accelerate
ecosystem development. This study was designed to test the hypotheses
that (i) abundance and diversity of forest floor small mammals, and
(ii) population dynamics (reproduction, recruitment, and survival) of
the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) would be
maintained at levels recorded in old-growth forest, by large-scale
thinning to various densities in young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
forest. Replicate study areas were located
near Penticton, Kamloops, and Prince George in
south-central British
Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three stands thinned to
densities of ~500 (low), ~1000 (medium), and ~2000 (high) stems/ha,
with an unthinned young pine and old-growth pine stand for
comparison. Forest floor small mammal communities were sampled
intensively in
2000, 2001, and 2002 at 12-14-years after the pre-commercial thinning
treatment. Mean total abundance of small mammals was similar among
stands with the highest overall numbers recorded in 2002. Mean species
richness and diversity of small mammals were similar among stands. Mean
abundance of C. gapperi was similar among stands and increased
significantly with time. This pattern of abundance of C. gapperi will
likely be consistent except perhaps in years of high numbers when
productivity of this species may be highest in old-growth forest.
Reproduction, recruitment, and early juvenile survival of C. gapperi
was similar among stands; Jolly-Seber summer survival was higher in the
thinned than unthinned stands with no difference in winter survival
among stands. Our results supported hypotheses (i) and (ii) that
abundance and diversity of forest floor small mammals and the
demographic attributes of C. gapperi populations would be maintained in
young managed lodgepole pine stands (thinned or unthinned) at levels
recorded in old-growth forest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1140. Long-term
responses of ecosystem components to stand thinning in young lodgepole
pine forest, Part IV: Relative habitat use by mammalian herbivores.
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; Lindgren, P. M. F.; and Ransome, D. B.
Forest Ecology and Management 240(1-3): 32-41. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.11.020.
Descriptors: Alces alces/ Lepus americanus/ lodgepole pine/ Odocoileus hemionus/ pre-commercial thinning/ relative habitat use
Abstract: Pre-commercial
thinning (PCT) is a silvicultural practice that can
provide diverse understory and overstory vegetation conditions. We
tested the hypothesis that relative habitat use by snowshoe hare (Lepus
americanus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and moose (Alces alces)
would increase in response to enhanced abundance of herbs and shrubs,
and species diversity and structural diversity of conifers, in heavily
thinned (<=1000 stems/ha) stands, at 12-15 years post-thinning.
Replicate study areas were located near Penticton, Kamloops,
and Prince George in south-central British
Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three young pine stands
thinned to
densities of ~500 stems/ha (low), ~1000 stems/ha (medium), and ~2000
stems/ha (high), with an unthinned young pine and old-growth pine stand
for comparison. Relative habitat use, based on counts of fecal pellets
and pellet-groups, was similar among the five treatment stands for
hares (P = 0.24), deer (P = 0.23), and moose (P = 0.16). However,
low-density stands (~500 stems/ha) had ca. 3-20 times as many deer
pellet-groups, and ca. 2-4 times as many moose pellet-groups, than
other stands. Low-density stands had significantly greater canopy
openness, volume of shrubs <2 m, and horizontal hiding cover <1.6
m than other treatments. Relative habitat use by deer and moose was
positively related to understory characteristics such as enhanced
abundance of forage and security cover. These results support our
hypothesis that deer and moose responded positively to enhanced volume
of herbs and shrubs as well as to species diversity and structural
diversity of conifers and overall vegetation in heavily thinned
(<=1000 stems/ha) stands at 12-15 years post-thinning. Our results
suggest that ungulate management would be enhanced if greater emphasis
was placed on forage enhancement throughout the year, which differs
from current management recommendations which tend to focus on winter
range and snow-interception cover.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1141. Longleaf pine restoration: Implications for landscape-level effects on bird communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain.
Tucker, J. W.; Hill, G. E.; and Holler, N. R.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27: 107-121. (May 2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.S63
Descriptors: Pinus
palustris/ ecological restoration/ analysis of variance/ forest
habitats/ wildlife habitats/ forest ecosystems/ ecosystem management/
wild birds/ statistical analysis/ prescribed burning/ forest
plantations/ coastal forests/ Gulf of Mexico region/ Florida/ Eglin Air
Force Base/ neotropical migrants/ resident birds/ migratory birds/
sandhills/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and
wildlife conservation/ forestry related
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1142. Managed forest landscape structure and avian species richness in the southeastern US.
Loehle,
C.; Wigley, T. B.; Rutzmoser, S.; Gerwin, J. A.; Keyser, P. D.; Lancia,
R. A.; Reynolds, C. J.; Thill, R. E.; Weih, R.; White, D.; and Wood, P.
B.
Forest Ecology and Management 214(1-3): 279-293. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.018.
Descriptors: avian
diversity/ forest management/ landscape heterogeneity/ species
accumulation curves/ biodiversity/ biomarkers/ biomass/ data
acquisition/ distance measurement/ landforms/ spatial variables
measurement/ watersheds/ landscapes/ species composition/ stem density/
sustainable forest programs/ forestry/ avifauna/ breeding population/
species richness/ stand structure/ biodiversity/ biomass/ birds/ forest
products/ forests/ indicators/ sustainable forest management/
watersheds/ Arkansas/ Aves
Abstract: Forest structural features at the stand scale (e.g., snags, stem
density, species composition) and habitat attributes at larger spatial
scales (e.g., landscape pattern, road density) can influence biological
diversity and have been proposed as indicators in sustainable forestry
programs. This study investigated relationships between such factors
and total richness of breeding birds based on data from four studies
within highly forested landscapes in the southeastern United
States (Arkansas, South Carolina, and West Virginia)
that were managed for commercial forest products. Habitat attributes
were developed from forest inventory data and other information at the
stand level and in circular buffers with radii of 250, 500 m, and 1 km
around each sample point. Species accumulation curves for all study
sites indicated greater richness in the youngest stands, with greater
landscape age heterogeneity, and with proximity of sample points to
roads. However, bird richness was not related to distance to nearest
water or stream density at any scale. Pine forests had the most species
at two of three sites where pine forests occurred. Stand biomass and
basal area were generally not predictive of avian richness. Watersheds
within the Arkansas site under more intensive management showed
greater bird diversity. Overall, forest management appeared to have a
positive effect on total bird richness.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1143. Managed forests and migratory bird populations: Evaluating spatial configurations through simulation.
Goldstein, M. I.; Corson, M. S.; Lacher, T. E.; and Grant, W. E.
Ecological Modelling 162(1-2): 155-175. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 03043800
Descriptors: connectivity/
habitat fragmentation/ Industrial forestry/ neotropical migrant birds/
spatially explicit simulation/ avifauna/ ecological modeling/ forest
management/ habitat fragmentation/ migratory species/ simulation/
species richness/ succession/ Pinus echinata/ Pinus taeda
Abstract:
We developed a simulation model of forest succession in managed
loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) short-leaf pine (Pinus echinata)
plantations to explore factors that influence temporal variability in
avian richness. We simulated 16 unique landscapes through a full
harvest rotation (i.e. 25 years from planting to harvest). In the
model, Neotropical migrant birds colonized tree stands based on habitat
parameters such as vegetation type, stand size and configuration, and
amount of edge. The model predicted species richness and abundance for
each stand and across the landscape. Results demonstrated how stand
size, stand configuration, and habitat fragmentation may play a
substantial role in landscape suitability concerns for Neotropical
migrant birds. An intermediate level of landscape fragmentation
appeared to
decrease
variation in total bird abundance and to provide greater overall
species richness, the latter an important consideration when the
concern lies with optimizing multiple species management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1144. Managing changing landscapes on the northern prairies: Using functional groups and guilds.
Radenbaugh, T. A.
Prairie Forum 30(1): 157-170. (2005); ISSN: 03176282
Descriptors: ecosystem function/ ecosystem management/ guild/ landscape change/ prairie/ Canada/ North America/ Aves
Abstract:
This article reviews how the northern prairie landscapes have changed
since European agricultural settlement at the broad ecosystem level.
Society has developed a broad-scale relationship with this landscape
that is complex, causal, and non-linear, and investigating
human-environment interactions needs to be addressed in terms of
ecological functions and hierarchies. Ecosystem functions are examined
in terms of changes in both landscape level vegetation and breeding
bird guilds. Human land use has increasingly sculptured the landscape
to the point where society now influences all ecological levels of the
region, altering not only species assemblages but also how the entire
ecosystem functions. Thus, we must also look at our management of the
system at the ecosystem level. Using this approach, some general
strategies are outlined to manage northern prairie ecosystems, with an
emphasis on using changes in biotic guilds as an overall indication of
ecosystem health.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1145. Managing firebreak fuels to promote habitat of an imperiled moth (Massachusetts).
Haggerty, Sarah A. and Sievert, Paul R.
Ecological Restoration 23(1): 67-68. (2005);
ISSN: 1522-4740
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Hemileuca maia: habitat
management/ firebreak management/ Conservation implications/ woodland
and scrub/ forest and woodland/ Pitch pine/ scrub oak barrens/ scrub/
Massachusetts/ Martha's Vineyard/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata,
Heteroneura, Bombycoidea, Saturniidae/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates/ Lepidopterans
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1146. Managing for wildlife habitat in Westside production forests.
Harrington, Timothy B. and Nicholas, Gretchen E.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PNW 695,
2007. 135 p.
Notes:
Meeting paper: Managing for wildlife habitat in Westside production
forests, October 18, 2006, held in Vancouver, WA.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
comprehensive zoology: forestry/ wildlife habitat management in
production forests/ managing for wildlife habitat in westside
production forests/ habitat management/ forest management strategies/
forest and woodland/ production forests/ wildlife habitat management/
Pacific Northwest/ Washington/ Vancouver
Abstract: The
purpose of the workshop was to provide prescriptions and
guidelines for people who manage Westside forests (those west of
the Cascade Mountains' crest) primarily for wood production, but
because of mandate or personal preference, want to integrate wildlife
values. The audience included over 150 professionals from forest
industry, consulting firms, and public and tribal forest and wildlife
management agencies. This proceedings includes ten papers based on oral
presentations at the workshop plus a synthesis paper summarizing
workshop themes, discussions, and related information. Topics include a
history of wildlife management research in the Pacific Northwest,
elements of habitat and how to manage for them, the challenges of
appropriately implementing ecosystem management, and economic
implications to private forestland owners.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1147. Managing forestlands for wildlife.
Yahner, Richard H.; Mahan, Carolyn G.; and
Rodewald, Amanda D.
In: Techniques for wildlife investigations and management/ Braun, C.; 6th.
Bethesda, MD: Wildlife Society, 2005; pp. 898-919.
Notes: ISBN: 0933564155.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ comprehensive
zoology: forestry/ forest management for wildlife/ habitat management/
forest and woodland/ habitat management for wildlife
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1148. Managing forests for wildlife.
Dickson, J. G. and Wigley, T. B.
In: Wildlife of southern forests habitat and management.
Blaine, WA: Hancock House Publ., 2001; pp. 83-94.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_dickson003.pdf
Descriptors: forest
habitat/ habitat management/ riparian habitat/ edge habitat/
herbicides/ Alabama/ Arkansas/ Florida/ Georgia/ Kentucky/ Louisiana/ Mississippi/ North
Carolina/ Texas/ South Carolina/ Oklahoma/ Tennessee
Abstract:
In this chapter we present some information about habitat
relationships and management options at a scale broader than the stand
level, such as discussion of edge and streamside zones. But we treat
wildlife habitat relationships primarily at the stand level, which is
the basic management unit. We approach this by treating suitability of
stand structure and composition for wildlife communities and present
information about how common management practices affect that
suitability as wildlife habitat for wildlife communities. Each species
has different habitat requirements, SO conditions or manipulations that
favor some species likely will be negative for others. Forest and stand
suitability for wildlife should be considered in regard to alternative
land uses and also how they fit into the broader landscape context. In
recent years pine plantations have increased in extent in the South,
there is much interest in pine plantations as wildlife habitat, and
much of this chapter focuses on those relationships.
© NISC
1149. Managing forests for wildlife and nontimber products.
McEvoy, Thom
In: Positive Impact Forestry: A Sustainable Approach to Managing Woodlands/ McEvoy, Thom.
Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004; pp. 171-191.
NAL Call #: SD387.S87 M389 2004
Descriptors: wildlife/ forest management/ silvicultural practices/ habitat management
1150. Managing forests with prescribed fire: implications for a cavity-dwelling bat species.
Boyles, Justin G. and Aubrey, Doug P.
Forest Ecology and Management 222(1-3): 108-115. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Chiroptera/
Vespertilionidae/ Nycticeius humeralis/ Microchiroptera/ environmental
factors/ habits-behavior/ behavior/ canopy light penetration/
cavity-dwelling bat species/ deciduous forest management/ habitat use/
fires-burns/ forests/ ecosystems/ land zones/ Missouri/ North America/
prescribed forest burns/ radiotelemetry/ roosts/ roosting/ roosting
preference/ roosting site selection/ site selection/ Taney County,
Drury Conservation Area/ terrestrial ecology/ microchiroptera/ tree
hole/ sleeping / habitat/ forest/ landscape management/ fire
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is used as a restoration and management technique in
many deciduous forests of eastern North America. The effects of
fire have been studied on habitat selection of many vertebrate species,
but no studies have reported the effect of fire on bat roosting
habitat. Fire initially leads to an influx of dead and dying trees, an
increase of light availability, and a decrease of canopy and sub-canopy
tree density. These characteristics are beneficial to many
forest-dwelling vertebrates including cavity-roosting bats. We
evaluated evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis) roost-site selection at
the stand-scale in order to determine roosting preferences as they
relate to prescribed burning. Standard radiotelemetry techniques were
used to locate evening bat roost trees. Canopy light penetration and
overstory tree density were measured in both burned and unburned
forests. Sixty-three trees used as roosts by both male and female
evening bats were located during both the summer and winter and all 63
roosts were located in the burned portion of the study area. Canopy
light penetration was higher and canopy tree density was lower in the
burned forest than unburned forest. An increase in light availability
may release bats from one of the constraints suggested for many
forest-dwelling bat species in roost tree selection-sun-exposure. This
should increase the abundance of trees with characteristics suitable
for roosting and may allow bats to roost throughout the interior of the
forest as opposed to only on forest edges, thereby allowing bats to
roost closer to foraging grounds and possibly lessening predation
rates. Lower tree density may allow for ease of flight within the
forest as well as more efficient locating of roost trees. In addition,
there were a significantly higher proportion of dead trees, which
evening bats commonly use as roost trees, in burned forests compared to
unburned forests. Prescribed burning appears to initially lead to
creation or restoration of favorable cavity-dwelling bat habitat and
its continual implementation perpetuates an
open sub-canopy. Therefore, we suggest that prescribed
rning
may be a suitable tool for management of roosting habitat for
cavity-roosting bats. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© NISC
1151. Managing habitat for dispersing northern spotted owls: Are the current management strategies adequate?
Buchanan, J. B.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1333-1345. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: Section: "In My Opinion"; doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1333:IMOMHF]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: habitat management/ management practices/ raptors/ Strigiformes/ Strix occidentalis caurina
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1152. Managing pines for wild turkeys.
Burhans, B.
Forest Landowner 62(2): 58-59. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: biodiversity/
ecosystems/ hardwoods/ harvesting/ herbicides/ timber/ prescribed fire/
understory/ forestry/ birds/ forestry/ forests/ hardwoods/ harvesting/
Pinus/ plantations/ prescribed burning/ thinning/ wildlife
Abstract:
The practices used for the management of pine forests to provide a
natural habitat for wild turkeys are discussed. Prescribed fire can be
used as an effective tool to manage the forest understory, as thick
understories are unattractive to wild turkeys. Selective herbicides can
also effectively kill hardwoods and keep the understory in a pine stand
open and turkey friendly. The need to maintain the forest in at least
10% openings, especially in pine dominated landscapes is also
elaborated.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1153. Managing
young upland forests in southeast Alaska for wood products,
wildlife, aquatic resources, and fishes: Problem analysis and study
plan.
Wipfli, M. S.; Deal, R. L.; Hennon, P. E.; Johnson, A. C.;
De Santo, T. L.; Hanley, T. A.; Schultz, M. E.; Bryant, M. D.; Edwards, R. T.; Orlikowska, E. H.; and Gomi, T.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PNW 558,
2002. 46 p.
Notes: 08874840 (ISSN).
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr558.pdf
Descriptors: fish/
invertebrates/ red alder/ vegetation/ wildlife/ young-growth
management/ ecosystem management/ forest management/ nitrogen fixation/
riparian forest/ trophic interaction/ United States/ Alnus/ Alnus
rubra/ Aves/ Betulaceae/ Coniferophyta/ Invertebrata/ Pisces/ Riparia
Abstract:
Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) appears to influence the
productivity of young-growth conifer forests and affect the major
resources (timber, wildlife, and fisheries) of forested ecosystems in
southeast Alaska. We propose an integrated approach to
understanding how alder influences trophic links and processes in
young-growth ecosystems. The presence of red alder is expected to
increase understory biomass, and aquatic, riparian, and terrestrial
invertebrate abundance, providing more food for
herbivores, fish, and birds. We predict that most red alder
trees will die standing, and woody debris will be small and
mobile
in streams. Nitrogen fixation by red alder in mixed stands may result
in larger, more commercially valuable conifers. Inclusion of red alder
in the regenerating stand may therefore mitigate some negative impacts
of clearcutting, and may increase total wood production from the
landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1154. Measuring edge effects on nest predation in forest fragments: Do finch and quail eggs tell different stories?
Niehaus, A. C.; Heard, S. B.; Hendrix, S. D.; and Hillis, S. L.
American Midland Naturalist 149(2): 335-343. (Apr. 2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58
Descriptors: edge effect/ habitat fragmentation/ nest predation/ passerines/ predation risk/ Coturnix/
Poephila guttata
Abstract: Experiments
assessing rates of avian nest predation often find that
nests near forest edges are at high risk of predation, suggesting the
importance of forest fragmentation in recent population declines of
ground-nesting passerines. However, the use of quail (Coturnix spp.)
eggs in nest predation experiments may confound conclusions about edge
effects because only large-mouthed predators are able to consume these
relatively large eggs, but both large and small-mouthed predators
consume smaller passerine eggs. We directly compared predation rates on
artificial nests baited with quail eggs or with zebra finch (Poephila
guttata) eggs; the latter are similar in size to the eggs of many
neotropical passerines. In 1998 and 1999 we placed 392 artificial
ground nests at edge and interior locations in two
east-central Iowa forest fragments. Predation on these nests
varied with egg
type (quail or finch) and location (edge or interior) and there was a
significant interaction between egg type and location: predation on
quail eggs was greater at edges than in the interior, whereas finch egg
predation was high in both edge and interior locations. Based on tooth
imprints in clay eggs, we determined that large-mouthed predators were
six times more active at edges, whereas activity of small-mouthed nest
predators was evenly distributed between edge and interior locations.
We suggest that the use of only quail eggs can exaggerate edge effects
and that finch eggs or clay eggs used in conjunction with quail eggs in
artificial nests can be used to estimate relative predation rates by
large- and small-mouthed predators.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1155. Mesocosm experiments on habitat choice by an endemic lizard: Implications for timber management.
Tiebout, Harry M. and Anderson, Roger A.
Journal of Herpetology 35(2): 173-185. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 0022-1511
Descriptors: Sceloporus
woodi/ amphibians and reptiles/ behavior/ habitat use/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ habitat alterations/ forestry practices/ social
behavior/ intraspecies relationships/ endemic/ habitat management
Abstract:
The authors investigated the impacts of various logging practices on
habitat choice by the endemic Florida scrub lizard (Sceloporus
woodi) in the Florida scrub of Ocala National Forest (ONF).
They used large outdoor mesocosms as a novel means to evaluate
lizard preferences for habitats with different structural features
produced by standard forestry practices. Captive lizards were
offered a choice between two adjoining habitats
(=
sides of a mesocosm) created using one of two substratum treatments
[SAND = 75% open. sand; WOOD = 75% coarse woody debris (CWD)]
coupled with one of two insolation treatments (LIGHT = ambient
sunlight; DARK = 45% ambient sunlight). The mesocosms proved to
be an effective technique for evaluating lizard habitat preferences.
Lizards were easily observed and remained active and healthy
throughout the experiment. Sighting frequencies differed
significantly among the four mesocosm sides, yielding an overall
preference ranking of DARK SAND > LIGHT SAND > DARK WOOD > or
= LIGHT WOOD. Analysis of sighting frequencies by treatment
factors (substratum and isolation) and of dissimilarity matrices both
indicated that habitat choice was based primarily on substratum
composition and only weakly determined by insolation level. In
addition, size- and gender-specific preferences suggest that social
interactions may help shape patterns of habitat used in conjunction
with individual preferences. The authors conclude that the least
favored mesocosm side (LIGHT WOOD) represents a habitat type that could
potentially serve as a population sink for scrub lizards and recommend
several methods to reduce the accumulation of CWD or to ameliorate its
potential thermal stress on lizards. In addition, the most
favored mesocosm side (DARK SAND) represents a shaded sandy habitat
type not currently found in ONF timber stands. They present
several alternative harvesting and site preparation methods that could
produce such habitats and recommend further research on their potential
value for enhancing populations of scrub lizards and other open-habitat
scrub endemics.
© NISC
1156. A method for landscape analysis of forestry guidelines using bird habitat models and the Habplan harvest scheduler.
Loehle, C.; Van Deusen, P.; Wigley, T. B.; Mitchell, M. S.; Rutzmoser, S. H.; Aggett, J.; Beebe, J. A.; and Smith, M. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 232(1-3): 56-67. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.040.
Descriptors: avian richness/ biodiversity/ extended rotations/ forest management/ habitat model/ Habplan/ harvest scheduler/ riparian zone/
sustainable forestry initiative
Abstract:
Wildlife-habitat relationship models have sometimes been linked with
forest simulators to aid in evaluating outcomes of forest management
alternatives. However, linking wildlife-habitat models with harvest
scheduling software would provide a more direct method for assessing
economic and ecological implications of alternative harvest schedules
in commercial forest operations. We demonstrate an approach for
frontier analyses of wildlife benefits using the Habplan harvest
scheduler and spatially explicit wildlife response models in the
context of operational forest planning. We used the Habplan harvest
scheduler to plan commercial forest management over a 40-year horizon
at a landscape scale under five scenarios: unmanaged, an unlimited
block-size option both with and without riparian buffers, three cases
with different block-size restrictions, and a set-asides scenario in
which older stands were withheld from cutting. The potential benefit to
wildlife was projected based on spatial models of bird guild richness
and species probability of detection. Harvested wood volume provided a
measure of scenario costs, which provides an indication of management
feasibility. Of nine species and guilds, none appeared to benefit from
50 m riparian buffers, response to an unmanaged scenario was mixed and
expensive, and block-size restrictions (maximum harvest unit size)
provided no apparent benefit and in some cases were possibly
detrimental to bird richness. A set-aside regime, however, appeared to
provide significant benefits to all species and groups, probably
through increased landscape heterogeneity and increased availability of
older forest. Our approach shows promise for evaluating costs and
benefits of forest management guidelines in commercial forest
enterprises and improves upon the state of the art by utilizing an
optimizing harvest scheduler as in commercial forest management,
multiple measures of biodiversity (models for multiple species and
guilds), and spatially explicit wildlife response models.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1157. Microhabitat associations of northern flying squirrels in burned and thinned forest stands of the Sierra Nevada.
Meyer, Marc D.; Kelt, Douglas A.; and North, Malcolm P.
American Midland Naturalist 157(1): 202-211. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Rodentia/
Sciuridae/ Glaucomys sabrinus/ California/ forest and woodland/
forestry/ habitat utilization/ Sierra Nevada, south/ commercial
activities/ ecology/ land zones/ terrestrial habitat/ biogeography/
geographical range/ microhabitat association/ burned forest stand/
thinned forest stand/ control
Abstract:
Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning are used to manage fuels
within many western North American forest ecosystems, but few studies
have examined the relative impacts of these treatments on forest
wildlife. We sampled northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) and
microhabitat variables in burned, thinned and control stands of
mixed-conifer forest of the southern Sierra Nevada at the Teakettle Experimental Forest. We used this
information to determine the effects of burning and thinning on the
microhabitat associations of flying squirrels. Across pretreatment
stands, the probability of flying squirrel capture increased with
decreasing distance to a perennial creek and increasing litter depth.
The probability of flying squirrel capture also was greater with
increased canopy cover in thinned stands and increased litter depth in
burned stands. Greater canopy cover may provide protection from
predators, thicker litter layers may harbor a greater abundance of
truffles, a primary food of northern flying squirrels, and creeks may
provide squirrels with food sources, drinking water and nest trees.
Results from this study underscore the need for more information on the
effects of forest management on northern flying squirrels near the
southern extent of the species' geographic range.
© NISC
1158. Modeling habitat occupancy of orange-crowned warblers in managed forests of Oregon and Washington, USA.
Kroll, Andrew J.; Duke, Steven D.; Runde, Douglas E.; Arnett, Edward B.; and Austin, Kelly A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1089-1097. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Parulidae/
Passeriformes/ Vermivora celata/ study methods/ techniques/ forests/
ecosystems/ habitat management/ habitat occupancy model/ habitat use/
Oregon/ Washington/ conservation/ wildlife management/ land zones
Abstract: As
part of a habitat management planning process for commercially
managed forests, we developed and evaluated habitat occupancy models
for the orange-crowned warbler (Vemivora celata), a conservation
priority species in Oregon and Washington, USA. We
used repeated surveys to classify a random sample of managed conifer
stands at the McKenzie, PeEll, and Tolt study sites in
western Oregon and Washington as either occupied or
unoccupied during
1994-1995. We modeled occupancy and detection probabilities as a
function of stand-level habitat characteristics subject to manipulation
by management activities. The best-fitting model indicated that
orange-crowned warblers were 2 times (95% CI: 0.99-5.1) and 3.8 times
(95% CI: 1.5-6.1) as likely to occupy a stand for every 5% increase in
evergreen shrub cover and 5-m decrease in canopy lift (lit to lowest
live branch), respectively. Management actions that maintain evergreen
shrub cover >10% and permit development of low canopy lifts (4-10 m)
should promote habitat occupancy by the orange-crowned warbler in
commercial forests in western Oregon and Washington.
© NISC
1159. Modeling
potential outcomes of fire and fuel management scenarios on the
structure of forested habitats in northeast Oregon, USA.
Wales, B. C.; Suring, L. H.; and Hemstrom, M. A.
Landscape and Urban Planning 80(3): 223-236. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 01692046
Descriptors: forest
restoration/ fuels management/ habitat modeling/ Interior Northwest
landscape Analysis System (INLAS)/ Lynx canadensis/ wildlife habitat
Abstract:
Thinning and prescribed fire are being used extensively across the
interior western United States to reduce the risk of large, severe
wildfires. However, the full ecological consequences of implementing
these management practices on the landscape have not been completely
evaluated. We projected future vegetation trends resulting from four
management scenarios and compared vegetation trends against the natural
range of variability (NRV) using a state and transition model that
included natural disturbances (e.g., wildfires, insect outbreaks) on a
study area in northeast Oregon. We tracked the area of forests with
large trees to assess potential trends of habitat for wildlife species
closely associated with these forest structures and evaluated land
allocations that restricted management practices on national forests
(i.e., riparian and old-growth forests). We also specifically analyzed
habitat available for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), a species
listed as threatened under the USA Endangered Species Act. This
included an evaluation of implementing and not implementing current
management practices designed to protect Canada lynx habitat. We
found that the area of forests in large-diameter (≥ 52.5 cm) trees
is currently well below the estimated NRV, and that it might take
>100 years to return to more natural levels regardless of the
management scenario implemented. In addition, fuels management
activities (i.e., thinning, prescribed fire) resulted in total area of
closed-canopy large- and medium-diameter (≥ 40 cm) forests well
below that predicted under a natural disturbance regime, particularly
in cool-moist and cold forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1160. Modeling the influence of dynamic zoning of forest harvesting on ecological succession in a northern hardwoods landscape.
Zollner, P. A.; Gustafson, E. J.; He, H. S.; Radeloff, V. C.; and Mladenoff, D. J.
Environmental Management 35(4): 410-425. (2005)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-003-0217-9.
Descriptors: American marten/ dynamic zoning/
LANDIS/
landscape pattern/ ruffed grouse/ simulation model/ succession/
biodiversity/ computer simulation/ ecology/ hardwoods/ harvesting/
mathematical models/ zoning/ forest harvesting/ landscape/ forestry/
ecological impact/ ecological modeling/ forest management/ succession/
timber harvesting/ ecosystem/ biodiversity/ ecology/ forest management/
hardwoods/ lumber/ mathematical models/ wildlife/ Chequamegon National
Forest/ Wisconsin/ Bonasa umbellus/ Martes americana/ Populus sp.
Abstract: Dynamic
zoning (systematic alteration in the spatial and temporal
allocation of even-aged forest management practices) has been proposed
as a means to change the spatial pattern of timber harvest across a
landscape to maximize forest interior habitat while holding timber
harvest levels constant. Simulation studies have established that
dynamic zoning strategies produce larger tracts of interior, closed
canopy forest, thus increasing the value of these landscapes for
interior-dependent wildlife. We used the simulation model LANDIS to
examine how the implementation of a dynamic zoning strategy would
change
trajectories of ecological succession in the Great Divide Ranger
District of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in
northern Wisconsin over 500 years. The components of dynamic zoning
strategies (number of zones
in a scenario and the length of the hiatus between successive entries
into zones) and their interaction had highly significant impacts on
patterns of forest succession. Dynamic zoning scenarios with more zones
and shorter hiatus lengths increased the average amount of the forest
dominated by early successional aspen (Populus sp.). Dynamic zoning
scenarios with two zones produced >more late successional mature
northern hardwoods than scenarios with four zones. Dynamic zoning
scenarios with
very short (30 years) or very long (120 years) hiatus lengths resulted
in more late successional mature northern hardwoods than scenarios with
intermediate hiatus lengths (60 and 90 years). However, none of the
dynamic scenarios produced as much late successional mature northern
hardwoods as the static
alternative. Furthermore, the amounts of all habitat types in all
dynamic zoning scenarios fluctuated greatly in time and space relative
to static alternatives, which could negatively impact wildlife
species that require a stable amount of habitat above some minimum
critical threshold. Indeed, implementing dynamic zoning scenarios of
different designs would have both positive and negative effects on
wildlife speciesand for other objectives of forest management. ©
2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1161. Monitoring for adaptive management in coniferous forests of the northern Rockies.
Young, Jock S.; Hoffland, John R.; and Hutto, Richard L.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 405-411.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ monitoring adaptive management in coniferous forest/
community structure/ population dynamics/ habitat utilization/ forest
and woodland/ Coniferous forest/ monitoring adaptive management/ North
America/ northern Rockies/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Monitoring can and should be much more than the effort to track
population trends; it can be a proactive effort to understand the
effects of human activities on bird populations. It should be an
integral part of the adaptive management process. With this in mind,
the Northern Region Landbird Monitoring Program has a dual focus: (1)
to monitor long-term bird population trends, and (2) to study
bird-habitat relationships and management effects. By conducting
permanent, longterm monitoring transects every other year, we are free
to use the intervening years to study the effects of specific
management activities. The coordination and funding is in to
achieve an impressive degree of replication in such studies. These
alternate-year monitoring efforts have great potential to get
management-orientated results into the hands of managers in the short
term, so planning can be improved before long-term trends might reveal
a problem. We have conducted several such projects, including the
effects of partial-cut logging in coniferous forests, and the effects
of grazing on willow-riparian bird communities. We discuss here another
such project that we initiated in 2001, on bird responses to dry-forest
restoration in the northern Rockies. Ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) stands have been greatly altered from historical conditions
due to logging and fire suppression. Active treatment of ponderosa pine
forests to reverse historical trends is a recent management direction
involving well-financed, regionally coordinated restoration efforts.
The widespread distribution and abundance of planned treatments
provided a unique opportunity for a controlled research design (with
high replication), including pre- and post-treatment surveys. We
present some preliminary results and discuss their relevance to
adaptive management.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1162. Moth diversity in a fragmented habitat: Importance of functional groups and landscape scale in the boreal forest.
Schmidt, B. C. and Roland, J.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America:
1110-1120. (Nov. 2006)
Descriptors: Lepidoptera/
moths/ insect communities/ species diversity/ community structure/
phytophagous insects/ ecological function/ host plants/ Malacosoma
disstria/ parasitoids/ forest habitats/ boreal forests/ habitat
fragmentation/ spatial variation/ forest fragmentation/ spatial scale/
landscape structure/ pests of plants insects/ forestry related/ animal
ecology and behavior/
entomology related
Abstract:
One of the leading concerns for both conservation biology and forestry
has been how forest fragmentation affects biodiversity, and how
forestry practices can be altered to mitigate diversity losses.
However, the effects of habitat fragmentation on ecological functional
groups within diverse taxa such as Lepidoptera are poorly known,
particularly in boreal forests. We assessed landscape-level changes in
moth species richness and abundance in relation to forest
fragmentation, measured at multiple scales. We assessed fragmentation
effects on three functional tree- and shrub-feeding species, grass- and
forb-feeding species, and species that act as hosts for parasitoids of
an important forest defoliator, Malacosoma disstria Hubner
(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). Total species richness showed a
significant decline as a function of fragmentation at all measured
spatial scales; both polynomial and threshold models tended to explain
more variation than linear models, suggesting that there is little to
no change in overall moth diversity between low and moderately
fragmented stands. However, changes in diversity patterns within
functional groups showed that total diversity measures may mask changes
in community structure. Changes in overall diversity were driven
largely by a decrease in species richness of tree- and shrub-feeding
moths, although forb- and grass-feeding moths also showed marginally
lower species richness at high fragmentation levels. Most species of
the parasitoid host group decreased in abundance with increasing
fragmentation. These findings show that overall diversity measures can
mask important community changes, and that the optimal landscape scale
at which these changes are measured is taxon dependent. Finally, the
decrease in host availability to M. disstria parasitoids in fragmented
forests may exacerbate population outbreaks of M. disstria.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1163. Movement patterns and relative abundance of coastal tailed frogs in clearcuts and mature forest stands.
Matsuda, Brent M. and Richardson, John S.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(5):
1131-1138. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: Anura/
Leiopelmatidae/ Lissamphibia/ Ascaphus truei/ tailed frogs/
clearcutting/ forest management/ habitat management/ riparian habitat/
forestry practices
Abstract:
Age-specific movements, abundance, and capture rates of coastal tailed
frogs (Ascaphus truei Stejneger) were compared between clearcuts and
mature forests in southwestern British Columbia, Canada,
during 1998 and 1999 using pitfall traps and drift-fence arrays. Total
frog abundance was similar in both habitat types. More adults were
caught in mature stands than in clearcuts, but there was no significant
difference for immatures. Analysis of numbers of frogs captured
indicated that the direction of movement did not differ between habitat
types for any age-class. Frogs were captured at similar frequencies
across distance from stream in both habitats. These findings suggest
that there are age-specific differences in tailed frog abundance in
clearcuts along streams without riparian reserves relative to mature
forests. Variation among sites had a greater influence than habitat
type
on the number of immatures. Low proportions of adults in clearcuts
suggested that immatures may be transient or that they incurred high
rates of mortality. Age-specific differences in habitat use by tailed
frogs indicated that total numbers alone are insufficient to determine
the effect of forest management on habitat suitability for tailed frogs.
© NISC
1164. Movements,
foraging habits, and habitat use strategies of northern woodland
caribou during winter: Implications for forest practices in British Columbia.
Johnson, Chris J.; Parker, Katherine L.; Heard, Douglas C.; and Seip, Dale R.
British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management 5(1): 23-35. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD146.B7 B34; ISSN: 1488-4674.
http://www.forrex.org/JEM/ISS25/vol5_no1_art4.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/
Rangifer tarandus/ caribou: forestry/ forestry practices/ habitat
management/ forest management practices/ foraging/ foraging habits/
distribution within habitat/ movements/ habitat utilization/ forest and
woodland/ tundra/ British Columbia/ foraging habits and habitat use/
forestry practice implications/ forest and tundra/ Mammalia,
Artiodactyla, Cervidae/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Land managers face increasing challenges as they try to balance timber
harvesting with the habitat requirements of wildlife, including those
of woodland caribou in north-central British Columbia. With the
aim of conserving caribou by improving forest practices, we employed a
hierarchical, scale-explicit approach to study the processes governing
movement and distribution of the northern woodland caribou ecotype.
Investigations of foraging sites north of Prince George, British Columbia revealed that caribou in forested and alpine
areas cratered at locations with relatively low snow depths and
relatively large amounts of terrestrial lichens. When snow depth, snow
hardness, and snow density increased, caribou fed more frequently at
trees supporting abundant arboreal lichens. Feeding activities of
caribou in forested foraging patches were positively related to the
biomass of several terrestrial lichen species and to decreasing snow
depth; the number of arboreal feeding sites increased as snow depth and
hardness increased. We identified three scales of habitat selection
based on movement rates of caribou fitted with GPS collars. For all
scales, caribou selected pine-lichen woodland and windswept rocky
slopes. Predation risk was greatest for caribou travelling between
habitat patches, was lowest for caribou in alpine habitats, and had no
apparent influence on intra-patch movements. Land use plans should
address the needs of northern woodland caribou by ensuring that large
patches of widely distributed pine-lichen woodland are maintained on
the landscape, recognize the limiting effects of deep snow (i.e., >
50-]80 cm), and encourage silvicultural strategies that minimize the
creation of early seral-stage forests adjacent to caribou movement
routes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1165. Movements of Allegheny woodrats in relation to timber harvesting.
Castleberry, Steven B.; Ford, W. Mark; Wood, Petra Bohall; Castleberry, Nikole L.; and Mengak, Michael T.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(1): 148-156. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Neotoma
magister/ habits-behavior/ distribution/ food supply/ foods-feeding/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ land use/ mammals/ mast/
techniques/ telemetry/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ cutting/
distance/ forest practices/ habitat management for wildlife/ home
range/ mast yield/ movements/ rats, wood/ statistics/ timber/ Allegheny
woodrat
Abstract:
The Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) occurs in the Appalachian
Mountains, forming colonies in rock outcrops, cliffs, and caves.
Populations on the northern and western peripheries of the range have
experienced drastic declines in the past 20-30 years. Dependence
upon rock outcrops makes Allegheny woodrats vulnerable to land-use
practices that alter habitats surrounding colonies. To examine
the impacts of timber harvesting on Allegheny woodrat behavior, we
radiotracked 37 adults during summer 1998 and 1999 in clearcut,
diameter-limit, and intact forest stands in the central Appalachians of
West Virginia. Home range size and foraging movements generally
were greatest at diameter-limit sites and smallest in intact forests in
1998, following a poor mast crop. We detected no differences
among harvest methods in 1999 when mast was abundant. We believe
that when hard mast was scarce, woodrats increased foraging movements
and home range size to locate mast or sufficient alternative foods.
Additionally, woodrats used clearcut and adjacent forested areas
in proportion to availability. Our results suggested that
clearcutting has minimal impact on woodrat movements, home range and
habitat use if sufficient intact forest is retained adjacent to
colonies. Harvesting methods that selectively remove important
mast-producing species may represent the greatest disturbance to
Allegheny woodrats from forest management.
© NISC
1166. Movements of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in relation to timber harvests in the central Appalachians.
Campbell, Tyler A.; Laseter, Benjamin R.; Ford, W. Mark; and Miller, Karl V.
Forest Ecology and Management 199(2-3): 371-378. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ Odocoileus virginianus/ biogeography/ clearcut habitat/
deer movement/ timber harvest/ distribution/ forests/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ Randolph
County/ West Virginia/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial
enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ habitat
use/
land zones
Abstract:
Deer movements in relation to timber harvests have not been studied
within nonmigratory white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)
populations. We compared home range and core area size and overlap,
deer movements during timber harvests, and habitat use before and after
harvests for deer associated and not associated with clearcuts. We
radio-monitored 83 adult female deer pre-
(3
months prior to), during, and post- (3 months after) timber harvest.
Change in home range and core area size and overlap did not differ
between control deer (home ranges comprised entirely of mature forest
during all time periods) and treatment deer (≥ 1 telemetry location
within a harvested stand during any time period). During timber
harvests, treatment deer were located outside their pre-harvest home
ranges more often than control deer and generally were located closer
to clearcuts than in other time periods. During both the pre- and
post-timber harvest time periods, deer used clearcut habitats (stands
≤ 5 years-old) in greater proportion than availability. Lack of
significant changes in white-tailed deer movements before, during, and
after timber harvest suggests habitat management aimed at attracting
deer away from problem areas (e.g., areas with low regeneration
success) or toward browse supplies during severe winters would likely
be unsuccessful in the central Appalachians of West Virginia.
© NISC
1167. Moving towards a new paradigm for woody detritus managment.
Harmon, Mark E.
Ecological Bulletins 49: 269-278. (2001); ISSN: 0346-6868
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
comprehensive zoology: forestry/ habitat management/ woody detritus in
boreal forests/ ecological function considerations and new management
paradigm/ ecology/ Importance and ecological functions of woody
detritus in boreal forests/ management implications/ forest and
woodland/ boreal forests/ management of woody detritus/ ecological
function considerations and new approach
Abstract:
Woody detritus has become an important focus of many scientific and
management questions in forests. Perspectives of the role of this part
of the ecosystem have greatly changed over time. Today forest managers
are moving away from a “blanket” removal of all the woody
detritus possible to retaining and even enhancing the amounts in
forests. To understand how much woody detritus is required to sustain
ecosystem functions, we need to develop a dynamic and specific
objective-oriented
approach.
This can be based on existing data on tree mortality and decomposition,
but these will have to be coupled with process and species responses to
coarse wood quantities as well as a landscape perspective.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1168. Natural
landscape features, human-related attractants, and conflict hotspots: A
spatial analysis of human-grizzly bear conflicts.
Wilson, S. M.; Madel, M. J.; Mattson, D. J.; Graham, J. M.; Burchfield, J. A.; and Belsky, J. M.
Ursus 16(1): 117-129. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL737.C27 I573; ISSN: 15376176
Descriptors: attractants/ beehives/ grizzly bear/ livestock/ management practices/ Montana/ private landowners/ ranches/ Ursus arctos
Abstract:
There is a long history of conflict in the western United States
between humans and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) involving agricultural
attractants. However, little is known about the spatial dimensions of
this conflict and the relative importance of different attractants.
This study was undertaken to better understand the spatial and
functional components of conflict between humans and grizzly bears on
privately owned agricultural lands in Montana. Our investigations
focused on spatial associations of rivers and creeks, livestock
pastures, boneyards (livestock carcass dump sites), beehives, and
grizzly bear habitat with reported human-grizzly bear conflicts during
1986-2001. We based our analysis on a survey of 61 of 64 livestock
producers in our study in the Rocky Mountain East Front, Montana.
With the assistance of livestock and honey producers, we mapped the
locations of cattle and sheep pastures, boneyards, and beehives. We
used density surface mapping to identify seasonal clusters of conflicts
that we term conflict hotspots. Hotspots accounted for 75% of all
conflicts and encompassed approximately 8% of the study area. We also
differentiated chronic (4 or more years of conflicts) from non-chronic
hotspots (fewer than 4 years of conflict). The 10 chronic hotpots
accounted for 58% of all conflicts. Based on Monte Carlo
simulations, we found that conflict locations were most strongly
associated with rivers and creeks followed by sheep lambing areas and
fall sheep pastures. Conflicts also were associated with cattle calving
areas, spring cow-calf pastures, summer and fall cattle pastures, and
boneyards. The Monte Carlo simulations indicated associations
between conflict locations and unprotected beehives at specific
analysis scales. Protected (fenced) beehives were less likely to
experience conflicts than unprotected beehives. Conflicts occurred at a
greater rate in riparian and wetland vegetation than would be expected.
The majority of conflicts occurred in a small portion of the study
area, where concentrations of attractants existed that overlapped with
bear habitat. These hotspots should be the target of management and
conservation efforts that focus on removing or protecting attractants
using non-lethal techniques.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1169. Nest box use and productivity of great crested flycatchers in prescribed-burned longleaf pine forests.
White, Donald H. and Seginak, John T.
Journal of Field Ornithology 71(1): 147-152. (2000)
Descriptors: Passeriformes/
Tyrannidae/ Myiarchus crinitus/ habits-behavior/ birds/ ecosystems/
fires-burns/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ longleaf pine/
management/ nest boxes/ nest predation/ nests-nesting/ productivity/
snags/ wildlife/ great crested flycatcher/ South Carolina/ Carolina
Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge
Abstract:
Managing for the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis)
on federal lands requires burning large tracts of mature pine forests
every three-to-five years. Many cavity trees that serve as
potential nest sites for primary and secondary hole-nesting birds are
destroyed by fire. The authors assessed the efficacy of a nest box
program for the great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) at
Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge, an area intensively
managed for red-cockaded woodpeckers. During 1996-1998, the
authors installed and monitored 330 (30 in each of 11 sites) nest boxes
in mature (>60 yr) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) tracts that were
burned either in April-June (warm season) or December-March (cool
season). Prescribed-burned sites were nearly devoid of snags; it
was estimated only 0.8/ ha in cool-season burns and 1.7 /ha in
warm-season burns. Great crested flycatchers built nests in 20%
of the boxes available to them. Clutch sizes were larger in
warm-season burns than in cool-season burns, but fledging success
(fledglings/nest hatching >or=1 egg) was lower. Twenty-two of
59 great crested flycatcher nests were depredated and the proportions
in each burn class were similar. The authors recommend the
installation of nest boxes for great crested flycatchers in
prescribed-burned pine forests, but additional research is needed in
these habitats on nest depredation rates and causes.
© NISC
1170. Nest
predation in riparian buffer strips in a balsam fir forest in
western Newfoundland (Coturnix japonica, Xexcalfactoria chinensis,
Perisoreus canadensis, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus).
Lewis, Keith Peter. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 2000.
Notes: Advisor: Montevecchi, William A.
Descriptors: forestry/
wildlife/ Abies falsamea/ Abies spp./ Aves/ forests/ trees/
conservation/ habitat alteration/ buffer strips/ nest predation/ Newfoundland
Abstract:
Logging pressures on boreal forests have increased in recent
decades and carry with them increased concerns for wildlife and habitat
conservation. Buffer strips mitigate some of the negative impacts of
logging on riparian habitat and associated wildlife. Given the
widespread use of buffer strips, the subsequent increase of
clear-cut/forest edge, and the decline of many forest birds, I
investigated how buffer strips and habitat edges influence avian
nesting success. Nest predation is the most common cause of nest
failure among song birds. Therefore, artificial nests are a useful
research tool for investigating the influences of habitat alteration on
nest predation. Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs are often used
in artificial nest studies, although these eggs may be too large to
detect predation by small mammals. My primary objectives were to
determine (1) if nest predation differs between intact riparian forest
and (a) buffer strips and (b) clear-cut forest edges, and (2) if
Japanese Quail eggs are appropriate to use in artificial nest studies
in western Newfoundland.
© NISC
1171. Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Twedt, D. J.; Wilson, R. R.; Henne-Kerr, J. L.; and Hamilton, R. B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(3): 450-460. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: nests/
survival/ riparian environments/ forests/ breeding success/ wildlife
management/ ecological effects/ birds/ nesting/ riparian land/ Aves/
birds/
Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Abstract:
In the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, flood control
has led to a drastic reduction in the area of forest habitat and
altered the patchwork of forest cover types. Silvicultural management
of the remaining fragmented forests has changed to reflect the altered
hydrology of the forests, current economic conditions of the area, and
demand for forest products. Because forest type and silvicultural
management impact forest birds, differences in avian productivity
within these forests directly impact bird conservation. To assist in
conservation planning, we evaluated daily nest survival, nest predation
rates, and brood parasitism rates of forest birds in relation to
different forest cover types and silvicultural management strategies
within this floodplain. Within bottomland hardwood forests, nest
success of blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea, 13%), eastern
towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 28%), indigo bunting (Passerina
cyanea, 18%), northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis, 22%), and
yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus, 18%) did not differ from
that within intensively managed cottonwood plantations. However,
average daily survival of 542 open-cup nests of 19 bird species in
bottomland hardwoods (0.9516 ± 0.0028, similar to 27% nest
success) was greater than that of 543 nests of 18 species in cottonwood
plantations (0.9298 ± 0.0035, similar to 15% nest success).
Differences in daily nest survival rates likely resulted from a
combination of differences in the predator community - particularly
fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) - and a marked difference in species
composition of birds breeding within these 2 forest types. At least 39%
of nests in bottomland hardwood forests and 65% of nests in cottonwood
plantations were depredated. Rates of parasitism by brown-headed
cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were greater in managed cottonwoods (24%)
than in bottomland hardwoods (9%). Nest success in planted cottonwood
plantations for 18 species combined (similar to 14%), and for
yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens, 7%), eastern towhee (14%), indigo
bunting (14%), and northern cardinal (17%) did not differ from nest
success in cottonwood plantations that were coppiced from root sprouts
following pulpwood harvest. Within bottomland hardwood forests,
uneven-aged group-selection timber harvest reduced the combined daily
nest survival of all species from 0.958 to 0.938, which reduced nest
success by about 14%. Specifically, timber harvest reduced nest success
of species that nest in the forest midstory and canopy, such as Acadian
flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) - from 32% before harvest to 14% after
harvest. Conversely, those species that nest primarily in the shrubby
understory - such as northern cardinal - were not affected by timber
harvest and maintained an overall nest success of about 33%. Thus,
birds nesting in the understory of bottomland hardwood forests are not
adversely impacted by selective timber harvest, but there is a
short-term reduction in nest success for birds that nest in the canopy
and midstory.
© ProQuest
1172. Nest usurpation is an 'edge effect' for Carolina chickadees Poecile carolinensis.
Doherty, P. F. and Grubb, T. C.
Journal of Avian Biology 33(1): 77-82. (2002);
ISSN: 09088857.
Notes: doi: 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330112.x.
Descriptors: edge
effect/ fragmentation/ nest site/ nesting success/ passerines/ United
States/ Carolinensis/ Paridae/ Parus carolinensis/ Passeriformes/
Poecile/ Poecile carolinensis/ Troglodytes aedon/ Troglodytes
troglodytes/ Troglodytinae
Abstract: During
1995-1997, we monitored Carolina chickadee Poecile
carolinensis nests in a fragmented forest landscape in
northcentral Ohio, USA. Nest success was positively
correlated with
woodlot area and most nest loss was due to nest destruction by house
wrens Troglodytes aedon. During 1998 and 1999, we conducted an
experiment in both large (> 6.8 ha) and small (< 6.8 ha) woodlots
in which we gave chickadees a choice of nesting on edges of woodlots
(preferred wren habitat) or in the center of woodlots. We found no
difference in nest success between large and small Woodlots, but
regardless of woodlot size, nest success was lower on edges than in the
center. In the experiment, 100% of nest loss was due to nest
destruction by house wrens. Given a choice, Carolina chickadees
preferred to nest centrally more often than on edges. These results
suggest that in fragmented landscapes where house wrens are common,
nest destruction by house wrens is a major cause of nest failure
in
the Carolina chickadee. Such edge-dependent interspecific
nest-site usurpation has not been previously recognized as a
potentially important selective factor in nest site selection.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1173. Nesting habitat of eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) in east Texas.
Eichler, B. G. and Whiting, R. M.
Texas Journal of Science 56(4): 405-414. (2004)
NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 00404403
Descriptors: meleagris gallopavo/ poaceae/ Texas/ meleagris gallopavo sylvestris/ turkeys/ nest site selection
Abstract: Eastern
wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) captured in Iowa
and Georgia were relocated to the Pineywoods of east Texas
where they were radio-marked and released. During the 1995
and 1996 nesting seasons, nest sites of radio-marked hens were located
and characteristics of the habitat surrounding the sites and of
randomly selected sites in the same vegetation type were evaluated
using paired t-tests. Of 24 nest located, 6 were successful. Most nests
were in mature pine-hardwood stands or pine regeneration areas. Nest
sites had higher densities of living and dead grasses and higher
screening cover values than did random sites (P < 0.05). Other
habitat characteristics did not differ between nest and random sites (P
> 0.05). These results suggest that herbaceous ground cover is the
most important habitat variable which hens use when selecting nest
sites. Habitat characteristics surrounding nests located in this study
were similar to those documented in other studies in the southeast.
Although nesting habitat probably is adequate in east Texas, land
managers could increase such habitat by mowing utility rights-of-way on
a two to three-year schedule, implementing a three to five-year
prescribed
burning
regime, thinning pine stands at or before canopy closure, retaining
slash after logging operation, and delaying site preparation in
regeneration areas until after the nesting season.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1174. Nesting success of Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens) in floodplain forest corridors.
Chapa-Vargas, Leonardo and Robinson, Scott K.
Auk 124(4): 1267-1280. (Oct. 2007)
Descriptors: habitat fragmentation/ wildlife/ wildlife corridors/ Acadian flycatchers/ Illinois
Abstract:
Reconnecting forest patches, including those of floodplain forest,
often involves the creation of long, narrow corridors that have the
potential to act as ecological traps for wildlife. We examined the
effect of forest width and habitat composition of the landscapes
immediately around nest patches on survival and parasitism of 359
Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) nests in the Cache River
Bioreserve in southern Illinois. Nests were distributed among 19
floodplain forest corridors along a small river system that is being
restored and reconnected along its original floodplain. The corridors
spanned a range of widths (80-3,170 m) and varied with the presence or
absence of natural water-related habitats (beaver ponds, backwater
swamps, and creeks). Although nest success varied slightly between
stages of the breeding cycle, confidence intervals overlapped, which
suggests constant nest success throughout the breeding cycle. Nest
survival was relatively high by regional standards but did not vary
significantly with any of the landscape variables measured. Contrary to
predictions, probabilities of brood parasitism decreased with
increasing proportions of anthropogenic habitats surrounding nests.
Probabilities of brood parasitism also decreased, but only slightly, as
the breeding season progressed. Finally, Acadian Flycatcher nests were
located significantly more often near natural (forest-water interface)
edges than expected at random. Narrow corridors such as those along
floodplain restoration projects do not necessarily create ecological
traps for all forest species. Acadian Flycathcers, however, are one of
the only forest-nesting Neotropical migrants that nest in narrow
corridors and, therefore, may be less vulnerable to negative effects of
fragmentation.
© ProQuest
1175. Nesting success of birds in different silvicultural treatments in southeastern U.S. pine forests.
Barber, David R.; Martin, Thomas E.; Melchiors, M. Anthony; Thill, Ronald E.; and Wigley, T. Bently
Conservation Biology 15(1): 196-207. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.97294.x.
Descriptors: nesting
success/ silviculture/ Corvidae/ Fringillidae/ Passeriformes/
Vireonidae/ Corvus brachyrhynchos/ Cyanocitta cristata/ Icteria virens/
Molothrus ater/ Spizella pusilla/ Vireo griseus/
United States
Abstract:
We examined nesting success and levels of nest predation and cowbird
parasitism among five different silvicultural treatments: regenerating
(three-six years old), mid-rotation (12-15 years old), and thinned
(17-23 years old) pine plantations, single-tree selection, and
late-rotation pine-hardwood stands in the Ouachita Mountains of
Arkansas from 1993 to 1995. We monitored 1674 nests.
Differences in daily mortality and daily predation rate among two
or more treatments were found for four and three of 12 species,
respectively. These differences were lost following Bonferroni
adjustments, but thinned stands had higher levels of predation than
single-tree selection stands when predation levels were averaged across
species. Daily predation rates were positively correlated with
the relative abundance of birds, suggesting that nest predators respond
to prey availability (i.e., nests) in a density-dependent manner.
The relative abundance of cowbirds differed among treatments,
with the highest densities in regenerating, thinned, and single-tree
selection stands. Field sparrows (Spizella pusilla) and
yellow-breasted chats (Icteria virens) experienced higher levels of
parasitism in thinned than regenerating plantations, whereas white-eyed
vireos (Vireo griseus) experienced higher parasitism in regenerating
plantations than in mid-rotation or thinned plantations. Several
shrub-nesting and one ground-nesting species had lower nesting success
in thinned and regenerating plantations than has been reported in
previously published studies. Thus, some seral stages of
even-aged management may provide low-quality nesting habitat for
several early-successional bird species. In contrast, many
species nesting in mid-rotation and single-tree selection stands had
nesting success similar to or greater than that found in previous
studies, suggesting
that
some silvicultural treatments, when embedded in a largely forested
landscapes, may provide suitable habitat for forest land birds without
affecting their reproductive success.
© NISC
1176. New hope for western bluebirds? Effect of forest restoration being studied.
Germaine, Heather L. and Germaine, Stephen S.
Bluebird 23(1): 13-15. (2001)
Descriptors: Sialia
mexicana/ video tapes/ study methods/ restoration/ productivity/
population ecology/ ponderosa pine/ nests-nesting/ nestlings/ nesting
sites/ monitoring/ habitat use/ habitat management/ habitat
alterations/ forests, coniferous/ food supply/ fires-burns/ ecosystem
management/ conservation/ birds/ behavior/
western bluebird/ Arizona, Northwestern
Abstract: The
authors studied the effects of forest restoration and conservation
on western bluebirds in the ponderosa pine forests of
northwestern Arizona. Historically these birds were confined to
open forest
areas but due to the removal of large degenerating trees and increased
competition for nest sites decline of western bluebirds has been noted
in many parts of their range. Also, these open forests have become
dense forests dominated by young trees containing few nest cavities and
containing a low number of insects. Efforts to restore southwestern
forests are gaining momentum due to poor nutrient cycling, increased
potential for high-intensity, stand-replacing fires, and a reduced
ability of pine forests to support wildlife species. Restoration of
4000 acres of forest in northwestern Arizona have been
cooperatively being done by scientists
from Northern Arizona University's (NAU) Ecological
Restoration Institute
and the Arizona Strip District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
Treatments included mechanical thinning of trees, slash manipulation,
and burning and reseeding of native grasses and plants. A study was
conducted to compare western bluebird reproductive success between
dense forests and restoration-treated open forests. The authors
monitored the number of nestlings that survived to fledge, nest
predation rates, nestling parasitism, and parental provisioning rates.
Sixty-four active western bluebird nests were monitored during the
summers of 1998, 1999, and 2000. Nest success has been higher in
restoration treated forests than dense forests. This data suggests that
bluebird populations will increase only if their young survive and,
therefore, it is important to study their survival rates in treated
forest areas.
© NISC
1177. North American grassland birds: An unfolding conservation crisis?
Brennan, L. A. and Kuvlesky, W. P.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 1-13. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0001:NAGBAU>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Breeding
Bird Survey/ grass-shrub birds/ grassland birds/ North American Bird
Conservation Initiative/ North American Waterfowl Management Plan/
Partners in Flight/ prairie grouse/ quail/ afforestation/ avifauna/
conservation management/ fragmentation/ grassland/ population decline/
species conservation/ North America/ Anas/ Anatidae/ Anser/ Aves/
Phasianidae
Abstract: The
widespread and ongoing declines of North American bird populations
that have affinities for grassland and grass-shrub habitats (hereafter
referred to as grassland birds) are on track to become a prominent
wildlife conservation crisis of the 21st century. There is no single
cause responsible for the declines of grassland birds. Rather, a
cumulative set of factors such as afforestation in the
eastern United States, fragmentation and replacement of prairie
vegetation
with a modern agricultural landscape, and large-scale deterioration of
western U.S. rangelands are the major causes for these declines.
The North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI) is a set of
comprehensive and coordinated strategic actions modeled on the Joint
Venture initiatives that were used to successfully implement the North
American Waterfowl Management Plan. The NABCI is emerging as a
potential broad-scale solution for conserving populations of grassland
birds. Coordinating grassland bird conservation efforts with
initiatives to stabilize and increase upland game birds that have
strong affinities for grassland habitats - such as quail and prairie
grouse - presents additional opportunities to leverage funding and
resources that will positively impact virtually all species of North
American grassland birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1178. Northern bobwhite population and habitat response to pine-grassland restoration.
Cram, D. S.; Masters, R. E.; Guthery, F. S.; Engle, D. M.; and Montague, W. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1031-1039. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Arkansas/
Colinus virginianus/ disc of vulnerability/ forest management/ northern
bobwhite/ Picoides borealis/ pine-grassland restoration/ prescribed
fire/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ usable space/ abundance/ grassland/
habitat restoration/ mixed forest/ United States/ Colinus virginianus/
Picoides borealis/ Pinus echinata
Abstract:
We compared northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) abundance and
habitat characteristics in unmanaged mixed shortleaf pine (Pinus
echinata)-hardwood stands and restored pine-grassland stands managed
for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) on the Ouachita
National Forest, Arkansas, USA. To determine northern bobwhite
(hereafter, bobwhite) population response in untreated control,
thinned, and thinned and burned stands either 1, 2, or 3 growing
seasons (Mar to mid-Oct) post-burn, we used whistling-male counts and
covey-call counts as indices of population abundance. We estimated
woody stem density, understory and overstory canopy cover, conifer and
hardwood basal area, and the disc of vulnerability to characterize
habitat response. Relative abundance of whistling males in the spring
was greatest in thinned stands 3 growing seasons post-burn and in
thinned but unburned stands. These stands had the smallest disc of
vulnerability and the greatest understory shrub cover <2 m in height
compared with other treatments. A threshold-like increase in bobwhite
abundance was observed as a function of woody structure <2 m.
Pine-grassland restoration provided suitable structure for bobwhites in
spring, summer, and fall, but may not be adequate in winter. Further,
data suggested that bobwhite density within a stand also was related to
the amount of suitable habitat surrounding the stand. Bobwhite
management efforts in similar shortleaf pine forests should include
thinning to reduce midstory and overstory cover and frequent fire to
maintain open woodland conditions - i.e., low basal area stands with
limited midstory.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1179. Northern hawk owls and recent burns: Does burn age matter?
Hannah, Kevin C. and Hoyt, Jeff S.
Condor 106(2): 420-423. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: Surnia
ulula/ Strigiformes/ Strigidae/ wildlife management/ burned forest
habitat/ conifer-dominated boreal forest/ Alberta/ burned and unburned
conifer dominated boreal forest/ fires-burns/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ Mariana Lake region/ status/ environmental factors/
Canada/ communities/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat use/
land zones/ burned forest/ clearcut logging/ fire/ northern hawk owl/
Surnia ulula/ breeding/ habitat/ forest/ silviculture/ abundance/
dispersion/ ecological requirements
Abstract:
The Northern Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula) remains one of the least-studied
birds in North America. Although hawk owls use burned forest,
reports of this association have been primarily anecdotal and outside
the breeding season. We present the first comparison of hawk owl
relative abundance between burned and unburned conifer-dominated boreal
forest in North America. Hawk owls were detected only in postfire
forest and were not detected in nearby unburned coniferous forest.
There was a significant negative exponential relationship between hawk
owl abundance and bum age, suggesting that bums were only suitable up
to 8 years postfire. A conservative estimate of a peak in breeding
density was three nests per 100 km2 for a 2-year-postfire forest. Wildfire and newly burned forests
may
be an important feature for hawk owls in the Nearctic boreal forest.
This raises the question whether management of this species through
improved forestry techniques is a sufficient conservation measure.
© NISC
1180. Northwest Forest Plan: The first 10 years (1994-2003) - Synthesis of monitoring and research results.
Haynes, Richard W.; Bormann, Bernard T.; Lee, Danny C.; and Martin, Jon R.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PNW 651,
2006. 292 p.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology:
habitat management/ old growth forest management plan/ synthesis of
monitoring and research results/ forest and woodland/ old growth
forest/ management plan/ Pacific Northwest/ United States
Abstract:
It has been 10 years since the Northwest Forest Plan (the Plan)
came into being at the direction of President Clinton. This report
synthesizes the status and trends of five major elements of the Plan:
older forests, species, aquatic systems, socioeconomics, and adaptive
management and monitoring. It synthesizes new science that has resulted
from a decade of research. The report also contains key management
implications for federal agencies. This report is a step in the
adaptive management approach adopted by the Plan, and there is the
expectation that its findings will lead to changes in the next decade
of Plan implementation. Although most of the monitoring has been
underway for less than a decade and many of the Plan's outcomes are
expected to evolve over decades, the monitoring is already producing a
wealth of data about the status and trends in abundance, extent,
diversity, and ecological functions of older forests, the species that
depend on them, and how humans relate to them. Conditions did change
over the decade. Watershed conditions improved, increase in acreage of
late-successional old growth exceeded expectations, new species now
pose threats, and there is greater appreciation of the need to share
habitat protection among land ownerships. The Plan anticipated greater
timber harvests and more treatments to reduce fuel in fire-prone stands
than have actually occurred. Monitoring showed human communities are
highly variable, and it is difficult to disentangle overall growth in
regional economies from the impacts of reduced timber harvests on
federal land.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1181. Oak
regeneration using the shelterwood-burn technique: Management options
and implications for songbird conservation in the southeastern United States.
Lanham, J. Drew; Keyser, Patrick D.; Brose, Patrick H.; and Van Lear, David H.
Forest Ecology and Management 155(1-3): 143-152. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127.
Notes:
Special issue: Forest ecology in the next millennium: Putting the
long view into practice / edited by A.C. Dibble. Paper presented at a
workshop held June 27-30, 1999, Orono, Maine. Includes
references.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land zones/ North America/
Passeriformes: forestry/ shelterwood/ burn techniques/ oak
regeneration/ habitat management/ United States, southeastern
region/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Shelterwood silviculture is commonly used to regenerate oaks in upland
stands. However, competition from other species such as tulip-poplar
(Liriodendron tulipifera) may deter oak regeneration when these
traditional shelterwood techniques are used. The shelterwood-burn
technique is a relatively new tool for regenerating oak-dominated
stands on some upland sites while simultaneously minimizing undesirable
hardwood intrusion with prescribed fire. Once successful oak
regeneration has been achieved, three options are available which will
result in different vegetative structure and composition within a stand
and subsequently different habitats for songbirds. These options are:
complete or partial canopy retention, post-harvest prescribed burning
and complete canopy removal. Canopy retention, burning and removal
treatments will create, respectively, two-age stands that are likely to
harbor a diverse mixture of mature forest and early successional
species; park-like woodlands with open woodland species; or
early-successional habitats with shrubland species. We suggest that
shelterwood-burn systems and the management options associated with them
offer viable alternatives for managing both songbird and timber
resources where oak-dominated stands are the desired goal in upland
southeastern sites.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1182. Observations of bat activity during prescribed burning in West Virginia.
Rodrigue, Jane L.; Schuler, Thomas M.; and
Menzel, Michael A.
Bat Research News 42(2): 48-49. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227
Descriptors: Myotis/
Lasiurus borealis/ mammals/ behavior/ habitat use/ habitat alterations/
fires-burns/ habitat management/ movements/ ecosystems/ forests,
deciduous/ oak/ little brown bat/ red bat/ Acacia spp./ Acer rubrum/
Acer spp./ West Virginia: Tucker County
Abstract:
During the week of 30 April 2001, the USDA Forest Service conducted a
series of prescribed burns on the Monongahela National Forest, Tucker
County, West Virginia, in conjunction with an ongoing study of
regeneration of oak (Quercus spp.). Burn units were located in
the Allegheny Mountain and Plateau physiographic
province, at elevations ranging from 615 to 800 m. The forest
primarily consisted of chestnut oak (Q. prinus), hickory (Carya spp.),
red maple (Acer rubrum), and black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia) in
the overstory, with striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum) and mountain
laurel (Kalmia latifolia) in the shrub layer. On 30 April, at ca. 1210
h, a myotid bat (Myotis sp.) flew from a snag that had ignited at its
base, as the fire rapidly moved up the slope. The bat flew ca.
7-10 m to a live serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), where it clung to
the uppermost, leafed-out branches. The bat remained in the
serviceberry for ca. 30 seconds, before it flew straight to unburned
forest across the cleared fireline. Similar behavior was observed
on 1 May 2001 on another burn unit in the same general area. At
ca. 1330 h, as the prescribed fire moved up a slope, two red bats
(Lasiurus borealis) flew rapidly out of the burning unit, across a
wildlife opening, and into an unburned area of forest. The short and
long-term negative and positive impacts of prescribed burning on bats
in forested landscapes of the East are poorly known. Red bats
that readily roost in leaf litter on the forest floor or in tree
foliage are subjected to heat and dense smoke (Saugey et all, 1998, J.
Arkansas Acad. Sci., 52:92-98; Moorman et al., 1999, Bat Research News,
40:74-75), and other bats roosting in snags consumed by fire
undoubtedly are displaced in the short-term. Nonetheless, because
most prescribed fires in these Allegheny forests are short in duration
and relatively cool, few snags probably are consumed and fire-related
mortality of subcanopy, suppressed trees could result in a net gain of
potential bat roosts (Menzel et al., in press, Forest Ecology and
Management)
© NISC
1183. Observations on amphibians and reptiles in burned and unburned forests on the upper coastal plain of Virginia.
Mitchell, Joseph C.
Virginia Journal of Science 51(3): 199-203. (2000);
ISSN: 0042-658X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic
factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/
habitat management/ forest and woodland/ fire/ prescribed burning/
forest fauna/ Virginia/ Caroline County/ Fort A.P. Hill/ Amphibia/
amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1184. Observations on the use of stubs by wild birds: A 10 year update.
Harris, Brian
British Columbia Journal of Ecosystems and Management 1(1): 1-5. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD146.B7 B34.
http://www.forrex.org/jem/ISS1/vol1_no1_art3.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproductive behavior/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Canada/ Aves: forestry/ logging/ lodgepole pines/
stub use patterns/ long-term research projects/ habitat management/
wildlife-tree management/ breeding sites/ nesting sites/ habitat
utilization/ mixed forest/ British Columbia/ Kelowna/ Rendell Creek
Valley/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In British Columbia, many species of wildlife depend on dead or
dying trees; however, current Workers' Compensation Board regulations
require that such trees be felled. In 1990, in an effort to resolve
workers' safety with wildlife habitat needs, Pope and Talbot Limited
proposed the creation of a number of tall stumps (3-5 m tall) in their
logging operations. In the study cutblock, approximately 170 lodgepole
pine stumps ("stubs") were cut. Since their establishment, the stubs
were monitored for bird nesting each spring. A total of 86 active nests
have been counted in 10 years. Ninety-five percent of this nesting
occurred in stubs in the clearcut portion of the block, versus 5% in
the selectively logged portion. Approximately 16% of the stubs were
used for nesting at least once during the 10 years of observations. In
general, the greater the diameter of the stub, the greater likelihood
that it would be used for nesting. All nesting occurred in reworked
holes; no new nest holes were drilled in these stubs. Stub creation
should continue to be a part of the wildlife tree management strategy
in any logging operation, irrespective of the species of tree being
harvested. The average density should be at least one stub per hectare,
but preferably much higher to ensure that suitable nest stubs are
retained. Stubs that are not used for nesting may provide perching or
feeding sites, and contribute to the area's coarse woody debris when
they fall. Stub creation involves little extra cost and little volume
is lost. Therefore, all forest companies should be encouraged to create
stubs as part of responsible forest stewardship.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1185. Occurrence and nest survival of four thrush species on a managed central Appalachian forest.
Dellinger, Rachel L.; Bohall Wood, Petra.; and
Keyser, Patrick D.
Forest Ecology and Management 243(2-3): 248-258. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Catharus fuscescens/ Catharus
guttatus/ Hylocichla mustelina/ Turdus migratorius: forestry/ forest
management/ Effect on habitat utilization and nest site selection/
habitat management/ breeding site/ nest site selection/ forest
management effects/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/
management effects on habitat utilization and nest site selection/ West
Virginia/ Randolph County/ forestry management effects on habitat
utilization and nest site selection/ Aves, Passeriformes, Turdidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina Gmelin) is a species of concern
in the central Appalachians, and is sympatric there with three
related species, the American robin (Turdus migratorius Linnaeus),
hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus Pallas), and veery (Catharus
fuscescens Stephens). Our objectives were to quantify use of mature
forests and areas subjected to even-aged harvesting and partial
harvesting by these four species by measuring their frequency of
occurrence, nest survival, and nest site characteristics. We also
compared microhabitat characteristics among the landcover types. During
2001-2003 we conducted point count surveys, monitored nests, and
collected nest habitat data on a managed forest in West Virginia.
Land cover was digitized into five categories: deciduous and mixed
mature forest, deciduous and mixed partial harvest, and even-aged
regeneration harvest. Chi-square goodness-of-fit analysis with
Bonferroni 95% confidence intervals indicated that deciduous partial
harvests were more likely to be inhabited by wood thrushes. The other
three species were less likely to occur in deciduous partial harvests,
and veery had lower nest survival in partial harvests than in mature
forest. Contrary to many published descriptions that suggest thrushes
will not nest in even-aged harvests, a small number of all species but
hermit thrushes did nest in this cover type, often near a residual
canopy tree. Hermit thrushes were less likely to inhabit mature
deciduous forest, even-aged harvests, and harvested edges but chose
nesting areas in mature mixed forest that was disturbed by road
building and the seeding of landings and skid trails >10 years ago.
Microhabitat characteristics of landcovers did not differ overall. Our
results suggest a relationship with partial harvesting that is positive
for wood thrush but negative for the other three species. © 2007
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1186. One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions.
Schulte, L. A.; Pidgeon, A. M.; and Mladenoff, D. J.
Conservation Biology 19(6): 1944-1956. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00254.x.
Descriptors: avian
ecology/ conservation planning/ habitat suitability modeling/
historical range of variability/ landscape ecology/ pre-Euro-American
settlement/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
Evaluating bird population trends requires baseline data. In North
America the earliest population data available are those from the late
1960s. Forest conditions in the northern Great Lake states
(U.S.A.), however, have undergone succession since the region was
originally cut over around the turn of the twentieth century, and it is
expected that bird populations have undergone concomitant change. We
propose pre-Euro-American settlement as an alternative baseline for
assessing changes in bird populations. We evaluated the amount,
quality, and distribution of breeding bird habitat during the mid-1800s
and early 1990s for three forest birds: the Pine Warbler (Dendroica
pinus), Blackburnian Warbler (D. fusca), and Black-throated Green
Warbler (D. virens). We constructed models of bird and habitat
relationships based on literature review and regional data sets of bird
abundance and applied these models to widely available vegetation data.
Original public-land survey records represented historical habitat
conditions, and a combination of forest inventory and national
land-cover data represented current conditions. We assessed model
robustness by comparing current habitat distribution to actual breeding
bird locations from the Wisconsin Breeding Bird Atlas. The model showed
little change in the overall amount of Pine Warbler habitat, whereas
both the Blackburnian Warber and the Black-throated Green Warbler have
experienced substantial habitat losses. For the species we examined,
habitat quality has degraded since presettlement and the spatial
distribution of habitat shifted among ecoregions, with range expansion
accompanying forest incursion into previously open habitats or the
replacement of native forests with pine plantations. Sources of habitat
loss and degradation include loss of conifers and loss of large trees.
Using widely available data sources in a habitat suitability model
framework, our method provides a long-term analysis of change in bird
habitat and a presettlement baseline for assessing current conservation
priority. ©2005 Society for Conservation Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1187. Options for managing early-successional forest and shrubland bird habitats in the northeastern United States.
DeGraaf, R. M. and Yamasaki, M.
Forest Ecology and Management 185(1-2): 179-191. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: disturbance-dependent
species/ early-successional habitats/ even-age management/ opening
size/ silvicultural systems/ agriculture/ biodiversity/ floods/
regenerators/ wind/ shrubland/ forestry/ avifauna/ conservation
management/ disturbance/ forest management/ shrubland/ silviculture/
succession/
United States/ Castor canadensis
Abstract:
Historically, forests in the northeastern United States were
disturbed by fire, wind, Native American agriculture, flooding, and
beavers (Castor canadensis). Of these, wind and beavers are now the
only sources of natural disturbance. Most disturbance-dependent
species, especially birds, are declining throughout the region whereas
species affiliated with mature forests are generally increasing or
maintaining populations. Disturbance must be simulated for conservation
of early-successional species, many of which are habitat specialists
compared to those associated with mature forests. Both the maintenance
of old fields and forest regeneration are needed to conserve brushland
species. Regenerating forest habitats are more ephemeral than other
woody early-successional habitats. The types and amounts of
early-successional habitats created depend on the silvicultural system
used, patch size selected, time between regeneration cuts, and rotation
age. We recommend that group selection and patch cuts should be at
least 0.8 ha, and patches should be generated approximately every 10-15
years depending on site quality. Regeneration of intolerant and
mid-tolerant tree species should be increased or maintained in managed
stands. Also, frost pockets, unstocked, or poorly-stocked stands can
provide opportunities to increase the proportion of early-successional
habitats in managed forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1188. Pairing season habitat selection by Montezuma quail in southeastern Arizona.
Bristow, K. D. and Ockenfels, R. A.
Journal of Range Management 57(5): 532-538. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022409X
Descriptors: Arizona/
Cyrtonyx montezumae/ grazing/ habitat selection/ livestock/ Madrean
evergreen woodland/ Montezuma quail/ gamebird/ grazing/ habitat
availability/ habitat quality/ habitat selection/ livestock/ Cyrtonyx
montezumae/ Quercus
Abstract:
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae Vigors) are closely associated
with oak woodlands (Quercus spp.). Livestock grazing and cover
availability are considered important factors affecting Montezuma quail
distribution and density. While habitat conditions during pairing
season (April-June) are thought to be important to Montezuma quail
survival and reproduction, information on habitat selection during that
time is limited. We investigated habitat selection by Montezuma quail
in grazed and ungrazed areas within the Huachuca and Santa Rita
mountain foothills in southeastern Arizona. We used pointing dogs
to locate quail during the pairing seasons of 1998 and 1999, and
measured habitat characteristics at 60 flush sites and 60 associated
random plots (within 100 m of flush sites). We recorded information on
landform, substrate, vegetation, and cover. Montezuma quail selected (P
< 0.10) areas with higher grass canopy cover and more trees than
randomly available. Short (< 50 cm tall) visual obstruction (cover),
usually associated with bunch grass, was greater (P < 0.10) at use
sites than at random plots. Land management practices that reduce grass
and tree cover may affect Montezuma quail habitat quality and
availability in southeastern Arizona. Based on habitat selection
patterns of Montezuma quail, we recommend that oak woodland habitats
should contain a minimum tree canopy of 26%, and 51-75% grass canopy
cover at the 20-cm height to provide optimum cover availability.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1189. Partial cutting of woodlots in an agriculture-dominated landscape: Effects on forest bird communities.
Holmes, S. B.; Burke, D. M.; Elliott, K. A.; Cadman, M. D.; and Friesen, L.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(12):
2467-2476. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/X04-130.
Descriptors: agriculture/
biodiversity/ harvesting/ bird community/ landscapes/ maple forests/
silviculture guidelines/ wood/ avifauna/ community dynamics/ community
structure/ forest management/ logging (timber)/ Acer/ agriculture/
basal area/ biodiversity/ birds/ harvesting/ silviculture/ Canada/
North America/ Ontario/ Acer/ Aves/ Certhia americana/ Dendroica
pensylvanica/ Indigofera/ Molothrus ater/ Myiarchus crinitus/ Passerina
cyanea/ Setophaga ruticilla
Abstract:
We studied the short-term effects of partial cutting on the forest bird
communities of mixed maple forests in an agriculture-dominated
landscape in southwestern Ontario. Blocks that had been recently
harvested were grouped according to provincial silvicultural guidelines
(standard and heavy cuts) and compared with blocks that had been uncut
for at least 24 years (old cuts). We found significant differences in
forest bird community structure between standard and heavy cuts and
between heavy and old cuts, but not between standard and old cuts.
Heavy cuts had more species and more individuals than old cuts, the
result primarily of greater numbers of early-successional species.
Brown creeper (Certhia americana Bonap.) was the only species to show a
significant negative response to harvesting and was the best indicator
of old cuts, while indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea L.), brown-headed
cowbird (Molothrus ater Bodd.), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica
pensylvanica L.), American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla L.), and great
crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus L.) were all significant
indicators of heavy cuts. Our research suggests that it is possible to
protect native bird communities in southwestern Ontario by using
the single-tree selection system to meet the minimum basal area targets
and harvest intensities recommended in provincial silvicultural
guidelines. © 2004 NRC Canada.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1190. Pinyon-juniper woodland restoration studies: A watershed scale, multi-disciplinary approach.
Jacobs, Brian E.; Gatewood, Richard G.;
Hastings, Brian K.; Julius, Christian; Kleintjes, Paula K.; Fettig, Stephen M.; and Allen, Craig D.
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 87 (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
Conference: 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the 14th Annual International Conference of the
Society for Ecological Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09, 2002.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/
mechanical restoration treatment/ applied and field techniques/
mechanical thinning/ applied and field techniques/ slash mulching/
applied and field techniques/ age class/ biological diversity/ biomass/
canopy cover/ drought/ fire history/ grazing/ historical record/ multi
disciplinary approach/ pinyon juniper woodland restoration/ plant
cover/ ponderosa pine savanna displacement/ sediment loss/ soil
exposure/ soil microtopography/ soil moisture/ species abundance/
species richness/ summer monsoon/ tree age/ understory vegetation
suppression/ watershed scale/ woodland density
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1191. Planning for bats on forest industry lands in North America.
Wigley, T. Bently; Miller, Darren A.; and Yarrow, Greg K.
In: Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management/
Lacki, M. J.; Hayes, J. P.; and Allen Kurta, A.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007;
pp. 293-318 .
Notes: Literature review; ISBN: 9780801884993 or 0801884993.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Chiroptera: forestry/ habitat management/ harvested forest management/
forest and woodland/ forest industry lands/ North America/
Mammalia/ Bats/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1192. Planning open spaces for wildlife, I: Selecting focal species using a Delphi survey approach.
Hess, George R. and King, Terri J.
Landscape and Urban Planning 58(1): 25-40. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: Mammalia/
barred owl/ broad-winged hawk/ eastern box turtle/ loggerhead shrike/
northern bobwhite/ pileated woodpecker/ Aves/ wildlife management/
Delphi survey approach/ suburban development/ habitat management/
habitat use/ North Carolina/ suburban wildlife space planning/ Triangle
region/ urban habitat/ ecosystems/ conservation/ wildlife management/
land zones/ artificial structures/ open space planning/ green space
planning/ umbrella species/ focal species/ keystone species/ wildlife
conservation/ wildlife habitat/ delphi survey/ amphibians/ birds/
ecological requirements/ forest/ habitat change/ indicator/ landscape/
mammals/ reptiles/ road/ settlement
Abstract: In
a world being transformed by human population growth, conservation
biology has emerged as one discipline focused on preventing,
mitigating, and reversing the loss of species, ecosystems, and
landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete
information, conservation biologists have developed shortcuts that rely
on identifying key species to be focused on during planning efforts. We
describe a process that can be used to select those species, using a
suburbanizing region in the United States as an example. The
Triangle region of North Carolina, USA -
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill and surroundings - is undergoing rapid
suburbanization, resulting in land-use changes that will alter wildlife
communities and might result in the loss of some species. We are
developing a wildlife conservation plan for the region based on a
combination of landscape and focal species approaches. The objective of
the research described in this paper was to identify focal species to
be used for conservation planning in the region; our effort focused on
amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. In theory, habitat conserved
by planning for a few carefully chosen focal species is expected to
encompass habitat for many other species with similar requirements. To
identify focal species, we used a three-part Delphi survey,
administered to a panel of experts. The panel identified six landscape
types and nine associated focal species: extensive undisturbed habitat
(bobcat, eastern box turtle); riparian and bottomland forest (barred
owl, beaver); upland forest (ovenbird, broad-winged hawk); mature
forest (pileated woodpecker); pastures and grassy fields (loggerhead
shrike); and open and early successional forest (northern bobwhite).
The panelists generally agreed that a combined landscape[-]focal
species approach was reasonable, but noted a number of problems to be
expected during the planning phase. The most critical of these problems
are that the approach has not been well tested, required data are often
unavailable, and implementation will be difficult in the face of
extreme economic pressures to develop land. Administering
the Delphi survey was more labor-intensive, and took longer, than
we
anticipated; it might have been more effective had it been completed
more quickly. Nevertheless, we believe this process can be applied to a
broad range of conservation problems, which are often characterized by
a high degree of uncertainty and the need to act quickly.
© NISC
1193. Planning open spaces for wildlife, II: Modeling and verifying focal species habitat.
Rubino, Matthew J. and Hess, George R.
Landscape and Urban Planning 64(1-2): 89-104. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: Castoridae/ Rodentia/ Felidae/ Carnivora/ Chelonia/ wildlife habitat/ modeling/ North Carolina
Abstract:
In the face of human population growth that is transforming the Earth,
scientists, land managers, and planners are working to prevent,
mitigate, and reverse the consequent loss of species, ecosystems, and
landscapes. Because of the need to act quickly with incomplete data, a
number of shortcuts have been developed that rely on identifying key
species for planning efforts. By developing conservation plans for a
small set of carefully selected focal species, planners hope to create
a protective umbrella for a wider array of species and functional
landscapes. In an earlier paper, we described an approach for selecting
a set of focal species. In this paper, we report a process for the
rapid identification and verification of potential habitat for a focal
species. Using the barred owl as an example, we present the process for
a suburbanizing region of North Carolina, USA. The barred owl
was selected to represent bottomland hardwood and forested wetland
landscapes in the region. Using a geographic information system (GIS),
we assembled data layers from readily available remotely sensed,
conventional survey, and physiographic data to create a model of barred
owl habitat. Barred owls occupy bottomland hardwood forests, which we
identified using land cover, soils, and wetlands data. We eliminated
from consideration bottomland forest habitat within 100 m of a road and
within 60 m of open vegetative cover. Patches of the remaining
bottomland forest larger than 86 ha in size were considered large
enough to meet all barred owl habitat needs. Simple presence/absence
surveys detected barred owls in approximately 65% of patches identified
by our model as suitable habitat. We tested the barred owl's
suitability as an umbrella for bottomland forest species using an
existing database of rare and outstanding elements of natural
diversity. Umbrella coverage for barred owl habitat (bottomland forest
patches ≥ 86 ha) varied with taxa from 0% for invertebrate species
to 75% for vertebrate species. However, umbrella coverage for all
bottomland forest, including patches < 86 ha, was at or near 100%
for all taxa. The relatively simple modeling and verification processes
we used can be carried out with a minimal amount of data and time,
making it an attractive tool in situations where time and resources are
in short supply.
© NISC
1194. Ponderosa pine restoration and turkey roost site use in northern Arizona.
Martin, S. L.; Theimer, T. C.; and Fule, P. Z.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 859-864. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33 [859:PPRATR]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Meleagris
gallopavo/ Pinus ponderosa/ restoration/ roost site/ adaptive
management/ gamebird/ habitat restoration/ habitat use/ roost site/
Arizona/ Meleagris gallopavo/ Meleagris gallopavo merriami/ Abstract:
Ecological restoration of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in
the southwestern United States is a relatively new, adaptive
management practice that potentially alters wildlife habitat during and
immediately after restoration treatments. To determine whether
restoration treatments affected Merriam's wild turkey (Meleagris
gallopavo merriami) use of roost sites, we relocated 91 of 120 turkey
roost sites that originally had been mapped in 1985 in the Uinkaret Mountains of northern Arizona. We compared
current turkey use of historical roost sites in stands that had been
thinned and burned between 1995 and 2002 to adjacent (<800 m away)
and distant (>800 m) stands. In 2002, 23 historical roosts were
still in use, and in 2003, 13 were still in use, 5 of which had not
been used in 2002. The number of historical roost sites still in use
among treated, adjacent, and distant stands did not
differ
from that expected based on the total number of historical roosts in
each stand type. We also searched for new roosts while traveling
between historical roost sites and found 2.2 new roosts per hour
searched in treated stands, 1.5 in adjacent stands, and 1.0 in distant
stands. As expected, active roost sites in treated stands had
significantly lower basal area, fewer stems, and less canopy cover
compared to roost sites in untreated areas. However, roost trees in
treated and untreated stands did not differ in diameter at breast
height, height, or distance to the lower limb, indicating that
treatment did not affect these characteristics. Several factors unique
to our study site may have influenced our results: treated areas
represented only 5% of total habitat available, treatments occurred
primarily on flat areas and not on ridges or slopes, and treatments
were implemented over several years.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1195. Ponderosa pine snag dynamics and cavity excavation following wildfire in northern Arizona.
Chambers, C. L. and Mast, J. N.
Forest Ecology and Management 216(1-3): 227-240. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.033.
Descriptors: cavities/
cavity-nesting birds/ ponderosa pine/ snags/ standing dead trees/
wildfire/ wildlife/ biodiversity/ fires/ probability/ forestry/
coniferous forest/ forest fire/ nest site/ treehole/ wildfire/ birds/
holes/ Pinus ponderosa/ Arizona/ Animalia/ Aves
Abstract: Snags
are important components of wildlife habitat, providing nesting
and feeding sites for over 75 species of animals in the
southwestern United States. Wildfires can increase or decrease the
availability
of snags to wildlife by killing live trees or incinerating snags. Our
objectives were to describe dynamics and spatial patterns of
fire-killed snags in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of
northern Arizona and predict the probability of snag use by cavity
nesters. We established six 1-ha plots following two recent fires that
occurred in northern Arizona (Hochderffer fire of 1996 [H96] and
Pumpkin fire of 2000 [P00]) to determine ponderosa pine snag
availability and use by wildlife as evidenced by presence of excavated
cavities. For comparison, six paired 1-ha plots in nearby unburned
areas were sampled with burned plots. For the twelve 1 ha plots, field
methods included mapping and measuring 15 characteristics for 668 snags
(630 in burned and 38 in unburned plots) 4 years post-fire on the H96
fire, and 1010 snags (996 in burned and 14 in unburned plots) 1 year
post-fire on the P00 fire. We remeasured characteristics of all snags
in 2003. Most burned snags were standing 3 years after fire, but 7
years after fire, 41% had fallen. Snags in burned plots were clumped
when initially measured and remeasured. After 7 years, snags in burned
plots that were still standing were straight, large diameter trees in
denser clumps. Density of excavated cavities was similar between burned
(3.0 ha-1) and unburned (2.2 ha-1) plots, even though burned areas
produced much higher densities of snags. Snags (both burned and
unburned) that were most likely to contain excavated cavities were
large diameter with broken tops. This evidence of cavity nester use
indicates that in ponderosa pine forests in the southwest, retaining
large diameter snags is important to cavity nesters regardless of
snag origin. If salvage logging is to occur in severely
burned
ponderosa pine in the southwest, retaining straight, large diameter
snags in clumps will help maintain snags for cavity-excavating species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1196. Population
increase in Kirtland's warbler and summer range expansion to Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula, USA.
Probst, J. R.; Donner, D. M.; Bocetti, C. I.; and Sjogren, S.
ORYX 37(3): 365-373. (2003); ISSN: 00306053.
Notes: doi: 10.1017/S0030605303000632.
Descriptors: carrying
capacity/ colonization/ Dendroica kirtlandii/ dispersal/ jack pine/
Michigan/ population expansion/ Wisconsin/ endangered species/ habitat
management/ passerines/ population growth/ range expansion/ Aves/
Dendroica kirtlandii/ Pinus banksiana
Abstract: The
threatened Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii breeds in stands
of young jack pine Pinus banksiana growing on well-drained soils
in Michigan, USA. We summarize information documenting the
range
expansion of Kirtland's warbler due to increased habitat management in
the core breeding range in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan during
1990-2000. We collected records and conducted searches for the species
in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Wisconsin over 1978-2000.
During that time 25 males were found in Wisconsin and 90 males in
the Upper Peninsula. We documented colonization
of Michigan's Upper Peninsula by six ringed males from the
Lower Peninsula of
Michigan. Four ringed birds also moved back to the core breeding range,
including two males that made two-way movements between the core
breeding range and the Upper Peninsula. Thirty-seven females were
observed with males from 1995 to 2000, all in Michigan. Nesting
activities were noted for 25 pairs and at least nine nests fledged
young. One male ringed as a fledgling returned to breed in two
subsequent years. After a 19-year period of population stability, the
Kirtland's warbler population increased four-fold during 1990-2000,
most likely in response to a tripling in habitat area. This increase in
sightings and documented breeding may be related to habitat
availability in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and to saturation
of habitat in the main breeding range. The increase in extra-limital
records during 1995-1999 corresponds to the time when the population
went from the minimum to the maximum projected population densities,
and a decline in natural wildfire habitat was just offset by new
managed habitat for the Kirtland's warbler. © 2003 FFI.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1197. Potential effects of groundcover restoration on breeding bird communities in longleaf pine stands.
Rutledge, B. T. and Conner, L. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2): 354-360. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: avian
community/ Conservation Reserve Program/ CRP/ ecosystem management/
Georgia/ longleaf pine/ native groundcover/ Pinus palustris/
restoration/ species diversity/ avifauna/ breeding population/ forest
ecosystem/ ground cover/ restoration ecology/ United States/ Aimophila
aestivalis/ Contopus virens/ Dendroica pinus/ Dumetella carolinensis/
Molothrus ater/
Passerina cyanea/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem is one of the most
endangered ecosystems in the United States. Recent incentives have
led to increased interest in longleaf pine restoration. These
restoration efforts often emphasize reestablishing native groundcovers,
yet there have been no studies that address the role of native
groundcover on breeding bird communities within longleaf pine forests.
Therefore, we studied breeding bird communities in mature longleaf pine
stands with either native or disturbed groundcovers to determine the
likely effects of groundcover reestablishment associated with longleaf
pine reforestation. Avian species richness and diversity did not differ
(P=0.823, P=0.571, respectively), and avian community similarity was
high (Morisita's index=0.98) between native and disturbed groundcover.
However, pine warblers (Dendroica pinus), gray catbirds (Dumetella
carolinensis), eastern wood-pewees (Contopus virens), brown-headed
cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and Bachman's sparrows (Aimophila
aestivalis) were more abundant (P≤0.10) in areas with native
groundcover, whereas indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) were more
abundant (P=0.058) in areas with disturbed groundcover. Although
groundcover restoration may benefit some avian populations, overall
avian species richness, diversity, and community composition may be
unaffected. Restoration of native groundcover may be best justified for
aesthetic values and as a tool to facilitate long-term stand management
using prescribed fire.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1198. Potential
indicators of the impacts of forest management on wildlife habitat in
northeastern Ontario: A multivariate application of wildlife
habitat suitability matrices.
Malcolm, Jay R.; Campbell, Brian D.; Kuttner, Ben G.; and Sugar, Alissa
Forestry Chronicle 80(1): 91-106. (2004)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Amphibia/ Aves/ Mammalia/ Reptilia:
forestry/ forest management/ Impacts on wildlife habitat/ potential
indicators/ habitat management/ environmental indicators/ forest
management impacts on wildlife habitat/ forest and woodland/ boreal
forests/ Ontario/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/
reptiles/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1199. Precommercial thinning reduces snowshoe hare abundance in the short term.
Griffin, Paul C. and Mills, L. Scott
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 559-564. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Carnivora/
Felidae/ Lagomorpha/ Leporidae/ Lepus americanus/ Lynx canadensis/ food
supply/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/
forestry thinning techniques/ habitat management/ habitat use/ Lepus
americanus/ Lynx canadensis/ predators/ mammals/ foods-feeding/
mammalian prey abundance/ Montana/ precommercial thinning/ young
montane and subalpine forests/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial
enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/ diets/ disturbances/
land zones/ nutrition/ predation
Abstract:
Management of young forests is not often considered in conservation
plans, but young forests provide habitat for some species of
conservation concern. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), critical prey
of forest carnivores including the United States federally
threatened Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), can be abundant in young
montane and subalpine forests with densely spaced saplings and shrub
cover. Precommercial thinning (PCT) is a silvicultural technique that
reduces sapling and shrub density on young forest stands. We tested for
effects of PCT on snowshoe hare abundance for 2 years after
experimental treatment at 3 replicate study areas. We also tested the
effectiveness of a precommercial thinning with reserves (PCT-R)
prescription, where 20% of the total stand was retained in uncut
quarter-hectare patches. All stands were in montane-subalpine
coniferous forests of western Montana, USA, where there is a
persistent population of Canada lynx. Posttreatment changes in
abundance were strongly negative on stands treated with standard PCT
prescriptions (100% of the stand was treated), relative to both
controls and stands treated with PCT-R. Trapping, snowtrack, and winter
fecal-pellet indices indicated that snowshoe hares used the quarter-ha
retention patches more than thinned portions of the PCT-R-treated
stands in winter. We suggest that managing forest landscapes for high
snowshoe hare abundance will require adoption of silvicultural
techniques like PCT-R for stands that will be thinned, in addition to
conservation of structurally valuable early and late-successional
forest stands.
© NISC
1200. Predicting the impacts of forest management on woodland caribou habitat suitability in black spruce boreal forest.
Brown, G. S.; Rettie, W. J.; Brooks, R. J.; and Mallory, F. F.
Forest Ecology and Management 245(1-3): 137-147.
(June 2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73
Descriptors: forest
habitats/ wildlife habitats/ Rangifer tarandus/ habitat preferences/
boreal forests/ forest management/ optimization/ timber management/
timber supply/ logging/ simulation models/ spatial data/ anthropogenic
activities/ wildlife management/ Ontario/ resource selection function/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ forestry production
harvesting and engineering/ computer and library sciences/ forestry
production general
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1201. The
preliminary effects of wildlife stand improvements and low intensity
prescribed burns on bat populations on the Buffalo Ranger District, Ozark National Forest, Arkansas.
Jackson, Jeremy L.; Wilhide, J. D.; and Prescott, Shane
Bat Research News 42(4): 162. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227
Descriptors: habitat management/ prescribed burns/ forest management/ bats/ Ozark National Forest/ Arkansas
Abstract: The
effects of forest management on bat populations is a concern in
many of our National Forests. Wildlife stand improvements (WSI) and low
intensity prescribed burns can alter the age and condition of the
forest, and this can affect the abundance and diversity of bat species.
These management practices were investigated on the Buffalo
Ranger District, Ozark National Forest in
northwestern Arkansas. The habitat consists primarily of
deciduous
hardwoods with small compartments of conifers scattered throughout the
district. The district is approximately 241,000 acres of which
30,000 acres are designated wilderness areas. For this
investigation on the effects of these management practices on the bat
population, observations were made in areas where WSI's and low
intensity prescribed burns will be conducted in the fall of 2001 and
spring of 2002, respectively. Two controls were chosen in areas
where WSI's and low intensity prescribed burns have been conducted in
the past.
© NISC
1202. Prescribed burning effects on summer elk forage availability in the subalpine zone, Banff National Park, Canada.
Sachro, L. L.; Strong, W. L.; and Gates, C. C.
Journal of Environmental Management 77(3):
183-193. (2005)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/
Canada/ Cervus elaphus: habitat management/ prescribed burning/ food
availability/ summer forage availability/ effects of prescribed burning
habitat management/ forest and woodland/ Coniferous forest/ Alberta/
Banff National Park/ Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae/ chordates/
mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The effects of prescribed burning on forage abundance and suitability
for elk (Cervus elaphus) during the snow-free season was evaluated in
east-central Banff National Park, Canada. Six coniferous
forest and mixed shrub-herb plant communities (n = 144 plots), and 5223
ha of burned (n = 13 1) vegetation 12 years old were sampled using a
stratified semi-random design. Sampling units represented various
combinations of vegetation, terrain conditions, and stand ages that
were derived from digital biophysical data, with plant communities the
basic unit of analysis. Burning coniferous forest stands reduced woody
biomass. and increased herbaceous forage from 146 to 790 kg/ha.
Increases commonly occurred in the percent cover of hairy wild rye
(Leymus innovatus (Beal) Pigler) and fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium
(L.) Holub.). The herbaceous components of mixed shrub-herb communities
increased from 336747 kg/ha to 517-1104 kg/ha in response to burning (P
0.025, Mann-Whitney U-test). Browse biomass (mostly Salix spp.
and Betula nana L.) increased >=220% (P = 0.003, Mann-Whitney
U-test) from 653 kg/ha in deciduous shrub types. Elk preferences for
unburned and burned vegetation-types were assessed as low and moderate,
respectively. Potential summer carrying capacity, based on forage
availability, increased from eight to 28 elk/100 km2 within burned areas, whereas spring grazing potential rose from 13 to 45 elk/100 km2.
Most of the increase (73%) was attributable to changes within burned
Engelmann Spruce stands, which composed 58% of the burned area. ©
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1203. Prescribed burning to restore mixed-oak communities in southern Ohio: Effects on breeding-bird populations.
Artman, Vanessa L.; Sutherland, Elaine K.; and Downhower, Jerry F.
Conservation Biology 15(5): 1423-1434. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: birds/
ecosystems/ forests, deciduous/ oak/ forests, mixed/ fires-burns/
habitat management/ restoration/ breeding/ communities/ density/
population ecology/ Quercus spp./ Ohio, Southern
Abstract: Fire
is being experimentally reintroduced to the forests of
southern Ohio to determine its effectiveness in restoring and
maintaining
mixed-oak (Quercus spp.) forest communities. The authors studied
the effects of repeated burning (one to four years of annual burning)
and recovery (one year after burning) on the breeding bird community.
Burning resulted in incremental but temporary reductions in the
availability of leaf litter, shrubs, and saplings, but it did not
affect trees, snags, or understory vegetation cover. Of 30 bird
species monitored, four were affected negatively and two were affected
positively by burning. Population densities of ovenbirds (Seiurus
aurocapillus), worm-eating warblers (Helmitheros vermivorus), and
hooded warblers (Wilsonia citrina) declined incrementally in response
to repeated burning and did not recover within one year after burning,
suggesting a lag time in response to the changes in habitat conditions.
Densities of northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis)
fluctuated among years in the control units, but remained low in the
burned units. Densities of American robins (turdus migratorius)
and eastern wood-pewees (Contopus virens) increased in response to
burning, but these increases were apparent only after several years of
repeated burning. In general, burning resulted in short-term
reductions in the suitability of habitat for ground, and
low-shrub-nesting birds, but it improved habitat for ground- and
aerial-foraging birds. Overall, there were no changes in the
composition of the breeding-bird community. Total breeding bird
population levels were also unaffected by burning. The authors'
results suggest that prescribed burning applied on a long-term basis or
across large spatial scales is likely to have adverse effects on
ground- and low-shrub-nesting bird species, but other changes in the
composition of the breeding-bird community are likely to be minimal as
long as the closed-canopy forest structure is maintained within the
context of prescribed burning.
© NISC
1204. Prescribed fire and raccoon use of longleaf pine forests: Implications for managing nest predation?
Jones, D. D.; Conner, L. M.; Storey, T. H.; and
Warren, R. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1255-1259. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032 [1255:PFARUO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Georgia/
nest predation/ predation management/ prescribed fire/ Procyon lotor/
raccoon/ radiotelemetry/ carnivore/ management practices/ nest
predation/ nesting success/ predator control/ prescribed burning/ Aves/
Pinus palustris/ Procyon/ Procyon lotor/ Quercus
Abstract:
If nest predation at least partially results from incidental encounters
between predators and nests, then management practices that reduce the
probability of such encounters could increase nest success. Therefore,
we studied effects of prescribed fire on raccoon (Procyon lotor; a
documented nest predator) use of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and
mixed longleaf pine-hardwood (Quercus spp.) forests in southwestern
Georgia during the nesting seasons of ground- and shrub-nesting birds
(i.e., mid-April-
mid-August)
of 1999 and 2000. Forested stands that had been burned since the
previous growing season were 52% and 80% less likely to be used by
raccoons than unburned stands during 1999 and 2000, respectively.
Overall, prescribed fire after the previous growing season resulted in
a 62% reduction in probability of use by raccoons during the nesting
season. Prescribed fire may serve as a tool to reduce incidental
encounters between raccoons and nests, but further work is needed to
determine the overall effect of prescribed fire on nest success.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1205. Presence and absence of bats across habitat scales in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina.
Ford, W. Mark; Menzel, Jennifer M.; Menzel, Michael A.; Edwards, John W.; and Kilgo, John C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5): 1200-1209. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Vespertilionidae/
Chiroptera/ Microchiroptera/ loblolly pine/ longleaf pine/ Myotis
austroriparius/ Pinus palustris/ Pinus taeda/ southeastern myotis/
habitat use/ environmental restoration/ foods-feeding/ foraging habitat
relationship/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ ecosystems/
habitat clutter/ habitat conservation/ insect abundance/ land zones/
nutrition/ riparian zone proximity/ South Carolina/ upper coastal
plain/ wildlife management/ acoustical sampling/ bat foraging/ Carolina
Bay/ echolocation/ habitat model/ pine savanna/ microchiroptera/
abundance/ distribution/ dispersion/ field technique/ vocalization/
ultra-infrasound
Abstract:
During 2001, we used active acoustical sampling (Anabat II) to survey
foraging habitat relationships of bats on the Savannah River Site (SRS)
in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Using an a priori
information-theoretic approach, we conducted logistic regression
analysis to examine presence of individual bat species relative to a
suite of microhabitat, stand, and landscape-level features such as
forest structural metrics, forest type, proximity to riparian zones and
Carolina bay wetlands, insect abundance, and weather. There was
considerable empirical support to suggest that the majority of the
activity of bats across most of the 6 species occurred at smaller,
stand-level habitat scales that combine measures of habitat clutter
(e.g., declining forest canopy cover and basal area), proximity to
riparian zones, and insect abundance. Accordingly, we hypothesized that
most foraging habitat relationships were more local than landscape
across this relatively large area for generalist species of bats. The
southeastern myotis (Myotis austroriparius) was the partial exception,
as its presence was linked to proximity of Carolina bays
(best-approximating model) and bottomland hardwood communities (other
models with empirical support). Efforts at SRS to promote open longleaf
pine (Pinus palustris) and loblolly pine (P. taeda) savanna conditions
and to actively restore degraded Carolina bay wetlands will be
beneficial to bats. Accordingly, our results should provide managers
better insight for crafting guidelines for bat habitat conservation
that could be linked to widely accepted land management and
environmental restoration practices for the region.
© NISC
1206. Presence of cavities in snags retained in forest cutblocks: Do management policies promote species retention?
Everett, Kim T. and Otter, Ken A.
Canadian Field Naturalist 118(3): 354-359. (2004)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Canada/ Vertebrata: forestry/ conservation/ habitat management/
snag retention/ forest cutblocks/ species retention/ habitat
utilization/ snag cavity use/ forest and woodland/ British Columbia,
Prince George area/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Tree cavities, which are frequently excavated by primary cavity
nesters, are typically used by a number of avian and non-avian species
and are thus important components in maintaining biodiversity in forest
ecosystems. One way to provide these habitat opportunities in harvested
areas is through the retention of snags. In this study, we assessed the
habitat and snag characteristics that promote cavity excavation, using
the presence of cavities to infer activity of primary cavity
excavators. Snags retained closer to the forest/cutblock edge contained
a greater density of cavities than trees further from edge. However,
the proportion of cavities found within cutblocks declined at a more
rapid rate with distance from edge than did those in adjacent forested
stands. There was also a tendency for cavities to occur more frequently
in trees that were at the advanced stages of decay. The results of our
study
suggest management for snags in harvest areas should include the
retention of snags closer to the forest edge combined with
incorporating trees showing signs of advanced decay.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1207. Prey ecology of Mexican spotted owls in pine-oak forests of northern Arizona.
Block, W. M.; Ganey, J. L.; Scott, P. E.; and King, R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 618-629. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 [0618:PEOMSO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Brush
mouse/ deer mouse/ diet/ habitat selection/ Mexican spotted owl/
Mexican woodrat/ Neotoma mexicana/ Arizona/ Peromyscus boylii/
ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forest/ prey abundance/ prey habitat/ Strix
occidentalis lucida/ diet/ habitat selection/ predator-prey
interaction/ prey availability/ raptors/ relative abundance/ wildlife
management/ Arizona/ Cervidae/ Cricetinae/ Mammalia/ Microtus
mexicanus/ Muridae/ Neotoma/ Neotoma mexicana/ Peromyscus/ Peromyscus
maniculatus/ Pinus ponderosa/ Quercus gambelii/ Strigiformes
Abstract:
We studied Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) diets and
the relative abundance and habitat associations of major prey species
in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii)
forest in north-central Arizona, USA, from 1990 to 1993. The
owl's diet was comprised of 94% mammals by biomass and consisted of
primarily the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), brush mouse (P.
boylii), Mexican woodrat (Neotoma mexicana), and Mexican vole (Microtus
mexicanus). Spotted owl prey in our study area were smaller on average
than prey in other locations, and the total biomass of potential prey
was less than that reported in other areas within the owl's geographic
range. Although all prey populations exhibited seasonal fluctuations in
relative abundance, only the deer mouse exhibited significant temporal
variation in population abundance. The general pattern was for prey
populations to rise during spring, peak during summer, decline in fall,
and reach a winter low. Deer mice exhibited the greatest amplitude in
population change as evidenced by the shift from a high of 12.2 mice/ha
(SE = 2.3) during summer 1991 to a low of 3.3 mice/ha (SE = 0.7) during
winter 1991-1992. Woodrats and brush mice used areas on slopes
>20° with relatively more rocks and shrub cover than found in
other areas. In contrast, deer mice were found in forests with
relatively open understories and little Gambel oak. Conservation
measures for the Mexican spotted owl must include management directed
at sustaining or increasing prey numbers rather than assuming that
managing for owl nesting and roosting habitat will provide favorable
conditions for the prey as well. Management practices that increase and
sustain shrub and herbaceous vegetation should receive the highest
priority. This can be accomplished by thinning small diameter trees,
using prescribed fire, and managing grazing pressures.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1208. Proposed forest management changes in southern Appalachian Mountain national forests should benefit bat conservation.
Krusac, Dennis L.
Bat Research News 43(4): 157-158. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227.
Notes:
Conference: 32nd Annual North American Symposium on Bat Research, Burlington, VT, USA, November 06-09, 2002.
Descriptors: Chiroptera/
Corynorhinus rafinesquii/ Corynorhinus townsendii/ Myotis leibii/
Myotis sodalis/ Vespertilionidae/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ wildlife management/ prescribed burning/ U.S. Forest
Service/ buffer zones/ caves/ channeled ephemeral drains/ cliffline
habitats/ colony size/ forest management changes/ hibernacula/ man-made
structures/ Rafinesque's big-eared bat/ Virginia big-eared bat/ eastern
small-footed bat/ Indiana bat
Abstract: Currently,
there are five national forests in the southern Appalachian
Mountains of the eastern United States that are revising their
forest management plans. The proposed management changes are a
significant step forward in the U.S. forest Service's effort to
conserve biological diversity. The management direction to
benefit bats is a huge change from the direction in the early forest
plans they are replacing. The current planning effort is an
attempt to get consistent management direction in across national
forest lands stretching from northern Virginia to
northern Alabama. Cliffline habitat, important
to Virginia
big-eared bat Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus, Rafinesque's
big-eared bat C. rafinesquii, and eastern small-footed bat Myotis
leibii will be protected with a 100 foot buffer above and a 200 foot
buffer below the cliff face. The only management that will occur
in the buffer zone will be done to benefit cliffline dependent species.
All caves and mines are assumed to be used by federally
threatened or endangered bats and protective measures are put in
until it is proven these sites are not important to listed bats or
large concentrations of any bat species. Buffer zones ranging
from one-quarter mile to five miles are placed around caves and mines
depending on species present and season of the year. For example,
prescribed fire is prohibited within a five-mile buffer of Indiana
bat M. sodalis hibernacula during the fall swarm to protect and avoid
disturbing roosting bats. Gates or other structures are
constructed and maintained at entrances to caves and mines occupied by
federally listed species, rare species or significant populations of
other species to minimize human disturbance. Before old buildings
and other man-made structures are modified or demolished, they are
surveyed for bats. If significant bat roosting is found within
such structures, these structures will be maintained or alternate
roosts suitable for the species and colony size will be provided before
their adverse modification or destruction. Forested corridors are
maintained along watercourses including channeled ephemeral drains.
All immediately suitable roost trees are retained in timber
harvest activities. Proposed management direction will be
discussed in detail. The draft forest plan revisions will be
available for public review and comment early in 2003.
© NISC
1209. Quantifying the impacts on biodiversity of policies for carbon sequestration in forests.
Matthews, S.; O'Connor, R.; and Plantinga, A. J.
Ecological Economics 40(1): 71-87. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 09218009.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00269-5.
Descriptors: avian
abundance/ carbon sequestration/ econometric models/ land-use change/
wildlife models/ afforestation/ biodiversity/ birds/ carbon
sequestration/ forestry policy/ United States
Abstract: There
is currently a great deal of interest in the use of afforestation
(conversion of non-forest land to forest) to reduce atmospheric
concentrations of carbon dioxide. To date, economic analyses have
focused on the costs of forest carbon sequestration policies related to
foregone profits from agricultural production. No studies have examined
additional costs or benefits associated with impacts on biodiversity.
The main objective of this paper is to estimate the changes in farmland
and forest bird populations that are likely to occur under an
afforestation policy. Econometric models of land use are used to
simulate the response of private landowners to subsidies for tree
planting on agricultural land. We evaluate subsidies that achieve
conversion of 10% of the total agricultural land in each of
three U.S. states (South Carolina, Maine, and
southern Wisconsin). Bird density estimates are derived for 615
species
with data from the national Breeding Bird Survey. Percentage changes in
agricultural and forest land for each county are applied to
county-level estimates of bird densities for farmland and forest birds.
Despite considerable spatial variation in agricultural land conversion
rates and farmland bird distributions within these states, statewide
losses of farmland birds were relatively uniform at 10.8-12.2%.
Increases in forest bird populations, however, varied substantially
between states: 0.3% in Maine, 2.5% in South Carolina, and
21.8% in southern Wisconsin. Surprisingly, a net loss in total
bird populations results in all three states (-2.0% in Maine,
-2.3% in South Carolina, and -1.1% in southern Wisconsin),
despite the prevailing wisdom as to bird-rich forests. The loss is due
to the coincidence of centers of high farmland bird richness and low
forest bird richness with areas economically suited to conversion.
Additional gains in forest species may result, however, if
afforestation within the economically optimal counties is concentrated
to fill in existing forest fragments presently suffering avian losses
to edge predators. Our results thus show that assessments of the
biological consequences of afforestation for carbon sequestration must
consider both current land cover and the distributional patterns of
organisms as well as the policy's conversion goal.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1210. The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: A review of the North American literature.
DeMaynadier, P. G. and Hunter, M. L.
Environmental Reviews 3(3/4): 230-261. (1995)
NAL Call #: GE140.E59; ISSN: 1181-8700.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: amphibia/
species diversity/ geographical distribution/ microhabitats/ forests/
clearcutting/ age/ natural regeneration/ forest plantations/ prescribed
burning/ roads/ riparian forests/ forest management/ plant succession/
nature conservation/ North America/ species abundance/ biodiversity/
logging roads
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1211. Relationships between avian richness and landscape structure at multiple scales using multiple landscapes.
Mitchell,
M. S.; Rutzmoser, S. H.; Wigley, T. B.; Loehle, C.; Gerwin, J. A.;
Keyser, P. D.; Lancia, R. A.; Perry, R. W.; Reynolds, C. J.; Thill, R.
E.; Weih, R.; White, D.; and
Wood, P. B.
Forest Ecology and Management 221(1-3): 155-169. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.023.
Descriptors: avian
communities/ forest management/ heterogeneity/ landscape/ richness/
United States, southeastern region/ biodiversity/ mathematical models/
regression analysis/ avian communities/ landslides/ avifauna/ land
management/ landscape structure/ species richness/ regression analysis/
Aves
Abstract:
Little is known about factors that structure biodiversity on landscape
scales, yet current land management protocols, such as forest
certification programs, an increasing emphasis on managing for
sustainable biodiversity at landscape scales. We used a replicated
landscape study to evaluate relationships between forest structure and
avian diversity at both stand and landscape-levels. We used data on
bird communities collected under comparable sampling protocols on four
managed forests located across the Southeastern US to develop
logistic regression models describing relationships between habitat
factors and the distribution of overall richness and richness of
selected guilds. Landscape models generated for eight of nine guilds
showed a strong relationship between richness and both availability and
configuration of landscape features. Diversity of topographic features
and heterogeneity of forest structure were primary determinants of
avian species richness. Forest heterogeneity, in both age and forest
type, were strongly and positively associated with overall avian
richness and richness for most guilds. Road density was associated
positively but weakly with avian richness. Landscape variables
dominated all models generated, but no consistent patterns in metrics
or scale were evident. Model fit was strong for neotropical migrants
and relatively weak for short-distance migrants and resident species.
Our models provide a tool that will allow managers to evaluate and
demonstrate quantitatively how management practices affect avian
diversity on landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1212. Relationships between deer mice and downed wood in managed forests of southern British Columbia.
Craig, Vanessa J.; Klenner, Walt; Feller, Michael C.; and Sullivan, Thomas P.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36(9):
2189-2203. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Peromyscus
maniculatus: forestry/ habitat management/ population density/
population structure/ survival/ habitat utilization/ downed wood in
managed forest habitat/ forest and woodland/ British Columbia/
Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined the relationship between deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus
(Wagner)) and downed wood in a low-elevation Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forest and a high-elevation Engelmann spruce
(Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) - subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa
(Hook.) Nutt.) forest in the south-central interior of British
Columbia. We experimentally manipulated the volume of downed wood on
clear-cut and forested sites and monitored the response of deer mice
with a mark-recapture study to assess population densities and survival
and reproduction rates. Populations responded positively to harvesting
at the low-elevation but not the high-elevation study area. At the
low-elevation study area, the population dynamics of deer mice on
clear-cut and forested treatments were not positively associated with
patterns of vegetation cover or increasing downed-wood volumes.
Instead, populations on clearcuts appeared to increase in response to
an unknown factor associated with lower volumes. No relationship was
detected between population dynamics of deer mice and downed-wood
volumes at the high-elevation site. The population dynamics of deer
mice on forests at the high-elevation site appeared to be more closely
related to vegetation cover than to downed wood. The results indicated
that downed wood is not a critical habitat component for deer mice in
the south-central interior of British Columbia.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1213. Relationships
between herpetofaunal community structure and varying levels of
overstory tree retention in northern Alabama: First-year results.
Zachary, I. Felix; Wang, Yong; and Schweitzer, Callie Jo
In:
Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 71/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp. 7-10.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6304
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ overstory tree retention/
community structure effects/ habitat management/overstory tree
retention effects/ forest and woodland/ upland forest habitat/ Alabama/
Jackson County/ Cumberland Plateau/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/
reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Forest managers are increasingly considering the effects
their decisions have on the biodiversity of an area. However, there is
often a lack of data upon which to evaluate these decisions. We
conducted research to examine the relationship between silvicultural
techniques, particularly shelterwood cuts with varying levels of basal
area retention, and the community structure of amphibians and reptiles
in the Cumberland Plateau of northern Alabama. We have implemented
five levels of basal area retention at 15 plots (4 ha per site): 0
percent, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, and control (100 percent)
with three replicates each. Drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps,
and coverboards were used to quantify herpetofauna at each site. We
predicted that plots with high basal area would provide better
conditions for amphibians, sites with low basal area would be more
favorable for reptiles, and sites with intermediate basal area would
contain the most structurally and climatically complex habitats, and
thus the highest species richness of herpetofauna. Our research will
provide both a theoretical framework furthering our understanding of
factors affecting the distribution and abundance of these organisms and
applicable data that may be used to assist forest managers in
sustaining these communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1214. Relationships between small mammal community structure and varying levels of overstory tree retention in northern Alabama.
Felix, Z. I.; Wang, Y.; Schweitzer, C. Jo; and Gatens, L. J.
17th Colloquium on Conservation of Mammals in the Southeastern United States, Proceedings: 20-21. (2007).
Notes: Conference: 17th Colloquium on Conservation of Mammals in the Southeastern United States,
Destin, Florida, February 15-16, 2007.
Descriptors: fences/ microhabitat/ forest treatment/
forestry practices/ small mammals/ Alabama
Abstract: Forest
managers are increasingly considering the effects their
decisions have on the biodiversity of an area. However, there is often
a lack of data upon which to evaluate these decisions. We conducted
research to examine the relationship between silvicultural techniques,
particularly shelterwood cuts with varying levels of basal area
retention, and the community structure of small mammals on the
Cumberland Plateau of northern Alabama. We implemented three
levels of basal area retention at 15 plots (4 ha/site)" clearcuts,
25-50%, and 75-100% retention with three replicates each. Drift fences
with pitfall traps and funnel traps were used to trap mammals at each
side. A total of eight species were captured on the sites including
Peromyscus leucopus, P. gossypinus, Sorex longirostris, S. fumeus, S.
hoyi, Blarina brevicauda, Cryptotis parva, and Microtus pinetorum. The
only species showing a statistical differences in mean relative
abundance were Cryptotis parva and Microtus pinetorum, both of which
were more abundant on cut plots, with Cryptotis especially abundant on
clearcuts. other species showed noticeable trends with respect to
retention treatment, but these were not significant. Species richness,
evenness, or diversity did not differ by treatment. Canonical
Correspondence Analysis showed several species related to microhabitat
variables such as herbaceous and woody regrowth on cut plots while
abundance of the two Peromyscus seemed to relate to high basal area and
slash coverage. These data, while only collected for one year, indicate
some of the unique ways small mammals respond to a common landuse in
the Cumberland Plateau and suggest interesting avenues for further
study.
© NISC
1215. Reproductive success and habitat selection of Swainson's warbler in managed pine versus bottomland hardwood forests.
Henry, Donata R.
New Orleans, LA: Tulane University, 2005.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Sherry, Thomas W.
Descriptors: birds/
economic valuation/ population density/ habitat quality/ habitat
selection/ loblolly pine/ Pinus taeda/ pine plantations/ habitat use/
bottomland hardwood forests/ reproductive success
Abstract:
Understanding how commercial forests can be managed to benefit
wildlife has important conservation implications, as silvicultural
landscapes occur globally and have high economic value. in this study,
I compared two habitat types in southeastern Louisiana, even-aged
loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and bottomland hardwood forests, both used
for breeding by Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii; SWWA). I
investigated habitat quality and habitat selection patterns of SWWA to
(1) assess the conservation value of pine plantations for
understory-nesting birds, (2) identify ecological factors important in
habitat selection at multiple scales, and (3) contribute needed
information on the natural history and status of a species of
conservation concern. the density of breeding pairs, timing of nesting,
clutch size, hatching rates, and reproductive success of SWWA did not
differ significantly between habitats. These results, coupled with
similar patterns of habitat use at the nest site, suggest that the
habitats are ecologically analogous for breeding. Similarities in
morphology and behavior also suggest that ecotypic variation does not
account for differences in ecological success or patterns of habitat
selection in the two forest types. Predictions about habitat selection
mechanisms were tested based on the foraging behaviors and nesting
requirements of SWWA at specific scales. I found support for four
hypotheses (Foraging Substrate, Potential Nest Site, Nest Decoy, and
Nest Concealment), demonstrating that SWWA use different cues at the
habitat, territory, nest patch, and nest site scales, but consistently
across habitat types. Vegetation characteristics contributing to the
nesting and foraging needs of this species served as mechanisms for
habitat selection. These results support the conclusion that SWWA has
expanded its breeding range into an anthropogenic habitat that meets
its basic nesting requirements, despite structural and floristic
differences between the two forest types. The implication of these
findings is that the conservation value of the enormous area of
commercial pine plantations in the southeastern United States can
be significantly augmented by appropriate management choices.
© NISC
1216. Reproductive success of forest-dependent songbirds near an agricultural corridor in south-central Indiana.
Ford, T. B.; Winslow, D. E.; Whitehead, D. R.; and
Koukol, M. A.
Auk 118(4): 864-873. (2001)
Descriptors: agricultural
land/ brood parasitism/ ecological impact/ edge effect/ habitat
corridor/ nest predation/ reproductive success/ songbird/ United
States/
Molothrus ater
Abstract:
Potential source populations of forest-breeding Neotropical migrant
birds may be threatened by anthropogenic changes that increase brood
parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and nest predation
in heavily forested breeding areas. In south-central Indiana,
corridors of agriculture and rural development, ranging from <50 m
to several thousand meters in width, penetrate interior portions of the
heavily forested landscape. These corridors provide habitat for
cowbirds and nest predators. We monitored breeding success of six
species of Neotropical migrants and one resident species near an
agricultural corridor and in interior forest. We found that nest
survival was lower near the agricultural corridor for most of the
species in the nestling stage, but no consistent difference in nest
survival was detected during the egg stage. Levels of cowbird
parasitism were generally elevated near the agricultural corridor.
Estimates of the number of fledglings per nesting attempt indicated
that seasonal productivity was lower near the agricultural corridor for
six of the seven species. Status of populations of birds in
south-central Indiana as sources in the Midwest may be
compromised by extensive intrusion of agricultural corridors within the
contiguous, heavily forested landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1217. Reproductive success of Lewis's woodpecker in burned pine and cottonwood riparian forests.
Saab, Victoria A. and Vierling, Kerri T.
Condor 103(3): 491-501. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5414
Descriptors: Melanerpes
lewis/ birds/ productivity/ ecosystems/ ponderosa pine/ cottonwood/
riparian habitat/ fires-burns/ environmental factors/ nests-nesting/
nest predation/ predators/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ habitat
alterations/ agricultural practices/ habitat management/ Lewis'
woodpecker/ Pinus ponderosa/ Pinus spp./
Populus deltoides/ Colorado/ Idaho
Abstract:
Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) has been characterized as a "burn
specialist" because of its preference for nesting within burned pine
forests. No prior study, however, has demonstrated the relative
importance of crown-burned forests to this woodpecker species by
examining its reproductive success in different forest types. The
authors studied breeding Lewis's woodpeckers in cottonwood (Populus
fremontii) riparian forest patches of Colorado and crown-burned
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of Idaho to compare their
reproductive success, productivity, and potential source-sink status in
the two forest types. Daily nest survival rates were
significantly lower in cottonwood compared to burned pine forests.
Nesting success was 46% (n = 65) in cottonwood forests and 78% (n
= 283) in burned pine forests. Proportion of nests destroyed by
predators was significantly higher in cottonwood forests (34%) compared
to burned pine forests (16%). The authors consistently found
crown-burned forests to be potential source habitat, whereas cottonwood
riparian sites were more often concluded to be potential sink habitat.
Cottonwood riparian forests were surrounded primarily by an
agricultural landscape where the composition and abundance of nest
predators was likely very different than the predator assemblage
occupying a large scale burn in a relatively natural landscape.
Conversion of riparian and adjacent grassland landscapes to
agriculture and prevention of wildfire in ponderosa pine forests have
likely reduced nesting habitat for this species. Prescribed
understory fire is the prevailing management tool for restoring
ponderosa pine ecosystems. Conditions created by crown fire may
be equally important in maintaining ponderosa pine systems and
conserving nesting habitat for the Lewis's woodpecker.
© NISC
1218. Residual tree retention ameliorates short-term effects of clear-cutting on some boreal songbirds.
Tittler, R.; Hannon, S. J.; and Norton, M. R.
Ecological Applications 11(6): 1656-1666. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Alberta,
Canada/ bird communities/ boreal mixed-wood/ clear-cut logging/ forest
management/ forest songbirds/ neotropical migrants/ partial harvesting/
Populus tremuloides/ residual tree retention/ songbird conservation/
abundance/ clearcutting/ forest management/ songbirds/ species
conservation/ Canada/ Animalia/ Aves/ Passeri/ Populus tremuloides
Abstract:
Retention of residual trees in "cutblocks," logged blocks of forest,
has been proposed as a method to conserve songbirds in landscapes
fragmented by clear-cut logging. We examined songbird communities in
the boreal mixed-wood forest of Alberta, Canada, to investigate the
effect on songbird abundance of (1) logging and (2) retaining variable
densities of residual trees in cutblocks (10-133 trees/ha or basal area
of 0.50-10.65 m2).
We surveyed songbirds in logged and forested, aspen-dominated,
mixed-wood stands in the year before, the year after, and three years
after logging. We analyzed changes in abundance of 27 common songbird
species: 23 present in the forest prior to logging and four that
appeared after logging. Ten species declined with logging and were
termed "forest species." Ten more species did not change with logging
and were called "habitat generalists." The seven species that increased
with logging were called "cutblock species." When the effect of
residual tree retention was examined in terms of basal area (rather
than density) of residual trees, more songbird species were found to be
both positively and negatively affected by residual tree retention,
despite the fact that the two tree measures were highly correlated. In
the first year after logging, four bird species (two forest, one
generalist, and one cutblock) increased, and none decreased with
increasing residual tree retention in cutblocks. In the third year
after logging, again four species increased with increasing retention,
but these were different species than in the first year after logging
(one forest and three generalist species). Furthermore, four cutblock
species decreased with increasing retention. Based on these findings,
we conclude that retention of residual trees may be beneficial to some
species, although conservation of unlogged reserves is also important.
Most importantly, we recommend that research be continued to examine a
larger range of tree retention and longer term effects on the avifauna.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1219. Resistance of forest songbirds to habitat perforation in a high-elevation conifer forest.
Leupin, Ernest E.; Dickinson, Thomas E.; and Martin, Kathy
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(9):
1919-1928. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: British
Columbia/ communities/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ high elevation conifer forest/
perforation harvest patterns/ population ecology/ Sicamous area/
wildlife-human relationships/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/
conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land
zones
Abstract: We examined responses of songbirds breeding in high-elevation Engelmann
spruce / subalpine fir (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm. / Abies
lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forests to four perforation harvest patterns
near Sicamous, British Columbia. Each treatment removed
approximately 30% of the timber volume but varied the size of openings
from 10-ha clearcuts to small gaps (<0.01 ha), where individual
trees were removed. Abundance and diversity of breeding songbirds were
monitored over a 4-year period, including 2 years each of pre- and
post-harvest conditions. Two-thirds of the original songbird assemblage
consisted of mature forest species that showed only modest changes in
relative abundance following harvest. Two species showed significant
responses to harvesting: golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa
Lichtensteins) declined significantly postharvest, with the largest
declines occurring in single-tree and 10-ha treatments; and dark-eyed
junco (Junco hyemalis L.) responded positively to harvest. At high
elevations, 30% volume removal allowed much of the songbird community
to be accommodated immediately after harvest. Future research should
address whether the apparent short-term accommodation of high-elevation
birds persists across time and as more of the continuous forest cover
is removed.
© NISC
1220. Response of amphibian and reptile populations to vegetation maintenance of an electric transmission line right-of-way.
Yahner, R. H.; Bramble, W. C.; and Byrnes, W. R.
Journal of Arboriculture 27(4): 215-221. (2001)
NAL Call #: SB436.J6; ISSN: 02785226
Descriptors: amphibians/
herbicides/ reptiles/ right-of-way/ salamanders/ snakes/ tree control/
turtles/ forest management/ herbicide/ relative abundance/ reptiles/
species diversity/ United States/ Ambystoma jeffersonianum/ Plethodon
cinereus
Abstract: A
2-year study of amphibian and reptile populations was conducted on a
500-kV transmission line right-of-way (ROW) of PECO Energy in the
Piedmont Physiographic Province, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, U.
S., from June through July 1999, September through October 1999, and
March through October 2000. The objectives were to compare the
diversity and relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles between the
ROW and the adjacent forest, among five treatment units on the ROW, and
between wire and borders zones on treatments on the ROW. Eight species
were observed during the study, and the two most common species
were Jefferson salamanders (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) and redback
salamanders (Plethodon cinereus). All eight species were noted on the
ROW, but only Jefferson and redback salamanders occured in the
adjacent forest. The number of species ranged from six species in the
mowing plus herbicide unit to three each in the stem-foliage spray and
foliage spray units. All species were found in the wire zones compared
to only five species in the border zones. The ROW contained a greater
diversity of amphibian and reptile species than the adjacent forest.
Because forest-management practices can have negative impacts on
populations of amphibians and reptiles, this study provides valuable
information on forest-management practices required for the
conservation of amphibians and reptiles.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1221. Response
of amphibians to partial cutting in a coastal mixed-conifer forest:
Management practices for retaining amphibian habitat in the Vancouver forest region.
Dupuis, Linda A. and Waterhouse, F. Louise
Vancouver Forest Region Forest Research Extension Note EN-005: 1-12. (2001).
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/RCO/research/wildlifereports/
en005.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Canada/ habitat management/ forest habitat retention practices/
community structure/ timber harvest practices/ population dynamics/
forest and woodland/ coastal mixed conifer forest/ abundance/ British
Columbia/ Vancouver Forest Region/ population responses/ Amphibia/
amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1222. Response
of avian bark foragers and cavity nesters to regeneration treatments in
the oak-hickory forest of northern Alabama.
Wang, Yong; Schweitzer, Callie Jo; and Lesak, Adrian A.
In:
Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 92/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2006. pp. 17-20.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/23305
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/
reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: forestry/ forest regeneration treatment/ community
structure/ habitat management/ foraging/ bark foragers/ breeding site/
cavity nesters/ habitat utilization/ oak hickory forest/ Alabama/
Cumberland Plateau/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined bark-foraging and cavity-nesting birds' use of upland
hardwood habitat altered through a shelterwood regeneration experiment
on the mid-Cumberland Plateau of northern Alabama. The five
regeneration treatments were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent basal area
retention. The 75 percent retention treatment was accomplished by
stem-injecting herbicide into mostly midstory canopy trees; the other
removal treatments were implemented through chain saw felling and
grapple skidding. Density and species composition of bark-foraging and
cavity-nesting birds were monitored during the breeding season of 2002
and 2003. Signs of bark-foraging and excavation activities were
examined for permanently-marked trees in vegetation sampling plots in
spring and fall of 2003 and spring, 2004. A total of 11 species were
detected; 9 of them established breeding territories on the study
plots. Tufted Titmice were the most abundant species (1.35 ±
0.12 territories per plot per year), followed by White-breasted
Nuthatch (0.67 ± 0.08 territories per plot per year) and Downy
Woodpecker (0.58 ± 0.11 territories per plot per year). Species
richness, abundance, and diversity indices of bark-foraging and
cavity-nesting birds varied by the regeneration treatments: Clearcut
had the lowest values. Interestingly, no difference was detected among
the other four treatments. The amount of snags (measured as total
d.b.h.) differed among the treatments: Plots that received the 75
percent retention (herbicide) treatment had the highest value. The
signs of bark foraging and excavation activities (number of pecks and
excavations) were positively correlated with the availability of dead
trees.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1223. Response of bird communities to selection harvesting in a northern tolerant hardwood forest.
Holmes, S. B. and Pitt, D. G.
Forest Ecology and Management 238(1-3): 280-292. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.10.022.
Descriptors: BACI/ bird community response/ forest birds/ northern tolerant hardwoods/ selection harvest
Abstract: We
investigated the responses of forest birds to habitat changes
following timber harvest by selection cutting in three northern
tolerant hardwood forest stands using a before-after control-impact
(BACI) type of experimental design. We observed only minor effects on
the bird community associated with mature forests. Ovenbird (Seiurus
aurocapilla) abundances declined by about 80-90% in two of the three
harvested blocks. Black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens)
declined in abundance by about 70% on a single block 2 and 3 years
post-harvest. Mechanical disturbance of the shrub layer
[primarily Canada yew (Taxus canadensis)] was coincident to this
decline.
Several bird species that prefer early successional or shrubby
habitats, such as veery (Catharus fuscescens), cedar waxwing
(Bombycilla cedrorum), chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica),
magnolia warbler (Dendroica magnolia), American redstart (Setophaga
ruticilla), mourning warbler (Oporornis philadelphia) and
white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), benefited from
selection cutting, with the timing of individual species' responses
related to changes in habitat structure and composition. Effects in one
block were still evident 7 years after harvest. Guidelines that support
a residual stocking target of 20 m2/ha
should promote the retention of mature forest bird communities,
including ovenbird, while still providing habitat for early
successional bird species. [Crown Copyright © 2006.]
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1224. Response of birds to thinning young Douglas-fir forests.
Hayes, John P.; Weikel, Jennifer M.; and
Huso, Manuela M. P.
Ecological Applications 13(5): 1222-1232. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: Certhia
americana/ Coccothraustes vespertinus/ Dendroica nigrescens/ Empidonax
difficilis/ Empidonax hammondii/ Ixoreus naevius/ Myadestes townsendi/
Piranga ludoviciana/ Regulus satrapa/ Turdus migratorius/ Vireo
huttoni/ Passeriformes/ Picoides villosus/ Piciformes/ Aves/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ bird response/
forest management/ ecosystems/ information theory/ silviculture/ young
Douglas-fir forest thinning/ Coast range, Tillamook Burn/ forests/
forest thinning/ habitat management/ Oregon/ status/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land zones/ population ecology/
abundance/ birds/ dispersion/ habitat change/ brown creeper/ evening
grosbeak/ black-throated gray warbler/ Pacific-slope flycatcher/
Hammond's flycatcher/ varied thrush/ Townsend's solitaire/ western
tanager/ golden-crowned kinglet/ American robin/ Hutton's vireo/ hairy woodpecker
Abstract:
Silvicultural practices, such as thinning, are increasingly performed
both for commodity production and to help achieve biodiversity goals
and promote ecological restoration. However, relatively little research
has examined effects of thinning conifer forests on vertebrates. We
experimentally manipulated stands using a randomized block design to
evaluate influences of two thinning intensities on populations of
diurnal breeding birds in western Oregon. We conducted point
counts of birds seven times each year in 1994 (prior to treatment) and
from. 1995 through 2000 (subsequent to treatment). We analyzed data
using multiple linear regression and information-theoretic approaches
to model selection. Of the 22 species for which we had sufficient data
for analysis, detections of nine species decreased and eight species
increased in thinned stands relative to controls, and there was no
strong evidence that thinning influenced numbers of five species. Of
the 17 species that responded to thinning, the magnitude of response of
eight species varied with thinning intensity; for each of these
species, response was greatest in the more heavily thinned stands.
Although no species was extirpated from stands following thinning,
detections of Hutton's Vireos (Vireo huttoni), Golden-crowned Kinglets
(Regulus satrapa), Brown Creepers (Certhia americana), Blackthroated
Gray Warblers (Dendroica nigrescens), and Varied Thrushes (Ixoreus
naevius) decreased to less than half of the detections in controls in
one or more treatment types, suggesting thinning significantly reduces
their numbers. In contrast, American Robins (Turdus migratorius),
Townsend's Solitaires (Myadestes towizsendi), and Hammond's Flycatchers
(Empidonax hammondii) were rare or absent in controls but regularly
present in thinned stands, and detections of Western Tanagers (Piranga
ludoviciana), Evening Grosbeaks (Coccothrazistes vespertinus), and
Hairy Woodpeckers (Picoides villosus) increased by threefold or more in
thinned stands relative to controls. Only Pacific-slope Flycatchers
(Empidonax difficilis), Warbling Vireos (Vireo gilvus), and Western
Tanagers showed strong evidence of temporal trends in response. For
these species, differences between numbers in controls and treated
stands became more extreme through time. Our findings suggest that
thinning densely stocked conifer stands in landscapes dominated by
younger stands enhances habitat suitability for several species of
birds, but that some unthinned patches and stands should be retained to
provide refugia for species that are impacted by thinning.
© NISC
1225. Response of black bears to forest management in the southern Appalachian Mountains.
Mitchell, Michael S. and Powell, Roger A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4): 692-705. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Ursus
americanus/ Ursidae/ Carnivora/ black bear/ Ursus americanus/ behavior/
conservation/ terrestrial ecology/ time-series analysis/ habitat
suitability index/ forests/ ecosystems/ forest management/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ home range-territory/ North Carolina/ Pisgah
National Forest/ wildlife management/ land zones/ American black bear/
food/ forests/ habitat/ habitat change/ habitat evaluation/ home-range/
silviculture/ telemetry
Abstract: We
evaluated responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to changes in
habitat in the Pisgah National Forest in North
Carolina, USA. Changes in habitat were due to forest management,
which
affected bear habitat in complex ways. Harvested stands provided
plentiful food resources that decreased with regeneration of the
canopy. However, their value was offset by a lack of resources
associated with mature overstory. Following canopy closure,
early-successional food resources in harvested stands tended to
decrease, although some soft mast remained more abundant than in
unharvested stands. We used a tested Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) to
evaluate effects of harvest management on bear habitat. Values of HSI
for harvested stands tended to differ little among young stands and
older stands regenerating in pine (Pinus spp.) or hardwood, and all had
lower HSI values than unharvested stands. Although effects of roads are
modeled negatively in the HSI, proximity of harvested stands to logging
roads did not bias comparisons to harvested stands. We used time-series
analysis to characterize year-to-year changes on HSI maps for our study
area from 1981 through 1994, and designated the results as an index of
habitat change. We used this index to evaluate use of changed areas by
black bears, estimated from 127 home ranges. Adult females used changed
areas inversely proportional to the index of change, whereas adult and
juvenile males showed no preferences. With respect to year-to-year
variation at the peripheries of their home ranges, adult males and
adult females selected habitat patches where suitability had increased
and rejected patches where suitability had declined. Home ranges of
adult males contained proportionally fewer areas of habitat decline
than those of females or juvenile males. Adult females used areas where
habitat suitability decreased, proportional to the decrease, but did
not prefer them to areas of stable or improved suitability. Adult males
appeared to avoid areas of decreased suitability altogether. Forest
management positively affected some aspects of bear habitat but had an
overall negative effect on habitat suitability in the southern
Appalachians. Forest management will not improve bear habitat overall
in areas where resources are abundant. Where soft mast is
limiting, however, trade-offs between overall habitat suitability and
improved productivity of soft mast may be warranted.
© NISC
1226. The response of boreal forest songbird communities to fire and post-fire harvesting.
Morissette, J. L.; Cobb, T. P.; Brigham, R. M.; and
James, P. C.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(12):
2169-2183. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067
Descriptors: fires/
harvesting/ wood/ songbird communities/ forestry/ avifauna/ community
structure/ ecological impact/ forest fire/ harvesting/ silviculture/
Pinus banksiana/ Populus tremuloides
Abstract:
Post-fire timber harvesting (salvage logging) is becoming more
prevalent as logging companies try to recover some of the economic
losses caused by fire. Because salvaging is a relatively new practice
and because of the common perception that burned areas are of little
value to wildlife, few guidelines exist for salvaging operations. We
surveyed birds in unburned and burned stands of jack pine (Pinus
banksiana Lamb.), mixedwood, and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides
Michx.) to characterize the post-fire bird community in commercially
important forest types. The effects of salvage logging were examined in
mixedwood and jack pine. Using fixed-radius point counts, a total of
1430 individuals representing 51 species were detected during this
study. Community analysis revealed that burned forests supported a
distinct species assemblage of songbirds relative to unburned forests
and that salvage logging significantly altered this community. An
examination of guild composition showed that resident species, canopy
and cavity nesters, and insectivores were the least likely to be
detected in salvaged areas. Species less sensitive to salvage logging
tended to be habitat generalists, omnivores, and species that nest on
the ground or in shrubs. We suggest alternative management strategies
that may help reduce the impact of salvage logging on the boreal forest
songbird community.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1227. Response of breeding bird communities to forest harvest around seasonal ponds in northern forests, USA.
Hanowski, J.; Danz, N.; and Lind, J.
Forest Ecology and Management 229(1-3): 63-72. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.011.
Descriptors: breeding bird communities/ forest harvest/ seasonal ponds
Abstract:
We examined response of breeding bird communities to varying levels of
timber harvest in and around 16-forested seasonal ponds in northern Minnesota, USA. This experimental study employed a
before-after-control-impact design with three different harvest
treatments. Treatments were assigned randomly (n = 4 ponds/treatment)
and were applied within 17 m wide buffers outward from the ponds' edge:
clear-cut harvest (reduction of basal area to <2 m2/ha), partial cut harvest (reduction of basal area to 7-10 m2/ha),
and no harvest (no cut). Forest stands around treatment buffers (n
= 12) were clear-cut harvested (ranging from 6.5 to 12.5 ha). Ponds
with no harvest in the adjacent forests (controls) or buffers
surrounding the ponds (n = 4) were maintained throughout the 5-year
study. Prior to harvest, we found no significant difference (P >
0.05) in bird community composition around seasonal ponds versus nearby
forest habitat, suggesting that seasonal ponds do not affect bird
community structure in a mature forest setting at this scale. Overall
bird numbers and species richness increased (P < 0.05) in all pond
buffers compared to controls over the 4 years after harvest. Increases
in bird numbers on treated versus control pond buffers were found
across all migration and nesting guilds, and among the forest edge
guild. Bird community species composition also changed within the
treated versus control pond buffers after harvest. Differences in bird
communities among treatments were small the first year after harvest,
but continued to diverge from controls over the 4 years after harvest.
Bird communities of the clear-cut treatment were most dissimilar to
controls. Both the partial and no cut buffer bird communities were more
similar to the control than the clear-cut treatment. Treated pond
buffers had more birds associated with early successional habitat. In
contrast, many interior forest-associated bird species did not occur in
any of the buffers after harvest. We found no difference in breeding
bird community composition between pond buffers and other residual
patches left on harvested sites, but there was a significant difference
between harvest treatments when we combined pond buffer and residual
patch birds on each site. Early successional habitat-associated bird
species were more abundant in residual patches on sites that had a
clear-cut pond buffer and forest-associated species were more abundant
in residual patches on sites with no cut pond buffers. Habitat for
mature forest-associated bird species can be maintained on harvest
sites by leaving no cut or partial cut buffers around seasonal ponds or
in similar sized residual patches in other areas of the harvest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1228.The response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to selection cutting in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest.
Ulyshen, Michael D.; Hanula, James L.; Horn, Scott;
Kilgo, John C.; and Moorman, Christopher E.
Biodiversity and Conservation 15(1): 261-274. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Carabidae: forestry/ selection cutting/ relative abundance/
faunal responses/ selection cutting/ bottomland hardwood forest/
species diversity/ species richness/ forest and woodland/ bottomland
hardwood forest/ South Carolina/ Aiken/ Savannah River Site Nuclear
Production Facility/ Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea/
arthropods/ beetles/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We compared the response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to
the creation of canopy gaps of different size (0.13, 0.26, and 0.50 ha)
and age (1 and 7 years) in a bottomland hardwood forest (South
Carolina, USA). Samples were collected four times in 2001 by
malaise and pitfall traps placed at the center and edge of each gap,
and 50 m into the surrounding forest. Species richness was higher at
the center of young gaps than in old gaps or in the forest, but there
was no statistical difference in species richness between old gaps and
the forests surrounding them. Carabid abundance followed the same
trend, but only with the exclusion of Semiardistomis viridis (Say), a
very abundant species that differed in its response to gap age compared
to most other species. The carabid assemblage at the gap edge was very
similar to that of the forest, and there appeared to be no distinct
edge community. Species known to occur in open or disturbed habitats
were more abundant at the center of young gaps than at any other
location. Generalist species were relatively unaffected by the
disturbance, but one species (Dicaelus dilatatus Say) was significantly
less abundant at the centers of young gaps. Forest inhabiting
species were less abundant at the centers of old gaps than in the
forest, but not in the centers of young gaps. Comparison of community
similarity at various trapping locations showed that communities at the
centers of old and young gaps had the lowest similarity (46.5%). The
community similarity between young gap centers and nearby forest
(49.1%) and old gap centers and nearby forest (50.0%) was similarly
low. These results show that while the abundance and richness of
carabids in old gaps was similar to that of the surrounding forest, the
species composition between the two sites differed greatly.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1229. Response of northwestern chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) to variable habitat structure in young lodgepole pine forest.
Sullivan, T. P. and Klenner, W.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(2): 283-293. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 00084301
Descriptors: habitat/
population dynamics/ abundance/ habitat structure/ population dynamics/
response analysis/ rodent/ thinning/ Canada/ Pinus contorta/
Tamias amoenus
Abstract:
Abstract: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that
large-scale habitat alteration by stand thinning over a range of
densities would increase the abundance and related population dynamics
of northwestern chipmunks (Tamias amoenus) in young lodgepole pine
(Pinus contorta) forest. Replicate study areas were located near Penticton, Kamloops, and Prince
George in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three stands thinned to densities of ≃500
(low), 1000 (medium), and 2000 (high) stems/ha, with an unthinned
young pine stand and an old-growth pine stand for comparison. Chipmunk
populations were sampled intensively in thinned stands from 1989 to
1991 and in the unthinned and old-growth stands from 1990 to 1991.
Habitat structure was sampled in all stands in 1990. For herbs and
shrubs, the crown volume index values were similar among stands; for
trees, this index was lowest for the low-density stands, with the index
for all three thinned stands being lower than that for the unthinned
stands. Species diversity and the structural diversity of vegetation
were similar among stands. The abundance of chipmunks was significantly
higher in low-density than in high-density thinned stands
at Penticton (1.3-1.9 times higher) and Prince George
(2.4-3.8
times higher) but not at Kamloops. Chipmunks were less abundant in
old-growth stands than in the other four treatment stands. Breeding
performance and recruitment followed the same pattern as abundance.
Chipmunk survival was generally similar among stands. There were
heavier chipmunks in the low-density stands in some years
at Penticton. Northwestern chipmunks appear to prefer 'open'
habitats
generated by heavy thinning of young lodgepole pine stands. This result
was achieved in three different forest ecological zones and may enhance
the overall forest ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1230. Response of prothonotary warblers to timber harvest and hydrology in a bottomland hardwood forest.
Cooper, Robert J. and Gannon, Jill J.
In:
88th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America held jointly
with the International Society for Ecological Modeling - North American
Chapter, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 03-08, 2003.; Vol. 88.; pp. 72;
2003.
Descriptors: forestry/
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ single tree selection
harvesting
/
applied and field techniques/ small patch cut harvesting/ active forest
management/ bottomland hardwood forest/ fledging/ flooding/ hydrology/
natural disturbance/ nest depredation/ nest success/ productivity/
territory/ timber harvest/ water management projects
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1231.Response
of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to fire and fire surrogate
fuel reduction treatments in a southern Appalachian hardwood forest.
Greenberg, C. H.; Otis, D. L.; and Waldrop, T. A.
Forest Ecology and Management 234: 355-362. (Oct. 2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Peromyscus
leucopus/ hardwood/ deciduous forests/ forest fires/ wildfires/
prescribed burning/ fire hazard reduction/ small mammals/ forest
habitats/ wildlife habitats/ forest-wildlife relations/ understory/
forest litter/ ground vegetation/ fire ecology/ North Carolina/ forest
fuels/ understory removal
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1232. Response of wildlife to prescribed fire in southwest Florida pine flatwoods.
Main, M. B. and Richardson, L. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(1): 213-221. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Florida
habitat/ Infrared camera/ management/ Meleagris gallopavo/ Odocoileus
virginianus/ pine flatwoods/ prescribed fire/ white-tailed deer/ wild
turkey/ wildlife/ ecological impact/ gamebird/ habitat management/
mammal/ prescribed burning/ United States/ Meleagris gallopavo/
Odocoileus virginianus
Abstract:
We conducted an experiment using infrared-triggered camera traps to
document relative abundance of wildlife in pine flatwoods habitat at
different stages of post-fire recovery at the Florida Panther National
Wildlife Refuge in southwest Florida. Total wildlife, which for
the purposes of this study was defined as records of wild turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo) and all mammals captured on film, used pine
flatwoods habitat in a fire management unit (FMU) with a post-fire
recovery history of 24 months significantly more than adjacent pine
flatwoods in an FMU with a post-fire recovery history of 48 months
(P=0.04). Data suggested that the relative abundance of white-tailed
deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was also higher in the 24-month post-fire
FMU (P=0.12) compared to the 48-month FMU. To evaluate response of
wildlife to prescribed fire, we burned the 48-month FMU and, after
approximately 8 weeks, repeated the camera-trap surveys in the newly
burned (<6-month) FMU and the adjacent FMU, now at approximately
30-months post-fire recovery. We
documented a significant increase in use of the recently
burned
(<6-month) FMU compared to previous levels of use (48-month FMU) by
total wildlife (P=0.04) and white-tailed deer (P=0.02). Use of the
<6-month FMU by wild turkey also appeared to increase (P=0.13). No
difference was detected between the <6-month and the adjacent
30-month FMU in use by total wildlife (P=0.52), white-tailed deer
(P=0.43), Florida panther (P=0.23), or wild turkey (P=0.14),
although data suggested that wild turkey may have preferred the newly
burned area. More importantly, our data suggested that wildlife did not
avoid pine flatwoods habitat at up to 30-month post-fire recovery.
Wildlife use of pine flatwoods habitat, therefore, was observed to
increase in areas recently burned (<6 months post-fire), was similar
between FMUs with post-fire recovery of <6 and up to 30 months, and
was lowest in habitat that had not been burned for 48 months.
Maintaining a prescribed-fire rotation of ≤48 months, therefore,
appears to improve habitat quality of pine flatwoods for white-tailed
deer, wild turkey, and other wildlife in southwest Florida.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1233. Responses of bird communities to early successional habitat in a managed landscape.
Yahner, Richard H.
Wilson Bulletin 115(3): 292-298. (2003)
Descriptors: Passerina
cyanea/ Seiurus aurocapillus/ Setophaga ruticulla/ Spizella pusilla/
Vireo olivaceus/ Passeriformes/ Aves/ conservation/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ avian community responses/
breeding bird communities/ early successional habitat/ forest
managements/ forested landscape/ managed landscape/ mature forest/
population trends/ species abundances/ species richness/ Centre County,
Barrens Grouse Management Area/ communities/ forests/ ecosystems/
managed forest/ Pennsylvania/ status/ succession/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land
zones/ population ecology birds/ biocenosis/ brood-egg/ habitat
management/ silviculture/ fauna/ indigo bunting/ ovenbird/ American
redstart/ field sparrow/ red-eyed vireo/
Populus ssp./ Quercus spp.
Abstract:
I examined short and long term responses of breeding bird communities
to the systematic creation of early successional habitat resulting from
forest management at a 1,120-ha study site in the Ridge and Valley
Province of Pennsylvania, from 1998 through 2002. Species richness and
abundances of all species combined and of early successional species
increased from precut (1998-1999) to postcut eras (2001-2002) in a
treated sector (aspen, Populus spp., and mixed oak, Quercus spp., areas
combined), an uncut control sector, and the total study site (treated
and control sectors combined) after the fourth cutting cycle.
Abundances of a woodland species (Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus) and
four early successional species (e.g., Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla)
also increased. Over the past 15 years, which spans the third and the
fourth cutting cycles at the study site, three woodland species
increased significantly in both treated and control sectors (Red-eyed
Vireo) or in the treated sector only (Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus,
and American Redstart, Setophaga ruticilla). The population of an early
successional species (Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea) increased
significantly in both treated and control sectors. Population trends of
three woodland and three early successional species at the study site
paralleled statewide or provincial increases in these species over the
past two decades. My study has shown that the management of early
successional habitats in extensively forested areas will be of benefit
for the long term conservation of both early successional and mature
forest bird species within a forested landscape.
© NISC
1234. Responses of small mammal populations to riparian buffers in western Washington.
West, Stephen D.
Northwestern Naturalist 81(2): 92. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: habits-behavior/
biometrics/ census-survey methods/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/
habitat alterations/ habitat use/ mammals/ riparian habitat/ species
diversity/ techniques/ transect surveys/ wildlife/ habitat
relationships/ Washington, western area
Abstract:
Habitat occupancy patterns and relative abundance of small mammals
within riparian zones and uplands were documented two years before and
after harvest on six control sites, on six sites harvested under Forest
Practices guidelines, and on six modified harvests. Snap and pitfall
traps captured 9,163 individuals of 18 species. On riparian transects,
species richness and evenness did not differ significantly among
treatments. Species composition of the riparian transects was very
similar between harvest treatments. No species showed a statistically
significant change in capture rate with respect to treatment on
riparian transects. Knowing if species will persist that had declining
trends over the two-year post-harvest period requires additional
sampling.
© NISC
1235. Responses of songbirds to diameter-limit cutting in the central Appalachians of West Virginia, USA.
Weakland, C. A.; Wood, P. B.; and Ford, W. M.
Forest Ecology and Management 155(1-3): 115-129. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00552-7.
Descriptors: diameter-limit/
high-grading/ nesting success/ partial harvesting/ songbirds/
biodiversity/ hardwoods/ harvesting/ silviculturally-accepted systems/
forestry/ abundance/ forestry/ harvesting/ reproduction/ songbirds/
United States/ Aves/ Junco hyemalis/ Passeri/
Wilsonia canadensis
Abstract:
Diameter-limit harvesting is a commonly-used forest harvesting
technique among landowners in West Virginia as opposed to
silviculturally-accepted systems such as clearcutting, single-tree
selection, and two-age harvesting. Songbird species respond both
negatively and positively to these systems, and ornithologists suggest
these techniques can be used when managing for songbirds at the stand
and landscape levels. However, little is known about the effects of
diameter-limit harvesting on songbird abundances and their reproductive
success. We evaluated the effects of this technique on songbird
populations at the Westvaco Wildlife and Ecosystem Research Forest
(WWERF) in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia. The area is an
industrial forest composed predominantly of Appalachian hardwoods 60-80
years old. We examined songbird abundances throughout the forest and
nesting success on four 40 ha plots in 1996. In 1997, two plots were
harvested using the diameter-limit technique where most trees ≥ 45.7
cm were removed. Abundance and nesting success were monitored again in
1997 and 1998. Results indicate that the abundances of most songbird
species present prior to harvest changed little after the timber
removal. Two species, the Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis) and
dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), were more abundant in harvested areas
than unharvested forest. One habitat group, interior/edge species, and
total abundance of songbirds also had higher abundance in harvested
areas. Overall nest survival in harvested areas was higher both 1-
(37.7%) and 2-years (46.4%) after harvesting than before harvesting
(14.9%). Only large-diameter trees were removed on the WWERF, and
intermediate and subcanopy trees remained standing, retaining
considerable structural heterogeneity. Stands that were harvested
differed from unharvested stands by having more snags, higher density
of trees ≥ 8-14.9 cm, and a higher percent cover of down wood.
Canopy cover over 24 m, density of saplings, and the amount of leaf
litter decreased after harvesting, while canopy cover ≥ 0.5-3 m and
the percent of bareground increased. Diameter-limit harvesting at the
low intensity in our study might not adversely affect forest-dwelling
songbirds in the central Appalachians in the short-term and forest
bird communities could be retained.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1236. Responses of southeastern amphibians and reptiles to forest management: A review.
Russell, Kevin R.; Wigley, T. Bently; Baughman, William M.; Hanlin, Hugh G.; and Ford, W. Mark
In:
Southern Forest Science: Past, Present, and Future, General Technical
Report-SRS 75/ Rauscher, H. M. and Johnsen, K; Asheville, NC:
Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004.
pp. 319-334.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ land zones/ Amphibia/
Reptilia: forestry/ faunal responses/ forest management/ habitat
management/ ecology/ United States, southeastern region/
amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract: Forest managers in the Southeast increasingly need information about amphibian and reptile responses
to
silvicultural practices in order to guide sustainable forestry
programs. A review of existing literature indicates that effects of
silvicultural practices on herpetofauna often
are
region- and species-specific, with individual taxa responding
positively, negatively, or not at all in the short term. Responses of
herpetofauna to forestry likely are influenced by adaptations of taxa
to historical disturbance regimes. Few studies have evaluated long-term
population or landscape-level implications of silvicultural practices
for herpetofauna. Furthermore, many existing studies lack pretreatment
data, replication, or appropriate reference conditions. We suggest that
future research focus on manipulative and retrospective studies
designed to identify forestry practices that successfully blend
economic objectives with herpetofaunal conservation.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1237. Resting and denning sites of American martens in northeastern Oregon.
Bull, E. L. and Heater, T. W.
Northwest Science 74(3): 179-185. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: den/
forest management/ habitat use/ mustelid/ site selection/ United
States/ Arceuthobium/ Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli/ Martes americana/
Melampsorella caryophyllacearum
Abstract:
Resting and denning sites of the American marten (Martes americana) are important habitat components because they provide
protection from predators, inclement weather, and thermal stress.
Resting sites (n = 1184) used by 35 radiocollared martens were in trees
with natural platforms (43%), in trees with cavities (23%), subnivean
(under snow) (23%), in hollow logs or slash piles (7%), and underground
(3%). Thirty natal and post-natal dens were in trees with cavities
(40%), in hollow logs (37%), underground (17%), and in slash piles
(6%). Resting and denning sites in cavities and hollow logs were
typically large-diameter structures with extensive heartwood decay that
had created hollow chambers. The majority of platforms used as resting
sites were formed by broom rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli and
Melampsorella caryophyllacearum) and dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium
spp.). Incorporating habitat needs of martens in forest management
practices by retaining coarse woody debris and trees with brooms is one
component necessary for maintaining viable populations of the species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1238. Restoration efforts for plant and bird communities in tallgrass prairies using prescribed burning and mowing.
Van Dyke, F.; Van Kley, S. E.; Page, C. E.; and
Van Beek, J. G.
Restoration Ecology 12(4): 575-585. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00352.x.
Descriptors: DeSoto
National Wildlife Refuge/ edge species/ grassland birds/ grassland
plants/ mowing/ prescribed burning/ tallgrass prairie/ habitat
management/ mowing/ prairie/ prescribed burning/ restoration ecology/
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge/ Iowa/ Aves
Abstract:
Recent losses and fragmentation of tallgrass prairie habitat to
agriculture and urban development have led to corresponding declines in
diversity and abundance of plants and birds associated with such
habitat. Mowing and burning are alternative management strategies for
restoring and rejuvenating prairies in fragmented landscapes, but their
specific, comparative effects are the subjects of ongoing evaluation.
We compared the responses of plant and bird communities on four sets of
mowed, burned, and untreated sites of small (3-10ha), fragmented
tallgrass prairies at the DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), Iowa,
U.S.A., during May-July in 1998 and 1999. Species richness and
diversity of plants, resident grassland birds, and communities of birds
associated with grassland edges (edge species) were independent of
treatment. Although not affecting species richness and diversity in
plant communities, mowed sites ranked lower in total plant coverage and
total forb coverage than burned sites or untreated sites. In contrast,
untreated sites had more coverage by shrubs, suggesting that mowing and
burning did retard shrub encroachment. Overall, abundance and diversity of plants
and birds were generally insensitive to management strategies. Small,
fragmented sites of rare habitat may not respond in the short term to
management treatments and may not be capable of supporting highly
diverse communities, no matter how intensively manipulated. It is more
probable that diversity of native prairie communities can be enhanced
and restored only through long-term efforts, acquisition of large land
units capable of supporting stable populations, and deliberate
reintroduction of species of high conservation Value. © 2004
Society for Ecological Restoration International.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1239. Restoration
of hard mast species for wildlife in Missouri using precocious
flowering oak in the Missouri River floodplain, USA.
Grossman, B. C.; Gold, M. A.; and Dey, D. C.
Agroforestry Systems 59(1): 3-10. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366.
http://mdc.mo.gov/documents/forest/mast.pdf
Descriptors: Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ terrestrial
ecology/ direct seeding/ agroforestry/ hard mast species restoration/
herbivory/ natural regeneration/ precocious flowering oak use/
survival/ vegetation growth
Abstract: Increased
planting of hard mast oak species in the Lower Missouri River
floodplain is critical as natural regeneration of oak along
the Upper Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers has been limited
following major flood events in 1993 and 1995. Traditional planting
methods have limited success due to frequent flood events, competition
from faster growing vegetation and white-tailed deer herbivory. Results
of early growth response of swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.)
seedlings in relation to initial acorn mass and size, and early rapid
shoot growth for seedlings produced by containerized root production
method (RPMTM), are presented. Containerized RPMTM seedlings grown in
the greenhouse under optimal conditions demonstrate that seed size had
no discernable impact on first-year root or shoot size. Seedling
survival for the first two years and acorn production for the first
three years after outplanting are presented, comparing use of
containerized RPMTM swamp white oak seedlings to nursery stock. Flood
tolerant precocious RPMTM oak seedlings in the floodplain provide a
source of food for acorn-consuming wildlife ten to fifteen years sooner
than oaks originating, from natural regeneration, direct seeding or
traditional bare root planting. Compared to bare root nursery stock
that produced no acorns, some RPMTM swamp white oak seedlings averaged
4.3, 5.2, and 6.3 acorns/seedling in the first three years after fall
outplanting.
© NISC
1240. Restoring bottomland hardwood ecosystems in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Stanturf, John A.; Gardiner, Emile S.; Hamel, Paul B.; Devall, Margaret S.; Leininger, Theodor D.; and
Warren, Melvin E.
Journal of Forestry 98(8): 10-16. (2000)
Descriptors: bottomlands/
ecosystem management/ ecosystems/ forests, deciduous/ funding/ habitat
management/ management/ restoration/ riparian habitat/ wildlife/ Mississippi River and Basin
Abstract: Management
of the bottomland hardwood ecosystems of the lower Mississippi
River Alluvial Valley is described.
This valley has experienced the most widespread loss of bottomland
hardwood forests and is one of the most endangered ecosystems in
the United States. Information is provided on the history of the
hardwoods in the valley and on the details of the current restoration
projects for wildlife refuges, wetland mitigation, and wetland
reserves. The most intensive restoration technique is to interplant a
nurse crop of fast-growing species, such as the eastern cottonwood,
with a slower-growing hardwood tree.
© NISC
1241. Restructuring the forest: Goshawks and the restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine.
Long, James N. and Smith, Frederick W.
Journal of Forestry 98(8): 25-30. (2000)
Descriptors: Accipitridae/
Ciconiiformes/ Accipiter gentilis/ behavior/ birds/ ecosystem
management/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests, coniferous/
habitat management/ habitat use/ habits-behavior/ home range-territory/
management/ ponderosa pine/ restoration/ techniques/ wildlife/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ northern goshawk/ United States,
Southwest
Abstract:
The authors discuss the management of northern goshawk habitat in the
southwestern United States. Guidelines have been adopted that will
cause substantial changes in the structure of vegetation of ponderosa
pine forests. In this article, ways are reviewed in which foresters and
wildlife biologists are attempting to implement the goshawk guidelines
and the resulting silvicultural challenges are highlighted.
© NISC
1242. A
review of the long-term effects of post-harvest silviculture on
vertebrate wildlife, and predictive models, with an emphasis on boreal
forests in Ontario, Canada.
Thompson, I. .; Baker, J. A.; and Ter-Mikaelian, M.
Forest Ecology and Management 177(1-3): 441-469. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: amphibians/
biodiversity/ birds/ boreal forest/ Intensive forest management/
mammals/ Ontario/ biodiversity/ fertilizers/ fibers/ harvesting/
vertebrates species/ forestry/ boreal forest/ silviculture/ vertebrate/
yield/ biodiversity/ fibers/ forests/ harvesting/ silviculture/ Canada/ Picoides arcticus
Abstract:
Greater fibre yields may be possible in commercial forests through an
increased application of post-harvest silvicultural techniques. In
Canadian boreal forests, while basic silvicultural regeneration
techniques such as planting, seeding, scarifying, and tending, have
been employed since the 1940's, more intensive techniques (intensive
forest management (IFM)) such as increased area planted, pre-commercial
and commercial thinning, extra tending events, fertilizing, and short
rotations may soon be used. There may be effects of basic and more
intensive silviculture on biodiversity in the long-term, compared to
natural regeneration following logging or especially stand development
following natural disturbances. We reviewed approximately 50 papers
that reported studies of the long-term effects of post-harvest
silviculture on vertebrate wildlife. In particular, large impacts to
biodiversity universally occur when native forest types are replaced by
rapidly-growing exotic tree species. However, in boreal forests, native
tree species are usually planted, and so any effects on associated
wildlife communities may be considerably less than in non-native
species plantations. Limited long-term information is available, but
published studies of effects of basic silviculture and IFM suggested
that loss of structures in forest stands was an important common impact
that resulted in vertebrate species responses. Fewer structural
features in managed forests compared to in natural forests likely
results in reduced numbers of animal species dependent on those
structures, such as cavity-using species and species for which large
decaying woody debris is important. Simplifying stand structures and
species composition may result in systems with low connectivity, making
them vulnerable to insect and mammalian herbivory. Concentration of IFM
in stands on highly productive sites could exacerbate effects (positive
or negative), owing to the positive relationship between forest
productivity and animal and plant diversity. Species such as
black-backed woodpeckers (Picoides arcticus) may be reduced over large
areas by stand conversion to mixedwoods, stand structural changes and
especially age-class truncation. On the other hand, IFM may contribute
increased habitats to species favoring young to mature
coniferous-dominated forests, that normally decline across a landscape
following clearcutting in boreal mixed and upland conifer stands. An
aspatial model, based on published and local information and expert
opinion, suggested that IFM and post-harvest silviculture in Ontario's boreal forests would produce positive and negative
species-specific effects on the vertebrates that we modeled. However,
IFM appeared to result in little increased effect over basic
post-harvest silviculture. We also expect that stand-level effects of
IFM on species would accumulate through time over landscapes, as more
stands come under intensive management and the level of effects will be
cumulative. [Crown Copyright © 2002]
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1243. A review of wildlife changes in southern bottomland hardwoods due to forest management practices.
Wigley, T. Bently and Roberts, Thomas H.
Wetlands 14(1): 41-48. (1994)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: United States, southern region/ wildlife abundance/ wildlife diversity
Abstract:
One function of bottomland hardwood forests is provision of wildlife
diversity and abundance. In this paper, we discuss the temporal and
spatial changes in wildlife diversity and abundance often associated
with forest management practices in bottomland hardwoods. Forest
management activities alter forest composition, structure, and spatial
hetereogeneity, thereby changing the composition, abundance, and
diversity of wildlife communities. Special habitat features such as
snags, den trees, and dead and down woody material also may be impacted
by forestry practices. More research is needed to fully understand
landscape-level impacts of forest management.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1244. Richness, distribution and conservation status of cavity nesting birds in Mexico.
Monterrubio-Rico, T. C. and Escalante-Pliego, P.
Biological Conservation 128(1): 67-78. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.017.
Descriptors: cavity
nesting birds/ Mexican avifaunas/ protected areas/ birds/ conservation
status/ management practices/ nest site/ species richness/ Mexico/ North America/ Aves/ Psittacidae/ Strigidae
Abstract: A
considerable number of bird species depend on tree cavities
availability for nesting in temperate and tropical forests
in Mexico. Tree cavity availability is reduced in heavily managed
forests, making cavity nesting species particularly vulnerable to the
high rates of forest loss and degradation that occur every day in the
remaining wilderness areas of the country. We analyzed information
about nesting behavior, distribution, and conservation status of
resident landbird avifauna from 35 important and protected bird areas
of Mexico. The main intention was to determine the proportion of
resident bird species that nest in tree cavities and are more sensitive
to intensive forest management practices. Our results revealed that 17%
(112 species) of the resident landbird avifauna need tree cavities for
nesting. Cavity nesters represented a higher proportion of endangered
and threatened species than non-cavity nesters. The families Strigidae
and Psittacidae represented the highest number of tree cavity nesting
species in status. In the 35 avifaunas examined, the mean percentage of
cavity nesting species ranged from 17% to 21%. The cloud forest reserve
of "El Triunfo" with 43 species, is the area with the highest
concentration of cavity nesting species in Mexico.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1245. Riparian zone forest management and the protection of biodiversity: A problem analysis.
Sarr, D. A.; Odion, D. C.; Hibbs, D. E.; Weikel, J.; Gresswell, R. E.; Bury, R. B.; Czarnomski, N. M.;
Pabst, R. J.; Shatford, J.; and Moldenke, A. R.
NCASI Technical Bulletin(908)(2005); ISSN: 08860882
Descriptors: aquatic
invertebrates/ biodiversity/ birds/ buffer/ disturbance regime/
endangered species/ fish/ forest zones/ fungi/ keystone species/
mammals/ plants/ riparian/ stream amphibians/ vegetation/ biodiversity/
crops/ plants (botany)/ seed/ disturbance regime/ endangered species/
forest zones/ forestry/ birds/ farm crops/ fishes/ forestry/ logs/
seeds/ Amphibia/ Aves/ bacteria (microorganisms)/ fungi/ Invertebrata/
Mammalia
Abstract: This
report evaluates the general effects of forestry practices on
biodiversity along streams in the Pacific Northwest and
northern California. There are four parts to the report. In Part
I, we
present concepts of biodiversity and the processes underlying it.
Biodiversity is expressed as a general concept for species, habitat,
and genetic diversity of all groups of organisms. We describe the
interacting processes that govern riparian biodiversity by integrating
those operating over large spatial extents, such as climate, with
interrelated ones that have more localized influences, such as
disturbance and habitat heterogeneity. The effects of forestry on
biodiversity are then analyzed in the context of these controls, and
how
they
are influenced by disturbances. We predict that habitat heterogeneity
and retention of pre-disturbance biological legacies (trees, snags,
logs, seed and spore banks that can be important to growth of
populations of organisms after disturbance) are two of four key
determinants of biodiversity because they may act as mechanisms that
promote species coexistence. Habitat heterogeneity is especially
scale-dependent. Physiological stress and related resource availability
are the other two primary controllers of biodiversity because they may
limit the number of species that coexist. These limiting factors are
strongly influenced by geography. All four factors are combined into a
simple graphical model for predicting how disturbance regimes in
general, and forestry practices in particular, will affect
biodiversity. Disturbance regimes that are intermediate in influence
are predicted to best maintain biodiversity. Geographic variation, as
described in Appendices A and B, must be considered when implementing
the conceptual model, and we illustrate this by contrasting how a
variety of forestry practices are predicted to affect biodiversity in
relative extremes in the Pacific Northwest: wet forests west of the
Cascades vs. dry forests on the east slope of the range. The primary
controllers of species diversity will have different effects on
organisms depending on their life histories. Therefore, in Part II, we
provide separate chapters by selected authors summarizing information
about the effects of forestry practices on biodiversity along streams
in the study area for specific taxonomic groups. These summaries
contain the most current information on the ecology of the taxonomic
groups, and how they and their habitats may be affected by forestry
practices. Each section also suggests forestry practices that may
sustain the selected taxonomic group. Finally, research needed to
improve understanding of these taxa-specific topics is described.
Synthesizing this information in Part III, we stress that there may be
tradeoffs in managing for different elements of biodiversity, which
leads to complications in managing for overall biodiversity. This
highlights the need for clear articulation of management goals. For
improving overall biodiversity maintenance, the principles outlined in
Part I lead to potentially cost-effective stand-level management
actions. In terms of enhancing habitat heterogeneity, planting multiple
crop species, leaving some native trees unharvested to remain through a
second rotation, lengthening rotations and earlier thinning schedules
may all be effective, depending on the circumstances. Woody debris and
snags are critical habitat features for many species that can be
maintained or created to improve legacy retention. Site preparation
following harvesting that creates biological legacies that occur with
natural disturbances and that conserves coarse woody debris can help
maintain many non-crop species. Controlling exotic species that act as
artificial keystones/pest plants can reduce physiological stress and
maintain more natural resource availability for native species. We also
describe strategies for maintaining biodiversity at the landscape
scale. Specifically, we discuss some advantages and limitations of
disturbance regime-based management, riparian buffers, and conservation
reserves as means to protect biodiversity. The report concludes in Part
IV with a draft research agenda to complement taxon-specific research
recommended in Part II. This research agenda is based on reviews of
existing literature and ongoing research, which exhibits geographic and
taxonomic biases. The goal of the research proposed is to improve
understanding of how to protect biodiversity in managed forests. There
is a need for much basic ecological information about both the ecology
of lesser known riparian taxa, as well as applied research determining
their sensitivity to forestry related disturbance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1246. The road to recovery.
Kulynycz, Erin
Wildlife Rehabilitation Today 13(2): 19-21. (2004);
ISSN: 1044-2618
Descriptors: Sciurus
niger cinereus/ mammals/ study methods/ endangered-threatened species/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ habitat alterations/
stocking-transplanting/ restoration/ forestry practices/ marking/
tagging/ monitoring/ telemetry/ home range-territory/ status/ wildlife
management/ habitat management/ fires-burns/ timber harvest/ Delmarva
fox squirrel/ Virginia: Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge
Abstract:
Research methods such as tagging, monitoring, and studying habitat
criteria are essential to the recovery of the Delmarva fox squirrel,
one of the largest tree squirrels in the Western Hemisphere. The
author reports on the recovery program for this species. Thirty
squirrels were released at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge,
Virginia, from 1969 to 1971. This translocation was successful.
Research conducted in 2001 focused on the effects on the squirrels of
timber removal resulting from an infestation of southern pine beetles.
The researcher also studied the home range, population size, and
monitoring techniques used to study the squirrel. Ongoing research
focuses on improving habitat at Chincoteague by studying the effects of
prescribed burns on the squirrel's habitat use. Biologists used fire in
May and June to reduce the thick vine and shrub layer of the forest.
The refuge staff also conducted vegetation surveys to determine changes
in composition due to the fires. Mast trees important to the squirrels
are red maples, loblolly pines, and oaks. The removal of understory
vegetation, such as greenbrier, should aid in the movement and predator
vigilance of the Delmarva fox squirrel. This is the first study of its
kind to assess the effects of prescribed burns on fox squirrels. The
researchers hope the fire will provide a new tool for managers and
landowners to improve the status of Delmarva fox squirrels and make
habitat more suitable throughout the area.
© NISC
1247. Roads as edges: Effects on birds in forested landscapes.
Ortega, Yvette K. and Capen, David E.
Forest Science 48(2): 381-390. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology/ fixed-radius point counting/ degree of forestation/ forested
landscapes/ interior transects/ landscape factors/ narrow forest canopy
breaks/ nest concealment/ nest predation rates/ road edge habitat/
territory density/ unpaved roads/ forests/ ecosystems/ forest roads/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ Green Mountain National
Forest/ habitat management/ mortality/ roads/ Vermont/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ habitat use/ land zones/ artificial
structures/ population ecology
Abstract:
Numerous studies have documented that forest edges affect habitat use
and reproductive success of forest birds, but few studies have
considered edges created by narrow breaks in the forest canopy. We
compared predation rates on artificial nests placed within forest
habitat along edge transects, 10 m from unpaved roads, and along
interior transects, 300 m from forest-road boundaries. Local factors,
such as nest concealment, and landscape factors, such as the degree of
forestation in surrounding areas, were accounted for when testing for
edge effects on nest predation. We conducted fixed-radius point counts
to compare relative abundance of 34 bird species on edge and interior
transects. Also, seven study plots were established adjacent to unpaved
roads to map the distribution of bird territories within edge areas,
0-150 m from unpaved roads, and interior areas, 150-300 m from roads.
Rates of nest predation on artificial nests did not differ between edge
and interior transects, but the distribution of forest birds was
influenced by unpaved roads. Four of 18 forest-interior species had
lower relative abundance or territory density adjacent to roads, while
four of six species categorized as edge nesters had higher relative
abundance on edge transects. Our results suggest that narrow openings
within forested landscapes may affect habitat use but not nest
predation levels, emphasizing the need to frame definitions of "edge
effects" within the context of multiple ecological processes.
© NISC
1248. Roberts Creek Study Forest: Habitat use of a dispersed retention area by breeding winter wrens.
Waterhouse, F. Louise and Harestad, Alton S.
Vancouver Forest Region Forest Research Technical Report TR-020: Unpaginated. (2002).
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/RCO/research/wildlifereports/ tr020.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/
behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/
Canada/ Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus: forestry/ Dispersed
retention system/ habitat management/ breeding site/ territoriality/
habitat utilization/ effects of dispersed retention harvest practices
on territories and breeding sites/ forest and woodland/ Mature forest/
British Columbia/ Roberts Creek Study Forest/ Aves, Passeriformes,
Troglodytidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: The
Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus) is a common bird
in British Columbia and is typically associated with pockets of
complex forest structure. From 1995 to 1997, on the south coast
of British Columbia, we studied Winter Wrens' use of habitat in a
13.1-ha pilot study block of mature (>120 years) forest. In the
central area of the block, 7.1-ha had been harvested in 1993 to produce
a uniform dispersed retention of single dominant ouglas- fir and
western redcedar trees. We chose to study the Winter Wren because it is
distributed throughout forests of the Pacific Northwest, and its
habitat use and life history traits are sensitive to forestry
practices. We focused on territorial and nesting behaviour of male
wrens. Our results indicate that during the immediate post-harvest
years, habitat quality of the dispersed retention area may be
sub-optimal for breeding males because of changes to forest structure
and amounts of habitat attributes. As well, habitat quality for Winter
Wrens depends on site tenacity, annual weather, and proximity of
structurally complex, closed canopy forest. Furthermore, we suggest
streams and seeps may provide higher quality sites for nesting and
foraging in either dispersed retention or mature forest despite their
overall differences in stand structure. Based on these findings, we
think that the overall effect of the dispersed retention system on
wildlife will depend on the size of the block and its juxtaposition to
other forest types. Understanding how forest practices affect a
species, such as the Winter Wren, helps managers design forest
practices that can provide habitat to wrens and other forest dwelling
organisms which rely on similar structures and ecological processes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1249. Rodent
communities of native woodland, replanted, and secondary succession
sites in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas.
Sternberg, Mitchell A. and Judd, Frank W.
Texas Journal of Science 58(2): 99-118. (2006)
NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 0040-4403
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Rodentia: habitat
management/ biomass/ native woodland/ replanted and secondary
succession sites/ community structure/ forest and woodland/ Texas/ Lower Rio Grande Valley/ Mammalia/
chordates/
mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Wildlife habitat is rapidly disappearing in the Lower Rio Grande Valley
of Texas and is in critical need of protection. United States Fish and
Wildlife Service plans call for protection of 53,420 ha in the area,
with the Rio Grande serving as the major corridor linking tracts
of native and restored vegetation. Species richness, diversity,
density, biomass and similarity of rodent communities were compared
among a native woodland, a replanted field, and an unaided secondary
succession site to obtain information on the efficacy of vegetation
efforts in promoting rodent community diversity. Species diversity
varied from H' = 0.0 to 0.65 depending on habitat, grid and season.
Species richness ranged from 5 to 9 among the three habitats and a
total of 10 species was captured. Density for all species combined
ranged from 269 to 388 rodents/ha. Sigmodon hispidus, Peromyscus
leucopus, and Liomys irroratus were the most abundant rodents in the
native woodland and replanted habitats where they together comprised
88% and 90%, respectively, of the individuals captured. Mus musculus
red P. leucopus in abundance in the unaided succession habitat.
Biomass was greatest where S. hispidus was most abundant. Community
similarity was greater between the two successional habitats than
either was to the native woodland. The native woodland had fewer
species but greater evenness than either successional habitat. The
replanting technique used by the United States Fish and Wildlife
Service in a formerly cultivated field produced greater diversity of
rodents in less time than unaided secondary succession of a fallow
field. Variation in application of planting techniques can produce
significant differences in vegetation and rodent communities on small
replanted areas.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1250. The role of dead wood in maintaining arthropod diversity on the forest floor.
Hanula, James L.; Horn, Scott.; and Wade, Dale D.
In:
Insect Biodiversity and Dead Wood: Proceedings of a Symposium for the
22nd International Congress of Entomology, General Technical Report-SRS
93/ Grove, Simon J. and Hanula, James L.; Asheville, NC: Southern
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2006.
pp. 57-66.
Notes: Symposium held August 15-21, 2004 at
Brisbane, Australia.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs093/
gtr_srs093.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ diet/ feeding behavior/
associations/ parasites diseases and disorders/ hosts/ ecology/
community structure/ predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Arthropoda: forestry/ dead wood role in maintaining faunal diversity on
forest floor/ endangered avian predator relations/ habitat management/
food plants/ associations/ plant hosts/ biological breakdown/ species
diversity/ avian predators/ Picoides borealis/ endangered predator
relationships/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ Florida/
North/ Osceola National Forest/ Aves, Piciformes, Picidae/ arthropods/
birds/ chordates/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Dead wood is a major component of forests and contributes to
overall diversity, primarily by supporting insects that feed directly
on or in it. Further, a variety of organisms benefit by feeding on
those insects. What is not well known is how or whether dead wood
influences the composition of the arthropod community that is not
solely dependent on it as a food resource, or whether woody debris
influences prey available to generalist predators. One group likely to
be affected by dead wood is ground-dwelling arthropods. We studied the
effect of adding large dead wood to unburned and frequently burned pine
stands to determine if dead wood was used more when the litter and
understory plant community are removed. We also studied the effect of
annual removal of dead wood from large (10-ha) plots over a 5-year
period on ground-dwelling arthropods. In related studies, we examined
the relationships among an endangered woodpecker that forages for prey
on live trees, its prey, and dead wood in the forest. The results of
these and other studies show that dead wood can influence the abundance
and diversity of the ground-dwelling arthropod community and of prey
available to generalist predators not foraging directly on dead trees.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1251. The role of herbicides for enhancing forest productivity and conserving land for biodiversity in North America.
Wagner, R. G.; Newton, M.; Cole, E. C.; Miller, J. H.; and Shiver, B. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(4): 1028-1041. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032 [1028:TROHFE]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: forest
plantations/ forest vegetation management/ growth and yield/ high-yield
conservation/ Intensive silviculture/ biodiversity/ conservation/
forest management/ herbicide/ wildlife management/
wood quality/ yield
Abstract:
Herbicide technology has evolved with forest management in North
America over the past 60 years and has become an integral part of
modern forestry practice. Forest managers have prescribed
herbicides to increase reforestation success and long-term timber
yields. Wildlife managers and others interested in conserving
biodiversity, however, have often viewed herbicide use as conflicting
with their objectives. Do herbicides increase forest productivity, and
are they compatible with the objectives of wildlife management and
biodiversity conservation? Results from the longest-term studies (10-30
years) in North America suggest that the range of wood volume yield
gains from effectively managing forest vegetation (primarily using
herbicides) is 30-450% in Pacific Northwest forests, 10-150% in
the southeastern forests, and 50-450% in northern forests. Most of the
23 studies examined indicated 30-300% increases in wood volume yield
for major commercial tree species and that gains were relatively
consistent for a wide range of site conditions. Meeting future demands
for wildlife habitat and biodiversity conservation will require that
society's growing demand for wood be satisfied on a shrinking
forestland base. Increased fiber yields from intensively managed
plantations, which include the use of herbicides, will be a crucial
part of the solution. If herbicides are properly used, current research
indicates that the negative effects on wildlife usually are short-term
and that herbicides can be used to meet wildlife habitat objectives.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1252. Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) brood microhabitat selection in the southern Appalachians.
Haulton, G. S.; Stauffer, D. F.; Kirkpatrick, R. L.; and Norman, G. W.
American Midland Naturalist 150(1): 95-103. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: gamebird/ ground cover/ habitat management/ habitat selection/ microhabitat/ United States/ Bonasa umbellus
Abstract:
Brood cover is a critical component of ruffed grouse habitat during a
period when chick mortally, may be high. We compared microhabitat
characteristics at ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) brood locations with
random locations to determine characteristics selected by females with
broods in the Appalachian region of Virginia and West
Virginia. Females with broods used forested sites with a well-developed
overstory canopy (>70%). These sites had a higher abundance of
arthropods in the first 3 wk after hatch (P = 0.02), taller ground
cover (P < 0.1) and higher percent ground cover (P < 0.1) in the
first 6 wk after hatch than random sites. Total woody stem densities
were not different (P > 0.1) between brood and random sites as has
been found in several studies from more northern sites. Most management
prescriptions for ruffed grouse brood habitat are based on increasing
hardwood stem densities; our results suggest alternative habitat
management techniques that promote ground cover, such as prescribed
burning and forest stand thinning, may be more appropriate in the
southern Appalachian region.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1253. Ruffed grouse brood habitat use in mixed softwood-hardwood nordic-temperate forests, Quebec, Canada.
Giroux, W.; Blanchette, P.; Bourgeois, J. C.; and
Cabana, G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(1): 87. (Jan. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: ruffed grouse/ wildlife habitat/ nesting/ brood rearing/ Quebec/ Canada
Abstract:
Adequate cover is a critical component of ruffed grouse (Bonasa
umbellus) habitat during the brood-rearing period when chick mortality
is high. We assessed habitat use by ruffed grouse during the
brood-rearing period by comparing characteristics of tree, shrub, and
ground layers at ruffed grouse brood and random locations. We captured
and radiomarked 29 females with broods in 2 forest settings of the
Reserve faunique de Portneuf, Quebec, Canada. We
described grouse habitat using ground surveys and forest maps, and we
identified the used habitat characteristics using analysis of variance
and logistic regression. Females with broods used mixed and regenerated
clearcut stands that were 1.5-7 m tall and 11-20 years old. Compared
with random locations, grouse locations had higher lateral obstruction
(76% vs. 68%), higher small-stem density (29,085 stems/ha vs. 19,340
stems/ha), and were closer to roads and trails. Percentage of coverage
by ground vegetation was not higher at grouse locations as often
reported in previous studies. Results from this study will help orient
ruffed grouse habitat management on Quebec public land and
elsewhere in nordic-temperate mixed hardwood-softwood forests to
maintain suitable brood habitat after logging operations. Forest
management should
promote
growth of young mixed stands with high horizontal and vertical cover
provided by high small-stem density, which offers protection against
aerial and terrestrial predation. Edges such as roadsides are also
important in brood habitat as they provide food and cover.
© ProQuest
1254. Ruffed grouse population ecology in the Appalachian Region.
Devers,
Patrick K.; Stauffer, Dean F.; Norman, Gary W.; Steffen, Dave E.;
Whitaker, Darroch M.; Sole, Jeffrey D.; Allen, Tom J.; Bittner, Steve
L.; Buehler, David A.; Edwards, John W.; Figert, Daniel E.; Friedhoff,
Scott T.; Giuliano, William W.; Harper, Craig A.; Igo, William K.;
Kirkpatrick, Roy L.; Seamster, Michael H.; Spiker, Harry A.; Swanson,
David A.; and Tefft, Brian C.
Wildlife Monographs 168: 1-36. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173
Descriptors: Galliformes/
Phasianidae/ Bonasa umbellus/ Appalachian Region/ forests/ ecosystems/
habitat management/ population ecology/ productivity/ conservation/
wildlife management/ habitat use/ land zones/ reproduction/ Carya spp./
Quercus spp.
Abstract:
The Appalachian Cooperative Grouse Research Project (ACGRP) was a
multistate cooperative effort initiated in 1996 to investigate the
apparent decline of ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and improve
management throughout the central and southern Appalachian region
(i.e., parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Kentucky, West
Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina, USA). Researchers have offered
several hypotheses to explain the low abundance of ruffed grouse in the
region, including low availability of early-successional forests due to
changes in land use, additive harvest mortality, low productivity and
recruitment, and nutritional stress. As part of the ACGRP, we
investigated ruffed grouse population ecology. Our objectives were to
estimate reproductive rates, estimate survival and cause-specific
mortality rates, examine if ruffed grouse harvest in the Appalachian
region is compensatory, and estimate ruffed grouse finite population
growth. We trapped >3,000 ruffed grouse in autumn (Sep-Nov) and
spring (Feb-Mar) from 1996 to September 2002 on 12 study areas. We
determined the age and gender of each bird
and fitted them with necklace-style radiotransmitters and released them at the trap site. We tracked ruffed
grouse
≥2 times per week using handheld radiotelemetry equipment and
gathered data on reproduction, recruitment, survival, and mortality.
Ruffed grouse population dynamics in the Appalachian region differed
from the central portion of the species' range (i.e.,
northern United States and Canada). Ruffed grouse in the
Appalachian
region had lower productivity and recruitment, but higher survival than
reported for populations in the Great Lakes region and
southern Canada. Population dynamics differed between oak (Quercus
spp.)-hickory (Carya spp.) and mixed-mesophytic forest associations
within the southern and central Appalachian region. Productivity and
recruitment were lower in oak-hickory forests, but adult survival was
higher than in mixed-mesophytic forests. Furthermore, ruffed grouse
productivity and recruitment were more strongly related to hard mast
(i.e., acorn) production in oak-hickory forests than in
mixed-mesophytic forests. The leading cause of ruffed grouse mortality
was avian predation (44% of known mortalities). Harvest mortality
accounted for 12% of all known mortalities and appeared to be
compensatory. Population models indicated ruffed grouse populations in
the Appalachian region are declining (λ
= 0.7-0.95), but differences in model estimates highlighted the need
for improved understanding of annual productivity and recruitment. We
posit ruffed grouse in the Appalachian region exhibit a clinal
population structure characterized by changes in life-history
strategies. Changes in life history strategies are in response to
gradual changes in forest structure, quality of food resources,
snowfall and accumulation patterns, and predator communities.
Management efforts should focus on creating a mosaic of forest stand
ages across the landscape to intersperse habitat resources including
nesting and brood cover, adult escape cover, roosting sites, and, most
importantly, food resources. Land managers can intersperse habitat
resources through a combination of clearcutting, shelterwood harvests,
group selection, and timber stand improvement (including various
thinnings and prescribed fire). Managers should maintain current ruffed
grouse harvest rates while providing high quality hunting
opportunities. We define high quality hunting as low hunting pressure,
low vehicle traffic, and high flush rates. Managers can provide high
quality hunting opportunities through use of road closures in
conjunction with habitat management.
© NISC
1255. Safe harbor for the red-cockaded woodpecker: Private forest landowners share their views.
Zhang, D. and Mehmood, S. R.
Journal of Forestry 100(5): 24-29. (2002)
Descriptors: endangered
species/ nonindustrial private forestland/ policy/ wildlife/ behavioral
research/ combustion/ forestry/ landowners/ biodiversity/ environmental
legislation/ management practices/ public attitude/ species
conservation/ Picoides borealis
Abstract:
We surveyed North Carolina and South Carolina private forest
landowners to learn their attitudes about the Safe Harbor Program
initiated by the US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Environmental
Defense Fund. Landowners who own large amounts of forestland near
active clusters of red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis), whose
forest have a high proportion of mature pine, and who practice
prescribed burning or chemical or mechanical methods to control
understory hardwoods are most likely to sign an agreement to
participate. We found that the views of program participants and
nonparticipants were similar concerning the Endangered Species Act and
the alternatives to the Safe Harbor Program.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1256. Sciurid habitat relationships in forests managed under selection and shelterwood silviculture in Ontario.
Holloway, Gillian L. and Malcolm, Jay R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(6): 1735-1745. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Glaucomys
sabrinus/ Glaucomys volans/ Tamias striatus/ Tamiasciurus hudsonicus:
forestry/ shelterwood and selection silviculture/ population density
impact/ habitat management/ silviculture methods in forest habitat/
population density/ forest management impact/ forest and woodland/
silviculture impact on population density/ Ontario/ Algonquin
Provincial Park/ silviculture impact on forest population density/
Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Although partial forest harvesting is practiced over large areas,
managers know little about its impacts on sciurid rodents, particularly
on northern (Glaucomys sabrinus) and southern flying squirrels (G.
volans) in the northeastern United States and Canada. We
examined habitat relationships of sciurid rodents (northern flying
squirrels, southern flying squirrels, red squirrels (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus), and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)) at 2 spatial
scales in managed and unmanaged coniferous and hardwood forests of
Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. We live-trapped rodents in
26 northern hardwood stands and in 16 white pine (Pinus strobus) stands
from 2002 to 2004. Northern flying squirrel and red squirrel densities
were significantly lower in recently harvested (3-10 yr since harvest)
shelterwood stands than in unmanaged stands. In contrast, southern
flying squirrel densities were higher in selection-harvested stands
than in old-forest areas. The densities of northern flying squirrels
and red squirrels had a strong relationship with the density of large
spruce (Picea sp.) and hardwood trees and snags in conifer sites.
Southern flying squirrel numbers had a positive association with the
density of mast trees at the landscape level but not at the stand level
in hardwood forests. Eastern chipmunk density had a positive
correlation with the volume of old downed woody debris and the stems
per hectare of declining trees. We recommend forest managers retain
more large spruce and hardwood trees to mitigate the impacts of
shelterwood harvesting on northern flying squirrels and red squirrels,
and that they maintain high mast availability at the landscape level to
ensure the persistence of southern flying squirrels.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1257. Seasonal
activity of adult, ground-occurring beetles (Coleoptera) in forests of
northeastern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Werner, S. M. and Raffa, K. F.
American Midland Naturalist 149(1): 121-133. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: abundance/
beetle/ community composition/ forest management/ seasonality/ species
diversity/ species richness/ United States/ Calathus ingratus/ Calosoma
frigidum/ Carabus nemoralis/ Carabus sylvosus/ Coleoptera/ Geotrupes
bayli/ Nicrophorus defodiens/ Nicrophorus sayi/ Nicrophorus tomentosus/
Oiceoptoma noveboracensis/ Platynus decentis/ Pterostichus adstrictus/
Pterostichus melanarius/ Pterostichus mutus/ Pterostichus
pensylvanicus/ Pterostichus tristis/ Sphaeroderus lecontei/ Synuchus
impunctatus/ Wisconsin/ Michigan
Abstract:
Seasonal activity of 24 species of ground-occurring, forest Coleoptera
in northern Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was
assessed using pitfall traps during the spring and summer of 1996 and
1997. Overall, species richness, abundance and diversity remained
relatively constant throughout the season, although species composition
varied considerably. Trap catch of seven species was greatest from
early May to late June: Calosoma frigidum Kirby, Carabus nemoralis
Muller, Platynus decentis (Say), Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz,
P. mutus (Say), P. pensylvanicus LeConte and Sphaeroderus lecontei
Dejean. Two species, Carabus sylvosus Say and Nicrophorus sayi Laporte,
showed both early and late peaks in trap catch. Trap catch of eight
species was greatest from early July to late August: Calathus ingratus
Dejean, Synuchus impunctatus (Say), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger),
Pterostichus tristis (Dejean), Geotrupes bayli Jekel, Nicrophorus
defodiens Mannerheim, N. tomentosus Weber and Oiceoptoma noveboracensis
Forster. Implications for studies that assess impacts of forest
management practices on beetle biodiversity are discussed.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1258. Seasonal and annual home ranges of female eastern wild turkeys in a managed pine landscape in Mississippi.
Miller, Darren A. and Conner, L. Mike
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59: 89-99. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Meleagris
gallopavo silvestris: habitat management/ home range/ seasonal and
annual home ranges/ females/ managed pine landscape/ distribution
within habitat/ forest and woodland/ Mississippi/ Kemper County/
Interior Flatwoods Resource Area/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) are an important
recreational resource throughout their range. Previous research has
shown that intensively managed pine forests can sustain huntable
populations of eastern wild turkeys. However, little research has
examined patterns of spatial use of turkeys within these systems. An
expected increase in acreage of intensively managed pine forests over
the next half century requires a basic understanding of wild turkey
ecology in these systems. Therefore, we used a long-term (1986-1993)
data set to estimate annual and seasonal home range size of female
eastern wild turkeys from a landscape dominated by intensively managed
pine forests in east-central Mississippi. Mean seasonal home range
size was 406 ha ± 20 ha (mean ± SE; N = 268). Home ranges
were larger during fall/winter (524 ± 43.5 ha) than
preincubation (326 ± 23.2 ha) and summer (392 ± 32.5 ha).
Aver-age annual home range size was 796 ha ± 46.0 ha and was
smaller in 1993 (P < 0.05) than other years. We documented wide
variability in seasonal and annual home ranges likely in response to
localized resource availability and individual female behavior. For
some females, home range size was affected by seasonal movements
between intensively managed pine stands in spring and summer and a
large bottomland hardwood and agriculture complex during fall-winter.
Managers need to understand movements within home ranges to better
understand spatial use by wild turkeys. We suggest managers consider
spatial distribution of vegetation types, particularly mature
hardwoods, important to turkeys when making management decisions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1259. Seasonal
avifauna responses to fuel reduction treatments in the upper piedmont
of South Carolina: Results from Phase 1 of the National Fire and
Fire Surrogate Study.
Zebehazy, Laura A.; Lanham, J. Drew; and
Waldrop, Thomas A.
In:
Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 71/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp. 82-86.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6304
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Aves: forestry/ prescribed burning and thinning/
community structure effects/ forest habitats/ community structure/
prescribed burning and thinning effects/ forest and woodland/ pine and
mixed forest habitats/ fire/ prescribed burning/ South Carolina/ upper
piedmont/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined avian species and assemblage responses to prescribed
burns and thinning in a southeastern Piedmont pine and mixed
pine-hardwood forest as part of the National Fire and Fire Surrogate
Study (NFFS) examining the effects of fuel reduction on forest health.
Point counts conducted during the non-breeding and breeding seasons of
2000-2002 showed that winter bird species abundance and evenness (J')
did not change significantly between pre- and post-treatment winter
surveys. However, bird species richness increased significantly between
years. No differences were found between treatments for species
abundance, richness, or evenness during the breeding season. However,
foliage-gleaning and canopy-nesting breeding species were detected
significantly more often in thinned than burned or control sites. Nest
searches and monitoring found 79 nests (thin, n = 30; burn, n = 27;
control, n = 22) with a 49-percent failure rate over the 2-year period.
Most of these failures (41 percent) occurred in thinned stands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1260. Seasonal bird use of canopy gaps in a bottomland forest.
Bowen, Liessa T.; Moorman, Christopher E.; and
Kilgo, John C.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 119(1): 77-88. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55 ; ISSN: 1559-4491
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: conservation measures/
Implications of seasonal use of canopy gaps/ habitat utilization/
seasonal use of canopy gaps in bottomland forest/ conservation
implications/ forest and woodland/ bottomland forest/ seasonal use of
canopy gaps/ South Carolina/ Savannah River Site/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Bird use of small canopy gaps within mature forests has not been well
studied, particularly across multiple seasons. We investigated seasonal
differences in bird use of gap and forest habitat within a bottomland
hardwood forest in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Gaps were
0.13- to 0.5-ha, 7- to 8-year-old group-selection timber harvest
openings. Our study occurred during four bird-use periods (spring
migration, breeding, postbreeding, and fall migration) in 2001 and
2002. We used plot counts and mist netting to estimate bird abundance
in canopy gaps and surrounding mature forest habitats. Using both
survey methods, we observed more birds, including forest-interior
species, forest-edge species, field-edge species, and several
individual species in canopy gap and gap-edge habitats than in
surrounding mature forest during all periods. Interactions between
period and habitat type often were significant in models, suggesting a
seasonal shift in habitat use. Bird activity generally shifted between
the interior of canopy gaps and the immediate gap edge, but many
species increased their use of forested habitat during the breeding
period. This suggests that many species of birds selectively choose gap
and gap-edge habitat over surrounding mature forest during the
non-breeding period. Creation of small canopy gaps within a mature
forest may increase local bird species richness. The reasons for
increased bird activity in gaps remain unclear.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1261. Seasonal habitat selection by raccoons (Procyon lotor) in intensively managed pine forests of central Mississippi.
Chamberlain, Michael J.; Conner, L. Mike; and
Leopold, Bruce D.
American Midland Naturalist 147(1): 102-108. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Procyon lotor/ Procyonidae/ Carnivora/ mammals/ behavior/ habitat use/ seasonal activities/
habitat management/ forestry practices/ ecosystems/
pine/
coniferous forests/ deciduous forests/ age-sex relationships/ breeding
season/ care and rearing of young/ home range-territory/ habitat
alterations/ terrestrial ecology/ radio-telemetry/ breeding ecology/
forest management/ habitat selection/ forests/ Jasper County/
Mississippi/ pine forests/ seasonal habitat selection/ wildlife-human
relationships/ commercial enterprises/ disturbances/ land zones/
reproduction/ common raccoon/ desert habitat/ silviculture/ abundance/
dispersion/ telemetry
Abstract:
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are ecological generalists, existing in
diverse landscapes. Although general habitat use patterns of
raccoons have been extensively described, little research has examined
raccoon habitat selection within landscapes managed intensively for
wood fiber production. Furthermore, no published studies using
radio-telemetry have detailed raccoon habitat selection at multiple
spatial scales. The authors monitored 31 raccoons on a 2000 ha
area characterized by short-rotation (<35 years) pine forests in
central Mississippi during 1996-1997 and examined seasonal habitat
selection at three spatial scales. Habitat selection at the home
range scale differed (p = 0.004) between genders. Gender and
season interacted to affect habitat selection at the core area scale of
selection. Both male and female core areas contained greater
proportions of mature hardwood habitats during breeding and
young-rearing. Habitat use within home ranges, as determined by point
locations, did not differ (P > 0.440) with gender or season.
However, raccoons used habitats disproportionately (P = 0.016)
relative to habitat composition of the home range. The authors'
findings illustrate the importance of examining individual habitat
selection at multiple scales, as raccoon habitat selection in this
study varied by scale. Furthermore, their results indicate the
importance of hardwood dominated habitats for raccoons existing in
pine-dominated landscapes.
© NISC
1262. Seasonal habitat use and movements of mountain goats, Oreamnos americanus, in east-central British Columbia.
Poole, Kim G. and Heard, Douglas C.
Canadian Field Naturalist 117(4): 565-576. (2003)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ techniques/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Oreamnos americanus:
habitat management/ forested buffers/ forestry disturbance avoidance/
tracking techniques/ GPS accuracy/ forest canopy closure effect/
distribution within habitat/ seasonal habitat use/ forestry
disturbance/ habitat preference/ mineral licks/ forest and woodland/
British Columbia/ Robson Valley surrounds/ Mammalia, Artiodactyla,
Bovidae/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
To identify the potential for adverse effects of forest development on
Mountain Goats (Oreamnos americanus), we documented the patterns of
forest use by goats and the factors influencing goat habitat use. We
used a combination of 15 very high frequency (VHF) and six global
positioning system (GPS) radiocollars to document the distribution and
movements of 21 (15 female, 6 male) goats from 1997 to 1999 in the
mountains surrounding the Robson Valley in east-central British
Columbia. Because canopy closure reduces the likelihood that a GPS
receiver will obtain a location fix, we estimated that GPS collars
underrepresented forest use by about 23%. Three goats used separate
winter and summer ranges separated by 8-13 km, while most simply
exhibited seasonal shifts in elevation. In winter, goats were more
often at lower elevations, in commercial forest stands, on southerly
aspects, and moved less each hour and over the course of the winter.
Goat use declined in areas >500 m from escape terrain and goats were
found lower in elevation from evening to dawn compared to daylight
hours. Collared goats used high elevation licks, which were either
within their home range, or in two cases, 6 and 14 km from their
typical home range. We documented use of known mid-elevation mineral
licks by three collared goats, but no use of known low elevation
(valley bottom and lower slopes) mineral licks. Robson Valley goats appeared to be at relatively low risk from
disturbances related to logging, because although forest use was
documented during winter, it occurred primarily on high elevation,
steep slopes where trees are currently of low commercial value, and
goats made little use of low elevation mineral licks. We recommend that
in this area a forested buffer of 500 m around cliffs be left to reduce
the possibility of adverse effects on goats especially, on southerly
aspects above 1300 m.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1263. Selection of nest and roost trees by pileated woodpeckers in coastal forests of Washington.
Aubry, K. B. and Raley, C. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(2): 392-406. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Abies
amabilis/ decadent tree/ Dryocopus pileatus/ forest management/
heart-rot fungi/ nest/ Pacific Northwest/ Pacific silver fir/ pileated
woodpecker/ roost/ snag/ Thuja plicata/ Tsuga heterophylla/ Western
hemlock/ Western redcedar/ birds/ forest management/ habitat
management/ nesting/ roost site/ species conservation/
United States/ Abies amabilis/ Dryocopus pileatus/
Thuja plicata/ Tsuga heterophylla
Abstract: Providing
adequate habitat for the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus
pileatus) is a key component of federal forest management plans in
the Pacific Northwest, yet information is extremely limited on
characteristics of trees selected by this species for nesting or
roosting in coastal forests. We investigated selection by pileated
woodpeckers of both individual tree and site characteristics for
nesting and roosting in coastal forests, and evaluated the efficacy of
current management prescriptions for these woodpeckers on federal
lands. From 1990 to 1995, we used call surveys, ground searches, and
radiotelemetry to locate 25 nest and 144 roost trees used by 31 adult
pileated woodpeckers (16 females, 15 males) in western hemlock (Tsuga
heterophylla) forests located about 20 km east of the Pacific coast in
Washington, USA. Nesting pairs typically excavated nest cavities in
different trees each year, and individual birds used an average of 7
different roost trees during the nonbreeding season. Pileated
woodpeckers used decadent live trees as often as snags for both nesting
and roosting. They selected Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) for
nesting and western redcedar
(Thuja
plicata) for roosting, and selected against western hemlock for both
activities. For nesting, pileated woodpeckers used only trees 65-154 cm
in diameter at breast height (dbh) but were not selective within this
range; for roosting, they selected trees 155-309 cm dbh and selected
against trees <125 cm dbh. For both nesting and roosting, pileated
woodpeckers selected trees ≥ 27.5 m tall and selected against trees
<17.5 m tall. Decay characteristics of trees used by pileated
woodpeckers for nesting differed su'ongly from those used for roosting.
Site characteristics also influenced selection of nest and roost trees
by pileated woodpeckers; 0.4-ha plots around nest and roost trees
contained a higher diversity of tree species and higher densities of
decadent trees ≥ 20 cm dbh and snags ≥ 50 cm dbh than
availability plots. The Northwest Forest Plan specifies the retention
of 1 large, hard snag
per
17 ha of harvested forest to provide nest trees for pileated
woodpeckers. Our results indicate that providing adequate habitat for
pileated woodpeckers in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest
may require a more comprehensive management strategy that also includes
provisions for roost trees and that emphasizes retention of both snags
and decadent trees, especially those infected with heart-rot decay
fungi.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1264. Short-term breeding bird response to two harvest practices in a bottomland hardwood forest.
Harrison, Charles A. and Kilgo, John C.
Wilson Bulletin 116(4): 314-323. (2004)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ clearcutting and
patch retention harvesting/ short term breeding population responses/
habitat management/ forest management/ species diversity/ breeding
species richness/ harvest practices/ population density/ breeding
population/ clearcutting/ patch retention harvesting/ forest and
woodland/ short term breeding population responses/ South Carolina/
Lower Coastal Plain/ Coosawhatchie River/
bottomland hardwood forest/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Clearcutting is the preferred timber harvest method in bottomland
hardwood forests because it is most likely to result in regeneration of
preferred species. However, clearcutting generally has negative impacts
on forest birds. Patch-retention harvesting may provide similar
silvicultural benefits, but its effects on birds are unknown. We
surveyed breeding birds in uncut control, clearcut, and patch-retention
treatment areas (11-13 ha) for one season prior to harvest and two
seasons postharvest in a bottomland hardwood forest in the Lower
Coastal Plain of southeastern South Carolina. Bird observations
recorded along line transects were analyzed using the software
EstimateS to estimate species richness and program Distance to estimate
densities. We found greater species richness and bird densities in the
patch-retention treatment than in the clearcut in both postharvest
seasons. We detected no forest-interior birds in the clearcut after the
harvest, but by the second postharvest season in the patch-retention
treatment, the density of forest-interior birds had returned to
approximately half of its preharvest level. Thus, based on density
response, patch-retention harvesting appears to be less detrimental to
forest birds than clearcutting. However, additional work is needed to
determine whether retained patches influence avian survival and
productivity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1265. Short-term
effects of fire and other fuel reduction treatments on breeding birds
in a southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest.
Greenberg, C. H.; Tomcho, A. L.; Lanham, J. D.;
Waldrop, T. A.; Tomcho, J.; Phillips, R. J.; and Simon, D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6): 1906-1916.
(Aug. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: fire
ecology/ forest fires/ forest habitats/ forest wildlife relations/
wildlife habitats/ fire hazard reduction/ prescribed burning/ wildland
fire management/ montane forests/ wild birds/ understory/ shrubs/
forest trees/ tree mortality/ canopy gaps/ population density/ species
diversity/ Sialia sialis/ duration/ forest litter/ forest insects/
hardwood forests/ Appalachian region/ North Carolina/ Passerina cyanea/
Contopus virens/ Mniotilta varia/ Wilsonia citrina/ Helmitheros
vermivorus/ natural resources, environment, general ecology, and
wildlife conservation/ animal ecology and behavior/ forestry related/
forest fire management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1266. Short-term effects of fuel reduction on pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon: A pilot study.
Bull, Evelyn L.; Clark, Abe A.; and Shepherd, Jay F.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; Research Paper-PNW 564, 2005. 17
p.
Notes: 0882-5165 (ISSN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
land zones/ Dryocopus pileatus: forestry/ foraging/ fuel reduction
impact in forest habitat/ habitat utilization/ forest and
woodland/ Oregon/ La Grande/ Aves, Piciformes, Picidae/ birds/
chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
To determine the short-term effects (1 to 3 years posttreatment)
of fuel reduction on pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) in
northeastern Oregon, we compared measures of abundance of logs, snags,
stumps, and of woodpecker foraging in mixed-conifer stands that had
undergone the following treatments: prescribed burning after mechanical
fuel reduction, mechanical fuel reduction without prescribed burning,
or no treatment. Pileated woodpecker foraging was significantly more
abundant in the stands that were not treated or had mechanical fuel
reduction only. Ants, the primary prey of pileated woodpeckers, were
also significantly more abundant in these stands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1267. Short-term effects of harvest technique and mechanical site preparation on arthropod communities in jack pine plantations.
Bellocq, M. Isabel; Smith, Sandy M.; and Doka, Margaret E.
Journal of Insect Conservation 5(3): 187-196. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL362.J68; ISSN: 1366-638X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ land
and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Arthropoda: forestry/ silvicultural
practices/ habitat management/ jack pine plantations/ community
structure/ population density/ Ontario, northern/ Chapleau/
arthropods/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Arthropods play a key role in the functioning of forest ecosystems and
contribute to biological diversity. However, the influence of current
silvicultural practices on arthropod communities is little known in
jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forests, a forest type comprising a major
portion of the Canadian boreal forest. In this study, the effects of
silvicultural treatments on arthropod communities were compared to
identify those treatments that minimize ecological impacts on
arthropods. The influence of harvesting techniques and mechanical site
preparations on insect family richness and abundance of arthropods
(total, by orders and by trophic groups) was examined in young
(three-year-old) jack pine plantations of northern Ontario. Each
of the following treatments were conducted in three plots: (1) tree
length harvest and trenching; (2) full tree harvest and trenching; (3)
full tree harvest and blading; and (4) full tree harvest and no site
preparation. Arthropods were collected using sweepnets and pitfall
traps over two years. Blading significantly reduced insect family
richness, the total abundance of arthropods, abundance of Orthoptera,
Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, insect larvae, and plant feeders
when compared to the other treatments. The use of either full tree or
tree length harvesting had similar short-term effects on family
richness and the abundance of arthropods. Arthropod diversity declined
with increasing post-harvest site disturbance. These results suggest
that arthropod communities in the understory and on the ground are
reduced most on sites mechanically prepared by blading, but are similar
under conditions immediately following either full tree or tree length
harvesting. The implications for regenerating jack pine in the boreal
forest are discussed.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1268. Short-term effects of wildfires on spotted owl survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success.
Bond, Monica L.; Gutierrez, R. J.; Franklin, Alan B.; LaHaye, Williams S.; May, Christopher A.; and
Seamans, Mark E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(4): 1022-1028. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Strix occidentalis/ Strigiformes/
Strigidae/ behavior/ terrestrial ecology/ controlled
burning/
forested landscapes/ habitat restoration/ mate fidelity/ reproductive
success/ short-term effects/ site fidelity/ survival/ wildfires/ fires
and burns/ forests/ ecosystems/ pair formation/ breeding/ productivity/
United
States, Southwest/ territorial defense/ home range-territory/
environmental factors/ habitat use/ land zones/ population ecology/
reproduction/ spotted owl/ habitat change/ habitat management/
philopatry/ mortality/ territory/ mating
Abstract: The
effects of wildfire on wildlife are important considerations for
resource managers because of recent interest in the role of fire in
shaping forested landscapes in the western United States. This is
particularly true of wildfire effects on spotted owls (Strix
occidentalis) because of the uncertainty of impacts of controlled
burning within spotted owl habitat. Therefore, we documented minimum
survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success for 21
spotted owls after large (>540 ha) wildfires occurred within 11 owl
territories in California, Arizona, and New Mexico. In
each territory, fire burned through the nest and primary roost sites.
Eighteen owls (86%) were known to be alive at least 1 year after the
fires, which was similar to reported annual adult survival
probabilities for the species. Of 7 pairs of which both members were
later resighted, all were located together on the same territories
during the breeding season following fires, and 4 pairs produced a
total of 7 fledglings. No pair separations were observed after fire. On
8 territories where fire severities were mapped, 50% experienced
predominantly low- to moderate-severity fires while 50% experienced
high-severity
fires that burned large (>30%) areas of the territories. We
hypothesize that wildfires may have little short-term impact on
survival, site fidelity, mate fidelity, and reproductive success of
spotted owls. Further, prescribed burning could be an effective tool in
restoring habitat to natural conditions with
minimal short-term impact on resident spotted owls. While we do not
advocate wholesale prescribed burning in spotted owl territories at
this time, we believe our observations justify large-scale experiments
on effects of prescribed burning on spotted owls to corroborate our
observations and to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
© NISC
1269. Short-term response of shrews to prescribed fire and mechanical fuel reduction in a southern Appalachian upland hardwood forest.
Greenberg, Cathryn H.; Miller, Stanlee; and
Waldrop, Thomas A.
Forest Ecology and Management 243(2-3): 231-236. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Blarina brevicauda/ Sorex fumeus/
Sorex hoyi/ Sorex longirostris: forestry/ burning and mechanical
understorey reduction/ relative abundance/ habitat management/ relative
abundance/ forest and woodland/ hardwood forest/ North Carolina/ Polk
County/ Green River Game Land/ Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae/
chordates/ Insectivores/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
As part of the multidisciplinary National Fire and Fire Surrogate
study, we used drift fences with pitfall traps from May to September
2003 and 2004 to determine how three fuel reduction techniques affected
shrews in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina.
Ground-dwelling macroarthropods also were collected from a subset of
pitfall traps to assess relative prey availability among the
treatments. Four experimental units, each > 14 ha were contained
within each of three replicate blocks. Treatments were (1) prescribed
burning; (2) mechanical felling of shrubs and small trees; (3)
mechanical felling + burning; (4) forested controls. Mechanical
understory felling treatments were conducted in winter 2001-2002, and
prescribed burning was conducted in March 2003. High-intensity fires
and high tree mortality increased canopy openness in mechanical felling
+ bum treatment compared to the others. Burning reduced leaf litter
depth in both the burned treatments (burn only and mechanical felling +
bum), whereas mechanical understory felling alone increased leaf litter
depth in that treatment. Dry biomass of ground-dwelling macroarthropods
was similar among the treatments and control. We collected a total of
269 shrews of four species during 2003 and 2004, including northern
short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), smokey shrews (Sorex fumeus),
pygmy shrews (S. hoyi), and southeastern shrews (S. longirostris).
Relative abundance of all shrews combined and pygmy shrews was lowest
in the mechanical felling + burn treatment, but differed significantly
only from the mechanical understory felling treatment where the
contrast in leaf litter depth was high. Our results indicate that
low-intensity fuel reduction treatments, with minimal change to canopy
cover or leaf litter depth, have little impact on shrews. However,
high-intensity disturbance, such as prescribed burning that kills trees
and dramatically reduces shade and leaf litter depth, can reduce the
abundance of some shrew species and all shrews combined, at least in
the short term. © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1270. Short-term
responses of the small mammal communities to forest management within Missouri Ozark forest ecosystem project sites.
Fantz, Debby K. and Renken, Rochelle B.
In:
Proceedings of the Second Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project
Symposium: Post-treatment Results of the Landscape Experiment, General
Technical Report-NC
227/ Shifely, S. R. and Kabrick, J. M.; St. Paul, MN: North
Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 161-170.
Notes: 0363-616X (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Mammalia: habitat
management/ forest management/ small taxa/ community structure/ forest
and woodland/ Missouri/ Ozarks/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
Abstract:
We conducted a capture-recapture study on the northeast-facing
slopes of the MOFEP sites in south central Missouri to determine
the initial effects of even-and uneven-aged forest management on
species composition, species richness, and relative abundance of the
small mammal communities. We compared changes between pre-treatment
(1994-1995) and post-treatment (1998-2000) measures. Species richness
ranged from two to six species per site across years; eight different
species were caught across all nine sites and years. Overall small
mammal relative abundance estimates ranged from 0.23 to 7.75
individuals captured per 100 trap nights per site across years.
Qualitative and quantitative evaluations indicate that forest
management had no short-term effect on species composition or species
richness, but did have an effect upon total small mammal relative
abundance 2, 3, and 4 years after harvest. Even-aged management, and
uneven-aged management to a lesser extent, appeared to have dampened a
natural decline in small mammal relative abundance that was observed on
control sites. Relative abundance estimates on treated sites were
slightly higher than those on control sites.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1271. Silvicultural guidelines for creating and managing wildlife habitat in west-side production forests.
Harrington, Timothy B. and Tappeiner, John C.
In:
Managing for wildlife habitat in westside production forests, General
Technical Report-PNW 695; Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2007. pp.
49-59.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr695.pdf
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ germination/ spatial arrangement/ competition
control/ wildlife habitat management/ sprouting/ planting/ west side
production forest/ rhizome expansion
Abstract: Conventional
silvicultural treatments (planting, competition
control, and thinning) are being considered as techniques for creating
and managing wildlife habitat in Westside production forests of
the Pacific Northwest. These methods can be used to diversify
forest
structure (i.e., species, size, age, and spatial arrangement of trees
and other vegetation) and facilitate development of old-forest
characteristics. Pre-treatment planning is essential for identifying
management intensities appropriate for a given area, retaining existing
structural elements, or providing conditions for development of new
structural elements. Hardwoods and shrubs from the pre-harvest stand
can be managed for habitat within a new conifer plantation if they are
given sufficient growing space. Conifer seedlings can be established
successfully under low overstory densities, but their growth can be
strongly reduced by competition from overstory trees and understory
vegetation. Combining thinning and moderate soil disturbance during
harvest will create favorable conditions for germination, sprouting,
and rhizome expansion of understory species. Thinning will result in a
heterogeneous forest structure if it is applied
with
uneven spacing and retains minor species, standing dead trees, and
pockets of tree regeneration. Site-specific characteristics, such as
rootrot pockets, soil and topographic variability, and potential for
wind damage, should be considered when designing a thinning treatment.
The inherent productivity of a forest site will determine the rate at
which a diverse stand structure will develop; however, some
characteristics of old forests (large cavities in snags, high abundance
of coarse woody debris, and nesting platforms on large limbs) will take
decades to develop.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1272. Silvicultural practices and management of habitat for bats.
Guldin, James M.; Emmingham, William H.;
Carter, Andrew; and Saugey, David A.
In: Bats in Forests: Conservation and Management/
Lacki, M. J.; Hayes, J. P.; and Kurta, A.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Notes: Literature review; 0801884993 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Chiroptera: forestry/ silvicultural practice/ habitat management/
forest habitat management/ forest and woodland/ forest habitat
management related to silvicultural practice/ North America/
Mammalia/ Bats/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In the twenty-first century, we expect that the practice of
silviculture will broaden to increasingly encompass ecosystem-based
goals such as restoration and enhancement of habitat for desired plant
and animal species and communities. The array of reproduction cutting
methods, re-generation treatments, and intermediate treatments that
constitute a silvicultural system can be configured to meet the habitat
requirements of bats. The choices among overall reproduction cutting
methods, and between even-aged and uneven-aged methods, have
implications for bats, especially with regard to roosting and the
management of foraging habitat. Special attention needs to be focused
on creating and retaining structural and legacy features such as relict
trees and snags. Once the type, amount, and distribution of such
features are known, they can be incorporated into a variety of
silvicultural systems. To satisfy management objectives for species
whose habitat requirements transcend individual stands, the forester
should plan silvicultural practices in concert across stands and,
increasingly, across ownerships. There are some important hurdles to
implementing bat-friendly silviculture. Foremost for bat biologists
will be the definition and quantification of those attributes that are
of value to bats. Once those needs are understood, biologists and
silviculturists can work together to develop prescriptions that meet
the needs of bats in forests. The challenge for biologists is to learn
as much as possible about roosting, foraging, and other habitat
requirements for the bat species of interest. The challenge for
silviculturists working with biologists concerned about bats is to
incorporate ways to satisfy habitat requirements of bats while meeting
other forest management objectives.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1273. Silvicultural treatments for enhancing and recruiting spotted owl habitat in British Columbia.
D'Anjou, Brian; Parish, Roberta; and Waterhouse, Louise
Vancouver Forest Region Forest Research Technical Report TR-033: 1-36. (2006).
Notes: Literature review.
http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/rco/research/silvreports/tr033.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ habitat
utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/
Strix occidentalis caurina: forestry/ silviculture/ habitat management/
silvicultural management techniques/ prey/ habitat preference/ forest
and woodland/ old growth forest/
British
Columbia/ old growth forest availability/ silvicultural techniques/
habitat enhancement/ Aves, Strigiformes, Strigidae/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract: British Columbia forms the northern periphery of the Northern
Spotted Owl's habitat (Strix occidentalis caurina); this owl is an
endangered species that depends on old-growth forest for its survival
and reproduction. Stand-level definitions, which are based on
Washington State research, describe two classes of Spotted Owl habitat:
superior quality habitat (Type A) which is appropriate for nesting,
foraging, roosting, and dispersing; and moderate quality habitat (Type
B) which is unsuitable for nesting but appropriate for other owl
activities. Spotted Owl Management Plans have identified the need to
create new suitable habitats and enhance existing ones within permanent
Special Reserve Management Zones. This report reviews how forest
structure in British Columbia provides habitat for the Spotted Owl
and its primary prey. It also reviews the harvesting systems that are
proposed for creating stands containing Spotted Owl habitat, and it
summarizes field reviews of partial harvesting and heavy volume removal
approaches that would integrate timber harvesting opportunities while
meeting objectives for owl habitat. Preliminary TASS modelling was used
to project outcomes of harvesting and silvicultural practices on
indicators of owl habitat quality, and results are provided. This
report identifies opportunities to improve development of harvest
systems and silvicultural treatments for developing Spotted Owl habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1274. Similarities and differences between harvesting- and wildfire-induced disturbances in fire-mediated Canadian landscapes.
Lecomte, N.; Simard, M.; Asselin, H.; Nappi, A.; Noel, J.; and Bergeron, Y.
NCASI Technical Bulletin(924): 1-64. (2006 );
ISSN: 08860882.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
clearcut/ coarse woody debris/ compound disturbance/ disturbance
regime/ forest productivity/ harvesting landscape/ landscape
composition/ landscape configuration/ Salvage logging/ scientific soil
nutrients/ soil organic matter
Abstract:
For decades, many have hypothesised that the effects of harvesting and
wildfire differed significantly and that this would have significant
effects on ecosystem processes and biodiversity. However, it is only
recently that an appreciable amount of scientific data has emerged on
this topic. In this report, we present our review of the similarities
and differences between the ecological effects of fire- and
harvesting-induced disturbances that have been noted in the scientific
literature. Comparisons of the effects of these disturbances on
numerous forest attributes (coarse woody debris, soil nutrients,
productivity, plant diversity, wildlife response) are presented at two
distinct spatial scales: stand and landscape. At the stand scale, our
review noted significant differences between harvesting and wildfire
early after disturbance. Structurally, young post-fire stands are
characterized by more snags, less downed woody debris, and
significantly thinner forest floors than logged sites. Additionally,
while both disturbances generate a pulse of extractable nutrients, the
intensity of the pulse is greater after wildfire than clearcut
harvesting and an increase in soil pH is observed after fire as opposed
to little change or a slight decrease after harvesting. Early after
disturbance, biodiversity elements significantly differ between burned
and logged sites. Dissimilar understory vascular and non-vascular
communities generally colonize burned and logged sites, although
differences are usually a question of abundance rather than species
absence/presence. As compared to fire, faunal assemblages, be it
mammals, invertebrates or birds, all seem to respond differently to
harvesting. Among these faunal groups, species specifically associated
with snags were the most likely to show a contrasting response to
harvesting- and wildfire-induced disturbances. Tree species respond
differently to fire- and harvesting-induced disturbances, with
harvesting favouring the establishment of deciduous species (notably
trembling aspen, Populus tremulpides) and of coniferous tree species
not adapted to fire such as balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Furthermore,
there are commonly more residual deciduous trees in clearcuts than in
fires. Because of this and the differential response of tree species to
these two types of disturbances, divergent successional patterns with
respect to overstory tree species compositions can be observed in
burned and harvested stands. While we noted some variability among
studies, stand and tree productivity are generally similar in burned
and logged sites. When the effects of harvesting- and wildfire-induced
disturbances are compared at longer temporal scales, our review noted
that most forest attributes that were reported as dissimilar early
after disturbance converged a few decades post-disturbance.
Nonetheless, thicker forest floors observed after logging as compared
to fire appear to persist numerous decades after disturbance.
Additionally, while faunal communities do become less different as time
passes, late in succession, some species present in burned stands are
either significantly less abundant or absent in similarly aged logged
stands. Finally, several studies warn that while the effects of
wildfire- and harvesting-induced disturbances do not significantly
differ after a few decades, there is some concern about the ability of
harvesting-induced disturbances to recreate the full range of natural
variability observed during post-fire stand succession. Unfortunately,
little research has compared the effects of alternative silvicultuial
interventions (partial retention, partial cutting, etc.) or site
preparation techniques (controlled burning, scarification, etc.) to the
effects of wildfires. However, the few studies comparing the effects of
post-logging control burns and different levels of retention indicate
that these practices may attenuate some of the differences observed
early after disturbance. Our review indicates that as compared to
wildfire alone, salvage logging can have significant effects on
ecological processes, biological legacies and the abundance of species
commonly encountered only after fire. Removal of fire-killed trees can
affect tree regeneration, understory composition, the abundance and
distribution of dead wood, wildlife habitat, and soil properties.
Nonetheless, many of these effects are site-specific; hence, additional
investments in research are needed to support management decisions and
policy development. At the landscape scale, the main difference between
fire and harvesting regimes is the distribution of stand age classes.
The proportion of stands older than the rotation period (usually 100
yrs) tends toward zero under a fully regulated harvesting regime, while
it is around 35% under a fire regime of similar rotation period. This
fundamental difference results in a significant loss of advanced seral
stage forests in managed landscapes, thereby affecting organisms that
are primarily associated with such stands. Interestingly, since
harvesting-induced disturbances are unable to recreate the conditions
commonly found in young burned stands, landscapes under the influence
of harvesting will also be characterized by a reduction of stands
capable of replacing the ecological role of young burned stands within
landscapes. Unfortunately, only a few studies have empirically compared
the effects of wildfire and harvesting at the landscape scale under
similar rotation periods. Nonetheless, research demonstrates that fires
usually produce more heterogeneous landscapes than clearcuts, with more
remnant islands. Fires are also more complex in shape, and have edges
that are more gradual than clearcuts. In conclusion, our review reveals
two main challenges faced by forest managers in order to generate
similar ecological effects as produced by fire. First, managers need to
improve management practices in order to minimize the differences
observed between young post-harvest stands and young post-fire stands,
particularly with respect to coarse woody debris and soil conditions.
Second, managers need to maintain some areas with the tree species
composition and structural attributes characteristic of over-mature
fire-origin stands. Such stands can occupy a significant portion of
fire-mediated landscapes. This may necessitate lengthening the rotation
period of a certain proportion of stands within managed landscapes or
may require the application of alternative harvesting methods that can
recreate the structure and tree composition characteristic of advanced
serai stage stands. This review concludes by identifying future
research needs that might help meet these challenges. © 2006 by
the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1275. Simulated adaptive management for timber and wildlife under uncertainty.
Hughell, David A. and Roise, Joseph P.
In: Seventh Symposium on Systems Anaylsis in Forest Resources, General Technical Report-NC 205/
Vasievich,
J. M.; Fried, J. S.; and Leefers, L. A., eds.; St. Paul, MN: North
Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 2000. pp. 130-134.
Notes:0363-616X
(ISSN); Conference held 1997 May 28-31 in Traverse City, MI;
General Technical Report NC-205; North Central Forest
Experiment Station.
http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/
pdffiles/ p56.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ land and freshwater zones/ Picoides
borealis/ habitat management/ United States/ forestry management/
behavior simulation models/ coupling/ Picidae/ Piciformes/ Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
A spatially explicit stochastic behavior simulation model for the
endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) is coupled with
a forest management optimization algorithm to simulate adaptive
(feedback) management within an uncertain environment. To update the
adaptive forest harvest schedule in a timely manner during each
management planning period, a genetic algorithm heuristic is employed.
This model is used to evaluate management policies for the production
of timber and red-cockaded woodpeckers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1276. Simulated
effects of forest management alternatives on landscape structure and
habitat suitability in the midwestern United States.
Shifley, S. R.; Thompson, F. R.; Dijak, W. D.; Larson, M. A.; and Millspaugh, J. J.
Forest Ecology and Management 229(1-3): 361-377. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.030.
Descriptors: coarse
woody debris/ disturbance/ fire/ habitat suitability index/ LANDIS/
oak-hickory/ Ozark Highlands/ simulation/ timber
harvest/ wildlife/ wind
Abstract:
Understanding the cumulative effects and resource trade-offs associated
with forest management requires the ability to predict, analyze, and
communicate information about how forest landscapes (1000s to
>100,000 ha in extent) respond to silviculture and other
disturbances. We applied a spatially explicit landscape simulation
model, LANDIS, and compared the outcomes of seven forest management
alternatives including intensive and extensive even-aged and
uneven-aged management, singly and in combination, as well as no
harvest. We also simulated concomitant effects of wildfire and
windthrow. We compared outcomes in terms of spatial patterns of forest
vegetation by age/size class, edge density, core area, volume of coarse
wood debris, timber harvest, standing crop, and tree species
composition over a 200-year simulation horizon. We also used habitat
suitability models to assess habitat quality for four species with
diverse habitat requirements: ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla), prairie
warbler (Dendroica discolor), hooded warbler (Wilsonia citrina), and
gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Management alternatives with
similar levels of disturbance had similar landscape composition but
different landscape patterns. The no-harvest scenario resulted in a
tree size class distribution that was similar to scenarios that
harvested 5% of the landscape per decade; this suggests that gap phase
replacement of senescent trees in combination with wind and fire
disturbance may produce a disturbance regime similar to that associated
with a 200-year timber rotation. Greater harvest levels (10% per
decade) resulted in more uniform structure of small or large patches,
for uneven- or even-aged management, respectively, than lesser levels
of harvest (5% or no harvest); apparently reducing the effects of
natural disturbances. Consequently, the even-aged management at the 10%
level had the greatest core area and least amount of edge. Habitat
suitability was greater, on average, for species dependent on
characteristics of mature forests (ovenbird, gray squirrel) than those
dependent on disturbance (prairie warbler, hooded warbler) and habitat
suitability for disturbance dependent species was more sensitive to the
management alternatives. The approach
was
data-rich and provided opportunities to contrast the large-scale,
long-term consequences for management practices from many different
perspectives. [Crown Copyright © 2006.]
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1277. Sixth-year
results following partial cutting for timber and wildlife habitat in a
mixed oak-sweetgum-pine stand on a minor creek terrace in southeast
Louisiana.
Lockhart, B. R. and Linnartz, N. E.
Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference: 209-213. (2002).
Notes: USDA Forest Service General Techincal Report Southern Research Station no. SRS-48.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs048/article/
gtr_srs048-lockhart01.pdf
Descriptors: basal
area/ botanical composition/ bottomland forests/ diameter/ forest
management/ forests/ growth/ habitats/ increment/ mixed forests/ pines/
silviculture/ species richness/ stand structure/ thinning/ wetlands/
wildlife conservation/ wildlife management/
Liquidambar styraciflua/ Pinus/ Quercus
Abstract:
Hardwood management has primarily focused on highly productive river
bottom and upland sites. Less is known about hardwood growth and
development on terrace sites. Such sites are usually converted to other
uses, especially pine [Pinus] plantations. The objectives of this
study, implemented in a mixed oak [Quercus]-sweetgum [Liquidambar
styraciflua]-pine stand in a minor creek terrace in southeast
Louisiana, USA, were to describe changes in stand composition and
structure following partial cutting for 3 different management
objectives: (1) maximize timber production; (2) maximize wildlife
habitat; and (3) improve timber production and wildlife habitat. Stand
composition in 1985 prior to treatment was heavy to oak (72% based on
importance values) compared to sweetgum (10%) and pine (16%). Greater
diameter growth occurred in the treated plots compared to control 6
years after cutting. Diameter growth differences were also found
between crown classes and species groups. Few differences were found in
basal area growth between the treatments and the controls while
stocking in the treated plots increased relative to the controls.
Results indicate that hardwoods will respond to partial cutting on
terrace sites, making hardwood or mixed pine-hardwood management
options viable.
© CABI
1278. Small
mammal and herpetile community responses to prescribed burning and
selective herbicide (imazapyr) treatments in thinned, mid-rotation
loblolly pine plantations in Mississippi.
Carroll, Austin David. Mississippi State University, 2004.
Notes: Advisor: Leopold, Bruce D.; Miller, Darren A.; Thesis/ Dissertation
Descriptors: agriculture/
forestry/ wildlife/ United States, prescribed fire/ loblolly
pine/ Mississippi/ small mammals/ herpetile community/ abundance
Abstract: Forest
managers of pine plantations in the southeastern United States
have used prescribed fire and herbicides extensively
for non-pine vegetation control. this study used 6 replicate stands,
containing 4, 10-ha treatment plots randomly assigned one of 4
treatments (herbicide, prescribed burning, herbicide followed by
prescribed burning, and control) that were previously established
within thinned, mid-rotation loblolly pine stands in Mississippi.
Small mammal and herpetile abundance, diversity, and richness 2 to 3
years post-treatment was examined. Vegetation structure, microhabitat
characteristics at traps, and environmental conditions were correlated
with treatments and mean capture rates using ordination analyses.
Results indicated small mammal and herpetile community metrics
(richness and diversity) generally were not affected by changes in
vegetation, yet individual species responses were related to the
aforementioned ordination variables. a mosaic of habitat types
including rotationally burned and no-treatment areas would provide
habitat for small mammal and herpetile species with differing life
history requirements.
© NISC
1279. Small mammal and herpetile response to mid-rotation pine management in Mississippi.
Hood, Sybil A.; Miller, Darren A.; Leopold, Bruce D.; and Burger, L. Wes
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 56:
171-186. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ chemical factors/
physical factors/ land zones/ Reptilia: forestry/ midrotation pine
management// community structure/ forest and woodland/ pine plantation/
fertilizers and pesticides/ herbicide application/ fire/ burning/
Mississippi/ Kemper County/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ mammals/
reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Prescribed burning and/or herbicide applications are performed in
managed pine (Pinus spp.) forests to control non-pine vegetation.
Little research has examined small mammal or herpetile community
response to these treatments in mid-rotation pine stands. Therefore,
our objective was to determine prescribed burning and herbicide
treatments effects on small mammal and herpetile communities within
mid-rotation pine plantations in Mississippi. We established 4
treatments (herbicide only, herbicide/burn, burn only, control) with 6
replicates within thinned, mid-rotation (18-22 years old) loblolly pine
(P. taeda) stands. We applied 697-872 m1/ha of Arsenal herbicide during
September 1999 and conducted prescribed burning during January 2000. We
captured small mammals and herpetiles to examine abundance, richness,
and diversity as related to habitat conditions before and 2 years after
treatment. We captured 15 species of small mammals and 21 species of
herpetiles. Use of a skidder for herbicide application may have reduced
small mammal richness and diversity during the first win-ter after
treatment. Overall species diversity and richness did not differ
between the pre-treatment growing season and the first year
post-treatment growing season. However, small mammals, particularly
peromyscids, generally responded favorably to burning and burning with
herbicide treatments the first and second growing seasons after
treatment. Treatments in mid-rotation pine plantations that maintain
early successional vegetation and open canopy structure should be
beneficial to small mammal and herpetile communities, although more
years of post-treatment response are needed to make definitive
management recommendations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1280. Small mammal communities of streamside management zones in intensively managed pine forests of Arkansas.
Miller, D. A.; Thill, R. E.; Melchiors, M. A.; Wigley, T. B.; and Tappe, P. A.
Forest Ecology and Management 203(1-3): 381-393. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.08.007.
Descriptors: Akaike's
information criterion/ Arkansas/ intensive forestry/ pine plantations/
riparian zones/ small mammals/ ecology/ hardwoods/ water quality/
habitat diversity/ streamside management zones (SMZ)/ wildlife
communities/ community structure/ relative abundance/ species
diversity/ wildlife management/ Ouachita Mountains/ Blarina brevicauda/
Blarina carolinensis/ Carolinensis/ Cricetinae/ Mammalia/ Ochrotomys
nuttalli/ Peromyscus/ Riparia/ Soricidae
Abstract:
Streamside management zones (SMZs), composed primarily of hardwoods in
the southeastern United States, provide habitat diversity within
intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) plantations. However, effects of
SMZ width and adjacent plantation structure on riparian wildlife
communities are poorly understood. Therefore, during 1990-1995, we
examined small mammal communities within 5 SMZ width classes (1-20 to
>100 m) embedded within three types of pine plantations (young, open
canopy; closed canopy; and thinned) and three natural riparian stands
in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, USA. We captured small mammals
for 10 consecutive days each February using four to six traplines each
consisting of nine trap stations with three snap traps at each station.
We estimated relative abundance [catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)], species
richness, species diversity, and species evenness for all captures and
captures just along the stream course. Within the SMZ/plantation
settings and three natural stands, we captured 1701 small mammals of 11
species in 114,285 trapnights. Golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli),
southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis), and Peromyscus
spp. comprised 88% of all captures. Our study suggests that narrow
(≤20 m wide) SMZs in managed pine forests tend to have higher small
mammal abundance and species richness than wider SMZs. Additionally,
species richness and CPUE was greater in SMZs within young, open canopy
and thinned plantations versus closed canopy plantations. Plantation structure appears to influence small mammal community
structure within SMZs more than SMZ width. Shortening the amount of
time plantations spend in closed canopy conditions would likely improve
habitat conditions for small mammals existing in SMZs within
intensively managed pine landscapes. Streamside management zones in the
South designed to meet voluntary water quality standards are likely
sufficient for small mammal conservation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1281. Small mammal population and habitat responses to forest thinning and prescribed fire.
Converse, S. J.; Block, W. M.; and White, G. C.
Forest Ecology and Management 228(1-3): 263-273. (2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.03.006.
Descriptors: forest
restoration/ Neotoma mexicana/ Peromyscus maniculatus/ Pinus ponderosa/
population density/ Spermophilus lateralis/ Tamias cinereicollis
Abstract:
We examined changes in small mammal habitat and densities of four small
mammal species, including deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus),
gray-collared chipmunks (Tamias cinereicollis), golden-mantled ground
squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis), and Mexican woodrats (Neotoma
mexicana), 2-3 years after thinning and prescribed fire treatments in
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of northern Arizona, US. These
treatments were designed to simultaneously reduce high-severity fire
risk while returning forests to conditions more representative of
pre-European settlement structure and function. Treatments resulted in
changes in important components of small mammal habitat, including
increased herbaceous vegetation, decreased shrub density, and decreased
woody debris. Deer mouse densities were negatively related to tree
densities. Gray-collared chipmunks were negatively affected by
treatment, negatively related to tree density, and positively related
to woody debris. Golden-mantled ground squirrels did not appear to vary
strongly with either treatment or treatment-related habitat changes,
but appeared to be somewhat positively related to shrub cover. Mexican
woodrats were positively related to shrub cover, and were positively,
but weakly, related to woody debris. Overall, forest thinning can be
expected to increase densities of small mammals in these forests, and
retention of slash in fuel reduction/restoration treatments may further
increase small mammal densities in the post-treatment community.
However, reduction of shrubs and woody debris with overly frequent
prescribed fire entries may reduce small mammal densities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1282. Small-mammal responses to pine regeneration treatments in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma, USA.
Perry, Roger W. and Thill, Ronald E.
Forest Ecology and Management 219(1): 81-94. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Mammalia:
forestry/ small taxa abundance/ montane forests/ pine regeneration
treatments/ habitat management/ relative abundance/ population density/
forest and woodland/ montane forests/ small taxa abundance related to
pine regeneration treatments/ mountain habitat/ Arkansas/ Ouachita
Mountains/ Oklahoma/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We compared the initial effects of four forest regeneration treatments
(single-tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut),
and unharvested controls (mature, second-growth forest) on relative
abundance of small mammals and small-mammal habitat throughout the
Ouachita Mountains of western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.
We compared small-mammal capture rates in 20 forest stands (4
replicates of 5 treatments) for 2 years prior to harvest treatments,
and 1.5, 3.5, and 5.5 years after treatment. We also examined
relationships among small mammals, treatments, and habitat conditions.
Before harvest, all stands where characterized by high basal areas
(BA), little understory vegetation, and low small-mammal capture rates.
Compared with pre-harvest numbers, the number of individuals captured
increased nearly five-fold in treated stands 1.5 years after harvest.
After harvest, capture rates for all taxa combined were significantly
greater in harvested stands (regardless of treatment) than in
unharvested controls. Fulvous harvest mice (Reithrodontomys fulvescens)
capture rates were greatest in clearcuts. Fulvous harvest mice, cotton
rats (Sigmondon hispidus), and pine voles (Microtus pinetorum) were
associated with abundant herbaceous vegetation in the understory and
low BA. Eastern woodrats (Neotoma floridana), golden mice (Ochrotomys
nuttalli), and Peromyscus spp. were associated with moderate to dense
woody vegetation in the understory and intermediate BA levels. No taxon
of terrestrial small mammal was captured exclusively in unharvested
stands; most taxa we captured appear to be either disturbance-adapted
or tolerant to disturbances from timber harvest. Published by Elsevier
B.V.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1283. Small mammal responses to silvicultural and precipitation-related disturbance in northeastern Missouri riparian forests.
Elliott, A. G. and Root, B. G.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(2): 485-501. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: flooding/
forest litter/ forest management/ forests/ precipitation/ riparian
forests/ silviculture/ small mammals/ species richness/ Blarina
brevicauda/ Microtus/ Peromyscus/ Sorex
Abstract:
Information about factors influencing forest floor small mammals of
midwestern riparian forests in agriculture-dominated areas is necessary
for improved forest management. We determined occurrence and capture
rates of forest floor small mammal taxa at 4 riparian forests in
northeastern Missouri, USA, during 1995-2002. We modelled the
effects of year, study site, and precipitation (flooding) on relative
abundance of commonly captured taxa. We also evaluated changes in the
species assemblage and capture rates resulting from silvicultural
treatments (clearcut, basal area retention, and unharvested) at a
215-ha forest tract. We captured 12 taxa of forest floor small mammals,
of which 10 were captured at all sites. The species assemblages were
dominated by habitat generalists, such as Peromyscus spp. and Sorex
spp. Among-year variation in capture rates was large for all common
taxa. Precipitation amounts during spring and summer were negatively
correlated with relative abundances of several forest floor small
mammal taxa. We measured few changes in taxonomic composition or
abundances of forest floor small mammals in response to silvicultural
treatments. There was some indication that Peromyscus spp. and
short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) abundance decreased in areas
where treatments increased fragmentation, but among-year differences
accounted for more variation than treatment effects. We suggest that
small mammal assemblages in fragmented midwestern riparian forests are
dominated by habitat generalists and their abundances are primarily
affected by variability in environmental conditions (especially
flooding during the breeding season). Silvicultural treatments may have
minimal effects on taxonomic composition or abundance, as long as
forests are allowed to regenerate, mature forest blocks are maintained,
and other important factors (e.g., hydrology) are not altered.
© CABI
1284. Small mammal responses to thinning and wildfire in ponderosa pine-dominated forests of the southwestern United States.
Converse, S. J.; White, G. C.; and Block, W. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(6): 1711-1722. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [1711:SMRTTA]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: biomass/
effective trapping area/ fire surrogate/ mark-recapture/ model
selection/ Peromyscus/ population density/ small mammals/ Tamias/
thinning/ weighted regression/ wildfire
Abstract:
As part of a national experiment, the Fire and Fire Surrogate Project,
we evaluated the effects of forest thinning on small mammal population
densities and total small mammal biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) - dominated forests at 2 study areas in northern Arizona and
northern New Mexico, USA. We also evaluated the effects of wildfire on
small mammal population densities and biomass after a wildfire burned a
portion of one study area. Our statistical methods consisted of
estimation of population densities in combined analyses across space
and time, followed by a weighted regression analysis of treatment
effects on densities. We hypothesized that habitat change
postdisturbance would be the critical determinant of population
responses to thinning and wildfire within 1 year of disturbances. Our
results largely supported this hypothesis, as we documented predicted
positive responses to thinning for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus),
gray-collared chipmunks (Tamias cinereicollis), and least chipmunks (T.
minimus). We also observed predicted positive responses to wildfire for
deer mice, although our results did not support predicted negative
responses to wildfire for least chipmunks. Total small mammal biomass
generally increased following both thinning and wildfire. Our results
suggest that fuel reduction treatments will have the largest positive
impact on small mammal populations in areas where tree densities are
especially high.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1285. Small mammals and forest fuel reduction: National-scale responses to fire and fire surrogates.
Converse, S. J.; White, G. C.; Farris, K. L.; and Zack, S.
Ecological Applications 16(5): 1717-1729. (Oct. 2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23
Descriptors: forest
fires/ fire hazard reduction/ prescribed burning/ forest thinning/
animal ecology/ small mammals/ forest habitats/ wildlife habitats/
population density/ population ecology/ Tamias/ Spermophilus/
Peromyscus/ wildlife management/ Alabama/ Florida/ United States,
western region/ forest fuel reduction/ National Fire And Fire Surrogate
Project/ natural resources/ ecology/ wildlife conservation/ forest fire
management
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1286. Small mammals as bioindicators of sustainable boreal forest management.
Pearce, Jennie and Venier, Lisa
Forest Ecology and Management 208(1-3): 153-175. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Mammalia:
forestry/ sustainable boreal forest management/ small taxa evaluation
as bioindicators/ habitat management/ population dynamics/
Bioindicators of sustainable boreal forest management/ small taxa
evaluation/ habitat preference/ environmental indicators/ forest and
woodland/ boreal forest/ Bioindicators of sustainable forest
management/ Ontario/ White River area/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Small mammals such as mice and voles have potential as indicators of
sustainable forest management. They have an important functional role
in forests, they are economically important as prey for furbearer
populations, and they respond to disturbance in a characteristic
manner. In Ontario, Canada, several small mammal species
have been suggested as bioindicators. However, strong year-to-year
variation in population levels independent of forest disturbance means
that very long time frames would be required to detect trends. Models
of habitat supply have been suggested as a method of monitoring small
mammals. We explore the feasibility of monitoring structural
measurements and habitat supply for small mammal species using an area
near White River, Ontario, Canada, as a case study.
Small mammals were surveyed in the region for 3 years, and associations
with mapped and stand level habitat attributes examined. Thirteen
species were recorded, but only five species were recorded in
sufficient numbers for habitat associations to be examined. The deer
mouse and red-backed vole were recorded from all mature forest
habitats, although both were more prevalent in mixedwood stands.
Red-backed vole abundance was linearly related to stand age and the
volume of downed logs. Deer mice were most abundant in recently
clearcut stands, with abundance declining sharply in 5-15-year-old
stands. They were also abundant in mature forest, where they were
significantly associated with downed wood volume. Vegetation complexity
was also significant for both species. Habitat supply maps for both
species could be readily developed, and structural attributes modified
by forest practices were important. However, strong year-to-year
variation in the abundance of both species in mature forest prevented
carrying capacities from being reliably assigned to habitat supply
maps. Thus, while relative changes in the availability of high, medium
and low quality habitat are identifiable, expected changes in minimum
population size cannot be inferred. The effect of cumulative
disturbances on the quality of available habitat is also unknown.
Without this information, change in habitat supply cannot be used to
assess the sustainability of forest management actions. We suggest that
dynamic landscape meta-population (DLMP) models may provide one
solution, and require further exploration as a sustainability
assessment tool. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1287. Small
mammals in agricultural landscapes of Prince Edward Island
(Canada): Effects of habitat characteristics at three different
spatial scales.
Silva, Marina; Hartling, Leslie; and Opps, Sheldon B.
Biological Conservation 126(4): 556-568. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ biodiversity/ wildlife management: conservation/ species
richness/ habitat fragmentation/ microhabitat/ agricultural landscape/
macrohabitat/ habitat characteristic effect/ landscape spatial scale
Abstract: We
examined the influence of habitat characteristics at the
microhabitat, macrohabitat, and landscape spatial scales on small
mammals occurring in 12 forest patches within four agricultural
landscapes of Prince Edward Island (Canada). Landscape
features were important determinants of small mammal variables at all
levels, but especially at the community level, whereas microhabitat
characteristics tended to influence small mammals at the population
level. Macrohabitat characteristics had only minor effects on small
mammals occurring in our study sites. Species richness was most
strongly influenced by patch area, reaching a threshold at forest
patches of roughly 8-10 ha. The proportions of both forest and hedgerow
cover within 400 m from the study site were also significant
determinants of small mammals species diversity, possibly reflecting
their ability to perceive suitable habitats, forage in areas outside
the forest patches, and/or disperse in agricultural landscapes. At
least one small mammal species (Napaeozapus insignis) benefitted from
the presence of agricultural fields at distances up to 1000 m. Tamias
striatus benefitted from the presence of hedgerow cover within 400 In
from forest patches, possibly allowing them to move between forest
patches. Clearly, the maintenance of forest patches of 8-10 ha and of
forest cover within 400 m from them is fundamental for the conservation
of small mammals inhabiting agricultural landscapes on the Island.
Conservation strategies should also consider the establishment of more
effective regulations to prevent and/or reduce hedgerow removal
on Prince Edward Island. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1288. Snag density and use by cavity-nesting birds in managed stands of the Black Hills National Forest.
Spiering, D. J. and Knight, R. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 214(1-3): 40-52. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.054.
Descriptors: Black
Hills/ cavity-nesting birds/ managed forests/ Pinus ponderosa/
ponderosa pine/ snags/ biodiversity/ data acquisition/ surveys/ snag
density/ snag variables/ forestry/ habitat use/ United States/ Aves/
Parus atricapillus/ Picoides villosus/ Poecile atricapillus/
Sitta canadensis
Abstract:
We examined whether cavity-nesting bird abundance was related to the
density of snags in managed ponderosa pine stands (Pinus ponderosa
Laws.) on the Black Hills National Forest. We also
examined whether snag variables were related to bird use of snags as
nest sites and for foraging. Study plots (n = 144 plots) were
established throughout the forest in managed ponderosa pine stands and
data on the density, size, and condition of 2886 snags were collected.
We searched snags for cavities and signs of foraging, and surveyed
plots for cavity-nesting birds (n = 272 counts). Nine species of
cavity-nesting birds were detected, with red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta
canadensis), black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), and hairy
woodpecker (Picoides villosus) occurring most frequently. The mean
number of cavity-nesting birds at a plot was independent of snag
density or other plot variables. Larger DBH and greater snag height
were positively associated with the presence of a cavity, and advanced
stages of decay and the presence of a broken top
were negatively associated with the presence of a cavity. Snags in
larger DBH size classes had more evidence of foraging than expected
based on abundance. Combining the data on the presence of a cavity and
evidence of foraging, snags with large DBH were used most by
cavity-nesting birds. Our study found no relationship between the
number of cavity-nesting birds and snag density across the range of
snag densities, snag sizes, and snag conditions measured. However, the
densities of large snags may have been too low to influence the
abundance of cavity-nesting birds, limiting our ability to detect such
an effect.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1289. Snags, cavity-nesting birds, and silvicultural treatments in western Oregon.
Walter, S. T. and Maguire, C. C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(4): 1578-1591. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: cavity-nesting birds/ Douglas-fir/ Green-tree retention/ Oregon Coast range/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ snags
Abstract: We
examined cavity-nesting bird use of natural snags (n = 221) and 10-
to 12-year-old snags (n = 836) created by topping mature conifers in 3
silvicultural treatments (group-selection cuts, 2-story regeneration
harvests, clearcuts with retained trees) and 2 snag arrangements
(clustered, scattered) in 30 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands
in the Oregon Coast Range. Eight bird species nested in created snags.
Open-canopy stands (2-story and clearcut treatments) had higher levels
of avian nesting, species richness, and species diversity compared to
closed-canopy, group-selection stands. We did not find a difference in
nesting levels between clustered and scattered snags. In created snags,
most active nests were in the top 25% of the bole, cavity entrances
typically faced northeast, and the presence of dead branches did not
alter use of snags for nesting. Topped conifers that remained alive (n
= 102) were rarely used for nesting or foraging. Since the last survey
6 years prior to our survey, the number of cavities per created snag
per silvicultural treatment increased 3.3- to 6-fold, and we observed 4
additional avian species nesting; 3 were secondary cavity nesters.
Total cavities per snag averaged 5.1, 4.3, and 2.5 for created snags,
natural snags >12 years old, and natural snags <12 years old,
respectively. Only 1 created snag fell in the decade since topping.
Natural new snag recruitment resulting from residual green
tree mortality was highest in 2-story stands (0.76 snag/ha) and lowest
in clearcuts (0.20 snag/ha). Snags created by topping large conifers
provided nesting and foraging structures for cavity-nesting birds under
a range of silvicultural conditions, and use was influenced more by
residual
green tree density than snag arrangement. In addition, created snags
increased in value for birds through their first decade (88% had
cavities). Because snags created by topping last long and are readily
used by birds, they should be considered a management option to improve
avian habitat in managed forests.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1290. Solution of forest health problems with prescribed fire: Are forest productivity and wildlife at risk?
Tiedemann, Arthur R.; Klemmedson, James O.; and
Bull, Evelyn L.
Forest Ecology and Management 127(1/3): 1-18. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: ecosystems/
fires-burns/ forestry practices/ forests/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ management/ snags/ succession/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ forest/ fire/ dead wood/ Larix spp./ Pinus ponderosa/
Pinus spp./ ponderosa pine/ Oregon/ Washington
Abstract:
Advanced forest succession and associated accumulations of forest
biomass in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington and
Intermountain area have led to increased vulnerability of these forests
to insects, diseases, and wildfire. One proposed solution is
large-scale conversion of these forests to seral conditions that
emulate those assumed to exist before European settlement: open-spaced
stands (ca. 50 trees per ha), consisting primarily of ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.).
We question how well presettlement forest conditions are understood and
the feasibility and desirability of conversion to a seral state that
represents those conditions. Current and future expectations of forest
outputs and values are far different from those at presettlement times.
Emphasis on prescribed fire for achieving and maintaining this
conversion raises questions about how well we understand fire effects
on forest resources and values. We consider here potential effects of
prescribed fire on two key aspects of forest management-productivity
and wildlife. Use of large-scale prescribed fire presents complex
problems with potential long-term effects on forest resources. Before
implementing prescribed fire widely, we need to understand the range of
its effects on all resources and values. Rather than attempting to
convert forests to poorly described and understood presettlement seral
conditions, it would seem prudent to examine present forest conditions
and assess their potential to provide desired resource outputs and
values. Once this is achieved, the full complement of forest management
tools and strategies, including prescribed fire, should be used to
accomplish the desired objectives. We suggest a more conservative
approach until prescribed fire effects are better understood.
© NISC
1291. Songbird abundance and avian nest survival rates in forests fragmented by different silvicultural treatments.
Duguay, J. P.; Wood, P. B.; and Nichols, J. V.
Conservation Biology 15(5): 1405-1415. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99023.x.
Descriptors: breeding
population/ conservation management/ ecological impact/ forest
management/ habitat fragmentation/ silviculture/ songbird/ United
States
Abstract:
Concerns over declining songbird populations have led to investigations
of the effects of various silvicultural practices on breeding
songbirds. Few studies published, however, have examined both songbird
populations and avian nest success among harvesting treatments,
particularly in forested landscapes. We conducted a study in the
Monongahela National Forest of West Virginia during the summers of 1993
to 1996 to compare breeding-bird abundance and daily nest survival
rates among different sivicultural treatments: a two-age treatment (a
type of deferred removal in which 37-49 mature trees/ha remain after a
harvest until the next rotation), clearcutting treatments 15 years
after harvest, unharvested forest surrounding the harvested stands, and
unharvested stands not adjacent to cuts. Abundance and daily
nest-survival rates did not differ among treatments (p>0.05) for
four of the five species for which the most nests were found: Wood
Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus
ludovicianus), Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Veery
(Catharus fuscescens), Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). Parasitism
rates were low (6%), and most parasitized nests were associated with
the two-age harvest treatment. A source-sink model for the Wood Thrush
revealed that all treatments were likely population sources for this
species. Thus, it appears that 15 years after harvest, cuts placed
within otherwise extensively forested areas do not result in the type
of edge effects (population sinks) observed in areas fragmented by
agriculture in the midwestern United States. Further, because neither
nest success nor avian abundance was lower in the two-age than clearcut
harvests, we conclude that two-age management is a viable conservation
alternative to clearcutting in large forested landscapes where
Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism is not a concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1292. Songbird abundance in clear-cut and burned stands: A comparison of natural disturbance and forest management.
Simon, N. P. P.; Schwab, F. E.; and Otto, R. D.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(8):
1343-1350. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x02-057.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
vegetation/ natural disturbances/ forestry/ avifauna/ ecological
impact/ forest management/ succession/ timber harvesting/ wildfire/
Canada/ Aves/ Canidae/ Catharus guttatus/ Coniferophyta/ Dendroica
coronata/ Dendroica petechia/ Passerella/ Passeri/ Passeridae/ Picea/
Picea mariana/ Turdidae
Abstract:
To evaluate the efficacy of forest management to emulate natural
disturbance, we compared bird abundances among burned and clear-cut,
former black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) sites, after 5, 14, and
27 years of succession. Total bird density was lower in clear-cut sites
resulting from fewer hermit thrushes, yellow warblers, Swainson's
thrushes, and fox sparrows. Hermit thrushes were positively correlated
with snag density while yellow warblers and Swainson's thrushes were
positively associated with deciduous tree cover and negatively
correlated with conifer cover. Only yellow-rumped warblers had higher
densities on clear-cut sites, likely due to greater conifer cover. Bird
densities and species richness peaked in the 14-year-old burns and
exceeded that of mature forests reported for Labrador. This
demonstrates the importance of natural early successional forests for
birds. Although logged areas support several species found in natural
young burns, logging does not precisely mimic fire. This suggests that
forest managers should allow some forests to burn naturally.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1293. Songbird community variation among five levels of overstory retention in northern Alabama.
Lesak, Adrian A.; Wang, Yong.; and Schweitzer, Callie Jo
In:
Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 71/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2004. pp. 11-17.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6304
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Oscines: forestry/ overstory retention/ habitat management/
community structure/ overstory retention effects/ distribution within
habitat/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ oak hickory forest/
Alabama/ Jackson County/ Cumberland Plateau/ Aves, Passeriformes/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: We
compared songbird communities among varying degrees of
overstory tree retention in the oak-hickory forest of the southern
Mid-Cumberland Plateau region. Three 20-ha complete block replicates of
5 experimental treatments (15 treatment units, 4 ha per unit) were
used. The five treatments were operational shelterwood stands with
target overstory retention levels of approximately 0, 25, 50, 75, and
100 percent. The residual basal area and resultant canopy cover of
these overstory retentions were compared among treatments and both
showed three distinct conditions, closed canopy, open forest, and
clearcut. Territory spot-mapping was used to quantify bird species
richness and density during the first post-treatment year, between
mid-April and July 2002. Sixty bird species were detected with 34 of
those defending territories on the sites. Clearcuts (0 percent
retention) had significantly lower values than the other four treatment
types for overall bird territory density, species richness,
and Shannon diversity index. Territorial density of breeding
songbirds
was highest in the 50 percent retention treatments, while species
richness and Shannon diversity peaked in the units with 25 percent
basal area retention.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1294. Songbird,
forest owl and small mammal diversity in mature and harvested aspen and
mature mixed-woodforests in the Dawson Creek Forest District: Summary
of research and related survey projects, 1992-1999.
Darling, Laura M.; Booth, Barry; Merkens, Markus; and Gebauer, Martin
Wildlife Working Report WR-104: i-xii, 1-66. (2002);
ISSN: 0831-4330
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ community structure/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Aves: habitat management/ forest
management/ long term research projects/ species diversity/ mature vs
harvested aspen forests/ mature mixed wood forests/ biodiversity
comparisons/ British Columbia/ Dawson Creek Forest District/
Passeriformes/ birds/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
From 1992 to 1999, we assessed species diversity, relative abundance
and community dominance of forest songbirds and small mammals in mature
(control) and recently harvested, aspen forests near Chetwynd, B.C.
Resident owls were surveyed during March-April 1997. We also assessed
vegetation cover, security cover, woody debris and wildlife trees in
the harvested and control stands. This report focuses on results of the
songbird and small mammal study components and highlights the results
of the other surveys. The reader is referred to details presented in
unpublished annual progress reports. Small mammal species richness and
abundance varied between years and between mature and harvested stands.
Multi-year population cycles and stochastic weather events likely
accounted for much of the between-year variation. Several mammal
species encountered within mature stands during this study were never
captured in clearcut areas. Some species were captured exclusively
within clearcuts. Only Deer Mouse and Meadow Vole were significantly
affected by clearcutting, though the effect of clearcutting was not
consistent over the duration of the study. Retention patches of
sufficient size within clearcuts may provide interior-forest species
with suitable habitat or corridors. Our forest songbird results are
based on "presence" of apparently breeding (i.e., singing or calling)
individuals of a species, not whether they are successfully
reproducing. Analyses of point-count data indicate that there were
significant differences in species abundance between years for 15 of 24
bird species recorded in seven mature stands monitored from 1993 to
1997. However, fluctuations in abundance in mature stands appeared to
be part of the normal variation in songbird abundance rather than
population trends. Variations in diversity, abundance and dominance
patterns were recorded among mature stands and among harvested stands
of various age classes. The magnitude of these variations has
potentially significant implications for interpretation of short-term
"control-versus-treatment" studies. The number of bird species recorded
in mature stands and clearcut stands did not differ within a given
year, but numbers varied between years. In all mature stands and
clearcuts, there were a few dominant bird species that provided about
80% of the observations, while many species were uncommonly recorded;
however, the dominance order (rank) of the species in harvested stands
differed from mature stands, reflecting songbird habitat preferences.
Abundance of bird species after clearcutting followed established
patterns: (1) no significant change in abundance of some species; (2) a
lower abundance of species usually associated with older forests; (3)
detections of mature-forest species in the clearcuts, primarily in
leave-tree patches; (4) early successional bird species in clearcuts,
and (5) significant annual changes in abundance of various species in
clearcuts. Management recommendations stemming from this study include:
(1) large, unfragmented mature stands must be distributed across the
landscape and over time; (2) retention patches in clearcuts must be
large (> 5 ha), connected to intact forest, representative of the
intact forest, and include critical elements such as large-diameter
live aspen with visible signs of heart rot to maintain nesting habitat
for cavity-nesting wildlife; (3) long, large-diameter woody debris and
small woody debris must be retained in slash piles and scattered
throughout the harvested block where feasible; (4) longer harvest
rotations should be scattered across the landscape. Additionally,
managers must recognize that significant annual fluctuations in species
abundance are normal and may result in misleading interpretation of
short-term studies, and that the presence of an apparently breeding
songbird does not imply successful breeding. Further study is required
on the size and configuration of leave patches, particularly in
reference to the role of
patches
in small mammal and songbird population dynamics and reproductive
success. Stands 20 to 60 years old need to be studied to determine at
what stand age forest-associated species re-colonize regenerating
stands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1295. Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest.
Costello, C. A.; Yamasaki, M.; Pekins, P. J.; Leak, W. B.; and Neefus, C. D.
Forest Ecology and Management 127(1-3): 41-54. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00131-0.
Descriptors: clearcut/
early successional/ forest birds/ group selection/ northern hardwood
forest/ avifauna/ clearcutting/ community composition/ forest
ecosystem/ habitat use/ song/ species richness/ United States
Abstract: Clearcutting
creates habitat for many species of early successional
songbirds; however, little information is available on bird use of
small forest openings created by group selection harvests. Group
selection harvests are increasing on the White
Mountain National Forest due to negative public response to
clearcutting.
The objective of this study was to determine if avian species richness
and composition differ between clearcut and group selection openings,
and between mature stands and the uncut portions of group selection
stands. Point count surveys were conducted during the 1992 and 1993
breeding seasons within six study blocks in the White Mountain National
Forest, NH. Each block consisted of a clearcut stand, a group selection
stand and a mature stand. Species richness per stand was significantly
higher in clearcut openings (p = 0.010) than in group selection
openings. Forested areas surrounding group selection openings were
similar to mature stands in species richness (p = 0.848) and
composition. Our data suggest that, relative to avian use, the group
selection system does not provide habitat similar to that created by
clearcutting in extensive northern hardwood stands. The group selection
system appears to retain much of the mature forest bird community while
providing for a limited number of early successional bird species.
Gradual replacement of clearcutting with group selection harvests could
result in reduced avian diversity across large forested tracts.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1296. Songbird use of regenerating forest, glade, and edge habitat types.
Fink, A. D.; Thompson, F. R.; and Tudor, A. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 180-188. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: animal
behavior/ habitat selection/ habitats/ models/ natural regeneration/
pastures/ population density/ reproduction/ stand characteristics/
stand structure/ wild birds/ wildlife conservation/ birds/
Passeriformes
Abstract:
Population numbers of many bird species associated with
early-successional or disturbance-dependent habitat types are
declining. We used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate
hypotheses concerning factors affecting breeding bird densities in
different early-successional habitat types. We studied
shrubland bird communities in 3- to 5-year-old regenerating
forest
(n=3), glade (n=3), and forest-pasture edge (n=3) habitat types in the
predominantly forested Missouri Ozarks in 1997-1999. We monitored 8
bird species using spot mapping and total mapping techniques, searched
for and monitored nests, and measured vegetation structure within
nested circular plots. In evaluating breeding densities in these
habitat types, we compared support for a global model with year,
habitat type, and a habitat type x year interaction to several reduced
models and a null model with only an intercept, and we used
model-averaged coefficients to evaluate effect size. We found support
for the effects of habitat type on breeding densities of prairie
warbler (Dendroica discolor) and yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens);
the effects of habitat type and year on densities of blue-winged
warbler (Vermivora pinus), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus),
and field sparrow (Spizella pusilla); the effect of year on densities
of indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) and northern cardinal (Cardinalis
cardinalis); and no effects on densities of white-eyed vireo (Vireo
griseus). The effect size of habitat type on breeding densities varied
among species and indicated important species-specific differences in
habitat use. Most shrubland bird species used both glades and
regenerating forests more than forest-pasture edge sites, and breeding
densities of some species were higher in regenerating forests than in
glades. For some species, patterns in reproductive success (reported as
interval nest success) mirrored observed patterns in breeding
densities. However, substantial variation existed among species with
respect to patterns in habitat use and nest success. Conservation
planning for the persistence of birds requiring early-successional
habitat types should consider the ephemeral nature of these areas and
the potential contribution from young, regenerating forest.
© CABI
1297. Soricid
abundance in partial overstory removal harvests and riparian areas in
an industrial forest landscape of the central Appalachians.
Ford, W. Mark and Rodrigue, J. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 152(1-3): 159-168. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00597-1.
Descriptors: Appalachians/
BMP/ diameter-limit/ riparian areas/ shrews/ SMZ/ Soricids/ two-aged
regeneration/ cutting/ life cycle/ rocks/ statistical methods/ timber/
shrews/ forestry/ abundance/ forest management/ harvesting/
insectivore/ riparian forest/ United States/ Blarina brevicauda/
Mammalia/ Riparia/ Sorex cinereus/ Sorex dispar/ Sorex fumeus/ Sorex
hoyi/ Soricidae
Abstract:
Within eastern North America, soricid (shrew) diversity reaches its
peak in the central and southern Appalachians. Though shrews are
an important component of Appalachian mammalian fauna, most species are
small, cryptic, and little studied. The understanding of basic life
history and habitat preferences is considered problematic. To assess
the response of soricids to partial overstory timber harvest, and to
investigate the importance of riparian areas to soricids, we conducted
pitfall trapping surveys during the summers of 1996-1998 in the Westvaco Ecosystem Research Forest. Pitfall
transect lines were established in uncut control forest stands in
upland sites, along uncut forest stands in riparian areas, and in
upland stands subjected to heavy diameter-limit cutting or two-aged
regeneration methods. Diameter-limit and two-aged regeneration harvests
occurred in 1996 following our initial pitfall survey effort. Riparian
areas were surveyed within the area that would constitute a Streamside
Management Zone under West Virginia's Best Management Practices
guidelines. During 10,560 trapnights, we collected masked shrews (Sorex
cinereus), rock shrews (S. dispar), smokey shrews (S. fumeus), pygmy
shrews (S. hoyi), and northern short-tailed shrews (Blarina
brevicauda). Of species collected in sufficient numbers to analyze
statistically across treatments, the relative abundance of masked
shrews, smokey shrews, and northern short-tailed shrews did not differ
among harvest sites and control sites for any year, either pre-harvest
or post-harvest. Uncut, control sites had higher relative abundances
than did riparian sites of masked shrews in 1996 and of smokey shrews
in 1997. Collections of all species were poorly correlated with most
micro-habitat variables we collected. Rock shrews were restricted to
uncut upland sites at higher elevations with large amounts of emergent
rock.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1298. Southern California Mountains and Foothills Assessment: Habitat and species conservation issues.
Stephenson, J. R. and Calcarone, G. M.
Albany, CA: U.S. Forest Service; GTR-PSW-172, 2000. 402 p.
Notes: produced by the Pacific Southwest
Research Station.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6778
Descriptors: Southern California/ ecosystem/ biodiversity/ land management
Abstract:
The Southern California Mountains and Foothills Assessment:
Habitat and Species Conservation Issues provides detailed information
about current conditions and trends for ecological systems and species
in the region. This information can be used by land managers to develop
broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for
decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The assessment area
covers 6.1 million acres, of which 56 percent are national forest
system lands. Over eighteen million people live in the coastal basin
bordering the assessment area. As compared to historic conditions,
mountain and foothill ecosystems in this region have undergone dramatic
changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to stand-replacing
fires. Invasive non-native species have become widely established,
causing a decline in habitat capability for many native plants and
animals. An extensive network of dams and diversions has altered
aquatic systems. Some areas of high ecological integrity remain and can
serve as building blocks for restoration. Biological diversity is not
uniformly distributed across the landscape; rare species in particular
tend to be concentrated in certain habitats. Key areas of high
ecological integrity and rare species assemblages are identified in
this report. This assessment provides a rich information base,
including over eighty mapped themes with associated models and
databases, from which future decisions can benefit.
This citation is from Treesearch.
1299. Southern Forest Resource Assessment highlights: Terrestrial ecosystems and wildlife conservation.
Trani, Margaret Katherine
Journal of Forestry 100(7): 35-40. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F768; ISSN: 0022-1201.
http://saf.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/jof/2002/00000100/00000007/art00008
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ land zones/ Vertebrata: disturbance by man/ habitat
alteration/ habitat management/ land owners role/ endangered status/
species of concern/ conservation/ habitat alteration/ United States,
southern region/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Southern population and economic growth are putting pressure on
wildlife species and the communities that support them. Loss of habitat
is the primary reason why 132 southern terrestrial vertebrate species
are of conservation concern, but other factors include environmental
contaminants, exploitation, development, stream modification, and
wetland degradation. A high proportion of rare forest communities are
imperiled to some degree; 14 have estimated losses of 98 percent since
European settlement. In the midst of continued regional growth,
biological diversity will become a critical conservation issue. Each
southern landowner has an important role in the conservation of species
and their habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1300. Spatial and temporal patterns of beetles associated with coarse woody debris in managed bottomland hardwood forests.
Ulyshen, M. D.; Hanula, J. L.; Horn, S.; Kilgo, J. C.; and Moorman, C. E.
Forest Ecology and Management 199(2-3): 259-272. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.046.
Descriptors: bark
beetles/ Buprestidae/ Cerambycidae/ Cleridae/ coarse woody debris/
Saproxylic/ woodborers/ biodiversity/ hardwoods/ insect control/
artificial canopy/ temporal patterns/ forestry/ beetle/ canopy gap/
coarse woody debris/ community structure/ forest management/ saproxylic
organism/ spatiotemporal analysis/ South Carolina/ Bostrichidae/
Brentidae/ Coleoptera/ Curculionidae/ Scolytinae
Abstract:
Malaise traps were used to sample beetles in artificial canopy gaps of
different size (0.13 ha, 0.26 ha, and 0.50 ha) and age in a South
Carolina bottomland hardwood forest. Traps were placed at the center,
edge, and in the surrounding forest of each gap. Young gaps (~1 year)
had large amounts of coarse woody debris compared to the surrounding
forest, while older gaps (~6 years) had virtually none. The total
abundance and diversity of wood-dwelling beetles (Buprestidae,
Cerambycidae, Brentidae, Bostrichidae, and Curculionidae (Scolytinae
and Platypodinae)) was higher in the center of young gaps than in the
center of old gaps. The abundance was higher in the center of young
gaps than in the surrounding forest, while the forest surrounding old
gaps and the edge of old gaps had a higher abundance and diversity of
wood-dwelling beetles than did the center of old gaps. There was no
difference in wood-dwelling beetle abundance between gaps of different
size, but diversity was lower in 0.13 ha old gaps than in 0.26 ha or
0.50 ha old gaps. We suspect that gap size has more of an effect on
woodborer abundance than indicated here because malaise traps sample a
limited area. The predaceous beetle family Cleridae showed a very
similar trend to that of the woodborers. Coarse woody debris is an
important resource for many organisms, and our results lend further
support to forest management practices that preserve coarse woody
debris created during timber removal.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1301. Spatial
and temporal patterns of use by moose of pre-commercially thinned,
naturally-regenerating stands of balsam fir in central Newfoundland.
McLaren, Brian E.; Porter, Truman S.; and Oosenbrug, Sebastian M.
Forest Ecology and Management 133(3): 179-196. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Canada/ Alces alces:
conservation measures/ habitat management/ wildlife management/ habitat
utilization/ forest and woodland/ precommercially thinned balsam fir
stands/ Newfoundland, central region/ chordates/ mammals/
ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
A study of use and damage of pre-commercially thinned (PCT) forest
stands containing balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) by moose
(Alces alces L.) in central Newfoundland was undertaken to
determine how potentially conflicting resource management goals such as
wood yield optimization and provision of stable moose populations could
be achieved. Objectives were to measure spatial and temporal
variability in damage to balsam fir due to moose habitat preferences
for certain stand types and stem densities, and, secondly, to explore
possibilities for manipulating PCT operations, within this context, to
minimize damage. A stable moose population was achieved over 5 years of
study, through the issue of licences for a management sub-area designed
to coincide with on-going PCT. Good road access ensured high success
for hunters in this sub-area, and this management option eventually
allowed for declines in moose density and in browsing of crop trees in
PCT stands. Aerial census techniques were the preferred means of
determining areas of high use or high potential use; pellet group
counts were only weakly correlated to measures of browsing in
vegetation sample plots. Identification of localized areas of use, or
of moose habitat preferences that were likely primary to the selection
of PCT stands, may allow PCT operations to be planned to avoid winter
moose `yards.' Consideration by management should be given to locating
PCT in stands like those containing black spruce, which are less
frequently occupied by moose. Management of hardwood also appears to be
important for reducing potential moose damage to balsam fir stands when
moose densities are high.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1302. Spatial and temporal variation in fruit use by wildlife in a forested landscape.
McCarty, J. P.; Levey, D. J.; Greenberg, C. H.; and Sargent, S.
Forest Ecology and Management 164(1-3): 277-291. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00612-0.
Descriptors: Frugivory/
fruit consumption/ fruit phenology/ fruit production/ managed forests/
migratory birds/ Savannah River Site/ Climatology/ forestry/ Fruits/
managers/ plants (botany)/ wildlife/ ecology/ forest management/
frugivory/ plant-herbivore interaction/ spatial variation/ temporal
variation/ United States/ Aves/ Hexapoda/ Insecta/ Morella cerifera/
Myrica/ Myricaceae/ Vertebrata
Abstract:
We monitored production and removal rates of fruit from 22 common plant
species over 2 years in five habitats of a managed landscape in South
Carolina (USA). Our long-term goal is to determine the importance of
fruit as a resource for vertebrates and to provide recommendations for
management of key species and habitats. This study lays the foundation
for that goal by documenting fruit production and availability,
variation in use by wildlife, and how these factors vary by plant
species, habitat, and season. Six species produced >1 kg dry mass of
pulp per hectare per year. Vertebrates consumed ≥ 50% of fruits in
17 of the 22 plant species. Fruit loss to insects and microbes was
generally small and varied significantly among seasons, being lowest in
fall and winter. The length of time ripe fruit survived on plants
varied among species from 3 to 165 days. Survival time of fruits did
not vary significantly among habitats but was significantly shorter in
the summer than in fall or winter. Approximately, half the species
produced fruit in the fall and winter and these fruits were primarily
consumed by over-wintering wildlife. This pattern is inconsistent with
the general belief that fruit production in the eastern United
States is timed to correspond with periods of high bird abundance
during fall migration. Production and consumption of winter fruits
deserves further attention from forest managers, as relatively little
other food is available in winter, energy demands of overwintering
birds are high, and current management practices often reduce fruit
availability of key species (e.g., Myrica cerifera). We suggest that
fruit is more important than generally realized in maintaining
vertebrate diversity in temperate forests and that the focus of
managers on hard mast production should be broadened to include
fruiting plants.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1303. Spatial modeling of harvest constraints on wood supply versus wildlife habitat objectives.
Rempel, Robert S. and Kaufmann, Cynthia K.
Environmental Management 32(5): 646-59. (2003)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: Cervidae/
Artiodactyla/ Mustelidae/ Carnivora/ Alces alces/ Martes americana/
Rangifer tarandus/ Mammalia/ Rangifer tarandus [American term]/
Parulidae/ Passeriformes/ Seiurus aurocapillus/ Aves/ spatial harvest
planning model/ Nakina Forest Management Unit/ Caribou/ moose wintering
habitat supply/ annual harvest area/ caribou habitat supply/ habitat
suitability modeling/ emergent habitat pattern/ marten habitat supply/
conservation of natural resources/ timber harvesting constraints/
timber harvest objectives/ harvest block size/ harvest block proximity/
boreal mixedwood forest/ green-up delay/ animals, wild/ models,
theoretical/ wildlife-human relationships/ habitat management/ habitat
alterations/ habitat evaluation/ habitat change/ habitat mosaic/
mesoscale stratification/ habitat supply/ hierarchical modeling/
population dynamics/ wildlife management/ regression analysis/ boreal
forests/ timber harvesting/ ecological requirements/ commercial
enterprises/ forestry practices/ models and simulations/ land zones/
study methods/ Canada/ carnivora/ management/ animals/ mammals/
disturbances/ conservation/ seasons/ Ontario/ birds/ conflicts/
techniques/ ecosystems/ silviculture/ deer/ wildlife/ environment/
trees/ forestry/ moose
Abstract:
We studied the effects of spatial and temporal timber harvesting
constraints on competing objectives of sustaining wildlife habitat
supply and meeting timber harvest objectives in a boreal mixedwood
forest. A hierarchical modeling approach was taken, where strategic and
tactical level models were used to project blocking and scheduling of
harvest blocks. Harvest block size and proximity, together with short-
and long-term temporal constraints, were adjusted in a factorial manner
to allow creation of response-surface models. A new measure of the
habitat mosaic was defined to describe the emergent pattern of habitat
across the landscape. These models, together with multiple linear
regression, were used to provide insight on convergence or divergence
between spatial objectives. For example, green-up delay (defined as
time required before a harvest block adjacent to a previously logged
block can be scheduled for harvest) had an adverse effect on the amount
of annual harvest area that could be allocated and blocked spatially,
and habitat supply responded in an opposite direction to that of wood
supply, where caribou, moose wintering, and marten habitat supply
increased when harvest blocks were further apart, maximum block size
smaller, and both a green-up delay and mesoscale stratification were
applied. Although there was no "solution space" free of conflicts, the
analysis suggests that application of the mesoscale stratification,
together with a diversity of harvest block sizes and a between-harvest
block proximity of 250 m, will perform relatively well with respect to
wood supply objectives, and at the same time create a less fragmented
landscape that better reflects natural forest patterns.
© NISC
1304. A spatially explicit decision support model for restoration of forest bird habitat.
Twedt, Daniel J.; Uihlein, William B.; Elliott, A. Blaine; and Uihlein W. B.
Conservation Biology 20(1): 100-10. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Aves/
birds/ conservation of natural resources/ decision support techniques/
trees/ forestry methods/ decision making/ ecosystem/ Mississippi/
population dynamics/ models/ habitat/ forest/ Partners in Flight
Abstract:
The historical area of bottomland hardwood forest in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley has been reduced by
>75%. Agricultural production was the primary motivator for
deforestation; hence, clearing deliberately targeted higher and drier
sites. Remaining forests are highly fragmented and hydrologically
altered, with larger forest fragments subject to greater inundation,
which has negatively affected many forest bird populations. We
developed a spatially explicit decision support model, based on a
Partners in Flight plan for forest bird conservation, that prioritizes
forest restoration to reduce forest fragmentation and increase the area
of forest core (interior forest >1 km from "hostile" edge). Our
primary objective was to increase the number of forest patches that
harbor >2000 ha of forest core, but we also sought to increase the
number and area of forest cores >5000 ha. Concurrently, we targeted
restoration within local (320 km2)
landscapes to achieve > or =60% forest cover Finally, we emphasized
restoration of higher-elevation bottomland hardwood forests in areas
where restoration would not increase forest fragmentation.
Reforestation of 10% of restorable land in the Mississippi Alluvial
Valley (approximately 880,000 ha) targeted at priorities established by
this decision support model resulted in approximately 824,000 ha of new
forest core. This is more than 32 times the amount of core forest added
through reforestation of randomly located fields (approximately 25,000
ha). The total area of forest core
(1.6 million ha) that resulted from targeted restoration exceeded
habitat objectives identified in the Partners in Flight Bird
Conservation Plan and approached the area of forest core present in the
1950s.
© NISC
1305. Spatially explicit influences on northern goshawk nesting habitat in the interior Pacific Northwest.
McGrath, Michael T.; DeStefano, Stephen;
Riggs, Robert A.; Irwin, Larry L.; and Roloff, Gary J.
Wildlife Monographs(154): 1-63. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173
Descriptors: Accipiter
gentilis atricapillus/ Falconiformes/ Accipitridae/ Ciconiiformes/
Accipiter gentilis/ northern goshawk/ terrestrial ecology/ bootstrap
technique/ forest structure/ habitat quality/ habitat selection/
habitat suitability/ nesting habitat/ spatial distribution/ species
abundance/ stand development/ breeding grounds/ forests/ ecosystems/
forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/ nest site/
nesting habitat selection/ Oregon/ Washington/ environmental factors/
wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/ disturbances/
land zones/ reproduction/ breeding/ dispersion/ disturbance/ ecological
requirements/ fertility-recruitment/ habitat change/ habitat
management/ silviculture/ simulation/ topography
Abstract:
We compared northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) nesting
habitat within 1 ha of nest sites and at landscape scales of 10, 30,
60, 83, 120, 150, and 170 ha in 4 study areas east of the Cascade
Mountains in Oregon and Washington. Our objective was to
describe goshawk nesting habitat at biologically relevant scales and to
develop models capable of assessing the effects of forest management
alternatives on habitat suitability. We evaluated habitat at 82 active
goshawk nests and 95 random sites. Productivity (young fledged per
nest) was evaluated at 81 nests. We collected data on forest structure
within 1 ha of nests and random points. At scales ranging from 10 to
170 ha, we recorded the abundance and spatial distribution of several
forest stages of stand development (i.e., stand initiation, stem
exclusion, understory reinitiation, old growth) on aerial photographs.
We used logistic regression and classification and regression trees
(cart) to (1) evaluate habitat selection, (2) construct models to
calculate the probability of nesting, and (3) explore relationships
between reproductive output and habitat conditions. We assessed model
accuracy via bootstrap and jackknife cross-validation techniques. By
examining goshawk habitat relationships at multiple spatial scales
across several study areas, we detected unifying spatial patterns and
structural conditions surrounding goshawk nesting habitat. Our ability
to discriminate goshawk nest sites from available habitat decreased as
landscape scale increased, and different factors influenced goshawks at
different scales. The presence and arrangement of forest structural
types interacted to influence site suitability for nesting. At the 1-ha
scale, the stage of stand development (i.e., stand initiation, stem
exclusion, understory reinitiation, old growth), low topographic
position, and tree basal area reliably discriminated between nests and
random sites. Low topographic position and basal area were more
influential than stand structure. At the landscape scale, modeling
indicated that conditions at different scales interact to influence
selection of habitat for nesting. A core area exists surrounding
goshawk nests in which stem exclusion and understory reinitiation
stands with canopy closure ≥ 50% serve as apparent protection
against potentially detrimental effects associated with more open
forest (e.g., predators and micro-climate). Among several models
tested, the model that best discriminated between nests and random
sites encompassed 83 ha surrounding the nest and incorporated habitat
characteristics from multiple scales nested within that range. This
model had a cross-validated classification accuracy of 75%. Positive
correlations were found between fledging rate and tree basal area
within 1 ha of the nest (F3,77
=2.89, P=0.0407), and between fledging rate and the percentage of
landscape occupied by "stem exclusion" stands of low canopy closure
(i.e., <50%) at landscape scales ≥ 60 ha (F3,77)
, 0.041≤P≤0.089). Spatial modeling also showed that timber
harvest can be managed to maintain or enhance goshawk nest site
suitability over time in the Interior Northwest, and that a non-harvest
strategy can be just as detrimental to nesting habitat as can be
aggressive, maximum-yield forestry. We conclude that (1) northern
goshawk nesting habitat becomes less distinguishable from the landscape
with increasing area, and (2) habitat management based on exclusionary
buffers should be re-evaluated in light of the way different habitat
factors interact across spatial scales. We present case studies
illustrating how landscape scale modeling can be implemented to (1)
predict the influences of alternative silvicultural prescriptions on
the suitability of potential nesting habitat over time, and (2)
characterize large landscapes with respect to abundance and
distribution of suitable nesting habitat.
© NISC
1306. Spatiotemporal responses of reptiles and amphibians to timber harvest treatments.
Goldstein, Michael I.; Wilkins, R. Neal.; and
Lacher, Thomas E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 525-539. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Amphibia/
Reptilia: forestry/ clearcutting/ selective timber harvest treatments/
community structure/ forest and woodland/ bottomland hardwood forest/ Texas/ Tyler County/ amphibians/ chordates/
reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We compared the influence of clearcut and selective timber harvest
treatments on spatial and temporal variability of amphibians and
reptiles in an east Texas bottomland hardwood forest. The dataset
represented a time series of 5 years post-treatment. A total of 18,645
amphibians and reptiles was captured in 144 pitfall arrays. We used 9
plots Q clearcut, 3 select cut, and 3 untreated). Each plot had 16
arrays and was bisected by 1 of 3 streams. Pitfall captures represented
46 species (16 amphibians, 30 reptiles). When analyzed with a
traditional ANOVA approach, these data suggested an increase in reptile
species richness in response to clearcut treatments; amphibian species
richness did not respond to treatment. When analyzed as a time series,
however, the data revealed fluctuations in site use by species and
species groups, and these fluctuations were independent of treatment
effects. Exploratory analyses of spatio-temporal dynamics showed that
species richness and the relative abundance of common species displayed
spatial patterns that remained consistent over time. In control and
select cut treatments, spatial patterns of richness and abundance
shifted over time and were not necessarily confined to areas adjacent
to streams. In clearcuts, stationary habitat refugia were located
within riparian management zones.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1307. Species
richness and nesting success of migrant forest birds in natural river
corridors and anthropogenic woodlands in southeastern South Dakota.
Gentry, D. J.; Swanson, D. L.; and Carlisle, J. D.
Condor 108(1): 140-153. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 00105422
Descriptors: Edge effects/ forest fragmentation/ neotropical migrant/ nesting success/ parasitism rates/ woodlots
Abstract: Forest fragmentation is thought to be partially responsible for
declines in many Neotropical migrant birds due to the combined effects
of higher rates of brood parasitism and increased predation near forest
edges. A majority of the forested habitat in the northern prairie
region is found in riparian corridors, but this native habitat has been
much reduced from its historical extent. However, additional woodland
nesting habitat has been established within the last century in the
form of isolated woodlots on farms. We compared abundance, species
richness, and nesting success of migrant forest birds breeding in
native riparian corridors and anthropogenic woodlots. The two habitats
had similar bird abundances but native riparian woodlands were more
species-rich than woodlots. We located a total of 650 nests, with 320
nests of 15 species in woodlots and 331 nests of 25 species in riparian
corridors. Nesting success was not significantly different between the
two habitats for all species combined or for individual species with
≥ 15 nests in each habitat. Nests above 5 m were more successful
than lower nests, but distance to woodland edge did not influence
nesting success. Nests initiated in the middle and late portions of the
nesting season were more successful than early season nests,
significantly so in woodlots. Thus, anthropogenic woodlots were as
suitable as natural habitats for successful nesting. However, many of
the Neotropical migrants occurring in riparian habitats were absent
from woodlots, which suggests that riparian corridors are especially
important habitats for breeding birds in the northern prairie region.
© The Cooper Ornithological Society 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1308. Species-specific edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density in a forested landscape.
Flaspohler, David J.; Temple, Stanley A.; and
Rosenfield, Robert N.
Ecological Applications 11(1): 32-46. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ population
dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves:
forestry/ clearcutting/ habitat management/ forest management
practices/ long term viability plans/ reproductive productivity/
nesting success/ species-specific edge effects/ clearcut forested
landscape/ population density/ nest density/ distribution within
habitat/ forest and woodland/ northern hardwood forests/ Wisconsin/
Forest and Vilas Counties/ Nicolet National Forest/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Using natural nests of eight bird species, we provide one of the first
multi-species tests for edge effects on reproductive success in a
forested landscape. Our primary objective was to assess whether
distance to the edge of recent clearcuts was related to nesting success
in intact northern hardwood forests. Estimated nest success was
generally lower for the two ground-nesting species than for the six
canopy-nesting species. Brood parasitism was <3% for species which
typically accept eggs of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and
nest predation was the most common cause of nest failure. Probability
of nest failure was influenced by distance to forest edge for the
ground-nesting Hermit Thrust (Catharus guttatus) and Ovenbird (Seiurus
aurocapillus), but not for six canopy-nesting species. For the Hermit
Thrush and Ovenbird, nest success relative to decreasing distance to
the edge was reduced during the nestling stage, but not the incubation
stage. Nest density appeared to be higher in forest zones near the
clearcut edge for ground-nesting and for several canopy-nesting
species. Our data suggest that the effect of proximity to edge on nest
success for ground-nesting species may penetrate 300 m into intact
forest, while the effect of proximity to edge on nest density may
penetrate farther. These data suggest that the creation of openings in
forested landscapes reduces nest success and increases nest density for
some species of migratory birds in a zone adjacent to the opening. This
pattern supports the notion that "ecological traps" may exist for
ground-nesting birds in areas near recently created forest openings.
Because areas of contiguous forest (e.g., publicly owned forest) in the
Upper Great Lakes remain relatively intact, they may serve as source
habitat for regional songbird metapopulations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1309. Spotted owl home-range and habitat use in young forests of western Oregon.
Glenn, Elizabeth M.; Hansen, Michael C.; and
Anthony, Robert G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 68(1): 33-50. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Strigiformes/
Strigidae/ northern spotted owl/ Strix occidentalis/ Elliott State
Forest And Northern Coast Range/ Strix occidentalis Caurina/ Akaike's
information criterion/ spatially explicit models/ Oregon Coast Range/
northern spotted owl/ home range-territory/ habitat management/ habitat
use/ ecological requirements/ terrestrial ecology/ land zones/
home-range/ spotted owl/ forest fringe/ young forests/ brood-egg/
habitat/ management/ behavior/ conservation/ radiotelemetry/ season/
ecosystems/ wildlife/ dispersion/ telemetry/ Oregon
Abstract: To
assess spotted owl use of young forests, we studied home-range sizes
and habitat-use patterns of 24 adult northern spotted owls (Strix
occidentalis caurina) on 2 sites in
the Oregon Coast Range: the Elliott State Forest (ESF)
and state forest lands in
the Northern Coast Range (NCR). Conifer forests at ESF were
characterized by a mixture of old, mature, and pole-sized conifer,
similar to other areas occupied by spotted owls in
western Oregon, USA. In contrast, conifer forests at NCR were
younger than most
other sites occupied by spotted owls in western Oregon and
consisted primarily of conifers <80 years old. Broadleaf forest also
was abundant (approx 22%) at both ESF and NCR. We used an
information-theoretic approach and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC)
to evaluate a priori hypotheses about spotted owl home-range sizes and
habitat-use patterns on our study areas. Considering previous knowledge
about habitat requirements of the species, we predicted that owls
occupying sites with fewer old conifer stands would have larger home
ranges and that owls would select the oldest and most structurally
diverse forest available for foraging and roosting. Our top model for
evaluating home-range sizes indicated that the proportion of older
conifer forest within the home range best explained the variability in
home-range sizes. Although we found considerable variation in
home-range size among owls, home-range sizes at ESF generally were
smaller than home-range sizes at NCR, and home ranges at both sites
were smaller than those reported for other study areas in
western Oregon. Habitat-use patterns also varied widely among owls
both
within and between sites. Models containing distance to the nest tree,
proximity to nearest forest edge, and proximity to nearest
broadleaf-forest edge were the most parsimonious models for
distinguishing owl locations from random points. On average, owl
locations at both study areas were closer to ecotones between broadleaf
forest and other cover types and farther from forest-nonforest ecotones
than random points. Overall, we did not observe strong selection or
avoidance of any cover type, although owls at ESF showed greatest use
of older conifer forest while owls at NCR showed greatest use of
broadleaf forest. Use of these habitat configurations and cover types
by spotted owls had not been well documented prior to our study. The
predictive power of our models was not great, however, indicating that
factors in addition to those we included in our analysis may have
influenced owl habitat-use patterns at our study areas. Based on our
results, we recommend that managers at these sites maintain existing
old and mature conifer forest, broadleaf forest, broadleaf-forest
edges, and forested riparian areas as owl habitat; avoid timber harvest
in core use areas; and plan the size of areas managed for spotted owls
to reflect actual home-range and core-area sizes for owls in those
forests.
© NISC
1310. Spotted owl turnover and reproduction in managed forests of north-coastal California.
Thome, Darrin M.; Zabel, Cynthia J.; and Diller, Lowell V.
Journal of Field Ornithology 71(1): 140-146. (2000)
Descriptors: Strigidae/
Strigiformes/ Strix occidentalis caurina/ birds/ ecosystems/
endangered-threatened species/ forestry practices/ forests, mixed/
habitat alterations/ habitat management/ management/ mortality/
movements/ productivity/ reproduction/ wildlife/ spotted owl/
brood-egg/ fertility-recruitment/ turnover/ northern spotted owl/ California: Humboldt County/
California: Del Norte County
Abstract:
Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) reproduction and
turnover (when an owl died or shifted territories, and was replaced by
another owl) were monitored at 51 locations on Simpson Timber Company
lands, northwestern California, from 1991-1995. The authors
tested for differences in proportions of five stand age classes and
reproductive success between spotted owl pair sites with (≥ or=1
turnover) and without turnovers. Owl pairs at sites without
turnovers fledged more young, showed more consistent reproductive
success, and were surrounded by a greater percentage of 21-to-40-yr-old
stands than were owl pairs at sites with turnovers. The authors
hypothesize that pairs with high mate fidelity and survival were more
reproductively successful because those pairs had previous breeding
experience together. By investigating turnover along with habitat
features, they now have an indication of the relative quality of
various habitats for spotted owls on managed, coastal forests of
northern California.
© NISC
1311.Spring bird migration in Mississippi Alluvial Valley forests.
Wilson, R. Randy and Twedt, Daniel J.
American Midland Naturalist 149(1): 163-175. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: alluvial valley forests/ bottomland hardwood forest/ silvicultural management/ spring bird migration
Abstract:
We surveyed forest songbirds during migration in bottomland hardwood
forest stands and managed cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations in
northeast Louisiana and west-central Mississippi between 24
March and 24 May 1996 and 1997. We detected more bird species in
bottomlard hardwood stands than in cottonwood stands. Within hardwood
stands, we detected more individuals in stands subjected to uneven-aged
timber harvest than in unmanaged stands. Early in migration, avian
species composition was similar in both forest types, being comprised
mainly of short-distance migrants. Bird species composition in these
forest types became increasingly disparate as long-distance
neotropical-nearctic migrants arrived. Ten bird species were
characteristic of bottomland hardwood forests, whereas eight different
species were characteristic of managed cottonwood plantations. Because
these two forest types supported different bird communities, both
forest types provide important inland stopover habitat during
migration. Silvicultural management of bottomland hardwood forests that
increases their understory vegetation will provide forested habitat for
a more species rich and abundant population of songbirds during
migration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1312. Stand age and habitat influences on salamanders in Appalachian cove hardwood forests.
Ford, W. M.; Chapman, B. R.; Menzel, M. A.; and
Odom, R. H.
Forest Ecology and Management 155(1-3): 131-141. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00553-9.
Descriptors: clearcutting/
Cove hardwoods/ habitat connectivity/ Salamanders/ Southern
Appalachians/ biodiversity/ hardwoods/ landforms/ Drift-fence arrays/
forestry/ amphibians/ clearcutting/ species diversity/ species
richness/ United States/ Amphibia/ Amphiuma means/ Caudata/
Desmognathus/ Desmognathus aeneus/ Desmognathus monticola/ Desmognathus
ocoee/ Desmognathus quadramaculatus/ Eurycea/ Eurycea bislineata/
Gyrinophilus/ Gyrinophilus porphyriticus/ Monticola/ Notophthalmus/
Notophthalmus viridescens/ Plethodon/ Plethodon glutinosus/ Plethodon
jordani/ Plethodon serratus/ Pseudotriton/ Pseudotriton ruber/
Reptilia/ Salamandridae
Abstract:
We surveyed cove hardwood stands aged 15, 25, 50, and ≥ 85 years
following clearcutting in the southern Appalachian Mountains of
northern Georgia to assess the effects of stand age and stand habitat
characteristics on salamander communities using drift-fence array and
pitfall methodologies from May 1994 to April 1995. Over a 60,060
pitfall trapnight effort, we collected 3937 salamanders represented by
Desmognathus aeneus, Desmognathus monticola, Desmognathus ocoee,
Desmognathus quadramaculatus, Eurycea bislineata, Gyrinophilus
porphyriticus, Pseudotriton ruber, Plethodon glutinosus, Plethodon
serratus, and Notophthalmus viridescens. Analysis of covariance with
pitfall array to stream distance as the covariate showed that
salamander species richness and diversity measures and numbers of
Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus ocoee were highest in stands ≥
85 years. Eurycea bislineata and Plethodon glutinosus were more
abundant in stands ≤50 years old than in stands ≥ 85 years.
Within cove hardwood stands, species richness and diversity measures
and relative abundances of Desmognathus spp. and Gyrinophilus
porphyriticus were negatively correlated with distance to stream.
Species richness and diversity were positively correlated to amounts of
emergent rock. Species richness, diversity and relative abundances of
Desmognathus spp. were correlated with basal area within stands and
extent of connected mesic, cove hardwood habitat and amount of cove
habitat within 1 km radius among stands. Eurycea bislineata was
negatively correlated with landform index, a measure of surrounding
landform sheltering, and Plethodon glutinosus was positively correlated
with elevation in cove hardwood stands. Our research indicates stand
age is an important factor in explaining the abundance and community
composition of salamanders in southern Appalachian cove hardwood
communities. Because southern Appalachian woodland salamander
communities are slow to recover and are substantially changed following
disturbances such as clearcutting, populations in small, isolated cove
hardwood stands might be more vulnerable to extirpation or may require
longer recovery times than those in larger coves. Managers may need to
assess habitat features such as cove extent and habitat connectivity to
minimize impacts on these taxa by forest management activities in
southern Appalachian cove hardwood communities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1313. Stand-level response of breeding forest songbirds to multiple levels of partial-cut harvest in four boreal forest types.
Harrison, R. B.; Schmiegelow, F. K. A.; and Naidoo, R.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35(7):
1553-1567. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x05-076.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
combustion/ ecosystems/ harvesting/ boreal forests/ forest songbirds/
ground nesters/ retention levels/ forestry/ avifauna/ boreal forest/
clearcutting/ ecological impact/ harvesting/ songbirds/ species
diversity/ biodiversity/ combustion/ ecosystems/ forests/ harvesting/
shrubs/ Alberta/ Canada/
North America/ Aves/ Passeri
Abstract:
We investigated whether impacts on boreal forest songbird communities
in northwestern Alberta could be mitigated through a harvesting
system that attempts to emulate the local natural disturbance regime.
The EMEND (Ecosystem Management by Emulating Natural Disturbance)
project is a multidisciplinary experiment to compare clearcuts and
partial-retention cuts in four upland cover types with uncut forest and
with experimentally burned stands. We studied breeding birds at EMEND
between 1998 (pretreatment) and 2000, focusing on their responses to
partial harvesting. Partial cuts were generally intermediate (and
varied in a linear fashion) between clearcuts and undisturbed forest
for community and species measures. Species that declined in abundance
in partial cuts were typically dependent on shrubs and trees, whereas
species that benefited were typically ground nesters. While partial
cutting offered some advantages over clear-cutting in conserving
short-term avian diversity, we suggest that low retention levels (i.e.,
10%, 20%) cannot be justified from this perspective. The benefits that
accrued in these treatments were relatively small, and species that
declined or disappeared were typically characteristic of mature forest
habitats. Higher retention levels (i.e., 50%, 75%) may conserve some
species of concern, but the extent to which these treatments offer
productivity advantages over lower residuals requires further study.
© 2005 NRC.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1314. Stand structure and small mammals in young lodgepole pine forest: 10-year results after thinning.
Sullivan, T. P.; Sullivan, D. S.; and Lindgren, P. M. F.
Ecological Applications 11(4): 1151-1173. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: biodiversity/
crop trees/ old-growth forest/ Pinus contorta/ precommercial thinning/
silviculture/ small mammals/ species richness and diversity/ stand
density/ stand structure/ tree growth/ wildlife habitat/ community
composition/ forest management/ stand structure/ thinning/ Canada/
Clethrionomys gapperi/ Pinus contorta
Abstract: Management
of forested landscapes for biological diversity is a major
objective across North America. Perhaps the greatest potential to
diversify future forests lies in the vast areas of young second-growth
stands which may be managed silviculturally to accelerate ecosystem
development. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that
large-scale precommercial thinning, at ages 17-27 yr, to various stand
densities would, over the 10-yr period since treatment, enhance: (1)
productivity of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) crop trees, (2) stand
structure attributes, and (3) species richness and diversity of forest
floor small-mammal communities. Study areas were located
near Penticton, Kamloops, and Prince George in
south-central British Columbia, Canada, in three forest
ecological zones.
Each study area had three stands thinned to densities of ~500 (low),
~1000 (medium), and ~2000 (high) stems/ha, with an unthinned juvenile
pine and old-growth pine stand for comparison. Understory vegetation
was measured in all stands in 1990, 1993, and 1998, and coniferous tree
layers were measured in 1998. Small-mammal populations were sampled
intensively in 1990, 1991, and 1998. Mean diameter increments of trees
in the low-density stands were significantly higher than those in the
medium- and high-density stands at all study areas. Mean height
increments of trees were similar in the medium- and high-density stands
and significantly higher than that in the low-density stands
at Penticton and Prince George. Crown volume index (biomass)
of
herbs was highest in the thinned stands by 1998, but there was no
difference among stands for shrubs and trees; volume of mosses was
highest in the old-growth stands. Mean species richness and diversity
of herbs, shrubs, and trees were similar among stands at 2, 5, and 10
yr after thinning. However, mean species diversity and structural
diversity of coniferous trees were significantly higher in the low- and
medium-density stands than in the high-density and unthinned stands 10
yr after thinning. Total structural diversity of all vegetation in the
low-density stands was significantly greater than that of the
medium-density, unthinned, and old-growth stands in 1998. Mean total
abundance of all small mammals was similar among stands in 1990-1991,
but the low-density and old-growth stands had the most mammals in 1998.
Mean abundance of southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) was
consistently higher (2.1-3.3 times) in the old-growth stands than in
unthinned stands. In seven of nine cases, mean abundance of red-backed
voles was similar among old-growth and thinned stands. Mean species
richness and species diversity of small mammals were highest in the
low-density and medium-density stands. Heavily thinned lodgepole pine
stands developed structural attributes such as large diameter trees,
large crowns, and structurally diverse vegetative
understories. Forest floor small-mammal communities reflected the
compositional
and structural diversity of these managed stands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1315. Stand structures used by northern spotted owls in managed forests.
Irwin, Larry L.; Rock, Dennis F.; and Miller, Gregory P.
Journal of Raptor Research 34(3): 175-186. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 0892-1016
Descriptors: Strix occidentalis/ foraging habitat/ managed forests/ nesting habitat/ northern spotted owl/ Oregon
Abstract:
The authors compared vegetative structures in 4-16-ha patches in forest
stands used by 12 pairs of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis
caurina) for nesting (N = 44) and foraging (n = 38) with habitat
structures in 50 stands located randomly throughout annual home ranges
in a young and mid-successional forest landscape (25-79 year-old
stands) in the foothills of the western Cascades in Oregon. Forest
stand structures influenced selection for stands used for foraging and
nesting by spotted owls, and abundance of these structures varied with
successional development as represented by five age classes. Conifer
saplings (10-19 cm in diameter at breast height [dbh]) and trees 50-79
cm dbh were more abundant in foraging areas than nest sites or random
sites. Large snags (>40 cm dbh) tended to be more abundant, down
woody debris was more abundant, and cover of herbs and low-growing
shrubs (<0.5 m) was lower in stands in which owls hunted frequently
than in randomly located stands of the same age classes. Owls nested in
trees as young as 41 years old, although 65% of nest trees were older
than 120 years of age. The authors found 22 (50%) nests in forest
stands 46-79 years of age, whereas owls repeatedly foraged in stands as
young as 27 years of age. Silviculturists should be able to create
foraging habitat for northern spotted owls in managed forests by
emphasizing control of tree densities and form, woody debris, and
understory vegetation. Suitable nesting habitat might best be
facilitated via retaining legacy trees. Future research should
determine the relative contribution of managed forests to owl
conservation.
© NISC
1316. Status of American martens in coastal forests of the Pacific states.
Zielinski, W. J.; Slauson, K. M.; Carroll, C. R.; Kent, C. J.; and Kudrna, D. G.
Journal of Mammalogy 82(2): 478-490. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J823; ISSN: 00222372.
Notes: doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2001)082 <0478:SOAMIC>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: conservation/
distribution/ marten/ Martes americana/ Pacific states/ coniferous
forest/ conservation status/ historical record/ passerines/ population
distribution/ United States/ Coniferophyta/ Martes americana/
Mustelinae/ Passeriformes
Abstract: American
martens (Martes americana) are associated strongly with
mature conifer forests and once occurred throughout the mountains of
the coastal Pacific states. We sought to document the distribution of
martens in this region using historical records and to understand
recent change in their distribution. We described the distribution of
martens from 1900 to 1949 using museum and trapping records and
compared it to recent (1989-1998) detections at camera and track-plate
stations. Martens were detected at only 12 of the 237 (5.1%) survey
sample units in coastal California, Oregon,
and Washington. Martens are absent from most of the historical
range
of the Humboldt marten (M. a. humboldtensis) in California and
also may have declined on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Few data
exist from northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington,
but the limited amount of protected public land and absence of reported
road kills are reasons for concern for populations in this region.
Martens still occur in the central and southern coastal mountains
of Oregon. Our results suggest that conservation of martens in
coastal forests will require new initiatives to protect existing
populations and new efforts to document all populations of martens in
this region. Conservation measures should include a reevaluation of
timber harvest plans that affect habitat in coastal forests,
interagency cooperation on a coastal marten conservation assessment,
and the collection of new survey information, especially on private
lands in southwestern Washington and northwestern Oregon.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1317. Structural characteristics of forest stands within home ranges of Mexican spotted owls in Arizona and New Mexico.
Ganey, Joseph L.; Block, William M.; and
Ackers, Steven H.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry 18(3): 189-198. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD388.W6; ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors: forestry/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ forest habitat management/ applied and field
techniques/ radio marking/ applied and field techniques
Abstract:
As part of a set of studies evaluating home-range size and habitat use
of radio-marked Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida), we
sampled structural characteristics of forest stands within owl home
ranges on two study areas in Arizona and New Mexico. Study
areas were dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-Gambel oak
(Quercus gambelii) forest (Arizona) or mixed-conifer forest
(New Mexico). We describe structural characteristics of forest
stands used by spotted owls for both foraging and roosting, in terms of
central tendencies and variability in structural characteristics among
stands. Our results indicated that stands used for foraging were more
variable than stands used for roosting. Observed distributions of
structural variables were consistent with recommendations in the
recovery plan governing management of owl habitat with a few
potentially important exceptions. We also provide additional
recommendations for application in forest management, based both on
observed data and on extensive collective experience with the owl and
its habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1318. Structural characteristics of wet montane forests in east-central British Columbia.
DeLong, S. C.; Arocena, J. M.; and Massicotte, H. B.
Forestry Chronicle 79(2): 342-351. (2003)
Descriptors: Abies
lasiocarpa/ Picea engelmannii/ snags/ stand structure/ wildlife
habitat/ woody debris/ ecosystems/ management/ supports/ wood/ wet
montane forests/ forestry/ coarse woody debris/ forest management/
montane forest/ silviculture/ snag/ stand structure/ ecosystems/
forests/ management/ wood/ Canada
Abstract:
Structural characteristics of forest stands were examined along a
post-fire age chronosequence for wet montane sub-boreal and sub-alpine
forests in the northern portion of the Rocky Mountains in British
Columbia, Canada. The objective was to develop criteria that could
be used to assess the extent to which managed stands approximate the
structural characteristics of natural stands. Twelve and fifteen stands
were sampled in wet montane sub-boreal and high-elevation subalpine
forests, respectively. Tree density, variation in tree size, snag
density by size class and coarse woody debris volume were examined for
young (0-70 years), mature (71-140 years), and old (> 140 years)
stands. Apart from a general increase in average tree size and a
decrease in snag density, changes in other stand attributes over time
since disturbance were limited, especially when compared to forests in
drier climates at similar latitudes. The combination of low density and
large variability in tree size of the young wet montane sub-boreal
stands appear to be unusual for low elevation forests that originate
from stand-replacing wildfire. In the study area, current management
practices of salvage-logging fire-killed stands and planting relatively
high densities of spruce on harvested sites should be examined in light
of our data. This study illustrates the importance of developing
area-specific ecosystem management guidelines relating to stand
structure.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1319. Suggestions
for a silvicultural prescription for cerulean warblers in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Hamel, Paul B.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 567-575.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Dendroica cerulea: habitat management/ silvicultural prescription/
Arkansas/ Tennessee/ reproduction/ breeding biology/ management
implications/ habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ Arkansas/ Desha
County/ Tennessee/ Lauderdale and Shelby Counties/ Aves, Passeriformes,
Parulidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Conservation
of species with high Partners in Flight concern
scores may require active habitat management. Cerulean Warbler
(Dendroica cerulea) occurs at low numbers in
the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley in the
western part of its
breeding range. A study of the breeding ecology of the species was
initiated in 1992 on three sites there. Characteristics of individual
trees used by the birds have been measured in detail. Elements of the
vegetation utilized by male Cerulean Warblers, by female Cerulean
Warblers, and as nests have been identified. A silvicultural
prescription designed to produce these elements is being prepared as an
experimental manipulation of habitats for the birds. The development of
this suggested silvicultural prescription offers an example for
development of similar prescriptions for other forest canopy dwelling
bird species. One difficulty may be in assessing the response of the
birds to the treatments when the available habitat exceeds the amount
needed to support the spatial needs of the local small population,
whether the measured response is one of abundance or of productivity.
This is because the response may be smaller than can be detected by the
experimental design used to conduct the experiment; available birds may
not be numerous enough to produce a detectable response.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1320. Summer and fall use of logging residue piles by female short-tailed weasels.
Lisgo, Kimberly A.; Bunnell, Fred L.; and Harestad, Alton S.
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on the Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests, General Technical Report-PSW 181/ Laudenslayer, W.
F.;
Shea,
P. J.; Valentine, B. E.; Weatherspoon, C. P.; and Lisle, T.
E.; Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station,
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp.
319-329.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Symposium held November 2-4, 1999 in Reno, NV.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-181/
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ ecology/ population dynamics/
predators/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/
Mustela erminea: habitat management/ mammalian prey/ Rodentia/ food
availability/ mammalian prey abundance/ habitat utilization/ logging
residue pile use/ seasonal changes and influences/ conservation
implications/ forest/ forest and woodland/ Alberta/ Edmonton/ Owl
River/ Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae/ carnivores/ chordates/ mammals/
rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract: Female
short-tailed weasels (Mustela erminea) used piles of
logging residue more than expected and used areas without logging
residue less than expected when they were in 3-year- old regenerating
aspen (Populus tremuloides) cutblocks during summer and fall (P <
0.001). Female weasels may prefer piles of logging residue because they
offer greater
amounts of food, larger numbers of rest sites, and greater availability
of travel corridors. Our data indicate that food abundance,
specifically the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), best
explains the preferential use of logging residue piles by female
weasels. Recommendations for the management of logging residue piles
are discussed,
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1321. Summer habitat use and home-range analysis of the endangered Indiana bat.
Menzel, J. M.; Ford, W. M.; Menzel, M. A.; Carter, T. C.; Gardner, J. E.; Garner, J. D.; and Hofmann, J. E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 430-436. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/ other_publishers/OCR/ne_2005_Menzel001.pdf
Descriptors: corridors/
Euclidean distance analysis/ habitat use/ riparian habitat/ bats/
endangered species/ habitat use/ riparian zone/ summer/ Myotis sodalis/
Riparia
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1322. Survey of amphibians and reptiles in two types of managed forests in central Pennsylvania.
Yahner, Richard H.; Piergallini, Nell H.; and
Ross, Bradley D.
Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 74(2-3): 48-51. (2001)
NAL Call #: Q11.J682; ISSN: 1044-6753
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ land and freshwater zones/
Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ management practices/ fauna and abundance
relationships/ survey study/ community structure/ population density/
comparison of different types of managed forests/ Pennsylvania/ Centre
County/ Faunal survey/ managed forest habitat/ amphibians/ chordates/
reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Amphibian and reptile populations were surveyed at two study sites in
central Pennsylvania for a 5-year period (1994-98). The Barrens
Grouse Habitat Management Area (GHMA) site was managed by an even-aged
system of timber harvesting, and the Toftrees site was irrigated with
treated effluent (irrigated wastewater). Eleven species (190
individuals) of amphibians and reptiles were recorded at the Barrens
GHMA and Toftrees study sites combined. At both study sites, fewer
species and individuals were found in the reference sectors (e.g.,
undisturbed) than in the managed (disturbed) sectors, which to some
extent was a function of a greater sampling effort in the managed
sector of each study site. A major difference between the two sites was
in the common species observed, with salamanders predominating at the
Barrens GHMA site and frogs at the Toftrees site. This study suggests
that both timber-harvesting practices and wastewater irrigation may
negatively affect the distribution and abundance of amphibian and
reptile populations in central Pennsylvania.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1323. Survival and nest success of female wild turkeys in a Louisiana bottomland hardwood forest.
Wilson, Walker B.; Chamberlain, Michael J.; and
Kimmel, Frederick G.
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59:
126-134. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Meleagris galloparvo: habitat management/
reproductive productivity/ survival/ forest and woodland/ bottomland
hardwood forest/ survival and nest success of females/ management
implications/ Louisiana/ Iberville/ Point Coupee and St. Martin
parishes/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Survival of female wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) influences turkey
productivity. Although patterns of survival and productivity have been
extensively researched in most forested landscapes, little information
is available for female turkeys in bottomland hardwood systems,
although importance of these systems is widely recognized. Therefore,
we captured and radiomarked 39 female wild turkeys in a bottom-land
hardwood forest in south-central Louisiana during 2001-2004. Mean
annual survival was 0.67. Survival was greatest during preincubation
(1.00) potentially because of increased habitat sampling and movement
during this period. Fall-winter survival was high (0.93), likely
attributable to stable foraging resources and a lack of illegal and
legal harvest during this period. Lowest survival occurred during
incubation (0.75) and brood-rearing (0.83), primarily as a result of
increased risks of predation associated with nesting and brood rearing.
Nest initiation rates (33%) were among the lowest reported, likely
attributable to high nest loss from predation and flooding prior to
completion of laying. Nest success of females reaching onset of
incubation was 38%. Our findings suggest that the wild turkey
population on our study site balances exceptionally low productivity
with relatively high adult female survival. To ensure sustainable
populations of wild turkeys, managers should monitor relationships
between survival and productivity. Specific to our study site,
improvements in nesting habitat may be needed to increase nest success
and recruitment.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1324. Swainson's warbler habitat selection in a managed bottomland hardwood forest.
Peters, K. A.; Lancia, R. A.; and Gerwin, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 409-417. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0409:SWHSIA>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: bottomland
hardwoods/ even-aged/ habitat selection/ Limnothlypis swainsonii/
productivity/ riparian/ shearing/ South Carolina/ Swainson's
warbler/ deciduous forest/ habitat selection/ passerines/ Limnothlypis
swainsonii/ Riparia
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1325. Synthesis of large-scale bird conservation plans in Canada: A resource for forest managers.
Cooper, J. M. and Manning, E. T.
NCASI Special Report (06-05): 1-53. (2006)
Descriptors: bird
conservation regions/ Canadian federal bird management plans/ Canadian
Species at Risk Act/ North American Landbird Conservation Plan
Abstract: There
are four major bird management plans in effect in Canada:
the North American Landbird Management Plan, the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan, the Canadian Shorebird Conservation Plan,
and Wings Over Water (the Canadian waterbird conservation plan). These
plans cover almost all native bird species that occur regularly
in Canada. All of these plans operate under the North American
Bird
Conservation Initiative (NABCI). The intent of this report is to
increase awareness of the four major Federal bird plans among the
forest industry, to provide forest managers a common reference point
relative to the Federal government's perspective on managing various
types of birds in Canada, and to synthesize information on birds
that is most relevant to forest management planning. About 634 species
of birds occur in Canada. We reviewed all of those bird species
and identified species which may be affected by forestry operations.
Effects of forestry on birds may be positive, negative, or mixed
depending on the species, specific management practices, spatial scale,
and time scale. We also reviewed the Bird Conservation Region (BCR)
concept, a tool developed for the North American Bird Conservation
Initiative. BCRs are ecologically defined units that share similar
avifaunas and provide a consistent spatial framework for bird
conservation across North American landscapes. The BCR concept is very
relevant to the forest industry because most of the forest bird
conservation planning processes currently underway in Canada are
related to BCRs and the priority forest bird species within each. The
plan most relevant to the forest industry is the Partners in Flight
North American Landbird Conservation Plan (NALCP). It provides a
continental synthesis of priorities and objectives to guide
conservation actions for landbirds, many of which are forest-dwelling
species. The primary objective of the NALCP is to maintain a
representative diversity of avifauna in all ecoregions of Canada
and the U.S. Many of the 448 species covered by the NALCP breed in
forested landscapes and may be directly or indirectly affected by
forestry operations in positive and negative ways over various temporal
and spatial scales, depending on the species and practice in question.
We estimate that 48 of those species, which are all on Watch or
Stewardship Lists, are of interest to the forest industry, as special
management may be required to conserve populations. Other species that
may be affected by forestry operations are thought to be secure under
current conditions. The North American Waterfowl Management Plan
(NAWMP) is an international (Canada, U.S., Mexico)
action plan to conserve migratory waterfowl (ducks, geese, and swans)
throughout the continent. The NAWMP was initiated in 1986, updated in
1998, and is a partnership of federal, provincial/state and municipal
governments, non-governmental organizations, industry and many
individuals. The primary objective of the NAWMP is to restore North
American waterfowl populations to levels recorded during the 1970s, a
period of relative abundance for waterfowl populations. Notably, there
are several species that have already exceeded these objectives. Of the
39 waterfowl species that occur in Canada and that are covered by
the NAWMP, only 8 species are thought to be potentially affected by
forestry operations; most of these species are cavity-nesting ducks.
The Canadian Shorebird Conservation Plan (CSCP) is a national plan
designed to promote the conservation of shorebirds in Canada. The
plan is intended to cooperate with other bird conservation initiatives
including the U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan, the Western Hemispheric
Shorebird Reserve Network, the North American Waterfowl Management
Plan, and Wings Over Water. The CSCP's stated vision is to ensure that
healthy populations of shorebirds are distributed across their range
and diversity of habitats in Canada and throughout their global
range. Of the 47 shorebird species covered by the CSCP, we suggest only
4 species (listed as Not at Risk in Canada by the Committee on the
Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) are potentially
impacted by forestry operations: lesser yellowlegs, greater yellowlegs,
solitary sandpiper, and American woodcock. Wings Over Water
(WOW), Canada's Waterbird Conservation Plan is the Canadian
component of
North American Waterbird Conservation Plan. The purpose of the plan is
to sustain or restore, throughout the lands and waters of North
America, Central America, and the Caribbean, the distribution,
diversity, and abundance of populations and habitats of waterbirds. We
suggest that only 5 of the 93 species covered by WOW are potentially
impacted by forestry operations in Canada: Bonaparte's Gull, Green
Heron, and Sandhill Crane ('Not at Risk'), and Great Blue Heron fannini
subspecies ('Special Concern') and Marbled Murrelet ('Threatened'). We
briefly reviewed linkages between Canada's Species At Risk Act and
the 4 bird conservation plans, mainly as they may lead to future bird
species conservation priorities at federal and provincial levels.
Finally, we provide concluding remarks on the plans' similarities,
differences, and relevance to the forest industry. The four bird
conservation plans reviewed in this report have clear, but mainly
indirect, relevance to forest management in Canada. The plans
provide strategic-level guidance on goals and objectives for national
and international conservation of birds, and on issues and threats for
birds, but provide only high-level commentary on management actions or
strategies. Specific management recommendations are lacking. The forest
industry will need to rely on provincial and corporate guidelines,
biodiversity management policy, effective operational-level actions,
and formation of partnerships with other stakeholders to help attain
the goals and objectives of the four federal bird conservation plans
discussed herein. © 2006 by the National Council for Air and
Stream Improvement, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1326. Tassel-eared squirrel population, habitat condition, and dietary relationships in north-central Arizona.
Dodd, N. L.; States, J. S.; and Rosenstock, S. S.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(3): 622-633. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Arizona/
diets/ forest management/ fungi/ habitat relationships/ Pinus
ponderosa/ ponderosa pine/ Sciurus aberti/ tassel-eared squirrels/
diet/ forest management/ fungus/ habitat structure/ mark-recapture
method/ population dynamics/ rodent/ United States
Abstract:
We examined the seasonal population dynamics of tassel-eared squirrels
(Sciurus aberti) in north-central Arizona, USA, during
1996-1997 to assess relationships with forest structural habitat
condition and dietary fungi use. Our 8 study sites averaged 66 ha and
exhibited considerable variation in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
habitat structure. We conducted capture-recapture trapping during 3
seasons each year, for a total of 56,016 trap days and 2,542 captures
of 450 squirrels. We attained population estimates with mean standard
error ±10%. Density across periods ranged from 0.05 to 1.03
squirrels/ha, and fluctuated widely at hall our study sites,
particularly between April and August trapping periods. Indices of
recruitment averaged 0.14 juveniles/female. Survival rates averaged
0.78, with winter survival (0.63) significantly lower than other
periods. We analyzed 382 fecal samples for seasonal hypogeous and
epigeous fungi, of which 21 taxa were detected. Mean fecal fungal
content was significantly higher in August (70.8% relative frequency)
than in January (28.2%) and April (9.4%). Recruitment was strongly and
positively related to both the number of interlocking canopy trees and
August fungal content in fecal samples. August fecal fungal content was
positively related to basal area for all tree species. Across all
periods, squirrel density was positively related to fecal fungal
diversity. Winter squirrel survival was inversely related to snow cover
duration and positively related to dietary fungal diversity. Squirrel
density fluctuations between April and August were positively tied to
pine quadratic mean diameter. Forest management and restoration
practices emphasizing intensive, widespread thinning may adversely
impact tassel-eared squirrels and the fungi that provide food.
Integrating squirrel habitat needs of interlocking canopies and other
structural attributes in forest management will benefit squirrel
populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1327. Temporal and spatial use of even-aged reproduction stands by bird communities in central Pennsylvania.
Talbott, S. C. and Yahner, R. H.
Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 20(3): 117-123. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD143.N6; ISSN: 07426348
Descriptors: bird
communities/ even-aged reproduction stands/ Pennsylvania/ residual
trees/ biodiversity/ ecosystems/ plants (botany)/ rain/ vegetation/
wind/ bird communities/ even-aged reproduction stands/ forestlands/
residual trees/ forestry/ biodiversity/ birds/ breeding/ ecosystems/
forestry/ Pennsylvania/ plants/ rain/ reproduction/ wind/ Aves/
Dendroica pensylvanica/ Mniotilta varia
Abstract:
In 1992, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry adopted a new forest
management practice known as even-aged reproduction with reservation
(EAR), which replaces clearcutting on state forestlands. The EAR
guidelines mandate the retention of at least 12 trees/ha and 24-36 m2/ha
of basal area, representing a diversity of overstory and understory
species. During summer 1998, we compared the temporal (breeding season
vs. midsummer) and spatial (edge versus interior) use of EAR stands by
birds. In addition, we compared observed vs. expected use of overstory
trees in EAR stands. In each often representative EAR stands, we
sampled birds twice per season along two-edge and two-interior
transects. Total species richness and abundance (all species combined),
species richness and abundance of ground-shrub foragers, and species
richness of canopy-sallier foragers were
significantly
(P < 0.05) higher in the breeding season than in mid-summer. Eight
of 20 common bird species analyzed also were significantly (P <
0.05) more abundant during the breeding season (e.g., black-and-white
warbler and chestnut-sided warbler), and one species was significantly
(P < 0.05) more abundant during mid-summer. Total species richness,
total abundance, and abundance of ground-shrub foragers were
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in interiors compared to edges of
EAR stands. Five species also were significantly (P < 0.05) more
abundant in interiors of EAR stands, whereas no species was more common
in edges. All species combined and three foraging guilds showed
differential use (P < 0.05) of overstory tree species; eight species
also differed significantly in their use of abundant tree species.
Based on our findings, we believe that EAR stands are excellent
substitutes for clearcuts on state forestlands, although we caution
that our findings were based only on one yr of data. We recommend the
continued retention of a diversity of overstory trees, especially snags
and rough-barked trees, in both edges and interiors of EAR stands for
use by a variety of bird species during both the breeding season and
mid-summer.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1328. Temporal patterns in aquatic and avian communities following selective logging in the Upper Great Lakes region.
Flaspohler, D. J.; Huckins, C. J. F.; Bub, B. R.; and
Van Dusen, P. J.
Forest Science 48(2): 339-349. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015749X
Descriptors: brook
char/ forest songbirds/ macroinvertebrates/ riparian/ stream
communities/ biodiversity/ ecosystems/ hardwoods/ lakes/ population
statistics/ watersheds/ habitat quality/ forestry/ community structure/
organismal community/ Salvelinus fontinalis
Abstract: We
surveyed populations of birds, fish, and aquatic macroinvertebrates
in and along riparian systems within northern and mixed-hardwood
forests that varied in time since last selection logging. Thirteen
headwater stream sites from the Otter Riverwatershed
in Michigan's Upper Peninsula were included in the study. We
detected a
significant negative correlation between a standard index of habitat
quality for coldwater streams (Great Lakes Environmental Assessment
Section [GLEAS]) and time since last selective logging. Brook char
(Salvelinus fontinalis Mitch.) abundance was also negatively correlated
with year of forest cut as was the abundance of selected aquatic
macroinvertebrate orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera)
that are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. Thus, relative to more
recently logged stands, stands with older cuts had higher indices of
habitat quality, more brook char, and the dominant aquatic
macroinvertebrates tended to be those generally associated with higher
quality coldwater streams. In contrast, bird species richness was
positively related to year of last selective logging. As expected,
basal area was lower and ground cover was greater in more recently
logged stands. Thus, bird species richness was higher in stands with
less basal area (recent cuts) than in stands with more basal area
(older cuts). Percent ground cover showed a strong positive correlation
with bird species richness. Twelve bird species were detected only in
recently logged
(since 1990) stands. The results of this multitaxa study
suggest that selective logging of riparian forests is
associated
with changes in local animal abundance and diversity, and these effects
appear to persist for approximately 30 yr postharvest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1329. Temporal patterns of northern goshawk nest area occupancy and habitat: A retrospective analysis.
Desimone, S. M. and DeStefano, S.
Journal of Raptor Research 39(3): 310-323. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 08921016
Descriptors: Accipiter
gentilis/ habitat/ historical nest areas/ landscape change/ northern
goshawk/ Oregon/ habitat selection/ landscape change/ nest site/
raptors/
temporal analysis
Abstract:
We studied occupancy and habitat associations of Northern Goshawks
(Accipiter gentilis) at nest areas in south-central Oregon in
1992-94. We surveyed 51 pre-1992 nest areas (i.e., historical breeding
areas first discovered during 1973-91) for goshawks and used
aerial-photograph interpretation to document forest cover conditions
and changes over time between areas that were occupied by goshawks and
those where we did not detect goshawks (no-response sites). We also
surveyed for new nests during 1992-94. Of 38 occupied nests first found
in 1992-94 (i.e., post-1992 nest areas), 86% (33/38) were in mid-aged
(mean stand DBH 23-53 cm, <15 trees/ha >53 cm DBH) or late (≥
15 trees/ha >53 cm DBH; mean stand DBH >53 cm) closed (>50%
canopy closure) structural-stage forest. Occupancy of historical
(pre-1992) nest areas by goshawks was 29% (15/51). Of 46 pre-1992 nest
areas that we examined for habitat change, 15 were occupied by goshawks
in 1994 and had more mid-aged closed and late closed forest in 12-,
24-, 52-, 120-, and 170-ha circular areas centered on nest locations
than did 31 no-response areas. There was no difference in the amount of
late closed and mid-aged closed forest in pre-1992 nest areas compared
with occupied pre-1992 nest areas. A logistic regression model for all
occupied nest areas confirmed that late closed and mid-aged closed
forest variables were important indicators of forest conditions that
supported breeding pairs. Goshawks were more likely to persist in the
historical nest areas that had about 50% of mature and older
closed-canopy forest within the 52ha scale. We recommend retaining
existing late closed, late open, and mid closed structure within 52ha
scale of the nest site. Moreover, late closed and mid closed structure
combined should not fall below 50% within the 52-ha scale and should
exceed 40% within the 170-ha scale surrounding the nest site. To
optimize conditions for breeding goshawks, we recommend retaining large
trees (>53 cm DBH) to help preserve stand integrity, maintain closed
canopies, and provide connectivity to alternative nest sites within
nest areas. © 2005 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1330. Terrestrial activity, abundance and species richness of amphibians in managed forests in South Carolina.
Hanlin, Hugh G. and Martin, F. Douglas
American Midland Naturalist 143(1): 70-83. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: bufo
terrestris/ loblolly pine/ pinus taeda/ slash pine/ southern toad/
Carya spp./ Pinus elliotii/ Pinus spp./ Pinus taeda/ Quercus spp./
South Carolina/ United States
Abstract:
We determined the relative abundance, days of surface activity and
indices of species diversity, evenness and richness for amphibians
inhabiting three differently managed forests surrounding a Carolina bay in South Carolina following restoration. We
collected animals daily for 3 y (Oct. 1993-Sept. 1996) using drift
fences with pitfall traps in three forest types: loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda), slash pine (P. elliotti) and mixed hardwoods (predominantly
oak, Quercus spp. and hickory, Carya spp.). Captured animals were
marked and recaptures were recorded but not included in statistical
analyses, except in our evaluation of activity. We compared results to
those of a more limited study conducted before restoration. Amphibians
were significantly more numerous and more active in the mixed hardwood
forest than in the pine forest types. However, the hardwood forest had
the lowest species diversity in 2 of the 3 y of the study. The slash
pine habitat had the highest diversity in all 3 y and for the 3 y
combined. Because the evenness index (J') values differ in step with
the species diversity index (H') it appears that the evenness component
of diversity, rather than the richness component, is what is
determining H' variation. A summer subset of these data and summer data
from an earlier study of 1977-1978 is in marked contrast with yearlong
patterns. For our summer data each forest type had the highest H' value
in one of the years of the study and again the J' values parallel the
differences in H'. Large numbers of southern toads (Bufo terrestris)
reduced evenness, and therefore species diversity, for all three
habitats particularly the mixed hardwoods where this species was
especially abundant. Proportionally lower numbers of B. terrestris in
the summer samples increased J' and H' indices. Overall lower abundance
and H' values in the summers of 1994-1996 compared with 1977-1978 may
be the result of habitat alteration during the restoration of the Carolina bay.
© NISC
1331. Territory
occupancy, reproductive success, and nest site characteristics of
goshawks on managed timberlands in central and northern California
1993-2000.
Richter, David J.
California Fish and Game 91(2): 100-118. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 C12; ISSN: 0008-1078
Descriptors: Accipitridae/
Falconiformes/ Accipiter gentilis/ wildlife-human relationships/
behavior/ biogeography/ breeding grounds/ breeding success/ California/
California Forest Practice Rules/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/
wildlife management/ disturbances/ forests/ ecosystems/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ fragmented habitat/ habitat management/
land zones/ managed timberlands/ nest abandonment/ nest site
characteristics/ premature dispersal/ reproduction/ productivity/
reproductive success/ territorial defense/ home range-territory/
territory occupancy
Abstract: In
the eight years of this study (1993-2000), 106 goshawk territories
were surveyed (71 on private timberlands, 35 on public timberlands)
from 14 California counties. The uncorrected mean territory
occupancy rate was 46% and the corrected mean territory occupancy rate
was 55%. This study indicates that reliance only on two to 8-ha
buffers is producing territory occupancy rates that are comparable to
those found for fragmented habitats. Territories monitored of > or =
4 years showed that 46-54% (based on search protocol used) of these
territories no longer meet the California forest Practice Rules (CFPR)
definition of having an active nest site. Productivity at
successful nests (1.7) and productivity at active nests (1.4) were at
the lower end of the recorded ranges in the Northern Goshawk Status
Review; although the active nest value was nearly at the mean. It
is unknown whether the values found represent the normal range
for California goshawk nests or if the values are reflective of
environmental constraints. Monitoring of non-altered nest sites
as controls for comparison to sites that have experienced habitat
alteration would provide useful insight into the issue of the potential
impact of habitat alteration/fragmentation on goshawk productivity.
I provide management recommendations designed to increase
territory viability, territory occupancy, and protect against nest
abandonment and premature dispersal of fledglings.
© NISC
1332. Timber harvest and calving site fidelity of moose in northwestern Ontario.
Welch, Ian D.; Rodgers, Arthur R.; and McKinley, R. S.
Alces 36: 93-103. (2000); ISSN: 0835-5851
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/
habitat utilization/ land and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Alces alces
(Cervidae): forestry/ habitat management/ birth/ breeding site/ habitat
preference/ calving site fidelity/ timber harvesting/ Ontario/
Artiodactyla, Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1333. Tools for blending economic and ecological objectives on private forestlands.
Wigley, T. Bently; Mitchell, Michael S.; Van Deusen, Paul C.; and Lancia, Richard A.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 66: 68-83. (2001)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Aves: forestry/ habitat management/ forest and
woodland/ South Carolina/ private forestlands/ economics/ ecology/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In this paper, we describe the harvest-scheduling program (Habplan),
predictive wildlife models that we developed, and the benefits and
challenges associated with incorporating predictive wildlife models
into harvest scheduling programs.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1334. Tree diseases, canopy structure, and bird distributions in ponderosa pine forests.
Lundquist, J. E. and Reich, R. M.
Journal of Sustainable Forestry 23(2): 17-45. (2006);
ISSN: 10549811.
Notes: doi: 10.1300/J091v23n02_02.
Descriptors: diversity/ forest health/ Insect pests/ pathogens/ spatial models/ sustainability
Abstract:
We examined how canopy patterns at the landscape scale can influence
bird community composition, abundance, or distribution. Our long-term
goal is to determine how diseases and other small-scale disturbances
that change canopy patterns influence bird distribution. Little is
known about these relationships, partly because most measures of
disturbance are based on timber production metrics. We developed a
spatially dependent metric referred to as canopy closure roughness,
which was significantly correlated to bird diversity on 4 ha sample
plots, and used it to generate a spatial model showing the distribution
of bird diversity at a resolution of 30mover an area of 1 million acres
(the entire Black Hills National Forest). Number of bird
species per stand varied between 2 and 16. Number of species and bird
diversity were positively related to intensity of tree cutting. Most
common bird species were yellow-rumped warbler, dark-eyed junco,
Townsend's solitaire, blackcapped chickadee and red-breasted nuthatch.
The spatial model of bird diversity showed clusters of high diversity
at different locations within the forest. These methods may help lead
to better tools for managing the linkages between specific disturbances
and bird usage and enable more effective disturbance management by
offering a platform for spatial planning. © by The Haworth Press,
Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1335. Use and selection of bridge and tree roosts by Rafinesque's big-eared bats in an intensively managed landscape.
Loeb, S. C.: 21-22. (2007).
Notes:
Conference: 17th Colloquium on Conservation of Mammals in the
Southeastern United States, Destin, Florida, February
15-16, 2007.
Descriptors: bats/ habitat use/ roosting/ behavior/ Rafinesque's big-eared bat/ Corynorhinus rafinesquii/
South Carolina
Abstract:
Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii) is listed as a
species of special concern by every state within in its range. Thus,
information on its habitat requirements, particularly roosting
requirements, is critical to its conservation. Rafinesque's big-eared
bats commonly roost in bridges and buildings, particularly during
summer. Even when anthropogenic structures are used as the primary
roost, tree roosts are also used. The objectives of this study were to
determine: 1) seasonal use of bridges and trees, and 2) use and
selection of tree roosts by Rafinesque's big-eared bats on the Savannah
River Site in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Bridges, a
barn, and most roost trees were checked at least once per week from May
through October 2005 and 2006 and 1-2 times per month from November
2005 through April 2006. Rafinesque's big-eared bats were captured in
bridges and roost trees, radio-tagged, and followed 1-24 days from May
through October 2005 (n=12) and 2006 (n=15). Characteristics of tree
roosts and randomly selected trees were measured and compared.
Bridge/barn occupancy was high throughout summer, declined through the
fall, and was lowest from December through February. Tree roost
occupancy followed a similar pattern but was generally lower than
bridge/barn occupancy. Eighteen roost trees were located; the majority
(55.6%) were in basal cavities of black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica). Other
species used were oaks, sweetgum, American beech, and river birch with
tupelo being selected over other species. Height, percent bark, and
distance to nearest tree did not differ between roost and random trees.
However, DBH and number of cavities of roost trees were significantly
greater than random trees. These results suggest that conservation of large tupelo and
other large cavity trees in bottomland hardwoods are important for
providing Rafinesque's big-eared bats with alternate roosting sites in
highly managed habitats.
© NISC
1336. Use by bats of patches of residual trees in logged areas of the boreal forest.
Hogberg, Laureen K.; Patriquin, Krista J.; and
Barclay, Robert M. R.
American Midland Naturalist 148(2): 282-288. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: Lasionycteris
noctivagans/ Myotis lucifugus/ Myotis septentrionalis/
Vespertilionidae/ Chiroptera/ Microchiroptera/ terrestrial ecology/ bat
activity monitoring/ Alberta/ boreal forest/ foods-feeding/ forests/
ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ Peace River vicinity/ wildlife-human
relationships/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ Microchiroptera/
silviculture/ boundary/ habitat/ activity/
Abstract:
Previous studies have shown that bat activity is greater along
forest-clearcut edges than in the center of clearcuts or in the forest
interior. Residual patches of trees in logged areas may also provide
habitat for bats. To investigate this, we monitored bat activity at
three locations within cutblocks: along the outside edge of the forest
cutblock, in the center of the clearcut portion of the cutblock and
along the outside edge of the residual patches of trees, at the EMEND
(Ecosystem Management by Emulating Natural Disturbance) study site in
northern Alberta, during the summer of 2000. Our results indicate
that small maneuverable species such as Myotis lucifugus and M.
septentrionalis were equally active along the edge of residual patches
and the forest edge of cutblocks and least active in the center of
cutblocks. Larger species, such as Lasionycteris noctivagans, showed no
preference. Thus, patches of residual trees provide commuting habitat,
and potentially foraging habitat, for bats.
© NISC
1337. Use of farmland riparian strips by declining and crop damaging birds.
Deschenes, M.; Belanger, L.; and Giroux, J. F.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95(2-3):
567-577. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809
Descriptors: bird
conservation/ crop damage/ farmland/ Quebec/ riparian habitats/
agricultural land/ behavioral ecology/ birds/ crop damage/ riparian
vegetation/
species conservation/ Canada
Abstract:
Riparian strips prevent river bank erosion, help to maintain water
quality, and contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity in
agro-ecosystems. These areas are often perceived by farmers as
potential breeding habitats of animals and plants that are harmful to
crops. Consequently, the vegetation in riparian strips is periodically
subjected to grazing, mowing, burning and/or herbicide spraying. Bird
use was compared among six types of farmland riparian strips (grazed,
grassy herbaceous, non-grassy herbaceous, low shrubby, tall shrubby,
and wooded) in the agricultural landscape of southern Quebec
(Canada). These strip types constituted a gradient with respect to
plant diversity, vegetal structure, and plant cover control or
disturbance. The objectives of this study were to document the avian
communities of these riparian strip habitats to determine (1) their
respective contribution to bird conservation and (2) their role as
potential breeding habitats for crop damaging bird species. Bird
abundance and species richness were greater in the wooded and tall
shrubby strips than in the other riparian strips. Abundance of crop
damaging species was significantly greater in wooded strips than in any
other type; however, Red-winged Blackbirds, the most abundant bird
species recorded and the species most likely to damage crops in the
study area, did not differ in abundance among the six strip types, nor
in adjacent crop fields. Diversified riparian strip habitats that
include trees and tall shrubs can contribute to the preservation of
avian diversity in agricultural landscapes, without providing
significant breeding habitats for birds harmful to agriculture.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1338. Use of group-selection and seed-tree cuts by three early-successional migratory species in Arkansas.
Alterman, Lynn E.; Bednarz, James C.; and Thill, Ronald E.
Wildlife Biology 117(4): 353-363. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 0043-5643
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Dendroica discolor/ Icteria virens/ Passerina
cyanea: forestry/ Practices/ abundance/ habitat use and nesting success
relations/ management implications/ habitat management/ reproductive
productivity/ nesting success/ population dynamics/ habitat
utilization/ forest and woodland/ mixed forest habitat/ Arkansas/
Ouachita National Forest/ Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Silviculture in the Ouachita National Forest in Arkansas
and Oklahoma has shifted in recent years from mostly even-aged
management to a mix of even- and uneven-aged regeneration systems,
including group-selection. Researchers have described presence/absence
of early-successional bird species in forest openings created by even-
and uneven-aged silviculture, but few have examined nest success. We
examined occupancy and nest success of three early-successional
species-Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Yellow-breasted Chat
(Icteria virens), and Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor)-within 6-
and 7-year-old openings created by group-selection (uneven-aged, =0.8
ha) and seed-tree (even-aged, 11-16 ha) cuts in Arkansas. We found
54 Indigo Bunting nests in openings created by seed-tree cuts and 28 in
openings created by group-selection cuts (hereafter "seed-tree stands"
and "group-selection stands," respectively). We found 50
Yellow-breasted Chat nests in seed-tree stands, but only 2 were found
in group-selection stands. We found 14 Prairie Warbler nests in
seed-tree and none in group-selection stands. Mayfield nest success for
Indigo Bunting was 30.9% in seed-tree stands and 41.9% in
group-selection openings, but there was no difference in daily nest
survival (0.952 +/- 0.009 and 0.964 +/- 0.010, respectively; [chi]2 =
0.792, P = 0.37). Our data suggest that Indigo Buntings can nest
successfully in both regenerating seed-tree and group-selection stands;
however, group-selection openings may be too small to support nesting
Yellow-breasted Chats and Prairie Warblers. Public concerns about
clear-cutting have resulted in increased use of uneven-aged management
by the USDA Forest Service. However, before widespread implementation
of group-selection cutting, additional research should be conducted to
evaluate the effects of this management strategy on Neotropical
migratory bird communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1339. Use of mixedwood stands by wintering white-tailed deer in southern New Brunswick.
Sabine, D. L.; Ballard, W. B.; Forbes, G.; Bowman, J.; and Whitlaw, H.
Forestry Chronicle 77(1): 97-103. (2001)
Descriptors: availability/
browse/ forest plantations/ forests/ habitat selection/ mixed forests/
seasonal variation/ wild animals/ wildlife management/ winter/
Odocoileus virginianus
Abstract: On
the northern edge of their range, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) congregate during winter to cope with severe climate
conditions. The winter habitat use of deer was documented in
southern New Brunswick, Canada, during December 1993-April
1997,
where winters are of moderate severity, and tested predictions
concerning the influence of food and cover availability on habitat use
by deer under different snow depth regimes. Sixty-three radio-collared
deer were monitored during the winters of 1995-97. Within wintering
areas, deer showed a preference for mixedwoods. Mixedwood stands
provided only moderate amounts of food and cover relative to some other
cover types, but were the only type to provide both simultaneously.
Current habitat management guidelines in parts of
northeastern North America consider critical habitat for wintering
deer to be
softwood-dominated stands. These guidelines may not provide adequate
habitat in this region, since deer appear to use mixedwood stands under
some conditions.
© CABI
1340. The use of sheep in forest vegetation management.
Newsome, T.
FRDA Report 251: 67-74. (Sept. 1996)
NAL Call #: SD14.B7F7; ISSN: 0835-0752.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: forests/
sheep/ predation/ plant communities/ weeds/ grasses/ weed control/
Epilobium angustifolium/ Poaceae/ Populus tremuloides/ Salix/
Valeriana/ seedlings/ wildlife/ plant competition/ feeding preferences/
grazing/ diameter/ British Columbia
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1341. Using a GIS model to assess terrestrial salamander response to alternative forest management plans.
Gustafson, Eric J.; Murphy, Nathan L.; and Crow, Thomas R.
Journal of Environmental Management 63(3):281-292. (2001)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 0301-4797.
http://nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2001/nc_2001_Gustafson_001.pdf
Descriptors: spatial models/ GIS/ forest management/ risk assessment/ terrestrial salamanders/ timber
Abstract:
A GIS model predicting the spatial distribution of terrestrial
salamander abundance based on topography and forest age was developed
using parameters derived from the literature. The model was tested by
sampling salamander abundance across the full range of site conditions
used in the model. A regression of the predictions of our GIS model
against these sample data showed that the model has a modest but
significant ability to predict both salamander abundance and mass per
unit area. The model was used to assess the impacts of alternative
management plans for the Hoosier National Forest
(Indiana, USA) on salamanders. These plans differed in the
spatial delineation of management areas where timber harvest was
permitted, and the intensity of timber harvest within those management
areas. The spatial pattern of forest openings produced by alternative
forest management scenarios based on these plans was projected over 150
years using a timber-harvest simulator (HARVEST). We generated a
predictive map of salamander abundance for each scenario over time, and
summarized each map by calculating mean salamander abundance and the
mean colonization distance (average distance from map cells with low
predicted abundance to those with relatively high abundance). Projected
salamander abundance was affected more by harvest rate (area harvested
each decade) than by the management area boundaries. The alternatives
had a varying effect on the mean distance salamanders would have to
travel to colonize regenerating stands. Our GIS modeling approach is an
example of a spatial analytical tool that could help resource
management planners to evaluate the potential ecological impact of
management alternatives.
This citation is from Treesearch.
1342.
Using
conservation plans and bird monitoring to evaluate ecological effects
of management: An example with fuels reduction activities in southwest Oregon.
Alexander, John D.; Seavy, Nathaniel E.; and
Hosten, Paul E.
Forest Ecology and Management 238(1-3): 375-383. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ Aves:
forestry/ ecological impact assessment/ conservation measures/
conservation plans/ forest management activities/ habitat management/
community structure/ environmental indicators/ forest and woodland/
management activities ecological impact assessment/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Increasingly, regional conservation plans are using information about
how animals respond to changes in habitat characteristics to provide
guidelines for management. However, the ability of these plans to
effectively guide management remains largely untested. To test a
regional bird conservation plan developed by Partners in Flight, we
compared bird abundance in untreated stands to that of stands where
shrub cover had been reduced to lower the risk of fire. We used these
data to evaluate whether birds identified as focal species in the
conservation plan increased or decreased in abundance as a result of
the treatments. Over a two-year period, two of 12 Partners in Flight
oak woodland and chaparral focal species were more abundant at treated
units in both years; no species were consistently less abundant at
treated units in both years. These results suggest small-scale (7-42
ha) treatments are consistent with the objectives identified in the
Partners in Flight regional conservation plan because they benefited
species associated with edges, but did not have negative effects on
shrub-associated species. We suggest that this is a result of the small
size of treatments and the retention of shrub patches in treated areas.
An alternative explanation is that the bird/habitat relationships used
to develop the conservation plans do not apply in this study area. We
tested this hypothesis by comparing the correlations between habitat
characteristics and bird abundance with the information in the
conservation plans. In all but one case, the direction of the
correlation agreed with information in the conservation plan. This
project illustrates that even though the ability of conservation plans
to predict the ecological effects of management activities may be
limited, they can play an important role in interpreting the results of
ecological monitoring.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1343. Using
ground foraging ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) functional groups as
bioindicators of forest health in northern Arizona ponderosa pine
forests.
Stephens, S. S. and Wagner, M. R.
Environmental Entomology 35(4): 937-949. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046225X
Descriptors: bioindicators/ forest health/ Formicidae/ functional groups
Abstract: Reintroduction
of fire and thinning have been suggested as the main
practices to regain forest health in ponderosa pine forests of
northern Arizona. Recent silvicultural programs and the occurrence
of
catastrophic wildfires have created a range of disturbance severities
and a mosaic of forest conditions. Sixteen stands were randomly
selected to create a completely randomized experimental design with
four treatments, (1) unmanaged, (2) thinned, (3) thinned and burned,
and (4) wildfire, with four replicates of each treatment. We assessed
changes occurring in ground foraging ant functional groups at the stand
scale as related to these treatments. A pitfall trapping scheme was
implemented during the summer months of 2002 and 2003. A total of
18,009 specimens were collected representing 20 species from 10 genera.
We found that traditional biodiversity measures, such as species
richness, diversity, and dominance were a less satisfactory measure of
treatment impact on ants than functional group analysis, which allowed
us to consider the ecosystem role of each species. We found that
different functional groups were dominant under different levels of
disturbance severity and suppressed or excluded other functional groups
that were less suited to the disturbance intensity. Maintaining a
diversity of habitat types is suggested for supporting ecologically
diverse ant functional groups and improve forest health. © 2006
Entomological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1344. Using individual tree selection silviculture to restore northern goshawk habitat: Lessons from a southwestern study.
Shepperd, Wayne D.; Asherin, Lance A.; and
Edminster, Carlton B.
In:
Beyond 2001: A silvicultural odyssey to sustaining terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems? Proceedings of the 2001 National Silvicultural
Workshop, General Technical Report-PNW 546; Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 1-9.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN); Workshop held May 6-10, 2002 at Hood River, OR.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/
Accipiter gentilis atricapillus: forestry/ Individual tree selection
silviculture/ habitat management/ habitat restoration/ use of
individual tree
selection
silviculture evaluation/ forest and woodland/ Arizona/ Kaibab
Plateau/ Aves, Falconiformes, Accipitridae/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1345. Using objective function penalties to elicit owl and late seral capabilities.
Fletcher, L. Russell
In:
Seventh Symposium on Systems Anaylsis in Forest Resources, General
Technical Report-NC 205; St. Paul, MN: North Central Forest Experiment
Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000. pp.
122-129.
Notes: ISSN: 0363-616X.
http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/other/gtr-nc205/pdffiles/p46.PDF
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ techniques/ terrestrial habitat/
land and freshwater zones/ Strix occidentalis caurina (Strigidae):
forestry/ habitat management/ ecological techniques/ forest and
woodland/ California/ forest habitat conditions/ modeling/ long term
forest management plan/ Strigidae/ Strigiformes, Aves/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: This
paper addresses the issues of modeling northern spotted owl
(Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat and late seral conditions within
the long-term forest ecosystem management plan. The results presented
here are from management plans constructed for several large
northern California management units using the ecosystem planning
express,
or Ep(x) analysis process developed by VESTRA Resources. Before
incorporation of the owl and seral policy constraints into the final
preferred alternative linear program run, we first developed a set of
strategies and objective function formulations designed to elicit owl
and late seral acres for various periods in the planning horizon,
primarily to see what the model was capable of producing in those
periods or groups of periods. Final policy constraints were then
revised based on this knowledge. The results of this strategy were that
the landowner and wildlife policy analysts were able to more
efficiently converge on the objectives of timber harvest and wildlife
protection, and to save countless hours of linear programming run time.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1346. Variability in vegetation effects on density and nesting success of grassland birds.
Winter, M.; Johnson, D. H.; and Shaffer, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 185-197. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 <0185:VIVEOD>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: bobolink/
clay-colored sparrow/ density/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ nesting success/
Passerculus sandwichensis/ Savannah sparrow/ Spizella pallida/
tallgrass prairie/ variability/ vegetation structure/ grassland/
habitat management/ nesting success/ population density/ vegetation
dynamics/ vegetation structure/ Aves/ Dolichonyx oryzivorus/
Galliformes/ Passerculus sandwichensis/ Spizella pallida
Abstract:
The structure of vegetation in grassland systems, unlike that in forest
systems, varies dramatically among years on the same sites, and among
regions with similar vegetation. The role of this variation in
vegetation structure on bird density and nesting success of grassland
birds is poorly understood, primarily because few studies have
included sufficiently large temporal and spatial scales to
capture
the variation in vegetation structure, bird density, or nesting
success. To date, no large-scale study on grassland birds has been
conducted to investigate whether grassland bird density and nesting
success respond similarly to changes in vegetation structure. However,
reliable management recommendations require investigations into the
distribution and nesting success of grassland birds over larger
temporal and spatial scales. In addition, studies need to examine
whether bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changing
environmental conditions. We investigated the effect of vegetation
structure on the density and nesting success of 3 grassland-nesting
birds: clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrow
(Passerculus sandwichensis), and bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in 3
regions of the northern tallgrass prairie in 1998-2001. Few vegetation
features influenced the densities of our study species, and each
species responded differently to those vegetation variables. We could
identify only 1 variable that clearly influenced nesting success of 1
species: clay-colored sparrow nesting success increased with increasing
percentage of nest cover from the surrounding vegetation. Because
responses of avian density and nesting success to vegetation measures
varied among regions, years, and species, land managers at all times
need to provide grasslands with different types of vegetation
structure. Management guidelines developed from small-scale, short-term
studies may lead to misrepresentations of the needs of
grassland-nesting birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1347. Variation in fire regimes of the Rocky Mountains: Implications for avian communities and fire management.
Saab, Victoria A.; Powell, Hugh D.; Kotliar, Natasha B.; and Newlon, Karen R.
Studies in Avian Biology 30: 76-96. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ habitat management/ fire management/ forest and
woodland/ mountain forests/ United States/ Rocky Mountains/ Aves/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Information about avian responses to fire in the U.S. Rocky Mountains
is based solely on studies of crown fires. However, fire management in
this region is based primarily on studies of low-elevation ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests maintained largely by frequent understory fires. In
contrast to both of these trends, most Rocky Mountain
forests are subject to mixed severity fire regimes. As a result, our
knowledge of bird responses to fire in the region is incomplete and
skewed toward ponderosa pine forests. Research in recent large
wildfires across the Rocky Mountains indicates that large burns
support diverse avifauna. In the absence of controlled studies of bird
responses to fire, we compared reproductive success for six
cavity-nesting species using results from studies in burned and
unburned habitats. Birds in ponderosa pine forests burned by
stand-replacement fire tended to have higher nest success than
individuals of the same species in unburned habitats, but unburned
areas are needed to serve species dependent upon live woody vegetation, especially
foliage gleaners. Over the last century, fire suppression, livestock
grazing, and logging altered the structure and composition of many
low-elevation forests, leading to larger and more severe burns. In
higher elevation forests, changes have been less marked. Traditional
low-severity prescribed fire is not likely to replicate historical
conditions in these mixed or high-severity fire regimes, which include
many mixed coniferous forests and all lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
and spruce-fir (Picea-Abies) forests. We suggest four research
priorities: (1) the effects of fire severity and patch size on species'
responses to fire, (2) the possibility that postfire forests are
ephemeral sources for some bird species, (3) the effect of salvage
logging prescriptions on bird communities, and (4) experiments that
illustrate bird responses to prescribed fire and other forest
restoration methods. This research is urgent if we are to develop fire
management strategies that reduce fire risk and maintain habitat for
avifauna and other wildlife of the Rocky Mountains.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1348. Viability of Bell's sage sparrow (Amphispiza belli ssp. belli): Altered fire regimes.
Akcakaya, H. R.; Franklin, J.; Syphard, A. D.; and Stephenson, J. R.
Ecological Applications 15(2): 521-531. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Amphispiza
belli ssp. belli/ coastal subshrub vegetation/ dynamic spatial
structure/ fire rotation interval/ habitat model/ landscape model/
metapopulation/ sage sparrow/ San Diego County, California/ Viability/
fire history/ habitat management/ passerines/ population modeling/
population viability analysis/ California
Abstract: We
modeled the viability of a Bell's Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza
belli ssp. belli) metapopulation under different fire regimes in the
foothills and mountains of San Diego
County, California, USA. The approach integrates a landscape
model, which predicts the
vegetation composition and age under three fire regimes, a habitat
model, which interprets the resulting landscape in terms of its
suitability for the Sage Sparrow, and a metapopulation model, which
predicts the viability of the species based on a dynamic spatial
structure as determined by the landscape and the habitat
models. Bell's Sage Sparrow depends on early-successional
shrubland
(chaparral) habitat, especially when the availability of preferred open
coastal subshrub vegetation is limited. The three fire rotation
intervals (FRI) used in the landscape model were "current" (30-yr),
representing the effect of increased human ignitions; "natural"
(90-yr), representing the historic shrubland fire regime at higher
elevations without the effect of human ignitions; and "long" (150-yr),
representing a hypothetical endpoint (very low fire frequency for
southern California shrublands). The results indicated that the
viability of the Sage Sparrow was highest under the "current" fire
regime
scenario,
slightly lower (especially when population growth rate was low) under
the "natural" scenario, and lowest under the "long" fire regime
scenario. © 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1349. Vole use of coarse woody debris and implications for habitat and fuel management.
Ucitel, Dalit; Christian, Donald P.; and
Graham, Jonathan M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(1): 65-72. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Clethrionomys
gapperi: habitat management/ habitat utilization/ coarse woody debris
in forest/ management significance/ forest and woodland/ Coniferous
forest/ Montana/ Missoula County/ Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae/
chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract: Woody
debris is an increasing management focus in forests, representing
multiple and sometimes conflicting values. Fuel management may
prioritize removal of coarse woody debris (CWD) to minimize wildfire
occurrence, intensity, or both. Conversely, management for wildlife
habitat or other ecological values often focuses on retention of CWD.
We modeled and quantified CWD use by red-backed voles (Clethrionomys
gapperi), tested whether voles move selectively in portions of forest
stands with greater CWD, and correlated stand-level measures of CWD as
habitat to fuel loads, providing a basis of comparison for CWD
quantitative guidelines. Voles used CWD at a greater rate than expected
based on availability and traveled in portions of stands with greater
CWD coverage (21-27 trails made by individual voles in each of 5 forest
stands). A strong correlation between stand-measure CWD coverage and
fuel-load measure (r = +0.96) provides a basis for comparing CWD
guidelines. We concluded that current guidelines from different
research fields disagree. Only 2 of the 5 stands we sampled fit with
guidelines for fuel management and ectomycorrhizae in the
northern Rocky Mountains. Coarse woody debris coverage in all of
our stands
was well below recommendations for small mammals in coastal forests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1350. Why are Black Hills whitetails declining?
DePerno, Christopher S.; Jenks, Jonathan;
Griffin, Steven L.; and Rice, Leslie A.
South Dakota Conservation Digest 67(1): 13-15. (2000); ISSN: 0038-3279
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ agricultural practices/ aspen/ behavior/ diurnal rhythm/
ecosystems/ food supply/ forestry practices/ forests, coniferous/
forests, mixed/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ habitat
surveys/ habitat use/ mammals/ microhabitat/ mortality/ nutrition/
overwintering/ ponderosa pine/ roads/ seasonal activities/ starvation/
telemetry/ urbanization/ white spruce/ wildlife/ livestock/
white-tailed deer/ South Dakota: Pennington and Lawrence Counties/
Wyoming: Crook and Weston Counties
Abstract:
The decline of white-tailed deer herds in the Black Hills of South
Dakota and far eastern Wyoming are due to habitat deterioration.
Researchers have gathered information that will: aid the understanding
of microhabitats used by deer; provide necessary insight into the
quantity of forage biomass present on the landscape; help identify
reasons for the decline of the white-tailed deer population; and aid in
identifying forest management practices that could improve habitat
quality and stabilize or increase the white-tailed deer herd in the
study area.
© NISC
1351. Wildlife
and invertebrate response to fuel reduction treatments in dry
coniferous forests of the western United States: A synthesis.
Pilliod, D. S.; Bull, E. L.; Hayes, J. L.; and Wales, B. C.
Provo, UT:
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-RMRS 173,
2006. 34 p.
Notes: 02775786 (ISSN).
Descriptors: dry
coniferous forests/ fuel reduction/ habitat/ invertebrates/ prescribed
fire/ thinning/ United States, western region/ wildlife
Abstract:
This paper synthesizes available information on the effects of
hazardous fuel reduction treatments on terrestrial wildlife and
invertebrates in dry coniferous forest types in the West. We focused on
thinning and/or prescribed fire studies in ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) and dry-type Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lodgepole
pine (Pinus contorta), and mixed coniferous forests. Overall, there are
tremendous gaps in information needed to evaluate the effects of fuel
reduction on the majority of species found in our focal area.
Differences among studies in location, fuel treatment type and size,
and pre- and post-treatment habitat conditions resulted in variability
in species responses. In other words, a species may respond positively
to fuel reduction in one situation and negatively in another. Despite
these issues, a few patterns did emerge from this synthesis. In
general, fire-dependent species, species preferring open habitats, and
species that are associated with early successional vegetation or that
consume seeds and fruit appear to benefit from fuel reduction
activities. In contrast, species that prefer closed-canopy forests or
dense understory, and species that are closely associated with those
habitat elements that may be removed or consumed by fuel reductions,
will likely be negatively affected by fuel reductions. Some habitat
loss may persist for only a few months or a few years, such as
understory vegetation and litter that recover quickly. The loss of
large-diameter snags and down wood, which are important habitat
elements for many wildlife and invertebrate species, may take decades
to recover and thus represent some of the most important habitat
elements to conserve during fuel reduction treatments. Management
activities that consider the retention of habitat structures (such as
snags, down wood, and refugia of untreated stands) may increase habitat
heterogeneity and may benefit the greatest number of species in the
long run.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1352. Wildlife conservation in agroforestry buffer zones: Opportunities and conflict.
Naughton Treves, Lisa and Salafsky, Nick
In:
Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes/
Schroth, G.; Fonseca, G. A.; Harvey, C. A.; Gascon, C.; Vasconcelos, H.
L.; and Izac, A. M., 2004.
Notes: 1559633565 (ISBN).
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ comprehensive
zoology: farming and agriculture/ wildlife conservation/ agroforestry
buffer zones/ forestry/ habitat management/ forest and woodland
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1353. Wildlife habitat management: Concepts and applications in forestry.
McComb, Brenda C.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 319 pp. (2007).
Notes:
Chapters include: Silviculture and Habitat Management: Uneven-Aged
Systems; Silviculture and Habitat Management: Even-Aged Systems;
Riparian Area Management; Dead Wood Management
NAL Call #: QL82.M33 2007; ISBN: 9780849374890.
Descriptors: wildlife habitat improvement/ forest management/ wildlife management
Abstract:
Emphasizes increased communication between disciplines and
cooperative approaches to management; demonstrates the Landscape
Management Systems Model for illustrating habitat change under
alternative management approaches; presents case studies using real
data from varying forest types from across the United States and
Canada; includes more than 150 figures and examples from forests across
North America; discusses adaptive management and dynamic forest
planning to meet habitat objectives.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1354. Wildlife habitat management practices on private non-industrial forestlands.
Bottorff, J.
In: Managing for wildlife habitat in westside production forests, General Technical Report-PNW 695/
Harrington,
T. B. and Nicholas, G. E.; Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 2007. pp. 61-64.
Notes: 08874840 (ISSN).
Descriptors: coarse woody debris/ habitat management practices/ non-industrial private forestlands/ wildlife trees
Abstract: Non-industrial
private forestlands (NIPF), also known as
family-owned forests or family forests, represent one of the bigger
challenges facing forestland managers (including timber harvesters,
foresters, and forest wildlife biologists)
in Washington State and probably beyond. Those practicing
traditional forestry
(timber harvest based revenue production) may be particularly
challenged, and professionally rewarded, when working with NIPF
landowners due to the combination of diverse past site management and
highly variable landowner objectives. Many of these objectives may or
may not be related to forest management and income production (Gootee
2004). One of the biggest impediments to effective wildlife habitat
management is getting the practicing forestland managers to understand
the objectives and recognize opportunities to protect, enhance, and
create wildlife habitat. There may be a professional/personal conflict
with accepting and implementing landowner wildlife objectives as
co-equal with timber management and especially as a primary objective.
Perkey (1989) stated it succinctly: "those of us involved with
management of the private non-industrial forest must learn to use our
silvicultural knowledge effectively to accomplish non-silvicultural
landowner objectives, including wildlife habitat management." These
challenges are continuing to be met through the Forest Stewardship
Program (FSP) now within the Small Forest Landowner Office (SFLO) of
the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The
wildlife goal of the FSP has been to implement practices that protect,
enhance, and even create wildlife habitat in conjunction with standard
timber management activities and done in such a way that is cost
effective for the landowner and easily learned by the onsite forest
worker. Most of the techniques are based on well-documented long-term
observations and emerging science. For effective development and
implementation of wildlife habitat practices it is essential to
understand the background and motivation of these forestland owners and
the relationship of these forested parcels within the forested
landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1355. Wildlife management.
Palmer, Bruce
In: Forest management for Missouri landowners/
Palmer, Bruce.
Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation, 2003; pp. 43-49.
http://mdc.mo.gov/documents/forest/private/
forest_manag.pdf
Descriptors: wildlife/ forest management/ silvicultural practices/ Missouri
1356. Wildlife management issues and opportunities in slash pine forests.
Mengak, Michael T. and Castleberry, Steven B.
In:
Slash Pine: Still Growing and Growing! Proceedings of the Slash Pine
Symposium, General Technical Report-SRS 76/ Dickens, E. D.; Barnett, J.
P.; Hubbard, W. G.; and Jokela, E. J.; Asheville, NC: Southern Research
Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2004.
pp. 79-83.
Notes: Symposium held at Jekyll Island, Georgia.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs076.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ comprehensive
zoology: forestry/ slash pine timber production/ wildlife management/
conservation measures/ slash pine forests/ habitat utilization/ forest
and woodland/ United States, southeastern region
Abstract:
The slash pine (Pinus elliottii)-longleaf pine (P. palustris)
cover type currently occupies over 13 million acres (8.7 percent of
total forested acres) in the southeastern United States. Despite
the large acreage and numerous studies in longleaf forests, only a
limited number of studies have examined wildlife utilization and
management of slash pine stands. Natural slash pine sites are low in
soil phosphorous and have low potential as white-tailed deer
(Odocoileus virginianus) habitat. Regular prescribed fire improves the
palatability and nutritional content of forage for deer. Similarly,
thinning and burning slash pine plantations improves habitat for turkey
(Meleagris galapavo) and quail (Colinus virginianus). The gopher
tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is a keystone species found in the slash
pine ecosystem. Burrows dug by gopher tortoises are used by over 50
other species of vertebrates and invertebrates. The flatwoods
salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum), a federally threatened species, has
experienced a rangewide population decline that is thought to be
related to habitat conversion and fragmentation as longleaf pine stands
are converted to slash and loblolly pine. Management for slash pine and
wildlife are compatible but managers and landowners should manipulate
vegetation to mimic natural conditions. Unfortunately, few studies
examine the financial trade-offs between timber production and wildlife.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1357. Wildlife response to salmon habitat enhancements on the Bear River, southwest Washington.
MacCracken, James G.
Northwestern Naturalist 81(2): 82. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Castor
canadensis/ habits-behavior/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ forests,
coniferous/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/ mammals/ management/ red
alder/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ beavers/ Alnus
oregona/ Alnus spp./ Washington, southwestern area
Abstract:
In 1997, large wood was added to 13 sites in the Bear River of
southwest Washington and four kilometes of riparian red alder
(Alnus rubra) forest were thinned and planted to conifer. Small mammal
and amphibian abundance was similar (P=0.45) between thinned and
control red alder stands from 1997-99. Beaver (Castor canadensis)
activity increased and dam construction was often associated with an
introduced large wood structure.
© NISC
1358. Wildlife species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in Pacific Northwest conifer forests: A review.
Hagar, J. C.
Forest Ecology and Management 246(1 SPEC. ISS.):
108-122. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.054.
Descriptors: biodiversity/ broad-leaved trees/ forest management/ forest understory/ wildlife habitat
Abstract:
Non-coniferous vegetation, including herbs, shrubs, and broad-leaved
trees, makes a vital contribution to ecosystem function and diversity
in Pacific Northwest conifer forests. However, forest management
has largely been indifferent or detrimental to shrubs and trees that
have low commercial value, in spite of a paradigm shift towards more
holistic management in recent decades. Forest management practices
that are detrimental to broad-leaved trees and shrubs are likely to
decrease habitat diversity for wildlife, but the number of species that
may be affected has not previously been enumerated. I reviewed life
history accounts for forest-dwelling vertebrate wildlife species and
derived a list of 78 species in Oregon and Washington that
are associated with non-coniferous vegetation. The diversity of direct
and indirect food resources provided was the primary functional basis
for associations of most species with non-coniferous vegetation. Thus,
a diversity of herbs and broad-leaved trees and shrubs provides the
foundation for food webs that contribute to diversity at multiple
trophic levels in Pacific Northwest conifer forests. Given the
number of species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in
conifer-dominated forests, maintaining habitats that support diverse
plant communities, particularly broad-leaved trees and shrubs, will be
an important component of management strategies intended to foster
biodiversity. Silvicultural practices such as modified planting
densities, and pre-commercial and commercial thinning, can be used to
control stand density in order to favor the development of understory
herbs, shrubs, and a diversity of tree species within managed stands.
Allowing shrubs and hardwood
trees
to develop and persist in early seral stands by curtailing vegetation
control also would benefit many species associated with non-coniferous
vegetation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1359. Winter bird community differences among methods of bottomland hardwood forest restoration: Results after seven growing seasons.
Hamel, P. B.
Forestry 76(2): 189-197. (2003); ISSN: 0015-752X.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_hamel005.pdf
Descriptors: Aves/ birds/ winter/ season/ biocenosis/
forest/ abundance/ diversity/ experiment/ vegetation/ succession/ Mississippi
Abstract:
Forest community restoration in the primarily agricultural landscape of
the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV), USA, has been
initiated for recreational, economic and biological objectives,
including provision of habitat for migratory birds of late successional
stands. A long-term demonstration experiment of succession under
several afforestation treatments was established at the beginning of
the 1995 growing season. Winter bird communities of these plots were
sampled using area-search techniques. Abundance and distribution among
treatments were compared for a total of 62 bird species observed in
winters 1998/1999 to 2001/2002. Four to seven growing seasons after
establishment, bird communities in stands of fast-growing trees
(Populus deltoides) contained twice as many species as those in
treatments involving slower-growing trees. The differences resulted
from the addition of generalist forest-canopy-dwelling species to that
suite of avian species of early successional habitats. These results
confirmed accepted theory that considers vegetation structure to be a
primary determinant of bird species occurrence and community
composition. [from paper]
© NISC
1360. Winter habitat ecology of mountain caribou in relation to forest management.
Terry, Eliot L.; Mclellan, Bruce N.; and Watts, Glen S.
Journal of Applied Ecology 37(4): 589-602. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: Rangifer
tarandus caribou/ Rangifer tarandus/ behavior/ ecosystems/ fir/
foods-feeding/ forestry practices/ forests, coniferous/ forests,
old-growth/ habitat management/ habitat use/ mammals/ montane habitat/
overwintering/ succession/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ Caribou/
dispersion/ desert habitat/ winter/ silviculture/ mountain caribou/
subalpine fir/ Canada/ British Columbia
Abstract:
1. During winter, mountain caribou live in late successional and
old-growth coniferous forests, where they feed almost exclusively on
arboreal lichens. Because some of these forests are also valuable to
the forest industry, caribou ecology and forest management remains a
central conservation issue in British Columbia. To improve the
understanding of caribou habitat use in relation sto forest management,
the authors investigated the winter habitat selection patterns of
mountain caribou at a range of spatial scales between 1988 and 1993 in
the northern Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia. 2. Within winter
ranges, caribou selected forest stands dominated by subalpine fir
(>80% Abies lasiocarpa) and with moderate slopes 16-
30%)
during early winter (November and December). Although stands with
moderately high timber volumes were used the most during early winter,
caribou used these stands in proportion to their availability. Caribou
primarily used open-canopy sub-alpine fir stands (i.e. parkland) later
in the winter (January-March), where low stocking and inoperable time
volumes reduced direct conflicts with forest harvesting. 3.
Characteristics of subalpine forests at early winter caribou foraging
areas did not differ significantly from random sites for most variables
measured. However, a multivariate analysis indicated that sites used by
caribou had slightly less total basal area, more moderate slopes and
slightly heavier lichen loads than unused sites. 4. Within early winter
foraging areas, caribou chose foraging paths with more trees and
greater accessible lichen biomass per standing tree compared with
random paths. Although windthrown trees and lichen litterfall were
encountered infrequently, caribou rarely rejected these sources of
lichen when encounterd. 5. The relatively low basal area and minor
component of economically valuable Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii
(<20%) at early winter caribou foraging areas suggests less
conflicts with forestry compared with other caribou populations in
southern British Columbia and Idaho. 6. Selection silvicultural systems
may provide solutions to caribou-forestry conflicts, particularly in
mid-elevation subalpine fir stands 1325-1525 m) that may have both
operable timber volumes and high caribou numbers.
© NISC
1361. Winter habitat selection by Canada lynx in Maine: Prey abundance or accessibility?
Fuller, Angela K.; Harrison, Daniel J.; and
Vashon, Jennifer H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6): 1980-1986. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Carnivora/
Felidae/ Lagomorpha/ Leporidae/ Lepus americanus/ Lynx canadensis/ food
supply/ forests/ ecosystems/ forest harvest treatment/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/
harvest treatment/ Lepus americanus/ Lynx canadensis/ Maine/ predators/
mammals/ foods-feeding/ mammalian prey density and accessibility/
density/ winter habitat preference/ wildlife-human relationships/
commercial enterprises/ conservation/ wildlife management/ diets/
disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/ population ecology/ predation
Abstract:
We. related winter habitat selection by Canada lynx (Lynx
canadensis), relative abundance of snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus),
and understory stem densities to evaluate whether lynx select stands
with the greatest snowshoe hare densities or the greatest prey
accessibility. Lynx (3 F, 3 M) selected tall (4.4-7.3 m) regenerating
clear-cuts (11-26 yr postharvest) and established partially harvested
stands (11-21 yr postharvest) and selected against short (3.4-4.3 m)
regenerating clear-cuts, recent partially harvested stands (1-10 yr),
mature second-growth stands (>40 yr), and roads and their edges (30
in on either side of roads). Lynx selected stands that provided
intermediate to high hare density and intermediate cover for hares
(i.e., prey access) but exhibited lower relative preference for stand
types with highest hare densities where coniferous saplings exceeded
14,000 stems/ha.
© NISC
1362. Winter habitat selection patterns of Merriam's turkeys in the southern Black Hills, South Dakota.
Lehman, C. P.; Rumble, M. A.; and Flake, L. D.
Western North American Naturalist 67(2): 278-291. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 15270904
Descriptors: Black
Hills/ Farmstead/ habitat/ Meleagris gallopavo merriami/ Merriam's
turkey/ ponderosa pine/ selection/ South Dakota/ wild turkey
Abstract: In
northern areas of their expanded range, information on Merriam's
turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) is lacking, specifically
pertaining to wintering behavior and factors associated with winter
habitat selection. Forest managers need detailed quantification of
the effects of logging and other management practices on wintering
habitats needed by Wild Turkeys and other wildlife. Therefore, we
examined winter habitat selection patterns within ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) forests and determined factors associated with use of
farmsteads by Merriam's turkeys in the southern Black
Hills, South Dakota. We radio-marked 86 female Merriam's turkeys
(70
adults and 16 yearlings) and monitored them during winter (1
December-31 March), 2001-2004. Female Wild Turkeys used recently burned
pine forest less than expected but selected farmsteads and stands of
mature ponderosa pine (<70% overstory canopy cover, >22.9 cm
diameter at breast height [DBH] trees) for foraging sites. Within
forests, female Wild Turkeys selected foraging sites with less
understory vegetation and visual obstruction, and larger-diameter
ponderosa pine. Ponderosa pine seed abundance varied among years, and
pine seeds were most abundant in stands of 30-35 cm DBH with basal area
of 22-28 m2·ha
-1. Abundance of pine seeds may have influenced use of farmsteads by
Wild Turkeys, more so than ambient temperatures or snow depth. In the
southern Black Hills, management should emphasize open- to
mid-canopy and mature-structural-stage pine stands, where seed
production was greatest. During winters when mast from pine is
unavailable, farmsteads likely provide nutritional supplementation and
may be important for maintaining Merriam's turkey populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1363. Winter habitat use by American marten, Martes americana, in western Alberta boreal forests.
Proulx, Gilbert
Canadian Field Naturalist 120(1): 100-105. (2006)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Martes americana: forestry/ winter
habitat use implications/ habitat management/ forestry management/
habitat utilization/ winter/ forest habitats/ forestry management
implications/ forest and woodland/ winter habitat use/ Alberta/
Weyerhauser's Grande Prairie Forest Management Area/ Mammalia,
Carnivora, Mustelidae/ carnivores/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Although the American Marten (Martes americana) is found in most
forest regions of Alberta, little is known about its choice of
winter habitats. This study investigated winter habitat use by American
Marten in Weyerhaeuser's Grande Prairie Forest Management Area (FMA)
using snowtracking along 128.2 km of seismic lines inventoried in
winters 1999, 2002, and 2005 with snowmobiles. American Marten tracks
(n = 44) occurred significantly less frequently than expected (P 0.001)
in immature/young pole stands, but more frequently than expected (P
0.02) in mature/old growth mixedwood stands. American Martens
apparently used young forests, and mature/old coniferous and deciduous
stands, according to their availability. Forest development plans
should be developed locally to retain late successional forests that
meet the winter habitat requirements of American Marten.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1364. Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) nesting ecology in relation to prescribed burning of mixed-oak forest in Ohio.
Artman, V. L. and Downhower, J. F.
Auk 120(3): 874-882. (2003)
Descriptors: conservation
status/ forest ecosystem/ passerines/ population decline/ prescribed
burning/ restoration ecology/ United States/ Hylochichla
mustelina/ Quercus
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is increasingly being used to restore and maintain
oak-dominated (Quercus spp.) forests in the eastern United States.
We assessed effects of prescribed burning on the nesting ecology of the
Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Recent declines in Wood Thrush
populations have prompted concern about their conservation status.
Low-intensity surface fires in mixed-oak forests resulted in reductions
in midstory vegetation, a documented habitat requirement for Wood
Thrushes, but local population levels of Wood Thrushes did not differ
between burned and unburned areas. Wood Thrushes inhabiting recently
burned areas selected nest sites where leaf litter cover, fern cover,
densities of shrubs and saplings, and moisture levels were higher and
where fire intensity was lower in comparison to random sites. Wood
Thrushes also placed their nests higher off the ground, and in taller
and larger-diameter trees and shrubs, in burned than in unburned areas.
Reproductive success did not differ between burned and unburned areas.
However, successful nests were placed higher off the ground and in
areas with lower densities of shrubs and saplings than unsuccessful
nests in both burned and unburned areas. Prescribed burning appeared to
have minimal effects on nesting ecology of Wood Thrushes, given their
flexibility in nest placement, with no adverse consequences in terms of
reproductive success. Local variation in fire intensity and moisture
levels also maintained availability of suitable nesting habitat within
burned areas. Continued monitoring would be appropriate to further
assess the response of Wood Thrushes to prescribed burning,
particularly in consideration of their conservation status and the
uncertainty associated with potential long-term effects of habitat
change.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1365. Wood thrush movements and habitat use: Effects of forest management for red-cockaded woodpeckers.
Lang, J. D.; Powell, L. A.; Krementz, D. G.; and
Conroy, M. J.
Auk 119(1): 109-124. (2002)
Descriptors: habitat
management/ habitat use/ movement/ prescribed burning/ silviculture/
thinning/ United States/ Hylochichla mustelina/ Picoides borealis/
Pinus taeda
Abstract:
We monitored adult and juvenile breeding-season movements and habitat
use of radio-tagged Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) at the
Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, central Georgia, USA. We
investigated the effects that management for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
(Picoides borealis), thinning and burning >30 year old loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda) habitat, had on Wood Thrushes, a ground-foraging and
midstory-nesting species. Adult Wood Thrush pairs regularly moved long
distances between nesting attempts (range 1 to 17,388 m). The only
experimental effect we found on adult movements was a decrease in
weekly emigration rates (Ø)
from thinned and burned compartments after silvicultural management.
Adult males preferred riparian hardwoods with sparse to moderate cover
and those preferences increased following management. Juveniles
remained near their nest site (x̄
= 177 m, SE = 113) for an average 24 days (SE = 6.3), and then
dispersed a mean 2,189 m (SE = 342). Before dispersal, juveniles
preferred upland hardwood - pine mixed habitat (P < 0.05) with
moderate overstory cover (P < 0.05). We found no management effects
on dispersal distances or predispersal habitat use. However, juveniles
from thinned and burned compartments dispersed to hardwood habitats
with dense cover, whereas birds from control compartments dispersed to
pine-dominated habitats with sparse cover. All juveniles dispersed to
areas with habitat similar to what they used before dispersal.
Small-scale thinning and burning for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers may have
had little effect on Wood Thrush habitat use and movements because
typical movements were often larger than the scale (stand or
compartment) targeted for management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1366. Woodpecker abundance and tree use in uneven-aged managed, and unmanaged, forest in northern Maine.
Gunn, John S. and Hagan, John M.
Forest Ecology and Management 126(1): 1-12. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Piciformes/
Picidae/ habits-behavior/ birds/ distribution/ ecosystems/ forestry
practices/ forests, deciduous/ forests, old-growth/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ management/ status/
wildlife/ woodpeckers/ abundance/ silviculture
Abstract:
We studied abundance and tree use (foraging and drumming) of the
cavity-nesting woodpecker guild (seven species) in northern Maine
to assess effects of uneven-aged forest management (an irregular
shelterwood system) on woodpecker populations. Woodpecker
abundance in managed and unmanaged hardwood stands showed no
difference. Abundance in managed softwood stands was greater than
in unmanaged softwood stands. Woodpeckers preferred (use greater
than availability) to forage and drum on large-diameter (>30 cm)
living trees (hardwood and softwood). Living trees used by
woodpeckers, however, were commonly in a state of decline, with
characteristics such as fungal conks, broken limbs, and broken tops.
When dead trees were used, woodpeckers preferred large-diameter,
recently-dead trees. Although we identified tree types preferred
by woodpeckers, the abundance of preferred trees in a stand was
a poor predictor of woodpecker abundance. The uneven-aged
management we studied did not reduce the number of preferred trees or
snags to a level that affected woodpecker abundance.
© NISC
1367. Woodpecker nest tree characteristics in upper Midwestern oak forests.
Adkins Giese, Collette L. and Cuthbert, Francesca J.
Canadian Field Naturalist 119(3): 367-376. (2005)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ habitat
utilization/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Picidae: habitat
management/ forest management/ breeding site/ nest trees/
characteristics and selection/ forest management implications/
Minnesota and Wisconsin/ habitat preference/ nest site selection/
forest and woodland/ oak forests/ Minnesota/ Houston and Fillmore
counties/ Wisconsin/ La Crosse County/ Aves, Piciformes/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Characteristics of woodpecker nest trees have been widely studied in
some regions of North America. However, there is little research
from the Upper Midwest. Forest managers need information on
woodpecker nest tree characteristics so they can recommend leaving
during harvest trees that meet the needs of cavity-dwelling wildlife.
Information specific to the Upper Midwest is especially important given
that declines in several species of cavity nesting birds have been
predicted by an environmental analysis of timber harvest in Minnesota. Our purpose was to identify attributes of nest trees
used by primary cavity-nesting birds. We compared nest trees to unused
trees and examined differences in nest trees among woodpecker species.
We found 166 active woodpecker nests in upper midwestern oak forests in
1997 and 1998. For each nest tree, we recorded height, diameter,
status, and aspects of tree decay. We also measured four potential nest
trees (non-nest trees, within size requirements of cavity-nesting
birds. with ≥2 indicators of heartwood decay) closest to each active
nest tree. Additionally, we recorded these measurements for 137
randomly selected potential nest trees. Using paired t-tests and
chi-square analysis, we found each woodpecker species had a unique set
of characteristics that separated nest trees from potential nest trees.
Using an extension of the McNemar test for related samples, we found
woodpeckers as a group used trees that were larger, both in diameter
and height, more often elm (Ulmus americana, U. rubra) or aspen
(Populus tremuloides, P. grandidentata), more likely to have old
cavities present, and with more decay indicators than adjacent
potential nest trees. The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius)
differed from the other woodpecker species by nesting in living
Trembling Aspens (Populus tremuloides) with intact tops, complete bark
cover, and heartwood fungus. Diameters of nest trees differed
significantly among woodpecker species, but unlike findings
from
other studies, the height of nest hole and nest tree did not.
Woodpecker nest entrances faced south or southeast significantly more
often than by chance alone, even when excluding leaning trees. This
study suggests that generic forest management for all woodpecker
species may not be adequate because individual species have specific
nest tree requirements. Management recommendations for cavity-nesting
birds need to be tailored to meet the needs of a diversity of species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1368. Woodpecker-snag interactions: An overview of current knowledge in ponderosa pine systems.
Farris, Kerry L. and Zack, Steve
In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on Ponderosa Pine: Issues, Trends and
Management, General Technical Report-PSW 198; Albany, CA:
Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 183-195.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN); Literature review; Symposium held October 18-21, 2004 at Klamath Falls, Oregon.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Picidae: habitat management/ foraging/
breeding site/ nesting habitat/ habitat utilization/ snags/ forest
management/ forest and woodland/ ponderosa pine forests/ United States/
Aves, Piciformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Standing dead trees (snags) with cavities are a critical
ecological component of western coniferous forests. These structures
provide foraging, roosting, and nesting habitat for numerous species of
invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Snags may be
created through a variety of interrelated processes including wildfire,
drought, insects and disease. However, dead trees containing excavated
cavities are primarily the result of nest excavation by woodpeckers.
While the specific factors leading to cavity generation in certain
snags is not well understood, the manner in which a tree dies likely
plays a significant role. We provide an overview of woodpecker-snag
interactions in relation to the major modes of tree mortality in
ponderosa pine. Of particular interest is the effect of mortality agent
on the temporal patterns of snag decomposition, woodpecker foraging
use, and woodpecker cavity excavation. Generally, snags created by bark
beetles, and/or fire decay fastest, and experience the greatest
foraging and nesting use by woodpeckers. Consideration of these
interrelationships may aid in snag management.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Aquatic Habitats
1369. Adapting existing models to examine effects of agricultural conservation programs on stream habitat quality.
1370. Agricultural land use effects on sediment loading and fish assemblages in two Minnesota (USA) watersheds.
1371. Amendments to the fish and wildlife program call for tests of alternative dam operations.
1372. Aquatic condition response to riparian buffer establishment.
1373. Are stream crossing culverts a barrier to the movement of the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)?
1374. Beaver herbivory of willow under two flow regimes: A comparative study on the Green and Yampa Rivers.
1375. Benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in small streams used by cattle in the Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia.
1376. Bioassessment
of the Green River Basin using fish: The effects of land
use and hydrology on community composition.
1377. Bioeconomic analysis of selected conservation practices on soil erosion and freshwater fisheries.
1378. Biological effects of fine sediment in the lotic environment.
1379. Biological response of aquatic communities to streambank fencing in selected streams impacted by agricultural grazing.
1380. Can biological assessments discriminate among types of stress? A case study from the Eastern Corn Belt Plains ecoregion.
1381. Can warmwater streams be rehabilitated using watershed-scale standard erosion control measures alone.
1382. Changes in fish assemblage structure of the Red River of the North.
1384. Changes in fish assemblages in the tidal Hudson River, New York.
1385. Channelization and livestock impacts on salmonid habitat and biomass in western Washington.
1386. Comparative effects of sheep and cattle grazing on an anadromous fish stream in central Idaho.
1387. A comparison of single-cell and multicell culverts for stream crossings.
1388. A comparison of the areal extent of fish habitat gains and losses associated with selected compensation projects in Canada.
1389. Comparison of two methods of habitat rehabilitation for brown trout in a southeast Minnesota stream.
1390. Concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria in Prince Edward Island headwater streams: An interim report.
1392. Cost effectiveness of vegetative filter strips and instream half-logs for ecological restoration.
1393. The
development and historic use of habitat structures in channel
restoration in the United States: The grand experiment in
fisheries management.
1394. Do conservation practices and programs benefit the intended resource concern?
1395. Ecological responses to trout habitat rehabilitation in a northern Michigan stream.
1396. Effect of animal grazing on water quality of nonpoint runoff in the Pacific Northwest.
1397. The
effect of forest type on benthic macroinvertebrate structure and
ecological function in a pine plantation in the North Carolina Piedmont.
1398. Effect of streambank fencing on herpetofauna in pasture stream zones.
1399. The
effect of variable-retention riparian buffer zones on water
temperatures in small headwater streams in sub-boreal forest ecosystems
of British Columbia.
1400. Effect of woody riparian patches in croplands on stream macroinvertebrates.
1401. Effectiveness of best management practices in improving stream ecosystem quality.
1402. Effectiveness of forestry streamside management zones in the sand-clay hills of Mississippi: Early indications.
1403. Effectiveness of habitat manipulation for wild salmonids in Wyoming streams.
1404.Effectiveness of isolated pipeline crossing techniques to mitigate sediment impacts on brook trout streams.
1405. Effects
of an agricultural drainwater bypass on fishes inhabiting the grassland
water district and the lower San Joaquin River, California.
Lotic Habitats (Streams, Rivers)
Shields, F. D.; Langendoen, E. J.; and Doyle, M. W.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(1): 25-33. (2006)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: agricultural watersheds/ aquatic habitat/ buffers/ index of biotic integrity/ modeling/ stream ecosystems/ water quality
Abstract:
Annual expenditures by the federal government in the United States
for agricultural conservation programs increased about 80 percent with
passage of the 2002 Farm Bill. However, environmental benefits of these
programs have not been quantified. A national project is under way to
estimate the effect of conservation practices on environmental
resources. The watershed models intended for use in that project are
focused on water quantity and quality and have minimal habitat
assessment capability. Major impairments to aquatic ecosystems in many
watersheds consist of physical habitat degradation, not water quality,
suggesting that current models for this national initiative do not
address one of the most significant aspects of aquatic ecosystem
degradation. Currently used models contain some components relevant to
aquatic habitat, and this paper describes specific components that
should be added to allow rudimentary stream habitat quality
assessments. At least six types of variables could be examined for
ecological impact: land use, streamflow, water temperature, streambed
material type, large woody debris, and hydraulic conditions at base
flow. All of these variables are influenced by the presence, location,
and quality of buffers. Generation of stream corridor ecological or
habitat quality indices might contribute to assessments of the success
or failure of conservation programs. Additional research is needed to
refine procedures for combining specific measures of stream habitat
into ecologically meaningful indices. JAWRA Copyright © 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Zimmerman, J. K. H.; Vondracek, B.; and Westra, J.
Environmental Management 32(1): 93-105. (2003)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X
Descriptors: agriculture/
land use/ streams/ suspended sediment/ trout/ warmwater fish/
agriculture/ erosion/ land use/ runoff/ sediments/ water quality/
watersheds/ sediment loading/ environmental engineering/ agriculture/
land use/ sediment/ watershed/ agriculture/ fishes/ geologic sediments
Abstract: We
examined the relationship between water quality and fish communities
within two agricultural areas using a computer simulation model. Our
analyses focused on a coolwater stream, Wells Creek in
southeastern Minnesota, and a warmwater stream, the Chippewa River
in western Minnesota. We used the Agricultural Drainage and
Pesticide
Transport (ADAPT) model in relation to land use to calculate instream
suspended sediment concentrations using estimates of sediment delivery,
runoff, baseflow and streambank erosion, and quantified the effects of
suspended sediment exposure on fish communities. We predicted the
effects of agricultural practices on stream fish communities under
several possible land use scenarios, with reference to current
conditions. Land use changes led to reductions in sediment loading of
up to 84% in Wells Creek and 49% in the Chippewa River. The
reduction in sediment loading across scenarios may be directly related
to a reduction in runoff by about 35% in both study areas. We found a
98% decrease in "lethal" concentrations of suspended sediment on fish
in Wells Creek with an increase in conservation tillage, riparian
buffers, and permanent vegetative cover. However, the effects of
suspended sediment did not significantly decrease in the Chippewa
River. This difference between study areas was likely due to
differences in tolerance to suspended sediment between coolwater and
warmwater fish communities and differences in topography, runoff and
bank erosion between the two streams.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Northwest Power Planning Council
Council Quarterly (Spring 2003): 1-2.
Descriptors: dams/
ecosytems/ foods-feeding/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/
management/ predation/ protection/ reservoirs/ riparian habitat/
rivers/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ Columbia River and
Basin/ Washington/ Idaho/ Montana
Abstract:
The Northwest Power Planning Council amended its Columbia River Basin
Fish and Wildlife Program, which was intended to protect all fish and
wildlife that used the main-stem rivers as habitat. The conditions
could be achieved through dam operations. It could benefit salmon and
steelhead in the lower Columbia River and the fish in the upper
river basin. The program was aimed to determine the relationship
between fish survival and water spills at dams, the optimum fish
survival and evaluate the benefits of fish survival, identify the
effects of shifting summer flows and assess the impact of predation and
harvest of various species in the main-stem rivers.
© NISC
Teels, B. M.; Rewa, C. A.; and Myers, J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 927-935. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [927:ACRTRB]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Enhancement Program/ fish assemblage/ index of biotic
integrity/ Northern Virginia/ practice effects/ riparian buffers/ riparian restoration/ watershed
Abstract:
Although riparian buffers established along streams in agricultural
landscapes are expected to provide water-quality functions similar to
natural ecosystems, few studies have documented specific changes in the
condition of aquatic resources resulting from buffer establishment. In
2000 the Commonwealth of Virginia, USA, began an
extensive cooperative venture under the Chesapeake Bay Initiative to
establish riparian buffers on agricultural lands, primarily through
United States Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve
Enhancement Program (CREP). Prior to CREP implementation, the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) developed a regionally tailored
fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for use as a watershed assessment
technique in Northern Virginia. Using this regional IBI framework,
we evaluated the effects of recently established riparian buffers on
aquatic condition. Within the geographic scope of the regional IBI, we
evaluated all buffer segments planned between 2000 and 2003.
Cumulatively during this period, we assessed stream physical condition
on 36 buffer sites and 12 reference sites using the NRCS Stream Visual
Assessment Protocol (SVAP); we also assessed the aquatic community at
these sites using the IBI. Improvements in stream condition were
clearly demonstrated at certain sites within one year of buffer
establishment. Although not all buffer projects responded with positive
trends, mean SVAP and IBI scores for buffered sites increased over the
course of the study, whereas the trend on reference sites was level or
slightly downward. We observed positive IBI response at sites with
highly disturbed local conditions prior to buffer establishment
combined with small, relatively undisturbed watersheds above. Simple
solutions such as buffer establishment alone cannot be expected to
protect streams from adverse human impacts that occur at a broader
scale. Therefore, riparian restoration should be planned and carried
out in concert with other conservation practices at a watershed scale
in a way that maximizes buffer effectiveness.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Sagar, Jina P.; Olson, Deanna H.; Schmitz, Richard A.; and Guetterman, John
Northwestern Naturalist 84(2): 113-114. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: stream
culverts/ Pacific giant salamanders/ Dicamptodon tenebrosus/ movement/
spatial isolation/ genetic isolation/ abundance/ habitat management
Abstract: Barriers
to the movement of aquatic organisms can increase the genetic
and spatial isolation of populations. Focus on culvert passage
issues has increased as federal agencies attempt to inventory and
replace road-crossing stream culverts that are barriers to the movement
of anadromous fishes. The effect of stream crossing culverts on
the movement of other aquatic organisms, however, is not known.
In a mark-recapture study on 15 3rd- and 4th-order streams in
the Oregon Coast Range, we examined monthly movements
of larval Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streams
with and without culverts. Salamander abundances ranged from 0.3
to 3.2 larvae/m. From June to August 2002, a total of 2227 D.
tenebrosus were captured. Recapture rates ranged from 31 to 69%.
The mean movement distance for salamanders caught on consecutive
visits was 2.5 m, with a maximum distance of 51 m. Preliminary
results indicate a barrier effect (limited movement between stream
reaches above and below culverts) on culvert streams when compared with
reference
streams.
Furthermore, use and movement through culverts appears to vary
with culvert type (for example, pipe vs. half pipe with stream bottom).
Integrated analysis of range of movement, directionality, and
movement frequency through culvert type will contribute to regional
dialogue on culvert design for effective passage.
© NISC
Andersen, D. C.; Wilson, K. R.; and Breck, S.W.
Western North American Naturalist 63(4): 463-471. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: beavers/
behavior/ cottonwood/ Flaming Gorge Dam [map]/ flow/ flow regimes/
foraging/ Green River/ herbivory/ Little Snake River/ regulated flow/
studies/ willow/ Yampa River/ forestry/ agriculture/ rivers/ lakes/
Colorado/ Insertae and Sedis/ Castor canadensis/ Salix exigua/ Populus deltoides wislizenii
Abstract:
The effect of flow regulation on plant-herbivore ecology has received
very little attention, despite the fact that flow regulation can alter
both plant and animal abundance and environmental factors that mediate
interactions between them. To determine how regulated flows have
impacted beaver (Castor canadensis) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua)
ecology, we first quantified the abundance and mapped the spatial
distribution of sandbar willow on alluvial sections of the
flow-regulated Green River and free-flowing Yampa River in
northwestern Colorado. We then established 16 and 15 plots
(1m x 2.7m) in patches of willow on the Green and Yampa Rivers,
respectively, to determine whether rates of beaver herbivory of willow
differed between rivers (Green versus Yampa River), seasons
(fall-winter versus spring-summer), and years (spring 1998 - spring
1999 versus spring 1999 - spring 2000). Areal extent of willow
was similar on each river, but Green River willow patches were
smaller and more numerous. Beavers cut more stems during fall and
winter than spring and summer and cut over 6 times more stems
(percentage basis) on the green River than on the Yampa River. We attribute the between-river difference in
herbivory to higher availability of willow, greater beaver density, and
lower availability of young Fremont cottonwood (Populus deltoids
subsp. Wislizenii; an alternative food source) on the Green River.
Flow regulation increased willow availability to beaver by
promoting the formation of island patches that are continuously
adjacent to water and feature a perimeter with a relatively high
proportion of willow interfacing with water.
© NISC
Braccia, Amy and Voshell, J. Reese
Northeastern Naturalist 13(2): 269-286. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH105.M2M36; ISSN: 1092-6194
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/
land zones/ Macroinvertebrata: farming and agriculture/ benthic fauna/
small montane streams/ cattle/ habitat management/ Virginia/ Blue Ridge Mountains/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Cattle production is a common land use, and the adverse effects of
cattle grazing on stream habitat and macroinvertebrates has been well
documented. The purpose of our study was to provide a list of taxa that
can be expected to occur in small streams impacted by cattle in the
southern Blue Ridge Mountains and to demonstrate how
taxon-specific natural history information can be used to gain insight
about benthic habitat condition. We identified 97 benthic macro
invertebrate taxa from five cattle-impacted streams that differed in
cattle grazing intensity. Our findings suggest that some
macroinvertebrate taxa can sustain low levels of cattle grazing and
that sedimentation is a major stressor to the macroinvertebrate fauna.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Lewis, B. E. and Grubbs, S. A.
Southeastern Biology (2002)
Descriptors: Green
River/ hydrology/ agriculture/ water quality/ water chemistry/
freshwater fish/ population structure/ Impact of forestry or
agriculture/ freshwater fish
Abstract:
Fish communities within the Green River Basin are
affected by a number of land use and hydrological factors. We present
results from qualitative sampling of 75 sites within the Green River Basin. Agricultural runoff, silt, and mining
operations affect water quality throughout the basin and increase
inter-drainage similarity. Important chemical and habitat factors
affecting fish diversity and evenness include substrate embeddedness,
habitat diversity and pH. Similarity between communities in areas of
low perturbation is primarily affected by stream size and connectivity
between sites. Sites in these drainages should exhibit a higher
intra-drainage to inter-drainage similarity ratio than drainages with
lower water quality.
© NISC
Westra, J. V.; Zimmerman, J. K. H.; and Vondracek, B.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(2): 309-322. (2005)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: agricultural
drainage and pesticide transport model/ ADAPT/ best management
practices/ BMPs/ economics/ fish/ ecosystems/ mathematical models/
runoff/ farmers/ land management/ wildlife habitat/ soils/ agricultural
catchment/ fishery management/ nonpoint source pollution/ soil erosion/
suspended sediments/ riparia
Abstract:
Farmers can generate environmental benefits (improved water quality and
fisheries and wildlife habitat), but they may not be able to quantify
them. Furthermore, farmers may reduce their incomes from managing lands
to produce these positive externalities but receive little monetary
compensation in return. This study simulated the relationship between
agricultural practices, water quality, fish responses to suspended
sediment and farm income within two small watersheds, one of a cool
water stream and one of a warm water stream. Using the Agricultural
Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model, this study related best
management practices (BMPs) to calculated instream suspended sediment
concentrations by estimating sediment delivery, runoff, base flow, and
streambank erosion to quantify the effects of suspended sediment
exposure on fish communities. By implementing selected BMPs in each
watershed, annual net farm income declined $18,000 to $28,000 (1 to 3
percent) from previous levels. "Lethal" fish events from suspended
sediments in the cool water watershed decreased by 60 percent as
conservation tillage and riparian buffers increased. Despite reducing
suspended sediments by 25 percent, BMPs in the warm water watershed did
not reduce the negative response of the fisheries. Differences in
responses (physical and biological) between watersheds highlight
potential gains in economic efficiency by targeting BMPs or by offering
performance based "green payments."
JAWRA Copyright © 2005
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Wood, Paul J. and Armitage, Patrick D.
Environmental Management 21(2): 203-217. (1997)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: biological
effects/ conservation/ deposition/ fine sediment/ habitat quality/
lotic environment/ river sedimentation/ soil science/ transport/ fish/
invertebrate/ Invertebrata/ Pisces/ animals/ chordates/
nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Although sedimentation is a naturally occurring phenomenon in rivers,
land-use changes have resulted in an increase in anthropogenically
induced fine sediment deposition. Poorly managed agricultural
practices, mineral extraction, and construction can result in an
increase in suspended solids and sedimentation in rivers and streams,
leading to a decline in habitat quality. The nature and origins of fine
sediments in the lotic environment are reviewed in relation to channel
and nonchannel sources and the impact of human activity. Fine sediment
transport and deposition are outlined in relation to variations in
streamflow and particle size characteristics. A holistic approach to
the problems associated with fine sediment is outlined to aid in the
identification of sediment sources, transport, and deposition processes
in the river catchment. The multiple causes and deleterious impacts
associated with fine sediments on riverine habitats, primary producers,
macroinvertebrates, and fisheries are identified and reviewed to
provide river managers with a guide to source material. The restoration
of rivers with fine sediment problems are discussed in relation to a
holistic management framework to aid in the planning and undertaking of
mitigation measures within both the river channel and surrounding
catchment area.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Argent, D. G. and Lenig, A.
In:
Proceedings of the 2005 Watershed Management Conference: Managing
Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts: Engineering, Ecological, and
Economic Challenges. Williamsburg, VA; pp. 967-978;
2005.
Descriptors: grazing/ livestock/ streams/ streambanks/ fencing/ aquatic habitat/ aquatic life
Abstract:
Streams impacted by agricultural grazing experience compromised
functioning because of physical degradation and various pollutants
(e.g., nitrates and fecal coliforms). The objective of this study was
to determine if stream functioning could be significantly improved with
the removal of livestock from the adjacent corridor. In 1999, four
grazed pastures that contained meadow streams received streambank
fencing through the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (treatment
sites). These streams exhibited unstable streambanks and elevated
nitrate and fecal coliform levels as a direct result of cattle impacts
on the stream. Concurrent with streambank fencing, we established
monitoring stations that were 100-m long within each stream. In
addition, several control streams were monitored that had (a) no
history of grazing and no fencing (control streams) or (b) a history of
grazing and no fencing (control farms). At each station seasonal
collections were made for benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes; and
various water chemistry parameters (TKN, nitrates, ammonia, phosphates,
fecal coliforms, and turbidity). Over the course of this study,
nitrates have remained reasonably constant during the spring season and
declined significantly during the summer and fall seasons; TKN, and
phosphorus have not changed appreciably during the spring collection
periods at treatment sites, but were slightly elevated during the
summer sampling period. Turbidity has declined significantly during the
spring sampling period, but remains elevated during the summer and fall
periods. Fecal coliform concentrations continue to be quite high in
treatment farm streams, but fluctuate, seasonally. Treatment sites
contain a good diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates and fish
that are comparable to those found in control streams. Our findings to
date suggest that streams impacted by agricultural grazing may require
appreciable periods of time to experience improved stream functioning.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Norton, S. B.; Cormier, S. M.; Smith, M.; and Jones, R. C.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19 (4, Part 2): 1113-1119. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: agricultural
ecosystem/ aquatic organisms/ assessments/ benthic fauna/ benthos/
biochemical oxygen demand/ bioindicators/ case studies/ community
structure/ ecology/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/
environmental monitoring/ environmental stress/ freshwater fish/
macroinvertebrates/ midges/ models/ multivariate analysis/ nutrient
concentrations/ pollution effects/ pollution indicators/ regional
analysis/ regional planning/ risk assessment/ streams/ zoobenthos/
Pisces/ Zea mays/ Ohio
Abstract:
We investigated the feasibility of using the structure of fish and
benthic macroinvertebrate communities to distinguish among major types
of stressors (e.g., siltation, nutrient enrichment, and stream
structural degradation) using spatially and temporally matched data on
stressors and responses. The 19 stressor variables addressed stream
chemistry and in-stream habitat and included biological oxygen demand
(BOD), total suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, and components of
the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index. The 42 response variables
addressed fish and invertebrate community structure and included many
of the component metrics of the Index of Biological Integrity and the
Invertebrate Community Index as well as variables specifically
calculated for this project. All data were collected between 1988 and
1994 by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in the Eastern Corn
Belt Plains ecoregion. Prior to analysis, variables were transformed to
near normality, and variables significantly correlated with drainage
area were fit to regression models and the resulting residuals used in
the analyses. Multivariate analyses included factor and discriminant
analysis. The first six stressor factors explained 69% of the
variation. Discriminant functions formed using the response variables
significantly separated site clusters classified into high, medium, and
low categories along stressor gradients. Both fish and
macroinvertebrate variables were important in distinguishing site
categories. For example, percentage Tanytarsini midges and percentage
Glyptotendipes were important in distinguishing sites having high and
low BOD. Percentage darters was associated with sites having high
scores for stream corridor structure and low concentrations of
inorganic nutrients, and percentage roundbodied suckers was associated
with sites having low BOD and low concentrations of zinc and lead.
These results indicate that diagnostic models may be developed that
will be useful for site-specific and regional assessments.
© ProQuest
Shields, F. Douglas; Knight, Scott S.; and
Cooper, Charles M.
Environmental Management 40(1): 62-79. (July 2007)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5
Descriptors: fish/ monitoring/ river restoration/ restoration assessment/ ecosystem rehabilitation/ instream structures/ channel incision
Abstract:
Degradation of warmwater streams in agricultural landscapes is a
pervasive problem, and reports of restoration effectiveness based on
monitoring data are rare. Described is the outcome of rehabilitation of
two deeply incised, unstable sand-and-gravel-bed streams. Channel
networks of both watersheds were treated using standard erosion control
measures, and aquatic habitats within 1-km-long reaches of each stream
were further treated by addition of instream structures and planting
woody vegetation on banks (habitat rehabilitation). Fish and their
habitats were sampled semiannually during 1-2 years before
rehabilitation, 3-4 years after rehabilitation, and 10-11 years after
rehabilitation. Reaches with only erosion control measures located
upstream from the habitat measure reaches and in similar streams in
adjacent watersheds were sampled concurrently. Sediment concentrations
declined steeply throughout both watersheds, with means >=40% lower
during the post-rehabilitation period than before. Physical effects of
habitat rehabilitation were persistent through time, with pool habitat
availability much higher in rehabilitated reaches than elsewhere.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
Aadland, Luther P.; Koel, Todd M.; Franzin, William G.; Stewart, Kenneth W.; and Nelson, Patrick
In: American Fisheries Society Symposium, 45; Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, 2005. 293-321.
Notes:Symposium
on Changes in Fish Community Structures in Large USA
Rivers, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 1888569727 (ISBN); No. 45.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ biogeography: population
studies/ wildlife management: conservation/ reintroduction/ applied and
field techniques/ agriculture/ assemblage structure/ channelization/
dam construction/ wetland drainage
Abstract: The
Red River of the North basin (RRNB) has an area of about
287,000 square kilometers of the upper Midwestern United States and
south-central Canada. The river forms the North Dakota-Minnesota
boundary and flows into Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, and then,
via the Nelson River, into Hudson Bay. While the Red River
main stem remains a sinuous stream similar to early descriptions, the
river's watershed has been altered dramatically by intensive
agriculture, wetland drainage, channelization of tributary streams, and
dam construction. Early land surveys described a landscape largely
covered by prairie and wetlands. However, thousands of kilometers of
ditches have been excavated to drain wetlands for agriculture in
the United States in the late 1800s to the 1920s, and continuing,
in Canada, to the present. Over 500 dams have blocked access to
critical spawning habitat in the basin starting in the late 1800s.
Also, during the mid-1900s, many of the tributaries were channelized,
causing the loss of several thousand stream kilometers. While much of
RRNBs fish assemblage remains similar to earliest historical records,
the loss of the lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens is a notable change
resulting from habitat loss and fragmentation, and overfishing.
Additional localized extirpations of channel catfish Ictalurus
punctatus, several redhorse Moxostoma species, sauger Sander
canadensis, and other migratory fishes have occurred upstream of dams
on several tributaries. Presently, efforts are underway to restore
migratory pathways through dam removal, conversion of dams to rapids,
and construction of nature-like fishways. Concurrently, lake sturgeon
is being reintroduced in the hope that restored access to historic
spawning areas will allow reestablishment of the species. Proposed
construction of new flood control dams may undermine these efforts.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1383. Changes in fish assemblage structure upstream of impoundments within the upper Wabash River Basin, Indiana.
Guenther, Cameron B. and Spacie, Anne
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135(3): 570-583. ( 2006)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land zones/
Pisces: Industry/ Dams and impoundments/ distribution and trophic
structure effects/ streams/ trophic structure/ Dams and impoundments
effects/ community structure/ distribution within habitat/ stream/
distribution and trophic structure/ Indiana/ Upper Wabash River Basin/
Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The effects of dams and impoundments on downstream fish assemblages
have been well documented, but changes in fish assemblages in upstream
tributaries have received little attention. We compared changes in
abundance and composition in fish assemblages in streams fragmented by
impoundments with those found in nearby unfragmented streams by
sampling fish, in-stream habitat, physicochemical factors, and drainage
features in 22 agriculturally dominated streams during the summers of
2002 and 2003. Eleven sampling sites were tributaries upstream of
impoundments, while 11 were tributaries of free-flowing rivers. We
tested the hypothesis that fish assemblages upstream of impoundments
would differ from those found in streams without impoundments. Using
multiple regression and canonical correspondence analysis, we
partitioned the variation in species distributions into that explained
by in-stream habitat, reach-level factors, drainage features, and
temporal variation. Spatial patterns of species distributions indicated
significant upstream effects of impoundment, fragmentation being the
single largest predictor of species distributions. Mean fluvial
specialist richness was significantly greater in unfragmented (6
species/reach) than in fragmented streams (3 species/reach), whereas
mean fluvial generalist richness was significantly greater in
fragmented (12 species/reach) than unfragmented streams (8
species/reach). A shift in piscivore abundance and composition was also
observed, with smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and redfin pickerel
Esox americanus replaced by largemouth bass M. salmoides and white bass
Morone chrysops in the streams fragmented by impoundments.
Additionally, greater total richness and piscivore abundance was
observed in tributaries upstream of impoundments. Unfragmented streams
showed a significantly lower total abundance of piscivores (7
fish/reach) than upstream tributaries of impoundments (14 fish/reach).
The downstream presence of an impoundment led to significant
homogenization of fish assemblages through a significant increase in
generalist richness and abundance in fragmented streams and a shift in
the abundance and type of piscivores.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Daniels, R. A.; Limburg, K. E.; Schmidt, R. E.;
Strayer, D. L.; and Chambers, R. C.
American Fisheries Society Symposium 45:
471-503. (2005)
Descriptors: climatic
changes/ commercial fishing/ deforestation/ domestic wastes/ dredging/
environmental impact/ estuaries/ freshwater fish/ harvesting/
introduced species/ rivers/ urbanization/ watersheds/ Microgadus
tomcod/ Morone saxatilis/ Notropis hudsonius/ Osmerus mordax/ New
Jersey/ Hudson R.
Abstract:
The main channel of the Hudson River is a tidal estuary from its mouth
in New York Harbor to Troy, New York, 247 km
upstream. It drains about 35,000 km2
and is an important navigational, commercial, and recreational system.
Since the arrival of European settlers over 400 years ago, it has
undergone numerous environmental changes. These changes have included
channel maintenance by dredging, wholesale dumping of industrial and
domestic wastes, scattered in-basin urbanization and shoreline
development, deforestation of the watershed and an increase in
agriculture, and water removal for commercial, industrial, and
agricultural needs. In addition, the biota of the river has supported
commercial and recreational harvesting, exotic species have become
established, and habitats have become fragmented, replaced, changed in
extent, or isolated. The tidal portion of the Hudson River is
among the most-studied water bodies on Earth. We use data from surveys
conducted in 1936, the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s to examine
changes in fish assemblages and from other sources dating back to 1842.
The surveys are synoptic but use a variety of gears and techniques and
were conducted by different researchers with different study goals. The
scale of our assessment is necessarily coarse. Over 200 species of fish
are reported from the drainage, including freshwater and diadromous
species, estuarine forms, certain life history stages of primarily
marine species, and marine strays. The tidal Hudson River fish
assemblages have responded to the environmental changes of the last
century in several ways. Several important native species appear to be
in decline (e.g., rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax and Atlantic tomcod
Microgadus tomcod), others, once in decline, have rebounded (e.g.,
striped bass Morone saxatilis), and populations of some species seem
stable (e.g., spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius).
© ProQuest
Chapman, D. W. and Knudsen, E.
American Fisheries Society: Transactions 109(4):
357-363. (1980)
Descriptors: channelization/
grazing/ habitat alterations/ management/ research: rivers and streams/
riparian habitat/ fish/ ecology/ flowing waters/ rivers/ streams/
salmonids/ Washington/ Salmonidae
© NISC
May, B. E. and Somes, W. L.
In:
Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies. Las Vegas, Nevada; Vol. 62; pp.
490-500; 1982.
NAL Call #: SK351.W47
Descriptors: habitat alterations/ grazing/ management/ research: rivers and streams/ riparian habitat/ Idaho
© NISC
Wargo, R. S. and Weisman, R. N.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(4): 989-995. (2006)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: aggradation/
backwater/ bankfull/ culverts/ erosion/ fish passage/ floodplain/
perching/ rivers/ streams/ scour/ sediment transport/ stream
restoration
Abstract:
Single-barrel culverts are a common means of roadway crossings for
smaller streams. While this culvert design provides an economical
solution for a crossing, the adverse effects of conveying the stream
through a single opening can be far reaching. The single-barrel culvert
is typically sized for a design storm much greater than the channel
forming discharge. This oversizing causes an interruption of the normal
flow patterns and sediment transport for the system. Shallow depths at
low flow in the pipe and perching at the outlet can impede fish
passage. Multicell culverts (where the main culvert at the channel
invert is sized for bankfull discharge, and additional pipes are placed
at the floodplain elevation to convey overbank flow up to the design
discharge) have been recommended as a best management practice to
minimize erosion and improve fish passage. This flume study scaled a
prototype
single-barrel culvert to both a single-cell model, and a
multicell
design to compare outlet scour and flow depths within the culvert. The
results provide designers and planners with evidence of the benefits of
multicell culverts to justify the higher cost of installation compared
to single-barrel culverts.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Harper, D. J. and Quigley, J. T.
Fisheries 30(2): 18-25. (2005)
NAL Call #: SH1.F54; ISSN: 03632415
Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ fish/ no net loss/ performance/ policy tools/ Canada
Abstract:
We conducted a review of studies that evaluated the effectiveness of
fish habitat compensation projects in achieving the conservation goal
of no net loss of productive capacity of fish habitat in Canada.
Combined, the 103 compensation projects assessed in the 10 studies
created and/or restored 493,205 m 2 of fish habitat to offset habitat
impacts totalling 1,142,648 m2.
Most of the compensation projects assessed were a result of impacts to
estuarine and riverine in-channel habitats. Forestry and urban
development activities resulted in the greatest percentage of
compensation projects. Overall, 64% of the projects were deemed to have
achieved no net loss. Fifty percent of the projects had a compensation
ratio (compensation area:impacted area) of less than 1:1. The small
number of studies found in the literature suggests that performance
evaluations are rarely conducted, limiting our ability to practice
adaptive management. We advocate that a national monitoring program be
developed through which the achievement of no net loss can be assessed
on an ongoing basis.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Thorn, W. C. and Anderson, C. S.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources(488)(2001).
Notes: Project Number: MN F-026-R/Study 689 [Unpublished Fish Report].
Descriptors: habitat
management for fish/ trout, brown/ rehabilitation/ streams/ techniques/
cover/ shores and banks/ habitat changes/ size/ abundance/ standing
crop/ Minnesota/ Salmo/ Salmonidae/ Salmo trutta
Abstract:
Habitat rehabilitation with overhead bank cover and woody debris for
brown trout under a no-kill regulation was evaluated in two reaches of
Hay Creek.
© NISC
Adams, J. D.
In:
Effects of land use practices on fish, shellfish, and their habitats on
Prince Edward Island., Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 2408; Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island: Canadian
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 2002. 121-141.
Descriptors: agricultural pollution/ bacteria/ excretory
products/ organic wastes/ water pollution/ Canada, Prince Edward Island
Abstract:
This project measured faecal coliform (FC) levels in headwater
streams of Prince Edward Island in July-November 1998 and
May-October 1999. Potential FC bacteria contributors at study sites
included cattle, sheep, geese, and humans. Water and sediment (1998
only) samples were taken upstream and downstream of potential FC
contributors. There was a significant positive correlation between
wet-days and FC concentrations in water, suggesting that runoff or
resuspension contributes to increased FC levels. All the cattle and
sheep access sites showed a significant increase of FC downstream from
the livestock. The site with a forested buffer zone which had cattle
fenced out of the stream showed no difference in FC concentrations
between upstream and downstream sampling points. The waterfowl site,
consisting of a stream that runs through two ponds, provided evidence
that high numbers of geese had a significant effect on FC
concentrations. Results from this site also suggested that ponds can
act as filters or buffers for FC concentrations. Water samples from the
stream exiting the upper pond showed significantly lower FC
concentrations than water samples taken upstream of the pond.
Additional sites were sampled in the 1999 field season. The two 1999
cattle access sites showed significant increases in FC concentrations
at downstream sampling sites, and the 1999 cattle fenced site showed no
change in bacteria levels between upstream and downstream points. A
site added in the 1999 field season provided a reference on what levels
of FC to expect naturally since the stream occurred primarily in a
forested area without other influences. Several upstream locations in
which there was no agricultural or anthropogenic activity also showed
low FC levels.
© ProQuest
1391. Conflicts between people and fish for water: Two British Columbia salmon and steelhead rearing streams in need of flows.
Rosenau, M. and Angelo, M.
Vancouver, BC: Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council, 2003.
http://www.fish.bc.ca/files/ConflictsPeopleFish_2003_0_Complete.pdf
Descriptors: environmental
effects/ habitat/ habitat improvement/ legislation/ salmon fisheries/
water/ Oncorhynchus/ Canada, British Columbia/ Canada, British
Columbia, Englishman R./ Canada, British Columbia, Nicola R./ Canada,
British Columbia, Thompson R.
Abstract:
The amount of water flowing in a stream during the spawning,
incubation and early life stages of salmon and steelhead is crucial to
their health and survival. The freshwater rearing phase for all species
of salmon requires the maintenance of the quality and quantity of water
in terms of temperature, nutrition and spatial requirements and these
parameters are affected by flow. Low flows can impact on salmon and
steelhead rearing by reducing habitat capacity and availability for
young fish as well as stressing or killing adult and young fish through
increased summer water temperatures. Lowered flows can interrupt the
passage of adult and juvenile fish to spawning and rearing areas. The
extraction of water from streams and lakes has undermined the
production of salmon and steelhead in a number of high-profile British Columbia watersheds. Increasing human settlement
throughout the past century has led to unprecedented demands for water
for industrial, agricultural and domestic purposes. Indeed, it is the
opinion of various fisheries professionals that the over-abstraction of
water may have contributed to the decline of some southern-interior
coho salmon stocks to the point that they have now been listed by the
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. The
withdrawal of water for an array of purposes has also adversely
affected some east-coast Vancouver Island steelhead populations
that were already in a crisis state.
© ProQuest
Frimpong, E. A.; Lee, J. G.; and Sutton, T. M.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(5): 1349-1361. (Oct. 2006)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315
Descriptors: ecological
restoration/ cost effectiveness/ cost analysis/ streams/ riparian
buffers/ riparian forests/ logs/ water pollution/ pollution control/
wildlife habitats/ agricultural watersheds/ watershed
management/ Indiana/ pollution/ land resources/ forestry related
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of cost effectiveness (CE) analysis of
vegetative filter strips (VFS) and instream half-logs as tools for
recovering scores on a fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) in the
upper Wabash River watershed (UW) in Indiana. Three
assumptions were made about recovery time for IBI scores (5, 15, and 30
years) and social discount rates (1, 3, and 5 percent), which were
tested for sensitivity of the estimated CE ratios. Effectiveness of VFS
was estimated using fish IBIs and riparian forest cover from 49
first-order to fifth-order stream reaches. Half-log structures had been
installed for approximately two years in the UW prior to the study and
provided a basis for estimates of cost and maintenance. Cost
effectiveness ratios for VFS decreased from $387 to $277 per 100 m for
a 1 percent increase in IBI scores from first- to fifth-order streams
with 3 percent discount and 30-year recovery. This cost weighted by
proportion of stream orders was $360. The ratio decreased with
decreasing time of recovery and discount rate. Based on installation
costs and an assumption of equal recovery rates, half-logs were
two-thirds to one-half as cost-effective as VFS. Half-logs would be a
cost-effective supplement to VFS in low order streams if they can be
proven to recover IBI scores faster than VFS do. This study provides
baseline data and a framework for planning and determining the cost of
stream restoration.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
Thompson, D. M. and Stull, G. N.
Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 56(1): 45-60. (2002).
http://www.erudit.org/revue/gpq/2002/v56/n1/008604ar.pdf
Descriptors: channels/ fisheries/ fishery management/ habitats/ history
Abstract:
The use of instream structures to modify aquatic habitat has a long
history in the USA. Pioneering work by wealthy landowners in the
Catskills region of New York produced a range of designs in the
decades preceding the Great Depression in an effort to replenish fish
populations depleted from overfishing. The scientific evaluation of
structures began in 1930. Within two years, a Michigan research
team claimed improved fish populations. Cheap labour and
government-sponsored conservation projects spearheaded by the Civilian
Conservation Corps allowed the widespread adoption of the techniques in
the 1930s, before adequate testing of the long-term impact of the
devices. The start of World War II temporarily ended the government
conservation efforts and prevented the continued evaluation of
structures. During the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, designs of instream
structures remained essentially unchanged. Meanwhile, the small number
of evaluations of the impact of the structures often were flawed. The
continued use of early designs of instream structures helped instill a
false belief that instream structures were proven to be a benefit to
fish. Even modern use of instream structures continues to rely on the
basic blueprints developed in the Catskills, despite documented
problems with the use of these designs.
© CABI
Westra, J. V.; Zimmerman, J. K. H.; and Vondracek, B.
Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 33(1):
105-120. (2004)
NAL Call #: HD1773.A2N6; ISSN: 10682805
Descriptors: agricultural
drainage and pesticide transport model (ADAPT)/ Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP)/ Conservation Security Program (CSP)/ fisheries/
green payments/ water quality
Abstract:
Many conservation programs under the 2002 Farm Act address resource
concerns such as water quality and aquatic communities in streams.
Analyzing two such programs, simulated changes in agricultural
practices decreased field-edge sediment losses by 25-31 % in two
geophysically distinct Minnesota watersheds. However, while
in-stream sediment concentrations and lethal fisheries events decreased
significantly in one watershed, there was no discernable improvement
for the fisheries in the other, despite potentially spending over
$100,000 annually in conservation payments. These results highlight the
importance of performance-based conservation payments targeted to
genuine resource concerns in watersheds and the value of integrated
bioeconomic modeling of conservation programs.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rosi-Marshall, Emma J.; Moerke, Ashley H.; and
Lamberti, Gary A.
Environmental Management (2006)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: animals/
fisheries/ fishes [physiology]/ invertebrates [physiology]/ Michigan/ population dynamics/ [methods]/ ecosystem/ trout
[physiology]
Abstract:
Monitoring of stream restoration projects is often limited and success
often focuses on a single taxon (e.g., salmonids), even though other
aspects of stream structure and function may also respond to
restoration activities. The Ottawa National Forest (ONF), Michigan, conducted a site-specific trout habitat improvement to
enhance the trout fishery in Cook's Run, a 3rd-order stream that the
ONF determined was negatively affected by past logging. Our objectives
were to determine if the habitat improvement increased trout abundances
and enhanced other ecological variables (overall habitat quality,
organic matter retention, seston concentration, periphyton abundance,
sediment organic matter content, and macroinvertebrate abundance and
diversity) following rehabilitation. The addition of skybooms
(underbank cover structures) and k-dams (pool-creating structures)
increased the relative abundance of harvestable trout (>25 cm in
total length) as intended but not overall trout abundances. Both
rehabilitation techniques also increased maximum channel depth and
organic matter retention, but only k-dams increased overall habitat
quality. Neither approach significantly affected other ecological
variables. The modest ecological response to this habitat improvement
likely occurred because the system was not severely degraded
beforehand, and thus small, local changes in habitat did not measurably
affect most physical and ecological variables measured. However,
increases in habitat volume and in organic matter retention may enhance
stream biota in the long term.
© NISC
Saxton, K. E.; Elliott, L. F.; Papendick, R. I.; Jawson, M. D.; and Fortier, D. H.
Ada, Okla.: United States Environmental Protection Agency Research and Development, 1983. 7 p.
Notes: EPA 600/S2-83/071.
NAL Call #: TD223.7.E442 1983
Descriptors: Pacific
Northwest/ freshwater environment/ impact of agriculture/ cattle/
grazing/ erosion/ sedimentation/ water quality/ management/ manure/
indicator bacteria/ freshwater environment/ impact of forestry or
agriculture/ policy, management, education or information
© NISC
Goodman, Keli J.; Hershey, Anne E.; and Fortino, Kenneth
Hydrobiologia 559: 305-318. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors: ecology/
trophic structure/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Macroinvertebrata: food webs/ stream benthic
community trophic function/ effect of forest type/ community structure/
stream benthic community/ stream/ benthic community structure and
trophic function/ forest and woodland/ forest type effect on stream
benthic community structure and trophic function/ North Carolina/ Tar
Pamlico River Basin/ stream benthic community structure and trophic
function/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We examined the impact of small-scale commercial forestry on the
structure and function of 6 headwater streams in the North Carolina
Piedmont. During 2001-2003 terrestrial organic matter inputs,
temperature, macroinvertebrate community composition and tolerance,
leaf breakdown rate, and food web structure were quantified for 2
streams draining mature stands of managed loblolly pine, 2 streams
draining mature hardwood forests, and 2 streams draining 3-year-old
clear cuts, which had been replanted with loblolly pine. Streams in the
clear-cuts and pine plantations were bordered by a 15 m hardwood
buffer. Despite differences in watershed land-use, there were no
significant differences in the organic matter supply or temperature
between streams draining different forest types. However, algal biomass
was significantly higher in clear-cut sites than forested sites, and
was also higher in hardwood sites than pine sites. Streams draining the
clear-cut sites contained lower macroinvertebrate richness and
diversity, and fewer intolerant species, than streams draining pine and
hardwood stands. Despite the differences in macroinvertebrates
community composition, there was no difference among forest types in
leaf-pack breakdown rates. Analysis of Δ15N and Δ13C
natural abundance of functional feeding group indicated that the
shredders and predators collected from streams draining clear-cuts had
a Δ15N
value that was enriched relative to the macroinvertebrates of streams
draining pine and hardwood forests. This difference in Δ15N signature appears to be the result of the incorporation of riparian grass species in the clear-cuts, which have a higher Δ15N,
into the diet of shredders. Pine sites had similar food webs to natural
hardwood sites. Our results suggest that clear-cutting changes both the
trophic dynamics and macroinvertebrate composition of low-order
Piedmont streams in North Carolina despite the presence of
hardwood buffers. However, large differences were not found between
older pine and hardwood stands, indicating rapid recovery following
re-growth of forest vegetation, when hardwood buffer strips were
present.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Homyack, J. D. and Giuliano, W. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 30(2): 361-369. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: riparian
environments/ range management/ species richness/ abundance/ biomass/
herpetofauna/ ecosystem management/ ecosystem disturbance/ agriculture/
population density/ community composition/ species diversity/ riparian
vegetation/ water quality/ animal populations/ man-induced effects/
stream banks/ ecology/ amphibians/ Regina septemvittata/ Thamnophis
sirtalis/ Amphibia/ Reptilia/ queen snake/ common garter snake/
reptiles/ streambank fencing/ livestock grazing
Abstract:
Grazing livestock in streams and associated riparian zones may
negatively impact a variety of wildlife through direct disturbance and
alteration of environmental conditions. To evaluate streambank fencing
as a management tool, we measured the richness, abundance, and biomass
of reptile and amphibian species on 10 grazed streams and associated
riparian areas and 10 similar areas that were recently fenced (1-2 yrs)
to exclude livestock, during spring and summer of 1998 and 1999.
Effects of streambank fencing on vegetation, water quality, and
macroinvertebrate populations also were examined because livestock
grazing may indirectly impact communities of herpetofauna through their
influence on these factors. We found no difference in species richness,
abundance of all species combined, or biomass of herpetofauna between
fenced and unfenced streams. However, northern queen snakes
(Regina septemvittata) and eastern garter snakes (Thamnophis
sirtalis) were more abundant on fenced than unfenced sites. Percent
litter cover and vertical obstruction were higher on fenced sites,
terrestrial macroinvertebrate biomass was greater on unfenced sites,
and water-quality variables did not differ between site types. Although
some species (e.g., birds) responded quickly (<4 yrs) to streambank
fencing, it appeared that herpetofauna might require a longer recovery
time (>4 yrs). The length of time since livestock were excluded,
dispersal ability, reproductive potential, and distance to the nearest
remnant population may be important factors in reptile and amphibian
recovery in grazed stream and riparian zones.
© ProQuest
Macdonald, J. S.; MacIsaac, E. A.; and Herunter, H. E.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(8):
1371-1382. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x03-015.
Descriptors: Harvesting/
Insect control/ thermal effects/ forest harvesting/ stream flow/ boreal
forest/ buffer zone/ forest management/ harvesting/ riparian zone/
stream/ water temperature/ Canada
Abstract:
Stream temperature impacts resulting from forest harvesting in riparian
areas have been documented in a number of locations in North
America. As part of the Stuart-Takla Fisheries-Forestry Interaction
Project, we have investigated the influence of three variable-retention
riparian harvesting prescriptions on temperatures in first-order
streams in the interior sub-boreal forests of northern British
Columbia. Prescriptions were designed to represent a range of possible
harvesting options outlined by the Forest Practices Code of B.C., or
associated best management practice guidelines. Five years after the
completion of harvesting treatments, temperatures remained four to six
degrees warmer, and diurnal temperature variation remained higher than
in the control streams regardless of treatment. Initially, the
high-retention treatment acted to mitigate the temperature effects of
the harvesting, but 3 successive years of windthrow was antecedent to
reduced canopy density and equivalent temperature impacts. We speculate
that late autumn reversals in the impacts of forest harvesting also
occur. Temperature impacts in this study remained within the tolerance
limits of local biota. However, even modest temperature changes could
alter insect production, egg incubation, fish rearing, migration
timing, and susceptibility to disease, and the effects of large changes
to daily temperature range are not well understood.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Wooster, D. E. and DeBano, S. J.
Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 165(2): 241-268. (2006);
ISSN: 00039136.
Notes: doi: 10.1127/0003-9136/2006/0165-0241.
Descriptors: agricultural landscapes/ aquatic macroinvertebrates/ patch size/ riparian buffers/
woody riparian vegetation
Abstract:
Woody riparian vegetation plays important roles in stream ecosystems
and its presence can have strong impacts on stream fauna. Agricultural
practices have led to the removal and fragmentation of woody riparian
vegetation in many watersheds. It is unclear whether small, isolated
patches of woody riparian vegetation continue to exert important
influences on stream fauna. The impact of these types of patches and
the influence of the size of the patches on stream macroinvertebrates
was examined in a watershed in northeastern Oregon that is
dominated by dryland wheat production. Half of the study reaches flowed
through patches of woody riparian vegetation and half flowed through
areas in which there was no woody vegetation and wheat fields were
found within 3m of the stream. Stream reaches flowing through patches
of woody riparian vegetation had higher taxa richness than those
flowing through areas lacking woody vegetation. Size of woody patches,
as measured by patch length, was positively correlated with shredder
abundance, scraper abundance and diversity, and was also correlated
with overall community composition as defined by ordination scores. An
analysis of individual taxa revealed that patch length was positively
associated with nine taxa that are known to be sensitive to human
disturbances and negatively associated with one taxon which is
considered tolerant of human disturbances. Patch length was also
negatively associated with the proportion of sediment on the substrate
and it appears that this environmental factor might drive the
relationships between patch length and the abundance of the ten taxa.
Woody riparian patch width was also examined as a measure of size. In
contrast to length, patch width was not correlated with any metric of
macroinvertebrate community structure. The results of this study also
revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure was influenced by
the drainage the study sites were found in. This was unexpected because
the study was conducted in a small watershed and the sites within each
drainage were specifically chosen to be similar in land use and
geology. These results indicate that patch length may be as important,
if not more important, than patch width in influencing stream
ecosystems. However, the "buffer" literature generally considers only
buffer width when examining the relationship between patch size and
stream systems. This study highlights the need to consider patch
length, as well as width, in studies examining the effect of patches of
riparian vegetation on stream fauna, in the design of buffer projects,
and in the monitoring of existing project effectiveness. © 2006 E.
Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Yates, A. G.; Bailey, R. C.; and Schwindt, J. A.
Hydrobiologia 583(1): 331-344. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10750-007-0619-4.
Descriptors: micro-basin scale/ agriculture/ best management practices/ BMPs/ stream agroecosystems/ stream quality
Abstract: Implementation
of best management practices (BMPs), such as improved
manure storage, buffer strips, and grassed waterways, through
government funded conservation programs is a common approach for
mitigation of the impacts agricultural activities have on the
surrounding environment. In this study, we tested the ability of these
practices to meet the environmental goal of improved stream quality at
a "micro-basin" scale in the Upper Thames River Watershed,
southern Ontario, Canada. Micro-basins were first and second
order basins, averaging 400 ha in area, representing gradients of land
cover, geomorphology, and participation in conservation programs. At
the outflow of each micro-basin the benthic macro-invertebrate
community was sampled, water chemistry measurements completed, and
habitat quality assessed. Results showed micro-basins with relatively
high levels of BMP implementation consistently demonstrated improved
stream ecosystem quality over the majority of micro-basins with low or
no implementation. Streams in the Upper Thames River basin appeared to exhibit a threshold effect, where with
several BMPs in the same basin an improvement in stream ecosystem
quality is visible. In addition to the BMPs implemented through
government funded conservation programs, the observed ecosystem
improvements are probably due to increased environmental awareness and
improved management by farmers. © 2007 Springer Science+Business
Media B.V.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Carroll, G. D.; Schoenholtz, S. H.; Young, B. W.; and Dibble, E. D.
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 4(1): 275-296. (2004); ISSN: 15677230.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/B:WAFO.0000012813.94538.c8.
Descriptors: aquatic macroinvertebrates/ best management practices/ BMPs/ forest management/ logging/ stream habitat/ water quality
Abstract:
During the past decade, compliance with initiatives to promote forestry
best management practices (BMPs) has been monitored in most states of
the southern U.S. and suggests an excellent level of acceptance
throughout the region. However, effectiveness of these practices to
protect water quality and aquatic habitat in streams that are
potentially impacted by forest management activities has not been as
thoroughly documented as the degree of compliance. The objective of
this study was to determine effectiveness of streamside management
zones (SMZs), a key element of BMPs designed for protection of water
quality, aquatic habitat, and macroinvertebrate communities, in
low-order streams within a region of north central Mississippi
that is subjected to intensive forest management. Three SMZ treatments
(undisturbed reference, clear-cut logging with an SMZ designated by
forest managers, or clear-cut logging with no SMZ) were evaluated using
a study with three replications of each treatment. Response metrics
including water quality parameters, mineral soil exposure and net
deposition/erosion within riparian zones, stream habitat indicators,
and aquatic macroinvertebrate communities were comparable between
streams receiving SMZs and undisturbed reference streams at all
sampling intervals during the first year after treatment. Furthermore,
significant elevation of streamwater temperature, decline in habitat
stability rating, and increase in density of macroinvertebrates
occurring in streams without an SMZ in comparison to reference streams
provides additional evidence of SMZ effectiveness during the initial
year after harvesting. © 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Binns, N. Allen
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 24(3): 911-921. (2004)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/
lotic water/ land zones/ Salmonidae: habitat management/ streams/
effectiveness of habitat manipulation/ biomass/ population density/
stream/ Wyoming/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes/ chordates/
fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Habitat manipulation is commonly used to enhance habitat and stocks of
fluvial trout of the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo, and Salvelinus, but
questions have been raised about the effectiveness of such work.
Consequently, I analyzed wild trout abundance, biomass, and habitat
before and after habitat manipulations among 30 projects done by the
Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Abundance and biomass of trout
increased following habitat manipulation among most of the projects.
Excessive angler harvest prevented an increase at three projects, and
drought hindered fish response in a fourth stream. At a fifth project,
the trout population decreased after intense cattle grazing degraded
project structures. Instream structures proved durable. Only one
project, which featured wire trash catchers in a fourth-order mountain
stream, suffered failure of habitat manipulation devices. Cover for
trout and residual pool depth significantly increased following
projects, whereas eroding banks significantly decreased. Both timber
and log check dams consistently produced good pools, but rock check
dams did not. Mean per project cost statewide was US$39,230/mi. These
results demonstrate that well-built, properly located, and properly
maintained instream structures can provide better habitat and increase
stocks of trout in carefully selected reaches, thus satisfying public
and agency expectations for fishery improvement and gaining time to
correct watershed problems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
Reid, S. M.; Stoklosar, S.; Metikosh, S.; and Evans, J.
Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37(2): 473-488. (2002); ISSN: 1201-3080
Descriptors: aquatic
communities/ dams/ environmental impact/ geological sedimentation/
habitat destruction/ habitats/ pipelines/ pumps/ riparian vegetation/
sediment/ streams/ suspended solids/ fishes/ Salvelinus fontinalis/
trout
Abstract:
Stream populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are sensitive
to sediment-caused changes to habitat, i.e., increased embeddedness of
bed material. The use of watercourse crossing techniques (dam and pump,
and flume methods) that isolate the construction site by diverting flow
around the crossing has often been promoted as a means of controlling
the amount of sediment released, particularly for those watercourses
with sensitive fish species or habitats. However, few case studies have
evaluated the effectiveness of isolated crossing construction
techniques to mitigate the effects of instream construction activities.
We measured suspended sediment
concentrations
during six isolated pipeline crossings of brook trout streams in
Minnesota (USA), Nova Scotia and Ontario (Canada). In
addition, sediment deposition rates, riffle habitats and fish abundance
were monitored upstream and downstream of four of the crossings.
Results of monitoring studies indicated that isolated techniques can be
very effective at: (i) minimizing increases to downstream suspended
sediment concentrations during instream construction; and, (ii)
preventing sediment-induced effects on habitat and fish abundance
downstream of pipeline water crossings. For sensitive watercourses,
isolated crossing techniques are an effective alternative to trenchless
crossing techniques (e.g., horizontal directional drilling).
© CABI
Saiki, M. K.; Martin, V. A.; Schwarzbach, S. E.; and
May, T. W.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21(3): 624-635. (2001)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 1548-8675
Descriptors: grassland
water district/ Lower San Joaquin River map/ California/ agricultural
drainwater bypass/ freshwater fish/ community structure/ abundance/
selenium concentration/ environmental factors/ abiotic factors/ water
quality/ forestry/ physiology, biology,
biochemistry/ ecology and conservation
Abstract:
The Grassland Bypass Project, which began operation in September 1996,
was conceivedas a means of diverting brackish selenium-contaminated
agricultural drainwater away from canals and sloughs needed for
transporting irrigation water to wetlands within the Grassland Water
District (the Grasslands),Merced County,;California. The seleniferous
drainwater is now routed into the San Luis Drain for conveyance to
North Mud Slough and eventual disposal in the San Joaquin River. The
purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the
Grassland Bypass Project has affected fishes in sloughs and other
surface waters within and downstream from the Grasslands. During
September-October 1997, 9,795 fish representing 25 species were
captured at 13 sampling sites. Although several species exhibited
restricted spatial distributions, association analysis and cluster
analysis failed to identify more than one fish species assemblage
inhabiting the various sites. However, seleniferous drainwater from the
San Luis Drain has influenced selenium concentrations in whole fish
within North Mud Slough and the San JoaquinRiver. The highest
concentrations of selenium (12-23μg/g, dry weight basis) were
measured in green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus from the San Luis Drain
where seleniferous drainwater is most concentrated, whereas the second
highest concentrations occurred in green sunfish (7.6-17μg/g and
bluegills Lepomis macrochirus (14-18μg/g) from North Mud Slough
immediately downstream from the drain. Although there was some
variation, fish in the San Joaquin River generally contained higher
body burdens of selenium when captured immediately below the mouth of
North Mud Slough (3.1-4.9μg/g for green sunfish, 3.7-5.0μg/g for
bluegills) than when captured upstream from the mouth (0.67-3.3μg/g
for green sunfish, 0.59-3.7g for bluegills). Waterborne selenium was
the single most important predictor of selenium concentrations in green
sunfish and bluegills, as judged by results from multiple-regression
analyses. Among bluegills, water temperature also contributed to the
prediction of selenium body burdens.
© NISC
1406. Effects of conservation practices on aquatic habitats and fauna.
Knight, Scott S. and Boyer, Kathryn L.
In:
Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2007. 19 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb7.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic
environment/ surface water/ aquatic habitat/ conservation practices/
terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ watershed management/ wildlife
management
Abstract:
This paper examines the effects of NRCS-defined conservation
practices used as conservation measures for aquatic species and their
habitats. A major goal of both state and federal agricultural and
environmental agencies in the United States is sustainable
management of watersheds where agriculture is a dominant land use.
Because watershed processes and conditions directly and indirectly
affect soil, water, air, plants, animals, and humans, USDA NRCS
encourages a watershed approach to management of agricultural
operations in the United States. This requires a suite of
approaches or practices that address natural resource concerns in
uplands and stream corridors. Land clearing, leveling, draining,
tilling, fertilizing, and harvesting together create prolonged
perturbations manifested in the ecological and physical conditions of
streams and rivers. Regardless of the cause of a problem in a
watershed, its effect on aquatic habitats and their biological
communities is dramatic. Physical damage due to channelization,
erosion, sedimentation, and altered hydrological regimes coupled with
ecological damage due to excessive nutrients, pesticide contamination,
and riparian clearing cumulatively diminish the quality of aquatic
habitats and threaten their biological communities. In general, the
primary goals for farmers and ranchers in agricultural watersheds are
(a) control of non-point source pollutants such as nutrients,
sediments, and pesticides, (b) adequate water supplies for crop and
animal production, and (c) stream/river channel stability. As
indicators of watershed conditions, aquatic species and their habitats
play a pivotal role in how we manage watersheds, with the ultimate goal
of sustaining water quality and ecological integrity. Conservation
planning identifies resource concerns within watersheds and what
practices should be implemented to address them. If such practices are
applied according to USDA standards, habitats will benefit as will the
species that inhabit them.
1407. Effects of gravel augmentation on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a regulated California river.
Merz, J. E. and Chan, L. K.
River Research and Applications 21(1): 61-74. (2005)
NAL Call #: TC530.R43 ; ISSN: 15351459.
Notes: doi: 10.1002/rra.819.
Descriptors: biomass/
gravel/ macroinvertebrates/ physical habitat/ river enhancement/
salmon/ spawning/ species diversity/ biomass/ gravel bed stream/
macroinvertebrate/ salmonid/ spawning/ species diversity/ California/
Mokelumne River/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ Salmonidae
Abstract:
Enhancement projects within anadromous salmonid rivers of California have increased in recent years. Much of this work is
intended as mitigation in regulated streams where salmon and steelhead
spawning habitat is inaccessible or degraded due to dams, water
diversions and channelization. Little research has been done to assess
the benefits of spawning habitat enhancement to stream organisms other
than salmon. We monitored benthic macroinvertebrates at seven spawning
gravel augmentation sites in the lower Mokelumne River,
a regulated stream in the Central Valley of California. Placement of
cleaned floodplain gravel decreased depths and increased stream
velocities. Benthic organisms colonized new gravels quickly, equalling
densities and biomass of unenhanced spawning sites within 4 weeks.
Macroinvertebrate species richness equalled that of unenhanced sites
within 4 weeks and diversity within 2 weeks. Standing crop, as
indicated by densities and dry biomass, was significantly higher in
enhancement sites after 12 weeks than in unenhanced sites and remained
so over the following 10 weeks. Although mobile collector/browsers
initially dominated new gravels, sedentary collectors were the most
common feeding category after 4 weeks, similar to unenhanced sites.
These data suggest that cleaned gravels from adjacent floodplain
materials, used to enhance salmonid spawning sites, are quickly
incorporated into the stream ecosystem, benefiting benthic
macroinvertebrate densities and dry biomass.
© 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1408. Effects of grazing management on streambanks.
Bohn, C. C. and Buckhouse, J. C.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 51: 265-271. (1986)
Descriptors: Cervus/ livestock/ Odocoileus hemionus/ runoff/ stocking rate/ streams/ wildlife management/ Oregon
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1409. Effects of habitat disturbance on stream salamanders: Implications for buffer zones and watershed management.
Willson J. D. and Dorcas M. E.
Conservation Biology 17(3): 763-771. (June 2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5
Descriptors: salamanders/ riparian buffers/ North Carolina/ habitat management
Abstract:
With human populations increasing worldwide, habitat destruction and
degradation are among the greatest threats facing wildlife. To minimize
the impacts of development on aquatic habitats, numerous conservation
measures have been implemented, including the use of riparian buffer
zones along streams and rivers. We examined the effectiveness of
current buffer-zone systems for management of small watersheds in
conserving stream-dwelling salamander populations in 10 small streams
(draining <40.5 ha) in the western Piedmont of North Carolina. We
captured salamanders by means of funnel traps and systematic dipnetting
and used a geographic information system to calculate the percentage of
disturbed habitat within the watershed of each stream and within 10.7-,
30.5-, and 61.0 -m buffer zones around each stream, upstream from our
sampling locations. Although the relative abundance of salamanders was
strongly inversely proportional to the percentage of disturbed habitat
in the entire watersheds (R2
= 0.71 for Desmognathus fuscus and 0.48 for Eurycea cirrigera), we
found little to no correlation between the relative abundance of
salamanders and the percentage of disturbed habitat present within
buffer zones (R2
= 0.06-0.27 for D. fuscus and 0.01-0.07 for E. cirrigera). Thus,
conservation efforts aimed at preserving salamander populations in
headwater streams must consider land use throughout entire watersheds,
rather than just preserving small riparian buffer zones.
1410. Effects of livestock grazing exclosure on aquatic macroinvertebrates in a montane stream New Mexico.
Rinne, J. N.
Great Basin Naturalist 48(2): 146-153. (1988)
NAL Call #: 410 G79; ISSN: 0017-3614
Descriptors: mammal/ biomass/ habitat/ watershed/ population density/ chi square
Abstract:
Aquatic macroinvertebrate populations inhabiting reaches of a stream
within areas excluded from livestock grazing for a decade were markedly
different from those in grazed areas when density, biomass, biotic
condition indices, and mean chi square indices of the two populations
were compared. Increased densities and biomasses of more tolerant forms
of macroinvertebrates were observed in grazed reaches. Because
pretreatment data were not available, differences in macroinvertebrate
populations and relative tolerances of taxa in grazed and ungrazed
areas could be as easily attributed to linear changes in stream habitat
as to removal of domestic livestock. Results of this study have
implications for the design of futur research on the effects of
livestock grazing on stream environments and biota: (1)
baseline/pretreatment information is prerequisite, and (2) the study
should take a watershed (ecosystem) approach.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1411. Effects
of local land use on physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates, and
fish in the Whitewater River, Minnesota, USA.
Nerbonne, B. A. and Vondracek, B.
Environmental Management 28(1): 87-99. (2001)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s002670010209.
Descriptors: aquatic
insects/ BMPs/ fish/ grass buffers/ physical habitat/ riparian areas/
stream theory/ wooded buffers/ farms/ rivers/ sedimentation/
watersheds/ soil losses/ land use/ benthic environment/ best management
practices/ land use/ macroinvertebrates/ land use/ ecosystem/ fishes/
fresh water/ invertebrates/ United States
Abstract:
Best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to address soil
loss and the resulting sedimentation of streams, but information is
lacking regarding their benefits to stream biota. We compared instream
physical habitat and invertebrate and fish assemblages from farms with
BMP to those from farms with conventional agricultural practices within
the Whitewater River watershed of southeastern Minnesota, USA, in 1996 and 1997. Invertebrate assemblages
were assessed using the US EPA's rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP),
and fish assemblages were assessed with two indices of biotic integrity
(Bls). Sites were classified by upland land use (BMP or conventional
practices) and riparian management (grass, grazed, or wooded buffer).
Physical habitat characteristics differed across buffer types, but not
upland land use, using an analysis of covariance, with buffer width and
stream as covariates. Percent fines and embeddedness were negatively
correlated with buffer width. Stream sites along grass buffers
generally had significantly lower percent fines, embeddedness, and
exposed streambank soil, but higher percent cover and overhanging
vegetation when compared with sites that had grazed or wooded buffers.
RBP and IBI scores were not significantly different across upland land
use or riparian buffer type but did show several correlations with
instream physical habitat variables. RBP and IBI scores were both
negatively correlated with percent fines and embeddedness and
positively correlated with width-to-depth ratio. The lack of difference
in RBP or IBI scores across buffer types suggests that biotic
indicators may not respond to local changes, that other factors not
measured may be important, or that greater improvements in watershed
condition are necessary for changes in biota to be apparent. Grass
buffers may be a viable alternative for riparian management, especially
if sedimentation and stream-bank stability are primary concerns.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1412.
Effects of riparian area management on stream habitat and fish communities in central and southwest Wisconsin.
Stephens, T. J. University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, 2001.
Notes: Degree: M.S.
Descriptors: vegetation/ plant succession/ grasses/ shrubs/ statistics/ temperature, environment/ size/ cover/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
Objectives were to: (1) evaluate how differences in riparian
vegetation (well-managed grazing, ungrazed grass, early
successional-shrub vegetation, and late successional-wooded vegetation)
affect stream habitat and fish community characteristics among stream
reaches; and (2) assess stream habitat quality and fish community
characteristics among streams with different thermal regimes in two
ecoregions of Wisconsin.
© NISC
1413. Effects of sedimentation and turbidity on lotic food webs: A concise review for natural resource managers.
Henley, W. F.; Patterson, M. A.; Neves, R. J.; and
Lemly, A. D.
Reviews in Fisheries Science 8(2): 125-139. (2000);
ISSN: 1064-1262
Descriptors: sediment
load/ nephelometers/ trophic levels/ environmental impact/ ecosystem
disturbance/ water quality control/ population dynamics/ food chains/
turbidity/ environment management/ zooplankton/ sedimentation/
mollusks/ fish/ insects/ watersheds/ suspended sediments/ monitoring/
streams/ habitat community studies/ mechanical and natural changes/
erosion and sedimentation
Abstract:
Sedimentation and turbidity are significant contributors to declines in
populations of North American aquatic organisms. Impacts to lotic fauna
may be expressed through pervasive alterations in local food chains
beginning at the primary trophic level. Decreases in primary production
are associated with increases in sedimentation and turbidity and
produce negative cascading effects through depleted food availability
to zooplankton, insects, freshwater mollusks, and fish. Direct effects
at each trophic level are mortality, reduced physiological function,
and avoidance; however, decreases in available food at trophic levels
also result in depressed rates of growth, reproduction, and
recruitment. Impacts of turbidity to aquatic organisms often seem
inconsistent among watersheds and experiments, but this apparent
difference is actually due to the lack of correlation between suspended
sediment concentrations (mg/L) and units of measure (Nephelometric
Turbidity Units, NTU). The use of NTU as a surrogate measurement of
suspended sediment to predict biotic effects within watersheds is
dubious. Similar NTU measurements from different watersheds may be
correlated with different concentrations of suspended sediment. For
monitoring the effects of turbidity within local watersheds, we
recommend that the correlation between suspended sediment and NTUs be
examined over a range of discharge recordings, and that this be used as
a baseline to examine local effects. We recommend that riparian buffer
strips and livestock fencing be used to reduce sediment input to
streams.
© ProQuest
1414. Effects
of silviculture using best management practices on stream
macroinvertebrate communities in three ecoregions of Arkansas, USA.
McCord, S. B.; Grippo, R. S.; and Eagle, D. M.
Water, Air and Soil Pollution 184(1-4): 299-311. (2007)
NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 00496979.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s11270-007-9417-x.
Descriptors: BACI
study design/ Euclidean distance/ functional feeding groups/ logging/
best management practices/ BMPs/ streams/ macroinvertebrate communities
Abstract:
We examined aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in six Arkansas
low-order streams across three ecoregions. Samples were taken at
locations above and below silviculture sites using Best Management
Practices (BMPs) and were compared in winter and spring for 1 year
prior to logging and 2 years after treatments. Implementation at all
sites scored between 89 and 100% in compliance assessments using state
BMP guidelines. Deficiencies were generally limited to engineering
controls designed to prevent soil erosion; however, no clear evidence
of sedimentation was observed in any of the study streams. Water
quality variables were similar between sites upstream and downstream of
the harvests in all survey periods. Analysis of variance did not
indicate reduced taxonomic richness that could clearly be attributed to
silviculture operations, but did reveal several significant differences
in relative abundance variables that could be associated with negative
impacts, primarily at a single site. Euclidean distance indicated that
macroinvertebrate assemblage similarity between reference and treatment
stations decreased after treatments at two additional study sites. At
most sites, however, there was not an assemblage shift from organisms
using coarse particulate organic matter as the primary food source to
those using fine particulate organic matter downstream of the harvests.
Our results indicated that BMPs were moderately to strongly effective
in protecting water quality and biological integrity in five of the six
study streams. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1415. Effects
of streambank fencing of pasture land on benthic macroinvertebrates and
the quality of surface water and shallow ground water in the Big Spring Run Basin of Mill Creek Watershed,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1993-2001.
Galeone, D. G.; Brightbill, R. A.; Low, D. J.; and
O'Brien,
D. L. U.S. Geological Survey; United States Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report no. 2006-5141, 2006. 197 pp.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5141/pdf/sir2006-5141.pdf
Descriptors: channels/
ground water/ groundwater/ groundwater basins inland water environment/
pastures/ river basins/ stream pollution/ streams/ surface water/
surface-groundwater relations/ vegetation/ watersheds/ zoobenthos/
Iowa, Big Spring/ Pennsylvania,
Lancaster Cty.
Abstract: Streambank
fencing along stream channels in pastured areas and
the exclusion of pasture animals from the channel are best- management
practices designed to reduce nutrient and suspended- sediment yields
from drainage basins. Establishment of vegetation in the fenced area
helps to stabilize streambanks and provides better habitat for wildlife
in and near the stream. This study documented the effectiveness of a 5-
to 12-foot-wide buffer strip on the quality of surface water and
near-stream ground water in a 1.42- mi(sup 2) treatment basin
in Lancaster County, Pa. Two miles of stream were fenced in
the basin in 1997 following a 3- to 4- year pre-treatment period of
monitoring surface- and ground-water variables in the treatment and
control basins. Changes in surface- and ground-water quality were
monitored for about 4 years after fence installation.
© ProQuest
1416. Effects of watershed best management practices on habitat and fish in Wisconsin streams.
Wang, L.; Lyons, J.; and Kanehl, P.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38(3): 663-680. (2002)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: aquatic
ecosystems/ BMP evaluation/ fish/ nonpoint source pollution/ physical
habitat/ watershed management/ ecosystems/ low temperature effects/
marine biology/ stream flow/ best management practices/ BMPs/ habitat
conditions/ habitat management/ water temperature/ United States/
Cottidae/ Salmo trutta/ Salmonidae
Abstract:
We evaluated the effectiveness of watershed-scale implementations of
best-management practices (BMPs) for improving habitat and fish
attributes in two coldwater stream systems in Wisconsin. We
sampled physical habitat, water temperature, and fish communities in
multiple paired treatment and reference streams before and after upland
(barnyard runoff controls, manure storage, contour plowing, reduced
tillage) and riparian (stream bank fencing, sloping, limited
rip-rapping) BMP installation in the treatment subwatersheds. In Spring
Creek, BMPs significantly improved overall stream habitat quality, bank
stability, instream cover for fish, abundance of cool- and coldwater
fishes, and abundance of all fishes. Improvements were most pronounced
at sites with riparian BMPs. Water temperatures were consistently cold
enough to support coldwater fishes such as trout (Salmonidae) and
sculpins (Cottidae) even before BMP installation. We observed the
first-time occurrence of naturally reproduced brown trout (Salmo
trutta) in Spring Creek, indicating that the stream condition had been
improved to be able to partially sustain a trout population. In Eagle
Creek and its tributary Joos Creek, limited riparian BMPs led to
localized gains in overall habitat quality, bank stability, and water
depth. However, because few upland BMPs were installed in the
subwatershed there were no improvements in water temperature or the
quality of the fish community. Temperatures remained marginal for
coldwater fish throughout the study. Our results demonstrate that
riparian BMPs can improve habitat conditions in Wisconsin streams,
but cannot restore coldwater fish communities if there is insufficient
upland BMP implementation. Our approach of studying multiple paired
treatment and reference streams before and after BMP implementation
proved effective in detecting the response of stream ecosystems to
watershed management activities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1417. Endangered species and irrigated agriculture: Water resource competition in western river systems.
Moore, Michael R.; Mulville, Aimee.; Weinberg, Marca; and United States. Dept. of Agriculture.
Economic Research Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service;
iv, 20 p.: ill., maps; Series: Agriculture information bulletin no. 720
(An Economic Research Service report). (1995).
Notes:
Cover title. Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche.
Shipping list no.: 97-0500-M. "November 1995" Includes bibliographical
references (p. 18-19).
SUDOCS: A 1.75:720.
NAL Call #: Fiche S 133 A 1.75:720
Descriptors: Endangered
species---West---United States/ Water resources
development---West---United States/ Irrigation
farming---West---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1418. Estimation of smolt-to-adult return percentages for Snake River Basin anadromous salmonids, 1990-1997.
Sandford, B. P. and Smith, S. G.
Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 7(2): 243-263. (2002)
NAL Call #: S566.55.J68; ISSN: 10857117.
Notes: doi: 10.1198/10857110260141274.
Descriptors: bootstrap/ fish passage/ fish transportation/ passive-integrated-transponder tag/ stratified tag-recapture
Abstract:
From numbers of juvenile salmonids (smolts) tagged between 1990 and
1997 with passive-integrated-transponder (PIT) tags and detections at
downstream hydropower projects on the lower Snake and Columbia Rivers,
we applied and adapted stratified tagrecapture methods to estimate the
number of PIT-tagged smolts that experienced each possible detection
history through the dams. Using adult detection records upon return
after 1-3 years of ocean residence, we estimated smolt-to-adult return
(SAR) percentages for fish in detection-history categories that
included downstream barge transport, migration in-river following
detection, and migration in-river with no detection. We used bootstrap
methods to estimate 95% confidence intervals for estimated SARs and
ratios of SARs for selected detection-history categories. In general,
though small numbers of returning adults and statistical uncertainty at
various stages of the estimation procedure led to fairly imprecise SAR
estimates, some general trends were evident. Adult return percentages
for spring/summer yearling chinook salmon and steelhead were highest
for fish transported from Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams but only
slightly higher than for nondetected fish. Passage routes of
nondetected fish (through spill and turbines) may represent optimal
passage conditions. Once a juvenile fish is entrained in a bypass
system at a "collector dam," transporting the fish maximizes the
probability of its eventual return as an adult. © 2002 American
Statistical Association and the International Biometric Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1419. An
evaluation of instream and riparian restoration techniques applied to
the Spafford Creek drainage in Otisco Valley, NY.
Connerton, M.; Schwartz, C.; and Hamilton, C.
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting 133:
153. (2003).
Notes:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003.
Descriptors: conservation/
channel flow/ creek drainages: habitat/ ditching/ farming practices/
flooding/ habitat improvement/ over grazing/ restoration techniques:
instream, riparian/ stream bank stability/ vegetation changes
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1420. Evaluation of restoration efforts on the 1996 upper Adams River sockeye salmon run.
Hume, J. M.; Morton, K. F.; Lofthouse, D.; MacKinlay, D.; Shortreed, K. S.; Grout, J.; and Volk, E.
Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2466: i-vi, 1-57. (2003); ISSN: 0706-6457
Descriptors: behavior/
ecology/ population dynamics/ population structure/ habitat/ freshwater
habitat/ lotic water/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/
Oncorhynchus nerka: conservation measures/ migration/ age class
distribution/ recruitment/ river/ British Columbia/ Upper Adams River/ migratory stock restoration
efforts evaluation/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: The Upper Adams River has an estimated 1.25 million m2of
spawning grounds and Adams Lake has the potential to produce 26
million sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts but blockages,
including a splash dam on the Adams River (1907 to 1922) and a slide at
Hells Gate on the Fraser River in 1913 resulted in the total
elimination of the Upper Adams River sockeye salmon stock. In light of
the previous abundant run and the unused capacity of the system, a long
term effort has been made to rebuild the sockeye run to
the Upper Adams River. This included egg and fry
transplants from 1949 to 1984 resulting in increasing run sizes every
four years (most Adams sockeye mature at age-4) until 1988 (7,000). In
1992 the run was considerably smaller (3,000) and a renewed effort was
made to enhance the offspring of the 1992 brood year. Reduced
exploitation rates (19%) in 1996 resulted in 25,000 sockeye spawners.
Fish culture and fry release programs in 1992 and 1996 used native
stock from both the Upper Adams River and
nearby Momich River system, releasing fry into the river and
after
net pen rearing, into the north end of Adams Lake. In
1997, 1.3 million fry were released into the river and lake. In
addition to the fry release project, the lake was fertilized in 1997 to
promote the lake growth and subsequent survival of sockeye in the lake
and marine environments. An average of 3 mg P/m2/wk and 48 mg N/m2/wk
were added to the lake from May to September, using a "front end"
loading regime where the nutrients were added at a higher rate in June
than in September. We applied two agricultural fertilizers by boat,
ammonium nitrate (28-0-0) and ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0).
Particulate C and P were higher in the fertilized year and the year
following than in a reference year 1986. Chlorophyll concentrations
were highest in 1997 but macrozooplankton showed no significant
difference between years. Our analysis, based on known sockeye
escapements, length frequency analysis, and the levels of marine Sr in
the otolith cores of juvenile O. nerka, determined that reference year
samples were virtually all from lake resident kokanee, making between
year size comparisons of trawl caught fall fry invalid. However,
migrating smolts from the 1996 brood year were 1 g larger (3.6 g) than
smolts from the 1992 brood year, which is expected to result in
increase marine survival. Comparisons of adult returns to the Upper
Adams River from the 1980 cycle brood years with co-migrating stocks to
other nearby rivers, indicates increased abundance due to restoration
efforts, although the sample size is insufficient for statistically
significant comparisons.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1421. Experimental enrichment of two oligotrophic rivers in south coastal British Columbia.
Wilson, G. A.; Ashley, K. I.; Land, R. W.; and Slaney, P. A.
In:
American Fisheries Society Symposium: Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems
- Sustaining Production and Biodiversity.; Vol. 34.; pp. 149-162; 2003.
Descriptors: agriculture/
anadromous species/ biodiversity/ biomass/ coastal zone/ escapement/
fertilizers/ fishery limnology/ fishery management/ forest industry/
freshwater fish/ habitat improvement (chemical)/ man-induced effects/
nitrogen/ nutrients (mineral)/ overfishing/ phosphorus/ population
density/ population dynamics/ population structure/ restoration/ river
discharge/ rivers/ salmon fisheries/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ Salmonidae/
Canada, British Columbia, Adam R./ Canada, British Columbia,
Big Silver Creek
Abstract: Big Silver Creek and the Adam River are oligotrophic (conductivity< 45 ì Omega /cm; TDP <2-5 ìg/L; NO2+3 -N < 45 ìg/L),
mid-sized coastal rivers in southwestern British Columbia. They
were treated with inorganic P (phosphorus) and N (nitrogen) to examine
the feasibility of low-level inorganic fertilization as a method of
increasing resident fish populations in rivers subject to habitat loss
by historical logging practices. Both rivers have low numbers and sizes
of resident salmonids (<20/ha, >20 cm fork length), despite
extensive suitable habitat. Water temperatures in summer average 12
degree C and 14 degree C with summer discharge averaging 12 and 4 m3/S
in Big Silver Creek and the Adam River, respectively. In
1992-1997, physical, chemical, and biological assessments took
from May to September in three reaches of each river. Liquid
agricultural fertilizer was added to the lower reaches) of each river
from June to September of 1994-1997, while upstream reaches were
monitored as controls. Fertilizer addition methods evolved from
dripping through a hose and valve system, to a more dependable
preprogrammable injection system, with the merits of each system
discussed. In each river, chlorophyll-a accrual and benthic
invertebrate biomass and density increased, on average, two to
four-fold in the fertilized reaches. There was an average four-fold
increase in rainbow trout abundance in each river following four
summers of fertilization, with a large increase in mountain whitefish
Prosopium williamsoni (Big Silver Creek) and a smaller increase in
brown trout Salmo trutta (Adam River). The experimental
treatments confirmed that low-level fertilization augmented
productivity, resulting in a significant response of resident trout in
two oligotrophic streams. The technique can be applied to aquatic
systems with reduced fish populations resulting from habitat loss,
overfishing, or to anadromous populations caught in the negative
feedback loop of decreasing escapement and associated losses of
marine-derived nutrients.
© ProQuest
1422. Experimental
nutrient addition to the Keogh River and application to the
Salmon River in coastal British Columbia.
Slaney, P. A.; Ward, B. R.; and Wightman, J. C.
In:
American Fisheries Society Symposium: Nutrients in Salmonid Ecosystems
- Sustaining Production and Biodiversity.; Vol. 34.; 111-126; 2003.
Descriptors: agriculture/
aquatic insects/ carcasses/ chlorophylls/ colonization/ fertilizers/
fishery limnology/ fishery management/ forest industry/ freshwater
fish/ fry/ habitat improvement (chemical)/ man-induced effects/
nutrients (mineral)/ phosphorus/ phytoplankton/ population density/
population structure/ primary production/ restoration/ river fisheries/
rivers/ salmon fisheries/ smolts/ species diversity/ trophic structure/
zoobenthos/ Oncorhynchus kisutch/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ Canada, British
Columbia, Salmon R./ Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver I., Keogh R.
Abstract: Oligotrophic
streams are ubiquitous throughout coastal British Columbia, and
thereby, significant nutrient influx can be
provided externally via salmon carcasses. At the Keogh River
on northern Vancouver Island, experimental nutrient addition was
conducted from 1983 to 1986 to examine if potential increases in
trophic productivity may augment growth and production of salmonid
smolts. Subsequently, an applied treatment was conducted over the past
decade at the infertileSalmon River to offset intensive logging
impacts and to accelerate colonization of steelhead trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss of headwater reaches above a hydroelectric diversion. The two
rivers were treated with agricultural (dry, later liquid) fertilizers,
while upstream control reaches were untreated. At Keogh, inorganic P
and N were introduced to produce target soluble phosphorus
concentrations of 10-15 mg per L, and N loadings of 50-100 mg per L
over the four years of nutrient addition. Average peak algal biomass as
chlorophyll a increased 5-10-fold in response to nutrient addition.
Geometric mean weights of steelhead trout and coho salmon O. kisutch
fry within several treated reaches were 1.4-2.0-fold higher than the
control, and mean weights of steelhead part were 30-130% greater in the
three treated reaches. Average steelhead smolt yield in three brood
years increased 62% (peak, 2.5-fold in 1987) over prefertilization
years; yet there was no increase in average smolt size because mean
smolt age was reduced by about one year. There were corresponding
increases in returning adults and reported catches by steelhead anglers
at the Keogh River,
compared with trends at an adjacent river fishery. The
response of coho smolts to nutrient addition was less marked, or a
suggested 21% increase in numbers (P < 0.1) with no change in size,
although results were moderated by production of coho smolts from
several untreated tributaries and small lakes. At the upper Salmon
River, where nutrient targets were reduced to one-third that of the
Keogh, nutrient addition was associated with 3-7-fold higher benthic
insect density in treated reaches than controls, and 2-3-fold greater
mean weights and biomass of steelhead and rainbow trout in treated
index sites than upstream, unfertilized sites. Over the decade,
estimated numbers of steelhead part and smolt migrants at
the Salmon River diversion increased from about 1,500 to 8,000.
The
results at the Salmon River confirmed those of the Keogh and
indicated that lower-level nutrient addition can produce a similar
positive trophic response.
© ProQuest
1423. Experimental provision of large woody debris in streams as a trout management technique.
Lehane, B. M.; Giller, P. S.; O'Halloran, J.; Smith, C.; and Murphy, J.
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(3): 289-311. (May 2002-June 2002)
Descriptors: aquatic
Environment/ deforestation/ detritus/ ecology/ ecosystem management/
environment management/ fisheries/ fluvial features/ freshwater fish/
habitat/ management/ rivers/ streams/ trout/ wood/
Salmo trutta/ Eire, Munster, Cork, Douglas R.
Abstract: 1.
The natural stock of large woody debris (LWD) in the
afforested Douglas River (Fermoy, Co. Cork) is very low
relative to old-growth forests, which seems to arise from deficiency
both of supply and retention. Woody debris is important to the ecology
and physical structure of forest streams, so its abundance is relevant
to aquatic conservation and the maintenance and size of salmonid fish
stocks. 2. The physical characteristics and fish stocks of 16
contiguous segments of two 200 m stream reaches were surveyed in spring
1998 prior to the installation of 12 partially spanning debris
structures on four of the segments. This study investigated the effect
of debris structures on the heterogeneity of flow and substratum, and
the distribution of brown trout (Salmo trutta), and assessed the
potential use of woody debris manipulation as a tool in the management
of forest streams. 3. Surveys of stream habitat conditions over a 2
year period following the installation of woody debris showed a change
in stream architecture. This created more suitable habitat for trout
through development of additional pools in which beds of fine sediment
developed, and constraining the main current, increasing the amount of
eddies and slack water areas. 4. There were significant increases in
trout density and biomass in the debris segments relative to control
segments without debris dams 1 and 2 years after debris addition,
although trout condition was not modified by the addition of LWD. These
results suggest that the addition of woody debris offers a positive and
practical management technique for enhancing fish in plantation forest
streams.
© ProQuest
1424. Factors
related to amphibian occurrence and abundance in headwater streams
draining second-growth Douglas-fir forests in southwestern Washington.
Wilkins, R. Neal and Peterson, N. Phil
Forest Ecology and Management 139(1/3): 79-91. (2000)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: Ascaphus
truei/ Dicamptodon/ Dicamptodon copei/ Dicamptodon tenebrosus/
Plethodon/ Plethodon dunni/ Plethodon vandykei/ Plethodon vehiculum/
Rhyacotriton kezeri/ amphibians and reptiles/ habits-behavior/
distribution/ Douglas fir/ ecosystems/ forests, coniferous/ habitat
use/ rivers/ status/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ Columbia torrent
salamander/ giant salamander/ tailed frog/ Pacific giant salamander/
Cope's giant salamander/ woodland salamander/ western red-backed
salamander/ Dunn's salamander/ Van Dyke's salamander/ Pseudotsuga spp./
Washington, southwestern area
Abstract:
Forested headwaters of the US Pacific Northwest are an important
habitat resource for a varied amphibian fauna. Factors related to
occupancy and relative abundance for many of these species are poorly
known, adding uncertainty to conservation decisions in managed
forestlands. We sampled occurrence and abundance of amphibians in 40
perennial headwater streams traversing 50-65-year-old second-growth
forests in the coast range of southwestern Washington. Streams
were divided among basalt (n=18) and marine sediment (n=22)
lithologies. Our samples resulted in collections of 1141 amphibians of
six taxa--three stream-breeders and three woodland salamanders. Stream
breeding taxa included larval and neotenic giant salamanders
(Dicamptodon spp.), Columbia torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton
kezeri) and larval tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei). Pacific giant
salamanders (D. tenebrosus) and/or Cope's giant salamanders (D. copei)
occupied 95% of sampled streams, accounting for 57% of total amphibians
collected. Streams traversing basalt lithology had almost twice the
giant salamander abundance of marine sediment streams. Adjusting for
lithology, giant salamanders increased in abundance with increasing
pool frequencies in combination with increasing large woody debris
(LWD) accumulations in adjacent riparian areas, and decreased with
increasing accumulations of large (>60 cm diameter) woody debris in
the channel. Torrent salamanders occupied 53% of sampled streams. The
likelihood of habitat occupancy by torrent salamanders increased as
channel gradient increased and basin area decreased. When adjusted for
basin area, torrent salamander abundance increased as the proportion of
the active channel with flowing water decreased, and at more northerly
aspects. Larval tailed frogs larva were found in 13% of sampled
streams, exclusively occupying basalt streams at elevations >300 m.
At least one of the three species of woodland salamanders (Plethodon
spp.) occupied habitats adjacent to 93% of sampled streams. Western
red-backed salamanders (P. vehiculum) were most ubiquitous, occupying
habitats adjacent to 85% of sampled streams. Dunn's salamanders (P.
dunni) occupied habitats adjacent to 58% of sampled streams, likelihood
of occurrence increasing with increasing gradient of the steepest
sideslope. Van Dyke's salamanders (P. vandykei) occupied habitats
adjacent to three streams, all of which traversed basalt lithologies on
north facing slopes. Our results suggest that habitat quality for
headwater amphibians in this region is strongly influenced by landform
characteristics, including basin lithology. These associations provide
managers an opportunity to improve headwater amphibian conservation
strategies by prioritizing stream segments with respect to their likely
amphibian fauna.
© NISC
1425. Fencing to control livestock grazing on riparian habitats along streams: Is it a viable alternative?
Platts, W. S. and Wagstaff, F. J.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4(3): 266-272. (1984)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: habitat alterations/ management/ research: rivers and streams/ riparian habitat
© NISC
1426. Fish and grazing relationships in southwestern national forests.
Rinne, John N.
Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 30:
329-371. (2000); ISSN: 0167-5168.
Notes: Literature review; Livestock Management in the American Southwest: Ecology, Society, and Economics.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ land and freshwater zones/ Pisces: farming and
agriculture/ fauna/ conservation measures/ livestock grazing/
freshwater habitat/ United States, southwestern region/ chordates/
fish/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1427. Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream.
Raborn, S. W. and Schramm, H. L.
River Research and Applications 19(4): 289-301. (2002)
NAL Call #: TC530.R43 .
Notes: doi:10.1002/rra.704.
Descriptors: Mississippi/
Luxapallila Creek/ environment management/ rivers/ habitat/ habitat
restoration/ freshwater fish/ ecology/ freshwater environment/
freshwater fish
Abstract:
Various designs of low-head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or
forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on
the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS)
to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila
Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat
variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure
would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no
modifications, (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation
of sills and GCS, (3) a segment upstream of the installations and
undergoing channel incision, and (4) an unaltered segment. Although
habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish
assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized
segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage
structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species
richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the
GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision
before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences
between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and riparian
vegetation
in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive
rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek.
© NISC
1428. Fish
communities and their associations with environmental variables,
lower San Joaquin River drainage, California.
Brown, Larry R.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 57(3): 251-269. (2000); ISSN: 0378-1909
Descriptors: pollution
assessment control and management/ bioassessment/ assessment method/
multivariate analysis/ statistical method/ index of biotic integrity/
agricultural development/ cost benefit balance/ ecotoxicology/
environmental variables/ habitat quality/ human disturbances/ resource
management/ species distribution/ specific conductance/ water depth/
water quality
Abstract: Twenty
sites in the lower San Joaquin River
drainage, California, were sampled from 1993 to 1995 to
characterize fish
communities and their associations with measures of water quality and
habitat quality. The feasibility of developing an Index of Biotic
Integrity was assessed by evaluating four fish community metrics,
including percentages of native fish, omnivorous fish, fish intolerant
of environmental degradation, and fish with external anomalies. Of the
thirty-one taxa of fish captured during the study, only 10 taxa were
native to the drainage. Multivariate analyses of percentage data
identified four site groups characterized by different groups of
species. The distributions of fish species were related to specific
conductance, gradient, and mean depth; however, specific conductance
acted as a surrogate variable for a large group of correlated
variables. Two of the fish community metrics - percentage of introduced
fish and percentage of intolerant fish - appeared to be responsive to
environment quality but the responses of the other two metrics -
percentage of omnivorous fish and percentage of fish with anomalies -
were less direct. The conclusion of the study is that fish communities
are responsive to environmental conditions, including conditions
associated with human-caused disturbances, particularly agriculture and
water development. The results suggest that changes in water management
and water quality could result in changes in species distributions.
Balancing the costs and benefits of such changes poses a considerable
challenge to resource managers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1429. Fish
communities of the Sacramento River Basin: Implications for
conservation of native fishes in the Central Valley, California.
May, J. T. and Brown, L. R.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 63(4): 373-388. (2002); ISSN: 03781909.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1014964318485.
Descriptors: environmental
gradients/ flow regulation/ index of biotic integrity/ introduced
species/ metrics/ multivariate analysis/ native species/ water-quality/
community structure/ conservation/ environmental gradient/
ichthyofauna/ river basin/ United States/ Pisces
Abstract:
The associations of resident fish communities with environmental
variables and stream condition were evaluated at representative sites
within the Sacramento River Basin, California between
1996 and 1998 using multivariate ordination techniques and by
calculating six fish community metrics. In addition, the results of the
current study were compared with recent studies in the San
Joaquin River drainage to provide a wider perspective of the
condition of resident fish communities in the Central Valley of
California as a whole. Within the Sacramento drainage, species
distributions were correlated with elevational and substrate size
gradients; however, the elevation of a sampling site was correlated
with a suite of water-quality and habitat variables that are indicative
of land use effects on physiochemical stream parameters. Four fish
community metrics - percentage of native fish, percentage of intolerant
fish, number of tolerant species, and percentage of fish with external
anomalies - were responsive to environmental quality. Comparisons
between the current study and recent studies in the San
Joaquin River drainage suggested that differences in
water-management practices may have significant effects on native
species fish community structure. Additionally, the results of the
current study suggest that index of biotic integrity-type indices can
be developed for the Sacramento River Basin and possibly the
entire Central Valley, California. The protection of
native fish communities in the Central Valley and other arid
environments continues to be a conflict between human needs for water
resources and the requirements of aquatic ecosystems; preservation of
these ecosystems will require innovative management strategies.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1430. Flow and habitat effects on juvenile fish abundance in natural and altered flow regimes.
Freeman, M. C.; Bowen, Z. H.; Bovee, K. D.; and
Irwin, E. R.
Ecological Applications 11(1): 179-190. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: flow
regulation/ habitat stability/ hydrologic alteration/ instream habitat/
juvenile fish/ PHABSIM/ riverine fishes/ southeastern U.S.
river/ Tallapoosa River/ abundance/ community response/
ecological
impact/ flow regulation/ habitat availability/
ichthyofauna/ United States
Abstract:
Conserving biological resources native to large river systems
increasingly depends on how flow-regulated segments of these rivers are
managed. Improving management will require a better understanding of
linkages between river biota and temporal variability of flow and
instream habitat. However, few studies have quantified responses of
native fish populations to multiyear (>2 yr) patterns of hydrologic
or habitat variability in flow-regulated systems. To provide these
data, we quantified young-of-year (YOY) fish abundance during four
years in relation to hydrologic and habitat variability in two segments
of the Tallapoosa River in the southeastern United
States. One segment had an unregulated flow regime, whereas the other
was flow-regulated by a peak-load generating hydropower dam. We sampled
fishes annually and explored how continuously recorded flow data and
physical habitat simulation models (PHABSIM) for spring (April-June)
and summer (July-August) preceding each sample explained fish
abundances. Patterns of YOY abundance in relation to habitat
availability (median area) and habitat persistence (longest period with
habitat area continuously above the long-term median area) differed
between unregulated and flow-regulated sites. At the unregulated site,
YOY abundances were most frequently correlated with availability of
shallow-slow habitat in summer (10 species) and persistence of
shallow-slow and shallow-fast habitat in spring (nine species).
Additionally, abundances were negatively correlated with 1-h maximum
flow in summer (five species). At the flow-regulated site, YOY
abundances were more frequently correlated with persistence of
shallow-water habitats (four species in spring; six species in summer)
than with habitat availability or magnitude of flow extremes. The
associations of YOY with habitat persistence at the flow-regulated site
corresponded to the effects of flow regulation on habitat patterns.
Flow regulation reduced median flows during spring and summer, which
resulted in median availability of shallow-water habitats comparable to
the unregulated site. However, habitat persistence was severely reduced
by flow fluctuations resulting from pulsed water releases for peak-load
power generation. Habitat persistence, comparable to levels in the
unregulated site, only occurred during summer when low rainfall or
other factors occasionally curtailed power generation. As a
consequence, summer-spawning species numerically dominated the fish
assemblage at the flow-regulated site; five of six spring-spawning
species occurring at both study sites were significantly less abundant
at the flow-regulated site. Persistence of native fishes in
flow-regulated systems depends, in part, on the seasonal occurrence of
stable habitat conditions that facilitate reproduction and YOY survival.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1431. Flows for floodplain forests: A successful riparian restoration.
Rood,
S. B.; Gourley, C. R.; Ammon, E. M.; Heki, L. G.; Klotz, J. R.;
Morrison, M. L.; Mosley, D.; Scoppettone, G. G.; Swanson, S.; and
Wagner, P. L.
Bioscience 53(7): 647-656. (2003)
NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 00063568
Descriptors: birds/ cottonwoods/ ecosystem restoration/ River regulation/ Chasmistes cujus/ Populus fremontii/
Salix exigua
Abstract:
Throughout the 20th century, the Truckee River that flows
from Lake Tahoe into the Nevada desert was progressively dammed
and dewatered, which led to the collapse of its aquatic and riparian
ecosystems. The federal designation of the endemic cui-ui sucker
(Chasmistes cujus) as endangered prompted a restoration program in the
1980s aimed at increasing spring flows to permit fish spawning. These
flows did promote cui-ui reproduction, as well as an unanticipated
benefit, the extensive seedling recruitment of Fremont cottonwood
(Populus fremontii) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua). Recruitment was
scattered in 1983 but extensive in 1987, when the hydrograph satisfied
the riparian recruitment box model that had been developed for other
rivers. That model was subsequently applied to develop flow
prescriptions that were implemented from 1995 through 2000 and enabled
further seedling establishment. The woodland recovery produced broad
ecosystem benefits, as evidenced by the return by 1998 of 10 of 19
riparian bird species whose populations had been
locally extirpated or had declined severely between 1868
and 1980. The dramatic partial recovery along this severely
degraded
desert river offers promise that the use of instream flow regulation
can promote ecosystem restoration along other dammed rivers worldwide.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1432. Geomorphological
processes in meandering and straight reaches of an agricultural stream
in east central Illinois: Relations to aquatic habitat.
Frothingham, K. M.
Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001.
Descriptors: agriculture/
fishery data/ fluvial morphology/ geomorphology/ habitat/ man-induced
effects/ meandering/ population dynamics/ rivers/ sedimentation/ soil
erosion/ stream flow/ Illinois
Abstract:
In environments dominated by human activity, such as the
agricultural Midwest, stream channel geomorphology is influenced
strongly by anthropogenic factors. Past research has shown that
human-induced channel modifications, including stream channelization,
affects both the abiotic and biotic components of a stream. However,
connections between changes in geomorphological form and function and
ecological conditions in agricultural streams are still poorly
understood. The objectives of this research are threefold: (1)
determine characteristic patterns of three- dimensional (3-D) fluid
motion in planform-scale stream reaches with different channel
morphologies; (2) develop an objective method of classifying geomorphic
features (e.g., pools and riffles) based on stream morphology; and (3)
identify planform- and bar-element scale linkages between
geomorphological variability and ecological conditions.
Geomorphological and fisheries data were collected in the headwaters of
the Embarras River where channel maintenance for agricultural
drainage has produced a straight channelized reach adjacent to a highly
sinuous unmodified reach. Geomorphological data were collected between
1997 and 2000. Planform scale fish sampling was conducted approximately
monthly from July 1997 to August 1998 to provide information on
community structure in the highly sinuous and straight reaches. Bar
element scale fisheries data were collected in an extended meandering
reach during July and August 1999. Results indicate that the highly
sinuous reach has greater geomorphological variability, both over time
and over space, than the straight reach. Bed morphology within the
highly sinuous reach is characterized by multiple pool-riffle sequences
with all of the pools located along the outer bank of the curved stream
channel. Flow through the highly sinuous reach is fully
three-dimensional and has a well-developed spatial pattern of helical
motion. In contrast, bed morphology within the straight reach is
relatively uniform and flow moves predominantly in the downstream. The
highly sinuous reach has higher rates of channel erosion than the
straight reach and the pattern of erosion in the highly sinuous reach
generally conforms to zones of maximum near-bank velocity and areas of
pronounced helical motion. The highly sinuous reach also contains more
and larger individual fish than the straight reach, suggesting that
increased geomorphological complexity at the planform-scale results in
increased fish abundance and total biomass. at the bar-element scale,
fish abundance in pools and riffles is the same; however, species
composition is different. A larger
percentage
of fish classified as pool specialists are found in pools while more
riffle specialists are found in riffles. These results indicate that
both pools and riffles are critical stream habitat structures needed to
support a diverse aquatic community in human-modified streams.
© ProQuest
1433. Grazing effects on stream habitat and fishes: Research design considerations.
Rinne, J. N.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 8(2): 240-247. (1988)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: grazing/
river banks/ erosion control/ vegetation cover/ habitat improvement
(biological)/ fishery management/ research programs/ environmental
impact/ environmental conditions/ population levels/ Salmonidae/
population levels/ New Mexico, Vacas R./ vegetation cover/ habitat
improvement (biological)
Abstract:
A 4-year study of a montane stream from which cattle grazing had been
excluded for 10 years indicated that stream bank vegetation and
stability were markedly improved and that stream substrate fines were
somewhat reduced, but it indicated that fish populations were
unaffected. Shortcomings of this case history study are common to past
similarly designed studies of grazing effects on fishes and their
habitats. Three major deficiencies in research design are (1) lack of
pretreatment data, (2) improper consideration of fishery management
principles, and (3) linear positioning of treatments along a stream.
Future research on riparian grazing effects must address these factors
in addition to designs of long-term (10+ years) ecosystem (watershed)
studies.
© ProQuest
1434. Grazing management influences on two brook trout streams in Wyoming.
Hubert, W. A.; Lanka, R. P.; Wesche, T. A.; and Stabler, F.
In:
Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses,
General Technical Report-RM 120/ Johnson, R. Roy ; Ziebell, Charles D.;
Patton, David R.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; and Hamre, R. H.;
Fort
Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, 1985. pp. 290-294.
Notes: Conference held April 16-18, 1985 in Tuscon, Ariz.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: riparian
environments/ grazing/ environment management/ environmental impact/
habitat/ abundance/ Salvelinus fontinalis/ Wyoming/ cattle grazing
Abstract:
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundance and instream
habitat characteristics were evaluated in two rangeland streams.
Heavily grazed and lightly grazed reaches of two streams with different
grazing management were compared. Relationships between stream
morphology, riparian zone characteristics, and trout abundance were
observed.
© ProQuest
1435. Habitat and fish responses to multiple agricultural best management practices in a warm water stream.
Wang, L.; Lyons, J.; and Kanehl, P.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(4): 1047-1062. (2006)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: agricultural
land use/ best management practices/ BMPs/ fish/ nonpoint source
pollution/ riparian buffers/ warm water stream/ watershed management/
aquatic habitat
Abstract: Thirteen
years of annual habitat and fish sampling were used to
evaluate the response of a small warm water stream in
eastern Wisconsin to agricultural best management practices
(BMPs). Stream
physical habitat and fish communities were sampled in multiple
reference and treatment stations before, during, and after upland and
riparian BMP implementation in the Otter Creek subwatershed of
the Sheboygan River watershed. Habitat and fish community
measures varied substantially among years, and varied more at stations
that had low habitat diversity, reinforcing the notion that the
detection of stream responses to BMP implementation requires long term
sampling. Best management practices increased substrate size; reduced
sediment depth, embeddedness, and bank erosion; and improved overall
habitat quality at stations where a natural vegetative buffer existed
or streambank fencing was installed as a riparian BMP. There were
lesser improvements at locations where only upland BMPs were
implemented. Despite the habitat changes, we could not detect
significant improvements in fish communities. It is speculated that the
species needed to improve the fish community, mainly pollution
intolerant species, suckers (Castomidae), and darters (Percidae), had
been largely eliminated from the Sheboygan River watershed by
broadscale agricultural nonpoint source pollution and could not
colonize Otter Creek, even though habitat conditions may have been
suitable.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1436. Habitat associations of age-0 cutthroat trout in a spring stream improved for adult salmonids.
Hubert, W. A. and Joyce, M. P.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 20(2): 277-286. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 02705060
Descriptors: habitat
management/ habitat use/ juvenile/ salmonid/ vegetation cover/ Amadina
fasciata/ Aves/ Galliformes/ Oncorhynchus/ Oncorhynchus clarki/
Salmonidae/ Serpentes
Abstract:
Native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in the Snake River
watershed use streams formed by large springs for spawning and nursery
habitat. Several spring streams have been modified to enhance abundance
of adult salmonids, but the habitat associations of age-0 cutthroat
trout in these systems are undescribed. We assessed the frequency of
collection of age-0 cutthroat trout in riffles, riffle margins, pool
margins, and backwaters from late June to the middle of August 2000 in
a spring stream with such modifications. The proportion of sites in
which age-0 cutthroat trout were collected increased up to the middle
of July and then decreased. We found substantially lower frequencies of
collection of age-0 cutthroat trout in riffles compared to the three
stream-margin habitat types. Age-0 cutthroat trout appeared to select
shallow, low-velocity, stream-margin habitat with cover that provided
protection from piscivorous adult salmonids and avian predators. Our
observations suggest that modification of spring streams for production
of cutthroat trout should include efforts to manage stream margins so
they provide cover in the form of aquatic macrophytes or overhanging
vegetation for age-0 fish.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1437. Habitat associations with upland stream fish assemblages in Bankhead National Forest, Alabama.
Powers, S. L.; Jones, G. L.; Redinger, P.; and
Mayden, R. L.
Southeastern Naturalist 2(1): 85-92. (2003)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 1528-7092.
Descriptors: abiotic
factors/ community structure/ species composition/ large woody debris
(LWD)/ regression analysis/ habitats/ fish assemblages/ Sipsey Fork
River/ Bankhead National Forest/ environmental factors/ habitat
association/ ecology/ checklist/ freshwater fish/ Alabama
Abstract: Fishes
and habitat were sampled at nine sites in
the Sipsey Fork River drainage in Bankhead National
Forest, Alabama. Stream width, depth, current velocity, substrate
type,
bank height and amount of large woody debris (LWD) were measured at
each site to test for association of these habitat variables with
upland stream fish assemblages. Regression of habitat variables onto
species richness indicated that only bank height was significantly
associated with species richness in our study area. The lack of habitat
associations with species richness seemingly contradicts findings by
several previous investigators working in lowland streams. The
availability of large substrate and both deep and shallow habitats at
all sites may have reduced the observed association of these variables
and LWD with stream fish assemblages. Stream width and current
velocity, though not significant, did show strong positive correlations
with species richness. The significant association between high banks
and species richness may reflect a more intact riparian zone due to
inaccessibility of streams in gorges.
© NISC
1438. Habitat, land use, and fish assemblage relationships in Iowa streams: Preliminary assessment in an agricultural landscape.
Heitke, Jeremiah D.; Pierce, Clay L.; Gelwicks, Gregory T.; Simmons, Gregory A.; and Siegwarth, Gary L.
In: American Fisheries Society Symposium, 48; Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, 2006. 287-303.
Notes:
Symposium on Influences of Landscape on Stream Habitat and Biological
Communities, Madison, WI, USA; August 25 -26, 2004;
188856976X (ISBN); No. 48.
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ biotic integrity index/ land use/ physical habitat
Abstract: Iowa
leads the nation in percentage of land area converted
to cropland, with a resulting negative impact on streams. We examined
physical habitat, land use, and fish assemblage data from 37 second- to
sixth-order stream sites, representing 7 of the 10 ecoregions
within Iowa. Physical habitat conditions varied widely among
sites, with
sand dominating substrate composition. A nonmetric multidimensional
scaling ordination of physical habitat variables suggested a pattern of
among-site similarities defined by a stream size axis, an axis
contrasting sites dominated by either woody or rocky fish cover, and an
axis
characterizing
degree of riparian canopy coverage. Blunmose minnow Pimephales notatus
and sand shiner Notropis stramineus were the most abundant fish
species, followed by green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus and common carp
Cyprinus carpio. These four species were collected in more than 80% of
the sites. Fish species richness at sites averaged 22, ranging from 6
to 38, and fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) at sites averaged 47
(fair), ranging from 21 (poor) to 96 (excellent). Species richness and
IBI were highest at sites characterized by rocky fish cover and
relatively coarse substrates. Values for several physical habitat and
land use variables were significantly different between sites with IBI:
30 (fair) and sites with IBI ≥ 50 (good). We found a general pattern
of IBI, species richness, total fish abundance, and width-to-depth
ratio decreasing from the northeast to the southwest ecoregions, and
percentage of unvegetated banks and bank slope increasing from
northeast to southwest. Stable and vegetated banks, wide stream
channels with coarse substrates, and rocky fish cover were associated
with high biotic condition; while unvegetated and eroding banks, and
deep channels with predominantly fine substrates were associated with
lower biotic condition. Land use was calculated at three spatial
scales: catchment, network riparian buffer, and local riparian buffer.
We found few relationships of fish assemblages with land use,
potentially due to sampling design and the pervasiveness of agriculture
across Iowa. There is substantial variation among physical
habitat, land use, and fish assemblage conditions across Iowa, due
to a combination of geology, climate, zoogeography, and human
alteration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1439. Habitat
rehabilitation for inland fisheries: Global review of effectiveness and
guidance for rehabilitation of freshwater ecosystems.
Roni, P.; Hanson, K.; Beechie, T.; Pess, G.; Pollock, M.; and Bartley, D. M.
FAO-Fisheries-Technical-Paper 484, 2005. 116 pp.
Notes: Literature review; ISSN: 0429-9345.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0039e/a0039e00.htm
Descriptors: aquatic
environment/ cost benefit analysis/ dams/ development projects/
fisheries/ floodplains/ floods/ freshwater ecology/ freshwater fishes/
habitat destruction/ habitats/ hydraulic structures/ monitoring/ nature
conservation/ planning/ rehabilitation/ riparian vegetation/ rivers/
streams/ watersheds/ fishes
Abstract:
This bulletin discusses the key steps to consider when designing
monitoring and evaluation of habitat rehabilitation activities for
inland fisheries at various scales. Three areas lacking in most
rehabilitation projects are demonstrated: (i) adequate assessment of
historic conditions, impaired ecosystem processes and factors limiting
biotic production; (ii) understanding upstream or watershed-scale
factors that may influence effectiveness of reach or localized
rehabilitation; and (iii) well-designed and well-funded monitoring and
evaluation. These are the same factors that consistently limit the
ability of published studies to determine the success of a given
technique at improving habitat conditions or fisheries resources.
Finally, this review suggests that many habitat rehabilitation
techniques show promise, but most have not received adequate planning,
monitoring or cost-benefit analysis.
© CABI
1440. Habitat
restoration, landowner outreach, and enhancement of Russian River coho populations in northern California.
Olin, P. G.; Coey, B.; Acomb, D.; Moore, J.; Nossaman, S.; Thompson, L.; Wilson, B.; and Lewis, D.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003.; Vol. 133.; pp. 59; 2003.
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ agricultural expansion/ captive broodstock
program/ dam construction/ enhancement program/ gravel mining/ habitat
restoration/ landowner outreach/ stream habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1441. Habitat
selection by juvenile coho salmon in response to food and woody debris
manipulations in suburban and rural stream sections.
Giannico, G. R.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57(9): 1804-1813. (2000)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J
Descriptors: agricultural
runoff/ food availability/ geographical distribution/ habitat/ habitat
improvement (physical)/ man-induced effects/ sheltered habitats/
urbanization/ Oncorhynchus kisutch/ Canada, British Columbia,
Vedder-Chilliwack R.
Abstract:
This study explored the effects of food and woody debris manipulations
on the summer distribution of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) in small suburban streams. To examine fish responses to these
factors, three different experiments were carried out in modified
sections of two streams. The results showed that the distribution of
juvenile coho salmon in a stream section was primarily controlled by
the availability and distribution of food among pools and by the
presence and density of woody debris. Food, however, played a dominant
role because the foraging quality of a pool not only affected the
density of fish in it but also the response of those fish towards
instream debris. In food-rich stream sections, low proportions of
juvenile coho salmon occupied pools with dense woody debris in the
spring, which changed towards late summer. In contrast, in food-poor
reaches, high proportions of fish were found in pools with abundant
debris in the spring. Pools that combined abundant food with sparse
woody debris were the most favoured by the fish. It is important that
salmonid habitat enhancement projects consider that open foraging areas
interspersed with woody debris characterize the type of summer habitat
that juvenile coho salmon prefer.
© ProQuest
1442. Habitat
use, movements, and survival of American black duck, Anas rubripes, and
mallard, A. platyrhynchos, broods in agricultural landscapes of
southern Quebec.
Maisonneuve, C.; Desrosiers, A.; and McNicoll, R.
Canadian Field Naturalist 114(2): 201-210. (2000)
Descriptors: agricultural
landscapes/ American black duck/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Anas rubripes/
brood survival/ habitat/ mallard/ movements/ Quebec/ habitat use/
movement/ survival/ waterfowl/ Canada/ Anas rubripes
Abstract:
American Black Duck and Mallard females were equipped with
radiotransmitters in order to identify habitats used during
brood-rearing, to quantify brood movements and to assess survival. The
majority (96%) of the 134 brood sightings were made on waterways: 59%
on streams, 19% in ditches, and 19% on mill ponds created on these
streams. Mean proportions of sightings per brood were greater on
streams (64%) and ditches (31%) for Black Ducks (64%), whereas for
Mallards these were greater on streams (43%) and mill ponds (37%).
Broods of both species made extensive movements, mainly along
waterways. Overland movements and maximum distances from the nest were
greater for Black Ducks than for Mallards. Daily survival rates (DSR)
of broods of both species were similar. DSRs were lower for Class I
broods (0.921) than for Class II broods (0.988). The probability of
broods of both species surviving to 30 days was relatively similar (95%
CI for Black Duck: 0.134-0.206, 95% CI for Mallard: 0.186-0.232).
Results of this study indicate a lack of adequate brood-rearing marsh
habitat in the agricultural landscapes of southern Quebec where
extensive drainage work has been carried out.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1443. Herpetofaunal and vegetational characterization of a thermally-impacted stream at the beginning of restoration.
Bowers, C. F.; Hanlin, H. G.; Guynn, D. C.;
McLendon, J. P.; and Davis, J. R.
Ecological Engineering 15(Suppl. 1)(2000)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 09258574.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0925-8574(99)00076-2.
Descriptors: amphibians/
floodplain restoration/ herpetofauna/ reptiles/ riparian width/ species
diversity/ community response/ restoration ecology/ riparian zone/
thermal pollution/ United States/ Amphibia/ Reptilia/ Riparia
Abstract:
Pen Branch, a third order stream on the Savannah River Site (SRS),
located near Aiken, SC, USA, received thermal
effluents from the cooling system of a nuclear production reactor from
1954 to 1988. The thermal-effluent and increased flow destroyed
vegetation in the stream corridor (i.e. impacted portion of the
floodplain), and subsequent erosion created a braided stream system
with a greatly expanded delta. Restoration of the area began with
planting of bottomland hardwood species in 1993. Occurrence of
amphibians and reptiles was monitored by daily sampling from I January
1995 through 30 September 1996 to characterize the course of the
restoration. Vegetation was sampled in the summer of 1996 to
characterize the habitats in the unimpacted riparian zone and the
impacted stream corridor. A total of 12 580 individuals representing 72
species of herpetofauna were captured. There were no significant
differences in relative abundance or diversity of herpetofauna in
unplanted versus planted zones within the impacted corridor 3 years
after planting. Likewise, there were no significant differences in
abundance or diversity of herpetofauna in the upper and lower corridor
areas, which differed in sire preparation before planting, or in
riparian zones of different widths. However, species diversity of
amphibians and reptiles in the unimpacted riparian zone was
significantly higher than on vegetated islands located between stream
braids within the impacted floodplain corridor. There were also
significantly more species and individuals within the riparian
zone than in the corridor, and the species assemblage within the riparian zone differed from that of the corridor.
Woody vegetation within the unimpacted riparian zone was significantly higher in basal area than on islands within the corridor.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1444. Historical changes in fish distribution and abundance in the Platte River in Nebraska.
Peters, E. J. and Schainost, S.
In: American Fisheries Society Symposium, 45; Bethesda, MD: Amer Fisheries Soc, 2005. 239-248.
Notes:Symposium
on Changes in Fish Community Structures in Large USA
Rivers, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 1888569727 (ISBN); No. 45.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control
and management/ biogeography: population studies/ wildlife management:
conservation/ irrigation/ applied and field techniques/ mining/ applied
and field techniques/ pollution/ historical distribution/ historical
abundance
Abstract: From
its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains, the Platte River
drains 230,362 km(2) in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.
The Platte River is formed by the confluence
of the North Platte and South Platte near the city of North
Platte, Nebraska, and receives additional flow from the Loup
and Elkhorn rivers that drain the Sand Hills region
of Nebraska.
Water diversions for mining and irrigation began in the 1840s
in Colorado and Wyoming, and irrigation diversions
in Nebraska began in the 1850s. Construction of dams for control
of
river flows commenced on the North Platte River in Wyoming in
1904. Additional dams and diversions in the North Platte, South
Platte, and Platte rivers have extensively modified natural flow
patterns and caused interruptions of flows. Pollution, from mining,
industrial, municipal, and agricultural sources, and introductions of
24 normative species have also taken their toll. Fishes of the basin
were little studied before changes in land use, pollution, and
introduction of exotic species began. The current fish fauna totals
approximately 100 species from 20 families. Native species richness
declines westward, but some species find refugia in western headwaters
streams. Declines in 26 native species has led to their being listing
as species of concern by one or more basin states.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1445. Hydrologic connectivity and the contribution of stream headwaters to ecological integrity at regional scales.
Freeman, M. C.; Pringle, C. M.; and Jackson, C. R.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43(1): 5-14. (2007)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00002.x.
Descriptors: aquatic ecology/ biodiversity/ ecosystem function/ environmental impacts/ hydrologic connectivity/ rivers/ streams
Abstract:
Cumulatively, headwater streams contribute to maintaining hydrologic
connectivity and ecosystem integrity at regional scales. Hydrologic
connectivity is the water-mediated transport of matter, energy and
organisms within or between elements of the hydrologic cycle. Headwater
streams compose over two-thirds of total stream length in a typical
river drainage and directly connect the upland and
riparian
landscape to the rest of the stream ecosystem. Altering headwater
streams, e.g., by channelization, diversion through pipes, impoundment
and burial, modifies fluxes between uplands and downstream river
segments and eliminates distinctive habitats. The large-scale
ecological effects of altering headwaters are amplified by land uses
that alter runoff and nutrient loads to streams, and by widespread dam
construction on larger rivers (which frequently leaves free-flowing
upstream portions of river systems essential to sustaining aquatic
biodiversity). We discuss three examples of large-scale consequences of
cumulative headwater alteration. Downstream eutrophication and coastal
hypoxia result, in part, from agricultural practices that alter
headwaters and wetlands while increasing nutrient runoff. Extensive
headwater alteration is also expected to lower secondary productivity
of river systems by reducing stream-system length and trophic subsidies
to downstream river segments, affecting aquatic communities and
terrestrial wildlife that utilize aquatic resources. Reduced viability
of freshwater biota may occur with cumulative headwater alteration,
including for species that occupy a range of stream sizes but for which
headwater streams diversify the network of interconnected populations
or enhance survival for particular life stages. Developing a more
predictive understanding of ecological patterns that may emerge on
regional scales as a result of headwater alterations will require
studies focused on components and pathways that connect headwaters to
river, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems. Linkages between headwaters
and downstream ecosystems cannot be discounted when addressing
large-scale issues such as hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico and
global losses of biodiversity. © 2007 American Water Resources
Association.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1446. Impact of cattle on two isolated fish populations in Pahranagat Valley, Nevada.
Taylor, Frances R.; Gillman, Leah A.; and Pedretti, John W.
Great Basin Naturalist 49(4): 491-495. (1989)
NAL Call #: 410 G79; ISSN: 0017-3614
Descriptors: habitat
alterations/ grazing/ management/ research/ nitrogen/ pollution/ rivers
and streams/ Nevada/ Nevada: Ash Springs/ Nevada:
Brownie Spring/ Cichlasoma/ Cichlidae/ Cyprinidae/ Gambusia/ Poecilia/
Poeciliidae/ Rhinichthys/ Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum/ Crenichthys
baileyi baileyi/ Gambusia affinis/
Poecilia mexicana/ Rhinichthys osculus
© NISC
1447. Impact of deferred rotation grazing on stream characteristics in central Nevada: A case study.
Myers, T. J. and Swanson, S.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15(2): 428-439. (1995)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: land
use/ ranching/ watersheds/ fluvial morphology/ habitat improvement/
grazing/ range management/ Nevada/ range management/ ranching/
fluvial morphology/ habitat improvement
Abstract:
Three central Nevada streams were selected to study the
watershed-scale effects on stream morphology and bank stability of
deferred rotation cattle grazing, complete rest from grazing, and the
presence of road crossings. The streams had gravel substrates, and
their entrenchments, width: depth ratios, sinuosities and gradients
were moderate. Based on statistical analysis of 1980 stream survey
results, geologic basin features, and the occurrence of similar
flooding, we concluded that the three streams had similar conditions at
the start of the grazing treatment. Since 1980, deferred rotation
grazing allowed much improvement of aquatic and riparian habitats but
the improvement was limited by the presence of roads, which apparently
added sediment to the streams. Complete rest from grazing without the
presence of roads allowed the most improvement. Of the variables
measured in the 1980 survey, streambank soil stability, type and amount
of vegetation cover, and quality of pools improved most in all three
streams. The best values for channel and water width: depth ratios,
channel entrenchment, bank angle, bank undercut, and bank depth were
measured on the stream managed with complete rest. Deferred rotation
grazing in the absence of roads produced the second best values. The
ratio of channel width to base flow water width was significantly
higher on bare ground transects. Shrub and tree cover increased
significantly more on the rested than on the grazed watersheds. These
results should help managers select aquatic habitat and stream
morphology objectives for grazing management.
© ProQuest
1448. Impact of environmental factors on fish distribution assessed in rangeland streams.
Thompson, L. C.; Forero, L.; Sado, Y.; and Tate, K. W.
California Agriculture 60(4): 200-206. (2006);
ISSN: 0008-0845
Descriptors: environmental factors/ habitats/ rangelands/ spatial distribution/ streams/ watersheds/
wildlife management/ fishes
Abstract:
We sampled fish in pools located on tributaries of Cow Creek in the
northern Sacramento Valley, and related fish
distribution and habitat use to environmental factors across the 2003
agricultural growing season. This rangeland watershed experiences
extensive livestock use, and many landowners divert stream water for
pasture irrigation. Our goal was to provide landowners and managers
with current baseline information about the conditions in which fish
were found. Our results provide a basis for the development and
comparison of irrigation best management practices that may improve
conditions for native fish in rangeland streams.
© CABI
1449. Impact of livestock grazing activities on stream insect communities and the riverine environment.
Strand, M. and Merritt, R. W.
American Entomologist 45(1): 13-30. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL461.A52; ISSN: 1046-2821
Descriptors: grazing/
community composition/ riparian environments/ aquatic insects/
environment management/ ecosystem disturbance/ insecta/ insects
© ProQuest
1450. Impacts of the Columbia River hydroelectric system on main-stem habitats of fall chinook salmon.
Dauble, D. D.; Hanrahan, T. P.; Geist, D. R.; and
Parsley, M. J.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23(3): 641-659. (2003)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 02755947
Descriptors: ecological impact/ habitat restoration/ hydroelectric power plant/ salmonid/ spawning/ United States/ Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Abstract: Salmonid
habitats in main-stem reaches of the Columbia and Snake
rivers have changed dramatically during the past 60 years because of
hydroelectric development and operation. Only about 13% and 58% of
riverine habitats in the Columbia and Snake rivers, respectively,
remain. Most riverine habitat is found in the upper Snake River;
however, it is upstream of Hells Canyon Dam and not accessible to
anadromous salmonids. We determined that approximately 661 and 805 km
of the Columbia and Snake rivers, respectively, were once used by
fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha for spawning. Fall chinook
salmon currently use only about 85 km of the main-stem Columbia River
and 163 km of the main-stem Snake River for spawning. We used a
geomorphic model to identify three river reaches downstream of present
migration barriers with high potential for restoration of riverine
processes: the Columbia River upstream of John Day Dam,
the Columbia-Snake-Yakima River confluence, and the
lower Snake River upstream of Little Goose Dam. Our analysis
substantiated the assertion that historic spawning areas for fall
chinook salmon occurred primarily within wide alluvial floodplains,
which were once common in the mainstem Columbia and Snake rivers.
These areas possessed more unconsolidated sediment and more bars and
islands and had lower water surface slopes than did less extensively
used areas. Because flows in the main stem are now highly regulated,
the predevelopment alluvial river ecosystem is not expected to be
restored simply by operational modification of one or more dams.
Establishing more normative flow regimes - specifically, sustained peak
flows for scouring - is essential to restoring the functional
characteristics of existing, altered habitats. Restoring production of
fall chinook salmon to any of these reaches also requires that
population genetics and viability of potential seed populations (i.e.,
from tributaries, tailrace spawning areas, and hatcheries) be
considered.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1451. In
search of effective scales for stream management: Does agroecoregion,
watershed, or their intersection best explain the variance in stream
macroinvertebrate communities?
Dovciak, A. L. and Perry, J. A.
Environmental Management 30(3): 365-377. (2002)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2529-6.
Descriptors: agriculture/
ecoregion/ landscape/ macroinvertebrates/ stream/ watershed/ geology/
soils/ water quality/ watersheds/ stream management/ environmental
impact/ classification/ community structure/ macroinvertebrate/ river
management/ stream/ resource management/ river ecosystem/ stream
(river)/ ecosystem/ environmental protection/ invertebrate/ United
States/ conservation of natural resources/ ecosystem/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Our lack of understanding of relationships between stream biotic
communities and surrounding landscape conditions makes it difficult to
determine the spatial scale at which management practices are best
assessed. We investigated these relationships in the Minnesota River Basin, which is divided into major
watersheds and agroecoregions which are based on soil type, geologic
parent material, landscape slope steepness, and climatic factors
affecting crop productivity. We collected macroinvertebrate and stream
habitat data from 68 tributaries among three major watersheds and two
agroecoregions. We tested the effectiveness of the two landscape
classification systems (i.e., watershed, agroecoregion) in explaining
variance in habitat and macroinvertebrate metrics, and analyzed the
relative influence on macroinvertebrates of local habitat versus
regional characteristics. Macroinvertebrate community composition was
most strongly influenced by local habitat; the variance in habitat
conditions was best explained at the scale of intersection of major
watershed and agroecoregion (i.e., stream habitat conditions were most
homogeneous within the physical regions of intersection of these two
landscape classification systems). Our results are consistent with
findings of other authors that most variation in macroinvertebrate
community data from large agricultural catchments is attributable to
local physical conditions. Our results are the first to test the
hypothesis and demonstrate that the scale of intersection best explains
these variances. The results suggest that management practices adjusted
for both watershed and ecoregion characteristics, with the goal of
improving physical habitat characteristics of local streams, may lead
to better basin-wide water quality conditions and stream biological
integrity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1452. The inadequacy of the fish-bearing criterion for stream management.
Cummins, Kenneth W. and Wilzbach, Margaret A.
Aquatic Sciences 67(4): 486-491. (2005); ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/
land zones/ Salmonidae: forestry/ timber harvest/ habitat management/
stream management/ fish bearing criterion/ juveniles/ intermittent
streams/ headwater streams/ United States/ Pisces, Actinopterygii,
Salmoniformes/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Dependence on the fish-bearing and non-fish-bearing designation in
determining the regulation of stream management is questioned. The
importance of intermittent, ephemeral, and very small first order
channels as suppliers of invertebrates and detritus to permanently
flowing, receiving streams that support juvenile salmonids warrant
their protection during timber harvest. Small gravel bed roads serve
many of the same functions as the small intermittent and ephemeral
headwater channels. Therefore, many could be managed like small stream
channels and eligible for exclusion from road decommissioning actions.
Among the invertebrates inhabiting headwater streams, many have
specific adaptations to low and seasonal flows. Given these
considerations, it is clear that criteria other than the presence or
absence of juvenile salmonids need to be considered in managing
forested watersheds.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1453. Influence
of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in
western North America: Effects of livestock grazing.
Platts, W. S. USDA Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station; General Technical
Report PNW-124, 1981. 25 p.
Notes: ISSN 0368-6224.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A46
Descriptors: North America/ grazing lands/ rangeland management/ forestry management/ fish populations
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1454. Influence
of habitat, water quality, and land use on macro-invertebrate and fish
assemblages of a southeastern coastal plain watershed, USA.
Sawyer, J. A.; Stewart, P. M.; Mullen, M. M.; Simon, T. P.; and Bennett, H. H.
Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 7(1): 85-99. (2004); ISSN: 14634988.
Notes: doi: 10.1080/14634980490281353.
Descriptors: instream habitat/ land use/ multivariate/ Invertebrata/ Pisum sativum
Abstract: Most
states in the U.S. are currently developing methods for
assessing the integrity of aquatic habitats through the development of
regional biocriteria. While multimetric indices have been used to show
community composition, pollution tolerance, species diversity, and
trophic structure with a combined index, the specific environmental
factors that drive biological communities may be better explained
through the use of multivariate statistical techniques.
Macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages were sampled along with water
quality, landuse and qualitative and quantitative habitat assessments
from forty-nine sites throughout the Choctawhatchee-Pea, a
southeastern U.S. watershed. Multivariate statistical analyses of
habitat,
water quality, and land-use data were used to determine the
relationship between environmental variables and the dependent
biological variables, macroinvertebrate and fish community structure.
Sampling of biological and environmental data showed that there was a
great deal of homogeneity within the watershed, which complicated the
task of identifying environmental influences on biological assemblages.
Macro-invertebrate and fish assemblages of the Choctawhatchee-Pea
watershed were similar in their response to environmental conditions
with water chemistry having the greatest relationship to
macro-invertebrate and fish community structure followed by instream
habitat and land use.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1455. Influence
of instream and landscape-level factors on the distribution of Topeka shiners Notropis topeka in Kansas streams.
Schrank, S. J.; Guy, C. S.; Whiles, M. R.; and Brock, B. L.
Copeia (2): 413-421. (2001); ISSN: 00458511
Descriptors: abundance/ population decline/ spatial distribution/ stream/ United States/ Micropterus salmoides/ Notropis topeka
Abstract:
The Topeka shiner Notropis topeka has declined in abundance
throughout its historical range in the central U.S. As a result,
this minnow was listed as federally endangered in 1999. The objective
of our study was to quantitatively assess instream physical, chemical,
and
biological
parameters and landscape-level factors influencing the distribution
(i.e., extant or extirpated) of Topeka shiners. We sampled 26
streams in the Flint Hills region of Kansas: 12 sites
where Topeka shiners are extant; and 14 sites where they are
extirpated.
Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test whether variables
were different between extant and extirpated sites. Mean catch per
effort of largemouth bass in stream pools was higher at extirpated
sites, and species diversity by trophic guild and richness in stream
pools were higher at extirpated sites. Stepwise logistic regression was
used to develop a model to predict whether Topeka shiners were
extant or extirpated. Number of small impoundments per watershed area,
catch per effort of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in pools, and
length of pool were the only significant variables in the logistic
model. Our model correctly classified 83% of extant sites and 85% of
extirpated sites. In a landscape-level analysis of 111 streams, only
number of small impoundments per watershed area was significant in the
logistic model. These results provide predictive tools to assess
instream and landscape-level characteristics for habitat management and
possible reintroduction of Topeka shiners in Kansas Flint Hills
streams.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1456. Influence
of intensive rotational grazing on bank erosion, fish habitat quality,
and fish communities in southwestern Wisconsin trout streams.
Lyons, J.; Weigel, B. M.; Paine, L. K.; and
Undersander, D. J.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55(3):
271-276. (2000)
Descriptors: rotational
grazing/ stream erosion/ streams/ habitats/ water quality/ Oncorhynchus
mykiss/ depth/ sediments/ width/ Wisconsin
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1457. Influence of stream characteristics and grazing intensity on stream temperatures in eastern Oregon.
Maloney, S. B.; Tiedemann, A. R.; Higgins, D. A.;
Quigley, T. M.; and Marx, D. B.
Portland, OR:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture; General Technical Report-PNW 459,
1999. 19 p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr_459.pdf
Descriptors: forested
watersheds/ grazing management strategies/ grazing intensity/
fisheries/ fish habitat/ chinook salmon/ steelhead trout/ cutthroat
trout/ Dolly Varden trout
Abstract:
Stream temperatures were measured during summer months, 1978 to
1984, at 12 forested watersheds near John Day, Oregon,
to determine temperature characteristics and assess effects of three
range management strategies of increasing intensity. Maximum
temperatures in streams of the 12 watersheds ranged from 12.5 to 27.8
oC. Maximum stream temperatures on four watersheds exceeded 24 oC, the
recommended short-term maximum for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
and chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha). Streams with greater than 75
percent stream shade maintained acceptable stream temperatures for
rainbow trout and chinook salmon. Lowest temperatures were observed in
streams from ungrazed watersheds. Although highest temperatures were
observed
in the most intensively managed watersheds (2.8 hectares per animal
unit month), the effect of range management strategy was not
definitive. It was confounded by watershed characteristics and about
100 years of grazing use prior to initiation of this study.
This citation is from Treesearch.
1458. Influences of upland and riparian land use patterns on stream biotic integrity.
Snyder, C. D.; Young, J. A.; Villella, R.; and Lemarie, D. P.
Landscape Ecology 18(7): 647-664. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ abiotic
factors/ land zones/ Pisces: Urban land use patterns/ streams/ farming
and agriculture/ agricultural activity/ reproduction/ agricultural and
urban land use patterns/ trophic structure/ community structure/
habitat preference/ West Virginia/ Opequon Creek Watershed/ ecology and
reproduction/ Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We explored land use, fish assemblage structure, and stream habitat
associations in 20 catchments in Opequon Creek watershed, West
Virginia. The purpose was to determine the relative importance of urban
and agriculture land use on stream biotic integrity, and to evaluate
the spatial scale (i.e., whole-catchment vs riparian buffer) at which
land use effects were most pronounced. We found that index of
biological integrity (IBI) scores were strongly associated with extent
of urban land use in individual catchments. Sites that received ratings
of poor or very poor based on IBI scores had >7% of urban land use
in their respective catchments. Habitat correlations suggested that
urban land use disrupted flow regime, reduced water quality, and
altered stream channels. In contrast, we found no meaningful
relationship between agricultural land use and IBI at either
whole-catchment or riparian scales despite strong correlations between
percent agriculture and several important stream habitat measures,
including nitrate concentrations, proportion of fine sediments in
riffles, and the abundance of fish cover. We also found that variation
in gradient (channel slope) influenced responses of fish assemblages to
land use. Urban land use was more disruptive to biological integrity in
catchments with steeper channel slopes. Based on comparisons of our
results in the topographically diverse Opequon Creek watershed with
results from watersheds in flatter terrains, we hypothesize that the
potential for riparian forests to mitigate effects of deleterious land
uses in upland portions of the watershed is inversely related to
gradient.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1459. Innovative static self-cleaning screen protects fish and removes debris at irrigation diversions.
Strong, J. J. and Weir, R. K.
In:
Challenges Facing Irrigation and Drainage in the New Millennium:
Proceedings of the U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. Fort Collins, CO; 427-436; 2000.
Descriptors: irrigation/ rivers/ water management/ fish/ environmental impact
Abstract:
Recent concerns in the USA about the environmental effects of
river diversion structures for irrigation systems has prompted the
development of new structures that prevent fish (both migratory and
non-migratory) from entering irrigation canals where they would
otherwise be lost. The diversion structure for the Flathead Irrigation
Project, in a remote location of Montana, USA was developed
to be reliable, cost-effective, maintenance-free and not to require
electric supply. A suitable screening system was developed utilizing
linear array of concave screen panels, installed along the crest of
small dams or diversion structures. As the water flows over the screen,
a portion flows through to the irrigation system and the remainder
flows across the screen surface carrying aquatic life safely downstream.
© CABI
1460. Instream investigations in the Beaver Creek watershed in west Tennessee, 1991-95.
Byl, T. D. and Carney, K. A.
Denver, CO: USGS Branch of Information Services; U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4186, 1996. 34 pp.
Descriptors: agricultural
practices/ agricultural runoff/ best management practices/ BMPs/
herbicides/ interagency cooperation/ nonpoint pollution sources/ path
of pollutants/ pollution monitoring/ riparian vegetation/ rivers/
stream pollution/ suspended sediments/ Tennessee/ Beaver Creek/ water
pollution control/ water quality control/ watersheds/ wetlands
Abstract:
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the
Tennessee Department of Agriculture, began a long-term scientific
investigation in 1989 to evaluate the effect of agricultural activities
on water quality and the effectiveness of agricultural best management
practices in the Beaver Creek watershed, West Tennessee. In 1993
as a part of this study, the USGS, in cooperation with the Natural
Resources Conservation Service, Shelby County Soil Conservation
District, and the Tennessee Soybean Promotion Board, began an
evaluation of the physical, chemical, biological and hydrological
factors that affect water quality in streams and wetlands, and instream
resource-management systems to treat agricultural nonpoint-source
runoff and improve water quality. The purpose of this report is to
present the results of three studies of stream and wetland
investigations and a study on the transport of aldicarb from an
agricultural field in the Beaver Creek watershed. A natural bottomland
hardwood wetland and an artificially constructed wetland were evaluated
as instream resource-management systems. These two studies showed that
wetlands are an effective way to improve the quality of agricultural
nonpoint-source runoff. The wetlands reduced concentrations and loads
of suspended sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in the streams. A
third paper documents the influence of riparian vegetation on the
biological structure and water quality of a small stream draining an
agricultural field. A comparison of the upper reach lined with
herbaceous plants and the lower reach with mature woody vegetation
showed a more stable biological community structure and water-quality
characteristics in the woody reach than in the herbaceous reach. The
water-quality characteristics monitored were pH, temperature, dissolved
oxygen, and specific conductance. The herbaceous reach had a greater
diversity and abundance of organisms during spring and early summer,
but the abundance dropped by approximately 85 percent during late
summer. A fourth study describes the transport of aldicarb and its
metabolites-aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone-in runoff at a
small stream draining a cotton field. During 1991 to 1995, aldicarb and
its metabolites were detected in runoff events. The highest
concentrations occurred when aldicarb was applied to the field just
hours before a rain storm. Aldicarb was not detectable in runoff a few
weeks after application. The metabolites of aldicarb were detectable
for 76 days after application. These studies demonstrate streambank
vegetation and wetlands have a significant influence on stream water
quality. The importance of weather conditions to herbicide application
and runoff also is evident. This information can be used by resource
managers to sustain and improve our Nation's streams for future
generations.
© ProQuest
1461. An integrated appraoch to stream restoration on the Upper Little Colorado River, Arizona.
Valencia, Ruth A.; Wirtanen, Mark; and Moody, Tom
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 87: 286-287(2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
Meeting abstract; 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of
America and the 14th Annual International Conference of the Society for
Ecological Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA;
August 04-09, 2002.
Descriptors: conservation/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ Upper Little
Colorado River Watershed Partnership/ erosion/ grazing/ integrated
restoration approach/ multiple land ownership/ native riparian
vegetation/ riparian corridors/ riparian restoration/ sedimentation/
stream restoration/ water supply/ wildlife habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1462. Integrating stream bioassessment and landscape ecology as a tool for land use planning.
Bailey, Robert C.; Reynoldson, Trefor B.; Yates, Adam G.; Bailey, John; and Linke, Simon
Freshwater Biology 52(5): 908-917. (2007);
ISSN: 0046-5070
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ Canada/ Macroinvertebrata: habitat management/ land use
planning/ stream bioassessment/ landscape ecology/ land use planning/
community structure/ benthos/ environmental indicators/ streams/
benthic communities/ British Columbia/ Fraser River Basin/
invertebrates
Abstract: 1.
Bioassessment has evolved significantly from a method of deciding
whether an ecosystem exposed to stressors should 'pass' or 'fail' (or
how badly it fails). Society wants some notion of what has caused any
observed degradation of ecosystems, and what management strategies
might improve degraded ecosystems. Managers also want to predict what
negative or positive effects different land use strategies will have on
the component ecosystems of a landscape, including lakes and streams.
2. Here we illustrate an approach to providing these tools to
managers with data from a bioassessment study of streams in the Fraser
River Basin of British Columbia, Canada. 3. Landscape scale descriptors
of both the natural (e.g. catchment size, surficial geology) and
stressor (e.g. hard rock mines, forest harvest) environment of each
site were used to define the natural and stressor
environments of each of the 242 stream sites. 4. We classified
206 reference (relatively unexposed to human activity) sites using
their benthic macroinvertebrate community composition, and then
discriminated among the faunally defined groups with landscape scale
descriptors of the natural environment of the sites. 5. This
discriminant function model allowed us to predict which group each of
the test sites would be in if it were in reference condition, and then
measure the relationship between the amount of human activity and the
biota in each of these groups. 6. These relationships were turned
into projections of what will happen to a stream ecosystem's biota if
the stressor environment is either
improved or degraded. These projection models form the basis of
evidence-based land use planning that takes into account the health of
freshwater ecosystems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1463. Integrating the stream and its valley: Land use change, aquatic habitat, and fish assemblages (North Carolina).
Scott, M. C.
Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 2001.
Descriptors: fishery
management/ interspecific relationships/ multiple use of resources/
resource management/ rivers/ watersheds/ North Carolina
Abstract: Streams
integrate landscape processes across multiple spatial and
temporal scales. Human activities have extensively altered landscapes
in North America, with serious consequences for aquatic
ecosystems. I investigated land use in southern Appalachian watersheds
to identify proximate effects on stream habitat and ultimate effects on
fish assemblage structure and organization. I examined how catchment
land use type, extent, spatial pattern, and history affect physical and
chemical characteristics of streams, and how instream factors (i.e.,
habitat) influence distribution and abundance of stream fishes. Field
data were used to test predicted relationships and to construct
empirical models of relationships among landscape and stream
variables. Forest cover accounted for the most variation in nearly
all
models, supporting predictions of nutrient enrichment, thermal
pollution, and sedimentation caused by landscape disturbance.
Physicochemical models fit better when landscape predictors were
catchment-wide rather than localized, indicating cumulative impacts.
Four faunal associations were identified across the landscape. Three
classes were dominated by endemic Appalachian highland fishes, forming
a continuous gradient in assemblage structure from smaller, cooler,
higher-elevation streams to larger, warmer, lower- elevation streams. A
fourth association was characterized by non-endemic fishes where
habitats were affected by nutrients and sediment in association with
forest cover loss in streamside buffers and high density of buildings
and roads. Endemic, small-bodied (low fecundity), cool- water trophic
specialists that depend on coarse substrate for spawning declined where
stream habitats were modified. They were supplanted by cosmopolitan,
large- bodied (long-lived, high-fecundity), warmwater trophic
generalists that do not require rocky substrates for successful
spawning. Streams draining urbanizing catchments, or those that had
been severely disturbed in the past, had lower ratios of endemic to
widespread taxa even though riparian buffers were largely forested,
suggesting legacy effects from past catchment disturbance. Replacement
of unique locally-adapted taxa with widespread generalized species has
been termed biological homogenization, and may severely affect regional
and continental biodiversity, particularly in regions with rich
endemic
faunas such as the Southeast. Research identifying functional responses
to cumulative effects of landscape change is needed to promote
proactive conservation at the watershed scale, management that is
critical to maintaining the integrity of aquatic habitat and biodiverse
communities.
© ProQuest
1464. Invertebrate biodiversity in agricultural and urban headwater streams: Implications for conservation and management.
Moore, A. A. and Palmer, M. A.
Ecological Applications 15: 1169-1177. (Aug. 2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23
Descriptors: aquatic
invertebrates/ biodiversity/ species diversity/ aquatic habitat/ land
use/ streams/ agricultural watersheds/ urban areas/ riparian buffers/
best management practices/ BMPs/ water pollution/ aquatic insects/ Maryland/ pollution
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1465. Invertebrate
community and stream substrate responses to woody debris removal from
an ice storm-impacted stream system, NY USA.
Warren, Dana R. and Kraft, Clifford E.
Hydrobiologia 568: 477-488. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors: ecology/
population dynamics/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ abiotic factors/
physical factors/ land zones/ Macroinvertebrata: community structure/
habitat substrate/ community responses/ woody debris removal/ ice storm
impacted streams/ population density/ distribution within habitat/
physical factors/ climate and weather/ New York/ Adirondack
Mountains/ Rocky Branch Watershed/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We assessed the influence of ice-storm-derived debris dams on aquatic
macroinvertebrates and stream substrates in a high-gradient watershed
in the eastern Adirondack Mountains of New York State. Using a
modification of electrofishing techniques, invertebrates were collected
once before (June 2000) and once after (June 2001) wood removal from
the downstream reach in each of six pairs of reaches (second and
third-order streams). Stream substrates were also mapped in 2000 and
2001 to evaluate shifts in dominant substrates within a reach following
wood removal. The following metrics were used to compare the
invertebrate communities before and after wood removal: genera
similarity, Shannon-Weiner equitability, taxa richness, dominant taxon,
percent dominance and functional feeding group relative abundance. The
changes in removal reaches were evaluated relative to changes in
upstream reference reaches using a Before-After Control-Impact (BACI)
design and analysis. Stream substrates did not change significantly in
response to wood removal, although a trend toward coarser substrates
was observed following removal. Following wood removal, the relative
proportion of grazers increased upstream and downstream from removed
dams in all streams; however, comparisons of other metrics indicated no
significant response to removal. Invertebrate responses to wood removal
were lower than expected, perhaps due to the presence of abundant
boulder-formed pools in this high gradient system.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1466. Landscape and local influences on the biotic integrity of fish communities in Ohio headwater streams.
McCollum, Donna S.
Oxford, OH: Miami University, 2004.
Descriptors: abiotic
factors/ anthropogenic factors/ biodiversity/ catchment area/ community
composition/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental protection/
geomorphology/ prediction/ primary production/ riparian environments/
river basin management/ species diversity/ watersheds/ Ohio
Abstract:
Stream ecosystems are holistic systems that incorporate
disturbances and abiotic influences at many spatial and temporal
scales. This view supports a three-tiered model of variables that
determine biotic integrity in streams, with causes and effects flowing
from large-scale to fine-scale processes. Tier One characteristics
include variables important at the scale of geomorphological processes
and land use over entire watersheds. These variables largely determine
Tier Two factors, abiotic conditions in a stream reach. Tier Two
variables, in turn, largely structure the Tier Three variables, the
stream's biotic communities. Through field studies and GIS analysis,
relationships among these three tiers of variables were examined in
this research to explore the question of how agriculture exerts its
influence on stream fishes. This study investigated 27 streams, in two
ecoregions and the transition area, or ecotone, between them, in
south-central Ohio. The study design allowed questions to be asked
concerning the relative influence of geomorphology and land use in
varied landscapes, as well as relative impacts of watershed versus
riparian land use. The region also contained relatively equal
proportions of three types of agriculture (hay, row crops, and pasture)
allowing the study to address the question of which land use might be
most harmful to stream fish. This study supported the importance of row
crop agriculture, finding it to be the most degrading type of
agriculture for stream fish, but also found pasture to be an important
causal factor in stream community degradation. This study also
supported the importance of riparian buffers, finding riparian
agriculture to be more degrading than agriculture over the entire
watershed. A more interesting finding is the suggestion that a minor
amount of nutrient enrichment from agricultural land use may benefit
streams that are naturally oligotrophic. A possible mechanism could be
increased primary production, which increases macroinvertebrate
density, and provides a larger food base for fishes. This study also
reports the possible existence of a biodiversity hotspot in the
transitional region between the two ecoregions. Some evidence exists
that greater habitat heterogeneity increases species richness,
suggesting a possible cause for higher biodiversity in this ecotonal
region. Since habitat heterogeneity over whole streams was not measured
in this study, both the existence and mechanism of such a hotspot needs
more study. A final conclusion is that geomorphology and agricultural
land use may be equally important in structuring stream conditions, and
thus, biological stream communities. This study illustrates the
difficulties associated with overlapping causes and effects in complex
systems such as streams and their catchments. Several variables in the
study reported here required examination at multiple scales and with
multiple statistical techniques in order to understand relationships
that varied across different regions. The effects of a particular
agricultural variable were not always equal in the diverse landscapes
of southern Ohio. Lotic ecologists must examine a variety of
ecoregions, and incorporate a variety of scales with a variety of
analytic tools, if predictive stream ecology is to become a reality.
© ProQuest
1467. Landscape
characteristics, land use, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
abundance, Snohomish River, Wash., U.S.A.
Pess, George R.; Montgomery, David R.; Steel, E. Ashley; Bilby, Robert E.; Feist, Blake E.; and Greenberg, Harvey M.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 59(4): 613-623. (2002)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ human ecology: anthropology/
population studies/ wildlife management: conservation/ abundance/
habitat/ land use/ landscape characteristics/ population density/
population restoration
Abstract:
We used temporally consistent patterns in the spatial distribution of
returning adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to explore
relationships between salmon abundance, landscape characteristics, and
land use patterns in the Snohomish River watershed, Wash. The proportion of total adult coho salmon abundance
supported by a specific stream reach was consistent among years, even
though interannual adult coho salmon abundance varied substantially.
Wetland occurrence, local geology, stream gradient, and land use were
significantly correlated with adult coho salmon abundance. Median adult
coho salmon densities in forest-dominated areas were 1.5-3.5 times the
densities in rural, urban, and agricultural areas. Relationships
between these habitat characteristics and adult coho salmon abundance
were consistent over time. Spatially explicit statistical models that
included these habitat variables explained almost half of the variation
in the annual distribution of adult coho salmon. Our analysis indicates
that such models can be used to identify and prioritize freshwater
areas for protection and restoration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1468. Landscape influences on stream ecosystems: Implications for restoration and management.
Moerke, Ashley Heather
Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 2004.
Descriptors: anthropogenic
factors/ biodiversity/ community composition/ conservation/
environmental factors/ environmental impact/ habitat/ habitat
improvement/ land use/ resource management/ restoration/ river basins/
sedimentation/ water quality/ watersheds/
Indiana, South Bend, Juday Creek
Abstract: The
structure and function of streams and rivers worldwide
continue to be degraded by human activities including land-use change.
To reverse this trend, basic ecological research is needed to evaluate
environmental factors influencing streams at multiple spatial scales
and to restore streams that are impaired by these factors. Three
integrated studies were conducted-a landscape assessment, statewide
restoration survey, and restoration case study-to strengthen the
scientific framework of stream restoration. A comparative study of
22 Michigan streams elucidated relationships among multiple
environmental factors, spatial scales, and stream response variables in
a mixed land-use river basin. Water quality was influenced primarily by
regional factors, whereas stream habitat and fishes were influenced by
both local and regional factors. Overall, anthropogenic factors (e.g.,
land use) explained the most variation in stream conditions. Forested
streams had the least degraded water quality, habitat, and fish
communities whereas agricultural streams lacking buffers were the most
degraded. Urban streams and agricultural streams with buffers generally
were intermediate in response. A statewide survey of reach-scale stream
restorations assessed the nature and extent of restoration
in Indiana. The survey identified commonalities across all
restorations assessed, including the type of restoration, project
goals, and structures installed. In general, stream relocation was the
most common type of restoration. However, project evaluation was
uncommon and most monitoring was not appropriate for evaluating the
goals of the restoration. A long-term assessment of an Indiana
stream restoration (Juday Creek) provided additional insights into
improvements for future restoration and monitoring designs. Biological
responses to the restoration varied with time, taxon, and endpoint
measured, which emphasizes that monitoring efforts should incorporate
long-term assessments of a suite of biological and physical parameters.
Additionally, continued sedimentation from upstream threatened the
long-term persistence of habitat and biological integrity, which
suggests that restorations should target the scale (e.g., watershed) at
which the degradation occurs. This integrated approach identified
factors and spatial scales controlling midwestern streams, common
restoration approaches used, and the effectiveness of those approaches.
This information will help resource managers determine the most
appropriate scales and approaches to manage and restore midwestern
streams.
© ProQuest
1469. Landscape
models to understand steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) distribution and
help prioritize barrier removals in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, USA.
Steel, E. Ashley; Feist, Blake E.; Jensen, David W.;
Pess, George R.; Sheer, Mindi B.; Brauner, Jody B.; and
Bilby, Robert E.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 61(6): 999-1011. (2004)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ behavior/ ecology/
population dynamics/ land zones/ Oncorhynchus mykiss: habitat
management/ stream barrier removal/ prioritization using landscape
models of redd distribution and density/ breeding site/ redds/
migration/ population density/ distribution within habitat/ prediction
using landscape models/ implications for prioritizing stream barrier
removal/ animal constructions/ Oregon/ Willamette River Basin/ Pisces,
Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We use linear mixed models to predict winter steelhead (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) redd density from geology, land use, and climate variables in
the Willamette River basin, Oregon. Landscape variables included in the
set of best models were alluvium, hillslope 6%, landslide-derived
geology, young (40 years) forest, shrub vegetation, agricultural land
use, and mafic volcanic geology. Our approach enables us to model the
temporal correlation between annual redd counts at the same site while
extracting patterns of relative redd density across sites that are
consistent even among years with varying strengths of steelhead
returns. We use our model to predict redd density (redds per kilometre)
upstream of 111 probable migration barriers as well as the 95%
confidence interval around the redd density prediction and the total
number of potential redds behind each barrier. Using a metric that
incorporates uncertainty, we identified high-priority barriers that
might have been overlooked using only stream length or mean predicted
fish benefit and we clearly differentiated between otherwise similar
barriers. We show that landscape features can be used to describe and
predict the distribution of winter steelhead redds and that these
models can be used immediately to improve decision-making for
anadromous salmonids.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1470. Large
wood addition for aquatic habitat rehabilitation in an incised,
sand-bed stream, Little Topashaw Creek, Mississippi.
Shields, F. D.; Knight, S. S.; and Stofleth, J. M.
River Research and Applications 22(7): 803-817. (2006)
NAL Call #: TC530.R43 ; ISSN: 1535-1459
Descriptors: aquatic
communities/ aquatic environment/ dead wood/ environmental degradation/
erosion/ erosion control/ habitats/ rehabilitation/ species richness/
stream flow/ streams/ willows/ fishes/ Salix
Abstract:
Large wood (LW) is a key component of stream habitats, and degraded
streams often contain little wood relative to less-impacted ones.
Habitat rehabilitation and erosion control techniques that emphasize
addition of natural wood in the form of individual elements or
structures are increasingly popular. However, the efficacy of wood
addition, especially in physically unstable, warmwater systems is not
well established. The effects of habitat rehabilitation of Little
Topashaw Creek, a sinuous, sand-bed stream draining 37 km2
in northwest Mississippi are described herein. The rehabilitation
project consisted of placing 72 LW structures along eroding concave
banks of a 2-km reach and planting 4000 willow cuttings in sandbars
opposite or adjacent to the LW structures. Response was measured by
monitoring flow, channel geometry, physical aquatic habitat and fish
populations in treated and untreated reaches for 2 years before and 4
years after rehabilitation. Initially, LW structures reduced high flow
velocities at concave bank toes. Progressive failure of the LW
structures and renewed erosion began during the second year after
rehabilitation, with only 64% of the structures and about 10% of the
willow plantings surviving for 3 years. Accordingly, long-term changes
in physical habitat attributable to rehabilitation were limited to an
increase in LW density. Fish biomass increased in the treated reach,
and species richness approximately doubled in all reaches after
rehabilitation, suggesting the occurrence of some sort of stressful
event prior to our study. Fish community composition shifted toward one
typical of a lightly degraded reference site, but similar shifts
occurred in the untreated reaches downstream, which had relatively high
levels of naturally occurring LW. Large wood is a key component of
sand-bed stream ecosystems, but LW addition for rehabilitation should
be limited to sites with more stable beds and conditions that foster
rapid woody plant colonization of sediment deposits.
© CABI
1471. Large woody debris and its influence on macroinvertebrate assemblages in southeastern coastal plain streams, USA.
Bhattarai, S. and Mullen, M. W.
Southeastern Biology 53(2): 215-216. (2006);
ISSN: 1533-8436
Descriptors: freshwater
streams/ stream ecology/ woody debris/ macroinvertebrates/
macroinvertebrate abundance/ Choctawhatchee River/ habitat structures/
habitat complexities/ rivers/ lakes/ freshwater environments/ Alabama
Abstract: Large
woody debris (LWD) has important structural and functional roles
in streams, but there is little research to support this view in the
southeastern coastal plains. This study surveyed 35 stream reaches in
the Choctawhatchee River watershed of
southeastern Alabama. These reaches were broadly classified into
three distinct
categories: urban, forested and mixed. Large woody debris
characteristics and functions were quantified. Pool, sediment
characteristics, and drainage areas of each reach were measured along
with assessment of macroinvertebrate assemblages. Statistical analyses
of LWD, pool, sediment, drainage and macroinvertebrate data were used
to examine the relationship among LWD characteristics and functions,
pool, drainage and sediment characteristics, and biological variables.
There were significant differences in LWD number and volume among the
three site categories. These differences apparently resulted in a
higher frequency of pools, sediment storage sites and woody debris
storage sites, and more ecologically important, heterogeneous habitat
in forested streams that contained higher number and volume of LWD.
Large woody debris positively influenced macroinvertebrate assemblages
and partially abated the negative effect of fine sediment on
macroinvertebrates, as indicated by significant positive correlations
among LWD, pools and biological variables and an apparent increase in
the complexity of in-stream habitat.
© NISC
1472. Large woody debris and land management in California's hardwood-dominated watersheds.
Opperman, J. J.
Environmental Management 35(3): 266-277. (2005)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0068-z.
Descriptors: debris
jams/ large woody debris/ Mediterranean-climate streams/ private land/
steelhead/ debris/ forestry/ hardwoods/ land use/ surveys/ debris-jam
frequency/ hardwood-dominated watersheds/ land management/ large woody
debris (LWD)/ watersheds/ watershed management/ wood debris/
conservation of natural resources/ environment design/ rivers/ water
supply/ forestry/ hardwoods/ land use/ surveys/ water sheds/
Coniferophyta/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ Salmonidae
Abstract:
Although large woody debris (LWD) has been studied extensively in
conifer-dominated watersheds, relatively little is known about LWD in
hardwood-dominated watersheds. Field surveys of 32 hardwood-dominated
stream reaches in northern coastal California revealed that levels
of LWD varied with land ownership and that living trees strongly
influenced debris jam formation. Almost half of the channel-spanning
debris jams, which stored the most wood and were most likely to form a
pool, were formed behind a key piece that was still living. These
living key pieces might provide greater longevity and stability than
would otherwise be expected from hardwood LWD. Compared to streams on
private land, streams on public land had significantly greater LWD
loading and debris-jam frequency. Land management practices that remove
wood
from
streams might be contributing to the degradation of salmonid habitat
in California's hardwood-dominated watersheds. © 2005
Springer
Science+Business Media, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1473. Least-desired
index for assessing the effectiveness of grass riparian filter strips
in improving water quality in an agricultural region.
Kosnicki, Ely and Sites, Robert W.
Environmental Entomology 36(4): 713-724. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: methods
and techniques/ conservation/ agronomy: agriculture/ freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ least desired index/ LDI,
laboratory techniques/ grass riparian filter strip/ grfs, field
equipment/ water quality/ stream/ sedimentation/ biotic integrity
Abstract: Unprotected
streams within the agricultural Midwest region of the United
States are subject to sedimentation, nutrification, and
agricultural chemicals. Grass riparian filter strips (GRFSs) have been
implemented as a best management practice to minimize sedimentation and
associated materials that are harmful to aquatic ecosystems; however,
few studies have examined the benthic community response to CRFS
installation. This study introduces a least-desired index (LDI)
multimetric approach of evaluating benthic communities in response to
GRFS installation. LDI was determined in a reciprocal fashion to that
of a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (B-IRI). When
reference conditions are not available for the use of B-IBI,
anti-reference sites, representing least-desired conditions, can be
used in constructing an LDI. A B-IBI and LDI were constructed in the
Claypan Till Plains Subsection of Missouri and comparatively used to
evaluate two test sites where tall fescue GRFS were installed. Five
metrics were used to develop the B-IBI and six for the LDI. The LDI
tended to be more conservative at evaluation in comparison to the
B-IBI. Paired t-tests showed that LDI and B-IBI were significantly
different at scoring test sites. The LDI assessed both test sites as
showing no response to GRFS installation, whereas the B-IBI suggested
moderate improvement. The LDI was considered to be a better index for
evaluation because the streams used to develop the B-IRI were not
suitable reference sites. An argument for the use of chironomid based
rnetrics in low gradient agricultural streams is presented.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1474. Literature review on the effects of rip-rap on fish and fish habitat with habitat management implications.
Quigley, J. T. and Harper, D. J.
Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2701: 1-76, X-XI. (2004); ISSN: 0706-6473.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Pisces: habitat management/ streambank
protection with rip rap/ impact on populations/ impact of streambank
protection with rip rap/ community structure/ population dynamics/
stream/ British Columbia/ Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
This study provides habitat management staff in the Pacific Region of
Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) with the most recent information on
the range of potential effects of rip-rap on fish and fish habitat in
order to improve decision making and regional consistency. The effects
of rip-rap on fish and fish habitat were investigated through a
literature review and an evaluation of over 20 years of environmental
impact monitoring data in British Columbia. At a local scale,
positive and negative effects of rip-rap on fish and fish habitat were
found. Positive effects tended to occur with applications of rip-rap in
degraded systems that had excessive erosion problems, particularly
where it was combined with other habitat management strategies.
Negative effects of rip-rap applications were related to the loss of
natural habitat, as vegetated natural banks almost universally provided
superior habitat than rip-rapped sites. In fact, our study suggested
that sites with only 14% of their site length vegetated provided higher
habitat value than rip-rapped sites. Watershed scale effects include
restricted lateral channel migration, decreased natural sediment
deposition, reduced recruitment of gravel and large woody debris,
hydrological changes (such as reduced ability to attenuate flood peaks)
and reduced heterogeneity of habitat. These effects are largely
negative and potentially cumulative in nature. The effects from rip-rap
should not be considered solely on a site specific basis. Impacts to
landscape-level ecological and hydrological processes should be
considered during the assessment of proposed rip-rap projects. Short
term management recommendations: 1. DFO should be precautionary in the
use of rip-rap, and only consider it as an option in degraded systems
that are devoid of riparian vegetation and subject to excessive
erosion. 2. DFO should encourage the use of alternative streambank
stabilization methods, such as bio-engineering approaches (Adams 2003;
MELP 2000), that may provide a greater value to fish habitat. 3. The
application of rip-rap at vegetated sites will likely result in a loss
of productive capacity and should be Authorized pursuant to Section 3
5(2) of the Fisheries Act provided the impacts from the proposed
development cannot be fully mitigated. 4. If rip-rap is the only viable
alternative for streambank protection, and is to be applied at a scale
large enough to potentially affect river processes, DFO should require
a hydrological assessment. The impact assessment should consider
landscape-level ecological and hydrological processes, and downstream
cumulative impacts to the watershed. For Authorized rip-rap streambank
protection projects, DFO should require compensation, including
additional techniques other than simply re-vegetating the site.
Consideration should be given to off-channel habitat development to
compensate for the loss of potential for natural off-channel habitat
development. Rigorous monitoring and maintenance programs should be
implemented to ensure compensation success. Long-term management
recommendations: 6. Dialogue with other levels of government and
industry groups responsible for linear development (pipelines, railway,
highways, etc.) should be initiated and maintained to develop
strategies for protection of watersheds from excessive application of
rip-rap as a bank protection technique. 7. Long term plans for river
migration corridors should be developed. These plans should incorporate
flood control solutions as alternatives to channelization. Examples
include setback dykes at anticipated problem areas, stepped levees,
greenbelts, meander zones, riparian conservation easements, subdivision
regulations, building codes and zoning ordinances. A pro-active
approach to planning can increase the range of solutions available, and
avoid dealing with projects on an emergency basis where potential
solutions can be limited. 8. A coordinated education and awareness
initiative should be undertaken targeting all private and industrial
landowners and stakeholders within and adjacent to river migration
corridors. The value of natural riparian vegetation in terms of both
stream bank protection and fish habitat should be promoted to reduce
unnecessary riparian removal and subsequent activities that result in
an overall hardening of stream banks within a watershed without due
consideration of its overall impact. 9. The effectiveness of alternate
bio-engineering approaches to streambank protection should be
quantified using a scientific monitoring and assessment program. 10.
Long term field research should be conducted to fill the information
gap on cumulative watershed level impacts resulting from extensive
rip-rapping.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1475. Livestock grazing.
Platts W. S. and Meehan W. R.
In: Influences of forest and rangeland management on salmonid fishes and their habitats.
Bethesda: American Fisheries Society, 1991; pp. 389-423.
NAL Call #: SH167.S17I53 1991
Descriptors: grazing/ livestock/ rangeland management/ forestry management/ fish populations/ salmonid/ fish ecology
© NISC
1476. Livestock grazing effects on southwestern streams: A complex research problem.
Rinne, J. N.
In:
Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses,
General Technical Report-RM 120/ Johnson, R. Roy ; Ziebell, Charles D.;
Patton, David R.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; and Hamre, R. H.; Fort Collins,
Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1985.
pp. 295-299.
Notes: Conference held April 16-18, 1985 in Tuscon, Ariz.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: livestock/ habitats/ fish/ grazing/ riparian buffers/ streams/ New Mexico
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1477. Livestock
grazing, golden trout, and streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California: Impacts and management implications.
Knapp, R. A. and Matthews, K. R.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 16(4): 805-820. (1996)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: freshwater
fish/ population density/ water quality/ land use/ California/ canopy
shading/ livestock/ grazing/ trout/ ecological effects/ resources
management/ freshwater fish/ fluvial morphology/ plant populations/
vegetation cover/ fishery management/ predators/ Oncorhynchus
aguabonita/ degradation/ physical properties/ environmental effects
Abstract: Impacts
of livestock grazing on California golden trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita and their habitat were studied inside
and outside of livestock exclosures in the Golden Trout
Wilderness, California. In two consecutive years, the majority of
stream
physical characteristics showed large differences between grazed and
ungrazed areas, and the directions of these differences were consistent
with the recovery of exclosed streams and riparian areas from impacts
caused by livestock grazing. Ungrazed areas consistently had greater
canopy shading, stream depths, and bank-full heights and smaller stream
widths than grazed areas. California golden trout were very
abundant in the study sites; their densities and biomasses were among
the highest ever recorded for stream-dwelling trout in the
western United States. California golden trout density and
biomass
per unit area were significantly higher in ungrazed than in grazed
areas in three of four comparisons. Differences between grazed and
ungrazed areas were less consistent when density and biomass were
calculated on the basis of stream length. Our results suggest that
current levels of livestock grazing are degrading the stream and
riparian components of the study meadows to the detriment of golden
trout populations.
© ProQuest
1478. Livestock grazing management impacts on stream water quality: A review.
Agouridis, C. T.; Workman, S. R.; Warner, R. C.; and Jennings, G. D.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(3): 591-606. (2005)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: agriculture/
environmental impacts/ nonpoint source pollution/ sustainability/ water
quality/ stream flow/ best management practices/ BMPs/ climatic
regions/ livestock grazing management/ stream water quality/
agricultural runoff/ animals/ hydraulics/ rivers
Abstract:
Controlling agricultural nonpoint source pollution from livestock
grazing is a necessary step to improving the water quality of the
nation's streams. The goal of enhanced stream water quality will most
likely result from the implementation of an integrated system of best
management practices (BMPs) linked with stream hydraulic and geomorphic
characteristics. However, a grazing BMP system is often developed with
the concept that BMPs will function independently from interactions
among controls, climatic regions, and the multifaceted functions
exhibited by streams. This paper examines the peer reviewed literature
pertaining to grazing BMPs commonly implemented in the southern humid
region of the United States to ascertain effects of BMPs on stream
water quality. Results indicate that the most extensive BMP research
efforts occurred in the western and midwestern U.S. While numerous
studies documented the negative impacts of grazing on stream health,
few actually examined the success of BMPs for mitigating these effects.
Even fewer studies provided the necessary information to enable the
reader to determine the efficacy of a comprehensive systems approach
integrating multiple BMPs with pre-BMP and post-BMP geomorphic
conditions. Perhaps grazing BMP research should begin incorporating
geomorphic information about the streams with the goal of achieving
sustainable stream water quality.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1479. Livestock grazing relationships with fisheries.
Burton, T. A. and Kozel, S. J.
In:
Proceedings of a symposium on sustaining rangeland ecosystems.
Eastern Oregon State College, La Grande, Oregon.
Edge, W. D. and Olsen-Edge, S. L. (eds.); Vol. Special Report 953.
Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Extension Service; pp. 140-145; 1996.
NAL Call #: 100 Or3M no.953
Descriptors: forest
ecology/ forest management/ water quality/ grassland management/
riparian forests/ riparian vegetation/ grasslands/ riparian grasslands/
management/ environmental degradation/ erosion/ grazing/ grazing
intensity/ fisheries/ vegetation types
Abstract:
The importance of appropriate management of riparian grasslands
for maintaining the quality of aquatic habitats is emphasized. Recent
estimates for W. USA have indicated that 66% of Bureau of Land
Management riparian areas are not functioning properly or are
functioning at risk and that 22% of US Forest Service riparian areas
are not meeting forest plant objectives for proper condition. Grazing
management may have a major effect on aquatic ecosystems. In the Bear
Valley Basin, Idaho, use of early-season low intensity grazing by
cattle reversed the downward trend in stream bank stability and
substrate sedimentation, increasing the survival of the endangered
chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).
© CABI
1480. Livestock influences on riparian zones and fish habitat: Literature classification.
Larsen, R. E.; Krueger, W. C.; George, M. R.;
Barrington, M. R.; Buckhouse, J. C.; and Johnson, D. E.
Journal of Range Management 51(6): 661-664. (1998)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: classification/
grazing/ riparian vegetation/ habitats/ field experimentation/
experimental design/ streams/ riparian grasslands
Abstract:
A key was used to classify articles about livestock influences on
riparian zones and fish habitat into 3 classes: papers that contained
original data, those that were commentary, and reports about
methodology such as classification systems, policies, and monitoring
criteria. Four hundred and twenty-eight of the total articles were
directly related to grazing impacts on riparian zones and fish habitat.
Only 89 of these grazing impact articles were classified as
experimental, where treatments were replicated and results were
statistically valid. This analysis revealed several limitations of
riparian grazing studies that included: (1) inadequate description of
grazing management practices or treatments, (2) weak study designs, and
(3) lack of pre-treatment data.
© CABI
1481. The long-term effectiveness of fish habitat restoration practices: Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin.
Champoux, O.; Biron, P. M.; and Roy, A. G.
Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93(1): 42-54. (Mar. 2003)
Descriptors: animal
morphology/ aquatic habitat/ bank erosion/ channel flow/ channel
morphology/ deterioration/ environmental impact/ feeding behavior/ fish
management/ fluvial morphology/ freshwater fish/ geomorphology/
grazing/ habitat/ habitat improvement/ moraines/ pools/ rehabilitation/
rivers/ stream discharge/ trout/ Salmonidae/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
Although many streams in North America have been rehabilitated to
improve the habitat of salmonids, little is known about the long-term
impacts of such practices on salmonid habitats and on river dynamics.
The success of these improvement schemes is often assessed a short time
after the work is completed and is usually based on changes in the
targeted biological populations. This article examines the long-term
effects of bank-cover deflectors on the physical fish habitat and on
the channel morphology. The study was conducted on Lawrence Creek, a
small stream in Wisconsin, where trout habitat had been affected
negatively by intense cattle grazing. Data on the physical habitat and
on channel morphology were collected on a 600-m-long reach in 1963
(immediately prior to the rehabilitation work), in 1966, and in 1999.
In the upstream section, the channel flows through a moraine deposit
where bed material is coarser than the material of the outwash plain
found in the downstream portion of the reach. Results indicate that
fish habitat in 1999 was better than in 1963 but has deteriorated
substantially since 1966. Pool area increased from 267 m2 to 625 m2 between 1963 and 1966, but has decreased to 488 m2
since then. Most of this deterioration, however, is concentrated in the
morainic section. In the outwash plain, the deflectors are still in
good condition, and the area occupied by pools has remained constant
since 1966. In the morainic section, most structures are no longer
efficient and the channel is unstable due to high bed-shear stress
values, which entrain bed and bank erosion. Effective long-term
rehabilitation schemes should therefore carefully consider the varying
sensitivity of river reaches due to different geomorphic contexts.
© ProQuest
1482. Macroinvertebrate assemblage change in a small eastern Oregon stream following disturbance by grazing cattle.
Reed, T.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 18(2): 315-320. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: zoobenthos/
macrofauna/ grazing/ sampling/ ecosystem disturbance/ aquatic insects/
community composition/ population structure/ rivers/ biotic factors/
herbivores/ Chironomidae/ Ephemeroptera/ Oregon/ cattle/ midges/
mayflies
Abstract:
Badger Creek (Ochoco National Forest, Oregon) was
sampled before and after cattle arrived and on July 31 in a reach of
stream where cattle were present and a reach where they were not. Index
values and ordination of these samples indicates that seasonality and
local conditions are important drivers in macroinvertebrate community
composition. In both a three month survey and the single date sampling,
disturbance by grazing cattle was correlated with more Chironomidae
larvae and fewer mayflies, indicating that cattle create an environment
conducive to the macroinvertebrate assemblage compositions found in low
oxygen, organically enriched systems.
© ProQuest
1483. Macroinvertebrate
communities in agriculturally impacted southern Illinois streams:
Patterns with riparian vegetation, water quality, and in-stream habitat
quality.
Stone, Mandy L.; Whiles, Matt R.; Webber, Jeremy A.; Williard, Karl W.; and Reeve, John D.
Journal of Environmental Quality 34(3): 907-917.
(May 2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.J6
Descriptors: agriculture/
aquatic habitat/ aquatic insects/ biomass/ copepods/ dominant species/
drainage ditches/ environmental quality/ forests/ habitat preferences/
harbors/ headwaters/ macroinvertebrates/ mollusks/ oligochaetes/
organic matter/ orthophosphates/ pollution monitoring/ population
density/ riparian land/ riparian vegetation/ rivers/ silt/ streams/
structure/ substrates/ vegetation/ water quality/ water chemistry/
water quality/ zoobenthos/ Chironomidae/ Copepoda/ Mollusca/ Physella/
Sphaerium/ Illinois
Abstract:
Relationships between riparian land cover, in-stream habitat, water
chemistry, and macroinvertebrates were examined in headwater streams
draining an agricultural region of Illinois. Macroinvertebrates
and organic matter were collected monthly for one year from three
intensively monitored streams with a gradient of riparian forest cover
(6, 22, and 31% of riparian area). Bioassessments and physical habitat
analyses were also performed in these three streams and 12 other nearby
headwater streams. The intensively monitored site with the least
riparian forest cover had significantly greater percent silt substrates
than the sites with medium and high forest cover, and significantly
higher very fine organics in substrates than the medium and high
forested sites. Macroinvertebrates were abundant in all streams, but
communities reflected degraded conditions; noninsect groups, mostly
oligochaetes and copepods, dominated density and oligochaetes and
mollusks, mostly Sphaerium and Physella, dominated biomass. Of insects,
dipterans, mostly Chironomidae, dominated density and dipterans and
coleopterans were important contributors to biomass.
Collector-gatherers dominated functional structure in all three
intensively monitored sites, indicating that functional structure
metrics may not be appropriate for assessing these systems. The
intensively monitored site with lowest riparian forest cover had
significantly greater macroinvertebrate density and biomass, but lowest
insect density and biomass. Density and biomass of active
collector-filterers (mostly Sphaerium) decreased with increasing
riparian forest. Hilsenhoff scores from all 15 sites were significantly
correlated with in-stream habitat scores, percent riparian forest, and
orthophosphate concentrations, and multiple regression indicated that
in-stream habitat was the primary factor influencing biotic integrity.
Our results show that these "drainage ditches" harbor abundant
macroinvertebrates that are typical of degraded conditions, but that
they can reflect gradients of conditions in and around these streams.
© ProQuest
1484. Macroinvertebrate
community responses to selection logging in riparian and upland areas
of headwater catchments in a northern hardwood forest.
Kreutzweiser, D. P.; Capell, S. S.; and Good, K. P.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24(1): 208-222. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 08873593.
Notes: doi: 10.1899/0887-3593(2005)024 <0208:MCRTSL>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: northern
hardwood forests/ selection logging/ stream insect communities/
community structure/ ecological impact/ macroinvertebrate/ riparian
forest/ selective logging/ stream/ Insecta/ Riparia
Abstract:
Aquatic insect communities were examined in 2 streams at different
selection logging intensities in headwater catchments of a northern
hardwood forest. Insect communities of these streams were compared to
those of a nearby reference stream (no harvesting) over a 2-y pre- and
3-y post-logging period. The experimental catchments were logged by a
mechanical harvester and cable skidders, one at a low-intensity (29%
basal area removal) and the other at a moderate-intensity (42% basal
area removal) harvesting rate. There were no riparian reserves or
buffer zones, but logging was conducted in compliance with a riparian
code of practice (3-m setback from stream edges) and other best
management practices. Changes in community structure, community
metrics, or relative abundance of discriminatory taxa attributable to
logging impacts were not detected at the low-intensity site. Some
deviations from reference and pre-logging trends in community
structure, multivariate dispersion, and population levels of
discriminatory taxa were detected at the moderate-intensity site after
the logging. These deviations were mainly driven by small, but usually
significant, increases in abundance of 5 gatherer taxa. The increases
in abundance of gatherer taxa appeared to be a response to a
significant increase (~2.5x) in streambed deposition of fine
particulate organic material at that site. However, the shifts in
community structure and changes in abundance of these taxa at the
moderate-intensity site were not larger than some natural changes in
abundance among other taxa at the reference site over the 5-y study.
The increases in abundance of some taxa at the moderate-intensity site
may indicate a logging impact, but the changes were small and there
were no indications of reciprocal declines among other taxa. It appears
that selection logging at up to 42% basal area removal in compliance
with the riparian code of practice and other good management practices
largely mitigated harmful alterations to stream habitat and insect
communities in these northern hardwood forest catchments. © 2005
by The North American Benthological Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1485. Macroinvertebrate community structure and function associated with large wood in low gradient streams.
Johnson, Lucinda B.; Breneman, Dan H.; and
Richards, Carl
River Research and Applications 19(3): 199-218. (2003)
NAL Call #: TC530.R43
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ Invertebrata, Animalia/ macroinvertebrate
(Invertebrata): common, clinger, sprawler, swimmer/ Michigan/
Minnesota/ agricultural regions/ behavior/ channel flow/ community
function/ community structure/ dominant substrate composition/ feeding
characteristics/ forested stream ecosystems/ habitat types/ large woody
debris/ local diversity/ low gradient streams/ multiple habitat
qualitative sampling approach/ regional patterns/ trophic
characteristics/ wood abundance/ wood distribution
Abstract: Large
woody debris (wood) plays a number of important roles in forested
stream ecosystems. Wood in streams provides habitat and flow refugia
for fish and invertebrates, and is a site of biofilm production that
serves as food for grazing organisms. Logs added to streams are rapidly
colonized by invertebrates, and this habitat alteration is accompanied
by changes in community composition and functional processes. A
multiple habitat, qualitative sampling approach was employed to
evaluate macroinvertebrate communities associated with wood habitats in
71 stream reaches in central Michigan and
southeastern Minnesota, two agricultural regions in the
midwestern United
States. Macroinvertebrate taxa were classified with respect to
behaviour (e.g. sprawler, clinger, swimmer), as well as trophic/feeding
characteristics. These traits were used to examine community structure
as a function of wood abundance and distribution. Although wood is not
abundant in these streams and logs are generally small in size, wood is
a very important habitat in both Michigan and Minnesota: 86% and 95% of
the total taxa encountered at Michigan and Minnesota study sites,
respectively, were found in wood habitats. Differences in regional
patterns in the distribution of taxa across habitats were observed
between Michigan and Minnesota. These are believed to result
from differences in the number of habitat types available, and the
dominant substrate composition. Local invertebrate diversity increased
in Michigan, but not Minnesota, with the presence of wood
habitats in streams. The presence of wood at a site increased the
average taxa richness by 15 and 10 taxa in Michigan
and Minnesota, respectively. Macroinvertebrate behavioural
attributes
and functional traits associated with wood habitats suggest that
community traits may vary due to both local difference in flow and the
location of wood in the channel.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1486. Macroinvertebrate response to logging in coastal headwater streams of Washington, U.S.A.
Haggerty, S. M.; Batzer, D. P.; and Jackson, C. R.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 61(4): 529-537. (2004)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ freshwater habitat/ lotic
water/ abiotic factors/ land zones/ Macroinvertebrata: forestry/
logging/ community responses/ biomass/ logging effects/ community
structure/ population density/ stream/ coastal headwater streams/
community responses to logging/ physical factors/ sediment composition
and accretion rates/ Washington/ coastal mountain ranges/ invertebrates
Abstract: We
examined the effects of logging on macroinvertebrate assemblages in
first-order streams of four coniferous watersheds in Washington's Coastal Mountain ranges. Each watershed
contained three
to four first-order streams that were placed into one of three
treatment types: clear-cut logging, operational buffer-strip (2.5-21 m)
logging, or uncut reference streams. Prelogging baseline data on
macroinvertebrate assemblages, channel morphology, sediment
composition, sediment accretion rates, and water temperatures were
collected from each stream in summer 1998. Logging operations were
conducted the next winter and spring. Streams were resampled in summer
1999, within 1 year of logging, and summer 2000, 1+ years after
logging. Preexisting treatment differences did not exist in 1998,
indicating that postharvest treatment differences could be attributed
to logging operations. In 1999, densities of macroinvertebrate
collectors, densities and biomass of macroinvertebrate shredders, and
accretion rates of organic sediments were greater in clear-cut and
buffered streams than uncut references. These differences diminished by
2000. An increase in collecting and shredding macroinvertebrate is not
a typical response to logging and may reflect the fact that logged
streams became buried under slash, increasing detrital food supplies
for these organisms. The narrow buffers used for this study did not
prevent macroinvertebrate community changes associated with logging.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1487. Management alternatives to enhance water quality and ecological function of channelized streams and drainage canals.
Evans, R. O.; Bass, K. L.; Burchell, M. R.; Hinson, R. D.; Johnson, R.; and Doxey, M.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 62(4): 308-320. (July 2007-Aug. 2007)
Descriptors: constructed
wetlands/ floodplains/ drainage channels/ stream channels/ drainage
water/ water management/ watershed hydrology/ water quality/ plant
communities/ macroinvertebrates/ wildlife habitats/ ecological
function/ best management practices/ BMPs/ North Carolina/ irrigation
and drainage/ wildlife conservation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1488. Managing the Columbia River: Instream flows, water withdrawals, and salmon survival.
National Research Council, Water Science and Technology Board
Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 268 p. pp. (2004).
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=10962
Descriptors: anadromous
species/ commercial fishing/ dams/ ecological effects/ environment
management/ habitats/ hydrological regime/ instream flow/ man-induced
effects/ nature conservation/ population dynamics/ rare species/
regulated rivers/ river basins/ river flow/ rivers/ salmon/ selective
withdrawal/ stream flow/ survival/ water budget/ United States/
Columbia R.
Abstract:
For thousands of years, North America's Columbia River
salmon runs were the most abundant on Earth. The salmon evolved in a
setting of many long- and short-term environmental changes and
disruptions. With the introduction of an industrial-based economy to
the region in the late nineteenth century, the scale and rate of
environmental variability in the basin changed. The creation of
impoundments on the Columbia River and its tributaries, dam operations,
commercial fishing, logging, diversions for irrigated agriculture, and
human population growth have altered the Columbia's presettlement flow
regime and have reduced the quality of salmon habitat across the river
basin. There have been attendant declines--including some
extinctions--in the populations of all resident salmon species. Many of
these salmon are currently listed as threatened and endangered pursuant
to the federal Endangered Species Act. Annual salmon and steelhead
returns to the Columbia River estuary are estimated to have been
as high as 16 million fish per year during the late 1800s. The returns
have dwindled over time, dropping to near 1 million fish per year in
the 1990s. These numbers rebounded in the late 1990s and early 2000s,
largely because that time frame coincided with a period of favorable
ocean condition for salmon. The majority of returns today consist of
hatchery-reared fish.
© ProQuest
1489. Minimum habitat requirements for establishing translocated cutthroat trout populations.
Harig, Amy L. and Fausch, Kurt D.
Ecological Applications 12(2): 535-551. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ abiotic
factors/ land and freshwater zones/ Oncorhynchus clarki (Salmonidae):
release and relocation programmes/ translocation/ minimum habitat
requirements/ establishing populations/ habitat utilization/ streams/
abiotic factors/ Colorado/ New Mexico/ establishing translocated
populations/ Salmonidae/ Salmoniformes, Actinopterygii, Pisces/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: Translocation
is an important management strategy in conservation
programs for endangered or threatened species, including native
cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in the western United
States. Most subspecies of cutthroat trout have declined to <5% of
their historical range, and both historical and translocated
populations now persist in small isolated fragments of habitat. Success
rates for translocations of fishes are generally <50%, and habitat
quality or quantity are frequently cited as the cause of failure.
Therefore, we conducted field surveys of stream-scale habitat and
measured basin-scale habitat using a Geographic Information System for
27 streams where two subspecies of cutthroat trout were translocated
in Colorado and New Mexico, to identify specific habitat
attributes that contribute to the success of translocations. We used
polytomous logistic regression to develop models that predict three
categories of cutthroat trout translocation success (high, low, absent)
from habitat attributes at two spatial scales. Models based on
stream-scale habitat attributes indicated that cold summer water
temperature, narrow stream width, and lack of deep pools limited
translocations of cutthroat trout. Cold summer temperatures are known
to delay spawning and prolong egg incubation, which reduces the growth
of fry and likely limits their overwinter survival. Furthermore, small
streams with few deep pools may lack the space necessary to permit
overwinter survival of a sufficient number of individuals to sustain a
population. Models based on basin-scale habitat were not as effective
as stream-scale habitat models for distinguishing among translocation
sites with high, low, or absent population status but indicated that a
minimum watershed area of 14.7 km2
was useful as a coarse filter for separating sites with high numbers of
cutthroat trout from those with low or absent status. Watersheds larger
than this are expected to encompass low-elevation habitat that provides
warmer summer temperatures and to have relatively wide stream channels
of sufficient length to provide an adequate number of deep pools. These
results indicate that the appropriate scale of habitat measurement for
predicting cutthroat trout translocation success in fragmented
watersheds is at the patch rather than landscape scale, which is
similar to results for other salmonids and vertebrate taxa in general.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1490. Monitor
and protect Wigwam River bull trout for Koocanusa
Reservoir: Skookumchuck Creek juvenile bull trout and fish habitat
monitoring program.
Cope, R. S.
Portland, OR: Bonneville Power Administration; BPA Report DOE/BP 00005672-8, 2004. i-vii, 1-40.
Notes: 2002-2003 annual report, project no. 200000400; Related report: DOE/BP-00005672-5.
http://pisces.bpa.gov/release/documents/documentviewer.aspx?pub=R00005672-8.pdf
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land zones/ North
America/ Canada/ Pisces: conservation measures/ habitat monitoring
program/ annual research report/ stream/ British Columbia/
Skookumchuck Creek/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The Skookumchuck Creek juvenile bull trout (Salvelinus
confluentus) and fish habitat monitoring program is a co-operative
initiative of the British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land, and Air
Protection and Bonneville Power Administration. The objective was to
develop a better understanding of juvenile bull trout and Westslope
cutthroat trout recruitment and the ongoing hydrologic and morphologic
processes, especially as they relate to spawning and rearing habitat
quality. This report provides a summary of results obtained to date. In
2003, several minor modifications were made to the three Skookumchuck
Creek index sites permanently established in 2002. Sites one and three
were extended by 210 m and 100 m, respectively, and the bankfull height
was lowered slightly for all three index sites. These changes resulted
in a better fit among index sites between observed bankfull indicators,
bankfull cross-sectional area, estimated bankfull discharge and
estimated water velocity. However, the 2003 bankfull discharge
estimates generated from the estimated cross-sectional area and
"roughness" or mannings n were lower than return frequency estimates.
This discrepancy was most likely due to a combination of; 1) the actual
return frequency was lower than 1.5, and 2) bankfull elevation was
under-estimated slightly. A fourth index site was permanently
established in Sandown Creek in 2003. This site was added to represent
juvenile rearing habitat, within a sub-basin that supports a major
proportion of the current forest harvesting activity. Bull trout
represented 49.6% of the juvenile catch in 2003. Although the
percentage of the total catch was lower for bull trout in 2003, the
total catch of bull trout fry was notably higher and this resulted in
higher mean annual density estimates across all index sites. This was
especially true for site three, where densities were significantly
higher in 2003 (16.4 fish/100 m2).
Higher densities were attributed to improved survival based on the
significantly larger size of fry in 2003, and the comparatively warm
and dry winter and spring of 2002-2003. The decrease in catch
composition of bull trout in 2003 was due to a corresponding increase
in Westslope cutthroat trout catch. Westslope cutthroat trout fry were
captured exclusively in sites two and three (the bull trout spawning
reaches). The capture of cutthroat trout fry in 2003 but not in 2002
was thought to represent an earlier date of emergence due to warmer
water temperatures. Juveniles were captured in all sample sites,
however, Sandown Creek captures represented 76.7% of all juvenile
captures. The corresponding juvenile Westslope cutthroat trout density
(4.62 fish/100 m2)
was the highest recorded in the bull trout and fish habitat monitoring
program. In 2003, snorkel surveys were conducted on mainstem
kookumchuck Creek index sites to target deep, mid-channel habitat that
was not effectively sampled using existing electrofishing techniques.
Sub-adult and adult Westslope cutthroat trout dominated this habitat.
Densities were 3.1 and 3.2 fish/100 lineal m for sites one and three,
respectively, while site two densities were 8.6 fish/100 lineal m. The
very high densities of adult cutthroat trout within site two were
attributed to habitat quality and in particular, the abundance of deep
pool habitat. The range of morphological stream types for the mainstem
Skookumchuck Creek encompass the stable and resilient spectrum (C3(1),
C3). In general, Skookumchuck Creek can be characterized by stability
and habitat heterogeneity. These reaches, with their high sinuosity,
frequent deep pools, and high quality spawning and rearing habitat
contain high densities of bull trout and Westslope cutthroat trout.
Sandown Creek, in contrast, appears to be undergoing a successional
evolution from an F4 stream type to a C4 stream type to accommodate
changes or alterations to sediment supply. Disturbance indicators
suggest increased sediment supply resulted in channel aggradation and
infilling. The previously over-widened bed of the F4 stream type is now
the elevation of the new floodplain for the C4 stream type, which
gradually incises through the aggraded streambed. Although disturbed,
Sandown Creek maintains high habitat value and the high juvenile
Westslope cutthroat trout densities can be attributed to the high
frequency of large woody debris (LWD) and associated LWD cover in
pools. When compared to other bull trout and Westslope cutthroat trout
systems, a strong case can be made that the Skookumchuck Creek bull
trout and Westslope cutthroat trout represent a significant and stable
population. The upper Skookumchuck Creek watershed remains
relatively pristine, and maintains high water quality and high habitat
capability. After eighty years of forest development and public access
within the Skookumchuck Creek watershed, conservative forest harvesting
levels that preserved the riparian ecosystem, and angling regulations
designed to limit harvest, appear to have been successful in preventing
habitat degradation or over-exploitation of the fishery.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1491. Monitoring
the effectiveness of restoration works on walleye spawning beds and of
the best management practices on a small dairy operation in eastern Ontario.
Lavictoire, M.
In:
49th Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research: The Changing
Environment of the Great Lakes. Windsor, Ontario;
2006.
Descriptors: best
management practices/ BMPs/ density/ freshwater fish/ habitat
improvement/ larvae/ monitoring/ nature conservation/ pollution
monitoring/ rehabilitation/ restoration/ river basin management/
sampling/ spawning/ zoobenthos/ walleye/ British Isles, England,
Cornwall/ Canada, Ontario, Raisin R./ North America, Great Lakes
Abstract: Although
many groups are implementing restoration activities,
relatively few are monitoring the effects of these works. Work is being
conducted in eastern Ontario to assess the success of restoration
activities. Walleye spawning bed rehabilitation was completed on
the Raisin River and Hoople Creek. Monitoring of egg densities was
completed between 1985 and 2003 on Raisin, and in 1985 and 2004 on
Hoople. Larvae densities were compared between the two watercourses in
2005. The results showed a decrease in the egg densities on the Raisin
and an increase on Hoople. The number of walleye larvae captured on
Hoople was higher than that on the Raisin. This suggests that while
rehabilitation on Hoople has been successful, the Raisin spawning beds
remain impaired. The effectiveness of best management practices (BMPs)
of cattle operations is currently being monitored on a tributary to
the Beaudette River, Cornwall. Background data was
gathered
at 6 stations during summer/fall of 2005. This data included benthic
macroinvertebrate and fish communities sampling, water quality, channel
morphology and riparian characteristics. The BMPs were implemented in
the fall/winter of 2005. Sampling of the six stations will continue for
an additional 3 years to monitor the success of the rehabilitation
projects.
© ProQuest
1492. Natural
wood recruitment versus stream habitat restoration: Habitat and wild
trout responses in streams of the White Mountain National Forest.
Prout, M. W. and Milot, G.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003.; Vol. 133.; pp. 155; 2003.
Descriptors: conservation/
biomass/ boulders/ channel aggradation/ channel scouring/ natural wood
recruitment/ second growth forests/ species abundance/ stream habitat
restoration/ stream morphology/ upland stream: habitat/ valley streams:
habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1493. The Newfoundland Small Stream Buffer Study Phase 1: Impacts of current forest harvesting practices on stream habitat and biota.
Decker, R. C.; Scruton, D. A.; Meade, J. D.; Clarke, K. D.; and Cole, L. J.
Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences(2449): i-ix, 1-64. (2003); ISSN: 0706-6457
Descriptors: forestry/
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ forest harvesting/ applied and field
techniques/ Department of fisheries and Oceans, Canada/ Newfoundland
small Stream Buffer Study, Phase 1/ community composition/ habitat
characteristics/ sedimentation rate/ stream/ temperature
Abstract:
The Newfoundland Small Stream Buffer Study Phase 1 was initiated and
carried out by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada on
the island of Newfoundland. Similar research was
conducted in New Brunswick and British Columbia. The
objective was to study the impacts of forest harvesting on salmonids
and their habitat. Twelve stream reaches from 3 different watersheds
subjected to forest harvesting were sampled during the summer of 2000.
Salmonids studied were brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Atlantic
salmon (Salmo salar). Other variables measured during this study
included sedimentation rates, temperature regime, benthic invertebrate
community composition, riparian buffer composition, stream habitat
characteristics, and large woody debris. These results were then
analyzed and related to the different forestry treatments. These
treatments included a control stream (no cuffing), treatment 1 stream
reach (recent cutting, 20 m riparian buffer) and treatment 2 and
treatment 3 (older cut areas, less than 20 m riparian buffer). In the
control and treatment 1 reaches results from the sediment sampling,
benthic invertebrate sampling, and temperature data were mixed. In one
watershed forest harvesting did significantly increase the amount of
sediment entering the treatment 1 reach while the other 2 watersheds
did not yield any significant increase in sedimentation after cutting.
Benthic invertebrates were significantly less abundant in treatment 1
reaches than in control stream reaches. Treatment 1 reach was
significantly warmer than the control in one watershed while there was
no significant difference in another watershed. Brook trout in
treatment 1 reaches were larger than brook trout in control reaches
while in treatment 2 and treatment 3 streams they were significantly
smaller than those in control and treatment 1 stream reaches. Atlantic
salmon size relationships were opposite to brook trout; the smallest
salmon inhabiting control streams and the largest in streams impacted
by older harvest events (treatment 3).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1494. No-till improves stream ecosystem quality.
Yates, A. G.; Bailey, R. C.; and Schwindt, J. A.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 61(1):
14-19. (2006)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822
Descriptors: mu-basin/ benthic macroinvertebrates/ habitat/ no-till/ southern Ontario/ stream quality/ tillage systems/ water quality
Abstract:
No-till cropping systems have become very common in North America
over the past two decades. The effects of no-till on stream quality,
however, have not been studied at watershed scales. We measured habitat
and stream water quality and sampled the benthic macroinvertebrate
community in 32 small (100 to 1400 ha, 247 to 3,460 ac) subwatersheds
that exhibited a gradient of the proportion of land under no-till
cropping systems to determine relationships between the use of no-till
and stream quality. Increased use of no-till systems resulted in
improvements in habitat and water quality and the benthic
macroinvertebrate community. Based on these results we concluded that
increased use of no-till cropping systems by farmers has a positive
effect on the quality of streams in agroecosytems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1495. On debris flows, river networks, and the spatial structure of channel morphology.
Bigelow, P. E.; Benda, L. E.; Miller, D. J.; and Burnett, K. M.
Forest Science 53(2): 220-238. (Apr. 2007)
Descriptors: streams/
stream channels/ landforms/ water erosion/ fish/ habitats/ spatial
data/ dead wood/ landslides/ alluvium/ rivers/ classification/ sediment
deposition/ watershed hydrology/ forested watersheds/ sediments/
drainage basins/ Oregon/ debris fans/ fish bearing streams/ stream
classification/ debris deposition/ habitat typing/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ water
resources and management/ pollution/ soil conservation/ forestry
related
Abstract:
We evaluated the morphological effects of debris flows from headwater
streams in larger, fish-bearing channels of the central Oregon Coast Range, including their influence on
fans, wood recruitment, and channel morphology. Continuous channel
surveys (6.4 km) were conducted in third- through fifth-order streams
(drainage area < 10 km2
and slope <7%) where debris fan effects at confluences were most
evident. This basin size contains the majority of channels (67%) in the
central Coast Range with gradients that are used by coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum). The close spacing between
headwater tributaries susceptible to debris flows (118 m average)
resulted in long continuous sections of fish-bearing streams that were
bordered by debris fans (103 m average) and debris fans impinging on
54% of the total channel length surveyed. Debris flows also supplied
the majority of wood (58% of pieces) to the surveyed fish-bearing
channels. The highest values of large wood, boulders, and channel
gradients were associated with debris fans at confluences with
headwater tributaries, while deeper sediment deposits were often
associated with fans but also extended up and downstream from fans. The
spacing and network pattern of debris flow-prone headwater tributaries
influenced the spatial structure of channel morphology and aquatic
habitats leading to a high degree of physical heterogeneity and
patchiness in channel environments. Our study contributes to a growing
emphasis on the role of tributary confluences in structuring channel
morphology and aquatic habitats in mountain drainage basins and argues
for including a confluence component to stream classification and
habitat typing schemes.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1496. Pesticides in stream sediment and aquatic biota: Distribution, trends, and governing factors.
Nowell, L. H.; Capel, P. D.; and Dileanis, P. D.
Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers; 1001 p. (1999).
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 867-946) and index.
NAL Call #: TD427.P35N68 1999; ISBN: 1566704693 .
Descriptors: Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Organochlorine compounds---Environmental
aspects---United States/ Water---pollution---United States/
Contaminated sediments---United States/ Aquatic organisms, Effect
of water pollution on---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1497. PHABSIM
analysis of a straight trapezoidal reach and a highly sinuous reach in
a low-order agricultural stream in the Midwest.
Tompkins, M. R. and Herricks, E.
Hydroecologie appliquee 14(1): 175-192. (2004)
Descriptors: channels/
fish/ fluvial morphology/ freshwater fish/ geomorphology/ habitat/
restoration/ river fisheries/ rivers/ simulation/ stream flow/ Pisces/
Unites States, Midwest
Abstract:
The PHABSIM model (Physical HABitat SIMulation Model) was applied to
adjacent straight trapezoidal and highly sinuous reaches in a third
order agricultural drainage stream in East-Central Illinois. A 30
year flow record was used to generate weighted usable area (WUA)
estimates for six warmwater fish species for each reach. Supplementing
PHABSIM analysis, detailed surveys provided planametric maps of each
reach, and regular fish sampling both supported the selection of
species modeled with PHABSIM and provided data for PHABSIM evaluation.
Analysis of the 30-year WUA estimates supported the development of
metrics for fish community analysis, and the analysis of selected fish
species populations in each reach. Six monthly fish collections in each
reach provided a basis for and a detailed description of the fish
communities in each reach. Metrics developed for four of the six
species modeled were positively related to the relative differences in
numbers of fish present between the two reaches.
© ProQuest
1498. Physico-chemical and biological responses of streams to restoration of riparian pastures.
Walsh, M. C.
University Park, PA: Penn State, 2002.
Notes: Degree: M.S.; Wildlife Coop. Unit Report
Descriptors: bottom
characteristics/ disturbance/ fishes, freshwater/ grazing/ habitat
changes invertebrates/ nitrogen/ population density erosion/ riparian
habitat/ sedimentation/ shores and banks fences/ stream improvement/
streams/ temperature, environment phosphorus/ trout, brown/ water flow/
water, chemical properties/ water, physical properties/ Pennsylvania/
Centre County
Abstract:
Objective was to quantify the effects of streambank fencing and
stabilization in central Pennsylvania. Stream responses were
measured across a spectrum of variables. Fish communities,
macroinvertebrate communities, stream temperatures, channel morphology,
substrate composition, and water quality were evaluated and compared to
pre- restoration conditions. Study area was located within the Spring
Creek watershed, which included three study basins: Spring Creek, Cedar
Creek and Slab Cabin Run.
© NISC
1499. Potential trout population response to reduced riparian buffer widths in north Georgia.
Jones, Krista L.; Poole, Geoffrey C.; Meyer, Judy L.; Bumback, William R.; and Kramer, Elizabeth A.
In: Proceedings of the 2005 Georgia Water Resources Conference. Athens, GA.; 2005.
Notes: Meeting abstract.
http://cms.ce.gatech.edu/gwri/uploads/proceedings/2005/JonesKristaL_GAWR2005_Abstract.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic
habitat/ deforestation/ environmental effects/ fish populations/
freshwater fish/ population dynamics/ riparian land/ river basins/
streams/ trout/ water temperature/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ Salmo trutta/
Georgia
Abstract:
The Georgia State Legislature reduced the width of
mandatory-forested riparian buffers along the State's trout streams
from 100 ft to 50 ft in 2000. This research evaluated the potential
response of trout populations to this reduction in buffer width by: 1)
quantifying the relationships between riparian forest conditions,
in-stream habitat, and young-of-the-year rainbow and brown trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo trutta); 2) applying these quantified
relationships at the stream segment and stream network scales to
determine the efficacy of 50-ft buffers for protecting in-stream
habitat; 3) examining existing forest conditions along the stream
network; and 4) assessing the existing thermal alteration of trout
streams. Stream temperatures were consistently and negatively related
to percent riparian forest cover and elevation; in this study
landscape, riparian forest cover overwhelms the influence of basin
forest cover in determining stream temperature. Fine sediment in
riffles was negatively related to percent riparian forest cover and
maximum reach velocity. Biomass of young-of-the-year trout (< 150 mm
in total length) was negatively related to stream temperature, riffle
embeddedness, and maximum reach depth. When these relationships were
applied at the stream segment scale, we found that reducing forested
buffers from 100 ft to 50 ft would increase stream temperatures by 1.6
to 2.3 degree C, depending on summer weather conditions, and increase
riffle embeddedness scores by 4.2 points across a range of maximum
stream velocity. As a consequence of these seemingly small increases in
stream temperature and riffle embeddedness, the biomass of
young-of-the-year trout would be reduced by 81% to 88%, depending on
elevation and summer weather conditions. Within the trout stream
network, 63% of stream segments are likely to support reproducing trout
populations with the presence of a 100-ft buffer; this percentage drops
to 9% with a 50-ft buffer. These quantitative analyses at both the
stream segment and trout stream network scales imply that a 50-ft
buffer is not effective at maintaining the in-stream conditions
necessary for self-sustaining trout populations. Due to existing
disturbance of riparian forests, substantial alteration of the thermal
conditions of trout streams has occurred along the trout stream network
in North Georgia. Further deforestation of riparian areas will
increase the warming of trout streams. The ability of Georgia's
mountain streams to maintain self-sustaining trout populations is
reduced because of the warmer stream temperatures and increased fine
sediment delivery associated with a reduction in riparian buffer width
to 50 ft.
© ProQuest
1500. Practices for livestock grazing and aquatic habitat protection on western rangelands.
May, B. E. and Davis, B.
In:
Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships Symposium. Coeur D'alene, Idaho. Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D.
(eds.)
Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho; pp. 271-278; 1982.
NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981
Descriptors: wildlife/ livestock/ grazing/ aquatic habitat/ rangelands
1501. A preliminary review of NOAA's community-based dam removal and fish passage projects.
Lenhart, C. F.
Coastal Management 31(1): 79-98. (2003);
ISSN: 08920753
Descriptors: anadromous
fish/ dam removal/ fish passage/ habitat restoration/ dams/ ecosystems/
environmental protection/ fisheries/ river basin projects/ stream
ecosystem/ coastal zones/ dam/ fish/ fishpass structure/ habitat
restoration/ river management/ Oncorhynchus
Abstract:
Dams and other stream blockages prevent anadromous fish from accessing
large areas of key habitat. The NOAA Community-Based Restoration
Program (CRP) supports habitat restoration projects, including 53 dam
removal and fish passage projects from 1996 to 2002. This article
provides a preliminary review of the biological benefits provided by
the first 18 CRP dam removal and fish passage projects supported
between 1996 and 1999. These 18 projects improved access to over 160 km
of river habitat for many anadromous fish species, especially river
herring (Alosa spp.) on the east coast and salmonids (Oncorhynchus
spp.) on the west coast. While fish ladders provide targeted fish
species access to key habitat areas, dam removal can improve the health
of entire stream ecosystems and provide fish passage to fish species
unable to utilize ladders. The CRP complements existing federal
regulatory programs by providing a cooperative process at the local
level that can restore habitats efficiently and effectively while
encouraging long-term stewardship.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1502. Preliminary
study of the effects of headwater riparian reserves with upslope
thinning on stream habitats and amphibians in western Oregon.
Olson, Deanna H. and Rugger, Cynthia
Forest Science 53(2): 331-342. (2007)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Amphibia: forestry/ upslope thinning and headwater riparian
reserves/ effect on riparian community structure and population
density/ community structure/ forest stream riparian habitat/ effect of
forestry practices/ population density/ forest and woodland/ stream
riparian habitat/ effect of forestry practices on community structure
and population density/ riparian habitat/ forest streams/ Oregon/
United States, western region/ forestry practices effect on riparian
community structure and population density/ Amphibia/ amphibians/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We conducted a preliminary examination of the responses of stream
amphibians and instream habitat conditions to alternative riparian
buffer zones with forest thinning upslope. Pre and posttreatment
surveys were carried out on 68 headwater stream reaches (including 23
unthinned reference reaches) at 11 sites in western Oregon.
Streams were in managed conifer stands, 40 to 80 years old, where the
thinning treatment reduced stands from 600 trees per hectare (tph) to
200 tph. Treatments consisted of four widths of riparian buffers
approximately 6, 15, 70, and 145 m on each side of streams. Over three
study years, 3,131 individuals of 13 species were detected. For the
more common instream and bank species analyzed, capture rates persisted
posttreatment with no negative treatment effect from thinning with any
of the buffer widths. More animals were detected after thinning in
treatment reaches compared to reference reaches for rough-skinned newts
(Taricha granulosa Skilton) occurring on stream banks, and for instream
coastal giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus Baird and Girard).
Treatment effects on instream habitat parameters were not detected.
Interannual variation was evident for western red-backed salamanders
(Plethodon vehiculum Cooper), and several habitat conditions including
pool-riffle ratio, stream spatial intermittency, stream width, and down
wood. Overall, riparian buffers with moderate upslope thinning
(200 tph) seemed to have retained the aquatic vertebrate community
along channels among sites in the first 2 years posttreatment; however,
several limitations of the study reduce
the inference of the findings, and these preliminary results are best
interpreted as hypotheses for further investigation.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1503. Production from wood duck nest boxes as a proportion of the harvest in Massachusetts.
Heusmann, H. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(4): 1046-1049. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Aix
sponsa/ harvest/ Massachusetts/ nest box/ population/ wood duck/
habitat management/ nest/ productivity/ waterfowl/ Aix sponsa
Abstract:
Many state wildlife agencies participate in habitat management
practices to increase waterfowl populations, including the use of nest
boxes. Measuring the result of such a program is often difficult. One
way to assess the success is to measure production against harvest. The
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife maintains more than
1,700 wood duck (Aix sponsa) nest boxes located throughout the state.
More than half the boxes were used by wood ducks in 1998. I calculated
that 4,300 wood ducks were fledged from state boxes compared to a state
harvest of 5,500 wood ducks. When non-state boxes are considered, wood
duck nest boxes in Massachusetts may produce as many wood ducks as
are harvested in the state, or more. Large-scale nest box programs in
appropriate areas can contribute substantially to fall populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1504. Quantifying
expected ecological response to natural resource legislation: A case
study of riparian buffers, aquatic habitat, and trout populations.
Jones, Krista L.; Poole, Geoffrey C.; Meyer, Judy L.; Bumback, William; and Kramer, Elizabeth A.
Ecology and Society 11(2): Unpaginated. (2006).
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art15/
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ freshwater habitat/ lotic
water/ land zones/ Salmoninae: forestry/ logging of riparian buffer
zones/ 15-meter river buffer/ prediction/ biomass/ abundance/ model/
biomass/ population size/ river/ Georgia/ Pisces, Actinopterygii,
Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: Regulations
governing the management of streamside vegetation (riparian
buffers) lie at a nexus between environmental, social, and land
development interests, and can yield especially contentious debates
among stakeholders. In 2001, the State Legislature of
Georgia, USA, took up this debate; the Legislature reduced the
minimum
width of mandatory-forested riparian buffers along designated trout
streams from≃30 m (100 ft) to≃15
m (50 ft), and commissioned this study to assess the expected response
of existing trout populations. Because our research was designed to
provide rigorous and accessible data for informing this management
debate, this research may serve as a general template for other studies
designed to inform regulatory and management decisions. We established
and quantified relationships among riparian forests, aquatic habitat
(stream temperature and riffle embeddedness), and trout reproductive
success (biomass of young trout). We used these relationships to
determine
the expected impacts of the buffer width reduction on aquatic habitat and trout reproductive success at the
stream
segment and stream network scales, and assessed associated uncertainty.
When compared with stream segments having 30-m wide buffers, our
analysis indicated that individual stream segments with 15-m wide
buffers have: 1) higher peak temperatures (average peak stream
temperatures during the warmest week of the year increase by ≃ 2.0
± 0.3°C, depending on summertime climate conditions); and 2)
more fine sediments (fines in riffle habitats increase by approximately
25% of the observed inter-study-site range). The data show that trout
populations will respond markedly to these habitat changes. Linear
regression models and an associated Monte Carlo uncertainty
assessment document an expected 87% reduction in young trout biomass,
with a 95% confidence interval ranging from a 66% reduction to a 97%
reduction. A landscape assessment showed that 63% of Georgia's
2nd- to 5th-order trout stream segments could maintain stream
temperatures likely (>50% probability) to support young trout in
streams bordered by 30-m wide forested riparian buffers. Less than 9%
of those streams (only those at the highest elevations) would maintain
such temperatures with 15-m wide riparian buffers. As young trout are
indicative of trout reproductive success, our results portend
substantial reductions or elimination of trout populations in
northern Georgia streams where vegetated riparian buffer widths
are reduced
to 15 m.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1505. Rangeland grazing as a source of steroid hormones to surface waters.
Kolodziej, E. P. and Sedlak, D. L.
Environmental Science and Technology 41(10): 3514-3520. (2007); ISSN: 0013936X.
Notes: doi: 10.1021/es063050y.
Descriptors: androgen/ estrogen/ gestagen/ water/ water pollutant/ androgens/ estrogens/ progestins/ water/ water pollutants, chemical
Abstract:
Cattle and other livestock excrete endogenous steroid hormones,
including estrogens, androgens, and progestins; therefore, allowing
grazing livestock direct access to surface waters can result in the
release of steroids in agricultural watersheds. Elevated concentrations
of steroids are problematic because low concentrations of certain
steroids can affect fish reproduction. To assess the occurrence and
transport of steroids arising from grazing cattle, gas
chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used to quantify
a suite of estrogens, androgens, and progestins in small creeks
impacted by rangeland grazing. Steroids were detected in 86% of samples
from rangeland creeks where cattle had direct access to the water, with
concentrations as high as 44 ng/L observed shortly after rain events at
the beginning of the winter wet season. Estrogens were present at
concentrations above the predicted no-effect concentrations for fish in
10-20% of the samples, and androstenedione was detected at
concentrations higher than response thresholds for pheromonal
communication in fish. The results suggest that, in certain cases,
measures such as stream fencing in rangeland areas to limit direct
discharge of animal wastes to surface waters or better manure
management practices might be merited to protect ecosystem health.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1506.
Reach-
and catchment-scale determinants of the distribution of freshwater
mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in south-eastern Michigan, U.S.A.
Mcrae, S. E.; Allan, J. D.; and Burch, J. B.
Freshwater Biology 49(2): 127-142. (2004);
ISSN: 00465070
Descriptors: catchment/
freshwater mussels/ habitat/ land-use/ Unionidae/ agricultural
catchment/ bivalve/ channel morphology/ freshwater environment/
relative abundance/ spatial distribution/ species richness/ streamflow/
water quality/ Michigan/ Raisin River/ Bivalvia/ Unionidae
Abstract:
1. We investigated the diversity and distribution of freshwater mussels
at 40 sites in an agricultural catchment, the River Raisin in
south-eastern Michigan, to relate mussel assemblages and
individual taxa to reach and catchment-scale variables. Unionids were
surveyed by timed searches in 100-m reaches, and in-stream and riparian
habitat were quantified as well as flow, water chemistry and channel
morphology. Land use/cover and surficial geology were determined for
site subcatchments and riparian buffers. 2. Some 21 mussel species were
found overall; richness ranged from 0 to 12 living species per site.
From the upper to middle to lower catchment, the number of individuals,
number of species, Shannon-Weaver diversity and relative abundance of
intolerant unionids all declined significantly. 3. Four groupings based
on overall mussel diversity and abundance were significantly related to
reach-scale habitat variables. The richest mussel assemblages were
associated with sites with higher overall habitat quality, greater flow
stability, less fine substratum, and lower specific conductance. 4.
Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that the distribution and
abundance of the total mussel assemblage, as well as the most common
species, could be predicted from a combination of reach- and
catchment-scale variables (R2 = 0.63 for total mussels, R2
= 0.51-0.86 for individual species). 5. Flow stability, substratum
composition and overall reach habitat quality were the most commonly
identified reach-scale variables, and measures of surficial geology
were the most effective catchment-scale variables. The spatial pattern
of geology is likely to be responsible for the diversity gradient from
the upper to the lower catchment. 6. Prior studies, attempting to
explain mussel distributions from local habitat features alone, have
found relatively weak relationships. By employing a combination of
reach- and catchment-scale habitat variables, this study was able to
account for a substantial amount of the spatial variability in mussel
distributions.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1507. Reach-scale effects of riparian forest cover on urban stream ecosystems.
Roy, Allison H.; Faust, Christina L.; Freeman, Mary C.; and Meyer, Judith L.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 62(10): 2312-2329. (Oct. 2005)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J
Descriptors: aquatic
habitat/ biomass/ forest canopy/ catchment areas/ chlorophyll a/
density/ ecosystems/ fisheries/ foods/ hardwood/ invertebrates/
macroinvertebrates/ particle size/ protection/ salamanders/ standing
crops/ streams/ water column/
Campostoma oligolepis/ Caudata/ Georgia
Abstract: We compared habitat and biota between paired open and forested reaches within five small streams (basin area 10-20 km2)
in suburban catchments (9%- 49% urban land cover) in the Piedmont of
Georgia, USA. Stream reaches with open canopies were narrower than
forested reaches (4.1 versus 5.0 m, respectively). There were no
differences in habitat diversity (variation in velocity, depth, or bed
particle size) between open and forested reaches. However, absence of
local forest cover corresponded to decreased large wood and increased
algal chlorophyll a standing crop biomass. These differences in basal
food resources translated into higher densities of fishes in open (9.0
individuals ·m-2) versus forested (4.9 individuals ·m-2)
reaches, primarily attributed to higher densities of the herbivore
Campostoma oligolepis. Densities of terrestrial invertebrate inputs
were higher in open reaches; however, trends suggested higher biomass
of terrestrial inputs in forested reaches and a corresponding higher
density of terrestrial prey consumed by water column feeding fishes.
Reach-scale biotic integrity (macroinvertebrates, salamanders, and
fishes) was largely unaffected by differences in canopy cover. In
urbanizing areas where catchment land cover drives habitat and biotic
quality, management practices that rely exclusively on forested
riparian areas for stream protection are unlikely to be effective at
maintaining ecosystem integrity.
© ProQuest
1508. Recovery
of prairie fish assemblages at the transition from channelized to
nonchannelized: Implications for conservation of natural channels.
Vokoun, Jason C. and Rabeni, Charles F.
Natural Areas Journal 23(4): 349-355. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ Pisces: disturbance by man/ stream channelization/ habitat
management/ community structure/ Missouri/ Central Dissected Till
Plains/ Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: Fish
assemblages were systematically sampled along the transition from
channelized to unchannelized reaches in seven streams in
northern Missouri, USA. Streams ranged in size from 4th to
8th order
and were located in the Central Dissected Till Plains including the
Grand, Chariton, Salt, and Fabius watersheds. Maximum species
richness was reached 3-5 km downstream from the end of channelization.
A limited core group of 10 species was present at most of the sites
(channelized and unchannelized locations), and a diverse group of 45
species was present at relatively few sites (rarely channelized
locations). The core group consisted largely of tolerant, omnivorous
species and contained no top carnivores. The 45-species diverse group
included a greater proportion of intolerant, benthic invertivorous,
lithophilous, and carnivorous species. The effect of channelization
extended well into unchannelized reaches and should be considered by
conservation planners.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1509. A reference-based framework for evaluating the ecological condition of stream networks in small watersheds.
Rheinhardt, Richard D.; Brinson, Mark M.;
Christian, Robert R.; Miller, Kevin H.; and
Meyer, Greg F.
Wetlands 27(3): 524-542. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: assessment/ coastal plain/ restoration/ functions/ indicators/ riparian/ reference framework/
North Carolina
Abstract:
Nine field indicators were identified for evaluating the hydrologic,
biogeochemical, and/or habitat functioning of stream channels, riparian
zones, or both. We ranked condition from "relatively unaltered" to
"severely altered" for each of the identified indicators based on the
range of conditions actually encountered among reference sites in the
Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. The rankings provided a framework
for developing a narrative used for scoring condition of the indicators
at the scale of a reach (100-m-long x 60-m-wide segment). Reach
condition was then derived by aggregating indicator scores, which were
weighted by the number of functions with which each indicator was
affiliated. Watershed-scale assessments were conducted by sampling
randomly chosen first- to fourthorder reaches within stream networks at
the density of approximately one 100-m reach per 1.0 km2
of watershed drainage area. We used the association between indicators
and hydrologic, biogeochemical, and habitat functions to obtain
aggregated, weighted scores for channel and riparian zone condition. We
used both aggregated network scores and mean indicator scores to
compare condition among stream networks. At a reach scale, scores of
indicators suggest strategies for restoration. At the watershed scale,
aggregate scores showed differences among stream networks that could be
used to prioritize restoration efforts and monitor change over time.
© NISC
1510. Regeneration
of native trees and wetlands: Results of an unplanned, twenty year
experiment in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico.
Nagler, P. L. and Glenn, E. P.
2007 AGU Joint Assembly Proceedings (2007).
Notes: Invited poster presentation; Presented at 2007 AGU Joint Assembly on 22-25 May 2007 in Acapulco, Mexico.
Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat restoration/ cottonwood/ willow/ avian habitat
Abstract:
Historically, cottonwood and willow trees were common on the Lower
Colorado River, although quantitative estimates of their former
abundance are not available. During the past hundred years, dams and
flow regulation have altered the riparian habitat to favor dominance by
exotic saltcedar and other salt- tolerant shrubs over the floodplain.
It is widely assumed that, once established, saltcedar competitively
excludes native trees, and that removal of saltcedar will be necessary
as part of restoration programs. We studied the regeneration of
cottonwood and willow trees in the presence of saltcedar in the delta
of the Colorado River in Mexico from 1992 to 2002 in response to flood
releases from the U.S. Flood releases of 50 cms to 750 cms in El Nino
years of 1993, 1997-1998 and 2000 each germinated cohorts of trees
amidst saltcedar stands and in bare soil scoured by the floods. During
their establishment year, these trees rooted into the shallow aquifer
under the river channel, and became dominant age classes of trees in
subsequent years. Low-volume administrative spills (water ordered by
irrigators but not used) provided a nearly perennial run of water in
the river in non-flood years. The large and small flows created a rich
avian habitat, containing backwaters, marsh areas, and a multi-stored
canopy of native trees, saltcedar and other shrubs. Bird density and
diversity in this river stretch are higher than has been reported
anywhere else on the Lower Colorado River. The acreage of
cottonwood and willow trees in the delta might be as high today as was
reported in a 1904 timber survey before the era of dams and
agriculture. The main threats to the ecosystem are fires, many
deliberately set, timber harvesting, and vegetation clearing projects.
Although surface flows are needed to wash salts from the riverbanks,
germinate seeds, and enhance avian habitat, the main water source for
the trees is the regional aquifer maintained by irrigation of the
surrounding agricultural fields in the valley. In this agro-ecosystem,
riparian and wetland habitats benefit greatly from agricultural
inefficiencies and the vagaries of climate related to El Nino cycles.
© ProQuest
1511. Relation between fish communities and riparian zone conditions at two spatial scales.
Lee, K. E.; Goldstein, R. M.; and Hanson, P. E.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(6): 1465-1474. (Dec. 2001)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315
Descriptors: abiotic
factors/ agricultural watersheds/ agriculture/ catchment areas/
community composition/ comparison studies/ ecological effects/ ecology/
ecosystems/ environment management/ fish populations/ freshwater fish/
habitat improvement/ population structure/ riparian vegetation/
riparian environments/ riparian zone/ river basins/ spatial
distribution/ species diversity/ species diversity/ streams/ streams
(in natural channels)/ vegetation cover/ water management/ water
quality (natural waters)/ watershed management/ watersheds/ Minnesota/
Minnesota River
Abstract:
The relation of fish community composition to riparian cover at two
spatial scales was compared at 18 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin. The two spatial scales were: (1)
local riparian zone (a 200 meter wide buffer extending 2 to 3
kilometers upstream of the sampling reach); and (2) the upstream
riparian zone (a 200 m wide buffer on the mainstem and all perennial
tributaries upstream of the sampling reach). Analysis of variance
indicated that streams with wooded-local riparian zones had greater
fish species richness (means = 20 and 15, respectively) and Index of
Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores (means = 40 and 26, respectively) than
streams with open-local riparian zones. Streams with wooded-upstream
riparian zones tended (were not statistically significant) to have
greater numbers of species (means = 19 and 15, respectively) and IBI
scores (means = 33 and 28, respectively) than streams with
open-upstream riparian zones. There was no significant interaction
between the riparian zone conditions at the two scales. This study
suggests that maintenance of wooded riparian cover along streams could
be effective in maintaining or improving fish community composition in
streams draining heavily agricultural areas.
© ProQuest
1512. Relation
of desert pupfish abundance to selected environmental variables in
natural and manmade habitats in the Salton Sea Basin.
Martin, B. A. and Saiki, M. K.
Environmental Biology of Fishes 73(1): 97-107. (2005)
Descriptors: abundance/
community composition/ dissolved oxygen/ drainage water/ ecological
distribution/ environmental effects/ environmental factors/ grain size/
habitat/ introduced species/ man-induced effects/ nature conservation/
predators/ rare species/ salinity effects/ sediment texture/ water
quality/ Cyprinodon latifasciatus/ Cyprinodon macularius/ Salton Sea/
California
Abstract:
The relation between abundance of desert pupfish, Cyprinodon
macularius, and selected biological and physicochemical variables in
natural and manmade habitats within the Salton Sea Basin
were assessed. Field sampling in a natural tributary, Salt Creek, and
three agricultural drains captured eight species including pupfish
(1.1% of the total catch), the only native species encountered.
According to Bray-Curtis resemblance functions, fish species
assemblages differed mostly between Salt Creek and the drains (i.e.,
the three drains had relatively similar species assemblages). Pupfish
numbers and environmental variables varied among sites and sample
periods. Canonical correlation showed that pupfish abundance was
positively correlated with abundance of western mosquitofish, Gambusia
affinis, and negatively correlated with abundance of porthole
livebearers, Poeciliopsis gracilis, tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambica
and Tilapia zillii), longjaw mudsuckers, Gillichthys mirabilis, and
mollies (Poecilia latipinna and Poecilia mexicana). In addition,
pupfish abundance was positively correlated with cover, pH, and
salinity, and negatively correlated with sediment factor (a measure of
sediment grain size) and dissolved oxygen. Pupfish abundance was
generally highest in habitats where water quality extremes (especially
high pH and salinity, and low dissolved oxygen) seemingly limited the
occurrence of nonnative fishes. This study also documented evidence of
predation by mudsuckers on pupfish. These findings support the
contention of many resource managers that pupfish populations are
adversely influenced by ecological interactions with nonnative fishes.
© ProQuest
1513. Relation of instream habitat and physical conditions to fish communities of agricultural streams in the northern Midwest.
Talmage, Philip J.; Perry, James A.; and
Goldstein, Robert M.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22(3): 825-833. (2002)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ abiotic
factors/ land zones/ Pisces: habitat management/ stream restoration/
instream habitat and physical conditions/ importance/ Minnesota and
North Dakota/ community structure/ instream habitat and physical
influences/ stream/ agricultural streams/ environmental influences/
physical factors/ community structure correlations/ Minnesota/
Minnesota River basin and Red River/ North Dakota/ Red River/ Pisces/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Fish, instream habitat, and physical stream conditions were surveyed in
29 agricultural streams in the Red River of the North basin during
summer 1994 and the Minnesota River basin during summer
1997. Our goal was to determine which instream habitat and physical
conditions should be considered for stream restoration. Principle
components analysis identified six axes that explained 79% of the total
variability in instream habitat and physical conditions. Percent run,
percent boulder, percent woody debris, percent overhanging vegetation,
percent sand, and frequency of erosion were the variables best
associated with these axes. Multiple linear regression analysis of the
instream habitat and physical conditions explained 14-50% of the
variability in fish community composition. Managers of agricultural
warmwater streams in the northern Midwest should emphasize these
six instream habitat and physical conditions, and the factors that
influence them, during stream restoration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1514. Relation of riparian buffer strips to in-stream habitat, macroinvertebrates and fish in a small Iowa stream.
Isenhart, Thomas M.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 113(1-2):
49-55. (2006)
NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ Macroinvertebrata/ Pisces: habitat management/ riparian buffer
strips/ stream community structure effects/ community structure/ effect
of riparian buffer strips/ stream/ Iowa/ Bear Creek/ Pisces/ chordates/
fish/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Macroinvertebrate and fish habitat is often degraded as a result of
agriculture. Riparian buffer strips are commonly used to counteract the
negative effects of agriculture in headwater streams. We assessed the
relation of multi-aged riparian buffer strips to in-stream habitat,
macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in an Iowa stream.
In-stream habitat, macroinvertebrates, and fish were sampled from two
buffered sites and two unbuffered sites, with the greatest substrate,
water depth, and velocity heterogeneity occurring in buffered sites.
The highest macroinvertebrate richness (11) as well as fish species
richness (14), diversity (1.99) and IBI score (37) were found in the
site buffered the longest. Habitat heterogeneity and fish community
richness and diversity were greater in buffered sites than unbuffered
sites making them possible indicators with which short-term stream
recovery can be measured.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1515. Relations between biotic integrity and physical habitat in the Embarras River Basin, Illinois.
Holtrop, A. M. and Fischer, R. U.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 17(3): 475-483. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 02705060
Descriptors: habitat
quality/ index method/ species richness/ stream/ water quality/ habitat
quality/ organismal community/ river basin/ United States
Abstract: This
study investigated the relationship between a habitat quality
index and stream fish assessment indices used to evaluate stream
quality in an agricultural setting. Fish data and stream habitat
quality data were collected from 13 sampling localities within
the Embarras River basin. Habitat quality was measured using
a stream habitat assessment procedure, a qualitative index comprised of
15 metrics. Stream quality was determined by fish species richness and
an index of biotic integrity (IBI). Multiple regression analysis
identified pool quality, bank vegetation, and width-to-depth ratio as
the best estimators of IBI. These variables were used in creating a
model for predicting IBI. This model demonstrates the potential for
predicting the biotic integrity of a stream fish community from
commonly collected, and often readily available, habitat data. Thus,
models which use habitat information may be an important management
tool which will allow for the rapid prediction of the biotic integrity
of a stream, and thus permit intensive management practices to be
focused on critical sites within a stream basin.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1516. Relationship between landuse and stream conditions in the Karsted Upper Green River watershed of Kentucky.
Meier, Ouida W.; Meier, Albert J.; and Grubbs, Scott
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 88 (2003)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
88th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America held jointly
with the International Society for Ecological Modeling - North American
Chapter, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 03-08, 2003.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/
geographic information system/ GIS, applied and field techniques/
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program [CREP]/ USDA/ aquatic
ecosystems/ aquatic faunal community/ cropland/ habitat parameters/
karsted upper watershed/ land use/ pasture/ riparian buffers/ river
basin/ stream conditions/ total suspended solids/ turbidity/ waste
contamination/
water quality
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1517. Relationship of riparian buffer type to water temperature in the driftless area ecoregion of Minnesota.
Blann, Kristen; Nerbonne, Julia Frost; and
Vondracek, Bruce
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22(2): 441-451. (2002)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ abiotic factors/
physical factors/ land zones/ Salvelinus fontinalis: habitat
management/ riparian buffer type management/ water temperature
relations/ reintroduction implications/ release and relocation
programs/ reintroduction/ stream/ temperature/ Minnesota/ Goodhue
County/ Wells Creek/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We used the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Stream Network Temperature
Model to examine the role of riparian buffer type in mediating summer
water temperatures for the reintroduction of brook trout Salvelinus
fontinalis into Wells Creek, a tributary to the Mississippi River
located in southeastern Minnesota. Stream temperatures measured
from 23 July to 3 September 1997 were used to calibrate the model,
evaluate existing temperatures, generate simulations for different
shade conditions and channel morphologies, and generate simulations for
"average" and "warm" summers (we define a warm summer as one that is
2.8°C above the 30-year mean). The simulations indicated that
successional buffers (grasses and forbs) provided as much shade as
wooded buffers in streams with a width less than 2.5 m. With a low
width:depth ratio, the successional buffer vegetation mediated mean
temperature as well as the wooded buffer when discharge was held
constant. At a discharge characteristic of our study reach, the mean
temperature would be about the same along a successional buffer as in a
wooded buffer if the wooded vegetation also led to widening of the
stream channel. However, wooded buffers had a significantly higher
percentage of shade than grazed or successional buffers. In general,
temperatures in an average year decreased along the wooded reaches and
increased slightly along the successional and grazed buffer areas. The
differences in measured weekly mean maximum temperatures may be as
great as 2.5°C across riparian buffer types. Maximum temperatures
across all riparian types would be higher during warmer than average
years, even with 50% shade along the stream. Shade provided by
successional and woody vegetation may serve to moderate maximum
temperatures and may be sufficient for the reintroduction of brook
trout if other conditions improve.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1518. Relationship of wooded riparian zones and runoff potential to fish community composition in agricultural systems.
Stauffer, J. C.; Goldstein, R. M.; and Newman, R. M.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57: 307-316. (2000)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J.
http://article.pubs.nrccnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_
handler_=HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjfas&
volume=57&articleFile=f99-197.pdf
Descriptors: fish community composition/ forested buffers/ riparian zones/ biodiversity/ agricultural runoff
Abstract:
The relationship of fish community composition to riparian cover and
runoff potential was investigated in 20 streams in the agricultural Minnesota River Basin during the summer of 1997.
Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in fish
community composition due to both riparian cover (wooded versus open)
and runoff potential (high or low). Streams with wooded riparian zones
had higher index of biological integrity (IBI) scores, species
richness, diversity, and percentages of benthic insectivores and
herbivores than streams with open riparian zones. Streams with low
runoff potential had higher IBI scores and species richness than
streams with high runoff potential. The riparian cover and runoff
potential interaction was marginally significant with respect to IBI
scores and species richness, suggesting a weak interaction between the
two factors. Although both factors were important, riparian cover
influenced fish community composition more than runoff potential in
these streams, indicating that local factors (close to the stream)
dominated landscape- or basin-level factors. [Authors]
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1519. Relationships between land use and stream ecosystems: A multistream assessment in southwestern Michigan.
Moerke, A. H. and Lamberti, G. A.
In:
American Fisheries Society Symposium: Landscape Influences on Stream
Habitats and Biological Assemblages.; Vol. 48.; 323-338; 2006.
Descriptors: agricultural
runoff/ aquatic habitat/ assessments/ catchment area/ ecosystems/ fish
populations/ freshwater fish/ geographical distribution/ land use/ land
use/ population density/ riparian land/ stream pollution/ streams/
urbanization/ water quality/ water quality/ Pisces/ Michigan, Kalamazoo
Abstract:
Ecologists recognize that surrounding land use can influence the
structure and function of aquatic ecosystems, but few studies have
explicitly examined the relative effects of different types of land use
on stream ecosystems. We quantified the relationships between different
land uses (forested, urban, agricultural with or without riparian
buffers) and stream physicochemical variables and resident fish
assemblages in 21 southwestern Michigan streams. These streams
were located within a single basin (Kalamazoo River) and
ecoregion to minimize differences in natural landscape conditions.
Streams responded to a gradient of land use, with forested streams
having the least degraded water quality, physical habitat, and fish
assemblages, and agricultural streams lacking buffers being the most
degraded. Urban and agricultural streams with buffers displayed
characteristics intermediate to forested and agricultural streams
lacking buffers. In general, habitat complexity and water quality
declined across this land-use gradient from forested to agricultural
streams, whereas fish density, richness, and dominance by tolerant
species increased along the land-use gradient. Although urban streams
had lower percentages of altered land use (i.e., <40% urban) in
their catchments compared to agricultural streams (i.e., >50%
agriculture), both land uses appeared to have similar detrimental
effects on streams suggesting higher per unit area impacts of
urbanization on streams. The presence of forested riparian buffers
along agricultural streams increased the complexity of instream
habitat, but resulted in few benefits to fish assemblages, suggesting
that stream water quality in altered landscapes may be constraining
fish assemblages more than physical habitat.
© ProQuest
1520. The residence time of large woody debris in the Queets River, Washington, USA.
Hyatt, Timothy L. and Naiman, Robert J.
Ecological Applications 11(1): 191-202. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/
lotic water/ land and freshwater zones/ Salmonidae: habitat management/
instream large woody debris/ residence time significance/ habitat
preference/ habitat suitability/ river/ Washington/ Olympic
Mountains/ Queets River/ residence time/ habitat
enhancement effects/ Salmonidae/ Salmoniformes, Actinopterygii, Pisces/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: Instream large woody debris (LWD) provides several critical functions
in riverine ecosystems, including sediment and nutrient retention,
salmonid habitat enhancement, and stable colonization sites for
incipient floodplain vegetation. In this study, the size and species
composition of LWD in the Queets River, Washington, USA, were examined
and compared with the size and species composition of forest trees from
which they originated, in order to determine a depletion rate for LWD
in the active channel. Increment cores from instream LWD were
crossdated against cores from riparian conifers to estimate the year
each LWD piece was recruited to the river channel. Debris pieces that
were decayed or otherwise incompetent to provide cores were dated using
standard 14C techniques. Hardwood species (Alnus rubra, Populus
trichocarpa, and Acer macrophyllum) were better represented among
riparian forests than among instream LWD, and conifers (Picea
sitchensis, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Thuja
plicata) were better represented among LWD than in the adjacent
riparian forest, suggesting that hardwoods were depleted from the
channel faster than conifers. The depletion rate of coniferous LWD from
the channel followed an exponential decay curve in which 80% of LWD
pieces were <50 yr old, although some pieces have remained for up to
1400 yr. Although most wood is depleted from the channel within 50 yr,
some wood is apparently buried in the floodplain and exhumed centuries
later by lateral channel migration. The calculated depletion constant
of 0.030 is equivalent to a half-life of ≃20
yr, meaning that virtually all of the wood will have disappeared within
50 yr. This rapid depletion suggests that harvesting large conifers
from the riparian zones of large streams could have adverse impacts
within three to five decades.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1521. Response
of fish communities to cropland density and natural environmental
setting in the Eastern Highland Rim Ecoregion of the lower Tennessee River Basin, Alabama and Tennessee, 1999.
Powell, Jeffrey R. U. S. Geological Survey; Water Resources Investigations report: WRI 02-4268, 2003. 48 p.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024268/pdf/wri024268.pdf
Descriptors: agriculture/
Alabama/ bacteria/ Chordata/ coliform bacteria/ dissolved materials/
dissolved oxygen/ drainage basins/ Eastern Highland Rim Ecoregion/
ecology/ environmental effects/ land cover/ land use/ nutrients/
oxygen/ pH/ Pisces/ principal components analysis/ species diversity/
statistical analysis/ streams/ surface water/ Tennessee/ Tennessee
River/ United States/ USGS/ Vertebrata/ water quality
© American Geological Institute
1522. Response of leaf retention to in-stream restoration: A measure of stream processes in assessing habitat management success.
Huusko, A.; Maki, Petays A.; Vehanen, T; and Kotamaa, J
Proceedings, American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting 133: 331-332. (2003).
Notes:
Conference: American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide
Decline of Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August 10-14, 2003.
Descriptors: forestry/
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ community diversity/ ecosystem productivity/
fish production/ habitat management success/ habitat responses/
headwater streams/ in stream restoration/ leaf retention/ log drives/
physical habitat structure/ rapids sections/ restoration projects/
restoration success/ stream channel structure/ stream enhancement/
stream processes
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1523. Response of unionid mussels to dam removal in Koshkonong Creek, Wisconsin (USA).
Sethi, S. A.; Selle, A. R.; Doyle, M. W.; Stanley, E. H.; and Kitchel, H. E.
Hydrobiologia 525: 157-165. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors: dams/ mortality/ population density/ removal/ reservoirs/ sand/ sediment/ silt/ mussels
Abstract:
Dam removal is a potentially powerful tool for restoring riverine
habitats and communities. However, the effectiveness of this tool is
unknown because published data on the effects of dam removal on
in-stream biota are lacking. We investigated the effects of a small dam
removal on unionid mussels in Koshkonong Creek, Wisconsin
(USA). Removal of the dam led to mortality both within the former
impoundment and in downstream reaches. Within the former reservoir,
mortality rates were extremely high (95%) due to desiccation and
exposure. Mussel densities in a bed 0.5 km downstream from the dam
declined from 3.80 ± 0.56 mussels m-2 in fall 2000 immediately after dam removal to 2.60 ± 0.48 mussels m-2by
summer 2003. One rare species, Quadrula pustulosa, was lost from
community. Mortality of mussels buried in deposited silt was also
observed at a site 1.7 km below the dam. Silt and sand increased from
16.8 and 1.1% of total area sampled in fall 2000 to 30.4 and 15.9%,
respectively, in summer 2003. Total suspended sediment concentrations
in the water column were always higher downstream from the reservoir
than upstream, suggesting that transport and deposition of reservoir
sediments likely contributed to downstream mussel mortality. Thus,
while benefits of the dam removal included fish passage and restoration
of lotic habitats in the former millpond, these changes were brought
about at some cost to the local mussel community. Pre-removal
assessments of potential ecological impacts of dam removal and
appropriate mitigation efforts should be included in the dam removal
process to reduce short-term negative ecological effects of this
restoration action.
© CABI
1524. Responses
of organic matter and macroinvertebrates to placements of boulder
clusters in a small stream of southwestern British Columbia, Canada.
Negishi, Junjiro N. and Richardson, John S.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 60(3): 247-258. (2003)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ North America/ Canada/ Macroinvertebrata: habitat management/
Boulder cluster placement/ effect on organic matter retention and
community structure/ community structure/ effect of boulder cluster
placement/ stream/ British Columbia/ Coast Range Mountains/ Spring
Creek/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Diversity and productivity of stream food webs are related to habitat
heterogeneity and efficiency of energy retention. We tested the
hypothesis that experimental boulder placements in a second-order
stream would increase diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates by
restoring detrital retention and habitat heterogeneity. Two relatively
natural, upstream, reference reaches and a downstream treatment reach
with a relatively straight channel and less woody debris were studied
for 3 months before and 1.2 years after the placement of six boulder
clusters in the treatment reach. Mean velocity and its coefficient of
variation increased in the treatment reach (140 and 115%,
respectively), whereas the reference reaches remained relatively
unchanged after the placements. Enhanced particulate organic matter
storage (550%) was accompanied by increased total macroinvertebrate
abundance (280%) in the treatment reach, converging with those of the
reference reaches almost 1 year after the treatment. Detritivorous taxa
numerically dominated the macroinvertebrate community, the total
densities of which were best predicted by the fine fraction of organic
matter biomass at microhabitat scale. However, the effect of boulder
clusters on taxonomic richness was negligible. Our findings suggest
that boulder clusters can be used at least as a short-term means to
restore macroinvertebrate productivity in detritus-based stream systems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1525. Responses
of stream breeding amphibians to riparian buffers in headwater streams:
Ameliorating the effects of regeneration harvest.
Pollett, Kathleen L.
Northwestern Naturalist 84(2): 111. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: streams/ breeding/ amphibians/ riparian buffers/ Northwest Forest Plan/ Pacific Northwest/ Washington
Abstract:
Anthropogenic disturbance resulting from natural resource extraction is
a major component of the Pacific Northwest landscape. The
implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan in 1994 mandated increased
riparian
buffers on streams, including non-fishbearing streams on
federal
lands. In addition, Washington State has recently
begun requiring buffers adjacent to non-fishbearing streams on state
and private lands. These buffers can be as narrow
as
50 ft. The effectiveness of buffers this size is largely untested
on perennial non-fishbearing streams. In this study the
effectiveness of small buffers was assessed by sampling streams for
amphibians and collecting information on abiotic variables. A
total of 40 streams between Mount St Helens and the Columbia River
Gorge (T6N R3E to T2N R8E) were sampled. Twelve of these streams
were buffered (width = 12 to 20 m, tree age 35 to 50), ten were
unbuffered (no trees more than 10 y old left in the riparian zone), ten
were in forests 35 to 50 y old, and eight were surrounded by unmanaged
stands. Preliminary results suggest that these narrow buffers
have higher abundances of Rhyacotriton cascadae than unbuffered
streams, whereas abiotic variables and abundances of Dicamptodon spp.
were similar. Ascaphus trueii was not found in sufficient
abundance to include in the analysis. Differences in R. cascade
abundance between unmanaged streams and those in the three management
treatments appear to be more substantial than between buffered and
unbuffered streams.
© NISC
1526. Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in the Great Basin and Snake River regions.
Platts, W. S. and Jensen, S. E.
In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 367-404.
Notes: ISBN: 1559630450.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462
Descriptors: habitat
restoration/ riparian land/ stream restoration/ water resources
management/ wetland restoration/ environmental impact/ planting
management/ riparian waters/ soil-water-plant relationships/ water
resources development/ watershed management/
wildlife habitats
Abstract:
Riverine/riparian habitat (RRH) includes interdependent aquatic
(riverine) and streamside (riparian) resources that are valuable for
fish and wildlife habitat, flood storage and desynchronization,
nutrient cycling and water quality, recreation, and heritage values.
RRH includes resources both wetter and drier than stipulated for
wetlands. Whereas the ' natural or achievable state ' of a riparian
habitat may be wetland, the ' existing state ' may be non-wetland
because of natural or anthropogenically-induced changes in the
hydrologic character of RRH. There are many different types of RRH,
each with distinctive structure, function, and values. Restoration
commonly requires: planning to identify preliminary goals and a general
approach; baseline assessments and inventories; designs from which the
feasibility of accomplishing goals can be assessed; evaluation to
assure compliance with designs; and monitoring of variables important
to goals and objectives. The goals, approach, and design of restoration
projects must be tailored to each type of RRH. Some general elements
important to restoration of degraded RRH are: establishment of
hydrologic conditions compatible with project goals; efficient handling
of soil and substrates in construction; selection and propagation of
plants suited to the site and project goals; evaluation of features to
enhance habitat for target species; maintenance and control of impacts;
and scheduling construction to reflect site constraints and goals.
© ProQuest
1527. A review of aquatic impact associated with turbidity.
Edwards, C. J.
In: Technical workshop on sediments: Proceedings. Corvallis, Oregon
Washington, D.C.: Terrene Institute; pp. 109-112; 1993.
NAL Call #: QE571.T42 1992
Descriptors: erosion/ sediment/ turbidity/ logging/ logging effects/ aquatic organisms
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1528. A
review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for
prioritizing restoration in Pacific Northwest watersheds.
Roni, P.; Beechie, T. J.; Bilby, R. E.; Leonetti, F. E.; Pollock, M. M.; and Pess, G. R.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22(1):
1-20. (2002)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: aquatic animals/ habitats/ marine environment/ marine fishes/ streams/ water conservation/
water
resources/ watershed management/ watersheds/ fishes/ Pacific Northwest/ United States/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals
Abstract: Millions
of dollars are spent annually on watershed restoration and
stream habitat improvement in the Pacific Northwest States of
the USA in an effort to increase fish population. It is generally
accepted that watershed restoration should focus on restoring natural
processes that create and maintain habitat rather than manipulating
instream habitats. However, most process-based restoration is site-
specific, that is, conducted on a short stream reach. To synthesize
site-specific techniques into a process-based watershed restoration
strategy, we reviewed the effectiveness of various restoration
techniques at improving fish habitat and developed a hierarchical
strategy for prioritizing them. The hierarchical strategy we present is
based on three elements: (1) principles of watershed processes; (2)
protecting existing high-quality habitats; and (3) current knowledge of
the effectiveness of specific techniques. Initially, efforts should
focus on protecting areas with intact processes and high-quality
habitat. Following a watershed assessment, we recommend that
restoration focus on reconnecting isolated high-quality fish habitats,
such as instream or off-channel habitats made inaccessible by culverts
or other artificial obstructions. Once the connectivity of habitats
within a basin has been restored, efforts should focus on restoring
hydrologic, geologic (sediment delivery and routing), and riparian
processes through road decommissioning and maintenance, exclusion of
livestock, and restoration of riparian areas. Instream habitat
enhancement (e.g., additions of wood, boulders, or nutrients) should be
employed after restoring natural processes or where short- term
improvements in habitat are needed (e.g., habitat for endangered
species). Finally, existing research and monitoring is inadequate for
all the techniques we reviewed, and additional, comprehensive physical
and biological evaluations of most watershed restoration methods are
needed.
© CABI
1529. A review of trout management in southeast Minnesota streams.
Thorn, W. C.; Anderson, C. S.; Lorenzen, W. E.; Hendrickson, D. L.; and Wagner, J. W.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 17(4): 860-872. (1997)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: fishery
management/ sport fishing/ man-induced effects/ habitats/ trout/ fish
management/ fishing/ stream biota/ watershed management/ Salvelinus
fontinalis/ Salmo trutta/ Minnesota/ historical account/ sport fishing/
management/ watershed protection
Abstract:
Agricultural development after 1850 in southeast Minnesota
degraded instream habitat, and by 1900, the native brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis was extirpated from most streams. By the 1940s,
after 60-70 years of stocking, the exotic brown trout Salmo trutta was
the most common trout, but abundance was low and limited by lack of
reproductive habitat. Soil conservation practices of the 1930s and
1940s and watershed management under Public Law (PL) 566 in the 1950s
and 1960s reduced flooding, erosion, and sedimentation and increased
infiltration and base flow. By the 1970s, brown trout reproduction was
common, but abundance was still low. Fisheries managers of the
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources assumed that adult habitat
limited abundance, so they improved instream habitat in streams with
public access, which increased brown trout abundance in some streams.
Experimental management since 1975 has shown that the lack of adult
habitat did limit trout abundance. This management regime has also
enabled the quantification of habitat quality and has developed a
decision key for brown trout management. When land management has
degraded stream habitat, land treatments, acquisition of riparian
corridors, and instream management are necessary to rehabilitate
habitat and provide recreational fisheries.
© ProQuest
1530. Riparian deforestation, stream narrowing, and loss of stream ecosystem services.
Sweeney, B. W.; Bott, T. L.; Jackson, J. K.; Kaplan, L. A.; Newbold, J. D.; Standley, L. J.; Hession, W. C.; and Horwitz, R. J.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(39): 14132-14137. (2004)
NAL Call #: 500 M762; ISSN: 00278424.
Notes: doi: 10.1073/pnas.0405895101.
Descriptors: deforestation/ riparian ecosystem/ conservation of natural resources/ ecosystem/ fresh water/ water movements/ riparia
Abstract:
A study of 16 streams in eastern North America shows that riparian
deforestation causes channel narrowing, which reduces the total amount
of stream habitat and ecosystem per unit channel length and compromises
in-stream processing of pollutants. Wide forest reaches had more
macroinvertebrates, total ecosystem processing of organic matter, and
nitrogen uptake per unit channel length than contiguous narrow
deforested reaches. Stream narrowing nullified any potential advantages
of deforestation regarding abundance of fish, quality of dissolved
organic matter, and pesticide degradation. These findings show that
forested stream channels have a wider and more natural configuration,
which significantly affects the total in-stream amount and activity of
the ecosystem, including the processing of pollutants. The results
reinforce both current policy of the United States that endorses
riparian forest buffers as best management practice and federal and
state programs that subsidize riparian reforestation for stream
restoration and water quality. Not only do forest buffers prevent
nonpoint source pollutants from entering small streams, they also
enhance the in-stream processing of both nonpoint and point source
pollutants, thereby reducing their impact on downstream rivers and
estuaries.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1531. Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit Creek, Idaho.
Keller, C. R. and Burnham, K. P.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2(1):
53-59. (1982)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: grazing/
control/ abundance/ land use/ watersheds/ body size/ habitat selection/
electric fishing/ salmonidae/ Salvelinus fontinalis/ effects on/
riparian environments/ fencing/ electric fishing/ Salmo gairdneri/
Idaho, Summit Creek
Abstract:
In 1975, 3.2 km of Summit Creek, Idaho were fenced by
the Bureau of Land Management to exclude livestock from the riparian
area. Six stream sections were electrofished in 1979 to determine
differences in trout abundance, size, and growth between grazed and
ungrazed stream sections. Electrofishing station were paired by habitat
type. There were more trout in ungrazed sections than in grazed
sections in all three habitat types sampled. With one exception, there
were more catachablesized (200 mm long or longer) rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the ungrazed area
than in the grazed area. There was also evidence that the average size
of the fish was less in grazed sections. Fish population data were not
collected prior to fencing; therefore it cannot be firmly concluded
that the trout population increased within the livestock enclosure as a
result of fencing the riparian area. However, the combined results of
previous trout habitat improvements documented for Summit Creek, as a
result of the fencing, and this study support the conclusion that trout
prefer stream areas in ungrazed habitat over grazed habitat.
© ProQuest
1532. Riparian forestry management and adult stream insects.
Briers, R. A. and Gee, J. H. R.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8(3): 545-549. (2004); ISSN: 10275606
Descriptors: life
history/ microclimate/ plantation/ riparian vegetation/ aquatic
ecosystem/ forest management/ habitat structure/ insect/ microclimate/
riparian vegetation/ upland region/ Hexapoda/ Insecta/ Riparia
Abstract:
The impacts of coniferous plantation forestry on the biology of upland
streams in the UK are firmly established. Whilst benthic
communities have been well studied, very little research has considered
the impacts of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects,
yet the essentially terrestrial adult (reproductive) phase may be
important in determining the abundance and distribution of larval
stages. Riparian vegetation has a potentially strong impact on survival
and success of adult stages through alteration of microclimate, habitat
structure and potential food sources, in addition to effects carried
over from larval stages. Here, current riparian management strategies
are analysed in the light of available information on the ecology of
adult stream insects. On the whole, management practices appear to
favour adult stream insects, although an increase in tree cover in
riparian areas could be beneficial, by providing more favourable
microclimatic conditions for adults. This conclusion is drawn based on
rather limited information, and the need for further research into the
effects of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects is
highlighted. © EGU.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1533. A riparian wildlife habitat evaluation scheme developed using GIS.
Iverson, Louis R.; Szafoni, Diane L.; Baum, Sharon E.;
and Cook, Elizabeth A.
Environmental Management 28(5): 639-654. (2001)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/02helrpgau6xlfx2/fulltext.pdf
Descriptors: wildlife/
ecosystems/ riparian habitat/ rivers/ techniques/ GIS/ succession/
management/ habitat surveys/ habitat management/ landscape ecology/
wildlife habitat/ spatial analysis/ landscape ecology/ riparian
habitat/ growth and development/ ecosystem/ fresh water/ conservation
of natural resources [methods]/ environmental monitoring [methods]/
agriculture/ animals/ data collection/ environment/ forestry/
geography/ geology/ information systems/ models, biological/ Poaceae/
population dynamics/ urban population/ habitat evaluation/ waters/
Illinois
Abstract:
To evaluate riparian habitat for wildlife, the authors used a
geographic information system (GIS) that prioritized individual streams
(for acquisition or management) by habitat ranking. They
demonstrate this methodology for the Vermillion River basin
in east-central Illinois, USA. Three data sets were
used to evaluate land cover encompassing 300 m on either side of the
streams: (1) the US Geological Survey's land use and land cover
information (LUDA), (2) land cover manually digitized from the
National High Altitude Photography (NHAP) program, and (3) Landsat
Thematic Mapper (TM) data classified into land cover. Each of 30
tributaries in the study area was ranked for habitat according to the
data contained in each data set, and results were compared.
Habitat ranking schemes were devised and analysis performed for
three species guilds: forest, grassland, and mixed succession species.
TM and NHAP each differentiated habitat scores (for forest,
grassland, and mixed successional guilds) among tributaries in a
similar and suitable way, while LUDA was not suitable, due to the
coarse resolution of the data. Overall, it was shown that the
methodology is suitable to rank streams based on riparian habitat
quality. Even though more work is needed to test and verify the
method, the project has shown the potential for such techniques to
assist in evaluating, tracking, and improving the management of
riparian wildlife resources. The method can easily be applied
over large areas such as states if TM-based land cover and stream data
are available.
© NISC
1534. Riverine landscapes: Biodiversity patterns, disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation.
Ward, J. V.
Biological Conservation 83(3): 269-278. (1998)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: aquatic
conservation/ bank stabilization/ biodiversity patterns/
channelization/ disturbance regimes/ environmental gradient/
environmental heterogeneity/ flow regulation/ groundwater aquifers/
multiple interactive pathways/ riparian/ floodplain systems/ riverine
landscapes/ upstream-downstream linkage
Abstract:
The term riverine landscape implies a holistic geomorphic perspective
of the extensive interconnected series of biotopes and environmental
gradients that, with their biotic communities, constitute fluvial
systems. Natural disturbance regimes maintain multiple interactive
pathways (connectivity) across the riverine landscape. Disturbance and
environmental gradients, acting in concert, result in a positive
feedback between connectivity and spatio-temporal heterogeneity that
leads to the broadscale patterns and processes responsible for high
levels of biodiversity. Anthropogenic impacts such as flow regulation,
channelization, and bank stabilization, by (1) disrupting natural
disturbance regimes, (2) truncating environmental gradients, and (3)
severing interactive pathways, eliminate upstream-downstream linkages
and isolate river channels from riparian/floodplain systems and
contiguous groundwater aquifers. These alterations interfere with
successional trajectories, habitat diversification, migratory pathways
and other processes, thereby reducing biodiversity. Ecosystem
management is necessary to maintain or restore biodiversity at a
landscape scale. To be effective, conservation efforts should be based
on a solid conceptual foundation and a holistic understanding of
natural river ecosystems. Such background knowledge is necessary to
re-establish environmental gradients, to reconnect interactive
pathways, and to reconstitute some semblance of the natural dynamics
responsible for high levels of biodiversity. The challenge for the
future lies in protecting the ecological integrity and biodiversity of
aquatic systems in the face of increasing pressures on our freshwater
resources. This will require integrating sound scientific principles
with management perspectives that recognize floodplains and
groundwaters as integral components of rivers and that are based on
sustaining, rather than suppressing, environmental heterogeneity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1535. The riverscape: A strategic perspective for restoring wild riverine fish populations.
Li, H. W.; Fausch, K. D.; Torgersen, C.E.; and Baxter, C. V.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003.; Vol. 133.; pp. 201; 2003.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ cattle exclusion/ applied and
field techniques/ flood pulse concept/ hyporheic corridor concept/
process domain concept/ river continuum concept/ serial continuity
concept/ channel morphology/ conservation strategies/ fish movements/
geomorphology/ habitat management/ lentic systems/ population recovery/
riparian vegetation/ riverine environments/ riverscapes/ spatial
scaling/ standing crops/ stream restoration/ stream riparian
interactions/ temporal scaling/ trophic ecology/ wetlands: habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1536. Salmon recovery in the Pacific Northwest: A summary of agricultural and other economic effects.
Aillery, Marcel P.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1994. 10 p.
Notes: Caption title. "July 1994." Includes bibliographical references (p. 9).
NAL Call #: 1 Ag84Ab no.699
Descriptors: Salmon
fisheries---Columbia River---Watershed/ Rare fishes---Columbia
River---Watershed/ Wildlife conservation---Columbia
River---Watershed
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1537. A science-based approach for identifying temperature-sensitive streams for rainbow trout.
Nelitz, Marc A.; MacIsaac, Erland A.; and
Peterman, Randall M.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27(2): 405-424. (2007)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ techniques/ freshwater habitat/
lotic water/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ North
America/ Canada/ Oncorhynchus mykiss: forestry/ impact on stream
temperature/ analysis technique and conservation relationships/ habitat
management/ stream habitat management/ identification of temperature
sensitive streams/ forestry impact relationships/ ecological
techniques/ temperature sensitive stream habitat identification/
forestry impact and conservation relationships/ stream/ forestry impact
and conservation relations/ temperature/ British Columbia/ Upper Fraser
and Skeena Rivers/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
To regulate human-induced changes to fish habitat, resource managers
commonly set standards based on maximum allowable changes. For example,
new legislation in British Columbia (BC), Canada, calls for
restrictions on harvesting of trees and related activities near
temperature-sensitive streams. However, methods for designating such
streams are still evolving. Our objective was to help develop such
methods by (1) improving understanding of the temperature-dependent
responses of fish and (2) devising improved methods for estimating the
effects of forestry-related activities on stream temperature as well as
the chance of exceeding upper temperature limits. Using previously
published models, we found that for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
particular increases in stream temperature led to different effects on
juvenile growth rate, egg survival rate, and resistance to mortality
from diseases. In a separate analysis, to evaluate the chance that
cumulative forestry activities will increase stream temperature by
various amounts, we compiled Summer temperature data for 104 streams in
central BC that reflected different watershed features, contrasting
summer climates, and various levels of land use. A classification and
regression tree analysis of a summer maximum weekly average temperature
(MWAT) index grouped streams into six categories as a function of
watershed size, watershed elevation, and air temperature. We then
analyzed the remaining unexplained variation among stream temperature
indices using Bayesian regression. We found high probabilities that
increases in road density and the density of road crossings of streams
within watersheds are associated with increases in residual
temperature. For instance, a Bayesian regression indicated a 6-in-10
chance that the MWAT in our study area will increase by 1.25°C for
a road density of 2 km/km2 of watershed area and by 3.25°C for a road density of 4 km/km2. These analyses illustrate some possible ways to help designate temperature-sensitive streams.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1538. Seasonal
movements, habitat use, aggregation, exploitation, and entrainment of
saugers in the Lower Yellowstone River: An
empirical assessment of factors affecting population recovery.
Jaeger, Matthew E.; Zale, Alexander V.;
McMahon, Thomas E.; and Schmitz, Brad J.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 25(4): 1550-1568. (2005)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 0275-5947
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ behavior/ social behavior/ ecology/ land zones/ Sander
canadensis: farming and agriculture/ irrigation canals/ leisure and
sport/ angling/ aggregating behavior/ population dynamics/ population
recovery dynamics/ influencing factors/ empirical assessment/ river/
distribution within habitat/ seasonal distribution and movements/
habitat utilization/ Montana/ Yellowstone River/ Huntley Diversion/
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Percidae/ chordates/ fish/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Migratory barriers, habitat loss, entrainment in irrigation canals, and
overexploitation, especially at times of aggregation, have been
suggested to explain the failure of Yellowstone River
saugers Sander canadensis to return to historical abundances after a
late-1980s decline that was attributed to drought. These factors are
thought to affect saugers throughout their range and migratory
large-river fishes in general. We characterized the seasonal movement
patterns, habitat use, and aggregation of saugers and estimated
movement, exploitation, and irrigation canal entrainment rates to test
these hypotheses. Saugers aggregated near spawning areas in spring and
subsequently dispersed 5-350 km to upstream home locations, where they
remained for the rest of the year. Upstream movement was not overtly
restricted by low-head diversion dams. During the spawning period,
terrace and bluff pools, which are unique geomorphic units associated
with bedrock and boulder substrate, were positively selected, while all
other habitat types were avoided. Tributary spawning was rare. After
moving to home locations, saugers used most habitat types in proportion
to their availability but selected reaches in specific geologic types
that allowed formation of deep, long pools. Exploitation occurred
primarily in early spring and late autumn. was low annually (18.6%),
and was not related to aggregation. Annual survival was high (70.4%).
Entrainment in one irrigation diversion accounted for more than half of
all nonfishing mortality. Therefore, habitat loss and overexploitation
probably did not prevent sauger recovery, as the absence of migratory
barriers allowed adult saugers unrestricted access to widely separated
and diverse habitats and did not induce artificial aggregation. In
other systems, population declines attributed to overexploitation
during periods of aggregation may therefore have been caused
fundamentally by migration barriers that created artificial
aggregations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1539. Setting an effective TMDL: Sediment loading and effects of suspended sediment on fish.
Vondracek, B.; Zimmerman, J. K. H.; and Westra, J. V.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39(5): 1005-1015. (Oct. 2003)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315
Descriptors: agricultural
watersheds/ catchment areas/ ecological effects/ fish/ freshwater fish/
lethal effects/ loading/ model studies/ mortality/ mortality causes/
pollution control/ pollution effects/ resuspended sediments/ sediment
load/ sediment pollution/ sediments/ streams/ sublethal effects/
suspended load/ suspended sediments/ suspended particulate matter/
threshold levels/ threshold limits/ toxicity tests/ turbidimetry/
turbidity/ water pollution effects/ water quality standards/ water
resources/ watersheds/ Salmo trutta/ Minnesota/ Chippewa River/ Wells
Creek
Abstract:
The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to
examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the
context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two
agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50-year simulation,
Wells Creek, a third-order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164
events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment
loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth-order warm water stream,
had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds
were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown
trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced
sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events.
Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds
were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids
would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent
in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of
mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality
could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at
25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/l. We estimated
that 46 mg/l would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr)
in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/l may be too high to ensure that
stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We
recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be
applied.
© ProQuest
1540. Southern two-lined salamanders in urbanizing watersheds.
Miller, Jennifer E.; Hess, George R.; and
Moorman, Christopher E.
Urban Ecosystems 10(1): 73-85. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.C6 U73; ISSN: 1083-8155
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/
lotic water/ land zones/ Eurycea cirrigera: disturbance by man/ stream
habitats in urbanizing watersheds/ habitat management/ population size/
stream/ urbanizing watersheds/ North Carolina/ Wake County/ Amphibia,
Lissamphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae/ amphibians/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract: Forested
riparian buffers are an increasingly common method of
mitigating the negative effects of impervious surface cover on water
quality and wildlife habitat. We sampled larval southern two-lined
salamanders (Eurycea cirrigera) in 43 streams, representing the range
of impervious surface cover and forested riparian buffer width
across Wake County, NC, USA. Larval abundance decreased
with increasing impervious surface cover in the upstream catchment, but
was not affected by buffer width. This is likely a result of an
incomplete buffer system and culverts or other breaches along streams.
Larval abundance increased with detritus cover in the stream to a
threshold and then decreased as detritus continued to increase. As
percent pebble substrate in the stream increased, especially in
perennial streams, larval salamander abundance also increased. We
suspect salamanders were unable to migrate with the water column during
dry periods in intermittent streams with sedimented interstices below
the surface, resulting in low abundances. A combination of increased
peak flows and sedimentation, reduced base flow, and chemical changes
likely reduces the abundance of salamanders in urban and suburban
streams. We suggest creation of catchment-wide, unbreached buffers to
maintain the integrity of stream habitats in urbanizing watersheds.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1541. Spatial variation in fish species richness of the upper Mississippi River system.
Koel, T. M.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133(4): 984-1003. (2004)
Descriptors: wildlife management/ habitat restoration/ aquatic habitat quality/ aquatic habitat/ isolated habitats/ watershed management
Abstract:
Important natural environmental gradients, including the connectivity
of off-channel aquatic habitats to the main-stem river, have been lost
in many reaches of the upper Mississippi River system, and an
understanding of the consequences of this isolation is lacking in
regard to native fish communities. The objectives of this study were to
describe patterns of fish species richness, evenness, and diversity
among representative habitats and river reaches and to examine the
relationship between fish species richness and habitat diversity. Each
year (1994-1999) fish communities of main-channel borders (MCB), side
channel borders (SCB), and contiguous backwater shorelines (BWS) were
sampled using boat-mounted electrofishing, mini-fyke-nets, fyke nets,
hoop nets, and seines at a standardized number of sites. A total of
0.65 million fish were collected, representing 106 species from upper
Mississippi River Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the open (unimpounded) river
reach; and the La Grange Reach of the Illinois River. Within pools,
species richness based on rarefaction differed significantly among
habitats and was highest in BWS and lowest in MCB (P < 0.0001). At
the reach scale, Pools 4, 8, and 13 consistently had the highest
species richness and Pool 26, the open-river reach, and the La Grange
Reach were significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Species evenness and
diversity indices showed similar trends. The relationship between
native fish species richness and habitat diversity was highly
significant (r2
= 0.85; P = 0.0091). These results support efforts aimed at the
conservation and enhancement of connected side channels and backwaters.
Although constrained by dams, pools with high native species richness
could serve as a relative reference. The remnants of natural riverine
dynamics that remain in these reaches should be preserved and enhanced;
conditions could be used to guide restoration activities in more
degraded reaches.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1542. Spatially explicit estimates of erosion-risk indices and variable riparian buffer widths in watersheds.
Wissmar, R. C.; Beer, W. N.; and Timm, R. K.
Aquatic Sciences 66(4): 446-455. (2004); ISSN: 10151621.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00027-004-0714-9.
Descriptors: catchments/
erosive soils/ landscape/ protection/ riparian vegetation/ spatial/
streams/ environmental disturbance/ erosion/ habitat restoration/ land
cover/ riparian vegetation/ watershed/ Washington/ riparia
Abstract:
Strategies for protecting and restoring riparian and stream ecosystems
commonly encounter uncertainties about natural processes and management
practices that contribute to environmental disturbances. Improvements
in management plans require landscape approaches that account for the
explicit spatial distribution and variability of different land cover
types that can contribute to unstable
conditions.
We use a spatially explicit procedure to determine erosion-risk indices
and variable riparian buffer widths in watersheds. The indices are
based on land cover types that can contribute to erosion either alone
or collectively. Land cover information (e.g., unstable soils, immature
forest stands, roads, critical slope for land failure and rain-on-snow
areas) was used to estimate erosion-risk indices. Erosion-risk indices
increase with greater co-occurrences of contributing land covers. The
procedure was used to identify erosion-prone areas in tributary
watersheds of the Beckler-Rapid River drainage (260 km2),
in the State of Washington, USA. A regression analysis of the
relationship between mean sediment inputs to streams and erosion-risk
indices of sixteen different watersheds indicated that erosion-risk
indices explained 65% of the variation associated with sediment inputs
to channels. Landscape maps of erosion-risk categories, based on ranges
of erosion-risk indices, allowed spatially explicit definitions of
stream reach lengths susceptible to different levels of erosion. Low to
high-risk categories, and reach lengths vulnerable to erosion, also
permitted the identification of the distribution of channels requiring
protection by variable riparian buffers widths. The applicability of
the procedure to other landscapes was demonstrated by estimating
erosion risk-indices and variable riparian buffer widths for watersheds
in the upper Cedar River drainage near Seattle, Washington. This approach allows watershed managers to use
existing records and published information to address environmental
problems within highly variable landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1543. The stability of Piasa Creek fish assemblage.
Kerfoot, J. R. and Schaefer, J. F.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 95 (Supplement): 152. (2002)
NAL Call #: 500 IL6; ISSN: 0019-2252.
Notes:
Meeting abstract; 94th Annual Meeting of the Illinois State Academy of
Science held April 19-20, 2002 in Edwardsville, IL.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control
and management/ agriculture/ anthropogenic effects/ biological
communities/ drainage practices/ fish assemblages: stability/ land use/
species abundance
Abstract:
A survey of fishes of Piasa Creek, in Jersey, Madison and Macoupin
counties, west central Illinois, was conducted in 1967 by
Thomerson (1969). This survey consisted of 31 sites and 41 collections
over 1 year. No stream fish assemblage at any one can remain
stable forever because biological communities are dynamic and
fluctuating. Extensive agriculture practices have arisen over the last
few decades along Piasa Creek, and this study will address what impact
this has had on the assemblage over time. A second survey of the fish
assemblage was conducted in the summer/fall of 2001. Collections were
made at 25 of the original 31 sites. The changes in fish assemblages
are important because they can help to detect any anthropogenic effects
on the river system, and also many concepts in ecology rely on the
ideas that populations achieve stability or that aquatic communities
operate in a regular and predictable fashion. Also, in taking an
inventory of the abundance of indicator species can help detect changes
in the overall system. Data sets like ours that
detail
changes in assemblages over periods of decades are rare. My hypothesis
is that due to anthropogenic changes to the drainage and land use
practices changes in assemblage have occurred.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1544. The status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Populations and habitats.
Boisclair, Daniel
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 61(12): 2267-2410. (2004)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: ecology/
habitat/ land zones/ North America/ Canada/ Salmo salar/ ecology/
habitat/ aquatic habitat/ Quebec/ Pisces, Actinopterygii,
Salmoniformes, Salmonidae/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The important decline of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) across its range
during the past three decades, despite numerous management and
conservation programmes, is an alarming index of the vulnerability of
this species. The following series of papers was produced to summarize
current knowledge on specific interactions between biotic and abiotic
variables that may contribute to determine the survival of Atlantic
salmon. Evaluation of the challenges encountered in spawning grounds
(siltation, oxygenation), nursery habitats (substrate, trophic
interactions), overwintering habitats (flow conditions, winter feeding
opportunities), and coastal and oceanic environments (water
temperature, predators, parasites) suggest that all habitats required
by Atlantic salmon and all processes that occur in each habitat
represent a critical link that allows this species to persist.
Management practices employed during artificial fish selection,
incubation, and stocking also affect the success of restoration
efforts. Because limiting factors may change in time and because our
ability to intervene in specific habitats may be minimal, the only
strategy within our reach may be to continue gathering information
about processes that determine the fragility of Atlantic salmon and, in
the light of our findings, to implement scientifically sound actions
where and when possible.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1545. Strategies
for ecological restoration of the middle Rio Grande in New Mexico and
recovery of the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow.
Cowley, David E.
Reviews in Fisheries Science 14(1-2): 169-186. (2006); ISSN: 1064-1262
Descriptors: biogeography: population studies/ biodiversity/ wildlife management: conservation/ biodiversity/
aquatic ecosystem/ habitat restoration
Abstract:
Issues relevant to management of and land aquatic ecosystems include:
(1) a poor understanding of the extent and linkages of an aquatic
ecosystem, (2) human population growth coupled with a highly variable
water supply, (3) hydrologic modifications of rivers associated with
dams, levees, canalizations, and diversions, (4) impairment of water
quality, (5) alteration of vegetative communities of catchments and
riparian zones, (6) introduction of invasive non-native species,
and (7) imperiled native species. All of these issues occur in the
Middle Rio Grande of New Mexico and the first six in combination have
been responsible for the imperilment of its native aquatic biota. Pie
extinction of two fish species, extirpation of 13 others, and
endangerment of the Rio Grande silvery minnow, a pelagic-spawning
species with an enormous potential for recolonization of habitats, has
been caused by a century of river and landscape modifications. Erosion
from heavily grazed grasslands coupled with appropriation of surface
flows for irrigation, both associated with human population expansion
in New Mexico, led to increased sediment deposition in the Middle
Rio Grande. Sediment deposition exacerbated problems due to flooding
and droughts, which led to a series of political and technological
actions that progressively extirpated most of the large-bodied native
fishes and all but one of the pelagic-spawning minnows. Restoration of
the Middle Rio Grande and recovery of the endangered silvery minnow
will require many changes in the way humans use the river and its
floodplain. If those changes occur they should consider the Rio
Grande within a landscape context that includes strategies for humans
to live in regions without damaging fragile lands and their aquatic
ecosystems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1546. Stream
characteristics and nonpoint pollution impacts on aquatic communities
in the Lake Latonka watershed, Mercer County, Pennsylvania.
Brenner, Fred J.; Barber, Rebecca N.; and
Walent, Jason S.
Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 79(2-3): 65-71. (2005)
NAL Call #: Q11.J682; ISSN: 1044-6753
Descriptors: ecology/
habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ pollution/ abiotic factors/
land zones/ Macroinvertebrata/ Pisces: community structure/ water
quality and habitat characteristics relationship/ stream/ pollution/
water quality/ community structure relationship/ chemical factors/
pollutants/ Pennsylvania/ Mercer County/ Lake Latonka/ Pisces/
chordates/ fish/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The composition of macroinvertebrate and fish communities were compared
with water quality and habitat characteristics at two locations above
and below Lake Latonka, Mercer County, Pennsylvania and for two tributaries to Coolspring Creek that
discharge directly into the lake. Streams within the watershed have
received drainage from surrounding farms and septic discharges since
the lake was constructed in the early 1960's. Coliform bacteria,
nutrient and suspended solids concentrations in streams were inversely
correlated with the size and characteristics of both macroinvertebrate
and fish communities, but stream habitat characteristics were
positively correlated with these aquatic communities. For the streams
with the Lake Latonka Development, stream habitat appears to be more
important than water quality in determining the size and
characteristics of macroinvertebrate and fish communities. The size and
species composition of both the macroinvertebrate and fish communities
were similar in Coolspring Creek above and below the lake suggesting
that the dam did not have an adverse impact on the aquatic communities
below the structure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1547. Stream corridor restoration: Principles, processes, and practices.
Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1998.
Notes: Cooperative
effort among fifteen Federal agencies and partners to produce a common
reference on stream corridor restoration./ Shipping list no.:
99-0011-S./ "National engineering handbook (NEH), part
653"--Transmittal sheet./ "October 1998."/ "August 26,
1998"--Transmittal sheet./ Includes bibliographical references and
index.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/stream_restoration/PDFFILES/ALL-SCRH-08-01.pdf
Descriptors: stream restoration/ habitat management/ biological communities/ agroecosystems/
environmental impact
1548. Stream corridor restoration research: A long and winding road.
Shields, F. D.; Cooper, C. M.; Knight, S. S.; and
Moore, M. T.
Ecological Engineering 20(5): 441-454. (2003)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574
Descriptors: fishes/
habitats/ agriculture/ stream corridors/ drainage ditches/ groundwater/
rivers/ lakes/ ecology/ engineering/ civil engineering
Abstract:
Stream corridor restoration research and practice is presented as an
example of the application of ecology and engineering to solve a class
of environmental problems. Interest and public investment in stream
corridor restoration has increased sharply in developed nations over
the last two decades, as evidenced by the volume of technical and
refereed literature. However, real progress at the regional and
national scale depends on successful research outcomes. Research
addressing problems associated with stream corridor ecosystem
restoration is beset by numerous problems. First, terms referring to
restoration are loosely defined. Secondly, stream ecosystems are not
amenable to rigorous experimental design because they are governed by a
host of independent variables that are heterogeneous in time and space,
they are not scalable, and their response times are often too long for
human attention spans. These problems lead to poorly controlled or
uncontrolled experiments with outcomes that are not reproducible.
Extension of results to other sites or regions is uncertain. Social
factors further complicate research and practice - riparian landowners
may or may not cooperate with the experiment, and application of
findings normally occurs through a process of suboptimal compromise.
Economic issues, namely assigning costs for present and future
ecosystem services that provide off-site benefits, further impede
progress. Clearly, the situation calls for a hybrid approach between
the rigor of the ecologist and the judgment and pragmatism of the
engineer. This hybrid approach can be used to develop creative,
low-cost approaches to address key factors limiting recovery.
© NISC
1549. Stream geomorphology and fish community structure in channelized and meandering reaches of an agricultural stream.
Frothingham, Kelly M.; Rhoads, Bruce L.; and
Herricks, Edwin E.
Water Science and Application 4: 105-117. (2001).
http://www.buffalostate.edu/geography/documents/ frothingham%20et%20al%202001.pdf
Descriptors: Actinopterygii/
agriculture/ bedforms/ biodiversity/ biota/ Champaign County, Illinois/
channel geometry/ channelization/ Chordata/ communities/ conservation/
controls/ cross sections/ Cypriniformes/ drainage/ ecology/ ecosystems/
Embarras River/ erosion/ fluvial features/ fluvial sedimentation/
geomorphology/ habitat/ human activity/ Illinois/ meanders/
Osteichthyes/ Pisces/ reclamation/ seasonal variations/ sedimentation/
sediments/ spatial variations/ streams/ Teleostei/
United States/ Vertebrata/ waterways
© American Geological Institute
1550. Stream geomorphology, bank vegetation, and three-dimensional habitat hydraulics for fish in midwestern agricultural streams.
Rhoads, Bruce L.; Schwartz, John S.; and Porter, Stacey
Water Resources Research 39(8): 2-13. (Aug. 2003).
Notes: ePaper no.: 1218.
Descriptors: agriculture/
bedforms/ biota/ Champaign County, Illinois/ channels/ drainage basins/
elevation/ Embarras River/ geomorphology/ hydrology/ Illinois/ Madden
Creek/ Midwest/ Piatt County, Illinois/ river banks/ runoff/ Sangamon
River/ streamflow/ streams/
United States/ vegetation/ Vermilion River/ watersheds
© American Geological Institute
1551. Stream habitat and fisheries response to livestock grazing and instream improvement structures, Big Creek, Utah.
Platts, W. S. and Nelson, R. L.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40(4):
374-379. (1985)
Descriptors: environmental degradation/ fisheries/ grazing/ habitat destruction/ livestock/ rangelands/ streams/ Utah
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1552. Stream habitat restoration using large woody debris in the Green Mountain National Forest, Vermont.
Roy, S. R.; McKinley, D.; and Nislow, K. H.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations. Quebec, PQ, Canada; Vol.
133.; 155; 2003.
Notes: Poster summary # SP-19-09.
Descriptors: conservation/
Hankin Reeves Survey/ applied and field techniques: electrofishing/
forest resource management plans/ channel morphology/ geomorphology/
habitat management/ large woody debris [LWD]/ natural wood regimes/
restoration projects: implementation, monitoring, planning/ upland
streams: habitat
Abstract: The effects of stream restoration on aquatic ecosystems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1553. Stream restoration practices in the southeastern United States.
Sudduth, Elizabeth B.; Meyer, Judy L.; and
Bernhardt, Emily S.
Restoration Ecology 15(3): 573-583. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: channel
reconfiguration/ evaluation/ in-stream habitat improvement/ monitoring/
riparian management/ United States, southeastern region/ stream
restoration/ water quality management/ United States
Abstract: We
collected information on 860 stream restoration projects in four
states in the southeastern United
States-Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and South
Carolina-to gain a better
understanding of the practice of stream restoration in this area of
high aquatic biodiversity and rapid metropolitan expansion. This was
completed as a part of the National River Restoration Science
Synthesis, with the larger goal of understanding the state of the
science of stream restoration. Stream restoration project density,
goals, and monitoring rates varied by state, although southeastern
monitoring rates were higher than in other parts of the
country. North Carolina had the most projects in the Southeast, of
which
36% were monitored. In-depth phone interviews with project managers
from a random subsample of projects provided insights into the process
of stream restoration. Land availability was the most common basis for
site prioritization, and 49% of projects involved mitigation. Although
51% of projects were associated with a watershed assessment, only 30%
of projects were done as part of a larger plan for the watershed.
Projects were monitored using physical (77% of monitored projects),
chemical (36%), and biological (86%) variables, although many projects
were planned and ultimately evaluated based on public opinion. Our
results suggest that stream restoration in the southeastern United
States is at an exciting point where better incorporation of a
watershed perspective into planning and establishment and evaluation of
stated, measurable success criteria for every project could lead to
more effective projects.
© NISC
1554. Stream restoration using new dam technology.
Griffin, G. B.
Land and Water 45(1): 12-16. (Jan. 2001-Feb. 2001)
NAL Call #: HD101.L36
Descriptors: aquatic
habitat/ cattle/ dams/ environmental quality/ environmental
restoration/ grazing/ habitat/ livestock/ morphology/ streams/
technology/ trout/ water management/ water quality/ North Carolina,
Chaney Creek
Abstract:
Silver Springs Ranch contains about twelve miles of spring creeks, each
with multiple underground water sources issuing all along its bed. One
of these is Chaney Creek, a main tributary of Silver Creek, a
world-renowned trout-fishing stream. Cattle had been grazing on this
ranch for over a hundred years and had seriously damaged Chaney Creek.
Its banks had been broken down and the creek itself gradually widened.
When ranch owner Tom O'Gara first saw Chaney Creek, its banks were bare
dirt in many s, and the creek was as much as 80 feet wide, with an
average depth of 3 to 4 inches. He was interested in restoring Chaney
Creek, and began by removing livestock grazing from this part of the
ranch. The cattle have been out for four years, and there has already
been noticeable improvement. Nature would, over time, finish restoring
Chaney Creek; however, Tom decided not to wait, but instead to give
nature a helping hand by restoring segments of the stream back to what
was more likely its original channel width and meandering course. Focus
would be on fish (specifically, trout) habitat and related aquatic life.
© ProQuest
1555. Stream vertebrates in managed headwater streams: Habitat associations of assemblages and species.
Olson, Deanna H.; Weaver, George W.;
Ellenburg, Loretta L.; Hansen, Bruce; and
Thompson, Rebecca
Northwestern Naturalist 81(2): 84-85. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: Ascaphus
truei/ Dicamptodon tenebrosus/ Plethodon dunni/ Rhyacotriton cascadae/
Rhyacotriton variegatus/ Taricha granulosa/ amphibians and reptiles/
habits-behavior/ distribution/ ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat
management/ habitat surveys/ habitat use/ management/ microhabitat/
modeling/ riparian habitat/ rivers/ socio-economic studies/ techniques/
wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ Pacific giant salamander/
Cascades salamander/ southern Olympic/ salamanders/ tailed frog/ Dunn's
salamander/ roughskin newt/ Oregon, Western
Abstract:
A greater understanding of the ecology of headwater stream vertebrates
in managed forest stands is needed for the refinement of forestry
practices that manage for multiple resources, including species,
habitats and socio-economic values. Pretreatment sampling for our
Riparian Buffer Study in western Oregon has revealed distinct
amphibian and fish assemblages corresponding to instream habitat
gradients in headwaters. Habitat and faunal data were collected across
13 study basins and >140 headwater stream reaches; over 4,000
animals of 15 taxa have been sampled. Canonical correlations were
calculated separately for instream species-assemblages, instream and
bank fauna, and bank amphibians. Results identified several distinct
species-assemblages, each with ranked habitat correlates. Assemblage
patterns were more related to hydrological, topographic, and geomorphic
habitat attributes (e.g. channel flow type and size, gradient) than
fine scale microhabitat features (e.g. downed wood, substrate size).
Generalized linear models (Poisson and logistic regression) of
individual species-habitat relations were generated for seven taxa
(trout spp., cottid spp., Dicamptodon tenebrosus, Rhyacotriton
variegatus, R. cascadae, Plethodon dunni, Ascaphus truei, and Taricha
granulosa). Results correspond to assemblage-associations. Our study
shows the relatively restricted use of the uppermost nonfish-bearing
stream channel by a unique amphibian assemblage dominated by torrent
salamander species, currently a species of concern in the region. Our
Riparian Buffer Study treatments are designed to advance the
development of management approaches that have a high likelihood of
persistnce of such sensitive species within managed wetlands.
© NISC
1556. Streambank restoration effectiveness: Lessons learned from a comparative study.
Cooperman, M. S.; Hinch, S. G.; Bennett, S.;
Branton, M. A.; Galbraith, R. V.; Quigley, J. T.; and
Heise, B. A.
Fisheries 32(6): 278-291. (June 2007)
NAL Call #: SH1.F54
Descriptors: banks/
channels/ erosion/ evaluation/ experimental design/ grading/ habitat
improvement/ habitats/ monitoring/ nature conservation/ riparian zone/
river banks/ salmon/ shrubs/ streams/ zoobenthos/
Canada, British Columbia
Abstract:
Post-treatment effectiveness monitoring should be an integral part of
stream restoration efforts, but it is often neglected due to lack of
funds or insufficient project planning. Here we report results of an
effectiveness evaluation of a streambank restoration program for salmon
streams in the southern interior of British Columbia. Restoration
involved treating eroding riverbanks with bank grading, riparian
plantings, and installation of rock toes, rock-wood current deflectors,
and livestock exclusion fencing. Absence of pre-treatment site
characterization data necessitated comparing post treatment conditions
at treated sites to conditions at untreated eroding control sites. We
measured in-channel and riparian conditions plus invertebrate abundance
and biomass at 16 sites treated between 1997 and 2002 and 11 nearby
control sites. Treatment and control sites did not substantively differ
in their habitat condition or aquatic macroinvertebrate abundances,
although treated sites tended to have more shrubs along the outside
bank, higher inside banks, and narrower wetted widths. Absence of
statistical differences between treatment and control sites might be
due to low statistical power, as >50 sites per group would need to
be sampled for power to reach 0.8 at the effect sizes observed. Site
specific channel gradient, a variable unaffected by restoration
actions, was correlated with many of the variables we measured to
characterize habitat condition, thereby confounding our ability to
determine the magnitude of change relating to treatment efforts. Our
results demonstrate the weaknesses of relying on a post-treatment,
between-group comparison experimental design for restoration
effectiveness monitoring. We suggest collection of pre-treatment data
should be an essential part of the restoration process so more
appropriate "before-after" experimental designs can be applied.
© ProQuest
1557. Summer and fall microhabitat utilization of juvenile bull trout and cutthroat trout in a wilderness stream, Idaho.
Spangler, R. E. and Scarnecchia, D. L.
Hydrobiologia 452: 145-154. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1011988313707.
Descriptors: char/
fish ecology/ Oncorhynchus clarki/ Salvelinus confluentus/ trout/ ocean
habitats/ stream flow/ microhabitat/ marine biology/ habitat use/
juvenile/ microhabitat/ salmonid/ United States
Abstract:
Microhabitat use and availability were evaluated and compared between
different size classes of juvenile resident bull trout (Salvelinus
confluentus) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) in a small
wilderness stream within the South Fork Clearwater River basin, Idaho.
The objective was to determine if utilization of measured habitat
characteristics changed from summer to late fall. Sampling of fish was
conducted with night snorkeling. During the summer, smaller juvenile
bull trout (<66 mm) total length (TL) were associated with shallow
stream margins over coarse substrates. In the fall, they moved to
significantly deeper, lower velocity water, and closer to cover
(p<0.05), but maintained their association with coarse substrates.
During the summer, larger juvenile bull trout and larger juvenile
cutthroat trout (66-130 mm TL) occupied significantly deeper water than
smaller juvenile bull trout (p<0.05). Generally, larger juvenile
bull trout were found closer to the bottom and in lower velocity water
than larger juvenile cutthroat trout (p<0.05). In the fall, larger
juvenile bull trout and larger juvenile cutthroat trout were associated
with significantly deeper, lower velocity water located closer to cover
than in summer (p<0.05). However, cutthroat trout occupied slightly
deeper water over finer substrates than bull trout. Deep water with low
velocities evidently provide important rearing areas for large bull
trout and large cutthroat trout in the fall. Land management practices
that maintain such environments will benefit these species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1558. Surface water quality: Calibration of paired basins prior to streambank fencing of pasture land.
Galeone, D. G.
Journal of Environmental Quality 28(6): 1853-1863. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425
Descriptors: catchment
hydrology/ fencing/ pastures/ water quality/ communities/ equations/
manures/ nutrients/ pretreatment/ revegetation/ sediment/ streams/
trampling/ yields/ geological sedimentation/ losses from soil
Abstract:
Streambank fencing is a best management practice that is targeted to
reduce suspended sediment and nutrient inputs to streams by reducing
direct inputs from animals, eliminating streambank trampling, and
promoting streambank revegetation. A paired basin study was conducted
in two small adjacent basins in Pennsylvania, USA, to
determine the water quality effects of streambank fencing. This article
documents the 3-yr calibration period between control and treatment
basins prior to fence installation. Approx.70% of land adjacent to
streambanks in the study area is used as pasture. Nutrient quantities
applied as manure, benthic-macroinvertebrate communities, and the
physical habitat of each stream were similar in both basins. Total N,
P, and suspended sediment yields measured at the outlet of each basin
averaged ~56, 2.8, and 2650 kg/ha on an annual basis. For both basins,
~90%
of the total N yield was attributable to dissolved NO3-N and ~90% of
the total N yield occurred during nonstormflow; conversely, ~90% of the
total P yield was attributable to stormflow and 60 to 65% of the total
P yield was suspended. Regression equations developed between both
basins for low flow and stormflow samples for nutrients, suspended
sediment, and discharge indicated a significant relation for most
constituents. Pretreatment relation between basins for low flow and
stormflow samples would need to change by 6 and 14% for total N
concentrations and 24 and 9% for total P concentrations in order for
streambank fencing to significantly affect water quality in the
treatment basin.
© CABI
1559. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States.
Belsky, A. J.; Matzke, A.; and Uselman, S.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54(1):
419-431. (1999)
NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561.
http://www.landsinfo.org/ecosystem_defense/ Science_Documents/Belsky_et_al_1999.pdf
Descriptors: livestock/
water quality/ riparian land/ streams/ grazing/ environmental effects/
channel morphology/ arid lands/ riparian environments/ arid
environments/ agricultural pollution/ agricultural runoff/
environmental impact/ water pollution/ river banks/ natural channels/
ecology/ arid regions/ United States, western region
Abstract:
This paper summarizes the major effects of livestock grazing on stream
and riparian ecosystems in the arid West. The study focused primarily
on results from peer-reviewed, experimental studies, and secondarily on
comparative studies of grazed versus naturally or historically
protected areas. Results were summarized in tabular form. Livestock
grazing was found to negatively affect water quality and seasonal
quantity, stream channel morphology, hydrology, riparian zone soils,
instream and streambank vegetation, and aquatic and riparian wildlife.
No positive environmental impacts were found. Livestock also were found
to cause negative impacts at the landscape and regional levels.
Although it is sometimes difficult to draw generalizations from the
many studies, due in part to differences in methodology and
environmental variability among study sites, most recent scientific
studies document that livestock grazing continues to be detrimental to
stream and riparian ecosystems in the West.
© ProQuest
1560. Targeting conservation efforts in the presence of threshold effects and ecosystem linkages.
Wu, J. and Skelton-Groth, K.
Ecological Economics 42(1-2): 313-331. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 09218009.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00104-0.
Descriptors: conservation
policy/ correlated benefits/ fund allocation/ salmon restoration/
targeting criteria/ threshold effects/ nature conservation/ restoration
ecology/ riparian zone/ salmonid/ targeting/ United States
Abstract:
The prevailing federal policy of targeting conservation programs on the
basis of physical criteria tends to ignore the threshold effect of
conservation efforts and the correlation between alternative
environmental benefits. In this article, we examine the extent to which
conservation funds will be misallocated when threshold effects and
correlated benefits are ignored. We show that targeting conservation
efforts based on physical criteria or political equity concerns may
actually lead to the lowest possible benefits to society from
conservation expenditure. Ignoring correlated benefits may lead not
only to misallocation of conservation funds among watersheds, but also
to incorrect resources (e.g. land, streams) being targeted for
conservation. The empirical analysis focuses on riparian habitat
investments for salmon restoration in the Pacific Northwest. We
show that a large portion of
conservation benefits would be lost when threshold effects and correlated benefits are ignored, and argue that funds
should be allocated so that the total value of environmental
benefits is maximized, not the total amount of resources protected.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1561. Temporal
and spatial assessment of water quality, physical habitat, and benthic
communities in an impaired agricultural stream in California's San Joaquin Valley.
Hall, Lenwood W. and Killen, William D.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Part A 40(5): 959-989. (2005); ISSN: 1093-4529
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ water quality/ environmental degradation/ benthic community/
physical habitat
Abstract:
The goal of this study was to characterize and discuss the
relationships among water quality, physical habitat, and benthic
community data collected annually over a three-year period (2000-2002)
in an impaired agricultural stream (Orestimba Creek) in California's San Joaquin River watershed.
Conductivity, pH, and turbidity were the most important water quality
conditions influencing the various benthic metrics. Significantly
higher flow conditions and lower dissolved oxygen values were reported
in Orestimba Creek in 2001; increased turbidity conditions were
reported in 2002. Channel alteration, riparian buffer, sediment
deposition, and channel flow were the most important physical habitat
metrics influencing the various benthic metrics. Higher total physical
habitat scores were reported in 2001 when compared with 2002. The most
dominant benthic taxa collected during all three years of sampling were
oligochaetes and chironomids. Oligochaetes are found in stressful
environments while chironomids can be either sensitive or tolerant to
environmental stressors depending on the species. Populations of both
daphnids and the exotic clam Corbicula were reported to increase over
time. Both of these taxa are generally tolerant to most types of
environmental degradation. The exception is that daphnids are highly
sensitive to organophosphate insecticides. The % filterers increased
over time, which suggests an increase in environmental disturbance. The
% collectors decreased from 2000 to 2002, which suggests an improvement
in environmental conditions. The presence of similar to 100 taxa in
Orestimba Creek during each of the three years of sampling implies that
benthic communities in this stream are fairly diverse, considering
their ephemeral environment, but without a clear definition of benthic
community expectations based on established reference conditions it is
unknown if this water body is actually impaired.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1562. Toward efficient riparian restoration: Integrating economic, physical, and biological models.
Watanabe, Michio; Adams, Richard M.; Wu, JunJie;
Bolte, John P.; Cox, Matt M.; Johnson, Sherri L.;
Liss, William J.; Boggess, William G.; and
Ebersole, Joseph L.
Journal of Environmental Management 75(2):
93-104. (2005)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors: conservation measures/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology:
habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ stream riparian habitat/ analysis of
models/ stream/ riparian habitat restoration/ Oregon/ Grand Ronde
basin/ stream riparian habitat restoration
Abstract:
This paper integrates economic, biological, and physical models to
explore the efficient combination and spatial allocation of
conservation efforts to protect water quality and increase salmonid
populations in the Grande Ronde basin, Oregon. We focus on the
effects of shade on water temperatures and the subsequent impacts on
endangered juvenile salmonid populations. The integrated modeling
system consists of a physical model that links riparian conditions and
hydrological characteristics to water temperature; a biological model
that links water temperature and riparian conditions to salmonid
abundance, and an economic model that incorporates both physical and
biological models to estimate minimum cost allocations of conservation
efforts. Our findings indicate that conservation alternatives such as
passive and active riparian restoration, the width of riparian
restoration zones, and the types of vegetation used in restoration
activities should be selected based on the spatial distribution of
riparian characteristics in the basin. The relative effectiveness of
passive and active restoration plays an important role in determining
the efficient allocations of conservation efforts. The time frame
considered in the restoration efforts and the magnitude of desired
temperature reductions also affect the efficient combinations of
restoration activities. If the objective of conservation efforts is to
maximize fish populations, then fishery benefits should be directly
targeted. Targeting other criterion such as water temperatures would
result in different allocations of conservation efforts, and therefore
are not generally efficient. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1563. Trout
habitat, abundance, and fishing opportunities in fenced vs unfenced
riparian habitat along Sheep Creek, Colorado.
Stuber, R. J.
In:
Riparian ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses,
General Technical Report-RM 120/ Johnson, R. Roy ; Ziebell, Charles D.;
Patton, David R.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; and Hamre, R. H.; Fort Collins,
Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1985. pp. 310-314.
Notes: Conference held April 16-18, 1985 in Tuscon, Ariz.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42
Descriptors: riparian environments/ livestock/ river banks/ grazing/ abundance/ Salmo/ standing stock/ Colorado, Sheep Creek/ livestock
Abstract:
Fencing was used to protect 40 hectares of riparian stream
habitat along 2.5 km of Sheep Creek, Colorado, from
adverse impacts due to heavy streamside recreation use and cattle
grazing. Fish habitat within the fenced area was narrower, deeper, had
less streambank alteration, and better streamside vegetation than
comparable unfenced sections. Estimated trout standing crop was twice
as great, and proportional stock density
(PSD) was higher than in unfenced sections. There was a higher proportion of nongame fish present in unfenced
sections.
Projected fishing opportunities within the fenced sections were double
those estimated for a comparable length of unfenced habitat along the
same stream.
© ProQuest
1564. Undamming rivers: A review of the ecological impacts of dam removal.
Bednarek, A. T.
Environmental Management 27(6): 803-814. (2001)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: dams/
rivers/ environmental restoration/ river engineering/ restoration/
fluvial morphology/ habitat/ sediment transport/ ecosystem resilience/
environmental impact/ migratory species/ stream flow rate/ cost benefit
analysis/ biota/ regulated rivers/ environmental quality/ sediment
load/ streamflow/ alteration of flow/ Pisces/ fish passage/ dam
removal/ reclamation/ protective measures and control/ environmental
action/ ecological impact of water development
Abstract:
Dam removal continues to garner attention as a potential river
restoration tool. The increasing possibility of dam removal through the
FERC relicensing process, as well as through federal and state agency
actions, makes a critical examination of the ecological benefits and
costs essential. This paper reviews the possible ecological impacts of
dam removal using various case studies. Restoration of an unregulated
flow regime has resulted in increased biotic diversity through the
enhancement of preferred spawning grounds or other habitat. By
returning riverine conditions and sediment transport to formerly
impounded areas, riffle/pool sequences, gravel, and cobble have
reappeared, along with increases in biotic diversity. Fish passage has
been another benefit of dam removal. However, the disappearance of the
reservoir may also affect certain publicly desirable fisheries.
Short-term ecological impacts of dam removal include an increased
sediment load that may cause suffocation and abrasion to various biota
and habitats. However, several recorded dam removals have suggested
that the increased sediment load caused by removal should be a
short-term effect. Preremoval studies for contaminated sediment may be
effective at controlling toxic release problems. Although monitoring
and dam removal studies are limited, a continued examination of the
possible ecological impacts is important for quantifying the resistance
and resilience of aquatic ecosystems. Dam removal, although
controversial, is an important alternative for river restoration.
© ProQuest
1565. Urbanization effects on stream fish assemblages in Maryland, USA.
Morgan, R. P. and Cushman, S. F.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24(3): 643-655. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 08873593.
Notes: doi: 10.1899/0887-3593(2005)024\ [0643:UEOSFA\]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: fish
assemblages/ Maryland/ MBSS/ urbanization/ ichthyofauna/ index of
biotic integrity/ stream/ urbanization/ Maryland
Abstract:
We examined patterns in Maryland fish assemblages in 1st- through
3rd-order nontidal streams along an urbanization gradient in the Eastern Piedmont
(EP)
and Coastal Plain (CP) physiographic ecoregions
of Maryland, USA, using 1995 to 1997 and 2000 to 2002 data
from the Maryland
Biological Site Survey (MBSS). Major urbanization and other historical
stressors occur in both ecoregions, and there is potential for further
stress over the next 25 y as urbanization increases. We assigned each
MBSS site (n = 544 streams) to a class of urbanization based on land
cover within its upsite catchment. We compared observed fish abundance
and species richness to the probable (expected) assemblages within each
ecoregion, and also assessed the accuracy of the Maryland fish
index of biotic integrity (FIBI) to indicate catchment urbanization.
Relationships between urbanization and fish assemblages and FIBI varied
between the 2 ecoregions. Assemblages in EP streams exhibited stronger
relationships with urbanization than those in CP streams, particularly
when urban land cover was >25% of the catchment. Across all EP
stream orders (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), high urbanization was associated
with low fish abundance and richness, low FIBI, and few intolerant fish
species, resulting in assemblages dominated by tolerant species.
Conservation practices minimizing urbanization effects on fish
assemblages may be inadequate to protect sensitive fish species because
of the invasiveness of urban development and stressors related to
the urban stream syndrome. © 2005 by The North American
Benthological Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1566. Using
historical biological data to evaluate status and trends in the Big Darby Creek Watershed (Ohio, USA).
Schubauer Berigan, M. K.; Smith, M.; Hopkins, J.; and Cormier, S. M.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(4,pt.2):
1097-1105. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK].
Notes:
In the Special Issue: Ecosystem Vulnerability. Paper presented at the
American Society for Testing and Materials-U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency-Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Symposium, August 17-20, 1998, Seattle, Washington.
Includes references.
Descriptors: watersheds/ watershed management/ biological indicators/ trends/ Ohio
Abstract:
Assessment of watershed ecological status and trends is challenging for
managers who lack randomly or consistently sampled data, or monitoring
programs developed from a watershed perspective. This study
investigated analytical approaches for assessment of status and trends
using data collected by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency as
part of state requirements for reporting stream quality and managing
discharge permits. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics collected
during three time periods (1979-1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1993) were
analyzed for the mainstem of Big Darby Creek, a high-quality warm-water
stream in central Ohio, USA. Analysis of variance of transformed
metrics showed significant differences among time periods for six fish
metrics. In addition, significant positive linear trends were observed
for four metrics plus the index of biotic integrity score, and negative
linear trends for two fish metrics. An analysis of a subset of sites
paired by location and sampled over the three periods reflected
findings using all available
data
for the mainstem. In particular, mean estimates were very similar
between the reduced and full data sets, whereas standard error
estimates were much greater in the reduced subset. Analysis of serial
autocorrelation patterns among the fish metrics over the three time
periods suggests changes in the nature of stressors over time. A
comparison within the most recent time period showed significantly
better condition for Big Darby mainstem than for Hellbranch Run (the
easternmost subwatershed), after adjusting for watershed size. The
consistency of paired and nonrandomized results suggested that either
type of data might be judiciously used for this watershed assessment.
Results indicated that overall biological condition of the mainstem of
the Big Darby Creek watershed has significantly
improved since the early 1980s.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1567. Using stream bioassessment protocols to monitor impacts of a confined swine operation.
Jack, J.; Kelley, R. H.; and Stiles, D.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 42(3): 747-753. (2006)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: best
management practices/ BMPs/ bioindicators/ confined animal feeding
operations/ CAFOs/ macroinvertebrates/ nonpoint source pollution/ water
quality
Abstract:
The processing of waste from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs)
presents a major environmental challenge. Treatment of waste and
subsequent land application is a common best management practice (BMP)
for these operations in Kentucky, USA, but there are few data
assessing the effect of runoff from such operations on aquatic
communities. The authors sampled a stream bordering a CAFO with a land
application program to determine if runoff from the fertilized fields
was adversely affecting stream communities. Water chemistry,
periphyton, and macroinvertebrate samples from riffle habitats
downstream of the CAFO were compared to samples collected from an
upstream site and a control stream in 1999 and 2000. Riffle communities
downstream of the fertilized fields had higher chlorophyll a levels
than other sites, but there were no significant differences in
macroinvertebrate numbers or in biometrics such as taxa richness among
the sites. The BMP in at this site may be effective in reducing
this CAFO's impact on the stream; however, similar assessments at other
CAFO sites should be done to assess their impacts. Functional measures
such as nutrient retention and litter decomposition of streams impacted
by CAFOs should also be investigated to ensure that these operations
are not adversely affecting stream communities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1568. Using stream bioassessment to monitor best management practice effectiveness.
Vowell, J. L.
Forest Ecology and Management 143(1-3): 237-244. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00521-1.
Descriptors: benthic
macroinvertebrates/ best management practices/ bioassessment/ BMP
effectiveness/ logging/ nonpoint source pollution/ aquatic ecosystems/
environmental management/ assessment method/ streams/ United
States
Abstract:
A best management practices (BMPs)effectiveness study was conducted to
evaluate Florida's BMPs for protecting aquatic ecosystems during
intensive forestry operations. Sites were selected in major ecoregions
of the state and each site was associated with a stream adjacent to
intensive silviculture treatments. A stream bioassessment was conducted
at each site before silviculture treatments, to determine a
pre-treatment stream condition index (SCI). Sampling for the
bioassessment was conducted at points along each stream, above and
below the treatment area, to establish reference and test conditions.
Silviculture treatments of clearcut harvesting, intensive mechanical
site preparation and machine planting were then completed, during which
all applicable BMPs were adhered to. One year after the first
bioassessment and following the treatments, the sites were re-sampled
at the same points. No significant difference in the SCI was observed
between the reference and test portions of the streams that could be
attributed to the treatments using BMPs. Hence, the results of the
study support the hypothesis that proper application of BMPs provides
protection to adjacent stream ecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1569. Using stream macroinvertebrates to compare riparian land use practices on cattle farms in southwestern Wisconsin.
Weigel, B. M.; Lyons, J.; Paine, L. K.; Dodson, S. I.; and Undersander, D. J.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 15(1): 93-106. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: benthos/ riparian environments/ land use/ agriculture/ sedimentation/ environmental effects/ Invertebrata/ Wisconsin
Abstract:
Vegetative riparian buffer strips are typically used to curb stream
degradation due to cattle grazing, but intensive rotational grazing has
shown promise as an alternative best management practice. The authors
compared aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages among stream segments
within continuously grazed pastures, intensive rotationally grazed
pastures, undisturbed grassy vegetative buffer strips, and undisturbed
woody vegetative buffer strips. Macroinvertebrate and stream
sedimentation data were collected from four streams in each land use
category in two consecutive years. In an attempt to account for
inherent watershed variability among streams, watershed condition was
represented with a sample collected upstream of each treatment reach.
Watershed condition tended to have greater influence on
macroinvertebrate measures than local riparian land use. However, local
riparian land use influences were apparent if watershed condition was
statistically accounted for with analysis of covariance. Stream reaches
with intensive rotational grazing tended to have macroinvertebrate
assemblage characteristics intermediate of the buffer and continuously
grazed reaches. Although we detected some differences in
macroinvertebrate assemblages that apparently reflected very local land
use, our results suggest the macroinvertebrates were mostly responding
to large-scale watershed influences.
© ProQuest
1570. Utility
of biological monitoring for detection of timber harvest effects on
streams and evaluation of best management practices: A review.
Fortino, K.; Hershey, A. E.; and Goodman, K. J.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 23(3): 634-646. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 08873593.
Notes: doi: 10.1899/0887-3593(2004)023 <0634:UOBMFD>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: biological
monitoring/ multimetric/ predictive modeling/ timber harvest/
biomonitoring/ community structure/ management practices/ stream/
timber harvesting
Abstract:
Best Management Practice (BMP) guidelines have been developed to reduce
the negative impacts of timber harvest on streams. BMPs are widely
implemented, but the effectiveness of timber harvest BMPs has not been
evaluated using modern biological monitoring techniques. Most current
biological monitoring is based on 1 of 2 main approaches: multimetric
monitoring or predictive modeling. These approaches differ
considerably, and their respective merits and failings have been
debated extensively in the literature. Our review evaluated the ability
of these biological monitoring approaches to detect timber harvest
effects and to assess the effectiveness of BMPs. Both techniques detect
impairment via changes in macroinvertebrate community structure,
despite their differences in approach. Most of the negative effects of
timber harvest result in changes in the macroinvertebrate community, so
we have concluded that both techniques should be effective for the
evaluation of timber harvest and BMPs.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1571. Warmwater stream bank protection and fish habitat: A comparative study.
Shields, F. D.; Knight, S. S.; and Cooper, C. M.
Environmental Management 26(3): 317-328. (2000)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s002670010089.
Descriptors: fish/
habitat/ stream bank protection/ stream restoration/ streambank
erosion/ bank protection/ biomass/ cost benefit analysis/ ocean
habitats/ stream bank protection/ environmental protection/
conservation planning/ fish/ habitat restoration/ river management/
cost/ environmental management/ environmental protection/ fish/ marine
environment/ nonhuman/ United States/
Abstract: Fishes
and their habitats were sampled in Harland
Creek, Mississippi, for 3 years to compare the relative value of
three
types of bank treatment in an incised, warm-water stream. Semiannual
samples were collected from 10 reaches: 3 reaches protected by each of
the three types of protection (longitudinal stone toe, stone spurs, and
dormant willow posts) and an unprotected, slowly eroding bend.
Protection of concave banks of bends had no measurable effect on the
habitat quality of downstream riffles. Although bends and adjacent
downstream riffles were faunistically similar at the species level,
catostomids and centrarchids were more dominant in pools and smaller
cyprinids more dominant in riffles. Reaches with willow posts were
slightly deeper than the others, most likely because of geomorphic
factors rather than bank treatment. Mean water surface widths in
reaches stabilized with stone spurs were 40% to 90% greater than for
other treatments, and current velocities were greatest in reaches with
stone toe. Patterns of fish abundance and species diversity did not
differ significantly among treatments. However, principal components
analysis indicated that the fish species distribution associated with
the untreated reference site was distinct. Reaches stabilized with
stone spurs supported significantly higher densities of large fish and
higher levels of fish biomass per unit channel length than reaches with
other bank treatments, generally confirming previous research in the
region. Initial costs for spurs were comparable to those for stone toe
and about three times greater than for willow posts.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1572. Water quality in relation to watershed management in the lower San Gabriel River, southern California.
Haj Manouchehri, Daneh
Fullerton, CA: California State University, Fullerton, 2004.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Laton, William Richard
Descriptors: watershed management/ water quality/
San Gabriel River/ California
Abstract:
Currently water quality is one of the most critical concerns
throughout the world. the lower reaches of the San Gabriel River
Watershed, located in Los Angeles and Orange Counties lie in a
semi-arid climate with a dense population. the purpose of this research
was to identify the impaired reaches of the river with the type and
level of impairment below the Whittier Narrows Dam. the levels of
impairment were compared with federal, state and local surface water
quality standards. the survey results indicated that the lower reaches
of San Gabriel River were significantly impaired by
metals (4 mg/l of arsenic), total coliform (240000/100ml) and nutrients
(5 mg/l of nitrite). the major sources of the impairments are local
industrial land use, intensive residential areas and agricultural
runoff, respectively. the level of impairment at several stations
reached readings too high to support the existing and intermittent
designated beneficial uses of the river. Most of the dams and
canalization of the basin were in response to the catastrophic floods
of 1938. However, since it has been urbanized, people are demanding
that the river be a resource for recreation and wildlife not only a
gutter for urban runoff and flood flows. the study concludes that
attaining the river water quality standards for beneficial uses will
significantly enhance the value of the watershed.
© NISC
1573. Water quality in Wyoming: The Sage Creek Project.
Shirley, M. D.
Rangelands 25(3): 32-35. (2003)
NAL Call #: SF85.A1R32; ISSN: 0190-0528
Descriptors: benthos/
development projects/ erosion/ geological sedimentation/ geology/
grazing systems/ monitoring/ plant communities/ riparian vegetation/
streams/ vegetation/ water quality/ watersheds
Abstract: The
geology and soils, erosion and sedimentation, and vegetation of
the Sage Creek Basin in Wyoming, USA, were
examined to assess the water quality of the stream. Sage Creek has been
one of Wyoming's impaired stream, thus a Sage Creek Project was
developed. The important aspects of the project were the implementation
of a planned grazing system in the majority of the watershed and
modifications to road crossings. A monitoring system has been
established to collect additional baseline data and track the
effectiveness of the best management practice implementation. The
monitoring programme includes: chemical water quality and benthic
macroinvertebrate sampling, channel cross-sections, riparian
photo-points, green-line transects, and upland biological transects.
© CABI
1574. Watershed improvement using prescribed burns as a way to restore aquatic habitat for native fish.
Gori, David and Backer, Dana
In:
Connecting mountain islands and desert seas: biodiversity and
management of the Madrean Archipelago II., Proceedings RMRS 36/
Gottfried, Gerald J.; Gebow, Brooke S.; Eskew, Lane G.; and Edminster,
Carleton B.; Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 403-406.
http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p036/rmrs_p036_403_406.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ land zones/ North America/ Pisces: habitat management/
aquatic habitat restoration/ native species/ fire management/ grassland
watersheds/ freshwater habitat/ United States, southwestern region/
Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The Nature Conservancy and Bureau of Land Management are testing
a model that prescribed burns can be used to increase perennial grass
cover, reduce shrubs in desert grassland, and improve watershed
condition and aquatic habitat. Results of a prescribed burn in the Hot
Springs Creek watershed on Muleshoe Ranch CMA demonstrated the
predicted vegetation changes and watershed improvement. Since 1991,
instream cover, aquatic habitat depth, and native fish density have
increased in Hot Springs Creek. Our results suggest that prescribed
fire is an important tool for managing grassland watersheds and
restoring aquatic habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1575. Winter habitat of selected stream fishes and potential impacts from land-use activity.
Cunjak, R. A.
In:
Workshop on the science and management for habitat conservation and
restoration strategies (HabCARES) in the Great Lakes. Kempenfelt, Ontario, Canada.
Kelso, J. R. (eds.)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Research Council of Canada; pp. 267-282; 1996.
Notes:
Also published as: Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences/
Journal canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques [Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci./J. Can. Sci. Halieut. Aquat.] 53 (supplement 1); ISSN:
0706-652X .
Descriptors: habitat/
habitat selection/ winter/ environmental impact/ land use/ metabolism/
habitat improvement/ rivers/ Salmonidae/ Canada/ conservation,
wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
This paper reviews the habitat characteristics and the behaviour
of selected stream fishes during winter in temperate-boreal ecosystems.
Emphasis is placed on the salmonid fishes upon which most winter
research has been directed. As space is the primary factor regulating
stream fish populations in winter, aspects of winter habitat are
considered at various spatial scales from microhabitat to stream reach
to river basin. Choice of winter habitat is governed by the need to
minimize energy expenditure, with the main criterion being protection
from adverse physicochemical conditions. The distance moved to
wintering habitats, and the continued activity by many fishes during
the winter, need to be considered when making management decisions
regarding fish habitat. How habitat is affected by land-use activity in
stream catchments is discussed with reference to impacts from water
withdrawal, varying discharge regimes, and erosion or sedimentation.
Even stream enhancement practices can deleteriously affect stream
habitat if project managers are unaware of winter habitat requirements
and stream conditions. Maintenance of habitat complexity, at least at
the scale of stream sub-basin, is recommended to ensure the diversity
of winter habitats for fish communities.
© ProQuest
Lentic Habitats (Estuaries, Lakes, Ponds, Wetlands)
1576. Achieving restoration success: Myths in bottomland hardwood forests.
Stanturf, J. A.; Schoenholtz, S. H.; Schweitzer, C. J.; and Shepard, J. P.
Restoration Ecology 9(2): 189-200. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.009002189.x.
Descriptors: afforestation/
functions/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ afforestation/ ecosystem function/
floodplain forest/ restoration ecology/ United States
Abstract: Restoration
of bottomland hardwood forests is the subject of
considerable interest in the southern United States, but
restoration success is elusive. Techniques for establishing bottomland
tree species are well developed, yet problems have occurred in
operational programs. Current plans for restoration on public and
private land suggest that as many as 200,000 hectares could be restored
in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
alone. The ideal of ecological restoration is to reestablish a
completely functioning ecosystem. Although some argue that
afforestation is incomplete restoration, it is a necessary and costly
first step but not an easy task. The 1992 Wetlands Reserve Program
in Mississippi, which failed on 90% of the area, illustrates the
difficulty of broadly applying our knowledge of afforestation. In our
view, the focus for ecological restoration should be to restore
functions, rather than specifying some ambiguous natural state based on
reference stands or pre-settlement forest conditions. We view
restoration as one element in a continuum model of sustainable forest
management, allowing us to prescribe restoration goals that incorporate
land-owner objectives. Enforcing the discipline of explicit terms of
predicted values of functions, causal mechanisms and temproal response
trajectories, will hasten the development of meaningful criteria for
restoration success. We present our observations about current efforts
to restore bottomland hardwoods as nine myths, or statements of dubious
origin, and at best partial truth.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1577. Addressing wetland issues: The Kansas NRCS approach.
Soffran, L. M. and McDowell, J. L.
In: Proceedings of the 2004 Self-Sustaining Solutions for Streams, Wetlands, and Watersheds Conference. D'Ambrosio J.L. (eds.)
St Paul, MN; pp. 215-220 ; 2004.
Notes:Sponsors:
American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
ASAE; Ohio State University; Ohio Department of Natural
Resources; EPA
Great Lakes Grants Program; National Fish and Wildlife
Foundation; U.S. Enviromental
Protection Agency.; ISBN: 1892769441
Descriptors: HGM/
hydrogeomorphic/ minimal effects/ mitigation/ wetland functions/
wetlands/ agriculture/ biodiversity/ geomorphology/ water levels
Abstract:
Frequently a wetland in Kansas has been manipulated to
improve farming operations or provide a reliable water source for
livestock. When a wetland has been converted in violation of wetland
provisions, restoration or enhancement of the remaining wetland is the
primary approach used to regain the lost wetland acreage and functional
capacity units. In Kansas, the Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) has adopted the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) Model procedure
for assessing wetland functions and values. Four interim HGM models are
being used for minimal effects determinations and for mitigations of
converted wetlands. The Playa Depression Model is used in the High
Plains Playa region of Kansas. A Depression Model is being applied
to non-riverine type depressions in the remainder of the state east of
the playa region boundary. A Slope Model is used for hillside seeps,
and a Riverine Model applies to wooded and herbaceous riverine
settings. Structures are frequently constructed as a component of
wetland restoration and creation, and land entered into the Wetland
Reserve Program or Conservation Reserve Program. The structural design
may include a dike or other type of water impoundment structure. A
water level control structure may be included in the design when the
objective is shallow water wetlands for wildlife.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1578. Agricultural chemicals and prairie pothole wetlands: Meeting the needs of the resource and the farmer - U.S. perspective.
Grue, C. E.; Tome, M. W.; Messmer, T. A.; Henry, D. B.; Swanson, G. A.; and DeWeese, L. R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 54: 43-58. (1989)
Descriptors: agricultural
activity/ prairie wetland ecosystems/ ecology/ agrichemicals/
semiaquatic habitat/ grassland/ chemical pollution/ United States,
north central region/ wetland conservation
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1579. Agricultural ponds support amphibian populations.
Knutson, Melinda G.; Richardson, William B.; Reineke, David M.; Gray, Brian R.; Parmelee, Jeffrey R.; and Weick, Shawn E.
Ecological Applications 14(3): 669-684. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: wetlands/ Ambystoma tigrinum/ Caudata/ agricultural ponds/ agriculture/ communities/ conservation/
ecosystems/
freshwater ecology/ habitat management/ habitat use/ Minnesota, Houston
County/ Minnesota, Winona County/ land zones/ Minnesota/ nitrogen/
phosphorus/ ponds/ productivity/ reproduction/ reproductive success/
species diversity/ wildlife/ tiger salamander
Abstract:
In some agricultural regions, natural wetlands are scarce, and
constructed agricultural ponds may represent important alternative
breeding habitats for amphibians. Properly managed, these agricultural
ponds may effectively increase the total amount of breeding habitat and
help to sustain populations. We studied small, constructed agricultural
ponds in southeastern Minnesota to assess their value as amphibian
breeding sites. Our study examined habitat factors associated with
amphibian reproduction at two spatial scales: the pond and the
landscape surrounding the pond. We found that small agricultural ponds
in southeastern Minnesota provided breeding habitat for at least
10 species of amphibians. Species richness and multispecies
reproductive success were more closely associated with characteristics
of the pond (water quality, vegetation, and predators) compared with
characteristics of the surrounding landscape, but individual species
were associated with both pond and landscape variables. Ponds
surrounded by row crops had similar species richness and reproductive
success compared with natural wetlands and ponds surrounded by
non-grazed pasture. Ponds used for watering livestock had elevated
concentrations of phosphorus, higher turbidity, and a trend toward
reduced amphibian reproductive success. Species richness was highest in
small ponds, ponds with lower total nitrogen concentrations, tiger
salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) present, and lacking fish.
Multispecies reproductive success was best in ponds with lower total
nitrogen concentrations, less emergent vegetation, and lacking fish.
Habitat factors associated with higher reproductive success varied
among individual species. We conclude that small, constructed farm
ponds, properly managed, may help sustain amphibian populations in
landscapes where natural wetland habitat is rare. We recommend
management actions such as limiting livestock access to the pond to
improve water quality, reducing nitrogen input, and avoiding the
introduction of fish.
© NISC
1580. Agricultural
production and wetland habitat quality in a coastal prairie ecosystem:
Simulated effects of alternative resource policies on land-use
decisions.
Musacchio, L. R. and Grant, W. E.
Ecological Modelling 150(1-2): 23-43. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 03043800.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00459-8.
Descriptors: ecosystem
management/ land use/ migratory waterfowl/ natural resource policy/
systems modeling/ wildlife habitat/ agricultural ecosystem/ ecological
modeling/ ecosystem management/ land use/ waterfowl/ wetland/ United
States/ Anas/ Anatidae/ Anser/ Anser caerulescens caerulescens/ Anser
sp./ Bos taurus/ Oryza sativa
Abstract:
We describe an integrated systems model of the coastal prairie
ecosystem in Texas, USA to simulate the effect of alternative
federal resource policy scenarios (crop subsidies) for rice (Oryza
sativa) on land-use decisions of farmers and the subsequent impact on
lesser snow goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) habitat. We
evaluate the ability of the model to predict shifts in land use,
agricultural production, economic viability of farms, and the resulting
wetland habitat quality for geese, in view of the uncertainty
concerning representation of farmers' land-use decision making
processes (management styles). We then simulate shifts in land use,
rice and cattle production, farm profitability, and level of wetland
habitat use by geese that might result from three alternative federal
resource policy scenarios and three alternative farmers' management
styles. We found changes in land-use allocation, rice and cattle
production, and farm profitability resulting from the policy scenarios
affected habitat use by geese. Policy financial incentives, market
price for rice, level of rice production, and farm size were important
factors that affected wetland habitat use by geese. The management
styles of farmers affected the quality of wetland habitat when policy
scenarios required rice to be grown with conventional production
methods. In this case, farmers, particularly those who were concerned
about maintaining farming as a way of life, continued rice production
and maintained wetland habitat for geese even when crop subsidies
decreased over time. The public benefited from the decision making of
these farmers because the important indirect use value (wildlife
habitat and water quality) and existence value (biodiversity and
cultural history) of rice agriculture was maintained as an
agroecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1581. Agricultural wetland management for conservation goals: Invertebrates in California ricelands.
O'Malley, Rachel Emerson
In:
Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and
management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott
A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 857-885.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Invertebrata/
farming and agriculture/ agricultural wetlands management for
conservation/ conservation measures/ agricultural wetlands conservation
goals/ habitat management/ agricultural wetlands/ cultivated land
habitat/ California/ agricultural wetlands conservation value and
management
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1582. Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds: A review.
Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K. C.
Waterbirds 25(2 [supplement]): 56-65. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695.
Notes: Literature review. Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated Approaches.
Descriptors: agricultural
ecosystem/ wetlands/ habitat changes/ habitat utilization/ aquatic
birds/ habitat/ agriculture/ breeding sites/ foraging behavior/ rice
fields/ Aves/ ecology/ community studies/ conservation, wildlife
management and recreation
Abstract:
Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural
wetlands continue to decline worldwide. Little information exists on
waterbird use of wetland crops such as taro, hasu, and wild rice.
Several reports exist on waterbird use of cranberry bog systems.
Information exists on waterbird use of rice fields, especially by
herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over 1.5 million km2
of land and are found on all continents except Antarctica. Rice
fields are seasonally flooded for cultivation and to decoy waterfowl,
and drawn down for sowing and harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds
including wading birds, shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and seabirds
utilize rice fields for foraging and to a lesser extent as breeding
sites. In some areas, especially Asia, waterbirds have come to
rely upon rice fields as foraging sites. However, few reports exist on
waterbird use of rice ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region.
Species that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands during
the breeding season, migration, and as wintering grounds are listed.
General trends and threats to waterbirds utilizing agricultural
wetlands, including habitat destruction and degradation, contaminant
exposure, and prey fluctuations are presented.
© ProQuest
1583. Agriculture and wildlife: Ecological implications of subsurface irrigation drainage.
Lemly, A. Dennis
Journal of Arid Environments 28(2): 85-94. (1994)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: farming
and agriculture/ subsurface irrigation drainage/ wetland fauna/
semiaquatic habitat/ chemical pollution/ agricultural irrigation/
wetlands/ United States, western region
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1584. Agronomy implications of waterfowl management in Mississippi ricefields.
Manley, S. W.; Kaminski, R. M.; Reinecke, K. J.; and Gerard, P. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 981-992. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33 [981:AIOWMI]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: agronomic
benefits/ habitat management/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ Oryza
sativa/ red rice/ rice/ straw disposal/ wetlands/ winter flooding/
winter weeds/ agronomy/ environmental economics/ rice/ waterfowl/
wildlife management/ Mississippi/ Anatidae/ Oryza rufipogon/ Oryza
sativa/ Poaceae
Abstract:
Ricefields are important foraging habitat for waterfowl and other
waterbirds in several North American wintering areas, including the
Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Rice growers are likely to adopt
management practices that provide habitat for waterfowl if agronomic
benefits also occur. Therefore, we conducted a replicated field
experiment during autumn through spring 1995-1997 to study effects of
postharvest field treatment and winter-water management on agronomic
variables including biomass of residual rice straw, cool-season grasses
and forbs (i.e., winter weeds), and viability of red rice (oryza sativa
var.). The treatment combination of postharvest disking and flooding
until early March reduced straw 68%, from 9,938 kg/ha after harvest to
3,209 kg/ha in spring. Treatment combinations that included flooding
until early March were most effective in suppressing winter weeds and
decreased their biomass in spring by 83% when compared to the average
of other treatment combinations. Effects of
treatment combinations on spring viability of red rice
differed
between winters, but no significant effects were found within winters.
Autumn disking followed by flooding until early March reduced rice
straw and suppressed winter weeds the most, but with additional costs.
To obtain the most agronomic benefits, we recommend that rice growers
forgo autumn disking and flood fields until early March, which will
provide moderate straw reduction, good weed suppression, and predicted
savings of $22.24-62.93/ha (U.S.) ($9.00-25.47/ac). Maintenance of
floods on ricefields until early March also benefits waterfowl and
other waterbirds by providing foraging habitat throughout winter.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1585. Altering succession and improving habitat at created wetlands in Wyoming.
Mckinstry, Mark Calvert. University of Wyoming, 2004.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Anderson, Stanley H.
Descriptors: wetlands/ succession/ Wyoming/ waterfowl/ habitat use/ aquatic vegetation/ plant biomass/
habitat improvement
Abstract:
In northeast Wyoming over 1,500 wetlands have been created
through bentonite mining. These wetlands ranged in age from one to over
50 years old and represent one of the largest wetland creation projects
in the world. They also served as a large experiment in self designing
ecosystems. I found that waterfowl used wetlands in this region that
(1) are located within complexes of >5 within 1 km, (2) have
variable depths to accommodate various feeding strategies, and (3) have
abundant submersed and emergent vegetation. I evaluated 48 wetlands in
three age classes to determine aquatic plant succession. These wetlands
were dominated by wind-dispersed emergents and generally have low
species richness and plant biomass. During the reclamation process no
attempt was made to introduce aquatic plants into these wetlands, most
of which were isolated from other wetlands and sources of propagules by
50 km or more. I designed several experiments using greenhouse
microcosms and field trials to identify plants that could be propagated
at these wetlands using bentonite substrates or bentonite mixed with
native topsoil. Plant species for experimental trials were selected
based on their adaptations to the high salinity, ph, and alkalinity
common among these wetlands. Generally, all plants (10 species of both
submersed and emergent plants) had higher growth weights and survival
in microcosms with the topsoil or topsoil and bentonite mixed soil,
suggesting that reclamation should include the addition of topsoil into
these wetlands. Several plants did well under various treatments and in
field trials, including some that are of high value to wildlife
(Potamogeton pectinatus, Vallisneria americana, Scirpus validus,
Scirpus maritimus, Eleocharis palustris). I also evaluated the use of
salvaged-wetland soil in six newly-created wetlands as a technique to
introduce propagules of native aquatic plants. The use of
salvaged-wetland soil increased (1) the number of plant species present
at a wetland over time (richness), (2) the total vegetation coverage in
a treated wetland over time,
and (3) the total plant biomass in a treated wetland. I
recommend
that future reclamation include the use of topsoil and salvaged-wetland
soil to improve aquatic plant growth as well as plantings of select
wetland species to improve plant diversity and biomass at these
wetlands.
© NISC
1586. Alternative uses of wetlands other than conventional farming in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.
Leventhal, E.
Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency; EPA/171/R-92/006, 1992.
Descriptors: wetlands/
land use/ agriculture/ economic analysis/ sociological aspects/
environmental impact/ ecosystem disturbance/ United States/
conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
Conversion of wetlands in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
and Nebraska into agricultural dry lands in the past several
decades has occurred as a means to obtain profit from what landowners
would otherwise consider unprofitable land. The activity has resulted
in substantial losses of wetlands valued for their unique ability to
mitigate flood and storm damage, control erosion, discharge and
recharge groundwater, improve water quality, and support a wide
diversity of fish, wildlife, and vegetation. Utilizing fish, wildlife,
and vegetation from wetlands for profit is a way for wetland owners to
recognize the value their wetlands add to their property. Landowners
then have an incentive to preserve rather than convert their wetlands.
[Sponsored
by Environmental Protection Agency, Kansas City, KS. Region VII.]
© ProQuest
1587. Amphibian colonization and use of ponds created for trial mitigation of wetland loss.
Pechmann, J. H. K.; Estes, R. A.; Scott, D. E.; and Gibbons, J. W.
Wetlands 21(1): 93-111. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: amphibians/ migration/ wetland creation/ habitat creation/ mitigation/ ponds
Abstract:
Created ponds were built as an experiment in mitigating the loss of a
wetland to construction. We monitored amphibian breeding population
sizes and juvenile recruitment at these created ponds for 8.5 years and
compared the populations to those observed at the original wetland, Sun
Bay (≤ 600 m from the created ponds), and at an undisturbed
reference wetland, Rainbow Bay. Some amphibians continued breeding
migrations to Sun Bay even after it was filled with
soil. Few of the anuran colonists of the created ponds had been
previously captured at Sun Bay, but many of the
salamander colonists had been collected. The created ponds became
permanent, whereas Sun Bay and Rainbow Bay
were temporary ponds. Juveniles of two salamander species and 10
species of frogs and toads metamorphosed and emigrated from the created
ponds during the study. By the final years of the study, the community
structure of adult and juvenile amphibians differed among the three
created ponds, as well as between these ponds and the prior amphibian
community at the filled wetland and the contemporaneous community at
the reference wetland. Mean size at metamorphosis was smaller at the
created ponds than at the reference site for two species of frogs,
whereas the opposite was true for two salamanders. We conclude that the
created ponds provided partial mitigation for the loss of the natural
amphibian breeding habitat. Differences between the created ponds and
the natural wetlands were
likely
related to differences in their hydrologic regimes, size, substrates,
vegetation, and surrounding terrestrial habitats and to the limited
availability of colonists of some species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1588. Amphibian
occurrence and aquatic invaders in a changing landscape: Implications
for wetland mitigation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA.
Pearl, Christopher A.; Adams, Michael J.; Leuthold, Niels; and Bury, R. Bruce
Wetlands 25(1): 76-88. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetland mitigation/ breeding occurrence/ landscape characteristics
Abstract: Despite
concern about the conservation status of amphibians in
western North America, few field studies have documented
occurrence
patterns of amphibians relative to potential stressors. We surveyed
wetland fauna in Oregon's Willamette Valley and
used an information theoretic approach (AIC) to rank the associations
between native amphibian breeding occurrence and wetland
characteristics, non-native aquatic predators, and landscape
characteristics in a mixed urban-agricultural landscape. Best
predictors varied among the five native amphibians and were generally
consistent with life history differences. Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris
regilla) and long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) occurrence
was best predicted by the absence of non-native fish. Northern
red-legged frog (Rana a. aurora) and northwestern salamander (Ambystoma
gracile) were most strongly related to wetland vegetative
characteristics. The occurrence of rough-skinned newts (Taricha
granulosa), a migratory species that makes extensive use of terrestrial
habitats, was best predicted by greater forest cover within 1 km. The
absence of non-native fish was a strong predictor of occurrence for
four of the five native species. In contrast, amphibians were not
strongly related to native fish presence. We found little evidence
supporting negative effects of the presence of breeding populations of
bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) on any native species. Only the two
Ambystoma salamanders were associated with wetland permanence.
Northwestern salamanders (which usually have a multi-year larval stage)
were associated with permanent waters, while long-toed salamanders were
associated with temporary wetlands. Although all the species make some
use of upland habitats, only one (rough-skinned newt) was strongly
associated with surrounding landscape conditions. Instead, our analysis
suggests that within-wetland characteristics best predict amphibian
occurrence in this region. We recommend that wetland preservation and
mitigation efforts concentrate on sites lacking non-native fish for the
conservation of native amphibians in the Willamette Valley
and other western lowlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1589. Amphibian occurrence and wetland characteristics in the Puget Sound Basin.
Richter, Klaus O. and Azous, Amanda L.
Wetlands 15(3): 305-312. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: breeding habitat/ hydrology/ land use/ predation/ vegetation class
Abstract:
We studied the pattern of amphibian distributions within 19 wetlands of
the Puget Sound Basin in King County, Washington State from 1988 through 1991. Amphibian richness was
compared to wetland size, vegetation classes, presence of bullfrog and
fish predators, hydrologic characteristics of water flow, fluctuation,
and permanence, and land use. Low velocity flow and low fluctuation
were correlated with high species richness. Seasonal persistence of
water was unrelated to species richness. Wetland size, distance to
other wetlands favorable for breeding, fish and bullfrog predators, and
the number of vegetation classes found at a wetland were unrelated to
total number of species. Increasing mean water-level fluctuation and
percent watershed urbanization were correlated with low species
richness. Small and structurally simple wetlands often have high value
amphibian habitat, and traditional reliance on wetland size and broad
vegetation classes without site-specific studies should be avoided when
assessing habitat value for amphibians.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1590. An analysis of economic incentives in wetlands policies addressing biodiversity.
Fernandez, L.
Science of the Total Environment (1-3): 107-122. (1999)
NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: Special issue: Managing for biodiversity for the protection of nature; doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00311-3.
Descriptors: wetlands/
biodiversity/ policies/ restoration/ environmental protection/ economic
analysis/ environmental economics/ legislation/ nature conservation/
environmental restoration/ simulation/ California/ resources
management/ wildlife habitat/ costs/ evaluation process
Abstract:
This paper offers an economic analysis of economic incentives within
the Habitat Conservation Plan and Wetlands Mitigation Bank policies.
Both policies are relatively new policies for protection and
restoration of ecosystems such as wetlands that support biodiversity.
The components of the policies such as the measures of success,
conversion of biological units into economic units, and timing of the
actions by policymakers and landowners influence the incentives to
carry out protection and restoration. A stochastic optimal control
model is developed which incorporates ecological uncertainty of
wetlands restoration. The model helps in examining the decisions of how
much to invest in a wetlands mitigation bank or habitat conservation
plan. The model is calibrated with data from California
bioeconomic parameters. Numerical simulation of the model provides a
sensitivity analysis of how model parameters of restoration costs,
stochastic biological growth, discount rate, and the market value of
credits affect the trajectory of investment and the optimal stopping
state of wetlands quality when the investment ends. The analysis
reveals that more restoration will occur when there is a
reduction
in restoration costs, an increase in biological uncertainty or an
increase in the value of wetlands credits. Continued restoration is
harder to justify at a higher discount rate and cost.
© ProQuest
1591. Analysis of wetland trends and management alternatives for Georgia.
Woolf, S. W. and Kundell, J. E.
Atlanta:
Environmental Resources Center, Georgia Institute of Technology; Report No. Erc 01-85, 1985. 154 p.
Descriptors: wetlands/
coastal marshes/ Georgia/ land use/ salt marshes/ alternative planning/
drainage/ erosion/ estuaries/ flood control/ forest management/
marshes/ soils/ urban runoff/ vegetation/ water management/ waterfowl
Abstract: Georgia
is experiencing ' Sunbelt ' population growth
and expansions in agricultural and forestry production resulting in
increased pressure to convert wetlands to other uses. An analysis was
undertaken of data generated by the Fish & Wildlife Service 's
National Wetland Inventory, Georgia Department of Natural Resource
's Landsat Land use study, and Soil Conservation Service 's
National Resources Inventory. Wetland acreage, distribution, types, and
trends were identified for Georgia. A review of case law and
statutory law was conducted and wetland management activities of
federal, state, and local governments were determined. Alternative
management strategies were identified for Georgia. (Woolf-U. GA)
© ProQuest
1592. Anthropogenic correlates of species richness in southeastern Ontario wetlands.
Findlay, C. S. and Houlahan, J.
Conservation Biology 11(4): 1000-1009. (Aug. 1997)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: wetlands/
plant populations/ community composition/ man-induced effects/
anthropogenic factors/ species diversity/ plants/ roads/ forestry/
Vertebrata/ Canada, Ontario/ species richness/ forest practices/
vertebrates/ conservation/ mechanical and natural changes/ water and
plants
Abstract: We
examined the relationship between the richness of four different
wetland taxa (birds, mammals, herptiles, and plants) in 30
southeastern Ontario, Canada wetlands and two anthropogenic
factors:
road construction and forest removal/conversion on adjacent lands. Data
were obtained from two sources: road densities and forest cover from
1:50,000 Government of Canada topographic maps and species lists and
wetland areas from Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources wetland
evaluation reports. Multiple regression analysis was used to model the
relationships between species richness and wetland area, road density,
and forest cover. Our results show a strong positive relationship
between wetland area and species richness for all taxa. The species
richness of all taxa except mammals was negatively correlated with the
density of paved roads on lands up to 2 km from the wetland.
Furthermore, both herptile and mammal species richness showed a strong
positive correlation with the proportion of forest cover on lands
within 2 km. These results provide evidence that at the landscape
level, road construction and forest
removal on adjacent lands pose significant risks to wetland
biodiversity. Furthermore, they suggest that most existing wetland
policies, which focus almost exclusively on activities within the
wetland itself and/or a narrow buffer zone around the wetland
perimeter, are unlikely to provide adequate protection for wetland
biodiversity.
© ProQuest
1593. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape.
Mensing, D. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R.
Journal of Environmental Management 53(4):
349-377. (1998)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797
Descriptors: wetlands/
assessment/ land use/ fish/ aquatic invertebrates/ riparian vegetation/
effects/ biodiversity/ landscape/ land resources/ resource
conservation/ resource management/ riparian forests/ biological
indicators/ human activity/ forestry practices/ birds/ Amphibia/
Minnesota/ disturbance/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ animals
Abstract:
The present study explores the relationships between riparian wetland
communities and anthropogenic disturbances, including urban, forestry
and cultivated land. Small stream riparian wetlands in central Minnesota, USA, provided an opportunity to detect these
relationships because land use within the region is heterogeneous,
resulting in disturbance gradients at the scales of stream reach and
landscape. The research tested 2 hypotheses: organismal groups (wet
meadow vegetation, shrub carr vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates,
amphibians, fish and birds) respond differently to various types of
anthropogenic disturbance; and the observed biological responses are
dependent on the spatial scale of the disturbance. It was shown that
birds were the best indicators of landscape condition within the near
vicinity of small stream riparian wetlands, and fish community
composition corresponded to broader landscape land use patterns. It is
suggested that the type of anthropogenic disturbance and the spatial
scale at which the disturbance occurs will have variable consequences
to different organismal groups. If the effectiveness of the proposed
indicators is verified, then managers can strategically monitor the
biota and accurately interpret the results. The strength and
interpretability of bird and fish relationships to land use of riparian
wetlands suggest that indicator and criteria development are warranted.
© CABI
1594. Anuran call surveys on small wetlands in Prince Edward Island, Canada restored by dredging of sediments.
Stevens, C. E.; Diamond, A. W.; and Gabor Shane, T. S.
Wetlands 22(1): 90-99. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: anuran
call survey/ marsh monitoring program/ NAWMP/ small wetlands/ wetland
restoration/ abundance estimation/ amphibians/ habitat restoration/
species occurrence/ wetland/ Canada/ Bufo americanus/ Pseudacris
crucifer/ Rana clamitans/ Rana pipiens/
Rana sylvatica
Abstract:
In 1990, the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP)
implemented a small-wetland restoration program in Prince Edward Island
(PEI), Canada. Wetlands were restored by means of dredging
accumulated sediment and organic debris to create open water and
emulate pre-disturbance conditions. Three call surveys were conducted
in the spring and summer of 1998 and 1999 to estimate abundance and
occurrence of spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), wood frogs (Rana
sylvatica), northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). American toads (Bufo
americanus), and green frogs (Rana clamitans) on
restored
and reference wetlands. Numbers of species calling and abundance
indices of northern leopard frogs, green frogs, and spring peepers were
significantly higher on restored versus reference wetlands. The number
of species calling in restored wetlands was positively correlated with
proximity to freshwater rivers; in refernce wetlands, the number was
positively associated with proximity with forested perimeters and area
of open water. Occurrence of calling green frogs in restored wetlands
was positively correlated with percent cattail and, in reference
wetlands, with proximity to other wetlands. Our results suggest that
small wetland restoration projects may be a good conservation tool for
anurans. We recommend further research on reproductive success and on
local population trends in restored wetlands to determine if
restoration is beneficial for anurans on PEI.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1595. Aquatic invertebrate and plant responses following mechanical manipulations of moist-soil habitat.
Gray, M. J.; Kaminski, R. M.; Weerakkody, G.;
Leopold, B. D.; and Jensen, K. C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(3): 770-779. (1999)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: aquatic invertebrates/ hydrophytes/ Mississippi/ moist-soil management/ waterfowl habitat/ wetland management
Abstract:
Managers mow, disk, and till moist-soil habitats to set back succession
and increase interspersion of emergent vegetation and water for migrant
and wintering waterbirds. We evaluated effects of autumn applications
of these manipulations on aquatic invertebrates and moist-soil plants
during 2 subsequent winters and growing seasons, respectively, at
Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, Mississippi. Greatest seed mass
was in tilled and disked plots in 1993 (P≤0.008) and in tilled plots
in 1994 (P≤0.008). Plant species diversity generally was greatest in
tilled plots in both years (P≤0.05). Mowed and control plots
produced greatest aquatic invertebrate mass in winter 1992-93
(P≤0.025) and diversity in both winters (P≤0.01). Invertebrate
mass and plant standing crop generally did not differ among treatments
in winter 1993-94 and both years, respectively. We recommend autumn
tilling in small moist-soil habitats to increase plant species
diversity and seed yield. For large-scale management, disking may be
more practical than tilling and would likely yield similar plant
responses. We recommend autumn mowing if moist-soil habitats exist in
early seral stages and contain desirable seed-producing plants that are
robust and do not readily topple following flooding to create open
water areas for waterbirds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1596. Aquatic invertebrate responses to timber harvest in a bottomland hardwood wetland of South Carolina.
Batzer, D. P.; George, B. M.; and Braccia, A.
Forest Science 51(4): 284-291. (2005)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: wetlands/
lowland forests/ hardwood forests/ logging/ clearcutting/ Aedes/
Culicidae/ community structure/ indicator species/ environmental
impact/
South Carolina
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1597. Aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in mitigated and natural wetlands.
Balcombe, C. K.; Anderson, J. T.; Fortney, R. H.; and Kordek, W. S.
Hydrobiologia 541(1): 175-188. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10750-004-5706-1.
Descriptors: invertebrates/
macroinvertebrates/ mitigation wetland/ wetland construction/ wetlands/
wildlife/ biodiversity/ biomass/ composition/ ecosystems/ ocean
habitats/ quality assurance/ wetlands/ human disturbances/
macroinvertebrates/ mitigation/ quality habitat/ lakes/
macroinvertebrate/ species richness/ wetland/ West Virginia/ Annelida/
Anura/ Invertebrata/ Isopoda/ Oligochaeta (Metazoa)/ Physidae/
Planorbidae
Abstract:
Many wetlands have been constructed in West Virginia as mitigation
for a variety of human disturbances, but no comprehensive evaluation on
their success has been conducted. Macroinvertebrates are extremely
valuable components of functioning wetland ecosystems. As such, benthic
and water column invertebrate communities were chosen as surrogates for
wetland function in the evaluation of 11 mitigation and 4 reference
wetlands in West Virginia. Mitigation wetlands ranged in age from 4 to
21 years old. Overall familial richness, diversity, density and biomass
were similar between mitigation and reference wetlands (p > 0.05).
Within open water habitats, total benthic invertebrate density was
higher in reference wetlands, but mass of common taxa from water column
samples was higher in mitigation wetlands (p < 0.05) Planorbidae
density from benthic samples in emergent habitats was higher in
reference than mitigated wetlands. Benthic Oligochaeta density was
higher across open water habitats in mitigation wetlands. All other
benthic taxa were similar between wetland types. Among the most common
water column orders, Isopoda density was higher in reference wetlands,
but Physidae density was higher in mitigation wetlands. Within
mitigation wetlands, emergent areas contained higher richness and
diversity than open areas. These data indicate that mitigation and
reference wetlands generally support similar invertebrate assemblages,
especially among benthic populations. The few observed differences are
likely attributable to differences in vegetative community composition
and structure. Mitigation wetlands currently support abundant and
productive invertebrate communities, and as such, provide quality
habitat for wetland dependent wildlife species, especially waterbirds
and anurans. © Springer 2005.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1598. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity of playa wetlands: The role of landscape and island biogeographic characteristics.
Hall, D. L.; Willig, M. R.; Moorhead, D. L.; Sites, R. W.; Fish, E. B.; and Mollhagen, T. R.
Wetlands 24(1): 77-91. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
macrofauna/ species diversity/ biogeography/ community composition/
ecology/ fauna/ biodiversity/ aquatic organisms/ life history/
regression analysis/ Texas/ Texas, Southern High Plains/ landscape
ecology/ island biogeography
Abstract: Wetland
habitats continue to be lost at a unsettling rate, especially
freshwater emergent wetlands that are isolated geographically. These
are the predominant wetlands found in arid and semi-arid environments,
where they serve as foci of regional biodiversity. This is especially
true of the playa wetlands of the Southern High Plains
of Texas, USA. The factors that determine and maintain biotic
diversity in
these wetlands are understood poorly. Consequently, this study examined
the effect of island biogeographic and landscape features on the
diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in playa wetlands.
Macroinvertebrates were collected from playas three times during the
spring and summer of 1994 and categorized as resident or transient taxa
based on life history strategies. Diversity was estimated using
taxonomic richness (richness) and Fisher's log-series alpha (alpha).
Surrounding land-use practices influenced resident richness, whereas
playa surface area affected resident and transient richness, as well as
resident alpha . However, relationships differed among sampling dates.
Regression analyses suggested that transient richness and alpha were
influenced more by insular characteristics than by landscape features.
The converse was true for resident richness and alpha . Therefore, both
insular and landscape characteristics affected the diversity of
macroinvertebrates in playa wetlands, but impacts were dependent on
life-history strategy and time since inundation (i.e., sampling date).
Consequently, conservation and management efforts targeting
macroinvertebrates in playa wetlands will need to focus on the wetlands
and characteristics of adjacent watershed features.
© ProQuest
1599. Assessing conservation trade-offs: Identifying the effects of flooding rice fields for waterbirds on non-target bird species.
Elphick, C. S.
Biological Conservation 117(1): 105-110. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00264-7.
Descriptors: agriculture/ California, Central Valley/ landbird/ passerines/ raptors/
arable land/ avifauna/ conservation management/ ecological impact/
flooding/ nontarget organism/ trade-off/ waterfowl
Abstract:
I examined how winter flooding of post-harvest rice fields - a
management practice used to benefit waterbirds - affects field use by
other birds. In addition to waterbirds previously studied, I recorded
56 bird species in rice fields. Of these, five were more abundant in
flooded fields, ten were more abundant in unflooded fields, no
difference was detected for 19, and the remainder were too rare to draw
any conclusions. Species that were more common in unflooded fields were
all carnivorous or granivorous in winter, whereas species that were
more common in flooded fields were mostly insectivores commonly
associated with aquatic habitats. The net effects of the responses by
individual species were fewer raptor species in flooded fields, but no
difference in the species richness of other landbirds. Winter flooding
potentially has negative effects for some birds, but has no discernible
effects on most species studied and may benefit some passerines.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1600. Assessing drought-related ecological risk in the Florida Everglades.
Smith, S. M.; Gawlik, D. E.; Rutchey, K.; Crozier, G. E.;
and Gray, S.
Journal of Environmental Management 68(4):
355-366. (2003)
NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6 ; ISSN: 03014797.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0301-4797(03)00102-6.
Descriptors: drought/
Everglades/ fire/ risk assessment/ wading birds/ drought/ environmental
management/ environmental stress/ wader/ water management/ drought
stress/ environmental impact assessment/ risk assessment/ birds/
ecosystem/ models, theoretical/ natural disasters/ water supply/ United
States
Abstract:
In the winter-spring of 2001, South Florida experienced one of the
worst droughts in its recorded history. Out of a myriad of ecological
concerns identified during this time, the potential for catastrophic
peat fire and negative impacts to wading bird reproduction emerged as
critical issues. Water managers attempted to strike a balance between
the environment and protection of water supplies for agriculture and
urban interests. It became evident, however, that a broad-scale,
integrated way to portray and prioritise ecological stress was lacking
in the Florida Everglades, despite this being considered a necessary
tool for addressing issues of environmental protectioh. In order to
provide a framework for evaluating various water management operations
using real-time information, we developed GIS-based indices of
peat-fire risk and wading bird habitat suitability. These indices,
based on real physical, chemical, and biological data, describe two
ecological conditions that help define the physical and biological
integrity of the Everglades. In addition to providing continuous,
updated assessments throughout the drought period, we incorporated
predictive models of water levels to evaluate how various water
management alternatives might exacerbate or alleviate ecological stress
during this time.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1601. Assessing salt marsh harvest mouse movements during high tides, San Pablo Bay, California.
Hulst, Miriam D.; Hall, Linnea S.; Morrison, Michael L.; and Bias, Michael L.
Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 37: 88-91. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK351.W523; ISSN: 0893-214X
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ distribution within habitat/ brackish habitat/
abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land and freshwater zones/
Reithrodontomys raviventris (Muridae): habitat management/ salt marsh
levee/
diked areas/ restoration/ zonation/ winter high tides/ water movements/
California/ Sonoma County/ San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge/
Muridae/ Rodentia, Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1602. Avian and amphibian use of fenced and unfenced stock ponds in northeastern Oregon forests.
Bull,
E. L.; Deal, J. W.; and Hohmann, J. E. USDA Forest
Service Rocky Mountain Research Station; PNW-RP-539, 2001. 9 p.
NAL Call #: A99.9 F7625Uni no. 539
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2964
Descriptors: amphibians/ birds/ livestock grazing/ northeastern Oregon/ stock ponds
Abstract:
The abundance of birds and amphibian larvae was compared between
fenced and unfenced stock ponds in 1993 to determine if fencing
improved the habitat for these species in northeastern Oregon.
Stock ponds that were fenced had significantly higher densities of bird
species, guilds, and taxonomic groups than stock ponds that were
unfenced. No differences in the relative abundance of larvae of Pacific
treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla) or long-toed salamanders (Ambystoma
macrodactylum) were found between fenced and unfenced ponds. Fencing at
least a portion of stock ponds in forested areas provides habitat for a
greater diversity and abundance of birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1603. Avian communities in forested riparian wetlands of southern Michigan, USA.
Inman, Rainy L.; Prince, Harold H.; and Hayes, Daniel B.
Wetlands 22(4): 647-660. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biogeography: population studies/ modeling/ mathematical and computer
techniques/ avian community/ breeding status/ floodplain/ forested
riparian wetlands/ plant species dominance/ plant species richness/
plant species structure/ species composition/ vegetation composition/
vegetation structure/ wetlands ecology
Abstract:
Descriptive studies are an important first step in developing
assessment models for regional wetland subclasses. Objectives of this
study were to gather benchmark information on the composition and
structure of vegetation from minimally impacted riparian forested
wetland sites in Michigan, USA, and to determine if species
composition of the breeding bird community and relative densities of
individual species varied among riparian and adjacent upland forest
zones. Plant species richness, dominance, and structure differed
greatly between floodplain wetlands and uplands and were similar among
zones within floodplain forests. Of 54 breeding bird species recorded
through point count surveys (1998-99), 39 were observed in both
floodplain and upland forests, while 11 were found only in floodplains
and 4 solely in the uplands. Detectable patterns of avian density
across riparian and upland forest zones were evident for 31 breeding
species. Most species preferred areas closest to the river over other
zones, although a few species were more prevalent within interior
floodplains or uplands as compared to riverside forests. Forested
riparian wetlands in this region act as essential breeding habitats for
many avian species not
often
found in upland areas and are especially important for obligate
riparian species and rare or declining breeding birds observed within
our sites. These results are consistent with many studies
across North America, where riparian forests have been found to
support
disproportionately large numbers of breeding bird species as compared
to more xeric forests and other upland habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1604. Avian communities of created and natural wetlands: Bottomland forests in Virginia.
Snell Rood, Emilie C. and Cristol, Daniel A.
Condor 105(2): 303-315. (May 2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: Aves/
habitat management/ created vs. natural forest wetland communities/
community structure/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ created
vs. natural forest wetlands/ Virginia/ Chowan River Basin/ community
structure in created vs. natural forest wetlands/ conservation
significance
Abstract:
The federal government requires those who destroy wetlands to preserve,
restore, or create new ones with the goal of no net loss of wetlands.
In the summer of 2000, we tested whether forested wetlands created an
average of 8 years earlier had developed avian communities similar to
natural wetlands of the same age in southeastern Virginia. We
compared six created wetlands to five natural (reference) wetlands that
had undergone ecological succession after clearcutting. We also created
a trajectory of expected avian community development by comparing 20
reference wetlands, logged 1-25 years earlier, to mature forested
wetlands that had not been logged for 50 years or more. Created
wetlands had significantly lower avian richness and diversity, and a
different community composition, than reference wetlands. These
differences were likely due to the fact that created wetlands supported
low numbers of the expected passerine species. In addition, natural
wetlands supported species of higher conservation concern, as measured
by Neotropical migratory status, trophic level, habitat specificity,
and wetland dependency. The trajectory of avian community development
indicated that the created wetlands were developmentally behind
reference wetlands or were following a different developmental
trajectory altogether. We hypothesize that the differences between
created and reference forested wetlands were due to unnatural patterns
of hydrology or retarded vegetation development on created wetlands. It
should not be assumed that created forested wetlands can provide full
ecosystem replacement for natural forested wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1605. Avian response to nutrient enrichment in an oligotrophic wetland, the Florida Everglades.
Crozier, Gaea E. and Gawlik, Dale E.
Condor 104(3): 631-642. (Aug. 2002)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: Aves/
community structure/ wetland community response to nutrient enrichment/
semiaquatic habitat/ oligotrophic wetland/ fertilizer and pesticide
pollution/ fertilizers and pesticides/ phosphates/ Florida/ North
Everglades/ community response to nutrient enrichment
Abstract:
We studied the effects of nutrient enrichment on the bird community in
an oligotrophic wetland, the Florida Everglades. Among the non-wading
birds surveyed in 1996 and 1997, Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major)
and Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) were consistently more
abundant in enriched sites, whereas Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis
trichas) were consistently more abundant in unenriched sites. The
abundance of Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was not
significantly different between enriched and unenriched sites. Among
wading birds, Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) and Great Egrets
(Ardea alba) were significantly more abundant in enriched than
unenriched areas in a dry year, 1991. Great Egrets and all wading
species combined were significantly more abundant in enriched than
unenriched areas in the wet year, 1995. Great Blue Herons (Ardea
herodias) and White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) did not differ in
abundance between enriched and unenriched areas in the dry or wet year.
A significant interaction between water depth and nutrient status in
the wet year indicated that wading bird abundance increased with water
depth only in nutrient-enriched areas presumably because the enriched
areas had greater food availability than unenriched areas at the same
water depth. Bird abundance appeared to increase in nutrient-enriched
areas; however, this increase was accompanied by a shift in species
composition typically found in the unenriched Everglades and was a
fundamental change in the Everglades' distinctive structure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1606. Avian response to vegetative pattern in playa wetlands during winter.
Smith, L. M.; Haukos, D. A.; and Prather, R. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(2): 474-480. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Hemi-marsh/ Playas/ Southern High Plains/ waterfowl/ wetlands/ Calcarius mccownii
Abstract:
Breeding-bird communities inhabiting northern prairie wetlands have
been shown to have higher densities and diversities in wetlands with a
well-interspersed 50:50 vegetative cover:water ratio than in those
wetlands with a higher or lower proportion of cover. Potential reasons
for such a response include increased food or visual isolation and
spacing of breeding birds. We manipulated coverwater ratios (75:25,
50:50, 25:75) in Southern Great Plains playas and examined avian
response (i.e., species richness, non-waterfowl bird density, and
waterfowl density) to these patterns in winter. We found the highest
species richness and generally the highest waterfowl densities in the
50:50 cover:water treatment. Because the amount of vegetative food was
similar among treatments and waterfowl inhabiting playas during winter
are forming pair bonds, it is most likely that the optimal edge and
visual isolation provided in the 50:50 cover:water treatment
contributed to its high use and richness. Nonwaterfowl bird density was
not different among the treatments. Many nonwaterfowl birds using
playas in winter, such as McCown's longspur (Calcarius mccownii), occur
as nonbreeding feeding flocks, are not forming pair bonds, and likely
are not responding to particular cover:water treatments. Playa wetland
biologists should create a well-interspersed 50:50 cover:water ratio to
optimize waterfowl use and avian species richness.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1607. Avian use of natural and created salt marsh in Texas, USA.
Darnell, Traci M. and Smith, Elizabeth H.
Waterbirds 27(3): 355-361. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: Aransas National Wildlife Refuge/ artificial salt marsh island/ intertidal area/ natural salt marsh island
Abstract: Bird
use of three created salt marsh islands, constructed from dredged
material near the Aransas National Wildlife
Refuge, Texas, USA, was compared with that of natural marsh
to provide feedback
prior to additional marsh construction. Habitat associations of four
bird groups (shorebirds, perching birds, wading birds, and gulls and
terns) were similar in all sites, but relative contributions of each
group to total avian abundance differed. Differences in site-use by
birds were largely explained by differences in ratios of available
habitat types, which were products of their geomorphic designs. Created
marsh designs differed substantially from the natural marsh, where the
unvegetated exposed-substrate and shallow-water habitats preferred by
waterbirds were prominent features. The oldest created site (four years
old) differed most from the natural marsh. Intertidal areas in the site
were almost completely overgrown by vegetation, resulting in dominance
of the avian assemblage by perching birds (especially grackles,
Quiscalus spp.) rather than waterbirds. In the newer created sites (two
years old), where vegetation had not completely overgrown the
intertidal areas, avian assemblages were more typical of the natural
marsh. However, vegetation cover was expanding in these sites, causing
a reduction in waterbird habitat area. Efforts to ensure availability
of unvegetated habitat in created sites will improve their structural
similarity to natural marsh in the study area, and will likely increase
their functional similarity for avian species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1608. Avifauna associated with ephemeral ponds on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee.
Scheffers, B. R.; Harris, J. B. C.; and Haskell, D. G.
Journal of Field Ornithology 77(2): 178-183. (2006)
NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 02738570.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00039.x.
Descriptors: aerial invertebrates/ avian diversity/ hardwood forest/ point count/ vernal pool/ wetland
Abstract:
Although ephemeral ponds act as small hotspots of plant, invertebrate,
and salamander diversity, the importance of such ponds for birds has
been little studied. We hypothesized that ephemeral ponds on the
Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee would support a greater abundance,
richness, and diversity of birds than the surrounding hardwood forests.
In 2004, we recorded all birds seen or heard in 10 min within 50-m
radius circles at 25 ephemeral ponds. We repeated the counts at control
sites located 150 m from each pond in the surrounding forest. To
quantify potential food availability, we captured aerial invertebrates
using sweep nets at four points around a subsample of eight ephemeral
ponds and at an equal number of control sites. We found significantly
greater bird abundance, richness, and species diversity at ephemeral
ponds than at control sites, and that pond area was not associated with
either bird abundance or richness. Bird community composition at pond
and control sites was similar. Aerial invertebrates were significantly
more abundant at
ephemeral
ponds than at adjacent forest sites, providing one possible explanation
for greater bird abundance at ephemeral ponds. ©2006 Association
of Field Ornithologists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1609. Avifauna of agricultural wetlands on three farms in eastern South Dakota.
Kirschenmann, Thomas R.; Hubbard, Daniel E.; and Rickerl, Diane H.
South Dakota Academy of Science: Proceedings 79:
183. (2000)
NAL Call #: 500 SO82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ farmland/ status/ wetlands/ lowlands/ Aves/ numerical studies
Abstract:
In this study, the authors evaluated the avian use of wetlands on three
farms each using a different agricultural management system: a
conventional system (CON), an organic system (ORG), and transitional
no-till system (TNT). Waterfowl pair abundance varied for
individual species on individual wetland classes (temporary, seasonal,
and semipermanent water regimes) both between systems and between years
in 1993 and 1994. Total waterfowl pair abundance was generally
higher in temporary wetlands on the ORG and/or TNT farming systems
depending on year; however, it was higher in seasonal and semipermanent
wetlands on the CON farming system. Species richness was
typically higher on the ORG system for individual wetland classes when
all wetland classes were combined. Abundance of non-waterfowl
breeding birds, both individual species and total birds was typically
higher on the ORG and/or TNT farming systems. The authors
conclude that they could not detect any consistent trends in avian use
between systems. Due to the inherent variation between the
wetland numbers, sizes and habitat conditions among the farms, the
influence of the type of systems, if any, were observed.
© NISC
1610. The avifauna of an agricultural wetland complex in the western Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana, USA.
Musumeche, Michael J.; Huner, Jay V.; Mikuska, Tibor; Richard, Gregory; and Leonard, Billy
Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 64:
22-37. (2002); ISSN: 0096-9192
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat
management/ seasonal abundance relationships/ checklists/ seasonal
checklist/ population dynamics/ seasonal abundance/ semiaquatic
habitat/ agricultural wetland/ species survey and seasonal abundance/
cultivated land habitat/ Louisiana/ St. Landry Parish/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1611. The avifauna of constructed treatment wetlands in south Florida used for Everglades restoration.
Chimney, Michael J. and Gawlik, Dale E.
Florida Field Naturalist 35(1): 9-21. (2007);
ISSN: 0738-999X
Descriptors: habitat/
land zones/ semiaquatic habitat/ stormwater treatment wetlands/
annotated checklists/ community structure/ man-made habitat/ Florida/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Constructed treatment wetlands invariably create wildlife habitat
(Kadlec and Knight 1996, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1999,
Knight et al. 2001). Habitat improvement can be dramatic, especially
when these systems are built on degraded areas such as farm fields
(Hickman 1994). The South Florida Water Management District (SF-WMD)
and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have built a complex of large
treatment wetlands, known as Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs), on
reclaimed farmland in south Florida as part of a multi-billion dollar
effort by State and Federal governments to protect and restore the
Everglades (Chimney and Goforth 2001, Sklar et al. 2005, SFWMD 2006).
Current plans call for the STAs to encompass more than 17,000 ha. These
wetlands were designed to treat and reduce high phosphorus
concentrations in stormwater runoff from the Everglades Agricultural
Area (EAA) before this water enters the northern portion of the
remaining Everglades, the Water Conservation Areas (WCAs) (Fig.
1). The STAs have attracted a high abundance and diversity of wildlife
species, including many birds. This paper presents a checklist of the
avifauna found in two of the STAs and compares STA bird community
composition and species richness with regional and other treatment
wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1612. Balancing
wildlife needs and nitrate removal in constructed wetlands: The case of
the Irvine ranch water district's San Joaquin Wildlife
Sanctuary.
Fleming Singer, Maia S. and Horne, Alexander J.
Ecological Engineering 26(2): 147-166. (2006)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/ habitat/ land zones/ Aves:
disturbance by man/ wetland construction for nitrate removal vs
wildlife requirements/ habitat management/ community structure/ habitat
preference/ semiaquatic habitat/ California/ Irvine/ San Joaquin
Wildlife Sanctuary/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
The San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary (SJWS), Irvine, CA, is a 32 ha
series of shallow ponds created to maximize nitrate removal rates while
maintaining 90% open water and episodically exposed shoreline for avian
habitat. Design elements created non-ideal denitrification conditions
by diminishing an organic carbon source (emergent vegetation) and
increasing sediment exposure to oxygen. SJWS aqueous nitrogen and avian
data (1999-2002) were analyzed to discern whether design and operating
conditions allowed for simultaneous nitrate removal and diverse,
abundant avian habitat. Average TIN removal efficiency was 80% while
average TN removal efficiency was 60%; the difference reflects Org-N
production in the marsh. Based on Chl-a measurements, roughly 40% of
Org-N produced in the system was present as algae. The highest annual
nitrate removal rates occurred April-May (350-500 mg/m2/d) and September-October (250-425 mg/m2/d).
First order rate constants ranged 30.7-47.5 m year-1. Seasonal
plantings of barnyard grass (Echinocloa crus-galli) were intended to
serve as a carbon amendment for denitrification, however, there was no
difference in nitrate removal between amended and non-amended
conditions, likely because data averaging obscured a small, localized
enhancement signal. Average avian species richness was high, ranging
between 65 and 76 species
month-1,
while average relative abundance was mid-range, at 65-83 birds ha-1
month-1. Birds observed included common and rare species. © 2005
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1613. Behavior of migrant shorebirds in playas of the Southern High Plains, Texas.
Davis, Craig A. and Smith, Loren M.
Condor 100(2): 266-276. (1998)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: activity budget/ fall/ feeding/ playas/ sleeping/ spring/ shorebirds/ Southern High Plains/ Texas
Abstract:
Playas in the Southern High Plains (SHP) are important for migrant
shorebirds, but the functional role of playas to migrant shorebirds is
not clearly understood. We conducted diurnal time-activity budgets on
American Avocets (Recurvirostra americana), Long-billed Dowitchers
(Limnodromus scolopaceus), Least Sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), and
Western Sandpipers (C. mauri) in spring and fall 1993 and 1994 in 69
play as on the SHP of Texas. During both seasons, Least and
Western Sandpipers spent 70-80% of their time feeding. Long-billed
Dowitchers spent 77% of their time feeding in spring, but spent more
time sleeping and less feeding in fall. American Avocets spent 41-50%
of their time feeding and 34-40% of their time sleeping during each
season. All four species spent minimal time engaged in locomotion, body
maintenance, alert, and aggressive behaviors. American Avocets and
Long-billed Dowitchers fed most during the midday and late periods and
slept most during the early period. Least Sandpipers fed most during
the early period, whereas feeding activities of Western Sandpipers
remained 70-80% throughout the day. Each of these species use different
behavioral strategies in response to such factors as migration
distances, energetic needs, differential predation, nocturnal foraging,
and diet. Playas appear to serve as important intermediate stopover
sites for shorebirds during migration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1614. Benthic
invertebrates at foraging locations of nine waterbird species in
managed wetlands of the northern San Joaquin Valley, California.
Safran, R. J.; Isola, C. R.; Colwell, M. A.; and
Williams, O. E.
Wetlands 17(3): 407-415. (1997)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
San Joaquin Valley/ invertebrates/ forages/ water depth/ site
selection/ water birds/ benthic fauna/ midges/ aquatic habitat/
oligochaetes/ ecology/ zoobenthos/ aquatic birds/ habitat selection/
food availability/ Invertebrata/ California
Abstract:
The ecologies of waterbirds are closely tied to the distribution and
abundance of food resources. For many species of waterfowl and
shorebirds, benthic invertebrates (especially Chironomidae) are an
important dietary component that influences habitat selection.
Consequently, we sampled benthic invertebrates and measured water depth
at foraging locations of nine waterbird species and paired random sites
in the Grasslands of the northern San Joaquin Valley, California, USA from January to April 1994
and
1995. Our resulting habitat-selection models indicate significant
differences in benthic invertebrate densities or biomasses at foraging
and random locations for three of nine species and significant
differences in water depths between foraging and random locations for
four of nine species. Additionally, we observed significant
interspecific differences in water depths at foraging locations -
shorebirds used shallow habitats (<10 cm), whereas most waterfowl
species foraged in deep water (>20 cm). Waterfowl foraged over a
wider range of water depths than shorebirds, indicating greater
behavioral flexibility in habitat use. Our results indicate that
selection of foraging habitat by smaller bodied waterbirds, including
dowitchers, dunlin, western sandpiper, and least sandpiper is strongly
influenced by water depth, which mediates the availability of benthic
invertebrates. Additionally, foraging site selection of more mobile
taxa that are able to forage in a wide range of water depths, including
northern shoveler and American green-winged teal, is influenced by
invertebrate biomass. The broad range of water depths used by waterfowl
and the relatively restricted depths used by shorebirds indicate that
water depth can be manipulated to benefit a multitude of waterbird
species.
© ProQuest
1615. Best management practices and drought combine to silence the Illinois chorus frog in Arkansas.
Trauth, Joy B.; Trauth, Stanley E.; and Johnson, Ronald L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(2): 514-518. (June 2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5.
Notes: Commentary.
Descriptors: amphibiotic
species/ droughts/ environmental protection/ habitat/ life span/ nature
conservation/ rare species/ recruitment/ reproduction/ vulnerability/
wetlands/ wildlife
Abstract:
A primary threat to amphibians in North America is the loss of
wetland areas used for reproduction, especially small, temporary, and
isolated wetlands. The Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris streckeri
illinoensis) is particularly vulnerable and exists today in a highly
fragmented distribution limited to a few isolated populations in Arkansas, Illinois, and Missouri. Precision
land-leveling combined with seasonal drought conditions has resulted in
a significant population decline and range contraction for this species
in Arkansas. Distributional surveys conducted from 1987 through
2004 indicate a 61% range contraction from a maximum of 59 km2 to a current range of approximately 23 km2.
Additionally, there has been a lack of recruitment the past 2 years for
a species that typically possesses a 2–3-year lifespan. Because
the Clean Water Act will only protect isolated vernal pools if the
continued existence of a threatened or endangered species is
jeopardized, the future of this subspecies of chorus frog
in Arkansas is both tenuous and problematic. In the absence of
immediate protection and habitat modification through the
reintroduction of depressions, we argue extirpation of this species
in Arkansas may be imminent. The increasing use of precision
land-leveling may have implications for other amphibian species
worldwide.
© ProQuest
1616. Best management practices to enable the coexistence of agriculture and the Everglades environment.
Izuno, F. T.; Rice, R. W.; and Capone, L. T.
HortScience 34(1): 27-33. (1999)
NAL Call #: SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345
Descriptors: agriculture/
swamps/ ecosystems/ crop management/ environmental protection/
geographical variation/ drainage/ habitats/ farms/ pumps/ fertilizers/
low input agriculture/ Florida
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1617. Biological diversity of created forested wetlands in comparison to reference forested wetlands in the Bay watershed.
Perry, M. C.; Osenton, P. C.; and Stoll, C. S.
In:
Proceedings of the conference: Conservation of biological diversity: A
key to the restoration of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and beyond.
Therres, G. D. (eds.); pp. 261-268; 2001.
Descriptors: wetlands/
ecosystems/ forests/ amphibiotic species/ aquatic reptiles/ aquatic
birds/ aquatic mammals/ population structure/ species diversity/
biodiversity/ dominant species/ nature conservation/ habitat
improvement/ comparative studies/ watersheds/ Anura/ Scaphiopus
holbrookii/ Peromyscus leucopus/ Microtus pennsylvanicus/ Plethodon
cinereus/ Rana sylvatica/ Hemidactylium scutatum/ Maryland/ eastern
spadefoot toad/ habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife
management and recreation
Abstract:
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were surveyed at six
created forested wetlands in central Maryland and at six adjacent
reference forested wetlands during 1993-1996 to determine comparative
biological diversity of these habitats. Amphibians and reptiles were
caught in pitfall and funnel traps associated with 15.4-m (50-ft) drift
fences. Birds were surveyed with a complete count while walking through
each area. Mammals were surveyed by capture in live traps. More species
and total individuals of amphibians were caught on the reference
wetlands than on the created wetlands. The red-backed salamander
(Plethodon cinereus), the four-toed salamander (Hemidactylium
scutatum), the eastern spadefoot (Scaphiopus holbrooki), and the wood
frog (Rana sylvatica) were captured on the reference wetlands, but not
on the created sites. The wood frog was captured at all reference sites
and may represent the best amphibian species to characterize a forested
wetland. Reptiles were not caught in sufficient numbers to warrant
comparisons. Ninety-two bird species were recorded on created sites and
55 bird species on the reference sites. Bird species on the created
sites represented those typically found in nonforested habitats. Mammal
species were similar on both sites, but overall the reference sites had
three times the number caught on created sites. The meadow vole
(Microtus pennsylvanicus) was the dominant species captured on created
sites, and the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was the
dominant species on reference sites, with little habitat overlap for
these two species. Although species richness and total number of
animals were high for created forested wetlands, these survey results
show major differences from species expected for a forested wetland. The created forested
wetlands appear to provide good habitat for wildlife, but are probably
not providing the full functions and values of the forested wetlands
that they were constructed to re.
© ProQuest
1618. Biological responses to wetland restoration: Implications for wildlife habitat development through the Wetlands Reserve Program.
Rewa, C.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA-NRCS-WHMI.
Madison, MS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000;
pp. 95-116.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Wetlands Reserve Program/ wetlands/ riparian areas/ wildlife habitats/ California/ Mississippi
1619. Bird community patterns of spring-seasonal and semi-permanent wetlands in the Sacramento Valley, California.
Harris, P. Dawn
Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, 2001.
Descriptors: seasonal wetlands/ restoration/ birds/ California/ community patterns/ Sacramento Valley
1620. Bird-habitat relationships in a Texas estuarine marsh during summer.
Weller, M. W.
Wetlands 14(4): 293-300. (1994)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: birds/
habitats/ estuarine environment/ marshes/ flooding/ species diversity/
wildlife management/ salt marshes/ plant populations/ rainfall/ habitat
utilization/ summer/ habitat selection/ environment management/ marine
birds/ ecological zonation/ Texas/ Aves/ San Bernard National Wildlife
Refuge
Abstract:
Birds were surveyed during summer 1985 in five adjacent saline
vegetation zones and during summers 1986 and 1991 in 6 adjacent
vegetation zones on the San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge on the
upper Texas Coast. Although 66 bird species were
recorded, numbers and species varied among years, and only 17 were
nesting species. A few bird species used all vegetation types at some
time, but most were limited by vegetation structure or water presence.
Olney's three-square bulrush (Scirpus olneyi), saltgrass (Distichlis
spicata), and mudflats were especially favored feeding and resting
areas in response to periodic flooding and had the greatest frequency
of use as well as species richness. Reduced rainfall and water depths
during 1986 were reflected in a change toward birds favoring drier
conditions. Heavy rainfall in 1991 decreased diversity but increased
usage and favored freshwater and swimming birds. Although tidally
influenced wetlands often are considered uniform, dynamic water and
salinity regimes observed along this coast must be considered in the
design of any management or conservation program.
© ProQuest
1621. Birds in North American Great Lakes coastal wet meadows: Is landscape context important?
Riffell, S. K.; Keas, B. E.; and Burton, T. M.
Landscape Ecology 18(2): 95-111. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1024411218155.
Descriptors: birds/
Great Lakes coastal wetlands/ landscape context/ Michigan/ principal
component analysis/ regression analysis/ wet meadows/ wetland
conservation and management/ abundance/ avifauna/ conservation status/
landscape/ patch use/ species richness/
wetland management
Abstract:
Landscape context can influence species richness, abundance, or
probability of patch-use by birds. Little is known, however, about the
effects of landscape context on birds in wetland-dominated landscapes.
This lack of knowledge is alarming because many wetlands are threatened
by development and other human impacts, while serving critical
functions as migratory, breeding and foraging habitat. To address this
lack of knowledge, we censused birds in North American Great Lakes
coastal wet meadows located along the northern Lake Huron
shoreline in Michigan (USA) during 1997 and 1998. Using a suite of
multivariate techniques, we first accounted for effects of area and
within-patch habitat characteristics before testing for effects of
landscape context. Most bird variables were significantly related to
landscape context, and two major patterns were apparent. First, avian
species richness, abundance, and probability of patch-use by some
species were higher for wet meadows located in complex contexts
(adjacent to many patch types) compared to simpler contexts (adjacent
to only one patch type). Second, these variables were higher for wet
meadows located in wetland contexts compared to contexts that were
terrestrial and road-impacted, dominated by open water habitats, or
dominated by forested wetland habitats. Conservation plans for wetlands
have focused on saving large wetlands and creating the vegetative
habitat structure required by birds, but they should go further and
explicitly consider the landscape context of wetlands as well.
Specifically, wetlands located in complex and/or wetland contexts
should have a higher conservation value than similar wetlands located
in simpler, more terrestrial contexts.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1622. Black duck pair and brood abundance before and after wetland stabilisation.
Seymour, N. R.; Thabane, L.; and Lane, M.
Wildfowl 53: 119-125. (2002)
NAL Call #: SK351.W575; ISSN: 09546324
Descriptors: distribution/ ducks/ habitat/ wildlife management/ abundance/ habitat management/ stabilization/ waterfowl/ wetlands
Abstract:
Changes in the abundance of Black Duck pairs and broods in four
manipulated wetlands and 52 reference wetlands were compared. There was
an increase in the number of pairs and broods at manipulated sites
following manipulation, while unstabilised sites experienced a decline
in bird numbers during the same period. However, there were no
significant differences in brood sizes or hatching success either at
manipulated or reference sites. The results have implications for
current management practices regarding stabilisation processes as a
means to increase species abundance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1623. Black tern colonization of a restored prairie wetland in northwestern Minnesota.
Delehanty, David J. and Svedarsky, W. Daniel
Prairie Naturalist 25(3): 213-218. (1993)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ behavior/ colonization/ ecosystems/ nests-nesting/ prairies
© NISC
1624. Bottomland hardwood forest management for black bears in Louisiana.
Weaver, K. M.; Tabberer, D. K.; Moore, L. U.;
Chandler, G. A.; Posey, J. C.; and Pelton, M. R.
In:
Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference Southeastern Association of
Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Richmond, Va.; Vol. 44:
Southeastern Association of Fish
and Wildlife Agencies; pp. 342-350; 1990.
NAL Call #: SK1.S6
Descriptors: telemetry/ forest practices/ techniques/ Louisiana/ Northeast Region
Abstract:
Recommendations were outlined for bear habitat management based
on a review of the literature and preliminary evidence from ongoing
studies that were developed in concert with the Tensas River National
Wildlife Refuge Forest Habitat Management Plan.
© NISC
1625. Bottomland
hardwoods of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley:
Characteristics and management of natural function, structure, and
composition.
Hamel, Paul B. and Foti, Thomas L.
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station; GTR-SRS-042,
2001. 109 p.
NAL Call #: aSD143.G46 no. 42
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/2474
Descriptors: bottomland
hardwoods/ forest history/ mammals/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ old growth/ songbirds/ wetland restoration
Abstract:
A symposium entitled "Bottomland hardwoods of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: characteristics and
management of natural function, structure, and composition" convened on
October 28, 1995, as part of the Natural Areas Conference, October
25-28, 1995, In Fayetteville, AR. The symposium's goal was to provide
information that managers need to begin restoring the composition,
structure, and function of off rest ecosystems in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Included in the
proceedings from that symposium are 8 of 13 presentations. These
peer-reviewed contributions address historical conditions of forests in
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (two papers), historical changes that
are reflected in today's forests (one paper), the effect of historic
and prehistoric rainfall patterns (one paper), forest fauna in the
region (two papers), the effect of herbivory on forest vegetation (one
paper), and management of bottomland hardwood forests for multiple
outputs (one paper). A ninth paper, concerning characteristics of
old-growth forests, is a posthumous submission authored by Dr. James T.
Tanner; and the tenth paper was published in another venue. The
intended audience of these proceedings includes managers of private,
State, and Federal lands, as well as land management planners from a
range of jurisdictions.
1626. Breeding bird communities of recently restored and natural prairie potholes.
Delphey, P. J. and Dinsmore, J. J.
Wetlands 13(3): 200-206. (1993)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
droughts/ aquatic birds/ reclamation/ community composition/
comparative studies/ environmental restoration/ Aves/ Iowa/
natural wetlands/ environmental restoration/ aquatic birds/
reclamation/ comparative studies
Abstract:
We compared the breeding bird communities of natural and recently
restored prairie potholes in northern Iowa in 1989 and 1990.
Species richness of breeding birds was higher (P < 0.05) at natural
wetlands, although duck pair counts and species richness were not
significantly different between wetland types (P > 0.1). Common
yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), red-winged blackbird (Agelaius
phoeniceus), marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), and swamp sparrow
(Melospiza georgiana) were each more abundant at natural than at
restored wetlands during at least one year (P < 0.05). Brown-headed
cowbirds (Molothrus ater) parasitized a significantly greater
proportion of red-winged blackbird nests at natural than at restored
wetlands. Incomplete development of typical vegetation structure
evidently depresses bird species richness at recently restored prairie
potholes. Drought the year before and during the first year of our
study undoubtedly affected our results. Similar studies should be
conducted during periods of relatively high precipitation to complement
our results.
© ProQuest
1627. Breeding ducks and their habitats in the High Plains of Texas.
Ray, James D.; Sullivan, Brian D.; and Miller, Harvey W.
Southwestern Naturalist 48(2): 241-248. (2003)
Descriptors: roadside
survey: applied and field techniques/ central flyway/ breeding areas/
impoundments: habitat/ occupancy rates/ playa lakes: habitat/ ponds:
habitat/ species density
Abstract:
The High Plains of Texas is one of the southernmost nontraditional
breeding areas for many duck species in North America. Because of
a paucity of information on breeding ducks there, we conducted roadside
surveys of breeding ducks and their habitats during May and June from
1988 through 1992. Breeding pairs of 15 species were observed on 6
types of ponds (natural and man-made wetlands containing surface
water). Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) density ranged from 9.1 to 23.1
pairs/100 km2, and density for all species combined ranged from 14.8 to 46.7 pairs/100 km2
(all years and survey periods included). Occupancy rates were highest
on playa lakes and impoundments, though all pond types had occupancy
rates exceeding 26% (all surveys and years). Duck pairs per occupied
pond were highest on playa lakes (>7 and >4 on May and June
surveys, respectively), followed by impoundments (> 5 and > 2)
and entrenched draws (>2 and >3). Although the density of
breeding pairs in the High Plains of Texas (47 pairs/100 km2)
is generally lower than in prominent nesting areas (e.g., >200 in
the San Luis Valley. CO; >600 in central Montana; >2,000 in California; >4,000 in the Prairie
Pothole Region),
information
reported here further confirms the use of the Playa Lakes Region by
breeding ducks and illustrates its importance as a major habitat area
for waterfowl in the Central Flyway.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1628. Breeding ecology and nesting habitat associations of five marsh bird species in western New York.
Lor, Socheata and Malecki, Richard A.
Waterbirds 29(4): 427-436. (Dec. 2006)
NAL Call #: QL671
Descriptors: birds/ wildlife habitat/ breeding/ nesting/ marshes/ New York
Abstract:
Nesting habitats and nest success of five species of marsh birds were
studied during 1997 and 1998 at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge
(NWR) and the adjacent Oak Orchard and Tonawanda State Wildlife
Management Areas (WMA) located in western New York. Nest searches
located 18 American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), 117 Least Bittern
(Ixobrychus exilis), 189 Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), 23
Sora (Porzana carolina), and 72 Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola)
nests. Average nest densities in 1998, our best nest searching year,
ranged from 0.01/ha for Soras (N = 8) to 0.28/ha for Pied-billed Grebes
(N = 160). Mayfield nest success estimates for Least Bittern were 80%
(N = 16) in 1997 and 46% (N = 37) in 1998. Nest success estimates were
72% (N = 55) for Pied-billed Grebe, 43% (N = 6) for Sora, and 38% (N =
20) for Virginia Rail. Nests of all five species were located in 70%
emergent vegetation with a mean water depth of 24-56 cm and an average
vegetation height that ranged from 69-133 cm. Logistic regression
models were developed for each species using habitat variables at nest
and random site locations. Each model was ranked with Akaike's
Information Criterion for small sample size (AICc). In general, our
best models indicated that increased emergent vegetation and horizontal
cover with shallow water depths improved the odds of encountering marsh
bird nests in the wetlands of western New York. We suggest that
managing wetlands as a complex, at different stages of succession,
would best benefit marsh bird species.
© ProQuest
1629. Breeding season bird use of restored wetlands in eastern Maryland.
Muir Hotaling, N. E.; Kuenzel, W. J.; and Douglass, L. W.
Southeastern Naturalist 1(3): 233-252. (2002)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 15287092
Descriptors: Aves/ Maryland/ breeding/ surveys/ wetland restoration/ birds/ habitat selection
Abstract:
We evaluated breeding season (May-July) bird species richness,
abundance, and diversity in 21 restored wetlands and several associated
habitats (woodlots, cultivated and uncultivated fields, and hedgerows)
on Maryland's Eastern Shore over two years. Ninety-seven bird
species were encountered over all habitats, while 72 of these species
were found in wetlands. Of those birds found in wetlands, 35 species
(49%) were wetland dependent and 13 species (18%) were breeding.
Wetland-dependent, shorebird, and total species richness and bird
abundance were lowest in fields and highest in restored wetlands. Total
avian abundance and species richness in woodlots were similar to values
in restored wetlands, but species composition differed. The density of
individuals and of species was highest in hedgerows and restored
wetlands. Bird abundance, species richness, and diversity were higher
in restored wetlands in the second year of the study. Richness showed
no regression relationship (p > 0.05) with
either
site age or cover-to-water ratio. Restored emergent marshes in
eastern Maryland provide habitat for wetland birds, but benefits
must be
weighed against the loss of bird use in habitats converted into a
wetland.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1630. Breeding-season survival of mallard females in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada.
Devries, J. H.; Citta, J. J.; Lindberg, M. S.; Howerter, D. W.; and Anderson, M. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 67(3): 551-563. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: abdominal
implants/ Alberta/ Anas platyrhynchos/ known fate models/ mallard/
Manitoba/ NAWMP/ Prairie Pothole Region/ predation/ radiotelemetry/
Saskatchewan/ survival probability/ breeding season/ female/ habitat
restoration/ radiotelemetry/ survival/ waterfowl/ wetland/ Canada/ Anas
platyrhynchos
Abstract:
As part of the Prairie Habitat Joint Venture (PHJV) Habitat Assessment
Project, we radiomarked and tracked daily 2,249 female mallard ducks
(Anas platyrhynchos) in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of Canada. We conducted our study at 19 different 54- to 78- km2
sites for 1 year per site from 1993 to 1998. We estimated female
survival probability during the 90-day period following arrival on the
breeding area and employed information-theoretic approaches to select
among competing models that described factors affecting survival
probability. We investigated the relationship between female survival
and 3 periods of the nesting season, female age (yearling vs. older),
upland habitat treatments, longitude, and habitat variables. Our model
estimates of female survival probability ranged between 0.62 (SE =
0.028) and 0.84 (SE = 0.018) and averaged 0.76 (SE = 0.004) for the
90-day period. The best approximating model
indicated
that female survival was (1) lowest when most females were nesting, and
(2) depended on longitude and percent wetland habitat such that
survival was lowest at western sites with low wetland densities.
Management efforts to reduce wetland loss, especially in western
regions of the Canadian PPR, may positively influence female survival.
Upland habitat restorations designed to improve nest survival may not
have a concurrent impact on female survival unless a significant
portion of the nesting population is affected.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1631. Breeding
waterbird wetland habitat availability and response to water-level
management in Saint John River floodplain wetlands, New Brunswick.
Connor, K. J. and Gabor, S.
Hydrobiologia 567(1): 169-181. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0051-1.
Descriptors: brood-rearing habitat/ floodplain/ waterbird/ waterfowl/ wetland
Abstract:
Wetland management by the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture (EHJV) has
focused primarily on water level control to increase the amount of
available brood-rearing habitat for waterfowl along the Saint John
River floodplain in New Brunswick. Impounded wetlands make up
approximately 13% of the Saint John River Floodplain complex. Study
objectives included an evaluation of waterfowl brood, and wetland
obligate bird use of impoundments and seasonally flooded wetlands
within the Saint John River floodplain. Historical water level
data and a GIS wetlands inventory were used to estimate the duration of
flooding on seasonally flooded wetland habitats, and the distribution
and relative amount of brood-rearing habitat throughout the breeding
period by region. Aerial brood surveys and call response surveys were
used to estimate the relative abundance of waterfowl broods and
breeding wetland obligate birds respectively. The overall density of
waterfowl broods was greater on impoundments than on seasonally flooded
wetlands during both years of study but varied by site. Mean species
richness of wetland obligate birds was significantly greater on
impoundments than on seasonally flooded wetland habitat. Generally, use
of seasonally flooded wetlands by wetland obligate birds during late
summer declined while the use of impoundments increased. Current
habitat management for waterfowl appears to be compatible with habitat
requirements of wetland obligate birds by increasing the availability
of interspersed open water and emergent vegetation throughout the
breeding season. A watershed-based analysis of wetland habitat suggests
future wetland management should focus on enhancing current
impoundments within the Saint John River floodplain. Resources
must be secured for maintenance and water level manipulation within
existing managed wetlands rather than the construction of additional
impoundments. Further evaluation of the distribution of wetland habitat
types in the province is essential to identifying focus areas for
waterbird conservation throughout NB. © Springer 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1632. Carbon, plant, and temperature control of nitrate removal from wetland mesocosms.
David, Mark B.; Gentry, Lowell E.; Smith, Karen M.; and Kovacic, David A.
Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 90
(3-4): 103-112. (1997)
NAL Call #: 500 IL6; ISSN: 0019-2252
Descriptors: biochemistry
and molecular biophysics/ conservation/ pollution assessment control
and management/ wildlife management: conservation/ agricultural non
point source pollution/ bioprocess engineering/ carbon availability/
constructed wetlands/ nitrate/ pollution/ temperature/ tile drainage
waters
Abstract: Constructed
wetlands have been developed to remove agricultural
non-point source pollution from tile drainage waters in
the Midwest, but their effectiveness and function are not known.
This study investigated the interaction of C availability and temperature on
NO-3-
removal from water columns in a constructed wetland. Experimental
mesocosms (20.32 cm diameter PVC pipes) were buried upright to a depth
of 15 cm into wetland sediments to enclose a 7.5 L water column (23 cm
depth). Six mesocosms were placed in areas with bare soil and six were
placed in areas supporting reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea).
Treatments were either NO-3- additions (10 mg NO -3-N L
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1633. Carrying capacity and diel use of managed playa wetlands by nonbreeding waterbirds.
Anderson, J. T. and Smith, L. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(2): 281-291. (1999)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: wetlands/
management/ habitat utilization/ carrying capacity/ flooding/ ecosystem
management/ migratory species/ playas/ activity patterns/ nighttime/
daytime/ diurnal variations/ aquatic birds/ nature conservation/
Southern High Plains/ waterfowl/ monitoring/ habitats/ species
diversity/ soil management/ seeds/ invertebrates/ Aves/ Texas/ New
Mexico/ birds/ winter/ moist-soil management practices
Abstract:
Playa wetlands on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New
Mexico provide essential wintering habitat for migratory waterbirds.
Moist-soil management practices have been implemented in playas, yet no
variations on the timing of management have been attempted. In
addition, previous evaluation of wetland management has considered only
diurnal use by waterfowl and has not considered invertebrates. We
compared waterbird diversity, waterfowl abundance, and waterfowl
carrying capacity based on seeds and invertebrates among playas varying
in flooding date (September vs. November) and management regimes
(moist-soil managed vs. unmanaged) during nocturnal and diurnal periods
during the winters of 1994-1995 and 1995-1996. Waterbird species
richness and diversity were greater in November flooded, moistsoil
managed than in September flooded, managed; September flooded,
unmanaged; and November flooded, unmanaged playas. Waterfowl were more
abundant in November flooded, moist-soil managed playas than in the
other treatments, and counts were 10.5 times higher during nocturnal
than diurnal counts. Evaluation of moist-soil management using diurnal
counts only showed no waterfowl-use benefit. Carrying capacity, based
on seed biomass, was greater in managed than in unmanaged playas.
Potential use days, using invertebrate abundance, was higher in playas
flooded in September than in
November.
Moist-soil management of playas is effective in increasing waterbird
diversity and waterfowl abundance. If the main purpose is to evaluate
effectiveness of wetland management for waterfowl, then monitoring of
nocturnal and diurnal use is essential.
© ProQuest
1634. Carrying capacity of wetland habitats used by breeding greater snow geese.
Masse, H.; Rochefort, L.; and Gauthier, G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(2): 271-281. (Apr. 2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wetlands/
carrying capacity/ grazing/ wildlife management/ Canada, Nunavut/
population number/ breeding sites/ herbivores/ food availability/
ecosystem management/ environment management/ Chen caerulescens
atlantica/ Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I./ greater snow goose/ management/
population dynamics/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract: Because
geese can damage their arctic breeding habitats through
overgrazing, there is debate about limiting the rapid growth of the
greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) population and setting
a population goal. To answer these questions, we assessed the
nutritional carrying capacity of freshwater wetland habitats for
breeding greater snow geese at the Bylot Island
colony, Nunavut, Canada. Specifically, we (1) mapped the
different
types of wetlands on the island; (2) estimated net aboveground primary
production of these habitats; (3) compared total food availability with
predicted total food requirements of the current population; and (4)
validated our predictions of plant biomass consumed by comparing them
to the intensity of goose grazing measured. Freshwater wetlands
represented 173 ± 6 km2
or 11% of the total area of the south plain of Bylot Island. Streams and wet polygons were the most important habitats
in terms of availability of suitable forage plants for geese. The
average net aboveground primary production ranged from 21.0 ±
4.6 along lakes to 46.0 ± 9.8 g/m2
in polygon channels. We estimated the total food supply available for
geese in wetlands at 2,625 ± 461 tons in 1997 but only 1,247
± 473 tons in 1996, a year of low plant production. We predicted
a summer food requirement for goslings at 8.1 ± 0.6 kg/bird, for
breeding adults at 7.9 ± 2.3, and for nonbreeding adults at 4.7
± 1.5, and we predicted the total summer food requirements of
the goose population at 1,201 ± 160 tons. The predicted amount
of biomass removed (32 ± 7%) agreed well with the actual amount
of biomass removed measured in mid-August (39 ± 11%) in 1997,
but not in 1996 (67 ± 27% vs 26 ± 17%, respectively),
possibly because the goose population was lower that year due to poor
breeding success. In 1997, the goose population was at 46 ± 10%
of the theoretical short-term carrying capacity (341,000 geese) of the
wetlands of Bylot Island. We recommend keeping the goose
population below this theoretical carrying capacity.
© ProQuest
1635. Cattail distribution and abundance in North Dakota.
Ralston, S. T.; Linz, G. M.; Bleier, W. J.; and Homan, H. J.
Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 45: 21-24. Jan. 2007).
http://skralston.com/Scott/Downloads/ Ralston%20JAPM21-24.pdf
Descriptors: wildlife habitat/ cattails/ habitat management/ North Dakota
Abstract:
Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North Dakota
provide important habitats for a plethora of invertebrate and
vertebrate animals. Since 1991, glyphosate-based
(N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) herbicides have been used to manage dense
cattail (Typha spp. L.) stands on 29,522 ha of wetlands in the PPR to
disperse blackbird roosts. Limited information exists on the abundance
and distribution of this important habitat. We took aerial photographs
and used geospatial analysis tools to identify wetland basins and
cattail coverage on randomly selected sample sites within the PPR. We
found that average wetland density and size were 13 wetlands/km 2 and
1.1 ha, respectively. Average wetland size was 1.1 ha; whereas,
wetlands with cattails averaged 2.4 ha. Cattail was most commonly found
in palustrine systems, semi-permanent wetlands, and wetlands with
surface water throughout the growing season. Our data showed that
current cattail management activities annually impact <1% of the
total wetland acreage. The affects of these management actions on
wildlife populations, however, are largely unknown.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1636. Cattle grazing mediates climate change impacts on ephemeral wetlands.
Pyke, Christopher R. and Marty, Jaymee
Conservation Biology 19(5): 1619-1625. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: climatic
changes/ grazing/ feeding behavior/ amphibiotic species/ environmental
impact/ wetlands/ resource management/ vulnerability/ rare species/
hydrology/ environmental effects/ precipitation/ reproduction/
conservation/ temperature effects/ Ambystoma californiense/ Caudata/
California/
California tiger salamander
Abstract:
Climate change impacts depend in large part on land-management
decisions; interactions between global changes and local resource
management, however, rarely have been quantified. We used a combination
of experimental manipulations and simulation modeling to investigate
the effects of interactions between cattle grazing and regional climate
change on vernal pool communities. Data from a grazing exclosure study
indicated that 3 years after the removal of grazing, ungrazed vernal
pools dried an average of 50 days per year earlier than grazed control
pools. Modeling showed that regional climate change could also alter
vernal pool hydrology. Increased temperatures and winter precipitation
were predicted to increase periods of inundation. We evaluated the
ecological implications of interactions between grazing and climate
change for branchiopods and the California tiger salamander
(Ambystoma californiense) at four sites spanning a latitudinal climate
gradient. Grazing played an important role in maintaining the
suitability of vernal pool hydrological conditions for fairy shrimp and
salamander reproduction. The ecological importance of the interaction
varied nonlinearly across the region. Our results show that grazing can
confound hydrologic changes driven by climate change and play a
critical role in maintaining the hydrologic suitability of vernal pools
for endangered aquatic invertebrates and amphibians. These observations
suggest an important limitation of impact assessments of climate change
based on experiments in unmanaged ecosystems. The biophysical impacts
of land management may be critical for understanding the vulnerability
of ecological systems to climate change.
© ProQuest
1637. Changes in piping plover nesting habitat availability at Great Plains alkaline wetlands, 1938-1997.
Root, Brian G. and Ryan, Mark R.
Wetlands 24(4): 766-776. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: alkaline
wetland/ fire frequency/ flooding impact/ ground water hydrology/
livestock grazing intensity/ long term recovery/ nesting habitat
availability/ surface water level/ total beach habitat/ vegetation
encroachment
Abstract: Alkaline
wetland beaches provide crucial habitat for breeding piping
plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the northern Great Plains of
the United States and Canada. Vegetation encroachment has
been
identified as a potential threat that decreases alkaline beach habitat
availability, but the long-term status of these breeding habitats has
not been evaluated. We measured vegetation changes at two North
Dakota alkaline wetland complexes from 1938 to 1997. Total beach
habitat, including lower beaches that were impacted by flooding, varied
substantially among years based on changes in surface-water levels.
Quantities of upper-beach habitats, which were not affected by
inundation, were negatively correlated with precipitation amounts
during the previous five-year periods. We measured declines in
upper-beach habitat averaging 0.89 ha/yr and 0.20ha/yr at our two
wetland complexes from 1938 to 1997, suggesting that long-term changes
in factors other than precipitation (e.g., ground-water hydrology,
livestock grazing intensity, or fire frequency) may be negatively
affecting beach availability. Vegetation reduction may be critical to
long-term recovery of threatened piping plovers in the Great
Plains.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1638. Changes in species diversity in peatlands drained for forestry.
Vasander, Harri; Laiho, Raija; and Laine, Jukka
In:
Northern forested wetlands: Ecology and management/ Trettin, Carl C.;
Jurgensen, Martin F.; Grigal, David F.; and Gale, Margaret R.
Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc., 1997; pp. 109-119.
Notes:ISBN:
1566701775. Meeting paper: International Symposium on the Ecology
and Management of Northern Forested Wetland, Traverse
City, Michigan, USA; Cochrane, Ontario, Canada;
August 24-31, 1994.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
forestry/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ northern
forested wetland/ peatland drainage/ species diversity
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1639. Changes in vernal pool edaphic settings through mitigation at the project and landscape scale.
Wacker, M. and Kelly, N. M.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(3): 165-178. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 09234861
Descriptors: California/ HGM/ mitigation/ regulation/
vernal pools/ wetlands
Abstract:
Vernal pool mitigation is a highly controversial process that has been
frequently criticized for its inability to adequately replicate the
ecosystem functions of the original intact wetlands. We analyzed past
mitigation practices in two rapidly growing counties in California's
Great Central Valley to determine if mitigation procedures are
re-arranging the vernal pool landscape by substituting more common or
less ecologically significant pool types (as defined by soil type and
geomorphology) for rarer or ecologically richer pool types. Results
indicate that most development projects impacting vernal pools conduct
at least a portion of their mitigation requirements at a site with
similar edaphic settings. However, when examined at a landscape-scale
across all development projects, the more common edaphic settings such
as Northern Hardpan and Low Terrace pools are increasing while more
rare types such as Northern Claypan and Volcanic Mudflow pools are
decreasing. Results also show that Drainageway pools, a
less-specialized pool type with generally lower species richness, are
becoming more common through mitigation. These results are confirmed by
an analysis of landscape
diversity,
which showed that overall landscape diversity was lower at mitigation
sites than at project sites. Despite these results, the ecological
significance of vernal pool mitigation practices remains unclear for
several reasons. The lack of maps showing exact locations of vernal
pools at project sites make it difficult to precisely determine vernal
pool acreage and distribution among edaphic settings. Additionally,
more research is needed to determine precise relationships between
edaphic settings and species distributions and the effects of
mitigation area management practices on species distribution and
persistence.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1640. Chironomidae (Diptera) and vegetation in a created wetland and implications for sampling.
Streever, W. J.; Evans, D. L.; Keenan, C. M.; and
Crisman, T. L.
Wetlands 15(3): 285-289. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
sampling/ vegetation patterns/ artificial wetlands/ ecosystems/
vegetation cover/ habitat improvement (physical)/ habitat improvement
(biological)/ ecological associations/ invertebrates/ habitats/
Diptera/ Chironomidae/ Florida/ artificial wetlands/ vegetation
cover/ habitat improvement (physical)/ habitat improvement
(biological)/ ecological associations/ invertebrates/ habitats/
vegetation patterns/ Diptera/ Chironomidae
Abstract:
Although invertebrate communities are used in the evaluation of created
freshwater wetlands, spatial patterns of invertebrate community
structure are frequently ignored. Invertebrate distributions are
generally associated with plant community distribution in natural
aquatic ecosystems. In this study, 180 core samples were collected to
examine associations between chironomoid (Diptera) genera and emergent
vegetation communities in a single created freshwater herbaceous
wetland in central Florida. Three of the five common genera were
significantly more abundant (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) in
areas with greater than 50% cover by emergent vegetation than in open
water, but no differences were found between areas dominated by
Pontederia cordata and areas dominated by mixed emergent vegetation.
Samples from an area of open water and an area with over 80% cover by
P. cordata showed significant differences in abundances of all common
chironomid genera (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test). Results
suggest that sampling designs for studies comparing benthic
invertebrate communities from natural and created wetlands should
consider the possible associations between vegetation and invertebrate
communities.
© ProQuest
1641. Coastal wetlands of the Upper Great Lakes: Distribution of invertebrate communities in response to environmental variation.
Gathman, Joseph P.; Burton, Thomas M.; and
Armitage, Brian J.
In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.;
Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 949-994.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ population density/ coastal wetland fauna/ distribution within habitat/
semiaquatic
habitat/ wetland communities/ environmental variables/ abiotic factors/
coastal wetlands/ water movements/ Great Lakes/ North America
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1642. Collaborative planning for wetlands and wildlife: Issues and examples.
Porter, Douglas R. and Salvesen, David.
Washington, DC: Island Press; 293 p. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH76.C65 1995; ISBN: 1559632879.
Descriptors: Wetland conservation---United States---Planning
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1643. Colonization of herpetofauna to a created wetland.
Toure, T'shaka A. and Middendorf, George A.
Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 38(4):
99-117. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL640.M3; ISSN: 0025-4231
Descriptors: behavior/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ dipnetting/
applied and field techniques: drift fence array/ applied and field
techniques: frog cell/ applied and field techniques: funnel trapping/
applied and field techniques: pitfall trapping/ applied and field
techniques/ clay substrates/ colonization/ conservation biology/
created wetlands: habitat/ flooded areas/ forests: habitat/
hydroperiods/ species diversity/ terraced sites/ vegetation density/
waterbodies
Abstract:
The colonization by amphibians and reptiles of a newly created wetland
was investigated at a site along Sands Road in Davidsonville, Anne Arundel County, MD. This 52-hectare artificial
wetland was constructed in a gradient design that resulted in four
distinct terraced sites that temporarily retain rainwater. This
palustrine wetland site, surrounded by an emergent, young, shrub-scrub,
forested area, is characterized by the appearance of shallow
temporarily flooded areas over a clay substrate that remains wet even
during the driest periods of the year with a groundwater depth less
than 1.5 m. The adjacent natural forest bordering the Patuxent River served as a natural indicator of
amphibian and reptile activity and a source for site colonization. The
created wetland site was monitored over two field seasons (March
through September 1995-96) using linear transects, frog calls, drift
fence arrays, pitfall and funnel traps, and dipnets. Sampling,
conducted for 54 days revealed a total of twenty-eight species (16
amphibians and 12 reptiles). The colonization of this
created
wetland compared favorably in diversity to adjacent, natural forest.
Factors best explaining differences in herpetofaunal activity, across
the different sites within the created wetland, were density of
vegetation surrounding the waterbody and hydroperiod.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1644. Colonization of restored wetlands by amphibians in Minnesota.
Lehtinen, Richard M. and Galatowitsch, Susan M.
American Midland Naturalist 145(2): 388-396. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: aquatic vegetation cover/ colonization/ habitat suitability/ restored wetlands/ water chemistry
Abstract:
Twelve wetlands (7 recently restored; 5 reference) in central and
southern Minnesota were monitored during the 1998 breeding season to
assess colonization of recently restored wetlands by amphibians,
compare the amphibian fauna to that of reference wetlands and identify
important factors influencing the probability of colonization. Eight
amphibian species rapidly colonized recently restored wetlands and
established breeding populations. Reference wetlands were inhabited by
twelve species, including four not found in restored wetlands
(Ambystoma laterale, Notophthalmus viridescens, Pseudacris crucifer and
Rana clamitans). Most local habitat variables, such as water chemistry
or aquatic vegetation cover, were not influential in determining
species richness patterns in recently restored wetlands. Size and
spatial isolation of restored wetlands, however, were important
predictors of species richness. Habitat suitability also influenced the
probability of colonization for some species. The results of this study
indicate that restored wetlands are valuable habitat for at least a
subset of the amphibian fauna of this region and that wetland size,
isolation and habitat suitability all influence colonization success.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1645. Comparing ecological functions of natural and created wetlands for shorebirds in Texas.
Brusati, Elizabeth D.; DuBowy, Paul J.; and
Lacher, Thomas E.
Waterbirds 24(3): 371-380. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: fecal
analysis: analytical method/ fixed point observations: survey method/
inshore transects: survey method/ offshore transects: survey method/
chick provisioning/ diet/ estuaries: habitat/ food resource
partitioning/ foraging ecology/ habitat choice/ habitat differences/
intercolony differences/ piscivory/ prey choice/ satellite imagery/ sea
surface temperature/ stable isotope ratios/ water masses: delineation
Abstract: We
compared shorebird behavior, abundance and prey availability between
natural and created wetlands along the Gulf of
Mexico, Texas, USA. Locations included Aransas National
Wildlife Refuge, the
Nueces River Delta, and Mustang Island. Few significant
differences existed in invertebrate density or biomass between sites;
greater differences were found seasonally than between natural and
created sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling of avian abundance
separated Mustang Island from Nueces Delta. Cluster
analysis of behavior of Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola),
Long-billed Curlew (Numenius
americanus),
"peeps" (Calidris minutilla, C. pusilla), and Willet (Catoptrophorus
semipalmatus), showed no clear differences in their behavior on natural
and created sites. Mustang Island sites were more
similar to each other than to Nueces Delta. All created sites had
natural hydrology and tidal circulation, which appear to facilitate
invertebrate and avian recruitment.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1646. Comparison of avian communities on restored and natural wetlands in North and South Dakota.
Ratti, J. T.; Rocklage, A. M.; Giudice, J. H.; Garton, E. O.; and Golner, D. P.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 676-684. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: avian
community/ birds/ habitat/ North Dakota/ South Dakota/ waterfowl/
wetland restoration/ avifauna/ habitat restoration/ habitat use/
waterfowl/ wetland/
United States
Abstract:
We compared avian use of 39 restored and 39 natural wetlands in North
and South Dakota during spring and summer of 1997 and 1998.
Wetlands were widely distributed, but restored- and natural-wetland
pairs were from the same geographic locale and had similar
characteristics, including wetland size. We conducted paired
comparisons between restored and natural wetlands for wetland-bird
density, waterfowl-breeding pairs, and wetland-avian abundance, species
richness, and diversity. We also compared abundance, species richness,
and diversity of birds on upland areas adjacent to wetlands. Canada
goose (avian scientific names in Appendix A), mallard, redhead, and
ruddy duck had higher densities on restored wetlands. We failed to
detect differences in overall avian abundance, species richness, or
diversity, between restored and natural wetlands. We conclude that
restored wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region supported similar avian
communities with equal or higher abundances than those of natural
wetlands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1647. A
comparison of natural and created depressional wetlands in
central Oklahoma using metrics from indices of biological
integrity.
Hartzell, Dena; Bidwell, Joseph R.; and Davis, Craig A.
Wetlands 27(4): 794-805. (Dec. 2007)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47
Descriptors: Aves/ constructed wetlands/ depressional wetlands/ IBI/ macroinvertebrates/ natural wetlands/ seasonal differences/ vegetation
Abstract: Created
wetlands and water bodies that have wetland characteristics
(old farm ponds) appear to provide many of the habitat attributes of
natural systems. To compare the biological and physical characteristics
of natural and created wetlands, we evaluated water chemistry and a
suite of metrics associated with the plant, macroinvertebrate, and
avian assemblages at 12 natural and six created systems in
central Oklahoma. The natural wetlands had significantly shallower
depths
and higher turbidity levels than the created wetlands. Of 43 metrics
across the three biotic assemblages, seven were significantly different
between the two wetland types. The proportions of hemipteran insects
from the family Corixidae and insectivorous bird species were both
greater in natural than created wetlands. The proportion of perennial
plant species, the proportion of invertebrates in the shredder feeding
guild, the number of Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Sphaeridae, and
dragonfly (ETSD) taxa, the proportion of individuals in the dominant
bird taxa, and the proportion of avian edge species were all greater in
created wetlands than in natural wetlands. The community similarity
(based on Jaccard's similarity index) in the two wetland types was 38%
for plants, 56% for macroinvertebrates, and 65% for birds. For some
individual metrics, assemblage members had similar attributes (e.g.,
proportion of omnivorous taxa) although the specific taxa often
differed between natural and created wetlands. These differences may
influence the performance of certain assessment methods when they are
applied to created wetlands.
© ProQuest
1648. Comparison of wetland structure and function on grazed and ungrazed salt marshes.
Reader, Judy and Craft, Christopher
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 115(4):
236-249. (1999)
NAL Call #: 500 EL4; ISSN: 0013-6220
Descriptors: estuarine
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ backmarsh elevation/ benthic
community/ biomass: aboveground, belowground/ carbon: nitrogen ratio/
grazing effects/ herbivory/ nitrogen:phosphorus ratio/ primary
productivity/ salinity/ salt marshes/ soil development/ species
composition/ species density/ streamside elevation/ tidal inundation/
wetlands: function, structure
Abstract:
Macrophyte productivity, soil development, and benthic invertebrate
communities were compared on grazed and ungrazed salt marshes to
examine the effects of grazing by feral ponies on wetland structure and
function. The marshes had similar geomorphology (embayment), elevation
(streamside and backmarsh), tidal inundation (1 m), salinity (25-35
ppt), soil type (Carteret series), and plant species composition
(Spartina alterniflora Loisel) but differed with respect to the
presence or absence of ponies. Over a two year period, above and
belowground (0-30 cm depth) biomass were significantly lower in the
grazed marsh (aboveground = 196-400 g/m2, belowground = 828-1049 g/m2) than the ungrazed marsh (aboveground = 588-671 g/m2; belowground = 4,921-6,730 g/m2).
Reduction in Spartina biomass at the grazed marsh resulted in less soil
organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus than at the ungrazed marsh.
There was no difference in C:N ratios at the two marshes, but N:P
ratios were higher in the ungrazed marsh (9:1-19:1) than the grazed
marsh (6:1-11:1), suggesting that more N is available for marsh
organisms at the ungrazed site. Total benthic infauna density did not
differ between the grazed (31,265 organisms/m2) and ungrazed (45,511 organisms/m2) marshes. However, the density of subsurface deposit feeders was significantly lower in the grazed marsh (10,370 organisms/m2) than in the ungrazed marsh (16,877 organisms/m2),
perhaps as a result of lower soil organic matter and reduced food
availability. Our findings suggested that herbivory by feral ponies
co-ops primary productivity that would otherwise enter the detritus
based salt marsh food web. This hypothesis should be tested using
manipulative studies (e.g. exclosures) that exclude the ponies from
areas of the marsh.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1649. Composition of breeding bird communities in Gulf Coast Chenier Plain marshes: Effects of winter burning.
Gabrey, S. W. and Afton, A. D.
Southeastern Naturalist 3(1): 173-185. (2004)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 15287092
Descriptors: breeding
birds/ waterfowl/ prescribed burning/ marshes/ winter burns/ Agelaius/
Agelaius phoeniceus/ Ammodramus maritimus/ Anatidae/ Aves/ Emberizinae/
Icteridae/ Quiscalus major/ Spartina patens
Abstract:
Marsh managers along the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain frequently use winter
burns to alter marsh vegetation and improve habitat quality for
wintering waterfowl. However, effects of these burns on marsh avifauna
are not well documented. We recorded abundances of breeding bird
species and vegetation structure in burned and unburned control marshes
during one breeding season before (1996) and two breeding seasons after
(1997, 1998) experimental winter burns. We used non-metric
multidimensional scaling analysis to assess the extent and direction of
changes in bird community compositions of burned and unburned control
marshes and to investigate the influence of vegetation structure on
bird community composition. Overall, we found that Seaside Sparrows
(Emberizidae: Ammodramus maritimus [Wilson]) and Red-winged
Blackbirds and Boat-tailed Grackles (Icteridae: Agelaius phoeniceus
[L.] and Quiscalus major Vieillot, respectively) comprised > 85% of
observed birds. In burned marshes during the first breeding season
following experimental burns (1997), icterid abundance increased while
Seaside Sparrow abundance decreased relative to pre-burn (1996)
conditions. This pattern was reversed during the second breeding season
post-burn. No obvious patterns of change in avian abundance were
detected in unburned control marshes over the 3-year period.
Qualitative changes in breeding bird community composition were related
to effects of winter burning on percent cover of dead vegetation and
Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1650. Consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation for wetland amphibian assemblages.
Lehtinen, R. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R.
Wetlands 19(1): 1-12. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat changes/ conservation/ habitats/ amphibians/ land use/ marshes/
geographical information systems/ species extinction/ ecosystem
disturbance/ nature conservation/ Amphibia/ Minnesota/ amphibians/
habitat fragmentation
Abstract:
Landscape-level variables operating at multiple spatial scales likely
influence wetland amphibian assemblages but have not been investigated
in detail. We examined the significance of habitat loss and
fragmentation, as well as selected within-wetland conditions, affecting
amphibian assemblages in twenty-one glacial marshes. Wetlands were
located within urban and agricultural regions of central and
southwestern Minnesota, USA and were distributed across two
ecoregions: tallgrass prairie and northern hardwood forest. We surveyed
amphibian assemblages and used a geographic information system to
quantify land-use variables at three scales: 500, 1000, and 2500 m. Ten
species of amphibians were detected, the most abundant being Rana
pipiens, Ambystoma tigrinum, and Bufo americanus. Amphibian species
richness was lower with greater wetland isolation and road density at
all spatial scales in both ecoregions. Amphibian species richness also
had a negative relationship with the proportion of urban land-use at
all spatial scales in the hardwood forest ecoregion, and species
richness was greater in wetlands with fish and Ambystoma tigrinum.
These biotic relationships are less consistent and more difficult to
interpret than are land-use relationships. The data presented here
suggest that decreases in landscape connectivity via fragmentation and
habitat loss can affect amphibian assemblages, and reversing those
landscape changes should be an important part of a regional
conservation strategy.
© ProQuest
1651. Consequences of prairie wetland drainage for crustacean biodiversity and metapopulations.
Jenkins, D. G.; Grissom, S.; and Miller, K.
Conservation Biology 17(1): 158-167. (Feb. 2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: wetlands/
prairies/ drainage/ biological diversity/ metapopulations/ historical
ecology/ temporary ponds/ community composition/ freshwater
crustaceans/ species diversity/ historical account/ long-term records/
genetics/ population genetics/ species extinction/ man-induced effects/
land use/ agriculture/ Crustacea/ Illinois/ conservation/ mechanical
and natural changes
Abstract: Much
of Illinois was once wet prairie, dotted with ancient (ca.
10,000-year-old) ephemeral wetlands. Most wetland habitat (85%) was
converted to agriculture over a span of about 100 years (ca.
1850-1950). The consequences of this severe habitat fragmentation on
wetland communities and metapopulations are unknown. We studied
crustacean communities (weekly stovepipe samples throughout
hydroperiods) for 3 years in a set of extant ephemeral wetlands
in Illinois. We generated species-sites curves by rarefaction and
extrapolated those curves to conservatively estimate that 83-85
crustacean species may have inhabited approximately 4 million ephemeral
wetlands that once existed in Illinois; 8-9 crustacean species were
driven to extinction in Illinois during drainage; and 75-76 crustacean
species are extant in the few remaining ephemeral wetlands of Illinois.
We also conducted cellular automata simulations to examine the
potential effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of
extant crustacean metapopulation. Simulations indicated that conversion
of the former wet prairie to agriculture may have reduced crustacean
metapopulations to isolated populations that are more vulnerable to
future habitat loss. Despite severe habitat fragmentation, curvilinear
species-sites relationships suggest that the greatest extinction rates
have yet to occur for ephemeral wetland crustaceans. However, selection
for limited dispersal during habitat fragmentation may contribute to
extinction debt for extant species. Conservation programs can preserve
much of the historical biodiversity of ephemeral wetlands, but future
wetland biodiversity will depend heavily on the success of those
efforts. The consequences of historical wetland loss and the importance
of wetland conservation efforts to agriculture in the United
States should be instructive for other regions.
© ProQuest
1652. Conservation
compliance and wetlands conservation provisions of the omnibus farm acts of 1985,
1990 and 1996.
Brady, S. J.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman,
W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute
(U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI. Madison, MS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000; pp. 5-17.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: conservation
compliance/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Wetlands Reserve Program/
Farm Bill/ laws and regulations/ wildlife habitats
1653. Conservation implications of flooding rice fields on winter waterbird communities.
Elphick, C. S. and Oring, L. W.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 94(1): 17-29. (Jan. 2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34
Descriptors: California/ shorebird/ waterfowl/ wading birds/ agricultural wetland/ rice farming/ conservation value/ habitat management
Abstract:
The effects of flooding harvested rice fields on waterbird communities
were studied during winter. Variation in the number of waterbird
species, overall densities of all waterbirds, wading birds, waterfowl,
and shorebirds, and a measure of conservation value that weighted
species according to their relative abundance and population trends
were examined. Each variable was tested for differences among: (a)
flooded and unflooded fields; (b) flooded fields that received
different rice straw manipulations; and (c) fields with different water
depths. Flooded fields were used by waterbirds more than unflooded
fields according to most criteria, although wading bird densities did
not differ between flooded and unflooded fields. In terms of
conservation value, flooded fields contributed considerably more to
waterbird conservation than unflooded fields. The number of waterbird
species, total waterbird density, and the density of wading birds
differed significantly among straw management treatments, though in
different ways. Water depth significantly affected all measures, but in
all cases most of the variation went unexplained. Bird densities were
explained best by asymptotic relationships, with shorebird densities
greatest in shallow water and waterfowl and wading bird densities
greatest in deeper conditions. Waterbird richness and conservation
value both were
greatest at depths of 10-15cm. Intentionally flooding fields during
winter significantly affected numerous aspects of the waterbird
community. The method of flooding also influenced the waterbird
community, although these effects often were small.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1654. Conservation of aquatic insects: Worldwide crisis or localized threats.
Polhemus, D. A.
American Zoologist 33(6): 588-598. (1993)
NAL Call #: 410 Am3; ISSN: 0003-1569 [AMZOAF].
Notes:
Literature review.Paper presented at the Symposium, "The Crisis in
Invertebrate Conservation," Annual Meeting of the American Society of
Zoologists and
the Canadian Society of Zoologists, December 27-30, 1992, Vancouver, British Columbia. Includes references.
Descriptors: aquatic insects/ nature conservation/ endangered species/ species diversity/ legislation/ biodiversity/ Ambrysus amargosus
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1655. Constructed ponds as mitigated habitat for wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum).
Good, C. D.; Pauley, T. K.; and Keyser, P.
Southeastern Biology 53(2): 225. (2006); ISSN: 1533-8436
Descriptors: amphibia/
wood frog/ spotted salamander/ ponds/ conservation actions/ habitat
suitabilities/ breeding/ freshwater environments/ amphibia/ Aeschnidae/
Rana sylvatica/ Ambystoma maculatum
Abstract:
Amphibian monitoring is important for successful conservation practices
in timbered forests. Three ponds were constructed in 3 forested areas
on MeadWestvaco's Wildlife and Ecosystem Research Forest
in Randolph County, WV. To determine habitat suitability
for breeding and larval amphibians, studies were conducted in 6 ponds
during 2004, and all 9 in 2005. Drift fence methods with paired funnel
traps (16 per pond) were used for amphibian captures. Species of focus
included Rana sylvatica and Ambystoma maculatum because they are known
to be philopatric thus providing data on the continued use of these
ponds as breeding sites. During both years, trapped amphibians were
measured and given 1 pond specific mark with viable implant elastomer.
In 2005, juveniles were given individual tags. Breeding R. sylvatica (n
= 15) were captured in early spring 2005. No breeding R. sylvatica were
captured in 2004. In 2005, juvenile captures (n = 146) increased from
2004 (n = 30). No A. maculatum were captured. Phenological differences
between ponds, possibly due to elevation or hydrology, will be
presented. Adult R. sylvatica increased pond use, while larval success
in ponds remains to be seen. Tadpoles did not successfully metamorphose
from 2 ponds in 2005. Clear-cut treatments surrounding the ponds will
be applied in 2006 and results will be compared to these baseline data.
© NISC
1656. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat: 17 case studies.
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; EPA832-R93-005, 1993. 174 p.
Notes: EP 1.2:W 53/7 (SuDocs).
NAL Call #: TD756.5.C65--1993
Descriptors: Constructed
wetlands---United States---Case studies/
Sewage---Purification---Biological treatment---United
States---Case studies/ Habitat---Ecology---Modification---United
States---Case studies
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1657. Constructing freshwater wetlands to replace impacted natural wetlands: A subtropical perspective.
Streever, W. J.; Kiefer, J. H.; and Crisman, T. L.
In: Tropical Limnology/ Timotius, K. H. and Goeltenboth, F.; Vol. 3, 1995; pp. 127-135.
Notes:
Special issue: Tropical rivers, wetlands and special topics;
Conference: International Conference on Tropical Limnology in
Commemoration of the 65th Anniversary of
The Ruttner-Thienemann Limnological Sunda Expedition, Salatiga (Indonesia), 4-8 Jul 1994; ISBN: 979-8792-01-3.
Descriptors: wetlands/
nature conservation/ fishery management/ agricultural runoff/ water
quality control/ Florida/ mining/ phosphates/ conservation,
wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
Numerous tropical nations are interested in wetland conservation,
but as economies and populations continue to grow wetland losses will
continue to accrue. In the U.S.A. legislation encourages the
construction of wetlands as mitigation for unavoidable wetland loss.
Construction of over 4000 ha of freshwater wetlands in Florida's
phosphate mining district (latitude 28 N, longitude 82 W) provides a
subtropical perspective on the potential of wetland construction in the
tropics. Extensive field data from industry reports and from
government-supported
research
indicate that vegetation, fish, meiofauna, and benthic invertebrate
communities of some constructed wetlands are similar to those of nearby
natural wetlands. In this paper, six "principles of wetland
construction" are presented to summarize and synthesize experience
gained through the construction of wetlands in central Florida: 1.
The potential benefits offered by construction of wetlands should only
be considered when loss of natural wetlands is unavoidable. 2. Clear
and realistic goals should be formulated for each wetland construction
project. 3. Establishment of the appropriate hydrology should be a
primary concern in wetland construction. 4. Establishment and
maintenance of vegetation involve both active and passive strategies.
5. Because wetland construction technology is still in a developmental
stage, all projects should be carefully monitored. 6. If monitoring
reveals major faults with a constructed system, remedial measures
should be taken Future wetland construction projects in the tropics may
benefit from wetland constructior experience in Florida's
subtropics.
© ProQuest
1658. Created
and restored marshes in
the Lower Fraser River, British Columbia: Summary
of their functioning as fish habitat.
Levings, C. D. and Nishimura, D. J.
Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 32(3): 599-618. (1997); ISSN: 1201-3080
Descriptors: Canada,
British Columbia, Fraser River/ marshes/ aquatic habitat/ estuaries/
invertebrates/ smolt/ salmon/ aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/
rehabilitation/ comparison studies/ environmental restoration/
Oncorhynchus
Abstract:
Ecological comparisons of transplanted, natural (reference) and
disrupted (unvegetated) marsh sites on the Fraser River
estuary, British Columbia, were conducted between 1991 and 1994.
The study examined vegetative biomass and cover, invertebrate
abundance, fish abundance, fish residency, fish food, and submergence
time for the three habitats. Standing crop biomass at three transplant
sites was within the range of values for reference sites, but was much
lower at an unstable site where sediment slumping had occurred. The
percent cover of Lyngbyei's sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in eight transplant
sites was <50% of that observed in adjacent reference sites when
data were averaged over the study area; rushes (Juncus spp.) were more
abundant in transplant sites. In all study reaches, abundance of
invertebrates at transplant and reference sites was significantly
higher than at disrupted sites. In several instances, invertebrate
abundance at transplant sites was greater than at reference sites. No
significant difference (p>0.05) was observed among marsh sites when
chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha)
fry abundance were compared. However, chinook and sockeye smolt catches
were significantly different (p<0.05) among marsh sites and were
usually higher at disrupted sites. In nine sites in the North Arm and
Deas Slough area chum fry residency was examined. At one transplant
site (DE1) marked chum fry were caught up to 48 h after release. No fry
were caught 1 h after release at a transplant site (DI1) and a
disrupted site (DE4). At the remaining sites, fry were caught up to 1
and 3 h after release. At all sites, over 80% of the total number of
food organisms examined in chum fry stomachs were harpacticoid
copepods. Mean submergence time for reference marshes ranged from 33.2
to 50.7%, but for transplanted sites the value ranged from 26.4 to
60.1%. Our study shows that numerous factors need to be examined in
determining if restored marshes will function as natural habitats. The
development of a standardized set of reference criteria would assist in
evaluating whether or not transplanted marshes are functioning as
designed.
© ProQuest
1659. Creation and restoration of riparian habitat in southwestern arid and semi-arid regions.
Johnson, R. R.; Mills, G. S.; and Carothers, S. W.
In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 351-366.
Notes: ISBN: 1559630450.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462
Descriptors: artificial
wetlands/ habitat restoration/ riparian land/ water resources
management/ wetland restoration/ arid lands/ planting management/
research priorities/ riparian vegetation/ riparian waters/
soil-water-plant relationships/ vegetation establishment/
water resources development
Abstract:
Though the literature on characteristics, values, and functions
of riparian habitats in the arid and semiarid southwestern region of
the United States is fairly extensive, few papers that pertain to
its creation or restoration are available. Because these projects are
so recent, evaluations of successes and failures are based on
short-term results; long-term survival and growth rates are as yet
unknown. In most cases, creation and restoration projects have involved
the planting of vegetation and not the creation of conditions suitable
for the natural regeneration of riparian habitats. Important
considerations for riparian creation or restoration projects in the
Southwest include: depth to water table; soil salinity and texture;
amount and frequency of irrigation; effects of rising and dropping
water tables on planted trees; protection from vandalism, off-road
vehicles, and livestock; monitoring of growth rates as well as
survival; and project design flexible enough to allow for major
modifications. Because the creation and restoration of riparian
habitats in the Southwest is new and mostly experimental, more
information is needed for virtually every aspect of revegetation. Two
major questions that need to be answered are whether planted trees
survive for more than a few years and reach expected sizes, and what
ranges of planting parameters are most cost-effective.
Specific
information needs include the identification of: the most suitable
watering regimes; suitable soil conditions for various tree species;
long- term survival and growth rates; and effects of variable water
levels on planted trees.
© ProQuest
1660. Decline of duck nest success revisited: Relationships with predators and wetlands in dynamic prairie environments.
Drever, M. C.; Wins-Purdy, A.; Nudds, T. D.; and
Clark, R. G.
Auk 121(2): 497-508. (2004)
Descriptors: Anas acuta/ Anas clypeata/ Anas discors/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Anas strepera
Abstract:
Covariation among factors that may affect nest success of dabbling
ducks in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America (e.g. productivity
of upland and wetland
habitat
related to climate variation, and duck and predator densities) often
confounds efforts to interpret the effect of any individual factor. A
comparison of nest success of dabbling ducks at sites with and without
predator management provided an opportunity to separate the effect of
predation pressure from other factors because predator management has
occurred over a range of climatic conditions. We updated an existing
study on temporal trends of nest success for prairie ducks in the
Prairie Pothole Region of North America by compiling recent estimates
of nest success for five species of dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas
platyhrynchos], Northern Pintail [A. acuta], Northern Shoveler [A.
clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [A. discors], and Gadwall [A. strepera]).
In addition, we compared trends of nest success at unmanaged sites and
sites where nest predators were excluded or removed. We used pond
density calculated from annual surveys for breeding waterfowl as an
index of upland and wetland productivity and a correlate of predator
and duck density. At unmanaged sites, the best approximating local
regression model suggested that, rather than having undergone a
monotonic decline, average nest success has fluctuated through time,
although those changes do not appear to be associated with changes in
pond density. At sites where predators were excluded, nest success did
not vary with time but varied positively with pond density in the
previous year, although that effect was tempered by high pond density
in the year of observation. At sites where predators were removed but
could emigrate back into study plots, nest success varied widely over
time and we found no evidence of an effect of pond density. We show
that nest success of dabbling ducks is higher under predator management
than at sites without predator management, and that this relationship
varies with climatic conditions, possibly related to complex
interactions within and among duck species, their predators, and their
prey.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1661. Design and management of edge-of-field water control structures for ecological benefits.
Shields, F. D.; Smiley, P. C.; and Cooper, C. M.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57(3):
151-157. (2002)
Descriptors: amphibians/
birds/ ecological impairment/ erosion control/ fish/ gully/ mammals/
reptiles/ riparian zone/ species diversity/ ecological impact/ erosion
control/ gully erosion/ riparian zone/ soil water/ United States
Abstract:
Stream channel incision often triggers formation of tributary gullies.
These gullies erode and extend into fields, generating sediments that
pollute downstream waters and degrade aquatic habitats. Standard
practice for gully treatment involves damming using an earthen
embankment with drainage provided by an L-shaped metal pipe. To date,
thousands of these structures, also known as drop pipes, have been
constructed in riparian zones adjacent to agricultural areas, but
environmental criteria have played no role in design. Sixteen drop pipe
sites (defined as the region of temporary or permanent impoundment
created by the structure) in northwestern Mississippi were sampled for
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; and physical habitat
characteristics were assessed by sampling vegetation and surveying site
topography. Speciose sites (those yielding 65 to 82
vertebrate
species) were relatively large [≥0.09 ha (.22 ac)], with a
significant pool area. Depauperate sites (only 11 to 20 species
captured) were smaller, with no pool area and little woody vegetation.
Considerable environmental benefits could be realized by slightly
modified design and management of drop pipe structures. Results of this
study suggest habitat benefits are minimal for sites smaller than 0.1
ha (0.2 ac), for sites lacking woody vegetation, and for sites that do
not have at least 20% of their area below the inlet weir elevation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1662. Designing
wetlands for amphibians: The importance of predatory fish and shallow
littoral zones in structuring of amphibian communities.
Porej, D. and Hetherington, T. E.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(4): 445-455. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 09234861.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s11273-004-0522-y.
Descriptors: Ambystoma/
American bullfrog/ amphibian community/ colonization/ green frog/
habitat restoration/ leopard frog/ Ohio/ predation/ small-mouthed
salamander/ wetland mitigation/ community structure/ habitat
restoration/ littoral environment/ species diversity/ wetlands/ United
States/ Ambystoma maculatum/ Ambystoma opacum/ Ambystoma texanum/
Amphibia/ Amphiuma means/ Anura/ Felidae/ Notophthalmus viridescens/
Panthera pardus/ Rana catesbeiana/ Rana clamitans/ Rana sylvatica/
Salamandridae
Abstract:
Under section 401 and section 404 of the Clean Water Act, permission to
degrade existing natural wetlands in the USA may be conditional on
restoring or creating 'replacement' wetlands. Success of wetland
mitigation efforts in adequately replacing lost wildlife habitats
depends on our good understanding of key ecological attributes that
affect the structure of wetland faunal communities. We examined the
effects of the presence of predatory fish, shallow vegetated littoral
zone, emergent vegetation cover, wetland age and size on amphibian
diversity in 42 replacement wetlands located in the Ohio's North
Central Tillplain ecoregion. We recorded 13 species of pond-breeding
amphibians, and the average local species richness ([α-richness)
was 4.2 ± 1.7 species per site (range 1-7). There is strong
evidence for the positive association between amphibian species
richness and presence of a shallow littoral zone, and the negative
association with presence of predatory fish. There was no evidence for
the association between species richness and age, size, amount of
forest cover within 200 m, nor the amount of emergent vegetation cover
at the study sites. It is estimated that local species richness in
wetlands with shallows was 1.76 species higher on average than in
wetlands without shallows (95% CI from 0.75 to 2.76). The presence of
predatory fish was associated with an average reduction in species
richness by an estimated 1.21 species (95% CI from 0.29 to 2.11).
Replacement wetlands were placed in areas with little or no existing
forest cover, and amphibian species associated with forested wetlands
were either rare (eastern newt, spotted salamander) or not present at
all (marbled salamander, wood frog). In addition, we surveyed all
replacement wetlands constructed under section 401 in Ohio since
1990, and found that predatory fish were
present in 52.4% of the sites and that shallows were absent
from 42.7% of the sites. Our results indicate that current
wetland replacement practices could have a negative effect on the amphibian diversity within our region. © Springer 2005.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1663. Designing wetlands for wildlife.
Abney, C. D.
In: Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference. Hayes D. F. and
Hayes D. F. (eds.)
Reno, NV; pp. 447-452; 2001. ISBN: 0784405816
Descriptors: biodiversity/
ecosystems/ hydrology/ nutrition/ recharging (underground waters)/
sedimentation/ vegetation/ water treatment/ natural system processes/
wildlife/ wetlands
Abstract:
The designing of wetlands for specific wildlife species was
discussed. The study focused on freshwater wetland requirements for
migratory waterbirds in order to provide specific examples of habitat
design. Questions regarding food production, shelter, reproduction, and
predation must be addressed, as well as the hydrological dynamics that
are present in natural systems that normally support the targeted
wildlife and how these play a role in
species
survival. Once life cycle needs are assessed, wetlands can be
strategically designed and managed to simulate natural conditions and
thereby optimize habitat value.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1664. Developing an invertebrate index of biological integrity for wetlands.
Helgen, Judy
In:
Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, D.C: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.
Notes:
Original title: Developing an invertebrate index of biological
integrity for wetlands (#9); Title from web page. "March 2002."
"EPA-822-R-02-019." Description based on content viewed April 10, 2003.
"Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and
Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and
Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)".
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3H46 2002
http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/9Invertebrate.pdf
Descriptors: Wetlands---United States/ Aquatic invertebrates---Environmental aspects---United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1665. Development of community metrics to evaluate recovery of Minnesota wetlands.
Galatowitsch, S. M.; Whited, D. C.; and Tester, J. R.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 6(3): 217-234. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3 J68; ISSN: 1386-1980.
Notes: Special Issue: Recovery in Aquatic Ecosystems.
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental monitoring/ indicator species/ methodology/ land use/
restoration/ ecosystems/ long-term changes/ community composition/ land
management/ bioindicators/ surface water/ birds/ populations/
Minnesota/ land restoration/ pollution monitoring and detection/
protective measures and control/ watershed protection/ environmental
action
Abstract:
Monitoring wetland recovery requires assessment tools that efficiently
and reliably discern ecosystem changes in response to changes in land
use. The biological indicator approach pioneered for rivers and streams
that uses changes in species assemblages to interpret degradation
levels may be a promising monitoring approach for wetlands. We explored
how well metrics based on species assemblages related to land use
patterns for eight kinds of wetlands in Minnesota. We evaluated
land use on site and within 500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m and 5000 m of
riverine, littoral, and depressional wetlands (n = 116) in three
ecoregions. Proportion of agriculture, urban, grassland, forest, and
water were correlated with metrics developed from plant, bird, fish,
invertebrate, and amphibian community data collected from field
surveys. We found 79 metrics that relate to land use, including five
that may be useful for many wetlands: proportion of wetland birds,
wetland bird richness, proportion of insectivorous birds, importance of
Carex, importance of invasive perennials. Since very few metrics
were significant for even one-half of the wetland types surveyed, our
data suggest that monitoring recovery in wetlands with community
indicators
will likely require different metrics, depending on type and ecoregion.
In addition, wetlands within extensively degraded ecoregions may be
most problematic for indicator development because biotic degradation
is historic and severe.
© ProQuest
1666. Diet of mallards wintering in greentree reservoirs in southeastern Arkansas.
Dabbert, C. B. and Martin, T. E.
Journal of Field Ornithology 71(3): 423-428. (2000)
NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 02738570.
http://www.bioone.org/archive/0273-8570/71/3/pdf/i0273-8570-71-3-423.pdf
Descriptors: wetlands/ waterfowl/ ducks/ mallards/ greentree reservoirs/ flooding/ wildlife habitat
Abstract: Loss
of wetlands to agriculture and development negatively impacts
waterfowl. Greentree reservoirs are forested tracts that are
purposefully flooded to increase hunting opportunities for sportsman
and to provide shelter for waterfowl such as Mallards (Anas
platyrhynchos). These human-made wetlands can also make natural foods
such as acorns and invertebrates available to Mallards. Food habits
analysis conducted in 1959 indicated acorns composed 24% of the volume
of diets of Mallards collected from a variety of habitats including
agricultural fields, naturally flooded bottomland forests, and
greentree reservoirs in Arkansas. However, changes that may have
occurred in food use by Mallards in bottomland hardwood habitats
in Arkansas since last examined are unclear. We examined foods
used
by Mallards in greentree reservoirs from November 1990 to February 1991
in southeastern Arkansas. Seventeen species of plants and 21
families/orders of animals occurred in the diet of Mallards. Mallards
consumed 65% plant matter, primarily seeds of narrowleaf foresteria
(Foresteria angustifolia), Nuttall oak (Quercus
nuttallii), Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum), and
rice (Oryza
sativa). Invertebrate taxa, constituting 6% or more of the sample by
both volume and mass, included the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, and
Isopoda.
Diets of Mallards present in greentree reservoirs in our study indicate
Mallards still use natural foods, though agricultural seeds were in
close proximity to natural foods.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1667. Dipteran standing stock biomass and effects of aquatic bird predation at a constructed wetland.
Ashley, M. C.; Robinson, J. A.; Oring, L. W.; and
Vinyard, G. A.
Wetlands 20(1): 84-90. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: American
avocet/ aquatic birds/ Chironomid/ Diptera/ predation/ Wilson's
phalarope/ constructed wetland/ population density/ predator-prey
interaction/ zoobenthos/ United States/ Anas cyanoptera/
Phalaropus tricolor/ Recurvirostra americana
Abstract:
We studied the relationship between benthic invertebrates and aquatic
birds at a newly constructed wetland using an avian exclosure
experiment combined with counts of aquatic bird use. We measured the
standing stock biomass of benthic dipterans both inside and outside
exclosures. Chironomidae was the most abundant dipteran family present.
Maximum chironomid standing stock biomass per pond ranged from 3.62 to
27.82 g/m2
and was comparable to that found in a number of natural systems. We
monitored the abundance of ten aquatic birds species. Abundances of
three aquatic bird species [American avocet (Recurvirostra americana), Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), and
cinnamon teal (Anas cyanoptera)] were significantly correlated with
chironomid and total dipteran
densities. Our experiment, however, found no significant effect of predation on invertebrate densities.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1668. Distribution of adult Odonata among localized wetlands in east-central Mississippi.
Bried, Jason T. and Ervin, Gary N.
Southeastern Naturalist 4(4): 731-744. (2005)
NAL Call #: IPSP11706 ; ISSN: 1528-7092
Descriptors: species
composition/ species richness/ habitat preference/ man made wetland
site/ natural bottomland forest/ beta diversity index/ proportion
coefficient
Abstract:
We measured species richness and composition of adult Odonata and
inferred habitat preferences among man-made wetland sites and
surrounding tracts of natural bottomland forest. Cumulative species
richness and composition were described by proportion coefficients and
beta diversity indices. The three man-made sites provided open space
resources, and more species were observed in each than in the
floodplain forest. Twenty-nine of 42 species documented over a
four-month period were observed in only one or two of the four wetlands
studied. Large differences in species assemblages between the
immediately adjacent ditch and marsh sites were the best evidence for
high habitat affinity because distance and structural barriers to
movement were absent. Such compositional asymmetry may reflect
differential vegetative and reproductive suitability of the habitats.
Results suggest that the open-canopy wetlands supported higher
diversity of adult Odonata, and that distinct odonate assemblages were
found among different habitat types in this floodplain wetland complex.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1669. Does
facilitation of faunal recruitment benefit ecosystem restoration? An
experimental study of invertebrate assemblages in wetland mesocosms.
Brady, V. J.; Cardinale, B. J.; Gathman, J. P.; and
Burton, T. M.
Restoration Ecology 10(4): 617-626. (Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: wetlands/
community structure/ aquatic ecosystems/ conservation/ zoobenthos/
macrofauna/ environment management/ nature conservation/ restoration/
transplantation/ stocking (organisms)/ biotic factors/ recruitment/
community composition/ colonization/ aquatic insects/ freshwater
molluscs/ mesocosms/ comparative studies/ Chironomidae/ Gastropoda/
Invertebrata/ midges/ poor colonizers/ vegetation/ sediment plugs/
gastropods/ slugs/ snails/ aquatic entomology/ insects/ conservation,
wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
We used wetland mesocosms (1) to experimentally assess whether
inoculating a restored wetland site with vegetation/sediment plugs from
a natural wetland would alter the development of invertebrate
communities relative to unaided controls and (2) to determine if
stocking of a poor invertebrate colonizer could further modify
community development beyond that due to simple inoculation. After
filling mesocosms with soil from a drained and cultivated former
wetland and restoring comparable hydrology, mesocosms were randomly
assigned to one of three treatments: control (a reference for unaided
community development), inoculated (received
three
vegetation/sediment cores from a natural wetland), and stocked +
inoculated (received three cores and were stocked with a poorly
dispersing invertebrate group-gastropods). All mesocosms were placed
100 m from a natural wetland and allowed to colonize for 82 days.
Facilitation of invertebrate colonization led to communities in
inoculated and stocked + inoculated treatments that contrasted strongly
with those in the unaided control treatment. Control mesocosms had the
highest taxa richness but the lowest diversity due to high densities
and dominance of Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae). Community
structure in inoculated and stocked + inoculated mesocosms was more
similar to that of a nearby natural wetland, with abundance more evenly
distributed among taxa, leading to diversity that was higher than in
the control treatment. Inoculated and stocked + inoculated communities
were dominated by non-aerial invertebrates, whereas control mesocosms
were dominated by aerial invertebrates. These results suggest that
facilitation of invertebrate recruitment does indeed alter invertebrate
community development and that facilitation may lead to a more natural
community structure in less time under conditions simulating wetland
restoration.
© ProQuest
1670. Duck nest success in the Prairie Pothole Region.
Klett, A. T.; Shaffer, T. L.; and Johnson, D. H.
Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3): 431-440. (1988)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: breeding
success/ breeding/ colonies/ nests/ population dynamics/ nature
conservation/ aquatic birds/ Anas/ Minnesota/ North Dakota/ South Dakota/
aquatic birds
Abstract:
The authors estimated nest success of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos),
gadwall (A. strepera), blue-winged teal (A. discors), northern shoveler
(A. clypeata), and northern pintail (A. acuta) for 5 regions in North
Dakota, South Dakota, and Minnesota, for 1-3 periods between 1986 and
1984, and for 8 habitat classes. Nest success rates ranged from < 5
to 36% among regions, periods, and species. Rates were lowest in
western Minnesota (MNW) and eastern North Dakota (NDE), intermediate in
central North Dakota (NDC) and eastern South Dakota (SDE), and highest
in central South Dakota (SDC). In regions with comparable data, no
consistent trend in nest success was apparent from early to late
periods. Gadwalls and blue-winged teal nested more successfully than
mallards and pintails; the relative success of shovelers varied
regionally.
© ProQuest
1671. Duwamish River Coastal America restoration and reference sites: Results from 1997 monitoring studies.
Cordell, J. R.; Tear, L. M.; Jensen, K.; and Higgins, H. A.
Seattle, WA: Fisheries Research Institute; FRI-UW-9903, 1999.
Notes:
Other numbers: Technical report. School of Aquatic and
Fishery Science, Fisheries Research Institute, Washington University [Rep. Fish. Res. Inst. Wash. Univ.]. No. 9903.
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat improvement/ water resources/ riprap/ restoration/
brackishwater environment/ man-induced effects/ tidal currents/
riparian vegetation/ fishery sciences/ environmental protection/
coastal zone/ fishery management/ coastal inlets/ anthropogenic
factors/ Oncorhynchus/ Carex lyngbyei/ Scirpus maritima/ Washington/
Seattle/ Duwamish Waterway/
habitat community
Abstract: In
this report, we present the results of 1997 biological
monitoring at three wetland restoration sites in
the Duwamish River estuary, Seattle, Washington.
Restoration at
these sites was originally facilitated by the federal Coastal America
program and was carried out by a partnership of the City of Seattle,
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Two of these sites are in the
middle portion of the Duwamish Waterway, in a region dominated by tidal
influence and mixed fresh- and marine water. The first of these sites
consists of the General Service Administration (GSA) site located
adjacent to the Federal Center South, which is a long, narrow
intertidal strip running parallel to the east bank of the Duwamish
Waterway adjacent/to the Seattle District Corps of Engineers.
Restoration at this site included removal of rock riprap and a large
overwater wharf structure to allow natural colonization by existing
wetland plants, construction of a sediment "bench" at 0.0-m elevation
to promote use by juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), and planting of
upland riparian vegetation. The second site is at Terminal 105 (T-105);
this site originally consisted of a vacated street end and a large pipe
that drained a small degraded wetland area. Restoration included
removal of debris and replacement of the pipe with an estuarine channel
that restored tidal flow to the area. The third Coastal America
restoration site is at the upper Turning Basin at the
head of the Duwamish Waterway. This site/comprises an upland riparian
buffer planted with native vegetation and a small regraded upper
intertidal basin planted with fringing native sedge, Carex lyngbyei,
and rush, Scirpus maritima.
© ProQuest
1672. Ecological characteristics of a natural wetland receiving secondary effluent.
Martin, J. R.; Clarke, R. A.; and Knight, R. L.
Water Science and Technology (2001); ISSN: 0273-1223
Descriptors: animals/
fishes/ invertebrates/ plants/ population dynamics/ trees/ ecosystem/
environmental monitoring/ waste disposal, fluid [methods]
Abstract:
The Boot wetland treatment system is a 115-acre, hydrologically altered
cypress-gum wetland in Polk County, Florida. The
Poinciana Wastewater Treatment Plant No. 3 has discharged secondary
effluent to the bermed Boot wetland since August 1984. Before that time
this natural wetland had been affected adversely by forestry, drainage,
and surrounding development which contributed to dying trees and a
groundcover of invasive upland plants. In accordance with the
Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Wetlands Application
Rule (Chapter 62-611, F.A.C.), a routine biological and water quality
monitoring program has been in effect since October 1990. Components of
the biological monitoring program include surveys of canopy and
subcanopy, herbaceous and shrub groundcover species, benthic
macroinvertebrates, fish, and nuisance mosquitoes. Effluent addition to
the Boot wetland has resulted in continuous wetland inundation with
atypical water depth of 2.5 to 3.0 feet for the past 15 years.
Dominance and density of trees has steadily increased, upland invader
species were eliminated, and stable plant, fish, and invertebrate
communities were established. The long term biological data from this
treatment wetland is
compared to data from other natural treatment wetlands and a control wetland.
© NISC
1673. Ecology and conservation biology of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico.
Glenn, E. P.; Zamora-Arroyo, F.; Nagler, P. L.; Briggs, M.; Shaw, W.; and Flessa, K.
Journal of Arid Environments 49(1): 5-15. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 01401963.
Notes: doi: 10.1006/jare.2001.0832.
Descriptors: biosphere
reserve/ Colorado River/ Delta/ desert river/ El Nino/ estuary/
riparian/ wetland/ conservation/ delta/ endangered species/ migratory
species/ revegetation/ water flow/ Mexico/ Anas/ Anatidae/ Anser/ Aves/
Empidonax traillii/ Rallus/ Rallus longirostris yumanensis/ Riparia/
Salix/ Typha/ Yuma
Abstract: The
Colorado River Delta in Mexico has been partially revegetated
following 20 years of water flows from the United
States. Lake Powell, the last major impoundment built on the
river, filled in 1981. Since then, flood flows in the main channel of
the river have occurred in El Nino cycles, and have returned native
trees and other vegetation to the riparian corridor. This vegetation
provides a migration route for endangered southwestern willow
flycatchers (Empidonax traillii) and other migratory birds moving
from Mexico to the United States for summer nesting.
Agricultural
drain water from the Wellton-Mohawk Irrigation District conveyed to the
delta since 1977 has created Cienega de Santa Clara, a 4200-ha Typha
domengensis marsh containing the largest remaining population of the
endangered Yuma clapper rail (Rallus longirostris yumanensis), plus
numerous species of migratory and resident waterfowl. Populations in
the marine
part
of the delta have been severely affected by the lack of river flow, but
some species have responded positively to renewed flows. Currently,
there are 170,000 ha of natural areas in the lower delta
in Mexico, containing riparian, wetland and intertidal habitats.
Much
of this land as well as the adjacent marine zone is protected in the
Biosphere Reserve of the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado
River Delta. Natural resource managers, scientists and non-governmental
environmental groups in Mexico and the United States are
exploring conservation measures that can provide water and protection
for these areas for the future. © 2001 Academic Press.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1674. Ecology and management of migrant shorebirds in the Playa Lakes Region of Texas.
Davis, Craig A. and Smith, Loren M.
Wildlife Monographs(140): 1-45. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173
Descriptors: body size/ diet/ feeding ecology/ habitat selection/ migration/ sex differences/ stopover site
Abstract: During
spring and fall migration, shorebirds rely on stopover areas to
replenish energy reserves and fulfill nutrient requirements. Most
studies of stopover areas have focused on wetlands in the Northern
Great Plains; little attention has been given to wetlands in
the Southern Great Plains, especially the Playa Lakes Region
(PLR).
Our objectives were to determine migrant-shorebird species
compositions, abundances, migration chronologies, use of habitats, and
feeding ecologies in the PLR during spring and fall migration. More
than 130 playa wetlands were surveyed for shorebirds in a 34,000-km2
area of western Texas. We selected American avocet
(Recurvirostra americana), long-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus
scolopaceus), least
sandpiper (Calidris minutilla), and western sandpiper (C. mauri) as a
subset of all shorebirds present to examine feeding ecologies; these 4
species were common species during both migration periods and represent
a wide range of body sizes and guilds. We also evaluated the influence
of sex on the feeding ecologies of the 4 species. Thirty shorebird
species used playa wetlands during spring and fall, 1993-94. The most
abundant species during spring were American avocet, long-billed
dowitcher, and Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), whereas the
most abundant species during fall were American avocet, long-billed
dowitcher, long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus), stilt sandpiper
(Calidris himantopus), and lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes).
Migration chronologies of each species were distinct in spring with
peak abundances occurring over 2-4 weeks and were protracted in fall
with peak abundances occurring over 5-8 weeks. In general, most
shorebird species selected playas that contained sparse vegetation
(<25% vegetation cover), adequate amounts of mudflat (10-15%) and
shallow (<4 cm depth) water (10-20%) habitats, and higher
invertebrate populations. Invertebrates were the most important
component in the diets of American avocets, long-billed dowitchers,
least sandpipers, and western sandpipers, and diets varied little
between males and females. In the spring, all 4 species consumed mostly
chironomids, whereas in the fall, all 4 consumed a wider variety of
invertebrates. important invertebrate foods during the fall included
chironomids, hydrophilids, leeches, planorbids, corixids,
conchostracans, and hydracarinas. The 4 species also consumed more
plant material (predominantly seeds) in the fall than in the spring.
Differences in spring and fall diets of the 4 shorebird species were
attributed to seasonal differences in invertebrate abundances and
diversities; invertebrate abundances and diversities were higher in the
fall than in the spring. Shorebird diets were compared with
availabilities of foods within and across individual playas. For most
foods, overall selection patterns (i.e., selection across playas) were
different from selection patterns within individual playas. In general,
all 4 species exhibited a wide range of selection patterns for
invertebrates as availability of invertebrates changed, suggesting that
the 4 species used an opportunistic foraging strategy. Shorebird
foraging appeared to decrease invertebrate populations in spring, but
not in fall. Management of playas in the PLR should focus on creating
and maintaining sparse vegetation cover, and adequate mudflat (at least
10-15%) and shallow water (at least 10-20%) habitats. Because
invertebrates are important foods of migrant shorebirds, management
also should focus on enhancing invertebrate populations in playas.
Gradual drawdowns of playas with deep water and flooding of dry playas
should be used to provide available habitat for shorebirds throughout
migration. Mowing and shallow disking can be used to create preferred
habitat conditions and provide a detrital food base to enhance
invertebrate populations. Managers that can manage only a
few
playas should consider managing playas during periods of maximum
shorebird diversity in the PLR. During spring, maximum shorebird
diversity occurred in late April and early May, whereas during fall,
maximum shorebird diversity occurred in late August.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1675. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal wetlands.
Batzer, D. P. and Wissinger, S. A.
Annual Review of Entomology 41: 75-100. (1996)
NAL Call #: 421 An72; ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA].
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: wetlands/
insects/ community ecology/ habitats/ interactions/ colonization/
nature conservation/ insect communities/ freshwater ecology
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1676. Effect of forest management practices on southern forested wetland productivity.
Conner, W. H.
Wetlands 14(1): 27-40. (1994)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: bobwhite quail/ wetlands/
forest industry/ biological production/ hydrology/ flooding/ resource
management/ water levels/ environmental effects/ logging/ forest
management/ water level/ drainage/
United States, Southeast
Abstract:
In the interest of increasing productivity of forested wetlands for
timber production and/or wildlife value, management schemes that deal
mainly with water-level control have been developed. The three forest
types in the southeastern U.S. most commonly affected are
cypress/tupelo forests, bottomland hardwood forests, and wet pine sites
(including pocosins). In forested wetlands, hydrology is the most
important factor influencing productivity. In bottomland and
cypress/tupelo forests, water-level control can have mixed results.
Alterations in natural hydrologic patterns leading to increased
flooding or drainage can cause decreased growth rates or even death of
the forest. Bottomland hardwoods respond favorably in the short term to
water-level management, but the long-term response is currently under
study. In wet pine sites, timber volume can be increased significantly
by water-level management, but the impact upon other ecological
functions is less understood. It is difficult to adequately describe
productivity relations in wetland forests because of the great
diversity in habitat types and the lack of data on how structure and
function might be affected by forestry operations. There is a definite
need for more long-term, regional studies involving multidisciplinary
efforts.
© ProQuest
1677. Effect of watershed land use and lake age on zooplankton species richness.
Dodson, Stanley I.; Everhart, William R.; Jandl, Andrew K.; and Krauskopf, Sara J.
Hydrobiologia 579: 393-399. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors: ecology/
community structure/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: watershed land use/ shallow lake species
diversity effect/ species diversity/ effect of watershed land use/
lake/ Wisconsin/ shallow lake species diversity
Abstract:
Results of a field survey of southern Wisconsin shallow lakes
suggested that watershed (catchment basin) land use has a significant
and adverse effect on zooplankton species richness. Zooplankton
communities in lakes with no riparian buffer zone, in
agriculture-dominated watersheds, contained about half as many species
as lakes in least-impact watersheds. In that study, the age of the lake
was not taken into account. It is possible that agricultural lakes,
often artificial, were so recently-constructed that they had not yet
accumulated the equilibrium number of species characteristic of older
lakes. In other words, it is possible that the interpretation of the
results of the previous study is fatally flawed, if the results were an
artifact of lake age, rather than an effect of land use. The major aim
of this current study was to determine the ages of agricultural lakes
and of lakes in least-impact watersheds, to test for an effect of lake
age on zooplankton species richness, using the same sites from the
previous study. We used an anova approach to test the null hypothesis
that two factors, watershed land use and lake age, had no systematic
effect on zooplankton species richness. We determined the age of 35
shallow lakes, using aerial photos, satellite images, and interviews of
resource managers and land owners. We identified five artificial
agricultural sites and five artificial sites in least-impact prairie
watersheds. The artificial sites in this study ranged from 3 to 37
years in age, while natural lakes dated from the melting of the last
glacier, about 9500 years ago. Our results suggest, that because
artificial lake made up only about a third of the sites, and for the
range of lake age and watershed land use, lake age did not have a
significant effect on zooplankton species richness, while land use had
a highly significant adverse effect. These results pose a larger
question for future research. Namely, how quickly do newly-constructed
lakes attain the equilibrium number of species seen in the previous
study, and what is the quantitative relationship between lake age and
zooplankton richness?
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1678. The effects of a fall prescribed burn on Hemileuca eglanterina Boisduval (Saturniidae).
Severns, Paul M.
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57(2): 137-143. (2003); ISSN: 0024-0966
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial
habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Hemileuca
eglanterina: habitat management/ autumn prescribed burning/ impacts on
population dynamics/ conservation implications/ wet prairie grassland/
breeding site/ oviposition sites/ egg laying/ population dynamics/ egg
mass and larval abundances/ effects of autumn prescribed burning/
prairie/ grassland/ wet prairie/ fire/ autumn prescribed burn/ Oregon/
Willamette Valley/ Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura,
Bombycoidea, Saturniidae/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/
lepidopterans
Abstract: Autumn
prescribed burning is often used to manage a rare wet prairie
plant community endemic to the Willamette Valley in
western Oregon, USA. A local race of day flying Saturniid
moth,
Hemileuca eglanterina, was used to investigate the effects of a
prescribed burn on adult, larval, and egg mass abundance contrasted
with an adjacent unburned area. Adult male moths were not more
frequently encountered in the burned habitat but female H. eglanterina
laid more than twice as many egg masses in the burned compared to the
unburned habitat in the burn year. Furthermore, females laid
significantly more egg masses on the burn edge in the burn year
(p<0.001), suggesting that H. eglanterina chose to oviposit on
burned host plants over unburned host plants. Egg masses laid before
the prescribed burn did not survive the fall fire, demonstrating that
the management practice is catastrophic for the immature population.
Although fire can substantially reduce immature Lepidoptera
populations, some species living in ecosystems that had a frequent
historic fire return interval may benefit from the ecological release
caused by a prescribed burn. Fires consuming entire habitat parcels of
fragmented ecosystems may lead
to
population bottlenecks and an increased frequency of inbreeding.
Conservative prescribed burning practices with unburned refugia may be
the most effective way to manage for the conservation of rare grassland
plant communities and their insect fauna.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1679. The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition.
Houlahan, J. E.; Keddy, P. A.; Makkay, K.; and
Findlay, C. S.
Wetlands 26(1): 79-96. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212.
Notes: doi: 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26 [79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: dispersal/
eutrophication/ exotics/ fertilizer/ forest cover/ functional groups/
land use/ plant diversity/ scale/ species-area/ streams/ wetlands
Abstract:
Wetlands provide important ecosystem functions and values, such as
wildlife habitat, water filtration and flood protection. Wetland plant
communities play a fundamental role in maintaining these functions but
are thought to be increasingly threatened by human modifications of the
landscape, such as deforestation and road construction. Here, we
examine the quantitative relationships between two dependent variables
(plant species richness, community composition) and a set of
independent variables describing land use (e.g., forest cover, road
density, and building density). As independent variables, we further
include wetland characteristics that may be related to landuse
practices (e.g., area and nutrient status). Wetland size is the most
important predictor of both total plant species richness and the
species richness within most functional groups. In addition, landscape
properties, such as forest cover, presence of streams and nutrient
status of water and sediment are significant predictors of plant
species richness. Adjacent land use 250-300 m from the wetland affects
plant diversity. Differences in the land-use-diversity relationship
among different plant functional groups suggest that adjacent land use
affects wetland plant communities in two important ways. First, it
alters the abundance and distribution of propagules in adjoining
habitats. Second, it alters the number of dispersal routes. Our results
suggest that current management practices are inadequate and that
regulation of adjacent land use is a critical component of wetland
conservation. © 2006, The Society of Wetland Scientists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1680. The effects of bird use on nutrient removal in a constructed wastewater-treatment wetland.
Andersen, D. C.; Sartoris, J. J.; Thullen, J. S. ; and
Reusch, P. G.
Wetlands 23(2): 423-435. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: blackbirds/
California/ constructed wetland/ nitrogen/ nutrient removal/
phosphorus/ Schoenoplectus californicus/ Schoenoplectus acutus/
wastewater treatment/ waterfowl/ constructed wetland/ nitrogen/
phosphorus/ avifauna/ constructed wetland/ feces/ habitat use/
nitrogen/ nutrient enrichment/ phosphorus/ water treatment/ United States/ Agelaius phoeniceus
Abstract:
A 9.9-ha constructed wetland designed to reduce nitrogen in municipal
wastewater following conventional secondary treatment began operating
in southern California's San Jacinto Valley in
September 1994. The wetland incorporated zones of bulrush
(Schoenoplectus acutus and S. californicus) for effluent treatment,
plus areas of 1.8-m deep open water and other features to benefit
wintering waterfowl. A one-year long program to monitor bird use and
evaluate their contribution to loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus was
initiated seven months later and a second, four-month long period of
monitoring was initiated after a 20-month hiatus. Daily bird use peaked
at nearly 12,000 individuals during the second period. Estimates of
maximum daily nitrogen and phosphorus input by birds were 139 g N ha-1 day-1 and 56 g P ha-1 day-1.
Following a reconfiguration of the wetland that increased the area of
open water, a third year-long period of monitoring was initiated in
September 2000. Estimated maximum daily loading attributable to birds
during this period reached 312 g N ha-1 day-1 and 124 g P ha-1 day-1.
These levels represent only 2.6% and 7.0%, respectively, of the mean
daily loads of N and P in inflow water from the wastewater-treatment
plant. Wintering waterfowl contributed the most to nutrient loading,
but the numerically dominant species was the colonial Red-winged
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). The wetland's nutrient-removal
efficiency was negatively correlated to bird loading. However, the
greatest bird loading occurred during November to March, when winter
conditions would reduce microbial nutrient-removal processes and plant
uptake in the wetland. Multiple regression analysis indicated that
variation in nutrient removal efficiency over a one-year period was
best explained by wetland water temperature (R2 = 0.21) and that little additional insight was gained by adding bird loading and inflow nutrient load data (R2 =
0.22). This case study supports the concept that a constructed wetland
can be designed both to reduce nutrients in municipal wastewater and to
provide habitat for wetland birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1681. Effects of cattle grazing on diversity in ephemeral wetlands.
Marty, Jaymee T.
Conservation Biology 19(5): 1626-1632. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: species
diversity/ grazing/ feeding behavior/ introduced species/ ranching/
endemic species/ wetlands/ life cycle/ nature conservation/
biodiversity/ rare species/ environmental impact/ aquatic plants/
species richness/ conservation/ Central Valley/ California
Abstract:
Cattle are usually thought of as a threat to biodiversity. In regions
threatened by exotic species invasion and lacking native wild grazers,
however, cattle may produce the type of disturbance that helps maintain
diverse communities. Across 72 vernal pools, I examined the effect of
different grazing treatments (ungrazed, continuously grazed, wet-season
grazed and dry-season grazed) on vernal-pool plant and aquatic faunal
diversity in the Central Valley of California. After 3 years of
treatment, ungrazed pools had 88% higher cover of exotic annual grasses
and 47% lower relative cover of native species than pools grazed at
historical levels (continuously grazed). Species richness of native
plants declined by 25% and aquatic invertebrate richness was 28% lower
in the ungrazed compared with the continuously grazed treatments.
Release from grazing reduced pool inundation period by 50 to 80%,
making it difficult for some vernal-pool endemic species to complete
their life cycle. My results show that one should not assume livestock
and ranching operations are necessarily damaging to native communities.
In my central California study site, grazing helped maintain
native plant and aquatic diversity in vernal pools.
© ProQuest
1682. Effects of climate change and land use on duck abundance in Canadian prairie-parklands.
Bethke, Raymond W. and Nudds, Thomas D.
Ecological Applications 5(3): 588-600. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: climatology:
environmental sciences/ mathematical biology: computational biology/
models and simulations: computational biology/ systematics and
taxonomy/ wildlife management: conservation/ agriculture/ drought/
habitat/ mathematical model/ precipitation/ survey
Abstract:
Recent declines in the number of breeding ducks in the Canadian
prairie-parklands have been hypothesized to be due to loss of habitat
to agriculture However, prairie-parkland also has experienced wetland
loss to drought as well as to agriculture. If habitat restoration is to
be implemented and monitored successfully, it is important to separate
the effects of anthropogenic changes to the landscape on duck
populations from those caused by changes in climate. We used data from
annual air-ground surveys and from precipitation records to develop
relationships between indices of abundance of each of 10 species of
ducks and indices of wetland conditions during 1955-1974. We used these
relationships to predict annual abundance of each species during
1975-1989. We compared predicted and observed abundances over the
period 1975-1989 to distinguish declines in duck abundance greater than
those accounted for by drought alone and to determine the magnitude and
location of real "deficits" in duck abundance. Average annual deficits
within Canadian prairie-parkland over the period 1975-1989 were
estimated at 1.2 times 10-6 birds for both Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
and Northern Pintail (A. acuta), 480 000 for Blue-winged Teal (A.
discors), 190 000 for American Wigeon (A. americana), 175 000 for
Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata), 50 000 for Gadwall (A. strepera), 10
000 for Green-winged Teal (A. crecca), 40 000 for Canvasback (Aythya
valisineria), 25 000 for Lesser Scaup (A. affinis), and 5000 for
Redhead (A. americana). Overall, the effect of agricultural expansion
in the cast on prime waterfowl habitat since 1951 appears to have been
negligible. There, as much as 90% had been already lost prior to 1951.
In the west, however, where prime waterfowl habitat was still
relatively abundant in 1951, agricultural development has encroached
substantially. The relationship between the lost area of the best
breeding habitats and the size of population deficits for Mallards and
Northern Pintails in the entire Canadian prairie-parkland region was
significant for both species (P < 0.0027 and P < 0.0001,
respectively). Consequently, habitat restoration programs located where
the highest quality waterfowl habitat and the lowest quality
agricultural lands overlap most should have the greatest potential to
affect recovery of breeding duck populations in the Canadian
prairie-parklands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1683. Effects of foraging waterfowl in winter flooded rice fields on weed stress and residue decomposition.
Van Groenigen, J. W.; Burns, E. G.; Eadie, J. M. ;
Horwath, W. R.; and Van Kessel, C.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95(1):
289-296. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00097-X.
Descriptors: conservation/
rice sustainability/ waterfowl foraging/ waterfowl habitat/ weed
management/ biological control/ foraging behavior/ plant residue/ rice/
waterfowl/ weed control/ United States
Abstract:
This study quantifies the agronomic benefits of foraging waterfowl in
winter flooded rice fields in the Sacramento Valley of California
(US). Fifteen winter flooded rice fields along a 105 km long
transect, each with five pairs of waterfowl exclosures and control
plots were used to measure residue decomposition in spring, and weed
biomass and grain yield at harvest. Experimental exclusion of waterfowl
resulted in a significant increase in remaining residue from 1014 to
1233 kg ha-1 across the transect. At seven sites with high waterfowl activity, remaining residue increased from 836 to 1549 kg ha-1 when waterfowl were excluded from the plot. Grassy weed biomass increased from 44 to 91 kg ha-1
over the whole transect in absence of waterfowl. At seven sites with
high waterfowl activity the grassy weed biomass more than doubled in
the absence of waterfowl from 89 to 204 kg ha-1.
No significant yield effect could be detected. Winter flooding rice
fields resulted in mutual benefits for waterfowl and agriculture that
could be of particular significance in organic farming systems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1684. Effects of forest harvesting on bufflehead and common loon foraging behavior.
Pierre, Johanna P.; Boss, Shelly M.; and
Paszkowski, Cynthia A.
Ornithological Science 4(2): 161-168. (2005);
ISSN: 1347-0558
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ feeding behavior/ locomotion/
swimming/ ecology/ community structure/ population dynamics/ predators/
freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ abiotic factors/ land zones/ North
America/ Canada/ Bucephala albeola/ Gavia immer: forestry/ piscean
prey/ food availability/ foraging/ foraging behavior related to forest
harvesting/ boreal lakes/ aquatic diving/ lake/ physical factors/
Alberta/ north/ Pisces/ birds/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: We
compared foraging behavior of Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola
Linnaeus) and Common Loon (Gavia immer Brunnich) on eight lakes in
harvested and unharvested boreal mixedwood forest in
northern Alberta, Canada. For one summer before (1996) and
two Summers
after (1997, 1998) forest harvesting around three of the eight lakes,
we recorded the duration of Bufflehead and Common Loon dives. After
logging, forested buffer strips 100m-wide separated cut-blocks from
lakes ('harvested lakes'). 'Unharvested lakes' were surrounded by
≥450m of undisturbed forest throughout the study. There were no
detectable differences in dive duration between harvested and
unharvested lakes for Bufflehead or Common Loon. Correlations between
environmental variables (water clarity, fish biomass, depth) and the
duration of Common Loon dives were not significant. However, the
duration of Bufflehead dives differed between lakes, unrelated to
forest harvesting. The duration of Bufflehead dives was negatively
correlated with water clarity but was not significantly cot-related
with fish biomass. While our study shows that the foraging behavior of
Buffleheads was affected by lake conditions, the utility of aquatic
birds as indicators of the effects of forestry on western boreal lakes
remains unproven.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1685. Effects of glyphosate herbicide on cattails, invertebrates, and waterfowl in South Dakota wetlands.
Solberg, K. L. and Higgins, K. F.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(3): 299-307. (1993)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: wetlands/
glyphosate/ Typha/ waterfowl/ population density/ nontarget organisms/
aquatic invertebrates/ adverse effects/ South Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1686. Effects of habitat manipulation on reproductive success of individual largemouth bass in an Ozark reservoir.
Hunt, J. and Annett, C. A.
North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22(4): 1201-1208. (2002)
NAL Call #: SH219.N66 ; ISSN: 02755947.
Notes: doi: 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022 <1201:EOHMOR>2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: coarse
woody debris/ fish/ habitat management/ reproductive success/ spawning
ground/ United States/ Micropterus/ Micropterus salmoides/
Perciformes
Abstract:
Centrarchids prefer nesting near patches of physical structure, and
both simple and complex supplemental structure enhance the reproduction
of black basses Micropterus spp. in systems where naturally occurring
structure is lacking. Supplemental structure may not be helpful in
systems that contain plentiful physical structure, and nests located
near supplemental structure may not be as successful as nests located
near naturally occurring structure. We monitored nests of largemouth
bass M. salmoides in areas with and without supplemental logs in a
small Arkansas reservoir containing abundant natural structure to
assess how spawning individuals responded to habitat manipulation on
two spatial scales, microhabitat and mesohabitat. We compared the use
of natural versus supplemental logs, mating success, hatching success,
nesting success, nest density, and nearest-neighbor distances in
manipulated and unmanipulated mesohabitats. Nesting males used
supplemental logs more often than we expected based on their use of
naturally occurring logs (67% versus 25.4%, respectively). Mating,
hatching, and nesting success were equally high for broods located near
supplemental logs and naturally occurring structure. Manipulated and
unmanipulated mesohabitat produced equal nest densities and
nearest-neighbor distances. We conclude that supplemental logs were a
useful management tool in Lake Wedington and provided
high-quality microhabitat for spawning. We recommend that managers
consider installing log structures where natural
structure
is sparse or floaters are abundant. Supplemental logs should be
installed in a configuration mimicking the natural spacing of nests to
accommodate the parental behavior of black basses.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1687. Effects of management practices on wetland birds.
Johnson, D. H. and Dechant Shaffer, J. A.: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey. (2001).
Notes: See also http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/
literatr/grasbird/index.htm
(Effects of management practices on grassland birds).
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/
wetbird/index.htm
Descriptors: ecological requirements/ dispersion/ wetland habitat/ brood-egg/ habitat management/ management/ North America
Abstract:
These reports are a series of literature syntheses on North
American wetland birds. The need for these reports was identified by
the Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV), a part of the North American
Waterfowl Management Plan. The PPJV recently adopted a new goal, to
stabilize or increase populations of declining grassland- and
wetland-associated wildlife species in the Prairie Pothole Region. To
further that objective, it is essential to understand the habitat needs
of birds other than waterfowl, and how management practices affect
their habitats. The
focus
of these reports is on management of breeding habitat, particularly in
the northern Great Plains. Resource contains 15 species accounts.
© NISC
1688. Effects
of pesticides on soil and water microflora and mesofauna in wetland
ricefields: A summary of current knowledge and extrapolation to
temperate environments.
Roger, P. A.; Simpson, I.; Oficial, R.; Ardales, S.; and Jimenez, R.
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34(7):
1057-1068. (1994)
NAL Call #: 23 Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: wetlands/
pesticides/ rice/ temperate zone/ invertebrates/ fertilizers/
agricultural practices/ microorganisms/ data collections/ rice fields/
pollution effects/ agricultural pollution/ Invertebrata/ biodiversity
Abstract:
This review summarises information on the behaviour of pesticides and
their impacts on microorganisms and non-target invertebrates that was
collected in, or is applicable to, temperate wetland ricefields. An
extensive bibliographic survey shows that current knowledge is
fragmentary and partly outdated. Pesticides applied on soil at
recommended levels rarely had a detrimental effect on microbial
populations or their activities. They had more effect on invertebrate
populations, inducing the blooming of individual species of floodwater
zooplankton and reducing populations of aquatic oligochaetes in soil.
Available information raises concerns regarding the long-term effects
of pesticides on (i) microorganisms, primary producers, and
invertebrates of importance to soil fertility, (ii) predators of rice
pests and vectors, and (iii) microbial metabolism of pesticides.
© ProQuest
1689. Effects of prescribed fall burning on a wetland plant community, with implications for management of plants and herbivores.
McWilliams, S. R.; Sloat, T.; Toft, C. A.; and Hatch, D.
Western North American Naturalist 67(2): 299-317. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 15270904
Descriptors: adaptive management/ CANOCO/ correspondence analysis/ fire/ geese/ prescribed burning/ wetland plant community
Abstract:
An important contemporary challenge for adaptive resource management is
assessing both the direct and indirect effects of management activities
by designing appropriate monitoring programs and sound analysis
methods. Here we evaluate the effects of prescribed fall burning on a
wetland plant community that is managed primarily for spring-migrating
geese. During late fall in 2 consecutive years, we burned vegetation in
4 replicate blocks (2.3 ha each) that traversed a natural moisture and
associated vegetation gradient. We used ordination, gradient analysis,
and contingency table analysis to evaluate how annual changes in
relative abundance of plants were affected by burning as well as other
important ecological factors. Burning increased species diversity of
plants, especially in the 2 wetter vegetation zones, but had no effect
on species richness or on the proportion of native plant species.
Wetland plant species responded to prescribed burning independently,
and their response often differed by vegetation zone and with annual
variation in flooding. Burning enhanced the abundance of native foxtail
barley (Hordeum jubatum) and reduced the abundance of introduced swamp
timothy (Crypsis shoenoides). Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), a native
plant species, was usually less abundant following burning, although
the level of response was different for each of the 3 vegetation zones.
Two other introduced plant species, quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) and
reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae), were less abundant after fall
burning, especially when spring flooding was more extensive. Wild geese
using the experimental blocks for feeding clearly preferred burned
sites, suggesting that fall burning can enhance wetland use by geese
during spring. Given that simple manipulations such as burning and
flooding of a wetland system may often produce complex results, we
suggest that on-going management schemes be regularly evaluated with
field experiments such as those conducted in this study.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1690. Effects of riparian timber management on amphibians in Maine.
Perkins, Dustin W. and Hunter, Malcolm L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 657-670. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Caudata/
Salientia/ Ambystoma maculatum/ American toad/ Bufo americanus/ eastern
red-backed salamander/ Plethodon cinereus/ Rana sylvatica/ spotted
salamander/ wood frog/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial
enterprises/ communities/ disturbances/ habitat use/ forestry
practices/ habitat alterations/ wetlands/ ecosystems/ headwater stream/
land zones/ Maine/ riparian habitat/ riparian timber harvesting/
riparian timber management/ rivers/ temperate forest/ wildlife
management/ amphibians/ buffers/ first-order stream/ forest management/
headwater streams/ partial harvests/ riparian zones/ stream
salamanders/ vegetation/ waters/ forest/ silviculture
Abstract:
Riparian areas are one of the most complex, diverse, and dynamic
environments in forested ecosystems. In areas managed for timber
riparian areas are often protected with unharvested forested buffers,
but it is unclear whether these buffers are adequate to maintain the
floral and faunal diversity of riparian areas. Amphibians are sensitive
to forest management, have high diversity in riparian areas, and are
among the most abundant vertebrates in temperate forests; therefore,
they are excellent candidates to use in a study of the effects of
riparian timber management. We conducted a field experiment with 15
headwater streams in western Maine, USA, randomly assigned to
5 silvicultural treatments. We examined Amphibian abundance for 1 year
prior to and 2 years following treatment We also undertook a
retrospective study on 12 headwater streams representing 3 treatments
where harvests had occurred 4-10 years earlier. We used pitfall traps
with drift fences and cover-controlled, active-searches to sample
terrestrial and stream Amphibians. Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), eastern
red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), and spotted salamanders
(Ambystoma maculatum) were sensitive to timber harvesting along
headwater streams. American toads (Bufo americanus) were either
unaffected or increased in abundance postharvest. Buffers ranging in
width from 11 to 35 m appeared to partially mitigate the effects of
timber harvest because abundances were generally higher within the
buffer than in the adjacent clearcut for wood frogs, American toads,
and to a lesser extent red-backed salamanders. Partial harvests
adjacent to headwater streams had the least effect on the riparian
Amphibian community and should be considered for harvests along
headwater streams when managing at the stream scale. Our results show
that managers can conduct riparian timber harvesting in a manner that
allows a diverse suite of Amphibian species to persist in the first
years after harvest. It is plausible that these same practices may also
mitigate the effects of timber harvesting on other forest species.
Long-term effects of riparian timber harvesting on Amphibians and other
forest species population persistence and viability is a logical next
step.
© NISC
1691. Effects of sediment load on emergence of aquatic invertebrates and plants from wetland soil egg and seed banks.
Gleason, R. A.; Euliss, N. H.; Hubbard, D. E.; and
Duffy, W. G.
Wetlands 23(1): 26-34. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: agricultural
impacts/ egg banks/ hydrophytes/ prairie potholes/ resting eggs/
sedimentation/ seed banks/ siltation/ tillage/ wetland condition/
wetland degradation
Abstract:
Intensive agricultural activities near prairie wetlands may result in
excessive sediment loads, which may bury seed and invertebrate egg
banks that are important for maintenance and cycling of biotic
communities during wet/dry cycles. We evaluated effects of sediment
burial on emergence of plants and invertebrates from seed and
invertebrate egg banks. Sediment-load experiments indicated that burial
depths of 0.5 cm caused a 91.7% reduction in total seedling emergence
and a 99.7% reduction in total invertebrate emergence. Results of our
burial experiments corroborated prior research on seedling emergence.
However, our study demonstrated that invertebrate emergence is also
highly susceptible to the effects of burial. Our research suggests that
sediment entering wetlands from agricultural erosion may also hamper
successional changes throughout interannual climate cycles.
Land-management strategies need to be implemented that will prevent
erosion of cropland top soil from entering wetlands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1692. Effects
of structural marsh management and salinity on sediments, hydrology,
invertebrates, and waterbirds in marsh ponds during winter on the Gulf
Coast Chenier Plain.
Bolduc, Francois. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2003.
Notes: Advisor: Afton, Alan D.
Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ structural marsh management/ waterbirds/ salinity/ wintering habitat/ Louisiana
Abstract:
Compositions of wintering waterbird communities are dependent
upon food accessibility (via water depth), biomasses and sizes of their
invertebrate prey, which in turn are influenced by the hydrology and
sediments of wetland habitats. The hydrology and sediments of marsh
ponds on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain probably are affected by
structural marsh management (levees, water control structures and
impoundments; SMM) and salinity; therefore, SMM and salinity ultimately
may affect wintering waterbird communities. Accordingly, I measured
sediment and hydrologic variables, biomasses and sizes of common
aquatic invertebrates, and densities of common wintering waterbird
species in ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), impounded oligohaline
(IO), impounded mesohaline (IM), and unimpounded mesohaline (UM)
marshes during winters 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State
Wildlife Refuge, near Grand Chenier, Louisiana. SMM affected
sediment and hydrologic variables, which negatively affected biomasses
of Nematoda and secondarily increased those of Ostracoda. However, few
waterbird species possess the capacity to capture these small prey;
consequently, I predicted that avian species that consume invertebrates
would not be among those differentiating waterbird communities between
ponds of IM and UM marshes. Comparisons of waterbird densities provided
inconsistent results with this prediction because some shorebird and
waterfowl species that feed heavily on invertebrates were those that
primarily differentiated waterbird communities between ponds of IM and
UM marshes. My comparison of IF, IO, and IM marsh ponds indicated that,
except for salinity, they differed little in sediment and hydrologic
variables. Accordingly, these marshes only differed in biomass of
Oligochaeta; consequently, I predicted that avian species that consume
invertebrates would not be among those differentiating waterbird
communities among ponds of IF, IO, and IM marshes. Accordingly, their
waterbird communities primarily differed in densities of waterbird
species that feed on vegetation. In conclusion, some waterbird species
exclusively used ponds of UM marshes rather than ponds of IM marshes,
and most species had highest densities in IF marshes when water depth
favored those that
maximized
their densities. Consequently, my results suggest that marsh managers
should focus on the preservation of UM and IF marshes for the
conservation of wintering waterbird populations on the Gulf Coast
Chenier Plain.
© NISC
1693. Effects
of structural marsh management and winter burning on plant and bird
communities during summer in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain.
Gabrey, S. W.; Afton, A. D.; and Wilson, B. C.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 218-231. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: wetlands/ watershed management/ prescribed burning/ coasts/ Louisiana/ Texas
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1694. Effects of the herbicide imazapyr on benthic macroinvertebrates in a logged pond cypress dome.
Fowlkes, Mark D.; Michael, Jerry L.; Crisman, Thomas L.; and Prenger, Joseph P.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(4):
900-907. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/5485
Descriptors: imazapyr/ herbicide/ macroinvertebrates/ chironomid deformity/ wetland
Abstract:
Increased herbicide use in silviculture over the last several decades
has led to concern over potential water contamination, which may affect
biotic health. In the southeastern United States, pine Ratwoods
are important for timber production and are often interspersed with
cypress wetlands. Cypress domes are isolated, shallow basins that
collect surficial waters from adjacent forested areas and therefore
might be expected to contain pesticide from storm runoff. This study
utilizes in situ microcosm experiments to assess the effects of a
concentration gradient of the herbicide imazapyr (0.184, 1.84, and 18.4
mg/L, equivalent to 1, 10, and 100 times the expected environmental
concentration from a normal application rate) on the nracroinvertebrate
community of a logged pond cypress dome using changes in
macroinvertebrate composition, chironomid biomass, and chironomid
head-capsule deformities. The control core was not significantly
different from the surrounding cypress dome for any parameter,
suggesting that enclosure effects were likely of minimal importance in
the final experimental results. The lack of statistical difference (p
< 0.05) in macroinvertcbrate community composition, chironomid
deformity rate, and chironomid biomass between treatments suggests that
imazapyr did not affect the macroinvertebrate community at Ihe
concentralions tested. Chironomid deformity rate ranged from 0.97% for
imazapyr control to 4.96% for the 100X treatment, with chironomid
biomass being 1.79 and 1.87 mg/L, respectively.
This citation is from Treesearch.
1695. Effects of vegetation manipulation on breeding waterfowl in prairie wetlands: A literature review.
Kantrud,
H. A. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1986. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report.
Notes:
Also available in USDA General Technical Report RM-194, Can Livestock
Be Used as a Tool to Enhance Wildlife Habitat?, Reno, Nevada, 13
February 1990, edited by Severson, Kieth E., pp. 93-123.
Call no. aSD11.A42 no. 194.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/vegmanip/index.htm#contents
Descriptors: waterfowl/ wetlands/ prairie/ ducks/ marshes
Abstract:
Both dabbling and diving ducks and their broods prefer wetlands
with openings in the marsh canopy. Decreased use is commonly associated
with decreased habitat heterogeneity caused by tall, robust hydrophytes
and other species adapted to form monotypes in the absence of
disturbance. Reductions in height and density of tall, emergent
hydrophytes by fire and grazing (unless very intensive) generally
benefit breeding waterfowl. Such benefits are an increase in pair
density, probably related to increased interspersion of cover and open
water which decreases visibility among conspecific pairs, and
improvements in their invertebrate food resources that result from
increased habitat heterogeneity. Research needs are great because of
the drastic changes that have accrued to prairie wetlands through fire
suppression, cultivation, and other factors. -from Author
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1696. Effects of wastewater on wetland animal communities.
Brennan, K. M.
In: Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters/ Godfrey, Paul J.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985; pp. 199-223.
Notes: Literature review; ISBN: 0442230095.
NAL Call #: QH545.S49E3
Descriptors: wetlands
treatment/ wastewater treatment/ water pollution effects/ ecosystems/
wildlife/ environmental effects/ economic aspects/ artificial wetlands
Abstract: An
inventory of known discharges of wastewater to wetlands
in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio,
and Wisconsin was performed. The results show that the use of
natural wetlands for the discharge of treated wastewater is relatively
common. However, the intentional inclusion of wetlands as part of the
treatment process is rare. Both types of situations may become more
attractive due to economic factors. Although the short-term benefits of
the use of natural wetlands for the disposal or treatment of wastewater
(cost-effectiveness, treatment efficiency, and convenience) appear
promising, the long-term ability of these areas to treat wastewater is
questionable. The construction of artificial wetlands for the treatment
of wastewater would avoid any detrimental effects that might result
from the use of natural wetlands and also could provide supplementary
habitats for wetland wildlife and possibly reservoirs for rare species.
Few animal-related studies have been performed at the small number of
artificial wetland sites presently in existence; thus, the information
base is too small and too short-term for any conclusions to be drawn.
© ProQuest
1697. Effects of wetland creation on breeding season bird use in boreal eastern Ontario.
Locky, D. A.; Davies, J. C.; and Warner, B. G.
Canadian Field Naturalist 119(1): 64-75. (2005)
Descriptors: boreal/ breeding birds/ constructed wetland/ marsh/ Ontario/ rare birds/ upland birds/ wetland birds
Abstract:
Wetland construction has been an effective means of mitigating wetland
habitat losses due to agricultural and other activities. However, the
type, variety, and age of the habitats created are often critical
components in the success of the wetland when the aim is to enhance the
bird community. Hilliardton Marsh was constructed as a series of cells
between 1993 and 1997 in boreal eastern Ontario to provide
waterfowl habitat. We determined habitat change and monitored
breeding-season bird use before construction and one year after the
last cell was constructed. Wetland construction resulted in dramatic
changes to the vegetation and bird communities. The area was
transformed into a variety of wetland habitats, but primarily marsh,
one of the rarest wetland types in boreal Ontario. Survey stations
with moderate habitat change exhibited the greatest change in bird
species richness. Total species richness increased 55% from 56 to 87
species, with obligate wetland birds increasing from 3 to 26 species.
Rare birds increased from 11 to 27 species, with most as obligate or
facultative wetland birds, but also Peregrine Falcon (Falco
peregrinus). Bird abundance, as measured by the number of stations
where a species was observed, increased significantly for obligate
wetland birds. There were no significant losses of species from any
bird group, as adjacent upland habitat was preserved. This short-term
study has shown that construction of new wetland habitat in boreal
eastern Ontario, especially marsh, can significantly increase the
numbers of breeding-season birds, including rare species. However,
long-term monitoring is required to ensure sustained success of wetland
construction projects for birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1698. Effects
of winter marsh burning on abundance and nesting activity of Louisiana seaside sparrows in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain.
Gabrey, S. W. and Afton, A. D.
Wilson Bulletin 112(3): 365-372. (2000)
Descriptors: abundance/
ecological impact/ habitat management/ marsh/ nesting/ passerines/
prescribed burning/ United States/ Ammodramus maritimus/
Gulf Coast Chenier Plain
Abstract: Louisiana Seaside Sparrows (Ammodramus maritimus fisheri) breed
and winter exclusively in brackish and saline marshes along the
northern Gulf of Mexico. Many Gulf Coast marshes,
particularly in the Chenier Plain of southwestern Louisiana and
southeastern Texas, are burned intentionally in fall or winter as
part of waterfowl management programs. Fire reportedly has negatively
affected two Seaside Sparrow subspecies (A. m. nigrescens and A. m.
mirabilis) in Florida, but there is no published information
regarding effects of fire on A. m. fisheri. We compared abundance of
territorial male Louisiana Seaside Sparrows, number of nesting activity
indicators, and vegetation structure in paired burned and unburned
plots in Chenier Plain marshes in southwestern Louisiana during the
1996 breeding season (April-July) before experimental winter burns
(January 1997) and again during two breeding seasons post-burn
(1997-1998). We found that abundance of male sparrows decreased in
burned plots during the first breeding season post-burn, but was higher
than that of unburned plots during the second breeding season
post-burn. Indicators of nesting activity showed a similar but
non-significant pattern in response to burning. Sparrow abundance and
nesting activity seemingly are linked to dead vegetation cover, which
was lower in burned plots during the first breeding season post-burn,
but did not differ from that in unburned plots during the second
breeding season post-burn. We recommend that marsh management plans in
the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain integrate waterfowl and Seaside Sparrow
management by maintaining a mosaic of burned and unburned marshes and
allowing vegetation to recover for at least two growing seasons before
reburning a marsh.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1699. Endangered
species management requires a new look at the benefit of fire: The Cape
Sable seaside sparrow in the Everglades ecosystem.
La Puma, David A.; Lockwood, Julie L.; and
Davis, Michelle J.
Biological Conservation 136(3): 398-407. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ reproduction/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Ammodramus
maritimus mirabilis/ habitat management/ reproductive productivity/
nesting success/ population density/ grassland/ prairie habitat/ fire/
Florida/ Everglades National Park/ Aves/ Passeriformes/ Emberizidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Although disturbance processes play important roles in maintaining
habitat heterogeneity, the potential effects of such processes on rare
or endangered species is virtually unknown and difficult to test. We
use an unplanned fire, which burned half of a long-term study plot, as
a natural experiment to test the effects of fire on the federally
endangered Cape Sable seaside sparrow in Everglades National Park. By implementing a before-after-control impact study
design we determine the mechanistic link between fire and demography of
this endangered sparrow. Our results show that while the sparrow
tolerates fire, neither sparrow density nor nesting success are
enhanced by fire, which runs contrary to the current paradigm in which
sparrows are expected to benefit and therefore require fire for
persistence. Our results caution against the assumption that occupancy
of disturbance-prone habitat automatically suggests dependence on
disturbance. Land managers must prevent large and frequent fires from
burning occupied sparrow habitat to best manage for the species.
Moreover, it is imperative that more studies focus on the effects of
disturbance processes on rare and endangered species in order to
prevent further loss of biodiversity. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All
rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1700. Enhanced prairie wetland effects on surface water quality in Crowfoot Creek, Alberta.
Ontkean, G. R.; Chanasyk, D. S.; Riemersma, S.;
Bennett, D. R.; and Brunen, J. M.
Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 38(2): 335-359. (2003); ISSN: 1201-3080
Descriptors: wetlands/
water quality/ surface water/ habitat/ aquatic birds/ watersheds/
nutrient concentrations/ fecal coliforms/ surface water/ water quality
(natural waters)/ catchment areas/ nutrients/ bacteria (faecal)/ birds
(waterfowl)/ monitoring/ fate of pollutants/ prairies/ data
collections/ spatial distribution/ temporal distribution/ suspended
solids/ bacteria/ Canada, Alberta,
Crowfoot Creek
Abstract:
A three-year study was conducted to examine the effects of a prairie
wetland enhanced for waterfowl habitat on surface water quality in the
Crowfoot Creek watershed in southern Alberta, Canada.
Monitoring was carried out at the Hilton wetland from mid-March to the
end of October in 1997 to 1999 at two inflow sites and one outflow
site. Data were collected on flow, total phosphorus (TP), total
nitrogen (TN), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliform (FC)
bacteria. Nutrient concentrations were highest in the spring, and
decreased during the remainder of the monitoring period each year.
Nutrient concentrations did not change significantly within the wetland
due to the form of nutrient, reduced retention times for nutrient
uptake, and the addition of nutrients to the water through sediment
release and decomposition of organic matter. The wetland acted as both
a source and a sink for nutrients, depending on flow volumes. TSS
concentrations decreased significantly from inflow to outflow,
indicating sedimentation occurred in the wetland. FC bacteria levels
were lowest in the spring and increased during the post-spring runoff
(PSRO) period. FC
bacteria
counts decreased significantly within the wetland throughout the entire
year. The Hilton wetland was effective in reducing the amounts of TSS
and FC bacteria exported from the wetland; however, there was no
significant change in nutrient status.
© ProQuest
1701. Estimated extent of geographically isolated wetlands in selected areas of the United States.
Tiner, R. W.
Wetlands 23(3): 636-652. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: coastal
plains/ geographical distribution/ geographical information systems/
grasslands/ habitats/ hydrological data/ meadows/ nature conservation/
prairies/ regulations/ watersheds/ wetlands
Abstract:
In preparing a major report on geographically isolated wetlands, the US
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) initiated a study of the extent of
these wetlands across the country. The FWS used geographical
information system (GIS) technology to analyse existing digital data
(e.g., National Wetlands Inventory data and US Geological Survey
hydrologic data) to predict the extent of isolated wetlands in 72 study
areas. Study sites included areas where specific types of isolated
wetlands (e.g., prairie pothole marshes, playas, Nebraska's
rainwater basin marshes and meadows, terminal basins, sinkhole
wetlands, Carolina bays, and West Coast vernal pools) were known
to occur, as well as areas from other physiographic regions. In total,
these sites represented a broad cross-section of America's
landscape. Although intended to show examples of the extent of isolated
wetlands across the country, the study was not designed to generate
statistically significant estimates of isolated wetlands for the
nation. As expected, the extent of isolated wetlands was quite
variable. The study found that isolated wetlands constituted a
significant proportion of the wetland resource in arid and semiarid to
subhumid regions and in karst topography. Eight study areas had more
than half of their wetland area designated as isolated, while 24 other
areas had 20-50% of their wetland area in this category. For most
sites, isolated wetlands represented a greater percent of the total
number of wetlands than the percent of wetland area. This was largely
attributed to difference in wetland size, with most non-isolated
wetlands being larger than the isolated wetlands. Forty-three sites had
more than 50% of their total number of wetlands designated as isolated.
The estimates of isolated wetlands presented in this study cannot be
readily translated to wetlands that have lost Clean Water Act
"protection" based on a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling for several
reasons, including the lack of written guidance on interpreting the
Court's decision for identifying jurisdictional wetlands. The results
of this GIS analysis present one perspective on the extent of
geographically isolated wetlands in the country and represent a
starting point for more detailed assessments.
© CABI
1702. Estuarine wetland restoration: A dike breach project in the Snohomish River Estuary, Marysville, WA.
Soden, John M.
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 87: 271. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
Meeting abstract; 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of
America and the 14th Annual International Conference of the Society for
Ecological Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA;
August 04-09, 2002.
Descriptors: estuarine
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ estuarine wetland restoration/ management method/ dike
breach project/ fish use trends/ intertidal zone elevations/ natural
vegetation/ reclaimed wet pasture/ salinity/ site drainage/ tidal flow
restoration/ water quality/ water temperature/ wildlife
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1703. Eutrophication and restoration of Lake Apopka, USA.
Gu, Binhe
Hupo Kexue 17(1): 1-8( 2005); ISSN: 1003-5427
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control
and management/ sediment/ water quality/ eutrophication/ drainage
basin/ habitat restoration/ agricultural development/ paleolimnology/
food web structure
Abstract:
This paper provides a literature review on eutrophication and
restoration of Lake Apopka, a large, shallow and subtropical
take in Florida, USA. Prior to 1947, Lake Apopka was a clear-water, submerged macrophyte-dominated system
with a famous recreation fishery. Hydrologic alteration of the drainage
basin and large-scale agricultural development of floodplain has
resulted in catastrophic changes in Lake Apopka
ecosystem. These changes include excessive phosphorus loading to the
lake, massive die-off of the submerged macrophytes and virtual
disappearance of the large-mouth bass population. Nowadays, Lake Apopka is a hypereutrophic system dominated by
picophytoplankton and rough fish gizzard shad. Approximately 90% of the
lake bottom is covered by a layer of 50 cm thick, unconsolidated,
flocculent organic materials largely originated from water column
production. Measures of Lake Apopka restoration include
(I) reduction of external phosphorus loading, (2) removal of phosphorus
and other suspended solids from the lake by filtration through the
marsh flow-way and by mass removal of gizzard shad, (3) improvement of
food-web structure by removing gizzard shad, (4) restoration of habitat
through shoreline plantation and (5) increases in water level
fluctuation. Major research covers a variety of topics including
analysis of past water quality conditions, estimates of external and
internal phosphorus loading. setting water quality goal, sediment
characterization, resuspension, nutrient inventory and fluxes,
paleolimnological evidences for eutrophication, primary productivity,
phytoplankton community structure, and limiting nutrients. Recent
debates on eutrophication mechanisms and restoration strategies are
also presented.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1704. Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion application in constructed wetland mesocosms.
Milam, C. D.; Bouldin, J. L.; Farris, J. L.; Schulz, R.;
Moore, M. T.; Bennett, E. R.; Cooper, C. M.; and Smith, S.
Environmental Toxicology 19(5): 471-479. (Oct. 2004)
NAL Call #: RA1221.T69; ISSN: 1520-4081
Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia
(Cladocera)/ Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda)/ Chironomus tentans
(Chironomidae)/ Pimephales promelas (Cyprinidae)/ pollutants/ survival/
semiaquatic habitat/ fertilizer and pesticide pollution/ toxic effects/
fertilizers and pesticides/ methyl parathion/ Mississippi/ Oxford,
Miss./ toxic effects of methyl parathion/ constructed wetland mesocosms
Abstract:
Wetland ecosystems have reduced ambient levels of various organic and
metallic compounds, although their effectiveness on agricultural
pesticides is not well documented. Five stations within each of two 10
X 50 m constructed wetlands (two vegetated, two nonvegetated) were
selected to measure the fate and effects of methyl parathion (MeP).
Following a simulated storm event (0.64 cm of rainfall), aqueous,
sediment, and plant samples were collected and analyzed spatially (5,
10, 20, and 40 m from the inlet) and temporally (after 3-10 days) for
MeP concentrations and for the impact of those concentrations on the
aquatic fauna. Aqueous toxicity to fish decreased spatially and
temporally in the vegetated mesocosm. Pimephales promelas survival was
significantly reduced, to 68%, at the 10-m station of the nonvegetated
wetlands (3 h postapplication), with pesticide concentrations averaging
9.6 ì g
MeP/L. Ceriodaphnia in both the vegetated and nonvegetated wetlands was
sensitive (i.e., a significant acute response to MeP occurred) to
pesticide concentrations through 10 days postapplication. Mean MeP
concentrations in water ranged from 0.5 to 15.4 ì g/L and from 0.1 to 27.0 ì g/L
in the vegetated and nonvegetated wetlands, respectively. Hyalella
azteca aqueous tests resulted in significant mortality in the 5-m
vegetated segment 10 days after exposure to MeP (2.2 ì g/L.
Solid-phase (10-day) sediment toxicity tests showed no significant
reduction in Chironomus tentans survival or growth, except for the
sediments sampled 3 h postapplication in the nonvegetated wetland (65%
survival). Thereafter, midge survival averaged >87% in sediments
sampled from both wetlands. These data suggest that wetlands play a
significant role in mitigating the effect of MeP exposure in sensitive
aquatic biota. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1705. Evaluating perturbations and developing restoration strategies for inland wetlands in the Great Lakes Basin.
Detenbeck, N. E.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; Atkinson, J.; and Ball, H.
Wetlands 19(4): 789-820. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995.
Descriptors: wetlands/
land reclamation/ land management/ hydrology/ water quality/
vegetation/ exotic species/ sedimentation/ disturbance/ environmental
restoration/ nature conservation/ ecosystem disturbance/
eutrophication/ land use/ land restoration/ land/ water quality
(natural waters)/ land restoration/ North America, Great Lakes
Abstract:
Wetland coverage and type distributions vary systematically by
ecoregion across the Great Lakes Basin. Land use and
subsequent changes in wetland type distributions also vary among
ecoregions. Incidence of wetland disturbance varies significantly
within ecoregions but tends to increase from north to south with
intensity of land use. Although the nature of disturbance activities
varies by predominant land-use type, mechanisms of impact and potential
response endpoints appear to be similar across agricultural and urban
areas. Based on the proportion of associated disturbance activities and
proportion response endpoints affected, the highest ranking mechanisms
of impact are sedimentation/turbidity, retention time, eutrophication,
and changes in hydrologic timing. Disturbance activities here are
defined as events that cause wetland structure or function to vary
outside of a normal range, while stressors represent the individual
internal or external agents (causes) that act singly or in combination
to impair one or more wetland functions. Responses most likely
associated with disturbance activities based on shared mechanisms of
impact are 1) shifts in plant species composition, 2) reduction in
wildlife production, 3) decreased local or regional biodiversity, 4)
reduction in fish and/or other secondary production, 5) increased flood
peaks/frequency, 6) increased aboveground production, 7) decreased
water quality downstream, and 8) loss of aquatic plant species with
high light compensation points. General strategies and goals for
wetland restoration can be derived at the ecoregion scale using
information on current and historic wetland extent and type
distributions and the distribution of special-concern species dependent
on specific wetland types or mosaics of habitat types. Restoration of
flood-control and water-quality improvement functions will require
estimates of wetland coverage relative to total land area or specific
land uses (e.g., deforestation, urbanization) at the watershed scale.
The high incidence of disturbance activities in the more developed
southern ecoregions of both Canada and the U.S. is reflected
in the loss of species across all wetland types. The species data here
suggest that an effective regional strategy must include restoration of
a diversity of wetland types, including the rarer wetland types (wet
meadows, fens), as well as forested swamps, which were extensive
historically. The prevalence of anthropogenic stresses and openwater
habitats likely contributes to the concentration of exotic species in
inland wetlands of the southern Great Lakes ecoregions. Vegetation
removal and site disturbance are the best- documented causes for plant
invasions, and encroachment activities are common in marshes and ponds
of the southern ecoregions.
© ProQuest
1706. Evaluating salt marsh restoration in Delaware Bay: Analysis of fish response at former salt hay farms.
Able, Kenneth W.; Nemerson, David M.; and
Grothues, Thomas M.
Estuaries 27(1): 58-69. (2004)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ life cycle and development/ development/ Growth/ ecology/
population dynamics/ habitat/ brackish habitat/ marine zones/ Atlantic
Ocean/ Micropogonias undulatus: growth rate/ salt marsh restoration
effects/ North Atlantic/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes,
Sciaenidae/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In a continuing effort to monitor the fish response to marsh
restoration (resumed tidal flow, creation of creeks), we compared
qualitative and quantitative data on species richness, abundance,
assemblage structure and growth between pre-restoration and
post-restoration conditions at two former salt hay farms relative to a
reference marsh in the mesohaline portion of Delaware Bay. The most
extensive comparison, during April-November 1998, sampled fish
populations in large marsh creeks with otter trawls and in small marsh
creeks with weirs. Species richness and abundance increased
dramatically after restoration. Subsequent comparisons indicated that
fish size, assemblage structure, and growth of one of the dominant
species, Micropogonias undulatus, was similar between reference and
restored marshes 1 and 2 yr post-restoration. Total fish abundance and
abundance of the dominant species was greater, often by an order of
magnitude, in one of the older restored sites (2 yr post-restoration),
while the other restored site (1 yr post-restoration) had values
similar to the reference marsh. The success of the restoration at the
time of this study suggests that return of the tidal flow and increased
marsh area and edge in intertidal and subtidal creeks relative to the
former salt hay farms contributed to the quick response of resident and
transient young-of-the-year fishes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1707. Evaluating
salt marsh restoration in Delaware Bay: The response of blue
crabs, Callinectes sapidus, at former salt hay farms.
Jivoff, Paul R. and Able, Kenneth W.
Estuaries 26(3): 709-719. (2003)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat/ brackish habitat/
marine zones/ Atlantic Ocean/ North Atlantic/ Callinectes sapidus:
habitat management/ salt marsh restoration/ population density/
population structure/ environmental indicators/ population level
response based evaluation of salt marsh restoration/ salt marsh/
northwest Atlantic/ New Jersey/ Delaware Bay/ Crustacea, Malacostraca,
Eumalacostraca, Eucarida, Decapoda, Reptantia, Brachyura/ arthropods/
crustaceans/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Marshes are important habitats for various life history stages of many
fish and invertebrates. Much effort has been directed at restoring
marshes, yet it is not clear how fish and invertebrates have responded
to marsh restoration. The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, uses marsh
habitats during much of its benthic life. We investigated the response
of blue crabs to marsh restoration by comparing crab abundance (catch
per unit effort), mean size and size frequency distribution, sex ratio,
and molt stages of crabs in recently restored marshes that were former
salt hay farms to that of adjacent reference marshes with similar
physical characteristics in the mesohaline portion of Delaware
Bay. Field sampling occurred monthly (April-November) in 1997 and 1998
using replicate daytime otter trawls in large marsh creeks and weirs in
smaller intertidal marsh creeks. Blue crabs were either equal or more
abundant, the incidence of molting was in most months similar, and
population sex ratios were indistinguishable in restored and reference
marshes, suggesting that the restored areas attract crabs and support
their growth. Site location had a greater effect on the sex ratio of
crabs such that marshes closer to the mouth of the bay contained a
higher percentage of adult female crabs. In each annual growing season
(April July), the monthly increase in crab size and, in some months
(June July), the incidence of molting at the restored sites was greater
than the reference sites, suggesting that the restored sites may
provide areas for enhanced growth of crabs. These results suggest that
blue crabs have responded positively to restoration of former salt hay
farms in the mesohaline portion of Delaware Bay.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1708. Evaluation of farmed playa wetlands as avian habitat using survey data and two rapid assessment techniques.
Rivers, J. W. and Cable, T. T.
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106(3): 155-165. ( 2003)
NAL Call #: 500 K13T; ISSN: 0022-8443
Descriptors: wetlands/ playas/ agriculture/ aquatic birds/ biological surveys/ sampling/ habitat/ Kansas
Abstract: Playa
wetlands contribute to the biological diversity of the
southern Great Plains, yet many are modified by current farming
practices.
We surveyed 12 farmed playa wetlands from 1998-99 to (1) document
seasonal avian use of these habitats and (2) assess the performance of
two rapid assessment techniques, the Habitat Assessment Technique and
the Wetland Evaluation Technique. Thirty-six bird species were observed
on farmed playa wetlands, 42% of which are dependent on wetland
habitats. In contrast, only 5 species were observed on upland reference
sites in 1999, and none were dependent on wetlands. Collectively, both
rapid assessment techniques rated farmed playa wetlands as poor
habitats because of the physical characteristics of study sites. Based
on field observations and published work, we conclude that farmed playa
wetlands provide habitat for many avian species and the rapid
assessment techniques examined are unsuitable for assessing playa
wetlands as avian habitat in Kansas.
© ProQuest
1709. Evaluation of nekton use and habitat characteristics of restored Louisiana marsh.
Bush Thom, Christina S.; La Peyre, Megan K.; and
Nyman, J. Andrew
Ecological Engineering 23(2): 63-75. (2004)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ brackish habitat/ land zones/ marine zones/
Atlantic Ocean/ North Atlantic/ Crustacea/ Pisces: habitat management/
marsh terracing/ coconut matting restoration techniques/ nekton
community structure/ habitat quality/ managed vs unmanaged marsh/
community structure/ nekton assemblage composition/ environmental
indicators/ salt marsh/ Sabine National Wildlife Refuge/ Gulf of
Mexico/ arthropods/ chordates/ crustaceans/ fish/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1710. Evaluation of partners for fish and wildlife wetland restoration efforts in the Saginaw Bay watershed (Michigan).
Thompson, Katherine Ford. Michigan State University, 2004.
Notes: Advisor: Millenbah, Kelly F.; Degree: MS
Descriptors: wetland restoration/ fish/ wildlife/ ecological analysis/ Saginaw Bay/ Michigan
Abstract:
Since 1987, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Partners for Fish
and Wildlife Program has provided technical assistance to private
landowners to voluntarily restore wetlands on their property. However,
monitoring and evaluation of these projects has been limited. to
determine the success of past Partner's wetland restoration projects in
the Saginaw Bay watershed of Michigan, both broad and
intensive-level evaluations were conducted that compared restored and
natural reference wetlands. Furthermore, through landowner surveys, the
relationship of landowner perception and experience to the broad and
intensive ecological evaluations was explored. Ecological evaluation
revealed water depth and percent open water were greater (P < 0.05)
on restored than reference sites. Conversely, percent total vegetation
cover was less (P < 0.05) on restored than reference sites. Restored
and reference sites supported similar mean avian species richness and
avian diversity, however, restored sites supported higher (P < 0.05)
densities of wetland dependent birds. Although water depth and land
cover characteristics on restored sites did not approximate conditions
on reference sites, avian response to these areas suggests that
restored sites are able to support avian use similar or better than
natural wetlands. Overall, landowner surveys had lower (P = 0.02)
estimates of percent total cover than broad evaluations. However,
percent open water was not different among the three evaluation
techniques. Landowner surveys, broad and intensive evaluation
techniques can all be used to effectively monitor and evaluate restored
wetlands on private lands.
© NISC
1711. An evaluation of vegetation and wildlife communities in mitigation and natural wetlands of West Virginia.
Balcombe, Collins K.
Morgantown, W. Va.: West Virginia University, 2003.
Notes:
Thesis submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and
Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Wildlife and Fisheries Resource Management
http://www.forestry.caf.wvu.edu/jAnderson/Balcombe_c_thesis.pdf
Descriptors: wetland mitigation/ wetland restoration/ wetland management/ mitigation wetland/ constructed wetland/ reference wetland
1712. An evaluation of vernal pool creation projects in New England: Project documentation from 1991-2000.
Lichko, L. E. and Calhoun, A. J. K.
Environmental Management 32(1): 141-151. (2003)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: environment-ecology/ vernal pool/ wetland
creation/ compensatory mitigation/ wetland monitoring/
reference
wetlands/ New England/ metapopulation dynamics/ amphibian
conservation/ temporary wetlands/ self design/ mitigation/ landscape/
declines/ biodiversity/ populations/ hydroperiod
Abstract: Vernal
pools are vulnerable to loss through development and
agricultural and forestry practices owing to their isolation from open
water bodies and their small size. Some vernal pool-dependent species
are already listed in New England as Endangered, Threatened, or
Species of Special Concern. Vernal pool creation is becoming more
common in compensatory mitigation as open water ponds, in general, may
be easier to create than wooded wetlands. However, research on vernal
pool creation is limited, A recent National Research Council study
(2001) cites vernal pools as "challenging to recreate." We reviewed
documentation on 15 vernal pool creation projects in New England
that were required by federal regulatory action. Our purpose was to
determine whether vernal pool creation for compensatory mitigation
in New England replaced key vernal pool functions by assessing
project goals and documentation (including mitigation plans, pool
design criteria, monitoring protocols, and performance standards). Our
results indicate that creation attempts often fail to replicate lost
pool functions. Pool design specifications are often based on
conjecture rather than on reference wetlands or created pools that
function successfully. Project monitoring lacks consistency and
reliability, and record keeping by regulatory agencies is inadequate.
Strengthening of protection of isolated wetlands in general, and
standardization across all aspects of vernal pool creation, is needed
to ensure success and to promote conservation of the long-term
landscape functions of vernal pools.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1713. Extent and distribution of waterfowl habitat managed on private lands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Uihlein, W. B.
Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University, 2000.
Notes: Thesis (Ph.D.)
Descriptors: Mississippi Delta/ rice/ private lands/ winter/ agriculture/ habitat management/ surveys
© NISC
1714. Factors affecting condition of northern pintails wintering in the Southern High Plains.
Smith, Loren M. and Sheeley, Douglas G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 57(1): 62-71. (1993)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: body
weight/ carcass composition/ climate/ diet/ energetic cost/ fat/
gizzard mass/ lipid/ nutrient reserve/ paired male/ population ecology/
protein/ reproduction/ sex difference/ survival/ wetland management
Abstract:
Because nutrient reserves affect survival and subsequent reproduction,
it is necessary to examine factors affecting nutrient reserves to
understand the population ecology of northern pintails (Anas acuta).
Thus, we examined variation in carcass composition and organ mass of
northern pintails wintering on the Southern High Plains (SHP) of Texas
(USA) with respect to time (month, year; which varied in wetland
availability), age, sex, and pair status. Carcass mass for males, and
fat-gizzard mass, and percent fat were higher (P < 0.05) in 1985-86
(wet year) than 1985 (normal year) for males and females. This was
attributed to precipitation that was 70% above normal in 1985-86, and
resulted in increased availability of wetlands. Adult and immature
birds did not differ (P > 0.10) with the exception of ash mass.
Males were heavier (P < 0.001), had heavier (P < 0.001) organs
(gizzard and liver), and had more (P < 0.001) protein and ash than
females. Females had a higher (P < 0.001) percentage of fat than
males. Fat and protein decreased from November to December in both
years. In the normal year, fat did not vary (P > 0.05) from January
to March. A decline (P < 0.05) in fat in February of the wet year
may have been an endogenous response to reduce energetic costs. Changes
in gizzard mass over time probably reflected dietary changes during
winter. Paired males had greater (P < 0.01) lipid levels than
unpaired birds in the wet year but not in the normal year. We could not
make this comparison for females because ther were so few unpaired
females. Management in the SHP should focus on improving playa wetlands
in winter because pintail body condition can be improved by increased
wetland availability, and improved condition has been associated with
increased survival and reproduction.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1715. Fall water requirements for seasonal diked wetlands at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge.
Mayer, T. D. and Thomasson, R.
Wetlands 24(1): 92-103. (Mar. 2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47
Descriptors: seasonal
wetlands/ autumn/ hydrology/ water management/ flooded conditions/
saturated conditions/ surface water level/ groundwater/ volume/ water
quantity/ soil water/ wetland soils/ water balance/ measurement/
models/ refuge habitats/ California/ water resources and management/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ soil chemistry and physics
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1716. The Farm Bill and duck production in the Prairie Pothole Region: Increasing the benefits.
Reynolds, R. E.; Shaffer, T. L.; Loesch, C. R.; and
Cox, R. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 963-974. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [963:TFBADP]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ duck/ Farm Bill/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Swampbuster/ United States Department of Agriculture
Abstract:
The Food Security Act of 1985 contained provisions that affected
wildlife conservation nationwide. Two provisions that most benefited
waterfowl populations in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) were the
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and "Swampbuster" (wetland
conservation). Permanent cover established under the CRP provides
attractive nesting habitat for upland-nesting ducks that is more secure
than other major habitats. Swampbuster has prevented drainage of
wetlands vital to breeding duck pairs. In 2007 many CRP contracts will
expire. Deliberations will begin in late 2006 regarding the next Farm
Bill. The United States Department of Agriculture needs sound
biological information and scientific analyses to help establish
wildlife priorities in the Farm Bill. We used data from breeding duck
population and wetland habitat surveys to develop models for 5 species
of upland-nesting ducks and applied these models to >2.6 million
wetlands in a digital database for the PPR in North and South Dakota,
USA. We used geographic information systems techniques to identify
locations in the PPR where CRP cover would be accessible to the
greatest number of nesting hens. We then summarized distribution of
current CRP contracts relative to distribution of upland-breeding
ducks. We also used our models to predict change in the breeding duck
population (landscape carrying capacity) that might occur if certain
wetlands were exempt from the Swampbuster provision. Our analyses
showed that 75% of CRP contracts as of July 2005 were in areas
accessible to high or medium numbers of breeding ducks and 25% were in
areas of low populations. We suggest a method to prioritize CRP
extensions and reenrollment of current contracts or target new
contracts to maintain or increase duck production. Additionally, our
models suggested that if the Swampbuster provision were removed from
future Farm Bills and protected wetland were drained, this area of the
PPR could experience a 37% decline in the waterfowl populations we
studied.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1717. Fate of wetlands associated with the central Nebraska irrigation canal system.
Ekstein, J. D. and Hygnstrom, S. E.
Great Plains Research 6(1): 41-60. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165
Descriptors: wetlands/
irrigation districts/ canals/ aerial photography/ environmental
effects/ water table rise/ flooding/ wildlife management/ nature
conservation/ environmental impact/ Nebraska/ nature conservation/
environmental impact/ irrigation districts/ water table rise/ wildlife
management
Abstract:
Changes in wetlands in the vicinity of the Phelps and E65 canals
operated by Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District in
Southcentral Nebraska were examined using aerial photographs taken
on seven occasions from 1938 to 1981. According to previous research,
nearly 90% of the original wetlands within the surrounding Rainwater Basin were destroyed or altered by draining
and filling between 1900 and 1980. Within a zone extending 10
kilometers on each side of the Phelps and E65 canals, however, we
observed an increase in the number and total area of wetlands, which we
hypothesize to have been caused by an elevated groundwater table. Of
additional importance for wildlife management, there was a notable
decrease in wetlands temporarily flooded for 2 months or less, and a
notable increase in wetlands seasonally flooded for 3 to 5 months each
year. These changes were most conspicuous after 1969.
© ProQuest
1718. Fish and wildlife benefits associated with wetland establishment practices.
Rewa, Charles A.
In:
Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2007. 12 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb6.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic
habitat/ conservation practices/ wetland conservation/ wetland
management/ terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This paper summarizes the findings of studies conducted to
document fish and wildlife response to these practices. The majority of
published studies describe bird response to wetland restoration, with
most reporting bird communities in restored wetlands to be similar to
those of natural reference wetlands. Studies also indicate that
invertebrates and amphibians generally respond quickly to and colonize
newly established wetland habitats. Key factors reported as correlated
with wildlife species richness include wetland size, availability of
nearby wetlands habitats, diversity of water depths and vegetation,
wetland age, and maintenance and management activity. Key knowledge
gaps in our understanding of fish and wildlife response to wetland
establishment practices are identified, including the need for studies
on biota other than birds and long-term monitoring of wetland condition
and wildlife response over time.
1719. Fish
assemblage composition in constructed and natural tidal marshes
of San Diego Bay: Relative influence of channel morphology
and restoration history.
Williams, G. D. and Zedler, J. B.
Estuaries 22(3A): 702-716. (Sept. 1999)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors: wetlands/
tides/ environmental restoration/ habitat utilization/ California/ San
Diego Bay/ tidal marshes/ morphology/ rehabilitation/ channel
morphology/ species composition/ aquatic habitat/ population density/
killifish/ multivariate analysis/ monitoring/ biological sampling/
physical properties/ environment management/ river engineering/
ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ community composition/
fluvial morphology/ environmental factors/ Pisces/ Fundulus
parvipinnis/ California killifish/ reclamation/ water quality control/
mechanical and natural changes/ multi-disciplinary studies/
environmental effects/ erosion and sedimentation
Abstract: This
study evaluated the use by fish of restored tidal wetlands and
identified links between fish species composition and habitat
characteristics. We compared the attributes of natural and constructed
channel habitats in Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, San
Diego Bay, California, by using fish monitoring data
to explore the relationships between channel environmental
characteristics and fish species composition. Fishes were sampled
annually for 8 yr (1989-1996) at eight sampling sites, four in
constructed marshes and four in natural marshes, using beach seines and
blocking nets. We also measured channel habitat characteristics,
including channel hydrology (stream order), width and maximum depth,
bank slope, water quality (DO, temperature, salinity), and sediment
composition. Fish colonization was rapid in constructed channels, and
there was no obvious relationship between channel age and species
richness or density. Total richness and total density did not differ
significantly between constructed and natural channels, although California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) were found in
significantly higher densities in constructed channels. Multivariate
analyses showed fish assemblage composition was related to channel
habitat characteristics, suggesting a channel's physical properties
were more important in determining fish use than its restoration
status. This relationship highlights the importance of designing
restoration projects with natural hydrologic features and choosing
proper assessment criteria in order to avoid misleading interpretations
of constructed channel success. We recommend that future projects be
designed to mimic natural marsh hydrogeomorphology and diversity more
closely, the assessment process utilize better estimates of fish
habitat function (e.g., individual and community-based species trends,
residence time, feeding, growth) and reference site choice, and
experimental research be further incorporated into the restoration
process.
© ProQuest
1720. Fish recruitment to a constructed wetland.
Langston, M. A. and Kent, D. M.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(1): 123-129. (1997)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: Florida/
artificial wetlands/ fish populations/ seasonal variations/ fish
establishment/ biological sampling/ Pisces/ fish recruitment/
environmental restoration/
artificial wetlands
Abstract:
A 31.6 ha isolated, constructed wetland in east central Florida
was sampled for fish over a two year period using a fyke net and minnow
traps. A rich and abundant fish community rapidly developed.
Cumulatively, 848 fish of 14 species were collected. Variation in
abundance was observed, and reflects seasonal conditions. Gambusia
affinis, Fundulus chrysotus, and Lepomis gulosis were the most abundant
species. This fish community was similar to natural fish communities of
the region. Fish may have been introduced to the study wetland by
irrigation, transport on terrestrial or volant fauna, or a combination
of the two modes.
© ProQuest
1721. The fishery value of salt marsh restoration projects.
Rozas, Lawrence P.; Caldwell, Philip; and
Minello, Thomas J.
Journal of Coastal Research (Special Issue 40): 37-50. (Winter 2005); ISSN: 0749-0208
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ brackish habitat/ marine zones/ Atlantic
Ocean/ North Atlantic/ Callinectes sapidus/ Farfantepenaeus aztecus/
Litopenaeus setiferus: habitat management/ salt marsh restoration
projects/ evaluation of value for enhancing fishery species
populations/ biomass/ population dynamics/ salt marsh/ Gulf of Mexico/
Texas/ Galveston Bay/ Crustacea, Malacostraca, Eumalacostraca,
Eucarida, Decapoda, Natantia/ arthropods/ Crustaceans/ invertebrates
Abstract: We
assessed the benefits of different wetland restoration techniques
for fishery resources by comparing habitat complexity, fishery support,
and construction costs among five salt marsh restoration projects
in Galveston Bay, Texas. The restoration projects included
marsh terracing at Galveston Island State Park (GISPT) and Pierce Marsh
Preserve (PMPT), mound construction at Jumbile Cove (JC), and marsh
island construction north of Galveston Island along
Interstate Highway 45 at 1-45 East Marsh (145EM) and 1-45 West Marsh
(145WM). The projects were located in shallow estuarine waters and used
bottom sediments or upland soils to construct intertidal areas that
were planted with smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. We used a
Geographic Information System (GIS) and high-resolution aerial
photography to classify areas into land (marsh vegetation) and water
and applied fishery density models to assess fishery support. These
models were developed to describe fine-scale distribution patterns for
brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, white shrimp Litopenaeus
setiferus, and blue crab Callinectes, sapidus across shallow estuarine
habitat types (emergent marsh and shallow open water) of
the Galveston Bay estuary. Restoration sites ranged in size
from 6.9 ha (145EM) to 68.2 ha (GISPT). Construction costs ranged from
$362,250 (GISPT) to $74,200 (145EM). Costs standardized to 1 ha for
comparison among projects were $40,608 (145WM), $11,875 (JC), 685
(145EM), $8,771 (PMPT), and $5,310 (GISPT). The 145WM project contained
the greatest percentage of marsh vegetation (68%), whereas the two
terracing projects had the smallest percentage (PMPT = 18%, GISPT =
19%). More of the constructed marsh in the terracing projects, however,
was vegetated marsh edge (located within 1 m of the marsh shoreline)
than in other projects (PMPT = 29%, GISPT 25%, 145EM - 20%, JC = 11%,
145WM - 9%), and this habitat type supports the greatest densities of
fishery species. Based on our modeling analysis, overall fishery
support was greatest for the two 1-45 projects, followed by the PMPT
terracing project. Estimates of standing crop (number of animals)
standardized to 1 ha ranged between 22,246-30,863 for brown shrimp,
21,773-33,139 for white shrimp, and 17,240-24,927 for blue crab. The
two terracing projects and 145EM had higher fishery-benefit: cost
ratios (ratio of standardized net fishery value to standardized project
cost) than the other projects. Although marsh terraces composed of
small cells supported the highest nekton populations, terraces
constructed of medium cells were more cost-effective than terraces
composed of either small or large cells. Based on our modeling results,
all five restored sites supported relatively high populations of
fishery species compared to prerestoration conditions. However,
restoration sites did not support populations equivalent to a reference
marsh system. Restoration projects should maximize the area of marsh
vegetation and create a high degree of water-marsh interspersion to
provide the most benefit for fishery species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1722. Floral and faunal colonization of restored wetlands in west-central Minnesota and northeastern South Dakota.
Sewell, R. S. and Higgins, K. F.
In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on Wetlands Restoration and Creation/ Webb, F. J.
Plant City, Fl.: Hillsborough Community Coll, 1991;
pp. 108-133.
Notes: Conference: 18. Annu. Conf. on Wetlands Restoration and Creation, Plant City, FL (USA),
16-17 May 1991.
Descriptors: wetlands/
biological surveys/ community composition/ land reclamation/ aquatic
animals/ freshwater fish/ aquatic plants/ aquatic birds/ Minnesota/ South Dakota
Abstract: The
objective of this study was to determine trends in species
abundance and richness of waterfowl, aquatic macroinvertebrates, fishes
and hydrophytes in restored wetlands of differing ages since
restoration. One hundred fifty-six restored seasonal and semi-permanent
basins of 12 different ages were surveyed in 3 counties of
northeast South Dakota and 6 counties of
west-central Minnesota, USA. A large diversity of flora and
fauna colonized wetlands as
early as one year after restoration. Twelve species of waterfowl were
observed in all age classes of the restored basins. Thirty-one taxa of
macroinvertebrates occurred in restored basins, 12 of which were in age
class 1 basins. Four fish species inhibited restored basins of all
ages. An average of over 16 taxa of aquatic hydrophytes had coverage
values of greater than or equal to 5% of the total wetland area in
restored basins. This study demonstrated that wetland managers can
expect extensive floral and faunal colonization of prairie wetlands
even in the first year after restoration.
© ProQuest
1723. Functional assessment of five wetlands constructed to mitigate wetland loss in Ohio, USA.
Wilson, R. F. and Mitsch, W. J.
Wetlands 16(4): 436-451. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat improvement/ man-induced effects/ nature conservation/
evaluation/ hydrology/ marshes/ environmental restoration/ Ohio/
evaluation/ depression wetlands/ environmental restoration/ habitat
improvement/ man-induced effects/ nature conservation
Abstract:
Five replacement wetlands in Ohio, USA, were investigated to
determine their ecological and legal success. Hydrology, soils,
vegetation, wildlife, and water quality of each wetland determined
their functional success. The progress of the wetlands was also
compared to their legal requirements. Four of the five wetlands (80%)
were in compliance with legal requirements and the same four wetlands
demonstrated medium to high ecosystem success. For the four wetlands, a
replacement ratio of 1.4:1 was achieved for area, and depressional
wetlands were generally replaced with depressional wetlands.
© ProQuest
1724. Functional equivalency between rice fields and seminatural wetland habitats.
Elphick, Chris S.
Conservation Biology 14(1): 181-191. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: multivariate
analysis: analytical method/ anthropogenic habitat/ behavior/ feeding
efficiency/ food abundance/ foraging performance/ functional
equivalency/ predation threat/ rice fields/ seminatural wetland
habitat/ time allocation
Abstract:
Evaluating the potential for anthropogenic habitats to act as
surrogates for the natural habitats they replace is a key issue in
conservation biology. In California, flooded rice fields are used
by numerous aquatic birds during winter. If this habitat functions
similarly to more natural wetlands, increased flooding may help replace
the extensive wetlands that occurred in the region prior to
agricultural development. I tested whether food abundance, perceived
predation threat, foraging performance, and the way in which birds
allocate their time to different behaviors differed between flooded
rice fields and seminatural wetlands for several species of aquatic
bird. When appropriate, I also compared flooded and unflooded fields.
Invertebrate densities did not differ among habitats. Seminatural
wetlands had less rice grain but more seeds from other plants than the
two rice habitats. The frequency with which predators passed over a
feeding area was lower in flooded fields than in unflooded fields or
seminatural wetlands. Most differences in feeding performance and time
allocation among habitats were small and statistically insignificant.
For some species, feeding efficiency was greater in seminatural
wetlands than in flooded fields. Increasing attack rates and the amount
of time spent feeding when in flooded fields, however, may allow birds
to compensate for reduced efficiency. Multivariate analyses showed that
group size, predation threat, time of day, date, and water depth often
were associated with behaviors, but that these variables rarely
accounted for habitat differences. Flooded fields apparently provide
equivalent foraging habitat to seminatural wetlands and, because of
reduced
predation threat, may be a safer habitat for waterbirds. Thus, if
managed appropriately, one of the world's dominant forms of agriculture
can provide valuable waterbird habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1725. Functional variability of habitats within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Restoration implications.
Lucas, Lisa V.; Cloern, James E.; Thompson, Janet K.; and Monsen, Nancy E.
Ecological Applications 12(5): 1528-1547. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/ habitat restoration/
restoration outcomes prediction/ delta habitat comparison implications/
ecological energetics/ habitat restoration outcomes prediction/ river/ California/
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta
Abstract:
We have now entered an era of large-scale attempts to restore
ecological functions and biological communities in impaired ecosystems.
Our knowledge base of complex ecosystems and interrelated functions is
limited, so the outcomes of specific restoration actions are highly
uncertain. One approach for exploring that uncertainty and anticipating
the range of possible restoration outcomes is comparative study of
existing habitats similar to future habitats slated for construction.
Here we compare two examples of one habitat type targeted for
restoration in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta. We compare one
critical ecological function provided by these shallow tidal habitats
-- production and distribution of phytoplankton biomass as the food
supply to pelagic consumers. We measured spatial and short-term
temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass and growth rate and
quantified the hydrodynamic and biological processes governing that
variability. Results show that the production and distribution of
phytoplankton biomass can be highly variable within and between nearby
habitats of the same type, due to variations in phytoplankton sources,
sinks, and transport. Therefore, superficially similar, geographically
proximate habitats can function very differently, and that functional
variability introduces large uncertainties into the restoration
process. Comparative study of existing habitats is one way ecosystem
science can elucidate and potentially minimize restoration
uncertainties, by identifying processes shaping habitat functionality,
including those that can be controlled in the restoration design.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1726. Grass buffers for playas in agricultural landscapes: An annotated bibliography.
Melcher,
C. P. and Skagen, S. K. U.S. Geological Survey; U.S. Geological
Survey Open File Report no. 2005-1220, 2005. 56 pp.
http://www.fort.usgs.gov/products/publications/21485/21485.pdf
Descriptors: conservation/
ecology/ filters/ grasses/ grasslands/ playas/ sediment contamination/
wetlands/ Colorado/ Kansas/ Southern High Plains/ Texas
Abstract:
This bibliography and associated literature synthesis (Melcher
and Skagen, 2005) was developed for the Playa Lakes Joint Venture
(PLJV). The PLJV sought compilation and annotation of the literature on
grass buffers for protecting playas from runoff containing sediments,
nutrients, pesticides, and other contaminants. In addition, PLJV sought
information regarding the extent to which buffers may attenuate the
precipitation runoff needed to fill playas, and avian use of buffers.
We emphasize grass buffers, but we also provide information on other
buffer types. There are a number of relatively synonymous terms that
describe grass buffers for wetlands. They include: buffer strip,
vegetated filter strip (VFS), grass buffer, grass filter, grass hedge,
and grassed waterway (GW), among others (see McKague and others, 1996).
Although some of these terms represent slightly different designs,
placements, and/or purposes, they all perform similar functions. In
this document, we use buffer and VFS more or less interchangeably;
other types are specified by name (e.g., grass hedges). Our
bibliography is by no means exhaustive, as the body of literature
potentially relevant to playas and wetland buffers is vast. Thus, we
attempted to include and annotate at least 13 papers by numerous
researchers heavily involved in buffer research and modeling. We also
included single papers by other researchers to increase the spectrum of
regional focus, watershed/wetland conditions, research approaches,
researcher expertise, and the time over which buffer theories/practices
have evolved. We found virtually no literature specific to buffers for
playas (confirmed by D.A. Haukos, oral. commun., 2005); thus, we
conducted interviews with playa scientists to glean information on
possible buffer design and management specifically for playas. We did,
however, find a significant body of literature on the results of
controlled experiments designed to test buffer effectiveness, an
important first step towards validating buffer effectiveness in
real-world situations. Of the literature on playa ecology, flora, and
wildlife, we found that most focuses on playa basins and wetlands
rather than the surrounding uplands and grasslands; furthermore, most
of the empirical work on playa ecology has taken place in the Southern
High Plains (SHP; i.e., Texas and Okalahoma panhandles, southeastern
Colorado, and southwestern Kansas) because many wetlands in other
portions of the PLJV region (Fig. 1) were only recently recognized as
playas. Finally, we found few papers on avian use of buffers;
therefore, we focused on those that report on avian use of Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP) fields or lands enrolled in similar programs.
© ProQuest
1727. Grazing management strategies for Lahontan cutthroat trout stream habitats.
Coffin, P. D.
In:
Proceedings of a symposium on sustaining rangeland ecosystems.Eastern
Oregon State College, La Grande, Oregon. Edge, W. D. and
Olsen-Edge, S. L. (eds.);
Vol. Special Report 953.
Corvallis, Ore.: Oregon State University Extension Service; pp. 150-152; 1996.
NAL Call #: 100 Or3M no.953
Descriptors: grassland
management/ grazing systems/ damage/ grasslands/ riparian grasslands/
grazing/ management/ plant height/ grazing intensity/ nature
conservation/ soil conservation
Abstract:
Recommended grazing management practices for the maintenance of
the Lahontan cutthroat trout in Nevada, California and Oregon included
maximum allowable use of 20% of the annual growth of woody species and
30% of the annual growth of other key riparian species; >6 inches
grazing height left at the end of the season; limiting streambank
damage to 10%; introducing grazing rest periods preferably annually;
limiting livestock access to the stream; and monitoring of hot season
grazing use.
© CABI
1728. Guiding principles for constructed treatment wetlands: Providing for water quality and wildlife habitat.
Interagency Workgroup on Constructed Wetlands (U.S.)
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. (2001).
Notes:
Rev. 06/26/2001, Original document published in 2000; Title from web
page. Developed by Interagency Workgroup on Constructed Wetlands.
"October 2000" Description based on content viewed April 11, 2002.
"EPA-843-B-00-003"
NAL Call #: TD756.5.G85 2000.
http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/pdf/constructed.pdf
Descriptors: Constructed
wetlands---United States/ Water quality---United States/
Water quality management---United States/ Wetland
ecology---United States
Abstract:
This User's Guide provides: guiding principles for planning,
siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and monitoring of
constructed treatment wetlands; information on current [Environmental
Protection] Agency policies, permits, regulations, and resources; and
answers to common questions.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1729. Habitat and landscape associations of breeding birds in native and restored grasslands.
Fletcher, R. J. and Koford, R. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1011-1022. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: bird
density/ edge effects/ grassland birds/ habitat relationships/ Iowa/
landscape fragmentation/ Prairie Pothole Region/ restoration/ tallgrass
prairie/ avifauna/ grassland/ habitat restoration/ species diversity/
United States/ Ammodramus savannature/
Passerculus sandwichensis
Abstract:
In the midwestern United States, less than 1% of the original
tallgrass prairie ecosystem remains. State and federal agencies have
responded to this habitat loss with programs and land acquisition that
have increased the amount of grassland on the landscape by restoring
grassland from other land-use practices. We assessed the effects of
habitat restoration and the relative contribution of local habitat and
landscape factors on breeding grassland birds in northern Iowa.
During the 1999 and 2000 breeding seasons, we surveyed grassland birds
in 10 tallgrass prairies and 10 restored grasslands that contained a
wide diversity of habitat and landscape conditions. Densities of common
bird species were similar between habitat types, except for grasshopper
sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) and savannah sparrows (Passerculus
sandwichensis), which were 4 and 9 times more dense in restored
grasslands, respectively. Species richness of breeding birds was
similar between habitat types. Habitat structure was different in
prairies and restored grasslands; restored grasslands had 7% less total
vegetation cover and 3% more bare ground. A nested, multiscale analysis
indicated that habitat structure explained some variation in species
richness and bird density of all common species, yet addition of
landscape structure improved models for species richness and for
density of 4 of 8 species considered, explaining an additional 10-29%
of the variation. Edge-density metrics were the most common variables
entering into landscape models; most species had lower densities in
landscapes with high edge density. Our results indicate that restored
grassland habitats contain bird communities generally similar to those
in native prairie habitats in northern Iowa, suggesting that
restored grasslands may provide similar habitat suitability for most
grassland birds. In addition, both local habitat and landscape factors
can be important for managing breeding grassland birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1730. Habitat contribution and waterbird use of Wetland Reserve Program sites in the Cache River watershed, Illinois.
Hicks, Brianne M.
Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University, 2003.
Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ wildlife habitat/ Illinois/ Wetlands Reserve Program
1731. Habitat selection and habitat use by the bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergii) in Maryland.
Morrow, J. L.; Howard, J. H.; Smith, S. A.; and
Poppel, D. K.
Journal of Herpetology 35(4): 545-552. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 00221511
Descriptors: Clemmys muhlenbergii/ Lonicera japonica/ Maryland/ turtles/ habitat selection
Abstract:
Habitat selection of 50 bog turtles (Clemmys muhlenbergii) was studied
at two sites in Harford County, Maryland, from April
1996 to August 1997. These sites differ in size, amount of grazing, and
stage of vegetative succession. In addition, one of the sites was
studied intensively 20 years ago. Turtle movements were monitored using
radiotelemetry: Individuals were located twice a week during the active
season and once a month during hibernation to assess habitat selection
and seasonal changes in habitat use: Vegetative, soil, and water
characteristics were recorded in 0.25-m2
quadrat placed at turtle locations and stratified random locations
throughout the study areas. Turtles selected sedges and rushes and
other low-lying herbaceous plants. They avoided some woody plants
(alders, grapes, and berries) and an exotic plant (Japanese
honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica) that may gradually eliminate typical
wetland vegetation and produce a closed canopy. Management practices,
such as moderate animal grazing and winter burns, will help retard
plant succession and provide more open habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1732. Habitat use and movement of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in a restored salt marsh.
Teo, S. L. and Able, K. W.
Estuaries 26(3): 720-730. (2003)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347
Descriptors: animal
behavior/ habitat selection/ habitats/ movement/ nature conservation/
population density/ salt marshes/ Fundulus heteroclitus
Abstract:
The mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, is one of the most abundant
macrofaunal components of salt marsh ecosystems along the east coast of
the USA. During April-November 1998, we determined the habitat use
and movement patterns of young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult mummichogs
in a restored marsh, formerly a salt hay farm, and an adjacent creek in
order to expand our understanding of the ecology of the species and
evaluate the success of the restoration. Four major fish habitat types
(large first-order natural creek, second-order created creek, linear
drainage ditch, and marsh surface) were identified within the study
site. Patterns of relative abundance and mark and recapture using coded
wire tags were used to determine the habitat use, tidal movements, home
range, and site fidelity of the species within these habitat types. A
total of 14 784 fishes, ranging from 20-100 mm SL, were captured with
wire mesh traps and tagged, and 1521 (10.3%) fishes were recaptured. A
variety of gears were used to attempt to recapture fish across all
habitat types, including wire mesh traps, push nets, and otter trawls.
Based on abundance and recaptures of tagged fish, the YOY and adults
primarily used the shallow subtidal and intertidal areas of the created
creek, the intertidal drainage ditches, and the marsh surface of the
restored marsh but not the larger, first-order natural creek. At low
tide, large numbers were found in the subtidal areas of the created
creek; these then moved onto the marsh surface on the flooding tide.
Elevation, and thus hydroperiod, appeared to influence the microscale
use of the marsh surface. We estimated the home range of adults and
large YOY (20-100 mm SL) to be 15 ha at high tide, which was much
larger than previously quantified. There was strong site fidelity to
the created creek at low tide. The habitat use and movement patterns of
the mummichog appeared similar to that reported for natural marshes.
Coupled with the results of other studies on the feeding, growth, and
production of this species in this restored marsh, the species appeared
to have responded well to the restoration.
© CABI
1733. Habitat use by mallards during spring migration through central Iowa USA.
Lagrange, T. G. and Dinsmore, J. J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 53(4): 1076-1081. (1989)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Anas platyrhynchos/ high energy seed/ food/ nighttime cover/ sheetwater wetland
Abstract:
We studied the use of 455 seasonally flooded farmed basins (sheetwater
wetlands) and 16 small emergent wetlands by migratory mallards (Anas
platyrhynchos) in central Iowa during spring 1983-84. During
daytime, sheetwater wetlands provided 19,530 mallard use days compared
with 103 on the few remaining emergent wetlands. Mallards used larger
(> 2 ha) versus smaller sheetwater wetlands, moist-soil or
corn-vegetated wetlands more than emergent wetlands or
soybean-vegetated wetlands, untilled wetlands more than
conservation-tiller or plowed sheetwater wetlands, and sheetwater
wetlands located farther from disturbance. Mallards used sheetwater
wetlands during all daylight hours, but flew ≤ 13 km to roost on
larger emergent wetlands. A diversity of habitats appears necesary for
spring migratory mallards: sheetwater wetlands provide food and
high-energy seeds and emergent wetlands provide nighttime cover.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1734. Habitat use by nonbreeding wood ducks in the Coastal Plain and Rice Prairie Region of Texas.
Anderson, James T. and Tacha, Thomas C.
Southwestern Naturalist 47(3): 486-489. (2002)
Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ forested wetlands/
habitat types/ habitat use
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1735. Hepatic retinoids of bullfrogs in relation to agricultural pesticides.
Boily, M. H.; Berube, V. E.; Spear, P. A.; DeBlois, C.;
and Dassylva, N.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(5):
1099-1106. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 07307268
Descriptors: amphibians/
pesticides/ Rana catesbeiana/ Retinol/ Retinyl ester/ agriculture/
ecosystems/ pesticides/ agricultural activity/ amphibians/ bullfrogs/
biodiversity/ agricultural chemical/ pesticide/ retinoid/ agricultural
practices/ frog/ pesticide/ physiological response/ pollution effect/
agriculture/ biocides/ Canada/ North America/ Quebec
[Canada]/ Amphibia
Abstract:
Agricultural pesticides often have been cited as a factor affecting
indigenous amphibian populations, but possible effects of pesticides
and other factors associated with agricultural practices are understood
poorly. Adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were collected within the Yamaska River basin (Quebec, Canada) in
subwatersheds representing low, medium, and high agricultural
activities and 53 pesticides were analyzed in surface water. More
pesticides were detected in subwatersheds associated with high
agricultural activities like Rivière Noire and Rivière
à la Barbue and pesticide concentrations were higher compared to
the other study sites. Female and male body weights differed between
sites. In the case of males, body weight was significantly less at
Rivière à la Barbue. Liver retinol stores were decreased
significantly in male bullfrogs from Rivière Noire, although
total retinyl esters concentrations varied between sites having the
highest concentration at Yamaska-Nord where the agricultural activity
was considered low. The ratio of hepatic retinyl palmitate to retinol
tended to be higher for male bullfrogs from Rivière Noire and
Rivière à la Barbue. These results suggest that factors
associated with intensive agricultural practices may affect the body
weight and retinoid stores in male bullfrogs living in these
agroecosystems. © 2005 SETAC.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1736. Historic
and comparative perspectives on rehabilitation of marshes as habitat
for fish in the Lower Great Lakes Basin.
Whillans, T. H.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 53(Supplement 1): 58-66. (1996)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: marshes/
environmental restoration/ ecosystem analysis/ historical account/
sedimentation/ ecosystems/ fish/ aquatic habitat/ Canada, Ontario
Abstract:
Retrospective and comparative assessments of fish habitat have been
used to guide rehabilitation in Cootes Paradise, a marsh at Hamilton,
Ont., on Lake Ontario. The marsh was severely altered by
human and natural stresses, including high water levels, influx of fine
eroded sediments, and channelization. Recovery has been limited by a
different but overlapping set of stresses, including the continued
influx of fine eroded sediments, resuspension of sediments, exotic
fish, and increased fetch. Assessment has involved the use of
"accumulator-," "residue-," and "replica"-type retrospective evidence
and the comparison of Cootes Paradise with other reference marshes. The
emergent narrative science (a synthesis of science in historical and
environmental context that serves as a partially testable hypothesis),
verified and adjusted by small scale experiments, has identified the
need to re-introduce vegetation, reduce fetch, exclude common carp
(Cyprinus carpio), anchor the marsh sediments, and reduce the influx of
land use derived fine sediments. Narrative
science
uses the "ecological memory" of the marsh for historical information on
ecological degradation and in the form of the remnant natural
resilience upon which ecological rehabilitation could build. The
narrative science provides the basis for adaptive management and the
monitoring that it requires.
© ProQuest
1737. Historical wetlands in Oregon's Willamette Valley: Implications for restoration of winter waterbird habitat.
Taft, O. W. and Haig, S. M.
Wetlands 23(1): 51-64. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ overwintering/ historical ecology/ valleys/
habitats/ waterfowl/ agriculture/ river basins/ habitat improvement/
ecosystem management/ restoration/ anthropogenic factors/ biological
surveys/ river valleys/ aquatic birds/ Aves/ Cygnus buccinator/ Chen
caerulescens/ Grus canadensis/ Numenius americanus/ Oregon, Willamette
Valley/ birds/ trumpeter swan/ snow goose/ sandhill crane/ long-billed
curlew/ Anser caerulescens/ Olor buccinator
Abstract: Before
agricultural expansion in the 19th century, river valleys of North
America supported expanses of wetland habitat. In restoring
these landscapes, it is important to understand their historical
condition and biological function. Synthesizing historical primary
accounts (from explorers, travelers, settlers, and farmers) with
contemporary knowledge of these wetland systems, we developed a profile
of the wetlands and their use by nonbreeding waterbirds (e.g.,
waterfowl, wading birds, and shorebirds) within the Willamette Valley,
Oregon, ca. 1840. We found evidence for three types of wetlands used by
non-breeding waterbirds in fall, winter, and spring: emergent wetlands,
riverine wetlands, and wetland prairie. The most extensive wetland type
was wetland prairie, which functioned as fall/winter habitat for
waterbirds, but only while native Kalapuyans managed the region with
fire. Since the mid-1800s, four species, in particular, have decreased
their use of the Willamette Valley: trumpeter swan
(Cygnus buccinator), snow goose (Chen caerulescens), sandhill crane
(Grus canadensis), and long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus).
Information suggests that ca. 1840, waterbirds and their habitats were
more abundant in the Willamette Valley than today.
Restoration of the Willamette Valley landscape is
warranted, and today's agricultural wetlands-former wetland
prairie-hold highest restoration potential.
© ProQuest
1738. Home ranges, movements, and habitat selection of Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa).
Watson, James W.; McAllister, Kelly R.; and
Pierce, D. John
Journal of Herpetology 37(2): 292-300. (June 2003)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 0022-1511
Descriptors: Rana
pretiosa (Ranidae)/ home range/ home range use/ distribution within
habitat/ movement patterns/ habitat selection/ home-range use
relationships/ habitat utilization/ range use/ habitat preference/
semiaquatic habitat/ wetland upland pasture mosaic/ grassland/
Washington/ Thurston County/ Dempsey Creek/ habitat selection/ home
range use and movement patterns/ upland pasture wetland mosaic
Abstract:
From 1997-1999 we studied one of four known populations of Oregon
Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosa) in Washington State to
investigate patterns of range use, movements, and habitat selection.
Sixty telemetered frogs occupied a range that was a mosaic of wetlands
(15.6 ha) and upland pasture (13.2 ha) grazed by dairy cows. Mean
(± SE) home-range size for four frogs was 2.2 ± 1.0 ha.
Patterns of spatial use, determined from 654 telemetry locations, were
closely related to season and changing surface water conditions. During
the breeding season (February to May), frogs occupied >=-50% of the
area they used the entire year, and oviposited in shallow pools (depth
= 16.9 ± 0.6 cm) on the margins of an ephemeral creek. In the
dry season (June to August), frogs moved down stream to deeper,
permanent pools (depth = 23.6 ± 1.0 cm), significantly reduced
their movements, and occupied the smallest ranges of any season. During
the wet season (September to January), frogs moved back up stream and
reoccupied the breeding range. During the coldest weather, frogs buried
themselves at the base of dense vegetation in shallow water under ice
(depth = 17.4 ± 0.8 cm). Frogs avoided dry uplands. Frogs
selected sedge (Carex obnupta, and Carex utriculata)/rush (Juncos
effuses) habitat during breeding and hardhack (Spiraea douglasii) cover
during the dry season that shaded and maintained remnant pools. Frogs
preferred microhabitats with 50-75% water surface exposure based on
comparisons between telemetry locations and nearby locations that were
randomly selected. Aquatic requirements necessary to complete the life
cycle of Oregon Spotted Frogs in this population include (1) stable,
shallow water areas for egg and tadpole survival in the breeding
season, (2) deep, moderately vegetated pools for adult and juvenile
survival in the dry season, and (3) shallow water levels over emergent
vegetation for protecting all age classes during cold weather in the
wet season.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1739. Hydrologic
aspects of marsh ponds during winter on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA: Effects of structural marsh management.
Bolduc, F. and Afton, A. D.
Marine Ecology Progress Series 266: 35-42. (2004);
ISSN: 01718630
Descriptors: coastal
wetlands/ Gulf of Mexico/ Ponds/ wintering waterbirds/ avifauna/
coastal wetland/ dissolved oxygen/ ecological impact/ habitat
management/ hydrology/ impoundment/ salinity/ water depth/ water
temperature/ zoobenthos/ Gulf Coastal Plain/ Louisiana
Abstract:
The hydrology of marsh ponds influences aquatic invertebrate and
waterbird communities. Hydrologic variables in marsh ponds of the Gulf
Coast Chenier Plain are potentially affected by structural marsh
management (SMM: levees, water control structures and impoundments)
that has been implemented since the 1950s. Assuming that SMM restricts
tidal flows and drainage of rainwater, we predicted that SMM would
increase water depth, and concomitantly decrease salinity and
transparency in impounded marsh ponds. We also predicted that SMM would
increase seasonal variability in water depth in impounded marsh ponds
because of the potential incapacity of water control structures to cope
with large flooding events. In addition, we predicted that SMM would
decrease spatial variability in water depth. Finally, we predicted that
ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), oligohaline (IO), and mesohaline
(IM) marshes would be similar in water depth, temperature, dissolved
oxygen (O2), and transparency. Using a priori multivariate analysis of
variance (MANOVA) contrast, we tested these predictions by comparing
hydrologic variables within ponds of impounded and unimpounded marshes
during winters 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife
Refuge, near Grand Chenier, Louisiana. Specifically, we compared
hydrologic variables (1) between IM and unimpounded mesohaline marsh
ponds (UM); and (2) among IF, IO, and IM marshes ponds. As predicted,
water depth was higher and salinity and O2 were lower in IM than in UM
marsh ponds. However, temperature and transparency did not differ
between IM and UM marsh ponds. Water depth varied more among months in
IM marsh ponds than within those of UM marshes, and variances among and
within ponds were lower in IM than UM marshes. Finally, all hydrologic
variables, except salinity, were similar among IF, IO, and IM marsh
ponds. Hydrologic changes within marsh ponds due to SMM should (1)
promote benthic invertebrate taxa that tolerate low levels of O2 and
salinity; (2) deter waterbird species that cannot cope with increased
water levels; and (3) reduce waterbird species diversity by decreasing
spatial variability in water depth among and within marsh ponds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1740. The impact of agriculture on temporary wetland amphibians in Florida.
Babbitt, Kimberly J.; Baber, Matthew J.; and
Tanner, George W.
In: Amphibians and reptiles: Status and conservation in Florida/ Meshaka, W. E. and Babbitt, K. J.
Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co., 2005; pp. 48-55.
Notes: 1575242516 (ISBN).
Descriptors: agriculture/
biogeography: population studies/ wildlife management: conservation/
species richness/ habitat/ urbanization/ anthropogenic disturbance/
temporary wetland/ agricultural disturbance/ upland landscape
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1741. Impact
of hydropattern disturbance on crayfish population dynamics in the
seasonal wetlands of Everglades National Park, USA.
Acosta, C. A. and Perry, S. A.
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11(1): 45-57. (2001); ISSN: 10527613.
Notes: doi: 10.1002/aqc.426.
Descriptors: crayfish/
Everglades/ hydroperiod/ wetland restoration/ environmental stress/
hydroperiod/ population dynamics/ wetlands/ United States/
Procambarus alleni
Abstract:
1. The natural hydropattern in the seasonally-flooded marl prairie
wetlands of Everglades National Park has been severely
disrupted by human water control activities, seriously impacting higher
trophic organisms, e.g. wading birds, that depend on these wetlands.
Less is known about the impacts on key aquatic fauna, such as crayfish
Procambarus alleni, or how these populations might respond to proposed
habitat restoration strategies. 2. Under severe environmental stress, populations of burrowing crayfish
are predicted to have skewed size structure, low reproductive success,
low survival, and widespread dispersal. As predicted for populations in
stressed habitats, crayfish density was low, small dispersing adults
were dominant, juvenile abundance was low, and survival was low in
habitats where the hydroperiod (duration of flooding) was short and
groundwater level was lowest. 3. Crayfish dispersed during flooding,
but during the drydown, they burrowed rather than sought deeper water.
This dispersal strategy may be adaptive for surviving in seasonal
wetlands, but this had severe consequences on survival in disturbed
habitats with shortened hydroperiods. Survival in burrows during the
dry season was high in the longer-hydroperiod habitats but was zero in
the short-hydroperiod habitat where the groundwater level fell more
than 1 m. 4. Long-hydroperiod marl prairie may function as sources,
whereas short-hydroperiod habitats act as population sinks. Our study
suggests that the threshold conditions for preventing mass mortality of
crayfish in these wetlands are hydroperiods > 7 months and
groundwater levels < 0.5 m below the surface during the dry season.
5. Historical (pre-drainage) hydroperiods appear to be restricted to
the longest hydroperiod areas of the marl prairie. This indicates that
much of the marl prairie wetlands now function as population sinks for
crayfish and other invertebrates. The historical hydropatterns need to
be re-established throughout the marl prairie wetlands to achieve the
restoration goal of increasing productivity in the aquatic faunal
community.
© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1742. The impact of waterfowl foraging on the decomposition of rice straw: Mutual benefits for rice growers and waterfowl.
Bird, J. A.; Pettygrove, G. S.; and Eadie, J. M.
Journal of Applied Ecology 37(5): 728-741. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: agriculture/ ducks/ nitrogen/ straw disposal/ wetland management/ winter habitat
Abstract: 1. Recent legislation in California, USA, has restricted
traditional open-field burning of rice straw residues, leading farmers
to adopt alternative methods of straw disposal such as post-harvest
flooding of rice fields. These changes may benefit wildlife because
winter-flooded fallow rice fields provide foraging habitat to migratory
waterfowl. In turn, the foraging activity of waterfowl may help to
increase rice straw decomposition, providing a reciprocal benefit to
farmers. We examined the effects of waterfowl foraging activity on
straw decomposition and nitrogen mineralization following rice harvest
in a fallow flooded soil. 2. Experimental plots (25 m2)
were established on a silty clay soil and were subjected to two
post-harvest treatments: wet-rolled or untilled. Mallard ducks Arias
platyrhynchos were placed in one-half of the experimental plots,
following a splitplot design, for a 3-week period, at a density
equivalent to 33 birds ha-1 over a season of 180 days to approximate
regional abundance data. 3. Waterfowl foraging activity increased
residual surface straw decomposition by 78% in untilled plots and 18%
in wet-rolled plots compared with the respective unforaged plots.
Average straw diameter in foraged plots was reduced to one-third that
of unforaged plots. 4. Waterfowl foraging and field tillage reduced
nitrogen (N) concentrations in the surface straw residue remaining at
the end of the winter fallow period. Below-ground organic residue was
not affected by waterfowl foraging, indicating that ducks did not
incorporate the straw. There were no apparent additions of carbon (C)
or N to the soil as a result of waterfowl activity. 5. We conclude that
waterfowl foraging can substantially increase straw decomposition in
flooded, fallow, rice fields. Accordingly, rice producers should
consider agronomic practices that attract waterfowl, such as winter
flooding, to maximize the decomposition of rice straw residue. At the
upper end of regionally observed waterfowl densities (at or near 33
birds ha-1 season-1) waterfowl foraging activity may alleviate the need
for autumn tillage. Shallow flooded rice fields will also provide
important winter habitat to migratory waterfowl, aiding wetland
management and conservation efforts in the Central Valley of
California. 6.
These results provide an example of how a mutually beneficial solution
can be achieved that provides needed waterbird habitat while
concomitantly alleviating an agricultural problem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
1743. Impacts of center pivot irrigation systems on birds in prairie wetlands.
Peterson, T. L. and Cooper, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 51(1): 238-247. (1987)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wetlands/ center pivot irrigation/ birds/ nesting/ Minnesota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1744. Impacts of changing irrigation practices on waterfowl habitat use in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California.
Barnum, D. A. and Euliss, N. H.
California Fish and Game 77(1): 10-21. (1991)
NAL Call #: 410 C12; ISSN: 0008-1078
Descriptors: agricultural
runoff/ California/ diurnal variation/ ducks/ irrigation/ Kern National
Wildlife Refuge/ population dynamics/ seasonal variation/ ecological
effects/ environmental impact/ irrigation effects/ irrigation
practices/ San Joaquin Valley/ waterfowl/ habitat use/ hydrology/ water
management/ mallards/ northern pintails/ cinnamon teal/ green-winged
teal/ northern shovelers/ ruddy ducks
Abstract:
Diurnal aerial census data were used to examine habitat use patterns of
ducks wintering in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California from 1980-87. Densities (birds/ha) for the northern
pintail (Anas acuta), mallard (A. platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (A.
crecca), cinnamon teal (A. cyanoptera), shoveler (A. clypeata), ruddy
duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), and total ducks, in each of five habitats,
were determined--nocturnal habitat use by ducks may be very different
than diurnal use and would therefore yield different densities. Low
densities were observed for most species on evaporation ponds, hunting
clubs and miscellaneous wetlands. Most hunting clubs were small,
isolated parcels of wetland with food production limited by cost and
availability of irrigation water. The low densities observed on these
wetlands suggests that they were not heavily used by wintering ducks.
However, hunting clubs provided habitat important for attracting ducks
away from contaminated evaporation ponds in September and again in late
winter (January-February). Evaporation ponds were not heavily used by
ducks, but the large area provided by evaporation ponds may affect use
of these habitats in the future. Density for all species, except the
ruddy duck, was highest on preirrigated croplands or Kern National
Wildlife Refuge (Kern NWR). Ducks such as mallard and teal that use
densely vegetated wetlands were probably attracted to the diversity of
vegetative cover on Kern NWR. Other species, such as pintail, make use
of Kern NWR's managed areas for diurnal feeding and resting.
Preirrigated croplands had the highest density of pintail. The value of
these shallow-flooded wetlands with their available waste grains may be
similar to that of rice fields in the Sacramento Valley.
Moreover, preirrigated fields provided large expanses of open water for
diurnal resting locations important to pintail for predator detection.
© NISC
1745. Impacts of forest harvest on small ponds and amphibians.
Wind, Elke
Northwestern Naturalist 87(2): 193. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733.
Notes:
Conference: 2006 Annual Meetings of the Society for Northwestern
Vertebrate Biology and the Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society,
held jointly at Evergreen State College, Washington, March 27-April 1,
2006.
Descriptors: forests/ amphibians/ Canada/ British Columbia/ riparian buffers/ variable retention harvesting/ ponds
Abstract:
Studies have shown that forest harvesting can reduce the abundance of
amphibians in terrestrial environments, but few studies have
investigated impacts on lentic aquatic habitats. Most amphibian species
in the Pacific Northwest live in forests and breed in standing
water, often laying their eggs in small, seasonal ponds that offer
protection from predation. However, in British Columbia small
ponds are not afforded protection under the Forest and Range
Practices Act and the effects of forest harvesting on these habitats
and he importance of riparian buffers are unknown. In 2002, I began a
study with Weyerhaeuser's British Columbia Coastal Group to investigate
whether amphibians and small ponds were useful indicators to evaluate
the effectiveness of variable retention (VR) harvesting methods at
maintaining biodiversity. Weyerhaeuser's VR harvesting methods often
result in the retention of tree patches around small ponds, so I
initiated a pre- and post-harvest buffer experiment at three forested
sites slated for harvest in 2004 to 2005. Results to date suggest that
immediately after harvesting, small ponds on southeastern Vancouver Island have longer hydroperiods compared to pre-harvest
conditions and that amphibians continue to breed in these habitats,
with some species appearing to be attracted to the reduced canopy cover
conditions. However, the survival rate of larvae in cutover areas may
be reduced based on the detection rate of larvae and metamorphs in
harvested versus unharvested areas. As a result, creative retention
solutions may be necessary to maintain adequate cover and microclimate
conditions for amphibians within harvested landscapes.
© NISC
1746. Impacts of marsh management on coastal-marsh bird habitats.
Mitchell, L. R.; Gabrey, S.; Marra, P. P.; and Erwin, R. M.
Studies in Avian Biology 32: 155-175. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8.
Notes: 01979922 (ISSN); 0943610702 (ISBN).
Descriptors: disturbance/
impoundment/ marsh endemic/ marsh management/ mosquito control/
open-marsh water management/ prescribed fire/ structural marsh
management
Abstract:
The effects of habitat-management practices in coastal marshes have
been poorly evaluated. We summarize the extant literature concerning
whether these manipulations achieve their goals and the effects of
these manipulations on target (i.e., waterfowl and waterfowl food
plants) and non-target organisms (particularly coastal-marsh endemics).
Although we focus on the effects of marsh management on birds, we also
summarize the scant literature concerning the impacts of marsh
manipulations on wildlife such as small mammals and invertebrates. We
address three common forms of anthropogenic marsh disturbance:
prescribed fire, structural marsh management, and open-marsh water
management. We also address marsh perturbations by native and
introduced vertebrates.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1747. Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape.
Euliss, Ned H. and Mushet, David M.
Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 7(1): 73-84. (2004); ISSN: 1463-4988
Descriptors: ecology/
habitat/ land zones/ Amphibia/ Macroinvertebrata: disturbance by man/
wetlands excavation/ impact on communities/ semi arid landscape/
community structure/ impact of water development/ semiaquatic habitat/
wetlands/ water development impact on communities/ North Dakota/ Little
Missouri National Grassland/ water development impact on wetland
communities/ amphibians/ chordates/ invertebrates/ vertebrates
Abstract: We
compared the macroinvertebrate and amphibian communities of 12
excavated and 12 natural wetlands in western North
Dakota, USA, to assess the effects of artificially lengthened
hydroperiods
on the biotic communities of wetlands in this semi-arid region.
Excavated wetlands were much deeper and captured greater volumes of
water than natural wetlands. Most excavated wetlands maintained water
throughout the study period (May to October 1999), whereas most of the
natural wetlands were dry by June. Excavated wetlands were largely
unvegetated or contained submergent and deep-marsh plant species. The
natural wetlands had two well-defined vegetative zones populated by
plant species typical of wet meadows and shallow marshes. Excavated
wetlands had a richer aquatic macroinvertebrate community that included
several predatory taxa not found in natural wetlands. Taxa adapted to
the short hydroperiods of seasonal wetlands were largely absent from
excavated wetlands. The amphibian community of natural and excavated
wetlands included the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata),
northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), plains spadefoot (Scaphiopus
bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii), and tiger
salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). The plains spadefoot occurred only in
natural wetlands while tiger salamanders occurred in all 12 excavated
wetlands and only one natural wetland. Boreal chorus frogs and northern
leopard frogs were present in both wetland types; however, they
successfully reproduced only in wetlands lacking tiger salamanders.
Artificially extending the hydroperiod of wetlands by excavation has
greatly influenced the composition of native biotic communities adapted
to the naturally short hydroperiods of wetlands in this semi-arid
region. The compositional change of the biotic communities can be
related to hydrological changes and biotic interactions, especially
predation related to excavation.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1748. Implications of climate change on marsh bird conservation in Lower Great Lakes coastal wetlands.
Ingram, J. W.; Meyer, S. W.; and Holmes, K.
Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research 49 (2006)
Descriptors: aquatic
plants/ birds/ climate change scenarios/ climate models/ coastal
geomorphology/ community composition/ conservation/ ecological
distribution/ geomorphology/ water levels/ marshes/ prediction/ species
diversity/ water levels/ wetlands/ wetlands vegetation/ Aves/ North
America, Great Lakes/ Ontario L./ Erie L./ Pennsylvania, Erie
Abstract:
Water level cycles are critical drivers governing coastal wetland
distribution, ecological diversity and functioning within the
Laurentian Great Lakes. Projections from 2050 climate change scenarios
suggest a decline in Great Lakes water levels which may affect the
diversity and distribution of current wetland plant and wildlife
communities. Wetland vegetation and bird community predictive models
were used to estimate impacts on community structure due to reductions
in mean annual water levels for Lakes Ontario and Erie. Shoreline
alteration and coastal geomorphology will strongly affect the ability
of current wetland communities to respond and persist under declining
water level scenarios. Existing wetland conservation projects and
future Great Lakes coastal wetland conservation programs need to
consider climate change scenarios to ensure that actions taken in the
next 10 years remain good conservation decisions into the future.
© ProQuest
1749. The importance of beaver to wetland habitats and waterfowl in Wyoming.
McKinstry, M. C.; Caffrey, P.; and Anderson, S. H.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37(6): 1571-1577. (2001)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093474X
Descriptors: beavers/
Castor canadensis/ waterfowl/ wetlands/ Wyoming/ biodiversity/
drainage/ land use/ managers/ plants (botany)/ ponding/ wetland
habitats/ wetlands/ keystone species/ restoration ecology/
riparian zones/ rodents
Abstract:
Beaver (Castor canadensis) are habitat-modifying keystone species, and
their activities broadly influence many other plants and animals.
Beaver are especially important to waterfowl in the western U.S.
where riparian and wetland habitats comprise less than 2 percent of the
landscape yet provide habitat for greater than 80 percent of wildlife
species. Wyoming is currently ranked sixth of the 50 states in the
size of its breeding waterfowl population, and beaver ponds may play a
significant role in providing habitat for these birds. The objectives
of this research were to: (1) identify streams in Wyoming where beaver
are currently present, extirpated, or used to manage riparian habitat;
(2) identify areas where beaver could be relocated to create wetlands
and improve riparian habitat; (3) compare wetland surface areas between
areas that have beaver with those that did not; and (4) compare
waterfowl numbers in areas with and without beaver. Using a survey of
125 land managers in Wyoming, we found that beaver have been
removed from 23 percent (6,497 km) of the streams for which managers
had direct knowledge (28,297 km). The same managers estimated that
there are
over
3,500 km of streams where beaver could improve habitat conditions. The
riparian width in streams with beaver ponds averaged 33.9 m (95 percent
CI = 25.1-42.7 m) in contrast to 10.5 m (CI = 8.6-12.4 m) in streams
without beaver. During waterfowl surveys we counted 7.5 ducks/km (CI =
0.9-14.4 ducks/km) of stream in areas with beaver ponds and only 0.1
ducks/km (no CIs calculated) of stream in similar areas without beaver
present. Beginning in 1994, we restored beaver to 14 streams
throughout Wyoming in an effort to create wetlands and improve
riparian
habitat. Waterfowl have been quick to respond to these important
habitats. We feel that beaver restoration and management can be used to
improve habitat in drainages where conflicts with other land uses are
minimal.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1750. Importance of grasslands in waterfowl conservation in the Prairie Pothole Region.
Thoroughgood, P.; Edwards, C.; Guyn, K.; and Devries, J.
Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87(3): 529. (2007)
NAL Call #: 450 C16; ISSN: 0008-4220.
Notes:
Conference: Annual Conference of the Canadian Society of
Agronomy/Canadian Society for Horticultural Science/Canadian Society of
Animal Science, Halifax, CANADA; August 01 -04, 2006.
Descriptors: nutrition/
wildlife management: conservation/ animal care/ wildlife habitat/
economic reality/ bird breeding/ perennial forage/ prairie grassland/
beef producers/
large scale forage conservation
Abstract: Prairie
grasslands are a vital component of Canada’s natural
capital and provide numerous ecological goods and services; including
wildlife habitat. Beef producers are the primary stewards of these
grasslands and have an important role in wildlife conservation.
Research conducted by Ducks Unlimited Canada has shown that perennial
forage, including hay, tame pasture and native rangeland, provides
attractive and productive habitat for upland nesting waterfowl. The
Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) supports about 52% of the continental duck
population, thus changes in perennial forage acreage in the PPR
significantly impacts breeding waterfowl populations in North
America. In this presentation, DUC provides an explanation of the
importance of perennial forage crops to breeding waterfowl. It
demonstrates that Government and market forces that change the economic
reality of beef production can have a direct impact on waterfowl and
other wildlife. We will examine programs such as Agriculture
and Agri-Food Canada’s Permanent Cover Program and,
more
recently, Greencover Canada, to demonstrate the benefits that
large-scale forage conversion has on PPR waterfowl productivity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1751. The
importance of local and regional factors in predicting effective
conservation: Planning strategies for wetland bird communities in
agricultural and urban landscapes.
Whited, Diane; Galatowitsch, Susan; Tester, John R.; Schik, Karen; Lehtinen, Rick; and Husveth, Jason
Landscape and Urban Planning 49(1-2): 49-65. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ agricultural landscapes/ conservation
effectiveness: local factors, regional factors/ urban landscapes/
wetland communities
Abstract: Wetland
assessment techniques have generally focused on rapid
evaluations of local and site impacts; however, wetland biodiversity is
often influenced both by adjacent and regional land use. Forty wetlands
were studied in the Red River Valley (RRV), Southwest Prairie (SWP),
and the Northern Hardwood Forest (NHF) ecoregions
of Minnesota, USA, to assess the strength of association
between local and
landscape condition and avian community composition. We examined the
relationship between bird assemblages and local and landscape factors
(connectedness, isolation, road density, and site impacts). Landscape
variables were calculated for three spatial scales at 500 m (79 ha),
1000 m (314 ha), and 2500 m (1963 ha). Connectedness and road density
are important measures for predicting bird assemblages in both
agricultural ecoregions (SWP and RRV). Connectedness and its
relationship with wetland bird assemblages were most pronounced at the
larger scale (2500 m), where the largest remnant patches can be
discerned. In contrast, road effects on bird assemblages were most
pronounced at the smallest scale (500 m). Wetland isolation
corresponded to bird community patterns as well, but only in one
ecoregion (SWP). In the urbanizing ecoregion (NHF), species richness
was considerably lower than elsewhere but community patterns did not
correspond to landscape variables. The focus of wetland conservation
planning needs to shift from the site scale to the landscape scale to
ensure that connection with the regional wetland pattern is accounted
for, therefore, affording the best opportunity to successfully maintain
wetland avian diversity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1752. The importance of playa wetlands to biodiversity of the Southern High Plains.
Haukos, David A. and Smith, Loren M.
Landscape and Urban Planning 28(1): 83-98. (Feb. 1994)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: comprehensive
zoology/ farming and agriculture/ threats to playa wetland habitats/
habitat management/ conservation/ New Mexico/ Texas/ species diversity/
playa wetlands/ semiaquatic habitat/ prairie biodiversity/ grasslands/
prairie/ chemical pollution/ Southern High Plains
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1753. The importance of winter floods to mallards in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Heitmeyer, M. E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 101-110. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Anas
platyrhynchos/ body composition/ bottomland hardwood wetlands/ carrying
capacity/ floods/ food habits/ mallard/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/
prebasic molt/ time budgets
Abstract:
Winter flooding of bottomland hardwood (BLH) floodplains in the
Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) causes dynamic availability of
resources to wintering mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). The effect of
changing resource availability on mallard body condition and timing of
life-cycle events are important considerations for waterfowl habitat
conservation planning in the MAV. During a study of mallards wintering
in the Mingo Basin of southeastern Missouri, USA, I
collected data on population size, habitat use, behavior, food habits,
body composition, and chronology of the prebasic molt during 2 major
flood events in 1982. I also analyzed winter (Dec-Feb) hydrological
data for 14 rivers in the MAV from 1939-1940 to 1998-1999 to provide a
perspective on variation of winter flooding in this ecosystem. Winter
floods in the Mingo Basin precipitated ecological events
that benefited mallards. During floods, mallards redistributed to
shallowly flooded (<50cm) live forest dominated by red oaks (Quercus
spp.), increased daily foraging time by up to 8×, consumed
170-222 g dry weight of food/day, increased consumption of animal
matter by up to 14×, gained fresh body and lipid mass, and
initiated the prebasic molt. Winter flooding of major rivers in the MAV
during 1939-1940 to 1998-1999 was highly variable among locations and
years. An average of 6.7 ± 2.1 (±SE) and 5.1 ± 1.9
of 17 river gage stations were flooded >5 and >10 days/winter,
respectively. Mallards increased daily food consumption by 33-39% over
daily existence energy (DEE) levels during floods. These data
suggest that previous estimates of foraging carrying capacity in MAV
habitats (and other wintering and migration areas where significant fat
deposition occurs) using only DEE-based daily food consumption
estimates may be overestimated. Consequently, habitat and acre goals
set by North American Waterfowl Management Plan Joint Ventures for
these areas may be greatly underestimated. The evolutionary adaptations
of mallards seem influenced by timing, duration, and extent of winter
flooding in the MAV. Efforts to protect the integrity of MAV rivers,
associated floodplain habitats, and their winter flow and flooding
regimes are critical for sustaining local, regional, and continental
mallard populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1754. Improving the cost-effectiveness of ecosystem management: An application to waterfowl production.
Rashford, B. S. and Adams, R. M.
American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89(3): 755-768. (2007); ISSN: 00029092.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8276.2007.00984.x.
Descriptors: cost minimization/ simulation/ waterfowl/ wildlife management
Abstract: Species conservation is an important global policy issue. The design of cost-effective species
conservation
programs requires resource managers to choose from a suite of
conservation activities and sites. This article determines
cost-effective conservation strategies for waterfowl using a
bioeconomic modeling framework, which is developed using a biological
simulation model for waterfowl and regression analysis. The model
accounts for (a) a broad range of land-use and direct wildlife
conservation activities, (b) the effect of landscape
heterogeneity,
and (c) interactions between conservation activities. Results indicate
that accounting for the three factors listed above can improve the
cost-effectiveness of waterfowl conservation on agricultural land.
© 2007 American Agricultural Economics Association.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1755. Indicators of wetland condition for the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States.
Guntenspergen, G. R.; Peterson, S. A.; Leibowitz, S. G.; and Cowardin, L. M.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 78(3):
229-252. (2002)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors: birds/
ecosystems/ prairies/ wetlands/ grasslands/ farmland/ upland habitat/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ habitat management/ habitat surveys/
monitoring/ remote sensing/
United States, north central region
Abstract:
The authors describe a study designed to evaluate the performance of
wetland condition indicators of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the
north central United States. Basin and landscape scale
indicators were tested in 1992 and 1993 to determine their ability to
discriminate between the influences of grassland dominated and cropland
dominated landscapes in the PPR. Paired plots were selected from
each of the major regions of the PPR. Among the landscape scale
indicators tested, those most capable of distinguishing between the two
landscapes were: 1) frequency of drained wetland basins, 2) total
length of drainage ditch per plot, 3) amount of exposed soil in the
upland subject to erosion, 4) indices of change in area of wetland
covered by water, and 5) number of breeding duck pairs. Basin
scale indicators including soil phosphorus concentrations and
invertebrate taxa richness showed some promise; however, plant species
richness was the only statistically significant basin scale indicator
distinguishing grassland dominated from cropland dominated landscapes.
Although this study found a number of promising candidate
indicators, one of the authors' conclusions is that basin scale
indicators present a number of implementation problems, including:
skill level requirements, site access denials, and recession of site
access by landowners. Alternatively, they suggest that the use of
landscape indicators based on remote sensing can be an effective means
of assessing wetland integrity.
© NISC
1756. Indirect effects of feral horses on estuarine communities.
Levin, P. S.; Ellis, J.; Petrik, R.; and Hay, M. E.
Conservation Biology 16(5): 1364-1371. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01167.x.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
estuarine ecosystem/ feral organism/ saltmarsh/ ungulate/ Animalia/
Aves/ Decapoda (Crustacea)/ Equidae/ Equus caballus/ Pisces/ Spartina/
Ungulata
Abstract:
Livestock have grazed on salt marshes for centuries and have dramatic
effects on marsh vegetation. Most studies examining the effects of
livestock on salt marshes have focused on the effects on plants rather
than on salt marsh fauna or ecological processes. However, grazers such
as feral horses may have strong indirect effects on communities by
altering the habitat, making it more or less suitable for species that
potentially occur there. We evaluated the indirect effects of grazing
by feral horses on estuarine animals that use salt marshes and adjacent
subtidal communities. Surveys revealed that horse-grazed marshes had
less vegetation, a higher diversity of foraging birds, higher densities
of crabs, and a lower density and species richness of fishes than
marshes not grazed by horses. In addition, fish density was reduced in
subtidal habitats adjacent to grazed marshes. Experiments manipulating
marsh vegetation indicated that the potential for predation on fishes
in ungrazed marshes was higher than in grazed marshes. Results of
additional experiments in which fishes were enclosed with or without
artificial Spartina suggested that the removal of shelter provided by
marsh vegetation results in behavioral shifts by fishes that make them
more susceptible to predation. Although large herbivores are naturally
absent from extant salt marsh ecosystems, such large herbivores were
common members of Pleistocene communities. Using modern horses as
surrogates for extinct ungulates, we hypothesize that large herbivores
could have had strong indirect effects on Pleistocene estuarine
habitats. We argue that both the modern introduction of ungulates to
salt marshes, and the prehistoric elimination of large herbivores
affected estuarine biodiversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1757. Infaunal assemblages on constructed intertidal mudflats at Jonesport, Maine (USA).
Ray, G. L.
Marine Pollution Bulletin 40(12): 1186-1200. (2000);
ISSN: 0025326X.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00083-7.
Descriptors: benthos/
community structure/ dredged material/ habitat construction/ Maine/
mudflat/ biomass/ constructed wetland/ species diversity/ species
richness/ benthic environment/ biodiversity/ biomass/ dredging/
ecology/ environmental protection/ sediment/ United States/ Ovis aries
Abstract: Dredged
materials have been used to construct two mudflats
near Jonesport, Maine (USA). A flat at Sheep Island
was constructed in 1989 and along with an adjacent
reference area (REF) has been monitored for infaunal assemblage
development and sediment texture since 1990. The second
site, Beals Island, an example of a much older constructed
flat (CF), has been monitored since 1991. Infaunal taxa richness, total
numerical abundance, species composition, and diversity values were
similar between the Sheep Island natural and constructed
sites within two years of construction. At Beals Island,
taxa richness and other diversity measures were similar between sites,
however, abundance and total biomass values were lower at the
constructed site. Although total biomass was also lower at the Sheep
Island CF than its REF, biomass values at both constructed sites
(Sheep Island and Beals Island) were within
the range of values previously reported for natural flats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1758. Influence
of agriculture on aquatic invertebrate communities of temporary
wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA.
Euliss, N. H. and Mushet, D. M.
Wetlands 19(3): 578-583. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
land use/ agriculture/ prairies/ cultivated lands/ agricultural
practices/ invertebrates/ environmental impact/ aquatic communities/
temporary ponds/ cladocera/ Invertebrata/ North Dakota/ Prairie
Pothole Region/ water fleas
Abstract:
We evaluated the influence of intensive agriculture on invertebrate
communities of temporary wetlands as indicated by aquatic invertebrate
resting eggs, shells, and cases remaining after wetlands dried. To
facilitate the comparison, we sampled 19 wetlands within cropland areas
and 19 wetlands within grassland areas. We found resting eggs, shells,
and cases of significantly more taxa and greater numbers of cladoceran
resting eggs (ephippia), planorbid and physid snail shells, and
ostracod shells in wetlands within grasslands than in croplands. We
also successfully incubated greater numbers of cladocerans and
ostracods from soil samples collected from grassland sites. We were
unable to detect differences in the viability of cladoceran ephippia
between grassland and cropland wetlands, but our sample size was small
due to an absence of ephippia in most cropland wetlands sampled; 74% of
the cropland wetlands were devoid of cladoceran ephippia whereas
ephippia were well represented in nearly all of our grassland sites.
Our results corroborate findings of other investigators that prairie
pothole wetlands have been negatively impacted by human activities. Our
study demonstrates that aquatic invertebrates of temporary wetlands
have been negatively impacted by intensive agriculture and suggests
that future studies need to assess the influence of agricultural
practices on wetland-dependant wildlife.
© ProQuest
1759. Influence of cattle grazing and pasture land use on macroinvertebrate communities in freshwater wetlands.
Steinman, A. D.; Conklin, J.; Bohlen, P. J.; and
Uzarski, D. G.
Wetlands 23(4): 877-889. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: community
structure/ species richness/ nutrient concentrations/ water column/
wetlands/ freshwater environments/ grazing/ stocking rates/ land use/
pasture/ pastures/ invertebrates/ nutrients/ cattle/ livestock/
environmental effects/ ostracods/ macroinvertebrates/ midges/
bioindicators/ eutrophication/ aquatic insects/ freshwater crustaceans/
zoobenthos/ population structure/ community composition/ species
diversity/ biotic factors/ dominant species/ aquatic plants/ stocking
density/ stocks/ agriculture/ indicator species/ pollution indicators/
Invertebrata/ Culicidae/ Juncus effusus/ Polygonum/ Panicum hemitomon/
Florida/ cattle/ cattle stocking/ mosquitoes
Abstract: Responses
of wetland abiotic variables and aquatic invertebrate
community structure to cattle stocking density, pasture type, and
dominant vegetation were evaluated in subtropical pastures. Cattle were
stocked at four treatment levels on improved (fertilized) and
semi-native (unfertilized) pastures in
south-central Florida, USA. Improved pasture wetlands were
dominated either by Panicum
hemitomon (maidencane) or by a mixture of Polygonum spp. (smartweed)
and Juncus effusus; semi-native pasture wetlands were dominated mainly
by maidencane. Cattle stocking density had few significant effects on
water-column nutrient concentration or invertebrate community
structure. However, water-column nutrient concentrations were
significantly greater in the wetlands on improved pastures compared to
semi-native pastures. Invertebrate richness and diversity were greater
in wetlands on semi-native pastures than on improved pastures, despite
lower nutrient concentrations in the former. Overall, the cattle
stocking treatment had little impact on invertebrate community
structure in these systems relative to prior pasture land use. However,
vegetation type influenced invertebrate communities and explained some
of the differences between pasture types. Semi-native (lower nutrient)
wetland pastures dominated by maidencane had significantly greater
invertebrate richness and diversity than improved (higher nutrient)
wetland pastures dominated by mixed vegetation but showed no difference
when compared to improved wetland pastures dominated by maidencane.
Chironomids were the dominant invertebrate in wetlands of both pasture
types. Correspondence analysis revealed that ostracods and Culicidae
larvae might be useful as bioindicators of subtropical wetlands that
are experiencing cultural eutrophication.
© ProQuest
1760. Influence of flood waters on survival, reproduction, and habitat use of white-tailed deer in the Florida Everglades.
MacDonald-Beyers, K. and Labisky, R. F.
Wetlands 25: 659-666. (Sept. 2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ wildlife/ wildlife habitats/ floods/ hydrology/ wetlands/
ecosystem management/ anthropogenic activities/ water flow/ ecological
restoration/ surface water level/ depth/ population ecology/ population
dynamics/ Florida/ Everglades/ aquatic biology and ecology animals/
animal ecology and behavior/ water resources and management/ natural
resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/
meteorology and climatology
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1761. Influence of grazing systems on waterfowl production.
Hertel, D. and Barker, W. T.
Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 41(79): 6. (1987)
NAL Call #: 500 N813; ISSN: 0096-9214
Descriptors: cattle/ waterfowl/ grazing/ range management/ wildlife management/ North Dakota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1762. Influence of land use on postmetamorphic body size of playa lake amphibians.
Gray, M. J. and Smith, L. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 515-524. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wetlands/
body size/ grasslands/ reproduction/ conspecifics/ rainfall/ drift/
land use/ amphibiotic species/ hydrology/ playas/ habitat improvement/
growth rate/ Spea multiplicata/ Bufo cognatus/ Ambystoma tigrinum
mavortium/ Southern High Plains/ Great Plains toad/
barred tiger salamander
Abstract:
Agricultural land use may indirectly affect the body size of amphibians
by altering the hydroperiods of nearby wetlands and influencing
amphibian densities-both factors which can limit the larval and
postmetamorphic growth rates of amphibians. We measured postmetamorphic
body size for 4 species (Spea multiplicata, S. bombifrons, Bufo
cognatus, Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) and 3 age classes (metamorph,
subadult, adult) of amphibians captured at playa wetlands surrounded by
one of 2 general land-use types (cultivation, grassland) in the
Southern High Plains. Sixteen playas (4 per land-use type in 1999 and
2000) were partially enclosed with drift fence and pitfall traps, and
mass and snout-vent length (SVL) were measured from a subsample of
captured individuals. Mass and SVL were 10-148% greater for amphibians
captured at grassland wetlands than at cropland wetlands for most
species and age classes. Mass and SVL also were 3-124% greater in 1999
than in 2000 for most species and age classes. We attribute differences
in body size between land-use types to differences in the hydroperiods
of the associated wetlands, and potentially to variation in the density
of terrestrial conspecifics and aquatic predators. We attribute
differences in body size between years to differences in rainfall. Body
size is positively related to the probability of survival,
reproduction, and evolutionary fitness in amphibians. Thus, if
cultivation of landscapes surrounding wetlands negatively influences
postmetamorphic body size of amphibians, restoration of native
grasslands surrounding playa wetlands may help prevent local amphibian
declines.
© ProQuest
1763. Influence of wetland age on bird use of restored wetlands in Iowa.
Vanrees-Siewert, K. L. and Dinsmore, J. J.
Wetlands 16(4): 577-582. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat improvement/ reclamation/ aquatic birds/ breeding sites/
evaluation/ species diversity/ environmental restoration/ habitat
utilization/ environmental quality/ birds/ habitats/ waterfowl/ Iowa/
evaluation/ breeding sites/ Aves
Abstract:
A goal of wetland restoration is to provide habitat for breeding
populations of waterfowl and other bird species. To meet this goal, it
is important to determine how birds respond to restored wetlands and
which factors influence their use of restored wetlands. We examined the
relationship between bird species richness and years since restoration
at restored prairie wetlands in Iowa. We detected 42 bird species
in restored wetlands, 15 of which were breeding species. The mean
number of breeding bird species was significantly greater in older
restored wetlands (4.3 species in 1-year-old wetlands, 7.2 species in
4-year-old wetlands, P = 0.005). The mean number of all bird species,
waterfowl species, and breeding waterfowl species did not change with
wetland age. Total and breeding bird species richness increased with
percent cover of emergent vegetation. Waterfowl species richness and
breeding waterfowl species richness were influenced more by wetland
area than vegetation characteristics, whereas total species richness
and breeding bird species richness were influenced more by vegetation
characteristics. If the goal of restoration is simply to provide a
breeding site for waterfowl, our data suggest that this can be done in
a few years. However, we favor longterm restorations. Such restorations
are more likely to have a more diverse bird community that more closely
resembles those found in natural wetlands.
© ProQuest
1764. Influences of riparian logging on plants and invertebrates in small, depressional wetlands of Georgia, USA.
Batzer, D. P. Jackson, C. R. ; and Mosner, M.
Hydrobiologia 441(1-3): 123-132. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158
Descriptors: wetlands/
logging/ plants/ Georgia/ pine trees/ invertebrates/ ecological
effects/ water temperature/ biomass/ vegetation/ hydrogen ion
concentration/ ecosystem disturbance/ man-induced effects/ forest
industry/ aquatic plants/ long-term changes/ environmental conditions/
biota/ ecosystem management/ riparian environments/
population-environment relations/ human impact/ forestry/ aquatic
organisms/ environmental impact/ environmental changes/ ecology/
daphnia/ Oligochaeta/ Invertebrata/ pinus/ plantae/ pine/ oligochaetes/
angleworms/ earthworms/ pines
Abstract:
We studied 12 small, seasonally flooded, depressional wetlands on the
Atlantic Coastal Plain of Georgia, U.S.A. Each wetland was embedded in
stands of managed plantation pine. The pine trees surrounding each
wetland had been harvested and replanted beginning in 1997 (2 sites),
1995 (2 sites), 1993 (1 site), 1988 (2 sites), 1984 (2 sites) or 1975
(3 sites). Regressions of various environmental variables with harvest
histories indicated that those wetlands surrounded by smaller trees had
greater light levels, water temperatures, pH, herbaceous plant cover
and biomass, terrestrial invertebrate diversities and numbers, and
water flea numbers, and lower water electrical conductivities and
aquatic oligochaete numbers than those wetlands surrounded by more
mature trees. Detected variations in hydroperiod, water depth,
dissolved oxygen levels, sediment inputs, macrophyte diversity,
periphyton biomass and densities of most aquatic invertebrates were not
clearly correlated with past histories of peripheral tree harvest. This
study suggests that harvesting trees around small wetlands initiates
physical and ecological changes within the embedded habitats and that
changes can persist for up to 15 years.
© ProQuest
1765. Initial response of fishes to marsh restoration at a former salt hay farm bordering Delaware Bay.
Able, K. W.; Nemerson, D. M.; Light, P. R.; and Bush, R. O.
In: Concepts and controversies in tidal marsh ecology/ Weinstein, Michael P. and Kreeger, Daniel A.
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000;
pp. 749-773.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ biometrics/ ecology/ population dynamics/ habitat/ brackish
habitat/ marine zones/ Atlantic Ocean/ North Atlantic/ Pisces: habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ size/ community structure/ population
size/ salt marsh restoration effects/ salt marsh/ restoration/ initial
responses/ North West Atlantic/ New Jersey/ Delaware Bay/ Initial
responses to salt marsh restoration/ Pisces/ chordates/ fish/
vertebrates
Abstract:
The success of salt marsh restoration, especially as it relates
to the structural and functional role of fish populations, is poorly
defined. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration of a
former salt hay farm toward a functional marsh, we monitored the fish
response to the restoration (resumed tidal flow, creation of creeks)
from September 1996 to November 1997 and compared that to the
prerestoration condition. During the post-restoration period we
compared fish species richness, abundance, composition and size during
the spring, summer and fall between the restored site and an adjacent
reference marsh with similar physical characteristics (temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, depth, distance from the bay). Fish
populations, primarily young-of-the-year, were characterized at both
sites by monthly sampling with replicate (4 tows per site, 2 sites in
each of two creeks) daytime otter trawls (4.9 m, 6 mm cod end mesh,
n=375 two-minute tows) in large marsh creeks and with weirs (2.0
m×1.5 m×1.5 m, with 5.0 m×1.5 m wings, 6.0 mm mesh,
n=48) in smaller intertidal marsh creeks (2 sites in the restored
marsh, 4 sites in reference marshes). Based on these observations, fish
abundance was greater in the restored creeks while species richness,
species composition, and average size of fishes were similar to the
reference site. An analysis of fish assemblages at the same sites
indicated that the reference and restored marshes were similar for
large and small marsh creeks. Where differences occurred it was often
the result of greater abundances of selected species at the restored
marsh. Also, during this period the standing stock at the restored
marsh may have exceeded that for the reference marsh. Thus, it appears
that the fish responded quickly to the restoration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1766. Integrated management of waterbird habitats at impounded wetlands in Delaware Bay, U.S.A.
Parsons, K. C.
Waterbirds 25(SPECIAL PUBL.2): 25-41. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: Delaware
Bay/ drawdown/ impoundments/ waterbirds/ wetland management/ drawdown/
habitat management/ impoundment/ integrated approach/ waterfowl/
wetland/ United States
Abstract:
Most streams in the upper Delaware Bay U.S.A. drainage have been
impounded either historically or at present to accommodate a variety of
wetland management objectives. Long-term impoundment has resulted in
loss of wetland function and biodiversity. Nevertheless, extensive
wetlands in Salem County, New Jersey and New Castle
County, Delaware provide habitat for many important waterbirds,
including breeding wading birds, migratory shorebirds, and waterfowl.
Public and private agencies in both states have initiated wetland
restoration programs to improve habitat values for multiple waterbird
groups. I conducted wetland studies in nine streams to examine patterns
of waterbird use to 1) identify water level management practices that
promote waterbird utilization, and 2) develop guidelines for resource
managers to meet integrated wetland management objectives. A total of
62 species (32,100 individuals) of wading birds, waterfowl, shorebirds,
seabirds, marshbirds, and raptors was recorded April-July, 1993-1996
and 2000 during weekly observations. Most waterbird groups were more
abundant at impounded sites than at tidal sites in streams. In
addition, the use of streams within the region varied for all waterbird
groups indicating that some streams were highly utilized while at
others, relatively few waterbirds were present. Water level management
regime was an important factor in determining waterbird use. Wading
birds were most abundant at wetlands undergoing a mid-season drawdown
at which time many locally-breeding species were meeting adult and
nestling food requirements. Waterfowl were more abundant at wetlands
with relatively high water levels in early spring compared to levels
later in the season, which coincided with duck migration. Migratory
shorebirds were most abundant on wetlands with relatively low water
levels during May. Results 1) confirm the need for variably-managed
wetland mosaics which provide habitat at a variety of water levels and
2) identify the importance of timing of drawdown in meeting the
foraging needs of multiple waterbird groups.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1767. Integrated management of waterbirds: Beyond the conventional.
Erwin, R. M.
Waterbirds 25(Special Publ.2): 5-12. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: impoundments/
landscape scale/ refuges/ shorebirds/ wading birds/ waterfowl/ wetland
and waterbird management/ conservation management/ habitat management/
integrated approach/ waterfowl/ wetland
Abstract:
Integrated waterbird management over the past few decades has
implicitly referred to methods for managing wetlands that usually
attempt to enhance habitat for taxonomic groups such as shorebirds and
wading birds, in addition to waterfowl, the traditional focus group.
Here I describe five elements of integration in management: taxonomic,
spatial, temporal, population and habitat, and multiple-use management
objectives. Spatial integration simply expands the scale of management
concern. Rather than emphasizing management on a very limited number of
impoundments or wetlands in small refuges or wildlife management areas,
the vision is beginning to shift to connectivity within larger
landscapes on the order of many square kilometers as telemetry data on
daily and seasonal movements for many species become available.
Temporal integration refers to the potential for either simultaneous
management for waterbirds and commercial "crops" (e.g., crayfish and
rice) or for temporally-staggered management such as row crop
production in spring-summer growing seasons and waterbird management on
fallow fields in the non-growing (winter) season. Integrating
population dynamics with habitats has become a major research focus
over the past decade. Identifying which wetlands are "sources" or
"sinks" for specific populations provides managers with critical
information about effective management. Further, the applications of
spatially explicit population models heavy demands on researchers
to identify use patterns for breeding and dispersing individuals by
age, sex, and reproductive class. Population viability analysis models
require much the same information. Finally, multiple-use management
integration refers to trying to optimize the uses of wetlands, when
only one (perhaps secondary) use may include waterbird management.
Depending upon the ownership and primary land use of a particular
parcel of land containing wetlands and/or water bodies, managing for
waterbirds may be an "easy sell" (e.g., public natural resource lands)
or a very
contentious
one, where wetlands are created for industrial, aquaculture or urban
uses. In the latter case, careful planning and implementation require
broad stakeholder participation and education.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1768. Integrating shorebird habitat needs with water management efforts at the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, Texas.
Fernandez, Marie Kathryn
Kingsville, TX: Texas A&M University - Kingsville, 2000.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisor: Smith, Steven A.
Descriptors: wetlands/
shorebirds/ winter/ habitat management/ migration/ water level/
seasons/ lowland/ habitat use/ Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife
Refuge/ Texas
Abstract:
The lower Laguna Madre area and adjacent wetlands, including
those found at the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge in coastal
southern Texas, provide important wintering and spring stopover
habitat for migratory shorebirds. During winter-spring of 1996 and
1997, shorebird migration chronology and habitat use were studied on a
2,024 ha impoundment system at the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife
Refuge. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations for
shorebird management during winter and spring in conjunction with
current management practices for waterfowl. Twenty-six species of
shorebirds were documented in the first winter-spring field season and
eighteen species in the second field season. The most abundant
shorebird group was the semipalmated/western sandpiper Calidris
pusilla/ C. mauri. Wintering shorebirds and early migrants were present
at the initiation of the study period each year. Peak migration of
shorebirds (based on numbers) appears to fall between mid-March and the
end of April. Great variability occurs from year to year due to
fluctuating water conditions. Shorebirds foraged primarily on wet mud
or in shallow water and did not use vegetated areas to a great extent.
Shorebird presence was directly related to water level. High water
levels resulted in inaccessibility of prey to many foraging shorebirds
or water depths too deep to be utilized by shorebirds. Dry mudflats
were not used by most shorebirds, with the exception of long-billed
curlew Numenius americanus, willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus and
plovers Pluvialis sp. and Charadrius spp.).
© NISC
1769. Interactive effects of animal disturbance and elevation on vegetation of a tidal freshwater marsh.
Baldwin, A. H. and Pendleton, F. N.
Estuaries 26(4 A): 905-915. (2003)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 01608347
Descriptors: community
composition/ disturbance/ elevation/ saltmarsh/ vegetation structure/ United States/ Bidens laevis/ Zizania aquatica
Abstract:
We studied interactions between animal disturbance (geese, carp, and
muskrat) and elevation in a field experiment in tidal freshwater
marshes of the Patuxent River, Maryland, United States. Vegetation
changes were recorded in fenced and unfenced plots in high and low
marsh community types for 2 yr using measurements of areal cover and
within-plot frequency (which were averaged to create a dominance
index), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and
aboveground
biomass. We related light environment to differences in vegetation
using below-canopy measurements of Photosynthetically Active Radiation
(PAR). In the low marsh, total cover of all species, cover of annual
species, biomass, and LAI were significantly higher in plots fenced to
exclude animals (exclosures) than in unfenced plots (fenced/unfenced
total cover = 76/40%, annual cover = 45/10%, biomass = 936/352 g m-2,
LAI = 3.3/1.4). PAR was significantly lower in fenced than unfenced
plots (fenced/unfenced = 115/442 ì mol
s-l m -2). Despite the strong effect of fencing on biomass, species
richness per plot (i.e., the number of species per plot, or species
density) was not affected significantly by fencing in the low marsh.
Most of the observed differences in cover, biomass, LAI, and PAR were
due to variation in the abundance of the herbaceous annual species
Bidens laevis (dominance index fenced/unfenced = 45/10%) and Zizania
aquatica (30/12%). In the high marsh community, fencing had only minor
effects on plant community composition and did not significantly affect
species richness, cover, biomass, PAR, or LAI. Our results show that
animals can dramatically affect low marsh vegetation, primarily via
physical disturbance or herbivory of shallowly rooted seedlings of
annual species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1770. Interspecific
differences in habitat use of shorebirds and waterfowl foraging in
managed wetlands of California's San Joaquin Valley.
Isola, C. R.; Colwell, M. A.; Taft, O. W.; and Safran, R. J.
Waterbirds 23(2): 196-203. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: bottom topography/ foraging/ habitat use/ interspecific differences/ managed wetlands/ water depth
Abstract:
A common wetland management objective is to provide habitat for a
diverse assemblage of species, which requires data on interspecific
differences in habitat use. Consequently, we studied habitat use by ten
water-bird taxa (four dabbling ducks and six shorebirds) foraging in
managed, seasonal wetlands in the northern San Joaquin
Valley, California during late winter and early spring of 1994 and
1995. A MANOVA analysis detected strong interspecific differences in
habitat use, with water depth explaining 86% of differences among taxa
in a discriminant function analysis. ANOVA identified four groups based
on similarities in use of water depth: 1) small shore-birds (<5 cm):
2) large shorebirds (5-11 cm); 3) teal (10-15 cm); and large dabbling
ducks (>20 cm). Among these groups, variation in water depth at
foraging locations increased with size, suggesting that water depth
constrained foraging by shorebirds and teal more than larger waterfowl.
In California's Central Valley, where large numbers of shorebirds and
waterfowl winter, our findings suggest that managers can provide
habitat for shorebirds and water-fowl by reducing the average depth to
which habitats are flooded, especially during winter when deep-water
habitat is abundant. Within a wetland complex or an individual wetland,
this prescription will yield greatest diversity of water depth, and,
hence, bird use in wetlands characterized by variable bottom topography.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1771. Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands.
Nelson, S. M.; Roline, R. A.; Thullen, J. S.; Sartoris, J. J.; and Boutwell, J. E.
Wetlands 20(2): 406-415. (June 2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47
Descriptors: dissolved
oxygen/ bioaccumulation/ community structure/ trace elements/
artificial wetlands/ invertebrates/ wetlands/ wastewater treatment/
heavy metals/ aluminum/ arsenic/ selenium/ aluminium/ plant
populations/ vegetation cover/ aquatic plants/ community composition/
animals (invertebrates)/ Invertebrata/ Potamogeton/ Scirpus
Abstract:
Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland
mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrationsof
dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher
concentrations of D.O. were measured in open watermesocosms containing
submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxarichness was positively related
to D.O. concentrations that were,in turn, related to vegetation
communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant
species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa
richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater
mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and
reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the
concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below
values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached
levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study
suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related
tothe type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type.Wetlands
designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into
account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element
bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.
© ProQuest
1772. Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States.
Gleason, R. A.; Euliss, N. H.; Hubbard, D. E.; and
Duffy, W. G.
Wetlands 24(3): 562-572. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
prairies/ abundance/ drainage/ eggs/ succession/ recruitment/
man-induced effects/ anthropogenic factors/ embryonic development/
habitat improvement/ aquatic insects/ seasonal variations/ restoration/
water levels/ dispersion/ statistical analysis/ community composition/
population dynamics/ species diversity/ invertebrates/ banks/ history/
cultivation/ maintenance/ seeds/ indicators/ drawdown/ Invertebrata/
United States/ Canada/ Saskatchewan/
Prairie Pothole Region
Abstract: Analogous
to 'seed banks,' 'egg banks' are important for seasonal
succession and maintenance of invertebrate species diversity throughout
wet and dry cycles in the prairie pothole region. Further, recruitment
of invertebrates from relic egg banks in the sediments and dispersal of
eggs into wetlands is believed to be important for reestablishment of
invertebrates in recently restored wetlands. Alhough tens-of-thousands
of wetlands have been restored in the prairie pothole region of
the United States, studies have not been conducted to evaluate the
recovery of invertebrate egg banks in restored wetlands. We used taxon
richness and abundance as indicators of potential egg bank recovery and
compared these parameters in restored wetlands to those of non-drained
and drained wetlands with a history of cultivation and also to
reference wetlands with no history of cultivation. We found few
significant differences among wetland categories within three
physiographic regions (Glaciated Plains, Missouri
Coteau, and Prairie Coteau). Most statistical comparisons indicated
that restored wetlands had invertebrate egg banks similar to reference,
non-drained, and drained wetlands. The one exception was drained
seasonal wetlands in the Glaciated Plains, which had significantly
lower taxon richness and invertebrate abundance than the other wetland
categories. Trends did suggest that invertebrate egg bank taxon
richness and abundance are increasing in restored seasonal wetlands
relative to their drained analogues, whereas a similar trend was not
observed for restored semi-permanent wetlands. Although recovery was
not related to years since restoration, comparisons of restored
wetlands with reference wetlands suggest that recovery potential may be
inversely related to the extent of wetland drainage and intensive
agriculture that varies spatially in the prairie pothole region. Our
research suggests that periodic drawdowns of semi-permanent restored
wetlands may be needed to promote production and development of
invertebrate egg banks. Inoculation of restored wetlands may also be
needed in areas where extensive wetland drainage has resulted in fewer
wetland habitats to provide sources of passively dispersed eggs to
newly restored wetlands.
© ProQuest
1773. Invertebrate response to moist-soil management of playa wetlands.
Anderson, J. T. and Smith, L. M.
Ecological Applications 10(2): 550-558. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: invertebrates/
migratory birds/ moist-soil management/ Playas/ wetlands/ biomass/
density/ invertebrate/ species diversity/ wetland management/ United States
Abstract:
Moist-soil management is a wetland management technique commonly used
to increase seed production for migratory birds. However, the responses
of invertebrates to moist-soil management have seldom been investigated
even though their availability may be as important as seeds to foraging
waterbirds. We studied the effects of moist-soil management and initial
fall flooding date (September vs. November) on invertebrate density,
biomass, and diversity in 12 playa wetlands on the Southern High
Plains, USA, during the winters of 1994-1995 and 1995-1996.
Invertebrates were sampled using a combination of benthic core,
epiphytic, and water-column samplers. Total invertebrate density and
biomass were higher in playas that were moist-soil managed and that had
longer hydroperiods (four rather than two months) than in playas that
were not managed or that had shorter hydro-periods. Most invertebrate
taxa (75%) were more abundant in moist-soil managed wetlands than in
unmanaged wetlands. Invertebrate familial richness and diversity were
greater in moist-soil managed playas than in unmanaged playas, but
initial flooding date had little effect on invertebrate diversity.
Planorbidae snails were the most abundant invertebrate taxon. A
combination of moist-soil management and early fall (September) water
application is an effective tool to increase invertebrate density,
biomass, and diversity in playas for migratory birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1774. Invertebrates associated with woody debris in a southeastern U.S. forested floodplain wetland.
Braccia, Amy and Batzer, Darold P.
Wetlands 21(1): 18-31. (Mar. 2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: Invertebrata/
biomass/ community structure/ habitat utilization/ woody debris/
forested wetlands/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ South
Carolina/ Coosawhatchie River Floodplain/ surveys
Abstract:
Woody debris is an ecologically important resource in upland forests
and stream ecosystems. Although much is known about invertebrate-woody
debris interactions in forests and streams, little information exists
for forested wetlands. In this study, invertebrates associated with
woody debris in a Southeastern U. S. forested floodplain are
described and factors that shape community structure are examined.
Woody debris samples were collected during two wet (March 1998 and
1999) and one dry period (August 1998) from a bottomland hardwood
wetland along the Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina, USA. During wet
period collections, both submersed and floating woody debris were
collected. Invertebrate richness, density, and arthropod standing-stock
biomass were compared among sampling periods (wet and dry), between
floating and submersed wood, and among woody debris decay classes. Most
invertebrate richness and arthropod biomass was associated with wood
collected during wet periods. However, the non-aquatic rather than
aquatic arthropods were the most significant component of the overall
community structure. Floating woody debris was a "hot spot" for
invertebrate richness and arthropod biomass. Increased invertebrate
richness was also associated with well-decayed wood. Invertebrates were
classified based on temporal use of woody debris and included perennial
residents, seasonal colonizers, and seasonal refugees. Overall findings
suggest that woody debris is an important resource for invertebrates,
and wood-associated invertebrates (especially non-aquatics) need to be
considered when studying the diversity and function of forested
wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1775. Invited paper: Principles for management of aquatic-breeding amphibians.
Semlitsch, Raymond D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 615-631. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ population studies/ connectivity/ dispersal/
ecological disturbance/ ecosystem management/ habitat fragmentation/
habitat loss/ hydrologic cycle/ population dynamics/ recolonization/
wetlands
Abstract:
Coordinated efforts by ecologists and natural resource managers are
necessary to balance the conservation of biological diversity with the
potential for sustained economic development. Because some amphibians
have suffered world-wide declines during the last 20 years, it is
important to consider biologically based management strategies that
will preserve local and regional populations. This paper provides a
brief overview of potential threats to local and regional populations,
the state of knowledge on population and landscape processes, and the
critical elements needed for an effective management plan for
amphibians. Local population dynamics and ecological connectivity of
amphibian metapopulations must be considered in effective management
plans. There are 3 critical factors to consider in a management plan
(1) the number or density of individuals dispersing from individual
wetlands, (2) the diversity of wetlands with regard to hydroperiod, and
(3) the probability of dispersal among adjacent wetlands or the rescue
and recolonization of local populations. Wetlands losses reduce the
total number of sites where pond-breeding amphibians can reproduce and
recruit juveniles into the breeding population. Loss of small,
temporary wetlands (<4.0 ha) may be especially harmful to amphibians
because of their abundance and high species diversity. Alteration of
wetlands, particularly hydrologic cycles, can severely impair
completion of larval metamorphosis through either early pond drying (if
hydroperiod is shortened) or through increased predation (if
hydroperiod is lengthened or connections made with fish-infested lakes,
rivers, or canals). Wetland loss also increases the distance between
neighboring wetlands that is critical to metapopulation source-sink
processes. Reduction in wetland density reduces the probability that
populations will be rescued from extinction by nearby source
populations. Local populations cannot be considered independent of
source-sink processes that connect wetlands at the landscape or
regional level. Further, the fragmentation of natural habitats from
timber harvesting, agriculture, roads, drainage canals, or urban
development impedes or prevents dispersal and decreases the probability
of wetland recolonization. If our goal is to maintain or enhance
present levels of amphibian diversity, then resource managers must
incorporate critical elements into plans that protect population and
landscape processes thereby maintaining viable populations and
communities of amphibians.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1776. Iowa's wetlands present and future with a focus on prairie potholes.
Bishop, R. A.; Joens, J.; and Zohrer, J.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 105(3):
89-93. (1998)
NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: pothole habitat/ prairie marsh/ riparian floodplain/ uplands/ wetland restoration/ wildlife habitat
Abstract:
The vast prairie marsh-pothole complex that historically covered
approximately 7.6 millions acres in Iowa was reduced to less than
30,000 acres by 1980 when it was estimated that only 5,000 acres of
prairie marsh and pothole habitat remained in private ownership. A
bleak outlook for the future of wetlands was presented by Bishop
(1981)." This outlook changed with the development of the North
American Waterfowl Management Plan and the passage of two important
pieces of legislation: the North American Wetlands Conservation Act and
the Food Security Act of 1985. Protection of existing wetlands was
afforded through the Swampbuster provision of the Food Security Act.
The North American Wetlands Conservation Act and the Wetland Reserve
Program offered through the Food Security Act provided needed funding
for the protection and restoration of wetlands in Iowa. Since
1988, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and various county conservation boards together with
Pheasants Forever, Ducks Unlimited, and the Iowa Natural Heritage
Foundation have purchased over 10,000 ha (25,000 ac) of wetlands and
uplands in the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa and restored over 24,240
ha (6,600 ac) of public and private wetlands. The United States
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service has
enrolled approximately 24,240 ha (60,600 ac) of riparian floodplains
and potholes into the Wetland Reserve Program and Emergency Wetland
Reserve Program, affording them protection through permanent easements.
Public support of wetland legislation will ensure that funding
continues to be available to protect and restore Iowa's prairie
wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1777. Isotopic evidence for changes in residue decomposition and N-cycling in winter flooded rice fields by foraging waterfowl.
Diepen, L. T. A. van; Groenigen, J. W. van; and
Kessel, C. van
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102(1):
41-47. (2004)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: wetlands/
animal behavior/ crop residues/ cycling/ decomposition/ flooding/
foraging/ isotope fractionation/ nitrogen/ rice/ rice straw/ straw/
waterfowl/ wild birds
Abstract:
Winter flooded rice fields can serve as substitute habitat for
migratory waterfowl. Not much is known about the effects of the
foraging waterfowl on nutrient cycling in rice production systems. This
study quantifies the effect of foraging waterfowl on decomposition of
rice residue and N-cycling in a winter flooded rice field in the
Sacramento Valley, California. Along two transects in a field, pairs of
control plots and exclosure plots, which excluded waterfowl, were set
up. The original straw residue within the inner 2 m 2 of the 3 m x 3 m plots was red by 15N
labelled straw residue. The labelled residue was subsequently followed
into the light fraction and mineral fraction of the soil through the
winter flooding period. Foraging waterfowl increased the loss of 15N
from the residue from 83 to 89%, but did not affect the mass
decomposition and loss of total N of the residue. No significant effect
of the waterfowl was seen in the recovery of the residue N in the total
soil N pool and in the light fraction, although there was a low
recovery of residue N within these pools in the control treatments. The
recovery of residue N in the NH4
± N pool after winter flooding was significantly lower in the
presence of waterfowl. The increased loss of residue N and lower
recovery of residue N in the presence of waterfowl may indicate that
the rate of N-cycling was increased. A better understanding of the
N-cycle in winter flooded rice fields in the presence of waterfowl is
needed to assess the potential benefits of winter flooding for the rice
farmers.
© CABI
1778. Juvenile sciaenid fishes respond favorably to Delaware Bay marsh restoration.
Nemerson, David M. and Able, Kenneth W.
Ecological Engineering 25(3): 260-274. (2005)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574.
Notes: In 2 volumes.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ biometrics/ whole animal physiology/ nutrition/ diet/
ecology/ population dynamics/ brackish habitat/ marine zones/ Atlantic
Ocean/ Cynoscion regalis/ Leiostomus xanthurus/ Micropogonias
undulatus: habitat management/ salt marsh restoration/ size/ length/
weight/ physiological condition/ condition factor/ prey/ feeding rate/
stomach fullness/ population density/ salt marsh/ abundance/ prey type/
stomach fullness and condition/ natural vs restored sites/ man-made
habitat/ restored salt marsh/ North Atlantic/ New Jersey/ Delaware Bay/
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Sciaenidae/ chordates/ fish/
vertebrates
Abstract: Former
salt hay farms in Delaware Bay have been the site of
extensive restorations aimed at restoring tidal flow to the sites,
encouraging Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass) recolonization and
creating high-quality juvenile fish habitat. We assessed the 234
ha Dennis Township restoration site as habitat for juvenile
Cynoscion regalis (weakfish), Leiostomus xanthurus (spot) and
Micropogonias undulatus (Atlantic croaker) by comparing abundance, prey
types consumed, stomach fullness and condition factor at the restored
site and at a nearby reference marsh, Moores Beach. The
three sciaenid species were equally or more abundant at the restored
marsh. Measures of feeding were generally equal or higher at the
restored site and stomach fullness was equal to or significantly higher
at the restored marsh compared with the reference marsh. Fish
condition, as measured by predicted weight-at-length, was generally at
least equal between the sites and was occasionally higher at the
restored site. At both sites, a seasonal pattern typical of
mid-Atlantic estuaries of recruitment, ontogenetic change in food
habits and emigration of transient fishes was apparent. Three years
following restoration, the Dennis Township site provided
equivalent to enhanced conditions for feeding and growth for large
numbers of juvenile sciaenid fish, compared to a nearby reference site.
© 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1779. Land use, water chemistry, aquatic vegetation and zooplankton community structure of shallow lakes.
Dodson, Stanley I.; Lillie, Richard A.; and Will Wolf, Susan
Ecological Applications 15(4): 1191-1198. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: ecology/
habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ abiotic factors/ land zones/
comprehensive zoology: disturbance by man/ land use effect on shallow
lake community structure/ community structure/ influencing factors/
lake/ shallow lakes/ chemical factors/ water chemistry/ effect on
community structure/ Wisconsin/ shallow lake community structure
Abstract:
Landscape-lake interactions, including anthropogenic effects in modern
human-dominated landscapes, are essential elements of our understanding
of aquatic community ecology. This study links land use (six
categories) to the aquatic environment (30 water chemistry, lake
morphology, and vegetation variables) and to zooplankton community
richness (32 common taxa) and composition in 73 small and shallow lakes
of southeastern Wisconsin, USA. The sites differed most
according to two environmental variables (principal components analysis
(PCA) ordination): the presence/absence of riparian vegetation and the
water source (whether ground or atmospheric). Shallow lakes in
different land use categories (reference, urban, and agricultural)
differed significantly in terms of the two major environmental
variables, especially presence of riparian and aquatic vegetation.
Reference sites were characterized by the most vegetation and the
highest zooplankton richness. Agricultural sites with wide riparian
vegetative buffer strips (>30 m) had significantly more zooplankton
taxa than agricultural lakes with narrow buffer strips. A non-metric
multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination of zooplankton community
composition suggested a single community among land use categories,
with some variation related to vegetation and the water source. The
first NMS axis was correlated with PCAI axis (vegetation) and with
zooplankton taxon richness, and the second axis was correlated with
PCA2 (water source). The third axis was not strongly correlated with
any of the measured environmental factors, suggesting that an
unmeasured factor related to disturbance was also important in
determining taxon composition. Our analysis supports the hypothesis
that zooplankton community structure (taxon richness and composition)
is indirectly associated with land use, via the effect of land use on
vegetation and the hydrological continuum.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1780. Landowner satisfaction with the Wetlands Reserve Program in Wisconsin.
Forshay, K. J.; Morzaria-Luna, H. N.; Hale, B.; and
Predick, K.
Environmental Management 36(2): 248-257. (2005)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0093-y.
Descriptors: conservation
easement/ federal program/ invasive species/ monitoring/
restoration/ wetland/ biodiversity/ costs/ data reduction/
environmental impact/ plants (botany)/ restoration/ ecological
monitoring/ landowners/ restoration sites/ Wetlands Reserve Program
(WRP)/ ecology/ landowner/ monitoring/ restoration ecology/ ecosystem
restoration/ program development/ wetland/ conservation of natural
resources/ consumer participation/ fresh water/ personal satisfaction/
Wisconsin/ Cervidae
Abstract:
We evaluated ecological monitoring data and landowner perceptions to
the federally funded Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) in a three-county
region in Wisconsin. We surveyed landowner satisfaction,
involvement, participation, and use of the WRP restoration sites. We
found that landowners are satisfied with the overall program (mean, 3.6
± 0.2 [SE], on a scale of 1-5, with 5 being completely
satisfied). WRP restorations significantly increased the area of
wetland within the sites surveyed, the increase was primarily of fresh
meadow (736.32 ha after restoration). Satisfaction is related to
landowner participation during restoration and to the economic
incentives provided by the WRP, Landowner satisfaction and the number
of plant communities after restoration are unrelated to each other or
to restoration and easement costs per hectare. Survey participants
recommended some changes to the WRP, including a reduction in the tax
rate of land enrolled in the WRP, approval for permanent deer stands,
and increased communication with WRP officials during the restoration.
Monitoring information collected for WRP restoration sites does not
allow assessment of whether WRP sites are functionally equivalent to
natural sites. We suggest that the WRP require a more rigorous
monitoring program, including guidelines for invasive species
control. Managers should also encourage collaborations with external
researchers and consider restorations within an experimental framework.
© 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1781. A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the Prairie Pothole Region of eastern South Dakota.
Naugle, David E.; Johnson, Rex R.; Estey, Michael E.; and Higgins, Kenneth F.
Wetlands 21(1): 1-17. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Aves/ habitat
management/ semiaquatic habitat/ grasslands/ prairie wetlands/ South
Dakota/ Prairie Pothole Region/ landscape survey/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Resource managers confronted with preserving ecosystems for prairie
wetland birds in fragmented landscapes require landscape studies that
direct conservation efforts over broad geographic regions. We
investigated the role of local and landscape factors affecting habitat
suitability by integrating remotely sensed wetland and land-cover data
with wetland bird habitat models. We linked habitat models with
locations of easement and fee-title wetlands to evaluate spatial
location and extent of protected, suitable habitat. We also simulated
impacts of the loss of small wetlands on suitability of larger wetlands
for mobile species that use multiple wetlands. Lastly, we evaluated the
efficacy of waterfowl habitat programs in preserving suitable habitat
for nongame wetland bird species to recommend strategies for maximizing
regional landscape connectivity. Regional databases constructed for
this study indicate that easement and fee-title tracts encompass 13.9%
(1.2 million ha) of land area and protect 19.8% of the wetlands in
eastern South Dakota, USA. Proportion of protected wetlands
is highest for semi-permanent (32.3%), intermediate for seasonal
(25.6%), and lowest for temporary wetlands (15.8%). A stratified,
two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly select 834 semi-permanent
and seasonal wetlands that were surveyed for birds in 1995 and 1996.
Logistic analyses indicate that habitat suitability for some species
(e.g., Virginia rail, pied-billed grebe) is related to local vegetation
conditions within wetlands, while suitability for others (e.g.,
northern pintail, black tern) is related to landscape structure at
larger scales. As a result, unfragmented prairie wetland landscapes
(i.e., areas with wetland complexes embedded within upland grasslands)
provide habitat for more species than isolated wetlands in tillage
fields. Models developed from survey wetlands were used to classify
habitat suitability for all semi-permanent and seasonal wetlands in
eastern South Dakota. Small wetlands are critical components of
the surrounding landscape that influence habitat suitability of larger
wetlands. Models used to reclassify suitability of larger remaining
wetlands after small wetlands (<0.5 ha) were removed indicate that
species most vulnerable to loss of small wetlands are vagile species
that exploit resources over broad spatial scales. Number of wetlands
suitable for northern pintails, a mobile species that uses multiple
wetlands within a season, decreased 20.7% when wetlands <0.5 ha were
removed. Historic paradigms dictating waterfowl habitat protection
efforts also have conserved habitat for nongame bird species. Modern
paradigms that acknowledge the importance of small shallow wetlands to
breeding waterfowl have shifted the focus of protection towards
preserving habitat for species that occupy more abundant seasonal
wetlands. Cessation of protection efforts would result in further
fragmentation of regional wetland landscapes. We recommend that
wetlands be acquired not only to consolidate suitable habitat within
protected core areas but also to ensure that core areas coalesce to
preserve connectivity among regional wetland landscapes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1782. Landscape-based spatially explicit species index models for Everglades restoration.
Curnutt, J. L.; Comiskey, J.; Nott, M. P.; and Gross, L. J.
Ecological Applications 10(6): 1849-1860. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: wetlands/
models/ landscape/ environmental restoration/ Florida/ ecosystem
management/ nature conservation/ habitat improvement/ hydrology/ water
management/ Everglades/ modeling, mathematics, computer applications/
protective measures and control/ reclamation
Abstract: As part of the effort to restore the similar to 10,000-km2
Everglades drainage in southern Florida, USA, we developed
spatially explicit species index (SESI) models of a number of species
and species groups. In this paper we describe the methodology and
results of three such models: those for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow
and the Snail Kite, and the species group model of long-legged wading
birds. SESI models are designed to produce relative comparisons of one
management alternative to a base scenario or to another alternative.
The model outputs do not provide an exact quantitative prediction of
future biotic group responses, but rather, when applying the same input
data and different hydrologic plans, the models provide the best
available means to compare the relative response of the biotic groups.
We compared four alternative hydrologic management scenarios to a base
scenario (i.e., predicted conditions assuming that current water
management practices continue). We ranked the results of the
comparisons for each set of models. No one scenario was beneficial to
all species; however, they provide a uniform assessment, based on the
best available observational information, of relative species responses
to alternative water-management plans. As such, these models were used
extensively in the restoration planning.
© ProQuest
1783. Landscape characteristics influence pond occupancy by frogs after accounting for detectability.
Mazerolle, M. J.; Desrochers, A.; and Rochefort, L.
Ecological Applications 15(3): 824-834. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: amphibians/
detection/ field surveys/ habitat disturbance/ landscape/ logistic
regression/ New Brunswick, Canada/ patch/ peatland/ Rana clamitans/
site-occupancy model/ agricultural land/ frog/ habitat structure/
patchiness/ population distribution/ species occurrence/ North America/
Amphibia/ Anura
Abstract:
Many investigators have hypothesized that landscape attributes such as
the amount and proximity of habitat are important for amphibian spatial
patterns. This has produced a number of studies focusing on the effects
of landscape characteristics on amphibian patterns of occurrence in
patches or ponds, most of which conclude that the landscape is
important. We identified two concerns associated with these studies:
one deals with their applicability to other landscape types, as most
have been conducted in agricultural landscapes; the other highlights
the need to account for the probability of detection. We tested the
hypothesis that landscape characteristics influence spatial patterns of
amphibian occurrence at ponds after accounting for the probability of
detection in little-studied peatland landscapes undergoing peat mining.
We also illustrated the costs of not accounting for the probability of
detection by comparing our results to conventional logistic regression
analyses. Results indicate that frog occurrence increased with the
percent cover of ponds within 100, 250, and 1000 m, as well as the
amount of forest cover within 1000 m. However, forest cover at 250 m
had a negative influence on frog presence at ponds. Not accounting for
the probability of detection resulted in underestimating the influence
of most variables on frog occurrence, whereas a few were overestimated.
Regardless, we show that conventional logistic regression can lead to
different conclusions than analyses accounting for detectability. Our
study is consistent with the hypothesis that landscape characteristics
are important in determining the spatial patterns of frog occurrence at
ponds. We strongly recommend estimating the probability of detection in
field surveys, as this will increase the quality and conservation
potential of models derived from such data.
© 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1784. Landscape context mediates influence of local food abundance on wetland use by wintering shorebirds in an agricultural valley.
Taft, O. W. and Haig, S. M.
Biological Conservation 128(3): 298-307. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.036.
Descriptors: benthic
invertebrates/ dunlin/ Calidris alpina/ killdeer/ Charadrius vociferus/
wetland conservation/ wetland landscape planning/ food availability/
habitat conservation/ habitat use/ landscape ecology/ wader/ wetlands/
Oregon/ Willamette Valley/ Aves/ Invertebrata
Abstract:
While it is widely understood that local abundance of benthic
invertebrates can greatly influence the distribution and abundance of
wetland birds, no studies have examined if wetland landscape context
can mediate this relationship. We studied the influence of wetland food
abundance and landscape context on use of agricultural wetlands by
wintering dunlin (Calidris alpina) and killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA, over two winters (1999-2000,
2000-2001) of differing rainfall and subsequent habitat distribution.
We monitored bird use (frequency of occurrence and abundance) at a
sample of wetlands differing in local food abundance (density and
biomass) and landscape context [adjacent shorebird habitat (defined as
ha of wet habitat with less than 50% vegetative cover and within a 2-km
radius) and nearest neighbor distance]. We evaluated predictive models
for bird use using linear regression and the Cp criterion to select the
most parsimonious model. During the dry winter (2000-2001), dunlin
exhibited greater use of sites with higher invertebrate density and
biomass but also with more adjacent shorebird habitat and closest to a
wetland neighbor. However, neither landscape context nor food abundance
were important predictors of dunlin use during the wet winter
(1999-2000). Use of sites by killdeer was unrelated to either local
food abundance or landscape context measures during both winters. Our
findings contribute to a growing recognition of the importance of
landscape structure to wetland birds and highlight a number of
implications for the spatial planning and enhancement of wetlands using
a landscape approach.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1785. Landscape ecological planning process for wetland, waterfowl, and farmland conservation.
Musacchio, L. R. and Coulson, R. N.
Landscape and Urban Planning 56(3-4): 125-147.
(Oct. 2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046
Descriptors: wetlands/
landscape/ habitat/ geographic information systems/ agricultural land/
rice fields/ land use/ grants/ policies/ regional planning/ rice field
aquaculture/ nature conservation/ overwintering/ plant culture/
conservation/ waterfowl/ ecological effects/ farms/ geographical
information systems/ rice/ anatidae/ Chen caerulescens caerulescens/
Oryza sativa/ Texas/ ducks/ lesser snow goose/ Anser caerulescens
caerulescens/ rice/ planning/ development/ law, policy, economics and
social sciences/ plant culture/ conservation, wildlife management and
recreation/ ecological impact of water development
Abstract:
A landscape ecological planning process (LEP process) is described that
addresses the issues of rice production and wetland habitat
conservation on privately owned rice farms in Texas. The LEP
process was used to evaluate proposed land-use management plans based
on alternative policies for the next US Farm Bill, which would be in
effect from 2003 to 2009. A system simulation model, geographic
information systems (GIS) model based on expert knowledge, as well as
expert opinion, were used to evaluate uncertainty about the effects of
these plans and policies on different types of farms and the quality of
winter habitat of lesser snow geese. The models simulated shifts in
land-use, rice and cattle production, farm profitability, and use of
habitat by geese. Simulation results suggested that the level of
federal subsidies for all policies influenced the continuation of rice
production from 2003 to 2009. In addition, the size of the farm
influenced whether rice production continued until 2009. The smaller
farms were more sensitive to decreases in federal subsidies than larger
farms because smaller farms received less income from goose hunting
leases. Winter habitat for lesser snow geese was reduced in terms of
patch size and nearest neighbor distance when rice production was
discontinued by 2009 for all policies. Agricultural policy experts, who
were familiar with the study sites, selected the modified version of
the conservation policy as the example that would most benefit farmers
and geese. The experts emphasized that their policy would offer far
mers more flexibility to manage their farms, to diversify their
incomes, and to be good land stewards.
© ProQuest
1786. Local and landscape-level influences on wetland bird communities of the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa, USA.
Fairbairn, S. E. and Dinsmore, J. J.
Wetlands 21(1): 41-47. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
landscape/ community composition/ prairies/ birds/ habitats/ wildlife
management/ aquatic birds/ population structure/ habitat selection/
population density/ ecosystem management/ Aves/ Iowa/ Iowa/
birds
Abstract:
Bird species richness and individual species densities were measured in
wetland complexes in 1998. These values were then related to habitat
variables within the complexes and to area of wetland habitat in the
surrounding landscape. The percentage of wetland area
within
a complex that was covered with emergent vegetation and the total area
of wetland habitat in the 3 km surrounding each complex were
significant predictors of species richness. A perimeter-to-area ratio
was the most frequently selected variable for inclusion in
species-density models, being selected for 8 of 15 models. Five
species' densities were related to the percentage of the wetland area
that was covered by emergent vegetation, and 4 densities were related
to the area covered by weak-stemmed wet-meadow vegetation. Densities of
5 species, as well as the overall species richness, were associated
with a measure of the amount of wetland habitat within a 3-km buffer
surrounding the wetland complexes. This indicates that the presence and
abundance of some wetland bird species may be influenced by the amount
of wetland habitat nearby. Thus, programs that encourage restoration of
tracts of land that contain multiple wetland basins should be
emphasized to maximize benefits to the wetland bird community.
© ProQuest
1787. Long-term impacts of forest road crossings of wetlands in Pennsylvania.
Miller, R. L.; DeWalle, D. R.; Brooks, R. P.; and Finley, J. C.
Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14(3): 109-116. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD143.N6; ISSN: 0742-6348
Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ roads/ surveys/ habitats/ waterways/ vegetation/ land ownership/ landforms/ rivers/ width/ Pennsylvania
Abstract: A
survey was conducted of 70 forest road crossings of wetlands
in Pennsylvania to describe the characteristics of these crossings
and to evaluate the long-term impacts of the crossings on habitat
quality, channel stability, vegetation, wetland width and channel
sediment embeddedness above and below the crossings. Sampling was
stratified into five physiographic provinces and three land ownership
types. Difficulty was encountered in identifying sites for the survey
especially in the glaciated northwest region and on private and
industry lands. The majority of samples obtained were from unglaciated
provinces and public lands. Wetlands identified were primarily linear
riparian wetlands associated with first- and second-order channels.
Crossings encountered were largely gravel-covered culverts used to
provide access to adjacent management areas. Only 35 of 814 comparisons
of mean environmental conditions above and below the wetland crossings
were found to be significant. Significant
differences
that did occur suggested that stream bed fine sediment levels were
higher, basal area lower, and herbaceous cover higher in the immediate
vicinity of some crossings simply due to the presence of the road and
fill banks.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1788. Long term monitoring of grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp. population metrics at sites with agricultural runoff influences.
Leight, A. K.; Scott, G. I.; Fulton, M. H.; and
Daugomah, J. W.
Integrative and Comparative Biology 45(1): 143-150. (2005); ISSN: 15407063
Descriptors: Decapoda (Crustacea)/ Palaemonetes/
grass shrimp/ integrated pest management/ shrimp/
aquatic invertebrates
Abstract: Rising
concern over pesticide usage near estuarine systems and evidence
of physical and physiological impacts on estuarine organisms have
strengthened the need to better identify the ecological effects of
nonpoint source runoff. Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes spp., are
ecologically important and abundant marsh inhabitants that may be
impacted by anthropogenic contamination. Populations of grass shrimp
were sampled monthly, over a period of ten years, at four sites
in South Carolina with varying upland land use characteristics.
Spatial and temporal trends in grass shrimp densities were noted over
time and between sites. Agricultural and golf course land usage
corresponded with decreased grass shrimp population levels, overall
shrimp size, and percentage of gravid females. Conservation methods,
such as the use of best management practices (BMPs) and integrated
pesticide management (IPM) at agricultural fields, corresponded with
increased grass shrimp population density.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1789. Long-term response of northern pintails to changes in wetlands and agriculture in the Canadian Prairie Pothole Region.
Podruzny, Kevin M.; DeVries, James H.;
Armstrong, Llwellyn M.; and Rotella, Jay J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 993-1010. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ land and freshwater zones/
North America/ Anas acuta (Anatidae): farming and agriculture/
population size/ semiaquatic habitat/ Canada/ Canadian Prairie
Pothole Region/ long term response to changes in wetlands and
agriculture/ Anatidae/ Anseriformes/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
From 1955 through the late 1970s, northern pintail (Anas acuta)
populations closely tracked the abundance of spring ponds. Declines in
numbers of both northern pintails (hereafter, pintails) and ponds were
evident during years of drought. However, since the early 1980s, the
strength of the relationship between pintails and ponds has weakened
greatly. Agricultural expansion on primary breeding grounds has been
implicated as the cause of sustained pintail declines, but previous
studies investigated pintail response only at large geographic scales
(e.g., prairie-wide, stratum level). Potentially important effects of
localized or multiscale changes in wetlands and agriculture on pintails
are not well understood. Using data from the Canadian Prairie Pothole
Region for 1961 to 1996, we investigated spatial and temporal
covariation of pintail numbers with environmental factors (pond numbers
and wetness indices) and agriculture at various scales. Models best
supported by the data indicated that pintails responded positively to
winter precipitation but with important regional variation and
positively to pond numbers in some locations (southwestern Saskatchewan and southern Alberta). Results also indicated
that pintail settling was better explained (increases in R2
values of 0.05-0.06) using information about specific agricultural
practices than about overall increases in farmed area. At a
prairie-wide scale, we detected a negative association between settling
and increased cropland area. At regional scales, settling was
positively associated to various degrees with area in fallow (i.e.,
summerfallow - land tilled but not planted to crop in a given year).
Both associations were strengthened with higher winter precipitation.
Because cropland stubble is used readily as a nesting habitat by
pintails and spring tillage of fields not used for summerfallow
destroys nests, a shift from summerfallow to continuous cropping in the
Prairie Pothole Region of Canada may have reduced the reproductive
capacity of pintails in important breeding areas. In regions with
characteristics that historically have attracted pintails to settle, we
encourage land managers to promote agricultural practices that minimize
use of spring tillage, convert cropland to perennial forages and
pasture, and protect and restore wetland and upland habitat.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1790. Macroinvertebrate abundance, water chemistry, and wetland characteristics affect use of wetlands by avian species in Maine.
Longcore, J. R.; McAuley, D. G.; Pendelton, G. W.; Bennatti, C. R.; Mingo, T. M.; and Stromborg, K. L.
Hydrobiologia 567(1): 143-167. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0055-x.
Descriptors: acidity/
avian species/ beavers/ Castor canadensis/ macroinvertebrates/ water
chemistry/ waterfowl broods/ wetland characteristics/ wetland use
Abstract:
Our objective was to determine use by avian species (e.g., piscivores,
marsh birds, waterfowl, selected passerines) of 29 wetlands in areas
with low (<200 ì eq l-1)
acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in southeastern Maine. We
documented bird, pair, and brood use during 1982-1984 and in 1982 we
sampled 10 wetlands with a sweep net to collect invertebrates. We
related mean numbers of invertebrates per wetland to water chemistry,
basin characteristics, and avian use of different wetland types.
Shallow, beaver (Castor canadensis)-created wetlands with the highest
phosphorus levels and abundant and varied macrophyte assemblages
supported greater densities of macroinvertebrates and numbers of duck
broods (88.3% of all broods) in contrast to deep, glacial type wetlands
with sparse vegetation and lower invertebrate densities that supported
fewer broods (11.7%). Low pH may have affected some acid-intolerant
invertebrate taxa (i.e., Ephemeroptera), but high mean numbers of
Insecta per wetland were recorded from wetlands with a pH of 5.51.
Other Classes and Orders of invertebrates were more abundant on
wetlands with pH > 5.51. All years combined use of wetlands by
broods was greater on wetlands with pH ≤ 5.51 (77.4%) in contract to
wetlands with pH > 5.51 that supported 21.8% of the broods. High
mean brood density was associated with mean number of Insecta per
wetland. For lentic wetlands created by beaver, those habitats
contained vegetative structure and nutrients necessary to provide cover
to support invertebrate populations that are prey of omnivore and
insectivore species. The fishless status of a few wetlands may have
affected use by some waterfowl species and obligate piscivores. ©
Springer 2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1791. Macroinvertebrate assemblage response to highway crossings in forested wetlands: Implications for biological assessment.
King, R. S.; Nunnery, K. T.; and Richardson, C. J.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 8(4): 243-256. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ biological assessment/ assessment method/ ordination tests/
statistical method/ perturbation tests/ statistical method/ Clean Water
Act/ biological integrity/ biological monitoring/ bottomland forested
wetlands: habitat/ chemical integrity/ community structure/ grazing/
habitat complexity/ habitat patchiness/ herbaceous detrital resources/
highway crossings/ metrics/ physical integrity/ swamps: habitat/ taxon
richness: areal, numerical
Abstract:
Despite the mandate of the Clean Water Act to protect the physical,
chemical, and biological integrity of the USA's wetlands, the use
of biota to assess wetland condition has not been well explored. During
June, 1996, we evaluated the response of macroinvertebrate assemblages
to fill-culvert highway crossings in two bottomland forested wetlands
in North Carolina. Our objective was to apply biological
assessment methods and metrics that have been effectively used in
streams to explore their applicability in forested wetlands. We found
significant changes in several metrics as a function of distance from
the highway crossings. Areal and numerical taxon richness increased
within at least 40 m of highway when compared to control locations.
Percent dominant taxon values were lowest within 10 m of the highway.
Percent herbivores also increased significantly within at least 40 m of
the highway, reflecting the lower % crown closure and associated shift
in primary production from trees to herbaceous macrophytes and algae.
The North Carolina Biotic Index, a metric of tolerance, did not reflect
assemblage changes near the highway. Ordination and permutation tests
revealed that assemblage composition was significantly different from
controls at 10 and 40 m distances from the highway crossings. In
particular, algal grazers such as the mayflies Caenis sp. and
Callibaetis sp. responded positively and the damselflies Ischnura spp.
and the fingernail clams Sphaerium spp. responded negatively to the
crossings. Favorable algal and herbaceous detrital resources, greater
patchiness and habitat complexity, and overall high tolerance to
natural stressors probably contributed to the increase in taxon
richness near the highway. However, significant deviation from control
locations indicated the highway was a source of perturbation. Our
findings illustrate the potential utility of macroinvertebrate
assemblages for wetland assessment, but suggest the importance of
defining the reference condition as well as the need for development of
metrics for specific classes of wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1792. Macroinvertebrate response to cattail management at Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas, USA.
Kostecke, R. M.; Smith, L. M.; and Hands, H. M.
Wetlands 25(3): 758-763. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: recruitment/ biomass/ wetlands/ head/ hydrology/ food/ basins/ typha/ chironomidae
Abstract: Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas, USA has been designated by the
Ramsar convention as a Wetland of International Importance. However,
since that 1988 designation, cattail (Typha spp.) has become the
dominant plant within the basin, and migratory bird use has decreased.
We examined the effects of different cattail-management treatments
(burned, disked, and grazed by 5 and 20 head of cattle) on
macroinvertebrates used as food resources by migratory birds. We found
few differences in diversity, biomass, or density of macroinvertebrates
among treatments. When differences existed, diversity, biomass, and
density were greater within the control or more heavily vegetated
treatments (e.g., burned) than within less vegetated treatments (e.g.,
disked). Macroinvertebrate densities, particularly Chironomidae, ranged
from 154 to 681/m2; however, they were up to seven times lower than historic densities and well below the 5000/m2
that has been suggested for supporting large numbers (0.5 million) of
migratory waterbirds. Thus, Cheyenne Bottoms' capacity to support
migratory waterbirds may currently be reduced due to low
macroinvertebrate densities in areas where cattail has invaded, as well
as in areas where cattail has been managed. Research and management
should be targeted at restoring the hydrology and dependent biotic
communities that support migratory birds.
© ProQuest
1793. Macroinvertebrate response to marsh management strategies in Utah.
Huener, J. D. and Kadlec, J. A.
Wetlands 12(2): 72-78. (1992)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wildlife management/ marshes/ water levels/ macrofauna/ ecosystem management/ population density/ Invertebrata/ Utah
Abstract:
The authors examined the response of aquatic macroinvertebrates to
three marsh management strategies. The three management practices
compared were conventional full pool management, full pool management
with carp (Cyprinus carpio) control, and contour furrowing (also with
carp control). Significant differences in standing crops (both numbers
and biomass) of invertebrates were observed among the three management
strategies. The contour furrowed area had the highest standing crops of
water column invertebrates, followed by the carp-controlled full pool
area, while the conventionally managed area had the lowest standing
crops. In the benthos, the two full pool areas (with and without carp)
had higher standing crops than the contour furrowed area. Significant
differences were noted in seasonal abundance, with all management
practices having lowest densities of invertebrates in April and May.
Implications for management include indications of the negative impacts
of carp and winter drawdowns on invertebrates in managed marshes.
© ProQuest
1794. Macroinvertebrate responses to wetland restoration in northern New York.
Brown, S. C.; Smith, K.; and Batzer, D.
Environmental Entomology 26(5): 1016-1024. (Oct. 1997)
NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ New York/ macrofauna/ man-induced effects/
environmental impact/ environment management/ habitat improvement/
colonization/ community composition/ aquatic insects/ Insecta/ soil
transplantation/ aquatic entomology/ reclamation/ mechanical and
natural changes/
habitat community studies
Abstract:
Wetlands are being restored throughout the United States in an
effort to replace habitat functions lost following drainage. We studied
the macroinvertebrate communities that developed in wetlands restored
by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and compared them to those
occurring at natural wetlands in the same area. During the 3 yr of the
study, most taxa found at the natural sites could also be found in
similar numbers at the restored sites. Insects with aerial dispersal
capability rapidly colonized the restored habitats, but some less
mobile forms (noninsects and some hemipterans) either colonized more
slowly or not at all. We analyzed the effects of experimental
techniques for site preparation that were applied before restoration of
hydrology to determine if they influenced macroinvertebrate
recolonization. Transplantation of remnant wetland soil, which resulted
in faster and more prolific plant growth, significantly increased
overall macroinvertebrate numbers, and significantly increased the
abundance of 10 specific taxonomic groups. The use of this technique,
along with possible inoculation of some less mobile taxa, could improve
efforts to reestablish natural macroinvertebrate communities to newly
restored wetland habitats.
© ProQuest
1795. Management of rice fields for wetlands, water, and rice production.
Andrews, Elizabeth S. and Williams, Philip B.
In: National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering.
San Francisco, Calif.
New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; pp. 1161-1166; 1993.
NAL Call #: TC5.H824 1993; ISBN: 0872629201
Descriptors: wetlands/ waterfowl/ aquatic habitat/ rice production/ California/ Sacramento Valley
Abstract: The
feasibility of managing a portion of the Sacramento Valley's
rice fields as wetlands for waterfowl use, storage, and
aid in rice straw decomposition was evaluated. Approximately 95% of the
area's original wetlands have been lost, and populations of resident
and migratory waterfowl have declined as a result of this and other
pressures on the ecosystem. The analysis showed that there was
significant potential to manage rice acreages in
the Sacramento Valley for winter wetlands for the benefit of
farmers, waterfowl, and downstream water uses, though constraints to
such operation are numerous.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1796. Managing agricultural wetlands for waterbirds in the coastal regions of Louisiana, USA.
Huner, J. V.; Jeske, C. W.; and Norling, W.
Waterbirds 25(Special Publication 2): 66-78. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: agricultural
wetlands/ artificial freshwater habitat/ coastal wetlands/ crawfish
management/ crawfish ponds/ freshwater habitat/ gulf coastal plain/
land conservation programs/ migration/ riparian habitat
Abstract: Rice
and/or crawfish are cultivated in over 225,000 ha of shallow
earthen impoundments within 160 km of the Gulf of Mexico along the
coast of Louisiana. The region includes both the Gulf Coastal
Plain and Prairie and the Lower Mississippi
River Valley. Annual loss of 4,475 ha of coastal wetlands
in Louisiana due to subsidence, erosion, and rising sea level has
significantly reduced desirable freshwater habitat in the region. The
suite of resident, migrant, breeding, and wintering waterbirds
depending on this region includes grebes, pelicans, cormorants,
anhingas, wading birds, waterfowl, coots, rails, gallinules,
shorebirds, gulls, terns, and kingfishers. These taxa utilize the
artificial freshwater wetland habitat provided by the agricultural
wetlands. Numerous other birds utilize riparian areas associated with
these artificial wetlands. Crawfish ponds are especially valuable cool
season habitat for predaceous waterbirds because they provide shallow
water systems rich in invertebrate and small vertebrate prey during the
period from mid-autumn through mid-spring when most rice fields are
drained. Because most crawfish ponds are not drained until late spring
or early summer, predictable, food-rich, shallow water waterbird
habitat is available throughout the region when rice fields are being
cultivated for rice production. Incorporation of crawfish management
into government-sponsored land conservation programs should encourage
land owners to sustain standing water habitat outside of program
mandated fill/drain requirements. Farmers could adjust the times when
their impoundments are filled or drained to maximize benefits to many
species, especially migrating shorebirds.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1797. Marsh impoundments for the management of wildlife and plants in Louisiana.
Chabreck, R. H. and Junkin, G. M.
In:
Marsh management in coastal Louisiana: Effects and issues.Baton
Rouge, LA. Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 112-119; 1989.
NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no. 89(22)
Descriptors: marshes/ wetlands/ wildlife/ Louisiana/
wildlife habitats
Abstract:
Marsh impoundments are widely used in coastal regions for
improving wildlife habitats, aquaculture, water storage for
agricultural irrigation and industrial uses, flooding of marshes for
mosquito control, and maintenance of favorable water depths for
navigation. Impoundments used to improve wildlife habitat can be
categorized into 4 types by water depth and salinity regimes:
permanently flooded with freshwater, manipulated freshwater,
permanently flooded with brackish water, and manipulated brackish
water. In certain areas, e.g. SE Louisiana, impoundment use is
limited because of the fluid nature of the subsoil. -from Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1798. Marsh terracing as a wetland restoration tool for creating fishery habitat.
Rozas, L. P. and Minello, T. J.
Wetlands 21(3): 327-341. (Sept. 2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
intertidal environment/ habitat improvement/ marshes/ restoration/
fishery resources/ nekton/ marine crustaceans/ biomass/ population
density/ terraces/ environmental restoration/ fisheries/ geological
terraces/ crustaceans/ fetch/ biological sampling/ habitats/ mullet/
menhaden/ trout/ intertidal areas/ Litopenaeus setiferus/ Palaemonetes
pugio/ Callinectes sapidus/ Farfantepenaeus aztecus/ Brevoortia
patronus/ Mugil cephalus/ Cynoscion nebulosus/ Louisiana/ northern
white shrimp/ white shrimp/ daggerblade grass shrimp/ blue crab/ gulf
menhaden/ striped mullet/ spotted seatrout/ restoration/ protective
measures and control/ conservation and environmental protection/
reclamation
Abstract:
Terracing is a relatively new wetland-restoration technique used to
convert shallow subtidal bottom to marsh. This method uses existing
bottom sediments to form terraces or ridges at marsh elevation. A
terrace field is constructed by arranging these ridges in some pattern
that maximizes intertidal edge and minimizes fetch between ridges; the
intertidal area is planted with marsh vegetation. We examined the
habitat value of terracing for fishery species at Sabine National
Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana (USA) in spring and fall 1999 by quantifying
and comparing nekton densities in a 9-yr-old terrace field and nearby
reference area using a 1-m2
drop sampler. Decapod crustaceans were more abundant than fishes,
composing 62% and 95% of all organisms we collected in spring and fall,
respectively. White shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, dagger-blade grass
shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and brown
shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus accounted for 94% of all crustaceans,
whereas 60% of all fishes were gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus. Mean
densities of white shrimp (fall), daggerblade grass shrimp, blue crab,
and brown shrimp (spring) were significantly greater in terrace marsh
than on non-vegetated bottom in the reference pond. Densities of most
nekton on non-vegetated bottom were similar in the terrace field and
the reference pond, but gulf menhaden and white shrimp had higher
densities at terrace pond sites and brown shrimp (spring) were more
abundant at reference pond sites. The pattern for biomass was similar
to that for density in that the mean biomass of most species was
significantly greater at terrace marsh sites than reference pond sites
and similar at terrace and reference pond sites. Terrace marsh,
however, was not functionally equivalent to natural marsh, as mean
densities of daggerblade grass shrimp (fall), brown shrimp (spring),
and blue crab and mean biomass of white shrimp (fall), striped mullet
Mugil cephalus (spring), and spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus
(fall) were greater at reference marsh sites than terrace marsh sites.
Using these density and biomass patterns and the percentage of marsh
and pond area in the terrace field, we concluded that terrace fields
support higher standing crops of most fishery species compared with
shallow marsh ponds of similar size. Future restoration projects could
include design changes to increase the proportion of marsh in a terrace
field and enhance the habitat value of marsh terraces for fishery
species.
© ProQuest
1799. Microhabitat association of Blanding's turtles in natural and constructed wetlands in southeastern New York.
Hartwig, T. S. and Kiviat, E.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 576-582. (Apr. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ wild animals/ turtles/ constructed wetlands/ wildlife
habitats/ Emydidae/ wetlands/ habitat conservation/ radio frequency
identification/ vegetation cover/ Cephalanthus occidentalis/ water
temperature/ spring/ summer/ foraging/ submerged aquatic plants/
endangered species/ habitat destruction/ population size/ New York/
Emydoidea blandingii
Abstract:
We studied Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) microhabitat in
natural wetlands and wetlands constructed for the turtles in Dutchess County, New York, USA. Investigation of
these topics can provide information on ways to increase the extent of
Blanding's turtle habitat, improve its quality, and assure that
conservation or restoration managers do not overlook key habitat
characteristics. Microhabitat was determined by radiotracking
individuals to their exact locations and recording habitat variables.
Blanding's turtles were associated with shallow water depths (x̄ = 30 cm), muck substrates, and areas of abundant vegetation (total cover x̄
= 87%). Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) had the greatest
mean total cover (29%). In the constructed wetlands, Blanding's turtles
were associated with significantly less cover and warmer water than in
the natural wetlands. Blanding's turtles appeared to be using the
constructed wetlands to bask and forage in the spring and early summer
but moved to deeper wetlands in late summer when the constructed
wetlands dried up or became too warm. For Blanding's turtles, new
habitat should contain abundant emergent vegetation (including
buttonbush in Dutchess County and other areas where the
turtles are known to use buttonbush swamps), basking areas, muck,
floating plant material, and submerged aquatic vegetation. Blanding's
turtle's use of constructed wetlands highlights the value of a complex
of connected wetland habitats in providing for the varied needs of the
turtle.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1800. Migrant shorebird predation on benthic invertebrates along the Illinois River, Illinois.
Hamer, G. L.; Heske, E. J.; Brawn, J. D.; and Brown, P. W.
Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118(2): 152-163. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.W55 ; ISSN: 15594491.
http://www.bioone.org/archive/1559-4491/118/2/pdf/i1559-4491-118-2-152.pdf
Descriptors: shorebirds/ wetlands/ invertebrates/ predation/ wildlife habitat/ Illinois
Abstract:
We evaluated the effect of shorebird predation on invertebrates at a
wetland complex along the Illinois River, west-central Illinois,
during spring migration. Using a new exclosure experiment design
adapted to the shifting nature of foraging microhabitat of interior
wetlands, we found that shorebird predation did not significantly
deplete total invertebrate density or total biomass in open (no
exclosure) versus exclosure treatments. Chironomids and oligochaetes
were the most common invertebrates occurring in substrate samples. The
density of oligochaetes was lower in open treatments, though the degree
of difference varied both spatially and temporally. Shorebird density
was positively correlated with the amount of invertebrate biomass
removed from the substrate during the late-May sampling period. Our
results suggest that shorebirds use an opportunistic foraging strategy
and consume the most abundant invertebrate prey. The dynamic hydrology
at our study site likely played a role in preventing invertebrate
depletion by continually exposing new foraging areas and prey.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1801. Migratory bird responses to grazing.
Wetlands
Reserve Program Grasslands Workgroup Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005.
ftp://ftpfc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/ecs/Wild/WRPgrassland.pdf
Descriptors: grazing/ birds/ environmental impact/ wetlands/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ grasslands
1802. Mine-drainage treatment wetland as habitat for herptofaunal wildlife.
Lacki, M. J.; Hummer, J. W.; and Webster, H. J.
Environmental Management 16(4): 513-520. (1992)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5 ; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: constructed wetlands/ wildlife habitat/ herptofauna/ amphibians/ reptiles
Abstract:
Land reclamation techniques that incorporate habitat features for
herptofaunal wildlife have received little attention. We assessed the
suitability of a wetland, constructed for the treatment of mine-water
drainage, for supporting herptofaunal wildlife from 1988 through 1990
using diurnal and nocturnal surveys. Natural wetlands within the
surrounding watershed were also monitored for comparison. The treatment
wetland supported the greatest abundance and species richness of
herptofauna among the sites surveyed. Abundance was a function of the
frog density, particularly green frogs (Rana clamitans) and pickerel
frogs (R. palustris), while species richness was due to the number of
snake species found. The rich mix of snake species present at the
treatment wetland was believed due to a combination of an abundant frog
prey base and an amply supply of den sites in rock debris left behind
from earlier surface-mining activities. Nocturnal surveys of breeding
male frogs demonstrated highest breeding activity at the treatment
wetland, particularly for spring peepers (Hyla crucifer). Whole-body
assays of green frog and bullfrog (R. catesbeiana) tissues showed no
differences among sites in uptake of iron, aluminum, and zinc;
manganese levels in samples from the treatment wetland were
significantly lower than those from natural wetlands. These results
suggest that wetlands established for water quality improvement can
provide habitat for reptiles and amphibians, with the species
composition dependent on the construction design, the proximity to
source populations, and the degree of acidity and heavy-metal
concentrations in drainage waters.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1803. Modeling habitat change in salt marshes after tidal restoration.
Boumans, R. M.; Burdick, D. M.; and Dionne, M.
Restoration Ecology 10(3): 543-555. (Sept. 2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: hydrology/
salt marshes/ human impact/ tides/ topography/ coastal zone management/
restoration/ man-induced effects/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/
tidal effects/ tidal currents/ United States, New England/ reclamation/
conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ ecosystems and
energetics
Abstract:
Salt marshes continue to degrade in the United States due to
indirect human impacts arising from tidal restrictions. Roads or berms
with inadequate provision for tidal flow hinder ecosystem functions and
interfere with self-maintenance of habitat, because interactions among
vegetation, soil, and hydrology within tidally restricted marshes
prevent them from responding to sea level rise. Prediction of the tidal
range that is expected after restoration relative to the current
geomorphology is crucial for successful restoration of salt marsh
habitat. Both insufficient (due to restriction) and excessive (due to
subsidence and sea level rise) tidal flooding can lead to loss of salt
marshes. We developed and applied the Marsh Response to Hydrological
Modifications model as a predictive tool to forecast the success of
management scenarios for restoring full tides to previously restricted
areas. We present an overview of a computer simulation tool that
evaluates potential culvert installations with output of expected tidal
ranges, water discharges, and flood potentials. For three New
England tidal marshes we show species distributions of plants for
tidally restricted and nonrestricted areas. Elevation ranges of species
are used for short-term (<5 years) predictions of changes to salt
marsh habitat after tidal restoration. In addition, elevation changes
of the marsh substrate measured at these sites are extrapolated to
predict long-term (>5 years) changes in marsh geomorphology under
restored tidal regimes. The resultant tidal regime should be designed
to provide habitat requirements for salt marsh plants. At sites with
substantial elevation losses a balance must be struck that stimulates
elevation increases by improving sediment fluxes into marshes while
establishing flooding regimes appropriate to sustain the desired plants.
© ProQuest
1804. Modelling self-design of the aquatic community in a newly created freshwater wetland.
Metzker, K. D. and Mitsch, W. J.
Ecological Modelling 100(1-3): 61-86. (1997)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors: wetlands/
marshes/ freshwater fish/ community composition/ ecological succession/
climax community/ fish/ evolution/ fish populations/ community
development/ Ohio/ Pisces/ models/ community structure
Abstract:
A dynamic simulation model was constructed to predict the natural
development of a fish community in a recently constructed, freshwater
marsh in the midwestern USA, and to determine which forces are
significant in shaping the self-design trajectory of the fish
community. The model allowed immigration of five species of fishes from
a nearby river into the constructed wetland system and allowed them to
interact with each other as well as with the other biotic components of
the wetland. Imported fishes included Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis
macrochirus, Lepomis cyanellus, Cyprinus carpio and Ameirus natalis.
These species were chosen because each is common in the nearby river
and because each possesses physiological characteristics allowing
survival in typical marsh conditions. Each species population was
divided into three distinct ontogenetic stages and were graduated into
the next ontogenetic stage as the normal consequence of growth.
Modelled interactions included intra and interspecific competition;
predation; feeding; reproduction; fish effects on system abiotic
components (e.g., bioturbation) and mortality. The fish community
underwent several major changes in structure during the first 4 years
of its simulated existence, before establishing a stable structure.
Under environmental conditions prevailing in the system, the fish
community always evolved toward a stable state with a high-biomass
population dominated by Cyprinus carpio and a smaller population of
Ameirus natalis. If the effects of suboptimal environmental conditions
were removed, then the system always evolved toward a low-biomass state
consisting entirely of Micropterus salmoides. The role of chance was
also tested and resulted in significant short term modifications to the
community structure; however, these changes decreased in magnitude and
were insufficient to prevent attainment of either of the two alternate
steady states. These results indicate that the fish community in
wetlands has a strong self-design trajectory, tending toward almost
complete dominance by Cyprinus carpio unless typical wetland
environmental conditions were significantly ameliorated.
© ProQuest
1805. Monitoring the hydrology of Canadian prairie wetlands to detect the effects of climate change and land use changes.
Conly, F. M. and van der Kamp, G.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67(1-2):
195-215. (2001)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 01676369.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1006486607040.
Descriptors: climate
change/ land use/ monitoring/ prairie pothole wetlands/ prairie
wetland/ wetland hydrology/ agriculture/ climate change/ ecology/
hydrology/ wetlands/ sloughs/ environmental engineering/ climate
change/ environmental monitoring/ hydrological response/ land use
change/ wetland/ environmental monitoring/ climate/ conservation of
natural resources/ ecosystem/ water movements/ Canada/ Anas/ Anas sp./
Anatidae
Abstract:
There are millions of small isolated wetlands in the semi-arid Canadian
prairies. These 'sloughs' are refuges for wildlife in an area that is
otherwise intensively used for agriculture. They are particularly
important as waterfowl habitat, with more than half of all North
American ducks nesting in prairie sloughs. The water levels and ecology
of the wetlands are sensitive to atmospheric change and to changes of
agricultural practices in the surrounding fields. Monitoring of the
hydrological conditions of the wetlands across the region is vital for
detecting long-term trends and for studying the processes that control
the water balance of the wetlands. Such monitoring therefore requires
extensive regional-scale data complemented by intensive measurements at
a few locations. At present, wetlands are being enumerated across the
region once each year and year-round monitoring is being carried out at
a few locations. The regional-scale data can be statistically related
to regional climate data, but such analyses cast little light on the
hydrological processes and have limited predictive value when climate
and land use are changing. The intensive monitoring network has
provided important insights but it now needs to be expanded and revised
to meet new questions concerning the effects of climate change and land
use.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1806. Muskrat abundance, distribution, and herbivory within cattail-dominated coastal wetlands: Effects of water level manipulation.
Toner, J. A.; Farrell, J. M.; and Leopold, D. J.
In:
Global threats to large lakes: Managing in an environment of
instability and unpredictability. Chicago, IL International Lake Environment Committee (eds.);
pp. 48; 2003.
Notes: 46th Conference on Great Lakes Research and 10th World Lake Conference.
Descriptors: aquatic
plants/ cattails/ marshes/ muskrats/ quantitative distribution/ shallow
water/ vegetation/ water control/ water level fluctuations/ water
management/ water levels/ wetlands/ Ondatra zibethicus/ Typha/ Canada,
Quebec, St. Lawrence R.
Abstract:
Water level management of aquatic ecosystems has cumulative,
long-term impacts on wetland communities. Stabilization of St. Lawrence
River (SLR) water levels is proposed to have created dense cattail
(Typha spp.) stands where diverse shallow water marsh communities
historically existed. Cattail expansion and dominance may also be
related to important herbivore populations, such as the muskrat
(Ondatra zibethicus). We hypothesize that current SLR water level
regulations limit muskrat abundance, distribution, and subsequent
herbivory effects within cattail-dominated marshes. To test this
hypothesis, we evaluated muskrat populations in wetlands where water
levels are raised by water control structures (managed) and wetlands
where the International Joint Commission (IJC) regulates water levels.
Muskrat house locations were recorded with a GPS during winter censuses
in 2001 and 2002. Cattail consumption estimates were developed with
data from vegetation surveys and house counts. Results indicate that
muskrat abundance, distribution, and herbivory effects are limited by
IJC water level regulations. Managed wetlands have greater muskrat
house densities than IJC regulated wetlands (p=0.0201). Current
regulations may contribute to the dominance of cattail and reduction of
fish and waterfowl habitat in SLR wetlands.
© ProQuest
1807. Natural
flatwoods marshes and created freshwater marshes of Florida:
Factors influencing aquatic invertebrate distribution and comparisons
between natural and created marsh communities.
Evans, David L.; Streever, William J.; and
Crisman, Thomas L.
In:
Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and
management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott
A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 81-104.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ natural flatwoods marshes/ population density/ natural flatwoods
marshes community/ influencing factors/ comparison with
created
freshwater marshes/ marsh/ Florida/ natural flatwoods marshes
community structure/ influencing factors and comparison with created
freshwater marshes
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1808. Nest sites of ducks in grazed mixed-grass prairie in North Dakota.
Duebbert, H. F.; Lokemoen, J. T.; and Sharp, D. E.
Prairie Naturalist 18(2): 99-108. (1986)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: Symphoricarpos
occidentalis/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Anas strepera/ Rosa woodsii/
Anas discors/ Anas clypeata/ Stipa viridula/ Agropyron smithii/ habitat
use/ nesting success/ seasonal wetland/
grazing pressure management
Abstract:
Habitat use and nesting success of seven species of dabbling ducks were
evaluated in five vegetative associations within grazed mixed-grass
prairie in central North Dakota. During 1976-80, 548 nests were
found on 412 ha of grazed prairie for an annual average density of 27
nests/100 ha. Numbers of nests found ranged from 1/100 ha in 1977 (a
drought year) to 58/100 ha in 1979 (a very wet year), reflecting the
variability that may be expected in a dynamic prairie wetland
environment. Nesting success ranged from an average of 23% in the
western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) association to 34% in
the mixed-grass association. Forty-two percent of the mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos) nests and 35% of the gadwall (A. strepera) nests were in
patches of western snowberry and/or Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii)
that made up 2% of the available cover. Numbers of nests of blue-winged
teal (A. discors) and northern shoveler (A. clypeata) were highest in
cool-season grasses, especially green needlegrass (Stipa viridula) and
western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii). Height/density (HD) of residual
cover decreased exponentially with increased grazing pressure. Use of
grazed prairie by blue-winged teal was maximized when the HD of
residual cover was 0.5 dm or higher, as could be maintained under light
grazing. Results of this study indicated that properly grazed
mixed-grass prairie can provide adequate nesting habitat for dabbling
ducks. We recommend that preservation and sound ecological management
be focused on large tracts of mixed-grass prairie with complexes of
seasonal and semipermanent wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1809. Nesting and foraging behavior of red-winged blackbirds in stormwater wetlands.
Sparling, D. W.; Eisemann, J.; and Kuenzel, W.
Urban Ecosystems 10(1): 1-15. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.C6 U73; ISSN: 10838155.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s11252-006-0009-0.
Descriptors: birds/ blackbirds/ suburban/ urban/ wildlife
Abstract:
Stormwater wetlands are a common part of urban and suburban landscapes.
These constructed wetlands provide first-order treatment of effluent
from roads, parking lots, lawns and other surfaces. They also provide
habitat for wetland-associated birds. Thus, there is a concern that
birds may be attracted to potentially toxic habitats. This study
assesses nesting success and forging behavior of Red-winged Blackbirds
(Agelaius phoeniceus) in retention stormwater wetlands based on
drainage type. Drainage categories included residential, commercial,
and highway sites. Commercial sites had the lowest nesting success and
the lowest diversity of invertebrate foods. Mean nest success values
for all three types of wetlands, especially for highway drainages, were
comparable to published values from natural wetlands. Over two years of
study highway ponds collectively served as source populations whereas
residential and commercial sites were population sinks in one year and
sources in the other. Red-wings using highway sites had the highest
foraging efficiency as determined by the frequency and duration of
forays. Residential sites had the greatest human disturbance and
generally had intermediate-quality habitat and nesting success. We
conclude that while stormwater wetlands collect run off and
accompanying pollutants, they can still be valuable habitats for
nesting birds in urban and suburban areas. We recommend a few
management strategies that can increase avian use of these habitats.
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2007.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1810. Nongame bird use of restored wetlands in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin.
Guggisberg, A. C. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 1996. 60 p.
Descriptors: land ownership/ questionnaire/ statistics/ surveys/ vegetation
Abstract:
Nongame wildlife use and vegetation were monitored on 143
restored wetlands in Manitowoc County. Included is a
supplement, entitled "Wisconsin's Coastal Lake Michigan Wetland
Restoration Research Program: Getting Started & Data Sheets and
Instructions."
© NISC
1811. Odonates as biological indicators of grazing effects on Canadian prairie wetlands.
Foote, Alee and Hornung, Christine L. Rice
Ecological Entomology 30(3): 273-283. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL461.E4; ISSN: 0307-6946
Descriptors: wetlands/
grazing/ vegetation/ prairies/ abundance/ indicator species/
reproductive effort/ water quality/ biodiversity/ agriculture/ aquatic
insects/ emergent vegetation/ lentic environment/ ecosystem
disturbance/ Scirpus acutus/ Zygoptera/ Odonata/ Canada, Alberta/
damselflies/ dragonflies
Abstract:
1. Aquatic macro-invertebrates have frequently been used as biological
indicators in lotic environments but much less commonly so in lentic
habitats. Dragonflies and damselflies (Order Odonata) satisfy most
selection criteria for lentic bioindicators of grazing impacts. 2.
Intensive cattle grazing affects most of the Canadian prairie pothole
region but the effects of grazing on wetlands are poorly understood. 3.
Here the vegetation structure and invertebrate community composition of
27 prairie potholes in Alberta, Canada were studied and
compared. Wetlands were evenly divided into three treatments of
different grazing regimes. 4. Removal of emergent vegetation by cattle
grazing decreased odonate abundance and reproductive effort. Shorter
Scirpus acutus stems resulted in significantly fewer damselflies
(Suborder Zygoptera) and lower reproductive efforts. 5. Overall odonate
diversity was affected by the height of key plant species, highlighting
the importance of the vegetation structure of both emergent vegetation
for breeding and adjacent upland vegetation for nocturnal roosts.
Wetland vegetation structure was more important than vegetation
composition to the life history of odonates. 6. Wetland water quality
parameters of nitrogen, phosphorus, total dissolved solids (TDS), and
chlorophyll-a concentration did not change due to the presence of
grazing cattle at wetlands so water quality influences were rejected as
mechanisms of change. 7. Larval odonate diversity and abundance was
positively correlated with overall aquatic macro-invertebrate diversity
and abundance, hence it was concluded that the larval odonate community
can be an accurate bioindicator of intactness and diversity of overall
aquatic macro-invertebrate communities in Canadian prairie wetlands.
© ProQuest
1812. Organochlorine
pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment and fish from
wetlands in the north central United States.
Martin, D. B. and Hartman, W. A.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 68(4): 12-17. (1985)
NAL Call #: 381 As7; ISSN: 0004-5756
Descriptors: biomagnification/
polychlorinated biphenyls/ organochlorines/ animals/ chromatography,
gas/ fishes [metabolism]/ insecticides/ soil pollutants/ water
pollutants, chemical/ United States, north central region
Abstract:
Sediment samples collected in 1980-1982 from riverine and pothole
wetlands at 17 locations in the north central United States were
analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, certain of their metabolites,
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations were above minimum
detection levels (5 ng/g of organochlorines and 20 ng/g of PCBs) in
less than 4% of the samples taken. Fish samples taken at 9 of these 17
locations, and analyzed for the same compounds, showed a higher
frequency of detectable contaminants. The most common compound found in
fish was DDE, which was found in 51% of the samples at levels up to 512
ng/g. alpha-BHC was present at concentrations of 5 to 27 ng/g in 36% of
the fish samples, and DDD was found at levels of 5 to 60 ng/g in 14%.
Four other compounds, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and trans-nonachlor, were
detected in fish at relatively low concentrations in less than 10% of
the samples. This survey, thus, indicated little contamination by
organochlorine pesticides or PCBs in the wetland habitats of this
region.
© NISC
1813. Organochlorine residues in ducks on playa lakes of the Texas panhandle and eastern New Mexico USA.
Flickinger E. L. and Krynitsky A. J.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(1): 165-168. (1987)
Descriptors: DDT/ heptachlor/ insecticide/ nontarget organism
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1814. An overview of major wetland functions and values.
Sather, J. H.; Smith, R. D.; and Western Energy and Land Use Team (Sept. 1984).
Notes: Microfiche item number: 611-R-1; Other number: SFA 29 (4).
Descriptors: wetlands/ management/ research/ ecology/ freshwater
environment/ food chains/ nutrients/ trophic interactions/ habitats/
fishery/ aquatic birds/ sociological aspects/ economics/ hydrology/
water quality/ ecology and conservation/ aquaculture, aquariology and
water use
© NISC
1815. Parasitism and ecology of wetlands: A review.
Thomas, F.; Cezilly, F.; De Meeues, T.; Crivelli, A.; and Renaud, F.
Estuaries 20(3): 646-654. (1997)
NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: wetlands/
ecosystems/ ecology/ coastal waters/ parasites/ predation/
conservation/ estuaries/ nature conservation/ species interactions:
parasites and diseases/ ecology/ community studies
Abstract:
Recent advances in ecology have suggested that parasites, through the
spectrum of their effects, could act as key species in ecosystems.
Wetlands are productive ecosystems within which parasitism is
diversified. There already exists evidence for direct and indirect
effects of parasites on their host species. The influence of parasites
on the population ecology of hosts includes survival, castration,
sexual selection, predation, and spatial distribution. Parasites can
also affect the evolution of host biological diversity (i.e., genetic
structure and interspecific competition) and trophic interactions
between prey and predators. The key role parasites might play in the
ecology of coastal waters and wetlands should be considered in
conservation programs applied to such ecosystems.
© ProQuest
1816. Passing of northern pike and common carp through experimental barriers designed for use in wetland restoration.
French, J. R. P.; Wilcox, D. A.; and Nichols, S. J.
Wetlands 19(4): 883-888. (Dec. 1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212.
Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995.
Descriptors: wetlands/
fish passages/ coasts/ land reclamation/ fish management/ carp/ fish
populations/ environmental restoration/ fishways/ restoration/
ecosystem management/ population control/ body size/ freshwater fish/
Cyprinus carpio/ Esox lucius/ Ohio/ Erie L./ Metzger Marsh/ common
carp/ northern pike/ European carp/ fisheries engineering/ reclamation/
conservation/ wildlife management
Abstract: Restoration
plans for Metzger Marsh, a coastal wetland on the south
shore of western Lake Erie, incorporated a fish-control system
designed to restrict access to the wetland by large common carp
(Cyprinus carpio). Ingress fish passageways in the structure contain
slots into which experimental grates of varying size and shape can be
placed to selectively allow entry and transfer of other large fish
species while minimizing the number of common carp to be handled. We
tested different sizes and shapes of grates in experimental tanks in
the laboratory to determine the best design for testing in the field.
We also tested northern pike (Esox lucius) because lack of access to
wetland spawning habitat has greatly reduced their populations in
western Lake Erie. Based on our results, vertical bar grates were
chosen for installation because common carp were able to pass through
circular grates smaller than body height by compressing their soft
abdomens; they passed through rectangular grates on the diagonal.
Vertical bar grates with 5-cm spacing that were installed across much
of the control structure should limit access of common carp larger than
34 cm total length (TL) and northern pike larger than 70 cm. Vertical
bar grates selected for initial field trials in the fish passageway had
spacings of 5.8 and 6.6 cm, which increased access by common carp to 40
and 47 cm TL and by northern pike to 76 and 81 cm, respectively. The
percentage of potential common carp biomass (fish seeking entry) that
must be handled in lift baskets in the passageway increased from 0.9 to
4.8 to 15.4 with each increase in spacing between bars. Further
increases in spacing would greatly increase the number of common carp
that would have to be handled. The results of field testing should be
useful in designing selective fish-control systems for other wetland
restoration sites adjacent to large water bodies.
© ProQuest
1817. Past and future impacts of wetland regulations on playa ecology in the southern Great Plains.
Haukos, D. A. and Smith, L. M.
Wetlands 23(3): 577-589. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
legislation/ environmental regulations/ conservation/ education/
government regulations/ government policy/ playas/ regulations/ solid
wastes/ feedlot runoff/ excavation/ aquifers/ watersheds/ groundwater
recharge/ municipal wastewater/ urban planning/ degradation/ surface
drainage/ nature conservation/ Southern Great Plains/ Texas/ New
Mexico/ playas
Abstract:
Playa wetlands provide functions critical to the existence of life on
the High Plains portion of the Great Plains, including surface
drainage, aquifer recharge, and wildlife habitat. These small,
circular, isolated depressional wetlands with closed watersheds have a
dynamic, unpredictable hydroperiod, which is essential to the
maintenance of biodiversity. Most numerous in the Southern High Plains
of northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico, playas have been impacted
by sedimentation, pit excavation, road construction, industrial and
municipal wastewater, feedlot runoff, urban development, overgrazing,
and deliberate filling. Despite being declared, as a wetland class,
jurisdictional 'waters of the United States' since 1977,
regulations and laws for conservation of wetland functions have seldom
been applied to playas. The January 2001 Supreme Court decision, Solid
Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army of
Corps of Engineers, likely eliminated federal regulation of impacts
covered by the Clean Water Act in all but a few playas. Although still
subject to the Federal 'Swampbuster' provision enacted by the 1985 Food
Security Act, extended natural dry periods allows for frequent
cultivation and other activities in playas without incurring violation,
contributing to the continued degradation of playa functions. None of
the states with significant numbers of playas have regulations for the
conservation of playa functions. Suggestions for the successful future
conservation of playas and their associated functions include (1)
increased promotion and implementation of existing federal and state
conservation programs specifically for playas; (2) proposed state
regulations for
playa
conservation; (3) recognition of agricultural impacts on wetland
determinations; (4) creation of Wetland Management Districts to
preserve intact, functioning playas; and (5) increased public education
on the value of playas.
© ProQuest
1818. Patterns and dynamics of shorebird use of California's Central Valley.
David Shuford, W.; Page, G. W.; and Kjelmyr, J. E.
Condor 100(2): 227-244. (1998)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: wetlands/ conservation/ distribution/ habitat use/ Pacific Flyway/ ricelands/ seasonal abundance
Abstract:
Surveys of California's Central Valley between 1992-1995 document
it as one of the most important regions in western North America
to migratory and wintering shorebirds. Populations averaged 134,000
individuals in August, 211,000 in November, 303,000 in January, and
335,000 in April. Of 33 species, the 10 or 11 that averaged over 1,000
individuals each season accounted for 99% of total numbers. Managed
wetlands, agricultural fields (especially rice), and agricultural
evaporation ponds held the most shorebirds. Species varied their
seasonal, geographic, and habitat use of the Central Valley,
primarily in response to changes in water availability from rainfall or
management practices and latitudinal variation in habitat availability
mediated, in part, by climate. In the record rainfall year of
1994-1995, shorebird numbers increased 74% between November and
January, primarily from coast-to-interior movements of the Dunlin
(Calidris alpina) and Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus)
and local habitat shifts of Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Although
the Valley's shorebirds face threats from poor or toxic water quality,
changing agricultural practices, and habitat loss to urbanization, they
should benefit from current efforts to increase flooding of rice fields
and to secure a stable high quality water supply for wetlands.
Development of a sound conservation strategy is crucial for the
preservation of shorebird populations in the Central Valley, as this
agriculturally-dominated landscape is among the most altered in North America and remains vulnerable to strong economic and
population growth pressures that may impact shorebird habitats in the
future.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1819. Physical,
chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage
in the middle Green River Basin, Utah, 1988-89, with selected data for
1982-87.
Peltz, L. A. and Waddell, B.
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Open-File Report 91-530, 1991. 213 p.
Descriptors: wetlands/
water quality/ water pollution sources/ nonpoint pollution sources/
Utah/ selenium/ irrigation/ drainage water/ sediments/ plants/
waterfowl/ fish/ invertebrates/ water measurement/ data collections/
irrigation
Abstract:
Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected in the
middle Green River basin, eastern Utah, between 1988 and 1989, as part
of a detailed study of the effects of irrigation drainage on wetlands
areas. Data-collection efforts were concentrated in the Stewart Lake
Waterfowl Management Area near Jensen, and Ouray National Wildlife
Refuge near Ouray. Data also were collected from Ashley Creek
near Vernal, Pelican Lake near Ouray, and in Pariette
Wetlands near Myton. A limited quantity of data collected during
earlier studies (1982-87), funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, also is included. This report contains data needed to assess
the effects of selenium and other potentially toxic contaminants on
streams and wetlands. Data consist of concentrations of trace elements
and common elements in samples of water, sediments, plants, waterfowl,
birds, fish, and invertebrates. Other data presented in the report are
groundwater levels, surface water discharges, radiochemical
constituents in water, analyses of organochlorine compounds in biota,
and morphometric measurements of biota. (USGS)
© ProQuest
1820. Phytoplankton primary production and photosynthetic parameters in reservoirs along a gradient of watershed land use.
Knoll, Lesley B.; Vanni, Michael J.; and Renwick, William H.
Limnology and Oceanography 48(2): 608-617. (2003); ISSN: 0024-3590
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology/ chlorophyll/ nonvolatile suspended solids/ multiple
regression/ agriculture/ cropland area/ dam outflows/ irradiance/ land
use gradients/ light attenuation/ light limitation/ light saturation/
photosynthetic parameters/ primary production/ reservoirs/ stream
inflows/ water depth/ watersheds
Abstract:
We investigated how watershed land use (a gradient of agricultural vs.
forested land) relates to phytoplankton primary production (PPr) and
photosynthetic parameters in 12 reservoirs in Ohio and examined
spatial variation in these parameters. Shallow sites near stream
inflows had higher light attenuation, total phosphorus (TP),
chlorophyll, nonvolatile suspended solids (NVSS), light-saturated
photosynthesis (PmB), and volumetric PPr than deeper sites near dam
outflows, but areal PPr and the initial slope of the
photosynthesis-irradiance curve (alphaB) were not significantly
different between sites. Mean mixed layer irradiance and the severity
of light limitation did not differ between sites because shallower
depths compensated for higher light attenuation at inflow sites.
Watershed land use (percent agriculture) was only weakly (but
significantly) related to mean annual PPr, TP, and chlorophyll, but
there was a well-defined upper limit to the effect of land use on all
three of these parameters. Multiple regression showed that inclusion of
additional watershed factors (the ratio of watershed land area to
reservoir volume and the ratio of cropland area to number of livestock)
greatly increased the variance explained compared to land use alone. TP
and chlorophyll were highly correlated with each other and with PPr.
Comparison of our TP-chlorophyll, TP-PPr, and chlorophyll-PPr
regressions with those of other studies suggests that reservoirs have
lower PPr per unit TP than natural lakes, probably because of lower
light intensity and higher concentrations of nonalgal P in reservoirs.
© NISC
1821. Plant and animal community responses to restored Iowa wetlands.
LaGrange, Theodore G. and Dinsmore, James J.
Prairie Naturalist 21(1): 39-48. (1989)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: wetlands/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ habitat surveys/ management/ plants/ wildlife/ Iowa
© NISC
1822. Plant
community composition and biomass in Gulf Coast Chenier Plain marshes:
Responses to winter burning and structural marsh management.
Gabrey, S. W. and Afton, A. D.
Environmental Management 27(2): 281-293. (2001)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s002670010149.
Descriptors: burning/
coastal marshes/ Gulf Coast Chenier Plain/ Louisiana/ marsh process/
plant biomass/ plant community/ productivity/ structural marsh
management/ biomass/ coastal zones/ plants (botany)/ productivity/
wetlands/ nutrient cycles/ environmental impact/ biomass/ community
composition/ habitat management/ marsh/ plant community/ prescribed
burning/ primary production/ environmental management/ conservation of
natural resources/ fires/ United States/ Anatidae
Abstract:
Many marshes in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA, are managed through
a combination of fall or winter burning and structural marsh management
(i.e., levees and water control structures; hereafter SMM). The goals
of winter burning and SMM include improvement of waterfowl and
furbearer habitat, maintenance of historic isohaline lines, and
creation and maintenance of emergent wetlands. Although management
practices are intended to influence the plant community, effects of
these practices on primary productivity have not been investigated.
Marsh processes, such as vertical accretion and nutrient cycles, which
depend on primary productivity may be affected directly or indirectly
by winter burning or SMM. We compared Chenier Plain plant community
characteristics (species composition and above- and belowground
biomass) in experimentally
burned
and unburned control plots within impounded and unimpounded marshes at
7 months (1996), 19 months (1997), and 31 months (1998) after burning.
Burning and SMM did not affect number of plant species or species
composition in our experiment. For all three years combined, burned
plots had higher live above-ground biomass than did unburned plots.
Total above-ground and dead above-ground biomasses were reduced in
burned plots for two and three years, respectively, compared to those
in unburned control plots. During all three years, belowground biomass
was lower in impounded than in unimpounded marshes but did not differ
between burn treatments. Our results clearly indicate that current
marsh management practices influence marsh primary productivity and may
impact other marsh processes, such as vertical accretion, that are
dependent on organic matter accumulation and decay.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1823. Plant composition and erosion potential of a grazed wetland in the Salmon River subbasin, Idaho.
Hopfensperger, K. N.; Wu, J. Q.; and Gill, R. A.
Western North American Naturalist 66(3): 354-364. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: botanical
composition/ erosion/ forbs/ geographical information systems/
grassland management/ grasslands/ grazing/ introduced species/
livestock/ meadows/ riparian grasslands/ shrubs/ spatial variation/
species diversity/ species richness/ stand structure/ Universal Soil
Loss Equation/ water erosion/ watersheds/ wetlands/ grasses/ Poaceae
Abstract: Wetlands
are dynamic habitats with many unique, important functions
including filtering sediments and providing diverse habitats for fish
and wildlife. Wetlands in the western United States are
particularly important because they offer habitat for a number of
protected runs of endangered fish species. Historically, livestock
grazing has altered wetland and riparian area form and function by
facilitating exotic species invasions, altering spatial heterogeneity
of vegetation, and increasing erosion. In this study, we examined the
vegetation structure and erosion potential in a wetland meadow exposed
to unregulated grazing along Deer Creek in the Salmon River
subbasin, Idaho, USA. We characterized the vegetation
composition and
structure within the study area and attempted to assess potential
erosion conditions using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE) with geographical information system, an empirical approach
developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research
Service. Historically, the riparian vegetation in the study region was
dominated by graminoids and forbs. The current wetland meadow is
dominated by forbs blended with few sedges and grasses that are all
listed as wetland indicators by the USFWS. The Salmon River
subbasin also includes subalpine meadow, broadleaf riparian vegetation
and shrub-dominated riparian vegetation. We found no significant
spatial variability in species richness and noted a moderate number of
exotic species in the total plant composition. Plant cover was higher
near slightly entrenched banks, indicating that uncontrolled livestock
were primarily occupying gently sloped streambanks and the interior of
the meadow. Based on current vegetation composition and RUSLE results,
uncontrolled grazing may be negatively impacting the study
area.
If uncontrolled grazing were excluded or carefully managed in the
wetland meadows of the upper portion of the Deer Creek watershed, a
reduction in excess sediments to Deer Creek may occur.
© CABI
1824. Plant
succession and greentree reservoir management: Implications for
management and restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands.
King, Sammy L. and Allen, James A.
Wetlands 16(4): 503-511. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: plants/
Plantae/ plants/ bottomland hardwood wetlands/ conservation/ greentree
reservoir management/ plant succession/ vegetation establishment/
wetlands management/ wetlands restoration
Abstract:
Bottomland hardwood forests are distributed along rivers and streams
throughout the central and eastern United States, with the
greatest concentration in the Southeast. Past and projected losses of
bottomland hardwoods and degradation of remaining stands suggest that
habitat management and/or restoration strategies that target multiple
species and multiple uses will be necessary to maintain, enhance, and
restore flora and fauna within bottomland hardwood wetlands. A
greentree reservoir is a current management strategy that entails
manipulating water regimes to provide habitat for wintering waterfowl.
We conducted a literature review and synthesis to determine the
potential impacts of greentree reservoir management on plant succession
within bottomland hardwood wetlands. Greentree reservoirs can impact
vegetation establishment through several processes. Despite
shortcomings of greentree reservoirs, designs similar to them could be
very beneficial in restoring bottomland hardwood plant and animal
communities from degraded forests provided water-level control and
maintenance are substantially improved. Emulation of natural hydrologic
regimes, including natural variability, could produce diverse
bottomland hardwood plant communities and provide habitat for a variety
of wildlife species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1825. Playas of the Southern High Plains: The macroinvertebrate fauna.
Hall, Dianne L.; Sites, Robert W.; Fish, Ernest B.; Mollhagen, Tony R.; Moorhead, Daryl L.; and
Willig, Michael R.
In:
Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and
management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott
A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 635-665.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/
habitat management/ playa lakes overview/ food webs/ community
structure/ playa lakes/ emigration/ immigration/ playa lakes fauna
overview/ habitat colonization/ playa lakes colonization patterns/
temporary water/ Southern Great Plains/ playa lakes community ecology
and conservation
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1826. Postbreeding movements of American avocets and implications for wetland connectivity in the western Great Basin.
Plissner, J. H.; Haig, S. M.; and Oring, L. W.
Auk 117(2): 290-298. (2000)
Descriptors: connectivity/ dispersal/ patchiness/ shorebird/ wetland management/ United States/
Recurvirostra americana
Abstract:
Wetlands in the western Great Basin of the United States are
patchily distributed and undergo extensive seasonal and annual
variation in water levels. The American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) is one of many shorebird species that use these
wetlands as breeding and migratory stopover sites and must adjust to
variable conditions. We used radio telemetry to determine postbreeding,
premigratory movement patterns of avocets throughout the region. In
1996 and 1997, 185 breeding adults were captured and fitted with radio
transmitters at five breeding areas in Oregon, California,
and Nevada. Regular aerial and ground surveys were conducted at
the five main study areas from June through September, or until all
avocets had left a site. Other wetlands in the western Great Basin
also were surveyed by aircraft for the presence of radio-marked birds.
Fifty-six percent of radio-marked avocets were still detected in the
region at least eight weeks after capture. Each of these individuals
was detected at an average of 2.1 lakes (range 0 to 6), with 74% found
at more than one lake system. Forty radio-marked individuals moved at
least 200 km between wetlands prior to migration, most of which
dispersed northward. Male and female patterns did not differ
significantly. Overall, movements may be associated with a prebasic
molt, exploitation of a superabundant food source in northern lakes,
and reconnaissance for future breeding
efforts
or staging sites. These results also demonstrate wide-ranging patterns
of dispersal in this species and suggest a need for the consideration
of large-scale habitat connectivity issues in establishing conservation
strategies for shorebirds in the western Great Basin.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1827. Potential impact of selected agricultural chemical contaminants on a northern prairie wetland: A microcosm evaluation.
Johnson, B. T.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5(5):
473-485. (1986)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors: wetlands/
water pollution effects/ wildlife habitats/ limnology/ agricultural
chemicals/ prairies/ pesticides/ microcosms/ toxicity/ sediments/
plants/ invertebrates/ algae/ macrophytes/ growth/ productivity
Abstract:
An aquatic, multicomponent microcosm simulating a northern prairie
wetland was used to asses the potential effects of six extensively used
agricultural pesticides. 16 3-liter aquatic microcosms were treated
with three concentrations of each of the pesticides carbofuran,
fonofos, phorate, atrazine, treflan and triallate. The microcosm units
were incubated for 30 days in an environmental chamber, with a 16-h
light:8-h dark cycle, maintained at 20 C. The laboratory protocol was
designed as an initial, rapid, economical screening test to determine
the
effect, but not the fate, of chemical contaminants in terms of
toxicity, impaired productivity and community biochemical functions.
Static acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius
suggested that carbofuran, fonofos, phorate and triallate were very
toxic to aquatic invertebrates. For D. magna the 48-h EC50 values were
48, 15, 19 and 57 microgram(ìg)/L,
respectively. Invertebrates viability tests indicated rapid changes in
the toxicological persistence of these pesticides after microcosm
interaction. Populations of D. magna were established in the 10 ìg/L
test concentration of carbofuran, phorate, triallate and fonofos at 1,
1, 14 and 28 d, respectively. Preexposure of the wetland sediments to
either triallate or fonofos did not appear to change the relative
toxicological persistence of each compound in the water column. Changes
in pH, alkalinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and
total phosphorus were also observed with different pesticide
treatments. Atrazine significantly reduced gross primary productivity
and inhibited algal and macrophytic growth. The respiratory electron
transfer system, phosphatase activity, oxygen consumption and
mineralization of dissolved organic carbon were not significantly
impacted by any of these pesticides in hydrosoils. However, the impact
of atrazine, fonofos and triallate on invertebrates and plants in the
microcosm - both key elements in wetland productivity - would suggest
that caution be used in application of these pesticides in or near
wetland habitats.
© ProQuest
1828. Potential
impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife
inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and
approaches.
Grue,
C. E.; DeWeese, L. R.; Mineau, P.; Swanson, G. A.; Foster, J. R.;
Arnold, P. M.; Huckins, J. N.; Sheehan, P. J.; Marshall, W. K.; and
Ludden, A. P.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 51: 357-383. (1986)
Descriptors: pesticide residues/ fertilizers/ pollution/ research/ toxicity/ waterfowl/ wildlife/ United States, Midwest/ Canada
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1829. Predicted distribution and characteristics of wetlands used by mallard pairs in five Great Lakes states.
Yerkes, T.; Paige, R.; MacLeod, R.; Armstrong, L.;
Soulliere, G.; and Gatti, R.
American Midland Naturalist 157(2): 356-364. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: animal behavior/ distribution/ habitat selection/ habitats/ models/ wetlands/ wildlife conservation/
Anas platyrhynchos/ birds
Abstract: Understanding
the relationship between wetland types and waterfowl
distribution in the Great Lakes States
of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana
and Ohio is complicated
because basin specific waterfowl survey data do not exist. We used data
from breeding waterfowl surveys in Michigan and Wisconsin
during 1993 to 2002 and digital wetland data within buffered transect
routes to develop a predictive model of mallard distribution within the
5 Great Lake States. The most parsimonious model based on AICc was used
to map predictive distributions of breeding mallards. Based on the
positive influence of palustrine emergent, palustrine unknown and
palustrine unconsolidated shore and the negative influence of
palustrine forested wetlands, the highest densities of breeding
mallards were predicted in southeastern Wisconsin and
southeastern Michigan. Additionally, we flew helicopter surveys in
spring of
2003 to characterize wetland basins used by mallard pairs. Individual
pairs were observed most often on small palustrine emergent and
palustrine forested wetlands. The resulting models and maps can be used
by a variety of agencies to plan conservation and management actions
for mallards breeding in the Great Lakes States.
© CABI
1830. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding amphibians.
Semlitsch, R. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 615-631. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ conservation/ population dynamics/ wetlands/ ecosystem
management/ breeding sites/ hydrology/ nature conservation/ land use/
Amphibia/ amphibians/ species diversity/ conservation/ habitat
community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
Coordinated efforts by ecologists and natural resource managers are
necessary to balance the conservation of biological diversity with the
potential for
sustained
economic development. Because some amphibians have suffered world-wide
declines during the last 20 years, it is important to consider
biologically based management strategies that will preserve local and
regional populations. This paper provides a brief overview of potential
threats to local and regional populations, the state of knowledge on
population and landscape processes, and the critical elements needed
for an effective management plan for amphibians. Local population
dynamics and ecological connectivity of amphibian metapopulations must
be considered in effective management plans. There are 3 critical
factors to consider in a management plan (1) the number or density of
individuals dispersing from individual wetlands, (2) the diversity of
wetlands with regard to hydroperiod, and (3) the probability of
dispersal among adjacent wetlands or the rescue and recolonization of
local populations. Wetland losses reduce the total number of sites
where pond-breeding amphibians can reproduce and recruit juveniles into
the breeding population. Loss of small, temporary wetlands (<4.0 ha)
may be especially harmful to amphibians because of their abundance and
high species diversity. Alteration of wetlands, particularly hydrologic
cycles, can severely impair completion of larval metamorphosis through
either early pond drying (if hydroperiod is shortened) or through
increased predation (if hydroperiod is lengthened or connections made
with fish-infested lakes, rivers, or canals). Wetland loss also
increases the distance between neighboring wetlands that is critical to
metapopulation source-sink processes. Reduction in wetland density
reduces the probablity that populations will be rescued from extinction
by nearby source populations. Local populations cannot be considered
independent of source-sink processes that connect wetlands at the
landscape or regional level. Further the fragmentation of natural
habitats from timber harvesting, agriculture, roads, drainage canals,
or urban development impedes or prevents dispersal and decreases the
probability of wetland recolonization. If our goal is to maintain or
enhance present levels of amphibian diversity, then resource managers
must incorporate critical elements into plans that protect population
and landscape processes thereby maintaining viable populations and
communities of amphibians.
© ProQuest
1831. Progress in wetland restoration ecology.
Zedler, Joy B.
Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15(10): 402-407. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.T742 ; ISSN: 0169-5347
Descriptors: biodiversity/
disturbance regimes/ habitat types/ invasive species/ landscape
setting/ seed banks/ soil properties/ spatial scales/ temporal/
topography/ water preservation/ wetland restoration ecology
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1832. Protection of habitat for rare wetland fauna during timber harvesting in Massachusetts (USA).
Kittredge, D. B.
Natural Areas Journal 16(4): 310-317. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608
Descriptors: wetlands/
conservation/ rare species/ environmental protection/ trees/
harvesting/ nature conservation/ aquatic organisms/ ecosystem
disturbance/ environmental impact/ forestry/ environmental effects/
forest industry/ Massachusetts/ harvesting/ forest industry/ trees/
forestry/ rare species/ nature conservation/ aquatic organisms/
ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ environmental effects
Abstract: The
practice of harvesting timber is commonly thought of as conflicting
with the protection of rare species habitat. In Massachusetts,
over 5 years and more than 3,300 harvesting operations, rare wetland
faunal habitat was involved 5.3% of the time (175 occurrences). The
Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program reviewed
all proposed harvesting that involved habitat for rare wetland species
and determined that operations would cause "no impact" in 58.9% of the
cases, "possible impact" in 40% of the cases, and "definite impact" in
1.1% of the cases. Rare fauna whose habitat was most frequently
involved were wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), spotted turtle (Clemmys
guttata), and spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). The
Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program recommended mitigating
measures such as timing of the harvest, buffers around water bodies,
improved stream crossing techniques, and other practices. In most
circumstances, these were incorporated into the forest cutting plan and
were made a requirement of the operation. When they were not required,
the regulating agency had determined that the recommendations did not
apply to the specific circumstances on the ground. In general, habitat
of rare wetland faunal species is not impacted by timber harvesting
in Massachusetts, and likewise, harvesting is not seriously
impacted
by habitat protection. Regulation of harvesting, an atlas of rare
species habitats, and good communication result in protection of
habitat that is compatible with harvesting.
© ProQuest
1833. Rapid response of macroinvertebrates to drainage management of shallow connected lakes.
Van De Meutter, Frank; Stoks, Robby; and De Meester, Luc
Journal of Applied Ecology 43(1): 51-60. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: methods
and techniques/ conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology,
environmental sciences/ biodiversity/ lake restoration/ applied and
field techniques/ drainage management/ applied and field techniques/
lake drainage/ applied and field techniques/ lake recolonization/
applied and field techniques/ species richness/ species diversity/
abiotic conditions/ shallow connected lake
Abstract:
1. Shallow lakes throughout the world are subject to drainage, either
for fish harvesting or lake restoration. Lake drainage of fish
lakes is known to improve macrophyte and zooplankton diversity, but the
effect on the macroinvertebrate community is poorly known.2. In the
present study, we investigated temporal trends in the macroinvertebrate
community following drainage of six shallow connected lakes. Diversity
increased for all macroinvertebrates (family level). Recolonization of
the lakes occurred within the first year after the drainage and was
supplemented with a set of species that were previously rare or did not
occur in the lakes. Changes in the abiotic conditions of the lakes were
small and transient, except for the decline in fish. The rapid
recolonization by the species occurring before drainage is attributed
to the high connectivity of our system. The appearance of supplementary
species may relate to lowered fish predation, suggesting that fish were
a dominant factor in shaping the communities.4. Synthesis and
applications. Lake drainage has a positive effect on the diversity
and richness of macroinvertebrates in shallow connected lakes. This
positive effect may be due to a decline in fish predation following
lake drainage in combination with a high rate of recolonization among
others via connections to non-drained lakes. Lake drainage,
therefore, is probably the most cost-effective lake restoration tool in
shallow connected lakes. Other restoration tools may be preferable in
isolated lakes where recolonization is constrained.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1834. Reforestation
of frequently flooded agricultural fields: A compendium of results from
research conducted at the Lake George Wetland and Wildlife Restoration
Project, Mississippi.
Williams, H. M.; Craft, M. H.; and Young, G. L.
Vicksburg, MS.: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; WES/TR/WRP-RE-18, 1997.
Notes: NTIS accession number: ADA3311321.
Descriptors: wetlands/
flood plains/ agriculture/ land use/ reclamation/ ecosystem management/
environment management/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ habitat/
Mississippi, George L./ bottomland hardwood reforestation/ habitat
community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation
Abstract:
The objective of the Lake George Bottomland Hardwood Wildlife and
Wetland Restoration Project is to restore functioning bottomland
hardwood wetland habitat by reforesting 3,600 ha of agricultural fields
located in the Mississippi Delta. The Lake George Project provided an
opportunity to conduct applied research on several bottomland hardwood
reforestation topics. University and
Federal
agency scientists conducted studies on matching tree species to the
site, selecting plant stock type, selecting when to plant, and
monitoring early habitat development following planting.
© ProQuest
1835. A regional assessment of salt marsh restoration and monitoring in the Gulf of Maine.
Konisky, R. A.; Burdick, D. M.; Dionne, M.; and
Neckles, H. A.
Restoration Ecology 14(4): 516-525. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00163.x.
Descriptors: estuary/ monitoring protocol/ regional assessment/ salt marsh/ tidal restoration
Abstract: We
compiled salt marsh monitoring datasets from 36 complete or imminent
restoration projects in the Gulf of Maine to assess
regional monitoring and restoration practices. Data were organized by
functional indicators and restoration project types (culvert
replacement, excavation works, or ditch plugging) then pooled to
generate mean values for indicators before restoration, after
restoration, and at reference sites. Monitoring data were checked
against the regional standards of a voluntary protocol for
the Gulf of Maine. Data inventories showed that vegetation
and salinity indicators were most frequently collected (89 and 78% of
sites, respectively), whereas nekton, bird, and hydrologic measures
were collected at only about half of the sites. Reference conditions
were monitored at 72% of sites. Indicators were analyzed to see if
project sites were degraded relative to reference areas and to detect
ecological responses to restoration activities. Results showed that
compared to reference areas, prerestoration sites had smaller tidal
ranges, reduced salinity levels, greater cover of brackish plants
species, and lower cover of halophyte plants. Following restoration,
physical factors rebounded rapidly with increased flood and salinity
levels after about one year, especially for culvert projects.
Biological responses were less definitive and occurred over longer time
frames. Plant communities trended toward recovered halophytes and
reduced brackish species at 3+ years following restoration. Nekton and
avian indicators were indistinguishable among reference, impacted, and
restored areas. The protocol was successful in demonstrating
restoration response for the region, but results were limited by
regional inconsistencies in field practices and relatively few
multiyear datasets. To improve future assessment capabilities, we
encourage greater adherence to the standard protocol throughout
the Gulf of Maine salt marsh restoration community. ©
2006 Society for Ecological Restoration International.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1836. Regional patterns of wading bird productivity in northeastern U.S. estuaries.
Parsons, K. C.; Schmidt, S. R.; and Matz, A. C.
Waterbirds 24(3): 323-330. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: estuaries/
northeastern United States/ predation/ productivity/ wading birds/
estuarine ecosystem/ mortality/ predation/ reproductive success/ wader/
United States/ Bubulcus ibis/ Egretta thula/ Nycticorax nycticorax/ Plegadis falcinellus
Abstract: We
investigated wading bird productivity in four estuaries from
Delaware Bay to Boston Harbor in northeastern U.S.A.
over the period 1986-1998. To document and characterize reproductive
performance of numerically dominant species for use in wildlife and
habitat management planning, we recorded 1) number of eggs laid, 2)
percent of eggs hatched, 3) percent of hatchlings surviving 10-15 days
post-hatch, 4) number of nestlings produced, and 5) factors of
offspring mortality in nests of Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax
nycticorax), Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis),
and Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus). We randomly selected 30-50
nests of each species (as available) for study at colonies in Delaware
Bay (1993-1998), New York Harbor (1986-1994), Cape Cod
(1990-94), and Boston Harbor (1993-94). In addition, we
recorded abundance of nesting wading birds and avian predators in most
years of study. Colony size ranged from 120-8,300 nests. Clutch size of
all species was greater at northern-most sites. Loss of eggs varied
between estuaries for all species except Glossy Ibis. Hatching success
ranged from 75-88% and differed between estuaries for Black-crowned
Night Heron and Glossy Ibis. Hatchling survival ranged from 16-87% and
was lowest in Delaware Bay for all species. Nestling production
was lowest in Delaware Bay for all species. In general, predation
was high in Delaware Bay and egg inviability was high
in Boston Harbor. Predation of nestlings was greatest
in Delaware Bay for Cattle Egret, but there were no differences
between estuaries for other species. Proportions of avian predators to
nesting herons did not explain high predation rates in Delaware
Bay. Received 18 April 2001, accepted 21 June 2001.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1837. Regional
wetlands planning: A case study of coastal wetlands planning in
the San Francisco Bay area and southern California.
Denisoff, C. and Movassaghi, M.
In:
Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the
Future. San Deigo, California. Magoon, O. R.; Converse,
H.; Baird, B.; and Miller-Henson, M. (eds.); Vol. 2. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers;
pp. 1028-1037; 1998.
Notes: Case studies; Conference: California and the
World Ocean '97.
Descriptors: wetlands/
marine resources/ resource management/ coastal zone management/
environment management/ regional planning/ salt marshes/ San Francisco
Bay/ land reclamation/ land management/ agriculture/ estimating/
coasts/ coastal zone/ San Francisco County/ conservation, wildlife
management and recreation/ coastal zone management/ conservation and
environmental protection/ techniques of planning/ environmental action/
legal/ governmental
Abstract:
Historically, wetland habitats were often seen only as a breeding
ground for disease-carrying mosquitoes. From approximately the mid-18th
century through the middle of the 20th century, the vast majority of
wetlands in the United States were drained and converted into
agricultural land through policies of the federal and state governments
for what were the considered more "productive" uses. For example, the
Federal Swamp Land Acts - National Swamp and Overflowed Land
Act- of the 1800's gave 65 million acres of wetlands to 15 states,
including California, for reclamation. In 1866, the California Legislature Commissioned the Board of Swamp and
Overflowed
Land to manage these properties. In turn, by 1870, the majority of
wetlands had been transferred to private ownership. Between 1850 and
1920, about 70 percent of California's wetlands were destroyed,
largely by levee and drainage projects. These projects where in some
cases subsidized to aid private developers in reclaiming swamplands for
agricultural purposes, helping to make California the leading
agricultural state in the Nation by 1887 (CA Department of Water
Resources 1993). Estimates of wetlands that historically existed
in California range from 3 to 5 million acres. The current
estimate
of wetland acreage in California is approximately 454,000 acres;
this represents an 85 to 90 percent reduction, the greatest percentage
loss in the nation.
© ProQuest
1838. Relationship of breeding bird density and diversity to habitat variables in forested wetlands.
Swift, B. L.; Larson, J. S.; and DeGraaf, R. M.
Wilson Bulletin 96(1): 48-59. (1984)
Descriptors: Aves/
community structure/ breeding/ forest-wetland-habitat relationships/
semiaquatic habitat/ forested wetlands/ breeding community/
Massachusetts/ Connecticut Valley/ population density/ wildlife
habitat/ species diversity
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1839. Relationships between wintering waterbirds and invertebrates, sediments and hydrology of coastal marsh ponds.
Bolduc, F. and Afton, A. D.
Waterbirds 27(3): 333-341. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 15244695
Descriptors: coastal
wetlands/ Gulf of Mexico/ hydrology/ invertebrates/ sediments/
shorebirds/ wading birds/ waterfowl/ habitat management/ hydrology/
invertebrate/ population density/ sediment/ wader/ Louisiana/ North
America/ Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge/ United States/ Anas/ Anas
clypeata/ Anas crecca/ Anatidae/ Anser/ Aves/ Invertebrata
Abstract:
We studied relationships among sediment variables (carbon content, C:N,
hardness, oxygen penetration, silt-clay fraction), hydrologic variables
(dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, transparency, water depth),
sizes and biomass of common invertebrate classes, and densities of 15
common waterbird species in ponds of impounded freshwater, oligohaline,
mesohaline, and unimpounded mesohaline marshes during winters 1997-98
to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA.
Canonical correspondence analysis and forward selection was used to
analyze the above variables. Water depth and oxygen penetration were
the variables that best segregated habitat characteristics that
resulted in maximum densities of common waterbird species. Most common
waterbird species were associated with specific marsh types, except
Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) and Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata).
We concluded that hydrologic manipulation of marsh ponds is the best
way to manage habitats for these birds, if the hydrology can be
controlled adequately.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1840. Remarkable amphibian biomass and abundance in an isolated wetland: Implications for wetland conservation.
Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Winne, Christopher T.;
Scott,
David E.; Willson, John D.; Glaudas, Xavier; Andrews, Kimberly M.;
Todd, Brian D.; Fedewa, Luke A.; Wilkinson, Lucas; Tsaliagos, Ria N.;
Harper, Steven J.; Greene, Judith L.; Tuberville, Tracey D.; Metts,
Brian S.; Dorcas, Michael E.; Nestor, John P.; Young, Cameron A.; Akre,
Tom; Reed, Robert N.; Buhlmann, Kurt A.;
Norman, Jason; Croshaw, Dean A.; Hagen, Cris; and
Rothermel, Betsie B.
Conservation Biology 20(5): 1457-1465. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Rana
sphenocephala/ southern leopard frog/ amphibian decline/ biodiversity/
drought/ land use/ wetland recovery/ biomass/ ecosystem/ amphibia
[physiology]/ conservation of natural resources [methods]/ animals/
fresh water/ population density/ population dynamics/
South Carolina
Abstract:
Despite the continuing loss of wetland habitats and associated declines
in amphibian populations, attempts to translate wetland losses into
measurable losses to ecosystems have been lacking. We estimated the
potential productivity from the amphibian community that would be
compromised by the loss of a single isolated wetland that has been
protected from most industrial, agricultural, and urban impacts for the
past 54 years. We used a continuous drift fence at Ellenton Bay, a
10-ha freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South
Carolina (U.S.A.), to sample all amphibians for 1 year following a
prolonged drought. Despite intensive agricultural use of the land
surrounding Ellenton Bay prior to 1951, we documented 24
species and remarkably high numbers and biomass of juvenile amphibians
(>360,000 individuals; >1,400 kg) produced during one breeding
season. Anurans (17 species) were more abundant than salamanders (7
species), comprising 96.4% of individual captures. Most (95.9%) of the
amphibian biomass came from 232095 individuals of a single species of
anuran (southern leopard frog[Rana sphenocephala ]). Our results
revealed the resilience of an amphibian community to natural stressors
and historical habitat alteration and the potential magnitude of
biomass and energy transfer from isolated wetlands to surrounding
terrestrial habitat. We attributed the postdrought success of
amphibians to a combination of adult longevity (often >5 years), a
reduction in predator abundance, and an abundance of larval food
resources. Likewise, the increase of forest cover around Ellenton Bay from <20% in 1951 to >60% in 2001
probably contributed to the long-term persistence of amphibians at this
site. Our findings provide an optimistic counterpoint to the issue of
the global decline of biological diversity by demonstrating that
conservation efforts can mitigate historical habitat degradation.
© NISC
1841. Research and policy issues regarding coastal wetland impoundments: Lessons learned in South Carolina.
Devoe, M. R. and Baughman, D. S.
In:
Marsh management in coastal Louisiana: Effects and issues.Baton
Rouge, LA. Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 98-106; 1989.
NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22)
Descriptors: waterfowl/ habitats/ marshes/ Louisiana/ wetlands/ impoundment/ rice production
Abstract:
More than 140 000 acres along South Carolina's coastal rivers and
tidal creeks were impounded for rice production during the early
1800's; 70 000 of the State's 504 000 acres of contiguous wetlands
remain impounded today. Because of heightened awareness of the inherent
productivity of these systems for waterfowl habitat and aquaculture, a
number of property owners have submitted permit applications to State
and Federal regulatory agencies to re-impound formerly impounded areas.
These applications have generated a number of questions, regarding the
ecology, management, and public policy of coastal impoundments, and
wetlands in general. Opinions concerning the effects impoundments have
on wetland processes have differed between wildlife and marine
biologists. This dichotomy is especially evident within several of the
13 agencies which play a role in the decision-making process.
Additionally, inconsistent decision-making has contributed to the
dilemma, politics and economics play an extremely important role in the
process. These and other issues have underscored the need for credible
and focused research data and information on one hand and a fair,
consistent, and unbiased regulatory framework on the other. -from
Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1842. Residual organochlorine pesticides in soils and fish from wetland restoration areas in central Florida, USA.
Marburger, J. E.; Johnson, W. E.; Gross, T. S.;
Douglas, D. R.; and Di, J.
Wetlands 22(4): 705-711. (Dec. 2002)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
soil contamination/ organochlorine compounds/ pesticides/ aquatic
organisms/ Chlordane/ DDT/ Dieldrin/ tissues/ soil/ contamination/
pesticides (organochlorine)/ Florida/ rehabilitation/ water pollution/
fate of pollutants/ sediment contamination/ spatial distribution/
bioaccumulation/ fish populations/ animal tissues/ data collections/
sediment pollution/ DDE/ geographical distribution/ restoration/
pollution dispersion/ Pisces/ Ameiurus nebulosus/ Micropterus
salmoides/ Pomoxis nigromaculatus/ fish/ black crappie/ largemouth
bass/ brown bullhead/ freshwater pollution/ environmental impact/
sources and fate of pollution/ effects on organisms/ water pollution:
monitoring, control and remediation
Abstract:
Four wetland restoration sites in the Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area
located in central Florida, USA were flooded between 1992 and
1994. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission stocked
largemouth bass in the flooded areas from 1992 to 1996. In 1996,
organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in flooded soils and in
black crappie, brown bullhead catfish, and largemouth bass from the
four sites. Areas 5 and 7 had the highest concentrations of total
residual OCPs in the flooded soils, including dieldrin (385 ±
241 ìg/kg), sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE (7,173 ± 1,710 ìg/kg), and toxaphene (39,444 ± 11,284 ìg/kg). Sum of chlordane residuals was highest in area 5 (1,766 ± 1,037 ìg/kg).
ANOVA indicated significant differences in location and fish muscle
tissue concentrations for chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and
dieldrin. Fish from areas 5 and 7 had the greatest
concentrations
of chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin, which corresponded
to the higher soil concentrations in these two areas. OCPs in muscle
tissue were below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration action limits
for human consumption. For three-year-old bass collected from Area 5,
mean concentrations of chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin
were 15-17 times higher in ovary tissue and 76-80 times higher in fat
tissue compared with muscle tissue. Mean toxaphene levels in bass ovary
and fat tissues were 9 and 39 times higher, respectively, than in
muscle tissues. Tissue OCP concentrations were consistent with site
OCPs, regardless of fish species.
© ProQuest
1843. Response
of a terrestrial mollusc community to an autumn prescribed burn in a
rare wetland prairie of western Oregon, USA.
Severns, Paul M.
Journal of Molluscan Studies 71(Part 2): 181-187. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL401; ISSN: 0260-1230
Descriptors: prescribed burning: applied and field techniques/ grasslands/ wetland prairie
Abstract: Conservation
and management of grasslands may involve the use of
prescribed fire to reinstate a historical disturbance regime recently
suppressed by humans. I used traps to describe the terrestrial mollusc
community in a rare wetland prairie ecosystem of
western Oregon, USA over a 3-year period in an adjacent
burned and unburned
wetland prairie parcel beginning 1 year following an autumn prescribed
fire. Species richness was lower throughout the burned area for the
duration of the study period and mollusc abundance was lower in the
first postburn year, but steadily increased over time, surpassing the
adjacent burned area by the third postburn year. According to
Multi-response Permutation Procedure, the mollusc community in the
adjacent burned area differed significantly from the unburned prairie
each year since the burn, suggesting that fire history may structure
the wetland prairie mollusc community. Indicator species analysis
identified that Deroceras reticulatum and Monadenia fidelis were
indicator species for unburned wetland prairie, while Catinella rhederi
and Vertigo modesta were indicator species for burned habitat at the
study site. Since fire appears to decrease wetland prairie mollusc
diversity and abundance, prescribed burns should be conducted in
accordance with refuges, to provide a source population for colonizing
molluscs and for other animals with unknown responses to fire.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1844. Response of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland: A long-term analysis of community dynamics.
Petranka, J. W.; Kennedy, C. A.; and Murray, S. S.
Wetlands 23(4): 1030-1042. (Dec. 2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ community structure/ species diversity/
amphibians/ monitoring/ frogs/ dynamics/ salamanders/ ecosystems/
restoration/ colonization/ community composition/ environmental impact/
breeding seasons/ Ambystoma maculatum/ Rana sylvatica/ Notophthalmus
viridescens/ Anura/ North Carolina/ spotted salamander/ wood frog/
reclamation/ effects of pollution/ conservation, wildlife
management and recreation/ water pollution: monitoring, control and remediation
Abstract:
Although amphibians are increasingly being used to assess ecosystem
function of compensatory wetlands, there are almost no long-term
studies of responses to ecological restoration. Consequently, much
uncertainty exists about the appropriate timeframes and best criteria
for evaluating responses to wetland restoration. We studied aspects of
pond colonization and long-term community dynamics in ponds created at
a mitigation site in western North Carolina. We examined whether
landscape variables influenced the initial colonization of 22
constructed ponds and conducted a long-term study of changes in species
richness and community composition in ten constructed and ten reference
ponds over seven breeding seasons. During the first year of pond
filling, species richness and the number of egg masses of the wood frog
(Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) were
positively correlated with pond size, depth, and hydroperiod but
independent of distance to the nearest forest, paved road, or source
pond. The ten constructed ponds in the long-term study first filled in
1996 and were larger, deeper, warmer, more oxygen-rich, and of longer
seasonal hydroperiod than reference ponds. Seven species bred in the
constructed ponds during the first year of filling, and species
richness reached equilibrium within two years of initial pond filling.
Most species colonized constructed ponds rapidly, but frequency of use
by eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) increased slowly over five
years. Constructed ponds supported significantly more species than
reference ponds, and the annual turnover rate of breeding populations
was approximately 25% for both pond types. Our data suggest that
post-restoration monitoring for 2-3 years may be sufficient to
characterize species and communities that will utilize ponds for the
first decade or so after pond creation.
© ProQuest
1845. Response of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland: Perturbations confound post-restoration assessment.
Petranka, J. W.; Murray, S. S.; and Kennedy, C. A.
Wetlands 23(2): 278-290. (June 2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ monitoring/ demography/ pathogens/
amphibians/ population dynamics/ eggs/ ponds/ land management/
restoration/ amphibiotic species/ larvae/ environmental monitoring/
droughts/ environmental impact/ reproduction/ mortality causes/
recruitment/ hatching/ breeding seasons/ animal physiology/ life cycle/
sexual selection/ metamorphosis/ governments/ Rana sylvatica/ Ambystoma
maculatum/ Ranavirus/ Anura/ North Carolina/ wood frog/ spotted
salamander/ reclamation/ water quality control/ habitat community
studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ water
pollution: monitoring, control and remediation
Abstract:
Although regulatory agencies in the USA typically require 3-5 yr
of post-restoration monitoring of biotic responses to wetland
mitigation, many researchers have argued that longer time frames are
needed to assess population responses adequately. We conducted an 8-yr
study to examine the demographic responses of the wood frog (Rana
sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to wetland
creation at a mitigation bank in western North Carolina. Our
primary goals were to compare juvenile output in ten reference and ten
constructed ponds and to assess the overall change in breeding
population size in response to site restoration. We used annual
censuses of egg masses to assess changes in breeding population size
and used estimates of larval population size at hatching and the
initiation of metamorphosis to assess embryonic and larval survival.
Adults of both species bred in most constructed ponds within a few
months after filling in 1996. Estimated juvenile production from 1996
to 2002 did not differ significantly between pond types for either
species. The percentage of both constructed and reference ponds that
produced juveniles decreased markedly from 1996 to 1998 and remained
low through 2002. The decrease in juvenile output was mostly associated
with reduced larval survival rather than increased embryonic mortality
across years. Drought and outbreaks of a pathogen (Ranavirus) were the
primary causes of low juvenile production from 1998 to 2002. The
overall breeding population of R. sylvatica increased markedly in
1999-2000 following a large recruitment of juveniles from constructed
ponds in 1996-1997. With the onset of drought and ranaviral infections,
the population declined to levels in 2002 that were at or below 1995
pre-restoration numbers. Despite site perturbations, the breeding
population of A. maculatum remained relatively stable from 1995 to
2002, a phenomenon that may reflect selection for delayed reproduction
and iteroparity in this species. Although we have monitored R.
sylvatica and A. maculatum for seven breeding seasons after the
creation of seasonal wetlands, we are still uncertain that site
restoration will achieve the goal of increasing breeding populations
above pre-restoration levels. Because amphibians have significant
population lags and are sensitive to site perturbations, monitoring
that exceeds five years may be required to assess demographic responses
to site restoration adequately.
© ProQuest
1846. Response of breeding birds to shearing and burning in wetland brush ecosystems.
Hanowski, J. M.; Christian, D. P.; and Nelson, M. C.
Wetlands 19(3): 584-593. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/ wild birds/ population density/ prescribed burning/ cutting/ Minnesota
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1847. Response of invertebrates to glyphosate-induced habitat alterations in wetlands.
Linz, G. M.; Bleier, W. J.; Overland, J. D.; and Homan, H. J.
Wetlands 19(1): 220-227. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat availability/ herbicides/ abundance/ plant populations/ plant
control/ freshwater crustaceans/ aquatic plants/ aquatic insects/
community composition/ cattails/ habitats/ invertebrates/ weed control/
Typha/ Chaoboridae/ Chironomidae/ Corixidae/ Ostracoda/ Oligochaeta/
Cladocera/ Hydracarina/ North Dakota/ glyphosate/ copepods/ ostracods/
angleworms/ earthworms/ oligochaetes/ water fleas/ water boatman/
midges/ phantom midges/ Invertebrata/ Copepoda
Abstract: Wetlands
in the Prairie Pothole Region of eastern North Dakota, USA
are often overgrown with cattails (Typha spp), providing
habitat for crop-depredating blackbirds and impeding use by waterfowl.
One and two years post-treatment (1992 and 1993), we assessed the
response of invertebrates to a catastrophic reduction in cattail
coverage caused by glyphosate, a herbicide applied to about 14,000 ha
of North Dakota's wetlands since 1991. Numbers of Crustacea,
Hydracarina, Oligochaeta, Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Cladocera were
similar between treated and reference wetlands (P > 0.10), while
abundance of Gastropoda was greater in the treated wetlands (P = 0.10).
Insect abundance was greater in treated wetlands (P < 0.01), with
activity traps yielding highest numbers in July. Corixidae and
Chironomidae were more abundant in treated wetlands (P < 0.10),
whereas Chaoboridae was consistently more plentiful in the reference
wetlands (P = 0.05). Our results suggest that populations of some
aquatic invertebrates may be enhanced by a reduction in cattail
coverage with glyphosate-based herbicide.
© ProQuest
1848. Response of macroinvertebrates and small fish to nutrient enrichment in the northern Everglades.
Rader, Russell B. and Richardson, Curtis J.
Wetlands 14(2): 134-146. (June 1994)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: Invertebrata/
pisces/ farming and agriculture/ agricultural runoff effects on wetland
community/ trophic structure/ community structure/ population density/
effects
of
nutrient enrichment/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetland/ chemical factors/
nutrient enrichment effects on wetland community/ Florida/ Everglades,
North/ nutrient enrichments effects on community
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1849. Response of waterbirds to number of wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA.
Niemuth, N. D. and Solberg, J. W.
Waterbirds 26(2): 233-238. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: American
bittern/ American coot/ black tern/ Breeding Bird Survey/ North Dakota/
pied-billed grebe/ population dynamics/ Prairie Pothole Region/ Sora/
temporal variation/ wetland/ birds/ habitat availability/ spatial
variation/ species occurrence/ wildlife management/ United States/ Anas
acuta/ Botaurus lentiginosus/ Chlidonias niger/ Fulica americana/
Podilymbus podiceps
Abstract:
We examined the relationship between number of wetlands and occurrence
of five waterbird and one waterfowl species in the Prairie Pothole
Region of North Dakota, USA, from 1980-2000. Data from 13 Breeding Bird
Survey routes provided an index to regional density and distribution of
Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), Black Tern (Chlidonias niger),
American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Northern Pintail (Anas
acuta), Sora (Porzana carolina), and American Coot (Fulica americano),
while 69 segments from annual Waterfowl Breeding Ground Population and
Habitat Surveys provided air index to regional wetland availability.
Numbers of wetlands and birds varied among years, and density and
distribution of all six species showed a strong positive correlation
with number of wetlands. Correlations were weaker when the number of
wetlands was lagged one year, suggesting that waterbird distributions
shift in response to water availability
rather
than respond locally. Spatial and temporal variation of waterbird
habitat and numbers should be considered in monitoring and management
of waterbirds in the Prairie Pothole Region.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1850. Responses of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland: Perturbations confound post-restoration assessment.
Petranka, J. W.; Murray, S. S.; and Kennedy, C. A.
Wetlands 23(2): 278-290. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: amphibians/
created ponds/ drought/ mitigation banks/ North Carolina/ Ranavirus/
disturbance/ drought stress/ population size/ reproduction/ restoration
ecology/ wetlands/ United States/ Ambystoma maculatum/ Rana sylvatica
Abstract:
Although regulatory agencies in the USA typically require 3-5 yr
of post-restoration monitoring of biotic responses to wetland
mitigation, many researchers have argued that longer time frames are
needed to assess population responses adequately. We conducted an 8-yr
study to examine the demographic responses of the wood frog (Rana
sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to wetland
creation at a mitigation bank in western North Carolina. Our
primary goals were to compare juvenile output in ten reference and ten
constructed ponds and to assess the overall change in breeding
population size in response to site restoration. We used annual
censuses of egg masses to assess changes in breeding population size
and used estimates of larval population size at hatching and the
initiation of metamorphosis to assess embryonic and larval survival.
Adults of both species bred in most constructed ponds within a few
months after filling in 1996. Estimated juvenile production from 1996
to 2002 did not differ significantly between pond types for either
species. The percentage of both constructed and reference ponds that
produced juveniles decreased markedly from 1996 to 1998 and remained
low through 2002. The decrease in juvenile output was mostly associated
with reduced larval survival rather than increased embryonic mortality
across years. Drought and outbreaks of a pathogen (Ranavirus) were the
primary causes of low juvenile production from 1998 to 2002. The
overall breeding population of R. sylvatica increased markedly in
1999-2000 following a large recruitment of juveniles from constructed
ponds in 1996-1997. With the onset of drought and ranaviral infections,
the population declined to levels in 2002 that were at or below 1995
pre-restoration numbers. Despite site perturbations, the breeding
population of A. maculatum remained relatively stable from 1995 to
2002, a phenomenon that may reflect selection for delayed reproduction
and iteroparity in this species. Although we have monitored R.
sylvatica and A. maculatum for seven breeding seasons after the
creation of seasonal wetlands, we are still uncertain that site
restoration will achieve the goal of increasing breeding populations
above pre-restoration levels. Because amphibians have significant
population lags and are sensitive to site perturbations, monitoring
that exceeds five years may be required to assess demographic responses
to site restoration adequately.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1851. Restoration of a south Florida forested wetland.
Weller, J. D.
Ecological Engineering 4(2): 143-151. (1995)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574.
Notes: Special issue: Restoration and Creation of Wetlands.
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ forests/ land use/ drainage/ ecosystem
disturbance/ ecosystem management/ nature conservation/ swamps/
hydrology/ surface water/ groundwater recharge/ groundwater/ habitat
improvement/ vegetation cover/ water control/ Florida/ water control
Abstract: A
rewatering project conducted
at Fern Forest Nature Center in Pompano
Beach, Florida, USA, has
rejuvenated and restored an area of south Florida forested wetland
to its pre-drainage condition in three years. Through the removal of
undesirable vegetation such as Brazilian pepper (Schinus
terebinthifolius) and the re-introduction of water, the following have
been accomplished: increase in surfacewater duration time; elevation of
groundwater by 70 to 84 cm; rejuvenation of a depressed forested
wetland, a deciduous hardwood swamp, and an emergent wetland; and
enhancement of a wading bird habitat, a cypress dome, and 3.2 km of
shallow stream bed (1.5 m deep or less). These accomplishments have
assured the survival of the park's 34 rare and endangered fern species
and encouraged the natural return of 16 wetland bird species, 8 fish
species, 6 species of turtles, 6 species of snakes, 5 snails, 2 frog
species, and even the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis).
© ProQuest
1852. The restoration of Union Grove Lake, Iowa.
Bachmann, R. W. and Hoyman, T. A.
Lake and Reservoir Management 9(2): 53-54. (1994)
Descriptors: agricultural
runoff/ cropland/ dissolved oxygen/ dredging/ eutrophication/ habitat
improvement/ lake reclamation/ lake restoration/ land use/
sedimentation rates/ sediments/ silt load/ water pollution sources/
watersheds
Abstract: Union Grove Lake is a 105 acre impoundment with
about 90% of its watershed in cropland. A US EPA funded Clean Lakes
diagnostic/feasibility study in 1983 found that siltation was a major
problem that threatened to diminish the recreational usage of the lake.
Other problems included winter fish kills due to loss of dissolved
oxygen under winter ice cover, poor water transparency, high summer
algal levels, and occasional problems with aquatic macrophytes. A lake
restoration project was carried out in the period from 1984 through
1992. The lake was dredged to remove 275,000 cubic yards of sediment,
shorelines were protected with rip rap, a sediment-retention dike was
constructed on the arm with the main tributary, and an artificial
aeration system was installed in the deepest part of the lake to
maintain winter dissolved oxygen levels. A cooperative program was
carried out in the watershed to intensify soil conservation activities.
This included increased use of conservation tillage, construction of
terraces, grassed waterways, and water and sediment retention basins.
The Soil Conservation Service reported that by 1993 nearly 100% of the
watershed was in SCS approved soil conservation practices. A post
restoration study found that the dredging had increased the lake volume
by 14% and thus increased the life of the lake, but it is too early to
evaluate the effectiveness of the soil conservation work in slowing
down the rate of sedimentation in the lake. It was recommended that the
lake be remapped in 10 years to measure the post restoration
sedimentation rates. The sedimentation dike was found to provide a
barrier to mixing between the upper arm and the main portion of the
lake and may help to keep particulate matter from moving from the
tributary out into the main part of the lake. The aeration of the lake
in the winter has eliminated the winter oxygen loss and there are no
more fish kills. This has enhanced the fisheries management program.
There was no evidence that the restoration project has changed water
quality in the lake as measured by water transparency, concentrations
of plant nutrients, and concentrations of algal chlorophylls.
© ProQuest
1853. Restored wetlands as management tools for wetland-dependent birds.
Dick, Thomas M.
Pennsylvania Birds 7(1): 4-6. (1993); ISSN: 0898-8501
Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ management/ restoration/ wildlife
© NISC
1854. Restoring fish populations in a heavily managed ecosystem: The San Francisco Bay-Delta and its watershed.
Luoma, S.; Brown, R.; Taylor, K.; and Bernstein, B.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003; Vol. 133.; pp. 244; 2003.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ population studies/ wildlife
management: conservation/ CALFED Bay Delta Program/ agriculture/ dams/
ecosystem processes/ escapement/ fish population restoration/ heavily
managed ecosystem/ natural variability/ population level processes/
urbanization/ water diversions/ watershed
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1855. Restoring
wetland habitats with cows and other livestock: A prescribed grazing
program to conserve bog turtle habitat in New Jersey.
Tesauro, J.
Conservation Biology in Practice 2(2): 26-30. (2001);
ISSN: 1526-4629.
http://www.conbio.org/CIP/article22wet.cfm
Descriptors: Bos taurus/ reptiles/ cattle/ wetland/ habitat management/ agriculture/ New Jersey
© NISC
1856. Restoring wetlands in the Orange Creek Basin: An innovative state/federal partnership approach.
Moore, Rosalind A.
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 87: 394. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
Poster session; Conference: 87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological
Society of America and the 14th Annual International Conference of the
Society for Ecological Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09,
2002.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ St. Johns River Water Management District/ U.S.
Department of Agriculture/ NRCS/ USDA/ Natural Resources Conservation
Service/ grazing/ hunting/ hydrology/ innovative state/ federal
partnership/ land use/ nutrient load/ public recreation/ vegetation
reestablishment/ wetland restoration/ wetlands condition/ wildlife
habitat enhancement/ Florida
Abstract: Florida's St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) are conducting a four-year project to restore wetlands
in the Orange Creek Basin, a tributary of the St. Johns
River in north central Florida. The 3,400 acre parcel containing
1,500 acres of wetlands was purchased by the SJRWMD, and a 30-year
easement purchased under NRCS' Wetlands Reserve Program. Funding for
restoration work is shared between the SJRWMD and NRCS. Prior to
restoration, the property was drained and used for muck farming, timber
production and pasture. Major goals of the project are to restore the
hydrologic connection of the wetlands to the Orange Creek floodplain,
reduce nutrient loading into the creek, and enhance waterfowl and
wading bird populations. In the year following hydrologic restoration,
good wetland conditions developed despite the continuation of a
multi-year drought. Wetland vegetation has reestablished and several
shallow islands have been created to enhance wading bird habitat.
Upland restoration continues through prescribed fire and range
management. The site is open to the public for passive recreation and
for occasional hunting during winter. Ongoing challenges include
control of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum), an invasive
exotic, and management of adjacent uplands for cattle grazing.
Monitoring and adaptive management techniques are enlisted to meet
project goals. The project is a good example of an innovative agency
partnership and multi-objective planning.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1857. A
review of basin morphology and pool hydrology of isolated ponded
wetlands: Implications for seasonal forest pools of the northeastern United States.
Brooks, Robert T.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 13: 335-348. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/21526
Descriptors: amphibians/ aquatic invertebrates/ hydrology/ hydroperiod/ seasonal forest pools/ woodland vernal pools
Abstract:
Seasonal forest pools (SFPs) are geographically- and hydrologically-
isolated ponded wetlands, in that they are topographically isolated
from other surface waters. SFPs occur commonly throughout the temperate
forests of the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.
SFPs are ephemeral in occurrence, typically drying annually. The
regular drying of SFPs excludes fish from these habitats, and as a
result, they are the preferred breeding habitat of some amphibians,
notably ambystomid ('mole') salamanders and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica
Le Conte). The pools also support a rich and diverse invertebrate
fauna. The duration of the wet phase, or hydroperiod of SFPs, has been
repeatedly shown to be the dominant influence on the composition and
fitness of the faunal community of the pools. Despite the importance of
SFP hydrology, it is a poorly studied subject. This paper reviews the
limited state-of-knowledge of seasonal forest pool hydrology and
associated basin morphology. The review discusses findings from studies
of other isolated ponded wetlands that could be applicable to our
understanding of the hydrology of SFPs.
This citation is from Treesearch.
1858. A review of early literature on forested wetlands in the United States.
Lugo, A. E. (1984).
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ ecology/ forested/ habitat community studies/ freshwater habitats/ United States
Abstract:
A review of the literature dealing with freshwater-forested wetlands
reveals three phases prior to 1970: early descriptions, formal
descriptive accounts, and ecological descriptions. Each of these phases
is reviewed with the objective of presenting the points of view of
early students of forested wetlands and focusing on the generalizations
that emerged from those studies. Specific topics of discussion are
species composition and diversity, vegetation structure and
physiognomy, response to flooding, succession, site factors and wetland
classification, wildlife, and uses and values.
© ProQuest
1859. Review of the effects of non-point nutrient loading on coastal ecosystems.
Gabric, A. J. and Bell, P. R. F.
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 44(2): 261-283. (1993); ISSN: 0067-1940.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: pollution
effects/ nutrients (mineral)/ coastal waters/ eutrophication/ ecosystem
management/ runoff/ erosion/ land use/ coastal zone management/
man-induced effects/ human factors/ coastal water/ nutrients/ nonpoint
pollution/ non point pollution/ ecosystems and energetics/ effects on
organisms/ pollution environment/ coastal zone management/ pollution
effects/ marine pollution
Abstract:
In many coastal regions (e.g. parts of the North Sea, northern Adriatic
Sea, Baltic Sea, Great Barrier Reef lagoon, wider Caribbean, coastal
areas of the USA) there is large-scale, and in some cases chronic,
eutrophication. In some regions, the link between eutrophication and
the destruction of an ecosystem is obvious, with excessive algal growth
and water-column anoxia. In other cases, particularly in more fragile
ecosystems such as coral-reef and seagrass areas, the links are not so
obvious, yet the impacts of eutrophication in such regions can be
devastating. Eutrophication can have more insidious effects such as
contributing directly to the mortality of fish, marine mammals and sea
birds and indirectly to disease or death in humans owing to the
accumulation of biotoxins in seafoods. Increased development and
changes in land-use patterns in the coastal zone have increased the
loading of diffuse or non-point nutrients. In areas subject to runoff
and soil erosion, most of the nutrient load is transported in
particulate form. In such cases, the loads of nutrients discharged from
cropping lands are typically an order of magnitude greater than those
discharged from pristine forested areas. Nutrient export from pasture
lands, whether these are fertilized or not, is also significantly
greater than that from pristine areas, and in many cases the total
loads from such areas are far higher than those from intensively farmed
areas. A reduction in nutrient discharges to coastal waters will
require careful land-use planning. The importance of the particulate
fraction in the nutrient load necessitates effective control of soil
erosion. The hydrological and nutrient linkage between terrestrial and
marine ecosystems must be emphasized. Collective management of
hinterland and coastal-zone resources could initiate remediation of a
serious and growing problem.
© ProQuest
1860. Rice fields as temporary wetlands: A review.
Lawler, S. P.
Israel Journal of Zoology 47(4): 513-528. (2001);
ISSN: 0021-2210
Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural land/ Oryza sativa/ rice/ wetlands/ aquatic entomology
Abstract:
Rice fields are temporary wetlands that harbor many of the same species
that breed in natural temporary ponds. Therefore the rice agroecosystem
has the potential to help sustain the regional biodiversity of many
invertebrates and vertebrates. Like natural areas of wetlands, rice
cultivation provides a habitat mosaic of temporary and more permanent
waters. Because of their low floral diversity and because their species
composition will rarely overlap completely with that of natural ponds,
rice fields are not substitutes for natural temporary ponds. However,
they are important in sustaining populations of several species,
including wading birds and frogs. Farming methods vary widely, and
different practices can alter the suitability of rice fields as
habitats. Farmers use water management, pesticides, and sometimes fish
to control crop pests and mosquitoes, and other taxa may be affected as
well. Farmers may irrigate rice intermittently to control pests, and
intermittent habitat holds fewer species than areas that are flooded
for longer periods. Broad-spectrum pesticides may harm invertebrates
and other wildlife, and may even cause pest resurgences if they have
greater effects on predator populations than on the pests. Fish often
decrease the abundance of invertebrate predators, but fish farming in
rice fields often discourages the use of harmful pesticides. Because
farming practices can affect the conservation value of rice fields,
ecologists are encouraged to work with farmers and study the role of
rice fields in the population dynamics of temporary pond species, and
how changing farming methods alter this role.
© ProQuest
1861. The
role of submersed aquatic vegetation as habitat for fish in Minnesota lakes, including the implications of non-native plant
invasions and their management.
Valley, Ray D.; Cross, Timothy K.; and Radomski, Paul
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Section of Fisheries Special Publication 160: 1-25. (2004);
ISSN: 0193-1245.
http://wfs.sdstate.edu/wfsdept/Pond%20Web%20Page/Subm%20veg%20MN%20DRN%20Valley%20report.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ land
zones/ Pisces: habitat management/ aquatic plant management/
implications of role as habitat in lakes/ habitat utilization/ role of
submersed aquatic vegetation in lakes/ exotic plant invasions and
management implications/ Lake/ role of submersed aquatic vegetation as
habitat/ exotic plant invasion and management implications/ Minnesota/
habitat role of submerged aquatic vegetation in lakes/ plant invasions
and management implications/ Pisces/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: This
review updates the Division of Fish and Wildlife's understanding
of the role of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) in providing fish
habitat in Minnesota lakes. Below, are several generalizations and
recommended approaches for aquatic plant management. 1. Many fish, such
as sunfish, largemouth bass, northern pike, and muskellunge, depend on
SAV for food and shelter. Nongame fish such as darters, minnows, and
killifishes depend primarily on nearshore emergent and submersed
vegetation 2. The presence of SAV tends to promote higher water
clarity. 3. Black bullhead and common carp often dominate turbid lakes
with little to no SAV. Carp are an invasive non-native species
that contributes to the loss of native SAV by dislodging rooted plants
and resuspending sediments. 4. Generally, conditions for game fish
deteriorate when the percentage of a basin that is covered with SAV
falls below 10% or exceeds 60%. This range does not consider basin
morphometry (i.e., shallow versus deep) which ultimately controls how
much vegetation naturally grows within a lake. 5. Studies show native
plants provide higher quality habitat for desirable fish
than invasive non-native plants such as curly-leaf pondweed or
Eurasian
watermilfoil. However, these non-native plants provide better habitat
than little or no SAV. 6. Minnesota lakes infested with curly-leaf
pondweed or Eurasian watermilfoil have not seen large declines in game
fish populations. 7. Lake productivity and initial plant
conditions appear to greatly affect selective wholelake herbicide's
(such as fluridone) effect on fish habitat. Whole-lake studies in
infested, moderately-productive (mesotrophic) Michigan lakes with
abundant native plants, showed neutral to positive effects of fluridone
on fish habitat. 2 8. Fluridone applications in infested productive
(eutrophic) Minnesota lakes with low cover of native SAV can have
dramatic negative effects on SAV habitats, water clarity, and fish
communities. 9. Aquatic plant management policies should reflect a
precautionary approach where it is understood that any alteration to
SAV will invariably have some effect on a lake's fish community.
Therefore, policies should ostensibly be conservative with the intent
to minimize habitat degradation. 10. Limiting the cumulative amount of
SAV removal may be the most prudent approach towards precautionary
management. However, thresholds should be dependent on lake type. The
current 15% rule (maximum treatment area within the 15 foot depth zone)
for chemicals and 50% rule for mechanical harvesting may be reasonable
for some lakes (e.g., small eutrophic lakes); stricter thresholds may
be needed for others (e.g., soft water lakes, large or deep lakes). 11.
Overall, whole-lake aquatic plant treatment is risky. Significant
biological risks associated with large-scale manipulations include
excessive removal of fish habitat and thus decline of fish populations,
loss of sensitive plant species, declines in water clarity and
potential long-term cumulative effects of multiple treatments, since
eradication of non-native plant species is highly unlikely. 12.
Vegetated, nearshore habitat is critical for fish recruitment. Any
removal should be viewed as habitat loss, and efforts should be made to
minimize this loss. It follows that 100 feet of removal is worse than
50 feet of removal even if the removal is of a non-native species. 13.
Mechanical harvesting may be the best alternative for managing nuisance
surface growth of vegetation. Although this requires perpetual
maintenance, harvested boat lanes through surface-growing vegetation
represents a positive benefit for recreational access and fish habitat
(harvested strips of SAV increases edge and may benefit game species).
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1862. The role of the Wetland Reserve Program in conservation efforts in the Mississippi River
Alluvial Valley.
King, S. L.; Twedt, D. J.; and Wilson, R. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 914-920. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648 (2006)34[914:TROTWR]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Black
bear/ conservation/ migratory birds/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ restoration/ Ursus americanus luteolus/
Wetlands Reserve Program/ Wetlands
Abstract: The Mississippi
River Alluvial Valley includes the
floodplain of the Mississippi River
from Cairo, Illinois, USA, to the Gulf of Mexico.
Originally this region supported
about 10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests, but only about 2.8
million ha remain today. Furthermore, most of the remaining bottomland
forest is highly fragmented with altered hydrologic processes. During
the 1990s landscape-scale conservation planning efforts were initiated
for migratory birds and the threatened Louisiana black bear (Ursus
americanus luteolus). These plans call for large-scale reforestation
and restoration efforts in the region, particularly on private lands.
In 1990 the Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act authorized
the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). The WRP is a voluntary program
administered by the United States Department of Agriculture that
provides eligible landowners with financial incentives to restore
wetlands and retire marginal farmlands from agricultural production. As
of 30 September 2005, over 275,700 ha have been enrolled in the program
in the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, with the
greatest concentration in Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Mississippi, USA. Hydrologic restoration is common on
most
sites, with open-water wetlands, such as moist-soil units and sloughs,
constituting up to 30% of a given tract. Over 33,200 ha of open-water
wetlands have been created, potentially providing over 115,000,000
duck-use days. Twenty-three of 87 forest-bird conservation areas have
met or exceed core habitat goals for migratory songbirds and another 24
have met minimum area requirements. The WRP played an integral role in
the fulfillment of these goals. Although some landscape goals have been
attained, the young age of the program and forest stands, and the lack
of monitoring, has limited evaluations of the program's impact on
wildlife populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1863. The role of wildlife science in wetland ecosystem restoration: Lessons from the Everglades.
Gawlik, D. E.
Ecological Engineering 26(1): 70-83. (2006)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 09258574.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.008.
Descriptors: conceptual
model/ ecosystem restoration/ Everglades/ indicator/ monitoring/
performance measure/ wading birds/ wildlife/ biodiversity/ ecology/
ecosystems/ environmental protection/ monitoring/ wetlands/
biodiversity/ ecology/ ecosystems/ environmental protection/
monitoring/ restoration/ wetlands/ bioindicator/ monitoring/
restoration ecology/ wetland/ Aves
Abstract:
There has been little discussion of how and when to integrate wildlife
science into ecological restoration projects. The recent emergence of
wetland ecosystem restoration offers an opportunity to use wildlife
science to increase the probability of a project being successful. This
paper traces the evolution of wetland ecosystem restoration in North
America and proposes three roles for wildlife science in wetland
ecosystem restoration: (1) contribute to conceptual ecosystem models,
(2) develop quantitative performance measures and restoration targets
that track the progress of restoration, and (3) achieve social
feasibility by sustaining long-term public support for a project. The
extensive knowledge base for many species of wildlife makes them
especially useful for contributing to conceptual ecosystem models.
Wildlife species are often the subject of long-term monitoring and
research because they have commercial value, are conspicuous, or have
aesthetic appeal. Wildlife parameters can be good performance measures
for large-scale restoration projects because some species integrate
information over large spatial scales and are long-lived. Parameters
associated with threatened or endangered wildlife species should get
special consideration as performance measures because the information
will meet multiple needs rather than just those of the conceptual
ecosystem model. Finally, wetland ecosystem restoration projects need
to sustain funding over decades to ensure the restored system is
self-sustaining. Wildlife are a valued resource that can help achieve
the social feasibility of a project by providing a way to communicate
complex science in terms that society understands and values.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1864. Salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks that winter on an agricultural evaporation basin in California.
Gordus, A. G.; Shivaprasad, H. L.; and Swift, P. K.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1): 124-131. (2002)
Descriptors: brain sodium/ evaporation ponds/ hypersaline water/ Oxyura jamaicensis/ ruddy duck/ salt encrustation/ salt toxicosis
Abstract:
Agricultural evaporation basins are used as a means to dispose of
highly saline underground-tile-drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley (California, USA). The hypersaline water
conditions encourage high aquatic invertebrate production, primarily
brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana), which attract birds to those sites.
Cool winter temperatures (<4 C) and hypersaline water conditions
(>70,000 ì mhos/cm)
resulted in feather salt encrustation and salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks
(Oxyura jamaicensis). During December 1998 and January 1999,
approximately 200 dead and sick ruddy ducks were collected from an
evaporation basin and five healthy control ruddy ducks were collected
from a freshwater wetland. Brains contained ≥1,890 ppm sodium (wet
tissue mass) in seven dead birds and contained ≤1.150 ppm sodium in
the control birds. Liver arsenic, lead, and mercury concentrations were
<1 ppm in all birds examined. Manganese, molybdenum, and copper
liver concentrations did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between
the two groups of ducks. The dead ducks had significantly higher liver
selenium, cadmium, iron, and zinc than the controls, but the
concentrations were not sufficient to cause toxicity. Significant gross
and microscopic lesions in most of the dead birds included
conjunctivitis, lens opacity and cataract formation, vascular
congestion in various organs most notably in the meninges of the brain,
and myocardial and skeletal muscle degeneration.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1865. Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of prairie wetland birds.
Naugle, D. E.; Higgins, K. F.; Nusser, S. M.; and
Johnson, W. C.
Landscape Ecology 14(3): 267-276. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat utilization/ nesting behavior/ foraging behavior/ aquatic
birds/ Podilymbus podiceps/ Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus/
Chlidonias niger/ South Dakota/ yellow-headed blackbird/
black tern/
prairie wetlands
Abstract:
We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat use for three
wetland-obligate bird species with divergent life history
characteristics and possible scale-dependent criteria for nesting and
foraging in South Dakota, USA. A stratified, two-stage
cluster sample was used to randomly select survey wetlands within
strata defined by region, wetland density, and wetland surface area. We
used 18-m (0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412
semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 1996. Variation
in habitat use by pied-billed grebes (Podilymbus podiceps) and
yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary
species that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest
wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. Yellow-headed
blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that commonly nested in small
wetlands, whereas pied-billed grebes were an area-sensitive species
that used larger wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area
requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile species that
typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest wetland, fluctuated in
response to landscape structure. Black tern area requirements were
small (6.5 ha) in heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in
homogeneous landscapes (15.4 - 32.6 ha). Low wetland density landscapes
composed of small wetlands, where few nesting wetlands occurred and
potential food sources were spread over large distances, were not
widely used by black terns. Landscape-level measurements related to
black tern occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands into
the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to occur in
landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled for agricultural
production. Our findings represent empirical evidence that
characteristics of entire landscapes, rather than individual patches,
must be quantified to assess habitat suitability for wide-ranging
species that use resources over large areas.
© ProQuest
1866. Seasonal and semipermanent wetlands of California: Invertebrate community ecology and responses to management methods.
de Szalay, Ferenc A.; Euliss, Ned H.; and Batzer, Darold P.
In:
Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and
management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott
A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 829-855.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Invertebrata/
habitat management/ seasonal and semipermanent wetlands management
effect on fauna/ ecology/ semiaquatic habitat/ seasonal and
semipermanent wetlands/ community ecology and management/ California
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1867. Seasonal dynamics of aquatic fauna and habitat parameters in a perched upper Missouri River Wetland.
Fisher, S. J. and Willis, D. W.
Wetlands 20(3): 470-478. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: Missouri
River/ native fishes/ perched wetland/ zooplankton production/
community dynamics/ ichthyofauna/ seasonality/ wetland/ zooplankton/
United States/ Ameiurus melas/ Bosmina
Abstract: The Missouri
River floodplain historically contained numerous
wetlands; however, alterations to the corridor have resulted in the
loss of flood-pulse processes. The annual contributions of small
wetlands (<15 ha) perched on the Missouri River floodplain have not
been viewed as important; however, consequences of draining or filling
perched wetlands in the upper Missouri River basin remain unclear. The
objective of this study was to survey aquatic fauna and basic habitat
characteristics in a small perched wetland before, during, and after a
connection period within a naturally functioning section of
the Missouri River. Fishes, macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, and
habitat parameters were sampled during May, July, and September 1997.
No significant differences (P > 0.05;
F
< 4.2; df = 2,9) in densities or catch-per-unit-effort among sample
periods were detected for macroinvertebrates. Copepoda nauplii,
calanoid Copepoda, and Bosmina spp. densities showed significant
changes (P < 0.03; F > 6.1; df = 2,9) and collectively surpassed
3,200 organisms/L. These densities exceeded other regional means by as
much as 900%. Twenty-four fish species were documented in the wetland;
however, the black bullhead, Ameiurus melas Rafinesque, dominated the
fish community. Wetland depth and surface area increased during the
connection period and inundated terrestrial grasses and woody debris.
Decay of submerged organic matter, combined with the lack of rooted
macrophytes, loss of algal productivity to flushing, and higher
turbidity, may have all contributed to reduced summer dissolved oxygen
levels. Avian feeding activity suggested that fishes were using the
upper water column when nearly anoxic lower water column conditions
existed. Although the wetland habitat may be harsh, presence of
juvenile fishes and dense zooplankton populations establishes the
potential importance of these water bodies to the Missouri River
ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1868. Seasonal dynamics of bird assemblages in a Texas estuarine wetland.
Weller, Milton W.
Journal of Field Ornithology 65(3): 388-401. (1994)
Descriptors: management strategy/ species richness/ Texas/ birds/ bird diversity/ estuarine ecosystems/ wetlands/ bird populations
Abstract:
Bird species richness and seasonality were sampled in diverse habitats
of an estuarine wetland complex of San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge
on the mid-Texas coast. Observations made between 1985 and 1991
included all months, and form a composite annual view; 121 species were
recorded, with 54 taxa identified in 1 mo. Only 23 species occurred
regularly over a series of months, and their patterns of wetland use
varied markedly by species and season. The wetland complex served
different functions for different species, but most used the area for
migration stops and wintering. Eleven species were considered breeders
in the brackish marsh, but another 33 species probably nested in nearby
freshwater wetlands, coastal islands or in shrubs or small trees, and
fed or rested in the marsh. Such coastal areas are used by birds
year-round and, in addition to protection, need management strategies
to ensure habitat diversity and normal water regimes which will
maintain natural bird diversity and serve all species for different
life stages.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1869. Sedimentation of Prairie Pothole wetlands: The need for integrated research by agricultural and wildlife interests.
Gleason, R. A. and Euliss, N. H.
In:
Water for Agriculture and Wildlife and the Environment: Win-Win
Opportunities -- Proceedings from the USCID Wetlands
Seminar.Bismarck, North Dakota.) Schaack, J.; Anderson, S.
S.; U.S. Committee
on Irrigation and
Drainage; and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (eds.)
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage; pp. 107-114; 1997.
NAL Call #: GB624.U83 1996
Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional conservation programs/ Prairie Pothole Region
Abstract: Examined the influences of sedimentation on wildlife values in wetlands within the Prairie Pothole Region.
1870. Selenium in agricultural drainage: Essential nutrient or toxic threat?
Moore, S. B.
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
115(1): 21-28. (1989)
Descriptors: agricultural drainage/ wildlife habitat/ selenium/ Kesterson Reservoir/ California
Abstract:
The essential nutrient selenium is believed responsible for numerous
deformities, reproductive failures, and deaths of migratory birds at
Kesterson Reservoir in California's San Joaquin Valley. Wildlife problems at the reservoir appeared only a few
years after the area began receiving selenium-laden subsurface drainage
water from less than 42,000 acre (17,000 ha) or irrigated agricultural
land on the west side of the valley. Although substantially reduced in
acreage from their historic extent, the valleys's wetland habitats
continue to satisfy the wintering and migratory needs of substantial
populations of Pacific Flyway migratory birds. Remnant anadromous fish
populations struggle to survive the inadequate flows and low water
quality of the valley's riverine habitats. It is estimated that in
order to sustain intensively managed, irrigated agriculture and
associated high levels of crop production, more than 1,000,000 acre
(405,000 ha) of land on the west side of the valley must eventually be
drained. Unless extraordinary measures are taken, the potential is
great for contaminated agricultural drainage to further harm fish and
wildlife resources of the San Joaquin Valley.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1871. Selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson Reservoir California, USA 1984.
Schuler C. A.; Anthony R. G.; and Ohlendorf H. M.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19(6): 845-853. (1990)
NAL Call #: TD172.A7; ISSN: 0090-4341
Descriptors: plants/ aquatic insects/ agrichemicals/ water pollution/ environmental surveillance/ bioaccumulation/ health hazard/ toxicity
Abstract:
Kesterson Reservoir (Kesterson) received subsurface agricultural
drainwater containing high levels of salts and selenium from farmland
in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The accumulation of selenium
in wetlands and waterfowl foods at Kesterson was investigated during
May, August, and December of 1984. High concentrations of selenium were
found in water, sediments, terrestrial and aquatic vegetation, and
aquatic insects. Mean selenium concentrations in aquatic plants and
insects ranged from 1.5 to 170 . ì.g/g
dry weight and were about 11 to 290 times those found at a nearby
reference site. Concentrations in some waterfowl food plants and
insects at Kesterson were up to 64 times those reported to be a health
hazard to birds. Selenium concentrations were more seasonally variable
in aquatic plants than in aquatic insects. Few differences in selenium
accumulation were found among ponds. Deposition of selenium in plant
parts was not uniform; rhizomes contained higher concentrations than
seeds and leaves were intermediate. Most biota bioaccumulated maximum
selenium concentrations that were 1,000 to nearly 5,00 times the
concentration in the water.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1872. Shorebird breeding biology in wetlands of the Playa Lakes, Texas, USA.
Conway, W. C.; Smith, L. M.; and Ray, J. D.
Waterbirds 28(2): 129-138. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 15244695
Descriptors: American
avocet/ black-necked stilt/ breeding biology/ killdeer/ playas/ saline
lakes/ snowy plover/ clutch size/ conservation planning/ habitat
management/ hatching/ predation/ reproductive biology/ reproductive
success/ waders/ wetlands/ playa lakes/ Texas/ Anatidae/ Charadrius
alexandrinus/ Charadrius vociferous/ Charadrius vociferus/ Himantopus
mexicanus/ Recurvirostra americana
Abstract:
Wetlands in the Playa Lakes Region of Texas are important habitats for
North American wintering waterfowl and migrant shorebirds. However,
shorebird breeding biology has been overlooked in characterizing the
region's ecological importance. In 1998 and 1999, American Avocet
(Recurvirostra americana), Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus
mexicanus), Killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), and Snowy Plover (C.
alexandrinus) breeding ecology were studied in playas, saline lakes,
and riparian wetlands in the Playa Lakes Region of Texas. Chronology of
nest initiation, clutch sizes, and hatching success for 298 Snowy
Plover, 111 American Avocet, 43 Killdeer, and 26 Black-necked Stilt
clutches were measured. All four species nested in saline lakes,
American Avocet and Killdeer also nested in playas, and Snowy Plover
nested on riparian wetlands. American Avocet had higher hatching
success in 1999 (52%) than 1998 (8%), because of more suitable
hydrological conditions and lower predation. Hatching success was
higher
in 1998 than 1999 for Killdeer (1998, 63%; 1999, 21%) and Snowy Plover
(1998, 47%; 1999, 33%) due to failures caused by flooding and hail in
1999. In other regions, clutch predation limits shorebird productivity,
but hatching success in the Playa Lakes Region appears to be limited by
unpredictable precipitation patterns and wetland hydroperiod. As such,
breeding shorebird conservation and management should focus upon
maintaining wetland hydrological integrity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1873. Shorebird habitat use and nest-site selection in the Playa Lakes Region.
Conway, Warren C.; Smith, Loren M.; and Ray, James D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(1): 174-184. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ conservation/ biogeography:
population studies/ anthropogenic stress/ nest site selection/
hydroperiod/ riparian wetland/ saline lake/ playas/ created wetland/
brood rearing habitat
Abstract: Wetlands
in the Playa Lakes Region (PLR) provide important habitats for
wintering waterfowl, cranes, and both migrant and breeding
shorebirds. Playa Lakes Region wetlands experience naturally
fluctuating hydroperiods but are exposed to anthropogenic stresses,
which are exacerbated during summer and may influence PLR wetland
occupancy and selection by breeding shorebirds. We examined
wetland-scale habitat use and nest-site selection of the 4 dominant
shorebirds (American avocets [Recurvirostra americana],
black-necked stilts [Himantopus mexicanus], killdeer [Charadrius
vociferus], snowy plovers [C. alexandrinus]) nesting in playas, saline
lakes, and in both created and riparian wetlands in the PLR of
Texas, USA. All 4 species nested in saline lakes. Only avocets and
killdeer nested in playas, and snowy plovers nested in riparian
wetlands. No nests were found in created wetlands. Wetland habitat
changed (P < 0.001) during the breeding season, while water habitats
generally decreased. Used (i.e., shorebirds found nesting) Wetlands had
more (P < 0.05) mudflats than non-used (i.e., shorebirds not found
nesting) wetlands, which had more (P < 0.05) dry habitats. Used and
non-used wetlands had similar (P > 0.05) amounts of water habitats.
Nests were located close to vegetation on bare dry ground and dry
ground with vegetation. Because water is ephemeral in PLR wetlands,
shorebirds must select - in a somewhat predictive manner upon arrival -
wetlands with suitable nest-site and brood-rearing habitat. Although
surface water is necessary for nesting, its presence is not adequate
for delineating suitable PLR wetland habitat for breeding shorebirds.
Our findings that created wetlands cannot compensate for regional
wetland losses in habitat or function highlights the need for
conservation of natural PLR wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1874. Shorebird use of managed wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Twedt, D. J.; Nelms, C. O.; Rettig, V. E.; and Aycock, S. R.
American Midland Naturalist 140(1): 140-152. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat utilization/ agricultural land/ wildlife management/ aquatic
birds/ artificial substrata/ population density/ migratory species/
ecosystem management/ birds/ land management/ environmental protection/
habitats/ Aves/ Charadrius vociferus/ Gallinago gallinago/ Mississippi
R./ United States/ birds/ killdeer/ common snipe
Abstract: We
assessed shorebird use of artificial wetlands within
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley during the winters of
1991-1992 and 1992-1993 and during the autumn of 1994. On agricultural
fields managed to provide habitat for waterfowl from November to March,
mean shorebird density was 58.6 birds/100 ha, but shorebird densities
were greater on soybean fields than on rice or moist-soil fields.
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and common snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
were common throughout winter, but shorebird abundance and species
richness along survey routes increased from November through April.
During the late summer and autumn, wetlands on public lands in
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley are managed by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service specifically to provide foraging habitat for
shorebirds. From August through October 1994, we observed 14,564
individual shorebirds of 22 species using these anthropogenic wetlands.
Mean shorebird density on wetlands managed by flooding previously dry,
disked fields was 695 birds/100 ha, whereas mean density on wetlands
managed by drawing down water reservoirs was 1224 birds/100 ha. We
recommend increased shallow-water flooding of agricultural fields,
particularly soybean fields, during winter to provide habitat for
wintering and early spring migrant shorebirds. More importantly, we
recommend continued water management on public wetlands from July
through October, preferably by drawing down water reservoirs, to
provide foraging habitat for southward migrating shorebirds.
© ProQuest
1875. Short-term response of wetland birds to prescribed burning in Rainwater Basin wetlands.
Brennan, E. K.; Smith, L. M.; Haukos, D. A.; and
Lagrange, T. G.
Wetlands 25(3): 667-674. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
burning/ species richness/ abundance/ migration/ recruitment/ basins/
introduced species/ incineration/ birds/ species diversity/ forest
fires/ litter/ Aves/ Nebraska/ birds
Abstract:
Prescribed burning is often used in wetlands to remove plant litter,
decrease woody or invasive species, and increase use by wetland
birds. However, little is known about the within-season, short-term
response of wetland birds to prescribed burning, especially during
spring migration. We surveyed use of 19 burned and 19 unburned
(reference) wetlands by migratory birds in the Rainwater Basin region of Nebraska, USA during three spring
migrations, 2002-2004. We calculated the change in avian abundance and
species richness, as well as generating the Soerenson's similarity
index for burned and reference wetlands in the weeks immediately before
and after burning. We compared Soerenson's index values and percent
change in abundance and species richness between burned and reference
wetlands using an analysis of covariance with week and wetland area as
covariates to account for migration chronology and differences in the
area of experimental units. Following removal of effects due to wetland
area and week, burning had no effect on the percent change in avian
abundance and species richness. Soerenson's index also did not differ
between burned and reference wetlands. Prescribed burning did not
improve use of wetlands by migratory birds in the short term.
Understanding the immediate and long-term effects of prescribed burning
on migratory avian abundance, species richness, and community
composition is imperative for management decisions.
© ProQuest
1876. Spatial modeling of wetland condition in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region.
Royle, J. A.; Koneff, M. D.; and Reynolds, R. E.
Biometrics 58(2): 270-279. (2002); ISSN: 0006-341X
Descriptors: grasslands/
habitats/ mapping/ prairies/ remote sensing/ spatial variation/
statistical analysis/ waterfowl/ wetlands/ wildlife conservation/ birds
Abstract:
We propose a spatial modelling framework for wetland data produced from
a remote-sensing-based waterfowl habitat survey conducted in the U.S.
Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of Montana and North Dakota. The
data produced from this survey consist of the area containing water on
many thousands of wetland basins (i.e., prairie potholes). We propose a
two-state model containing wet and dry states. This model provides a
concise description of wet probability, i.e., the probability that a
basin contains water, and the amount of water contained in wet basins.
The two model components are spatially linked through a common latent
effect, which is assumed to be spatially correlated. Model fitting and
prediction is carried out using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.
The model primarily facilitates mapping of habitat conditions, which is
useful in varied monitoring and assessment capacities. More
importantly, the predictive capability of the model provides a rigorous
statistical framework for directing management and conservation
activities by enabling characterization of habitat structure at any
point on the landscape.
© CABI
1877. Spatial scale and abundance patterns of large fish communities in freshwater marshes of the Florida Everglades.
Chick, J. H.; Ruetz, C. R.; and Trexler, J. C.
Wetlands 24(3): 652-664. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: abundance patterns/ Everglades/ hydroperiod/ large fish communities/ spatial scale
Abstract: Anthropogenic
habitat alterations and water-management practices have
imposed an artificial spatial scale onto the once contiguous freshwater
marshes of the Florida Everglades. To gain insight into how these
changes may affect biotic communities, we examined whether variation in
the abundance and community structure of large fishes (SL > 8 cm)
in Everglades marshes varied more at regional or intra-regional
scales, and whether this variation was related to hydroperiod, water
depth, floating mat volume, and vegetation density. From October 1997
to October 2002, we used an airboat electrofisher to sample large
fishes at sites within three regions of the Everglades. Each of
these regions is subject to unique water-management schedules. Dry-down
events (water depth < 10 cm) occurred at several sites during spring
in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. The 2001 dry-down event was the most
severe and widespread. Abundance of several fishes decreased
significantly through time, and the number of days post-dry-down
covaried significantly with abundance for several species. Processes
operating at the regional scale appear to play important roles in
regulating large fishes. The most pronounced patterns in abundance and
community structure occurred at the regional scale, and the effect size
for region was greater than the effect size for sites nested within
region for abundance of all species combined, all predators combined,
and each of the seven most abundant species. Non-metric
multi-dimensional scaling revealed distinct groupings of sites
corresponding to the three regions. We also found significant variation
in community structure through time that correlated with the number of
days post-dry-down. Our results suggest that hydroperiod and water
management at the regional scale influence large fish communities
of Everglades marshes.
© 2004, The Society of Wetland Scientists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1878. Spatial
use by wintering greater white-fronted geese relative to a decade of
habitat change in California's Central Valley.
Ackerman, J. T.; Takekawa, J. Y.; Orthmeyer, D. L.; Fleskes, J. P.; Yee, J. L.; and Kruse, K. L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 965-976. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70[965:SUBWGW]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: agriculture/
Anser albifrons/ California/ Central Valley Joint Venture/
flooded rice/ greater white-fronted geese/ habitat use/ landscape
change/ radiotelemetry/ wetland management
Abstract:
We investigated the effect of recent habitat changes in California's Central Valley on wintering Pacific greater
white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons frontalis) by comparing
roost-to-feed distances, distributions, population range sizes, and
habitat use during 1987-1990 and 1998-2000. These habitat changes
included wetland restoration and agricultural land enhancement due to
the 1990 implementation of the Central Valley Joint Venture, increased
land area used for rice (Oryza sativa) production, and the practice of
flooding, rather than burning, rice straw residues for decomposition
because of burning restrictions enacted in 1991. Using radiotelemetry,
we tracked 192 female geese and recorded 4,516 locations. Geese
traveled shorter distances between roosting and feeding sites during
1998-2000 (24.2 ± 2.2 km) than during 1987-1990 (32.5 ±
3.4 km); distance traveled tended to decline throughout winter during
both decades and varied among watershed basins. Population range size
was smaller during 1998-2000 (3,367 km2) than during 1987-1990 (5,145 km2),
despite a 2.2-fold increase in the size of the Pacific Flyway
population of white-fronted geese during the same time period. The
population range size also tended to increase throughout winter during
both decades. Feeding and roosting distributions of geese also differed
between decades; geese shifted into basins that had the greatest
increases in the amount of area in rice production
(i.e., American Basin) and out of other basins
(i.e., Delta Basin).
The use of rice habitat for roosting (1987-1990: 40%, 1998-2000: 54%)
and feeding (1987-1990: 57%, 1998-2000: 72%) increased between decades,
whereas use of wetlands declined for roosting (1987-1990: 36%,
1998-2000: 31%) and feeding (1987-1990: 22%, 1998-2000: 12%). Within
postharvested rice habitats, geese roosted and fed primarily in burned
rice fields during 1987-1990 (roost: 43%, feed: 34%), whereas they used
flooded rice fields during 1998-2000 (roost: 78%, feed: 64%). Our
results suggest that white-fronted geese have altered their spatial use
of California's Central Valley during the past decade in
response to changing agricultural practices and the implementation of
the Central Valley Joint Venture.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1879. Spring distribution of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) following cattail reduction with glyphosate herbicide.
Homan, H. J.; Linz, G. M.; Carlson, R. C.; and Bleier, W. J.
Wildlife Research 30(2): 159-166. (2003); ISSN: 10353712.
Notes: doi: 10.1071/WR01003.
Descriptors: bird/ glyphosate/ habitat use/ weed control/ wetland/ United States/ Helianthus annuus/ Phasianus colchicus/ Typha
Abstract:
To reduce blackbird (leteridae) damage to field crops in the
north-central United States, dense stands of cattail (Typha spp.)
are thinned with glyphosate herbicide. The stands become unusable as
roosting and loafing sites, which helps to protect susceptible crops
nearby, particularly sunflower (Helianthus annus). Landscape-level
impacts of cattail management on non-target avian species have not been
studied. We measured use of upland breeding territories by male
ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) following cattail reduction
in wetlands used by pheasants for overwintering. In August 1992,
glyphosate was applied to all wetlands with ≥70% cattail coverage in
four 23-km2
study blocks in south-eastern North Dakota. Four other blocks were
used for controls. Habitat use was inferred from territorial crowing
counts. No treatment effect or treatment*year interaction (all P ≥
0.05) was evident during 2 years of post-treatment observations.
Although the herbicide eradicated large contiguous stands of cattail
that pheasants had used for winter cover, surface water levels rose in
1993, which created additional cattail growth in untreated wetlands
within the blocks. The additional cattail may have lessened the effect
of the herbicide treatments. During drier periods, when cattail growth
slows, cattail reduction could affect use of upland breeding sites. We
recommend more research to assess the effects of glyphosate during
drier periods.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1880. Status of lesser snow geese and Ross's geese wintering in the Interior Highlands of Mexico.
Drewien, R. C.; Terrazas, A. L.; Taylor, J. P.;
Barraza, J. M. O.; and Shea, R. E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2): 417-432. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Chen
c. caerulescens/ Chen rossii/ Chihuahua/ distribution/ Durango/
interior highlands/ lesser snow geese/ Mexico/ Ross's geese/ status/
winter populations/ conservation status/ habitat use/ population
estimation/ spatial distribution/ waterfowl
Abstract: During
winters 1998 and 1999 we surveyed, by air or ground, 145 wetland
areas in 8 states of the Mexican Interior Highlands for lesser snow
geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) and Ross's geese (C. rossii;
hereafter both species are jointly referred to as light geese). Only
limited data were available on abundance, distribution, habitat use,
and species composition of light geese flocks wintering in the Mexican
Interior Highlands. We surveyed wetlands from the northern border
of Chihuahua southward >1,400 km into the states of Jalisco and
Michoacan. During ground surveys we visually sampled geese to assess
species, color phase, and age composition (n=60,967). In 1998, drought
in the northern Highlands left many natural wetlands dry or nearly
dry; wetland water levels farther south were generally low. In 1999
water levels improved in the northern Highlands but drought prevailed
in the southern Highlands. During 1998 and 1999 we recorded
229,288 and 310,204 light geese, respectively, at 58 wetlands in 5
states. Combining our counts with the midwinter inventories in the
United States provided estimates of 465,653 and 447,729 light geese
wintering in the western Central Flyway during 1998 and 1999,
respectively, or 76-83% higher than the previous peak estimate in
winter 1993. Most light geese (95%) were in the northern states
of Chihuahua and Durango. Species ratios, weighted by flock
size, showed 78.5% and 81.2% snow geese (1.3-1.5% blue phase) and 21.5%
and 18.8% Ross's geese during winters 1998 and 1999, respectively.
Population estimates by species included 180,100 and 252,000 snow geese
and 49,200 and 58,200 Ross's geese for the 2 winters, respectively.
Ross's geese were most abundant in Chihuahua, and their proportion
in flocks declined southward. We observed higher proportions of Ross's
geese and blue-phase snow geese than were reported in this region
during the 1980s. Primary foraging sites for light geese were corn,
oats, and sorghum fields. We observed little waterfowl hunting, and
opportunities to increase harvest of light geese, if desired in the
future, appear limited due to restrictive hunting regulations,
especially for foreigners. Changing land uses and crop patterns could
adversely affect the future quality and quantity of some winter
habitats for light geese and other migratory birds in Mexico. Only
combined counts in Mexico and the United States can reliably
assess the population status of western Central Flyway light geese; 15
surveys during 1969-99 showed that an average of 60.6% of the
population wintered in Mexico.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1881. Strategies for biodiversity protection.
Bean, Michael J.
In:
Precious heritage: The status of biodiversity in the United
States/ Stein, Bruce A.; Kutner, Lynn S.; and Adams, Jonathan S.
New York: Oxford, 2000; pp. 255-273.
Descriptors: Wetlands
Reserve Program/ biodiversity protection/ conservation interests/
conservation land acquisition/ land trusts/ land use/ water use/
wildlife refuges/ animals/ plants/ animal (Animalia)/ plant (Plantae)
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1882. Straw and winter flooding benefit mosquitoes and other insects in a rice agroecosystem.
Lawler, S. P. and Dritz, D. A.
Ecological Applications 15(6): 2052-2059. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: aquatic
insects/ bottom-up effects/ Culex tarsalis/ detritus/
macroinvertebrates/ paddy/ rice/ wetland/ agricultural ecosystem/
flooding/ food web/ mosquito/ paddy field/ algae/ Culex tarsalis/
Hexapoda/ Insecta
Abstract:
Rice fields are widespread agroecosystems that provide wetland habitat
for many species, including pests like mosquitoes and beneficial
insects. They can be used as models to understand how basal resources
affect food web dynamics in seasonal wetlands. Rice field management
may also influence adjacent communities by affecting mosquitoes,
wildlife, and air quality. Rice straw incorporation and winter flooding
have become common methods used to prepare seedbeds, largely replacing
burning of straw. These methods could affect aquatic insects, including
mosquitoes, because they increase nutrient availability during the
growing season. We studied 16 fields where straw was either burned or
incorporated into soil after the previous growing season; these
treatments were crossed with either winter flooding or no winter
flooding. Algae, mosquitoes, other herbivorous insects and predatory
insects all responded positively to one or both treatments that
increased nutrients (straw incorporation and winter flooding). While
the overall increase in insect production could benefit wildlife,
mosquito abatement personnel may need to monitor unburned fields more
closely. The issue of mosquito production adds to the complexity of
agricultural and environmental concerns bearing on rice field
management. Straw incorporation and winter flooding reduce particulate
pollutants caused by burning, reduce fertilizer needs, and increase
densities of beneficial insects. However, these
techniques
may increase mosquitoes, methane production, and fungal diseases of
rice. Further improvement of straw management practices could minimize
these problems.
© 2005 by the Ecological Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1883. Succession of macroinvertebrates in playas of the Southern High Plains, USA.
Moorhead, D. L.; Hall, D. L.; and Willig, M. R.
Journal of the North American Benthological Society 17(4): 430-442. (1998)
NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 0887-3593
Descriptors: wetlands/
trophic structure/ community composition/ species diversity/ temporal
variations/ predators/ filter feeders/ detritus feeders/ ecological
succession/ colonization/ temporary ponds/ playas/ succession/
macrofauna/ species richness/ trophic levels/ trophic level/
macroinvertebrates/ sampling/ aquatic insects/ Ostracoda/ Branchiopoda/
Notonectidae/ Hydrophilidae/ Invertebrata/ ostracods/ branchiopods/
water scavenger beetles/ freshwater crustaceans/ backswimmers/ Texas
Abstract:
Playas are seasonal wetlands that constitute the principal
surface-water features of the semiarid, Southern High Plains, USA. They
are shallow pools that usually persist for 2-4 mo following inundation
by spring rains. The development of macroinvertebrate assemblages in 10
playas located in West Texas was examined during the summer of
1994. Playas were sampled 3 times at approximately monthly intervals,
beginning shortly after initial inundation in early May. All playas
were dry within 90 d. Species richness and diversity (Fisher's
log-series alpha) increased significantly over time (p < 0.05).
Thirteen of the 16 species representing at least 1% of collected
individuals, showed significant differences in abundances over time (p
< 0.05). Some taxa increased in abundance (especially insects),
whereas others decreased (most crustaceans). Trophic structure of
assemblages also changed over time, with a significant reduction in the
abundances of detrivores (p < 0.05) and filter-feeders (p < 0.05)
occurring concurrently with an increase in the abundance of predators
(p < 0.05). The composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages became
more similar among playas over time (Ochai's index, p < 0.05), and
changes in composition within individual playas tended to decrease with
time
(p
< 0.05). These results suggest a rapid development of
macroinvertebrate assemblages in playas, begining with early dominance
of crustacean detritivores and filter-feeders (e.g., phyllopods and
ostracods), followed by later dominance of herbivorous and predaceous
insects (e.g., hydrophilids and notonectids). Increases in species
richness, diversity, and similarity in assemblage composition among
playas over time are consistent with a pattern of progressive
colonization by a finite set of species capable of exploiting these
ephemeral habitats.
© ProQuest
1884. Summer
distribution, abundance, and habitat use of black-necked stilts and
American avocets in California's Central Valley.
Shuford, W. David; Humphrey, Joan M.; Hansen, Robert B.; Page, Gary W.; Stenzel, Lynne E.; and
Hickey, Catherine M.
Western Birds 38(1): 11-28. (2007)
NAL Call #: QL684.C2; ISSN: 0160-1121
Descriptors: Charadriiformes/
Recurvirostridae/ Himantopus mexicanus/ Recurvirostra americana/
California/ Central Valley/ distribution/ habitat use/ status/
wetlands/ ecosystems/ shallow water habitats/ summer distribution/ land
zones/ population ecology
Abstract: Little
is known about breeding shorebirds in California's Central
Valley on which conservation actions could be based. In
summer 2003, we surveyed shallow-water habitats throughout that region
for Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus) and American Avocets
(Recurvirostra americana). Survey methods included ground counts,
aerial surveys, and sampling of Sacramento Valley rice
fields. We estimated about 30,000 Black-necked Stilts and 10,700
American Avocets in the Central Valley, exclusive of Suisun Marsh.
The proportion of stilts and avocets, respectedly, within four
subregions were Sacramento Valley 74% and 37%. delta 1%
and 1%. San Joaquin basin 2% and 7%, and Tulare basin 23% and 56%.
The ratio of stilts to avocets was 5.6:1 in
the Sacramento Valley, 1.1:1 in the San Joaquin Val-ley.
The Sacramento Valley held 64% of all stilts and avocets,
the Tulare basin
32%. the San Joaquin basin 3%, and the delta 1%. Key habitats were
rice fields (73%). managed wetlands (10%), and sewage ponds (6%) for
stilts, and rice (35%). managed wetlands (32%), agricultural
evaporation ponds (14%), sewage ponds (9%), and agricultural canals
(6%) for avocets. Rice held 98% of all stilts and 93% of all avocets in
the Sacramento Valley. The Tulare basin had five
habitats that held >10% of its total for at least one of the species
and was the only region where agricultural evaporation ponds,
agricultural canals and ditches, and water-storage facilities supported
large numbers of shorebirds. Overall, >80% of all stilts and avocets
in the Central Valley were found in environments created for
agriculture, water management, or industry. where they may be exposed
to toxins. Their reliance on these artificial environments is risky, as
future changes to serve human economies may reduce the value of such
habitats to wildlife. Thus there is a need to restore and enhance
high-quality wetlands in the Central Valley to counter historic
losses and potential future loss of other shallow-water habitats of
uncertain reliability and quality.
© NISC
1885. Targeting ecosystem features for conservation: Standing crops in the Florida Everglades.
Turner, Andrew M.; Trexler, Joel C.; Jordan, C. Frank; Slack, Sarah J.; Geddes, Pamela; Chick, John H.; and Loftus, William F.
Conservation Biology 13(4): 898-911. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: ecology/
community structure/ habitat/ pollution/ land and freshwater zones/
Invertebrata/ Pisces: biomass/ species diversity/ low biodiversity/
semiaquatic
habitat/ oligotrophic wetland biomass/ biodiversity/
conservation
aspects/ oligotrophic wetlands/ Florida/ Everglades/ biomass
and biodiversity/ conservation significance/ chordates/ fish/
invertebrates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1886. Temporal
overlap of nesting duck and aquatic invertebrate abundances in the
Grasslands Ecological Area, California, USA.
de Szalay, F. A.; Carroll, L. C.; Beam, J. A.; and
Resh, V. H.
Wetlands 23(4): 739-749. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212
Descriptors: Anas
cyanoptera/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Anas strepera/ California/ Crustaceans/
insects/ invertebrates/ nesting waterfowl/ snails/ wetlands/ abundance/
food availability/ invertebrate/ predator-prey interaction/ temporal
variation/ waterfowl/ wetland/ California/ North America/ San Joaquin
Valley/ United States/ Amphipoda/ Anas cyanoptera/ Anas platyrhynchos/
Anas strepera/ Cladocera/ Coleoptera/ Corixidae/ Dytiscidae/
Gastropoda/ Heteroptera/ Hydrophiidae/ Ostracoda
Abstract:
Aquatic invertebrates are essential components of duckling diets, but
little is known about temporal changes of invertebrate populations in
different types of brood habitats. In spring and summer 1996 and 1997,
we conducted searches for duck nests in upland fields in the Grasslands
Ecological Area in California's Central Valley to determine
timing of nest initiation and hatching. We also sampled aquatic
invertebrate populations in adjacent permanent wetlands, semi-permanent
borrow areas within seasonal wetlands that were drawn down in spring,
and reverse-cycle wetlands (i.e., wetlands flooded from spring to
summer) to estimate invertebrate food resources available to ducklings.
Abundances of many invertebrates important in duckling diets
(Gastropoda, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Corixidae, Dytiscidae,
Hydrophilidae) were greater in borrow areas and reverse-cycle wetlands
than in permanent wetlands. Peak macroinvertebrate densities in borrow
areas occurred immediately after adjacent wetlands are drawn down in
March-April. Peak densities in reverse-cycle wetlands and permanent
wetlands occur in May. Although total numbers of microinvertebrates
(<1 mm size) and macroinvertebrates (≥1 mm size) in all wetlands
decreased after May, most mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and cinnamon
teal (A. cyanoptera) eggs hatched in May. Therefore, these ducklings
hatch when abundant invertebrate food resources were most available in
reverse-cycle wetlands. In contrast, most gadwall (A. strepera) eggs
hatched in June after
invertebrate numbers started to decrease. In areas where
hydrology
is controlled, managing for reverse-cycle wetlands may be a useful
strategy to provide abundant invertebrate food resources during the
waterfowl breeding season. © 2003, The Society of Wetland
Scientists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1887. Temporarily flooded wetlands of Missouri: Invertebrate ecology and management.
Magee, Patrick A.; Reid, Frederic A.; and
Fredrickson, Leigh H.
In:
Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and
management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott
A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 691-710.
Notes: ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Invertebrata/
habitat management/ ecology/ temporarily flooded wetlands/ semiaquatic
habitat/ flooding/ Missouri/ temporarily flooded wetlands ecology
and management
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1888. Temporary forest pools: Can we see the water for the trees?
Williams, D. D.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(3): 213-233. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors: aquatic
communities/ forestry practices/ forests/ nature conservation/ ponds/
riparian vegetation/ survival/ water resources/ wetlands
Abstract:
Temporary waters, in general, are fascinating habitats in which to
study the properties of species adapted to living in highly variable
environments. Species display a remarkable array of strategies for
dealing with the periodic loss of their primary medium that sets them
apart from the inhabitants of permanent water bodies. Survival of
individuals typically depends on exceptional physiological tolerance or
effective migrational abilities, and communities have their own,
distinctive hallmarks. This paper will broadly overview the biology of
temporary ponds, but will emphasize those in temperate forests. In
particular, links will be sought between aquatic community properties,
the nature of the riparian vegetation, and forestry practices. Quite
apart from their inherent biological interest, temporary waters are now
in the limelight both from a conservation perspective, as these
habitats come more into conflict with human activities, and a
health-control perspective, as breeding habitats for vectors of
arboviruses. Traditionally, many temporary waters, be they pools,
streams or wetlands, have been considered to be 'wasted' areas of land,
potentially convertible to agriculture/silviculture once drained. In
reality, they are natural features of the global landscape representing
distinct and unique habitats for many species - some that are found
nowhere else, others that reach their maximum abundance there. To be
effective, conservation measures must preserve the full, hydroseral
range of wetland types.
© CABI
1889. Testing the efficacy of harvest buffers on the invertebrate communities in seasonal forest wetlands.
Hanson, Mark A.; Church, James O.; Miller, Anthony T.; Palik, Brian J.; and Butler, Malcolm G.
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2004: 164-179. (2005)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Invertebrata: forestry/ timber harvesting/ community structure
effects/ habitat management/ timber harvesting buffer zones/ community
structure/ timber harvesting and buffer zones effects/ semiaquatic
habitat/ seasonal forest wetlands/ forest and woodland/ Minnesota,
North central/ invertebrates
Abstract:
We assessed community-level responses of aquatic invertebrates in
small, seasonal forest wetlands to evaluate potential influences of
timber harvest and harvest buffers in adjacent uplands. Data gathered
during the first 4 years following clear-cut timber harvest (2001-2004)
indicated that tree removal produced discernable shifts in aquatic
invertebrate communities in adjacent seasonal wetlands. Retention of
harvest buffers appeared to partially mitigate against these
influences, but benefits of buffers may be limited by windthrow or
other factors. Additional site-level research is needed to clarify
relationships between physical and ecological characteristics of
seasonal wetlands and adjacent silviculture activities, and to better
document efficacy and longevity of harvest buffers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1890. Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna.
Richter, B. D.; Braun, D. P.; Mendelson, M. A.; and
Master, L. L.
Conservation Biology 11(5): 1081-1093. (Oct. 1997)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: population
decline/ freshwater environments/ aquatic animals/ conservation/
environmental stress/ anthropogenic factors/ pollution effects/
eutrophication/ sediment load/ river engineering/ agricultural
pollution/ introduced species/ freshwater fish/ aquatic insects/
freshwater molluscs/ freshwater crustaceans/ Amphibiotic species/
ecosystem disturbance/ nature conservation/ Inland water environment/
regulated rivers/ sedimentation/ exotic species/ hydrological regime/
mussels/ fish/ dams/ United States/ conservation/ ecological impact/
water development
Abstract:
Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna in the U.S. were assessed
through an experts survey addressing anthropogenic stressors and their
sources. Specifically, causes of historic declines and current limits
to recovery were identified for 135 imperiled freshwater species of
fishes, crayfishes, dragonflies and damselflies, mussels, and
amphibians. The survey was designed to identify threats with sufficient
specificity to inform resource managers and regulators faced with
translating information about predominant biological threats into
specific, responsive actions. The findings point to altered sediment
loads and nutrient inputs from agricultural nonpoint pollution;
interference from exotic species; and altered hydrologic regimes
associated with impoundment operations as the three leading threats
nationwide, accompanied by many lesser but still significant threats.
Variations in threats among regions and among taxa were also evident.
Eastern species are most commonly affected by altered sediment loads
from agricultural activities, whereas exotic species, habitat
removal/damage, and altered hydrologic regimes predominate in the West.
Altered sediment loading from agricultural activities and exotic
species are dominant problems for both eastern mussels and fishes.
However, eastern fishes also appear to be suffering from municipal
nonpoint pollution (nutrients and sediments), whereas eastern mussels
appear to be more severely affected by altered nutrient impacts from
hydroelectric impoundments and agricultural runoff. Our findings
suggest that control of nonpoint source pollution associated with
agriculture activities should be a very high priority for agricultural
producers and governmental support programs. Additionally, the large
number of hydropower dams in the U.S. subject to federal
re-licensing in coming years suggests a significant opportunity to
restore natural hydrologic regimes in the affected rivers.
© ProQuest
1891. Threats to waterbirds and wetlands: Implications for conservation, inventory and research.
O'Connell, Mark
Wildfowl 51: 1-15. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK351.W575; ISSN: 0954-6324
Descriptors: waterbirds
(Aves)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/
biodiversity/ conservation/ demographic changes/ economic changes/
human activity/ social changes/ wetlands: habitat
Abstract:
The world has undergone major social, economic and demographic changes
in the last two centuries. Predictions suggest that during the next 100
years, even greater changes will occur and this will put increasing
pressure on wetlands and their biodiversity. This paper examines the
changes that have occurred, and the nature of threats facing waterbirds
and wetlands as a result of human activities. The need for specific
areas of research is identified, particularly in relation to detecting
and measuring change and the need to provide solution-oriented research
to underpin conservation action.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1892. A tidal habitat restoration success story: The Union Slough Restoration Project.
Houghton, J. P. and Uhlig, L.
2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Resarch Conference Proceedings (Feb. 2004).
Notes: Publisher: Puget Sound Action Team, Olympia, WA.
http://www.psat.wa.gov/Publications/03_proceedings/PAPERS/ORAL/6a_hough.pdf
Descriptors: agriculture/
anadromous species/ benthos/ coast defences/ estuarine dynamics/
flooding/ habitat/ habitat improvement/ marshes/ restoration/ seining/
zoobenthos/ Cancer magister/ Oncorhynchus kisutch/ Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha/ Salmonidae/ INE, Canada, British Columbia, Georgia Basin/
INE, Washington, Everett/ INE, Washington, Puget Sound/ INE,
Washington, Snohomish Estuary, Union Slough
Abstract:
In February 2001, dikes were breached to restore tidal circulation to a
± 20-acre, former agricultural parcel along Union Slough in the
lower Snohomish Estuary, near Everett, Washington.
Before dike breaching, an internal dike was constructed to protect
Interstate 5 (I-5) and the site was graded to provide desired
elevations for brackish marsh development. Finally, we excavated a deep
dendritic channel that would allow maximum accessibility by juvenile
salmonids and possibly Dungeness crab. Substantial numbers of small
invertebrates and fish were observed using and feeding in the site as
early as the April following dike breaching. Summer and fall seining
demonstrated use by six species of juvenile anadromous salmonids, with
chinook and coho juveniles remaining in the site through November 2001.
Benthic productivity appears to be high and a variety of shorebirds and
waterfowl have been observed. Marsh vegetation has rapidly colonized
elevations between about +7 and +11 feet mean lower low water, covering
over 3 acres of the site by late summer 2002. Several pieces of large
woody debris were recruited to shorelines within the site during winter
2001 - 2002 flooding, and most have remained. This and several other
sites in the Snohomish Estuary clearly demonstrate that breaching dikes
to restore tidal action is a relatively certain and often low-cost
means of providing real and immediate increases in habitat function.
© ProQuest
1893. Toxicity assessment of water from lakes anad wetlands receiving irrigation drain water.
Dickerson, K. K.; Hubert, W. A.; and Bergman, H. L.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(7):
1097-1101. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors: wetlands/
drainage water/ irrigation water/ contaminants/ toxicity/ Ceriodaphnia
dubia/ Pimephales promelas/ mortality/ water quality/ lakes/ water
pollution/ Colorado/ Wyoming/ Montana
Abstract:
A method for reconnaissance-level assessments of the potential toxicity
of water in lakes and wetlands that receive irrigation drain water is
needed. We evaluated a model that predicts toxicity to aquatic
organisms due to major ionic composition as a primary means of
assessing water quality. The model was used in conjunction with acute
toxicity tests and trace element analyses. Mortality of Ceriodaphnia
dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) observed in acute
toxicity tests was compared to mortality predicted by the model. The
method was applied at 22 lakes and wetlands on federally administered
lands in Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming Fourteen
of 22 locations had water that was not toxic to test organisms. Six
locations had undiluted water that was toxic to C. dubia due to major
ionic composition, and two locations had undiluted water that showed
toxic effects caused by factors other than elevated levels of major
ions. The model for C. dubia seemed to be sufficiently accurate for
future application using our approach to assess lakes and wetlands
receiving irrigation drain water.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1894. Tracking wetland restoration: Do mitigation sites follow desired trajectories?
Zedler, J. B. and Callaway, J. C.
Restoration Ecology 7(1): 69-73. (Mar. 1999 )
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ environment management/ California/ San
Diego Bay/ rehabilitation/ ecosystems/ damage/ monitoring/ wildlife
habitats/ model studies/ alternative planning/ nature conservation/
environmental assessment/ trajectories/ Sweetwater Marsh National
Wildlife Refuge/ reclamation/ water quality control/ conservation,
wildlife management and recreation/ environmental engineering
Abstract:
Hypothetical models in the scientific literature suggest that ecosystem
restoration and creation sites follow a smooth path of development
(called a trajectory), rapidly matching natural reference sites (the
target). Multi-million-dollar mitigation agreements have been based on
the expectation that damages to habitat will be compensated within 5-10
years, and monitoring periods have been set accordingly. Our San Diego Bay study site, the Sweetwater Marsh National
Wildlife Refuge, has one of the longest and most detailed records of
habitat development at a mitigation site: data on soil organic matter,
soil nitrogen, plant growth, and plant canopies for up to 10 years from
a 12-year-old site. High interannual variation and lack of directional
changes indicate little chance that targets will be reached in the near
future. Other papers perpetuate the trajectory model, despite data that
corroborate our findings. After reviewing "trajectory models" and
presenting our comprehensive data for the first time, we suggest
alternative management and mitigation policies.
© ProQuest
1895. Trophic
structure and avian communities across a salinity gradient in
evaporation ponds of the San Francisco Bay Estuary.
Takekawa,
J. Y.; Miles, A. K.; Schoellhamer, D. H.; Athearn, N. D.; Saiki, M. K.;
Duffy, W. D.; Kleinschmidt, S.; Shellenbarger, G. G.; and Jannusch, C.
A.
Hydrobiologia 567(1): 307-327. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 00188158.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10750-006-0061-z.
Descriptors: salt evaporation ponds/ salt ponds/
San Francisco Bay/ waterbirds
Abstract: Commercial
salt evaporation ponds comprise a large proportion of
baylands adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, a highly
urbanized estuary. In the past two centuries, more than 79% of the
historic tidal wetlands in this estuary have been lost. Resource
management agencies have acquired more than 10 000 ha of commercial
salt ponds with plans to undertake one of the largest wetland
restoration projects in North America. However, these plans have
created debate about the ecological importance of salt ponds for
migratory bird communities in western North America. Salt ponds
are unique mesohaline (5-18 g l-1) to hyperhaline (> 40 g l-1)
wetlands, but little is known of their ecological structure or value.
Thus, we studied decommissioned salt ponds in the North Bay of
the San Francisco Bay estuary from January 1999 through
November 2001. We measured water quality parameters (salinity, DO, pH,
temperature), nutrient concentrations, primary productivity,
zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds across a range of
salinities from 24 to 264 g l-1. Our studies documented how unique
limnological characteristics of salt ponds were related to nutrient
levels, primary productivity rates, invertebrate biomass and taxa
richness, prey fish, and avian predator numbers. Salt ponds were shown
to have unique trophic and physical attributes that supported large
numbers of migratory birds. Therefore, managers should carefully weigh
the benefits of increasing habitat for native tidal marsh species with
the costs of losing these unique hypersaline systems. © Springer
2006.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1896. Use of restored small wetlands by breeding waterfowl in Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Stevens, C. E.; Gabor, T. S.; and Diamond, A. W.
Restoration Ecology 11(1): 3-12. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ breeding/ restoration/ environment
management/ aquatic birds/ abundance/ plant populations/ environmental
factors/ nature conservation/ Anas crecca carolinensis/ Anas rubripes/
Typha/ Canada, Prince Edward Island/ green-winged teal/ American black
duck/ ring-necked ducks/ gadwell
Abstract:
Since 1990 under the Eastern Habitat Joint Venture over 100 small
wetlands have been restored in Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Wetlands were restored by means of dredging accumulated sediment from
erosion to emulate pre-disturbance conditions (i.e., open water and
extended hydroperiod). In 1998 and 1999 we compared waterfowl pair and
brood use on 22 restored and 24 reference wetlands. More pairs and
broods of Ring-necked Ducks, Gadwall, Green-winged Teal, and American
Black Ducks used restored versus reference wetlands. In restored
wetlands waterfowl pair density and species richness were positively
correlated with wetland/cattail area, percent cattail cover, and close
proximity to freshwater rivers. In addition, a waterfowl reproductive
index was positively correlated with percent cattail cover.
Green-winged Teal pair occurrence in restored wetlands was positively
correlated with greater amounts of open water and water depths.
American Black Duck pairs occurred on most (86%) restored wetlands.
Restored small wetlands likely served as stopover points for American
Black Duck broods during overland or stream movements, whereas they
likely served as a final brood-rearing destination for Green-winged
Teal broods. We suggest that wetland restoration is a good management
tool for increasing populations of Green-winged Teal and American Black
Ducks in Prince Edward Island.
© ProQuest
1897. Use of temporary wetlands by anurans in a hydrologically modified landscape.
Babbitt, Kimberly J. and Tanner, George W.
Wetlands 20(2): 313-322. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ breeding activity/ breeding
sites/ cattle ranch/ dynamic habitats/ habitat use/ hydrologically
modified landscape/ localized flooding/ meteorological conditions/
species abundance/ species composition/ temporary wetlands/ water
table/ wetland hydrology/ wetland size
Abstract:
We examined larval anuran assemblages at 12 temporary wetlands
occurring on the MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center (MAERC) in
southcentral Florida. MAERC is an active cattle ranch, and the
wetlands on the site are heavily influenced by an extensive series of
ditches that drain the landscape. Ditching has resulted in a change
from a historically extensive marsh system to a series of isolated
wetlands surrounded by upland habitats. Because a majority of anurans
in Florida breed exclusively or facultatively in wetlands whose
drying regime excludes fish, we were interested in determining the
value of these modified wetlands as breeding sites. We examined the
effect of wetland size and hydrology on anuran use, and compared
breeding activity across three summers that varied greatly in rainfall
pattern. We sampled tadpoles from May 93 to August 93 and from May 94
to September 95. A total of 3678 tadpoles from 11 species was
collected. Rana utricularia was the most abundant species and the only
species found in every wetland. Species richness was related positively
to wetland size (r = 0.65, p = 0.023) but not hydroperiod (r = 0.03, p
= 0.93). Tadpole abundance was not related to wetland size (r = 0.35, p
= 0.29) nor hydroperiod (r = 0.40, p = 0.22). Annual variation in
rainfall resulted in significant changes in species composition. A
drought during 1993 resulted in no breeding. A high water table in the
spring of 1995 resulted in localized flooding in early summer on part
of the ranch. Wetlands in these areas were exposed to spillover of
water from ditches containing fishes. Wetlands so impacted showed
significant changes in species composition from the previous year (x2 =
1008, p < 0.0001), whereas wetlands that were not impacted did not
differ in composition. The wetlands at MAERC provide dynamic habitats
that offer varying breeding opportunities that are highly dependent on
meteorological conditions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1898. Use of wetlands by spring-migrant shorebirds in agricultural landscapes of North Dakota's Drift Prairie.
Niemuth, N. D.; Estey, M. E.; Reynolds, R. E.;
Loesch, C. R.; and Meeks, W. A.
Wetlands 26(1): 30-39. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 02775212.
Notes: doi: 10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[30:UOWBSS]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Farm Bill/ landscape ecology/ migration chronology/ Prairie Pothole Region/ wetland complex
Abstract: Small,
isolated wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America
may be of critical importance to migrating shorebirds but are at high
risk of drainage for agricultural production. We evaluated shorebird
use of 1,181 temporary and seasonal wetlands within agricultural fields
in the Drift Prairie physiographic region of North
Dakota, USA over a 10-week period in spring of 2001. A total of
4,050
shorebirds of 25 species was observed on sampled wetlands. Shorebirds
selected temporary wetlands that had water present during multiple
visits, little emergent vegetation, large perimeters, and other
wetlands in the surrounding landscape. Shorebirds were less likely to
use wetlands showing evidence of drainage. Observed use of wetland
basins suggests that small wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region host
millions of migrant shorebirds each spring. Continued existence of many
of these wetlands may be threatened by a recent U.S. Supreme Court
ruling that removed federal protection from certain isolated wetlands.
Our results show the importance of current wetland protection
provisions such as "Swampbuster" and other conservation practices of
the United States Department of Agriculture Farm Program. © 2006,
The Society of Wetland Scientists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1899. Using species-habitat models to target conservation: A case study with breeding mallards.
Newbold, S. and Eadie, J. M.
Ecological Applications 14(5): 1384-1393. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: Anas
platyrhynchos/ count regression/ edge effects/ GIS/ habitat selection/
mallards/ optimization/ reserve site selection/ species-habitat models/
systematic conservation/ wetlands/ conservation management/
conservation planning/ decision making/ ecological modeling/ habitat
restoration/ habitat use/ waterfowl/ California/ Central Valley/ Anas/
Anas platyrhynchos/ Anatidae/ Anser
Abstract:
To make effective conservation decisions, managers must understand the
ecology of species targeted for conservation and be able to apply that
knowledge in decision-making. Most conservation research to date has
focused on the first of these requirements, but lately ecologists and
others have begun to address more systematically the decision-making
component of conservation. In this paper, we develop an explicit model
of species-habitat relations and incorporate it into an optimization
framework for prioritizing sites for management. We then present a case
study that applies these concepts to choosing sites for wetlands
restoration to benefit breeding Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the
Central Valley of California, USA. First, a model of habitat
selection by Mallards was estimated using count regression techniques.
Our results indicate that breeding Mallard abundances depend not only
on the amount of each land use type present, but also on the
interspersion of particular land use types in the vicinity of each
survey location. We then used the estimated parameters in an
optimization model to predict the differences in the expected total
Mallard abundance under three generalized strategies for wetlands
restoration. Our results suggest that using the spatial habitat
preferences of Mallards to target restoration can lead to a
greater-than-proportional increase in Mallard abundances: a simulated
50% increase in the total area of wetlands resulted in a nearly 80%
increase in the total abundance of breeding Mallards. In contrast,
simulated strategies for choosing restoration sites that did not
account for the spatial habitat preferences of Mallards resulted in
13-33% increases in total abundance. Accounting for the spatial
arrangement of preferred habitats when setting restoration priorities
can enhance conservation effectiveness considerably.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1900. The value of agricultural wetlands as invertebrate resources for wintering shorebirds.
Taft, O. W. and Haig, S. M.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 110(3-4):
249-256. (2005)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: invertebrate abundance/ dunlin/ killdeer/ oligochaetes/ wetland landscape/ wintering waterbirds
Abstract:
Agricultural landscapes have received little recognition for the food
resources they provide to wintering waterbirds. In the Willamette
Valley of Oregon, modest yet significant populations of wintering
shorebirds (Charadriiformes) regularly use hundreds of dispersed
wetlands on agricultural lands. Benthic invertebrates are a critical
resource for the survival of overwintering shorebirds, yet the
abundance of invertebrate resources in agricultural wetlands such as
these has not been quantified. To evaluate the importance of
agricultural wetlands to a population of wintering shorebirds, the
density, biomass, and general community composition of invertebrates
available to birds were quantified at a sample of Willamette Valley
sites during a wet (1999-2000) and a dry winter (2000-2001).
Invertebrate densities ranged among wetlands from 173 to 1925 (mean +/-
S.E.: 936 +/- 106) individuals/m2 in the wet winter, and from 214 to 3484 (1028 +/- 155) individuals/m2 in the dry winter. Total invertebrate estimated biomass among wetlands ranged from 35 to 652 (mean +/- S.E.: 364 +/- 35) mg/m2 in the wet winter, and from 85 to 1405 (437 +/- 62) mg/m2
in the dry winter. These estimates for food abundance were comparable
to that observed in some other important freshwater wintering regions
in North America.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1901. Variation in size and location of wading bird colonies in the Upper St. Johns River Basin,
Florida, USA.
Bryan, J. C.; Miller, S. J.; Yates, C. S.; and Minno, M.
Waterbirds 26(2): 239-251. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: borrow
pits/ Upper St. Johns River/ wading bird colonies/ wetland restoration/
aerial survey/ habitat restoration/ nest site/ wader/ United
States/ Bubulcus ibis/ Mycteria americana
Abstract:
Wading bird nesting colonies were surveyed in the Upper St.
Johns River Basin, east central Florida, USA in
1993-1995 and 1998-2000 using aerial survey methods. A total of 62
colony locations were found over six years, with a maximum of 35 sites
active in each of two years. Borrow pits and managed impoundments were
the most important nesting locations based on size and persistence.
Most of these sites were in or adjacent to the Upper St. Johns River
Basin Project, a wetland restoration protect. Higher numbers of nests
were counted during nesting seasons preceded by above average rainfall
than during seasons characterized by drought. Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus
ibis) were the most common nesting species in all years, however, the
proportion of the total nests that were Cattle Egrets decreased over
the study period. Wood Storks (Mycteria americana), a federally
endangered species, nested in increasing numbers within three borrow
pits adjacent to the Upper St. Johns River Basin Project. This study
reveals the importance of borrow pits, most of which are on private
land where sites are unprotected, to wading bird nesting in east
central Florida.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1902. Vegetation, invertebrate, and wildlife community rankings and habitat analysis of mitigation wetlands in West Virginia.
Balcombe, C. K.; Anderson, J. T.; Fortney, R. H.; and Kordek, W. S.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(5): 517-530. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors: created
wetland/ man-made wetland/ mitigation wetland/ reference wetland/
restored wetland/ wetland management/ wetland mitigation
Abstract:
Numerous efforts have been made in West Virginia to construct and
restore compensatory wetlands as mitigation for natural wetlands
destroyed through highway development, timbering, mining, and other
human activities. Because such little effort has been made to evaluate
these wetlands, there is a need to evaluate the success of these
systems. The objective of this study was to determine if mitigation
wetlands in West Virginia were adequately supporting ecological
communities relative to naturally occurring reference wetlands and to
attribute specific characteristics in wetland habitat with trends in
wildlife abundance across wetlands. Specifically, avian and anuran
communities, as well as habitat quality for eight wetland-dependent
wildlife species were evaluated. To supplement this evaluation,
vegetation and invertebrate communities also were assessed. Wetland
ranks were assigned based on several parameters including richness,
abundance, diversity, density, and biomass, depending on which taxa was
being analyzed. Mitigation wetlands consistently scored better ranks
than reference wetlands across all communities analyzed. Canonical
correspondence analysis revealed no correlations between environmental
variables and community data. However, trends relating wetland habitat
characteristics to community structure were observed. These data stress
the need to maintain specific habitat characteristics in mitigated
wetlands that are compatible with wildlife colonization and
proliferation. © Springer 2005.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1903. Vegetation similarity and avifaunal food value of restored and natural marshes in northern New York.
Brown, Stephen C.
Restoration Ecology 7(1): 56-68. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: natural restored marsh comparisons: avifaunal food value, vegetation/ restoration ecology
Abstract:
Measuring the success of wetland restoration efforts requires an
assessment of the wetland plant community as it changes following
restoration. But analyses of restored wetlands often include plant
community data from only one time period. We studied the development of
plant communities at 13 restored marshes in northern New York for
4 years, including 1 year prior to restoration and 3 years afterwards.
Restored wetlands ranged in size from 0.23 to 1.70 ha. Four reference
wetlands of similar basin morphology, soil type, and size (0.29-0.48
ha) that occurred naturally in the same area were studied as
comparisons. Dike construction to restore hydrology disturbed the
existing vegetation in some parts of the restored sites, and vegetation
was monitored in both disturbed and undisturbed areas. Undisturbed
areas within the restored sites, which were dominated by upland field
grasses before restoration, developed wetland plant communities with
lower wetland index values but comparable numbers of wetland plant
species than the reference wetlands, and they lagged behind the
reference sites in terms of total wetland plant cover. There were
significantly more plant species valuable as food sources for wetland
birds, and a significantly higher percent cover of these species, at
the undisturbed areas of the restored sites than at the reference
wetlands. Areas of the restored sites that were disturbed by dike
construction, however, often developed dense, monospecific cattail
stands. In general, the plant communities at restored sites became
increasingly similar to those at the reference wetlands over time, but
higher numbers of herbaceous plants developed at the restored sites,
including food plants for waterfowl, rails, and songbirds. Differences
in shrub cover will probably lessen as natural recolonization increases
shrub cover at the restored sites. Natural recolonization appears to be
an effective technique for restoring wetlands on abandoned agricultural
fields with established plant cover, but it is less successful in areas
where soil has been exposed by construction activity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1904. Vertebrate use of habitats created by installation of field-scale erosion control structures.
Cooper, C. M.; Smiley, P. C.; Wigginton, J. D.;
Knight, S. S.; and Kallies, K. W.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(2): 199-207. (June 1997)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: Vertebrata/
farming and agriculture/ agricultural field runoff control by drop pipe
installation/ community structure/ habitat utilization/ semiaquatic
habitat/ wetland habitats created by drop pipe installation in field/
community structures and habitat use survey/ Mississippi/ Panola
County/ agriculture field runoff control by drop pipe installation/
created wetland habitats use and
community structures
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1905. Vertebrate use of nontidal wetlands on Galveston Island, Texas, USA.
Mueller A. J.
Texas Journal of Science 37(2-3): 215-226. (1985)
NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 0040-4403
Descriptors: amphibians/ reptiles/ birds/ emergent aquatic vegetation/ rainfall/ evaporation/ salinity/ barrier islands
Abstract:
The nontidal wetlands of Galveston Island, Texas, depend
on local rainfall for freshwater, and many dry out during summer.
Evaporation and inundation by storm tides cause salinities to rise;
they decline when heavy rains flush out the saltwater. Aquatic
emergents are the dominant vegetation. Nontidal marshes provide
important habitat for many kinds of wildlife, especially birds. In a
comparison of two wetlands, one natural and the other man-made, the
natural area received equal or greater use by all aquatic bird groups
except the black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and
American coot (Fulica americana). Nontidal wetlands are the only
available habitat on Galveston Island for many
amphibians and reptiles.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1906. Volunteers monitor bird use of wetland restoration on public lands in central Florida.
Marburger, J. E.
Ecological Restoration 20(3): 164-172. (2002);
ISSN: 1543-4079
Descriptors: Aves/ Florida/ seabirds/ waterfowl/ restoration/ wetlands/ surface water
level/ hydrology/ habitat conservation/ ecological restoration
Abstract:
In the Emeralda Marsh Connection Area (FL), the purpose of the
volunteers' work was to evaluate certain related species to see if they
responded to environmental changes brought on by the restoration,
particularly alterations in water levels.
1907. Waste rice for waterfowl in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.
Stafford, J. D.; Kaminski, R. M.; Reinecke, K. J.; and Manley, S. W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 61-69. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: carrying
capacity/ conservation planning/ estimation/ food resources/
foraging/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ rice/ sampling/
waterfowl
Abstract:
Flooded rice fields are important foraging habitats for waterfowl in
the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Waste rice previously was
abundant in late autumn (140-492 kg/ha), but early planting and harvest
dates in recent years may have increased losses of waste rice during
autumn before waterfowl arrive. Research in Mississippi rice
fields revealed waste-rice abundance decreased 79-99% during autumns
1995-1996 (Manley et al. 2004). To determine if this trend existed
throughout the MAV, we used multistage sampling (MSS) to estimate
waste-rice abundance during September-December 2000-2002. Averaged over
years, mean abundance of waste rice decreased 71% between harvest (x̄ = 271.0 kg/ha, CV=13% n = 3 years) and late autumn (x̄
= 78.4 kg/ha, CV= 15% n = 3). Among 15 models formulated to explain
variation in rice abundance among fields and across years, the best
model indicated abundance of waste rice in late autumn differed between
harvester types (i.e., conventional > stripper header) and was
positively related to initial waste-rice abundance after harvest.
Because abundance of waste rice in late autumn was less than previous
estimates in all 3 years, we concluded that waterfowl conservationists
have overestimated carrying capacity of rice fields for wintering
waterfowl by 52-83% and recommend 325 duck-use days/ha (DUDs) as a
revised estimate. We suggest monitoring advances in rice harvest dates
to determine when new surveys are warranted and recommend increased
management of moist-soil wetlands to compensate for decreased rice
abundance.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1908. Water
quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages in three types of seasonally
inundated limesink wetlands in southwest Georgia.
Battle, J. and Golladay, S. W.
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16(2): 189-208. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: wetlands/
macrofauna/ zoobenthos/ water quality/ community composition/ species
diversity/ ecology/ invertebrates/ aquatic life/ Georgia
Abstract:
In southwest Georgia there are three types of shallow, seasonally
inundated limesink wetlands based on soil characteristics and
vegetation-grass-sedge marshes, cypress savannas, and cypress-gum
swamps. We sampled wetlands of the three types from February 1997
through June 1998 during early, mid, and late hydroperiod in 1997. The
wetlands had similar water chemistry soon after inundation. Over rime,
water in swamps generally had higher levels of dissolved organic
carbon, NH4 -N, NO3 -N, and PO4
-P, was more darkly stained, and had lower temperatures than in other
wetland types. We collected 121 macroinvertebrate taxa, with 40 taxa
occurring in >10% of the samples. Marshes had higher
macroinvertebrate
numbers and taxa richness than other wetland types. Early in the hydroperiod, macroinvertebrate assemblages were
composed
of taxa that overwintered in wetlands. Later, predators were abundant
in the marshes, and detritivore numbers declined in swamps. Our
findings suggest that water quality is influenced by interactions of
vegetation, soils, and time since inundation. We believe that
macroinvertebrate assemblages differed among the wetland types due
mainly to vegetation. Macroinvertebrates in marshes probably have a
wider variety of food sources (i.e., algae) and greater habitat
structure available, whereas in swamps macroinvertebrates have more
stressful conditions (i.e., low dissolved oxygen) caused by processing
of large detrital inputs.
© ProQuest
1909. Waterbird communities and associated wetlands of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico.
Hinojosa Huerta, Osvel; Destefano, Stephen;
Carrillo Guerrero, Yamilett; Shaw, William W.; and
Valdes Casillas, Carlos
Studies in Avian Biology (27): 52-60. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biogeography: population studies/ marine ecology: ecology,
environmental sciences/ agricultural drain/ flood control measures/
guild composition/ species abundance/ species richness/ waterbird
communities/ wetland habitat/ wetland management program
Abstract: Despite
extensive losses of wetlands caused by water diversions
upstream, the Colorado River Delta in northwestern Mexico remains
an important wetland system in the Sonoran Desert. The
purpose of our study was to describe waterbird communities across a
variety of wetland habitat types and zones that exist in the Delta. We
measured species richness and abundance of waterbirds from September
1999 to August 2000. We observed a total of 11,918 individuals of 71
species at sites within seven wetland areas. The waterbird communities
differed with respect to guild composition and species abundances among
the wetland zones. Wetlands along the eastern portion of the Delta
(Cienega and Indio), which are supported by agricultural drains
and managed under conservation initiatives, exhibited the highest
species richness in our summer and winter censuses, and highest
abundance in summer. Shorebirds were the dominant guild in the summer
period, while waterfowl were dominant during winter. Breeding
marshbirds were also abundant, with the Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus
longirostris yumanensis) being most notable. Wetlands along the western
Delta (Hardy and Cucapa) were also supported by agricultural drains,
but were not managed specifically for wildlife. The Double-crested
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) and American Coot
(Fulica americana) were dominant during winter, while long-legged
waders
(Ardeidae) were dominant in summer. The composition of waterbird
communities along the mainstem of the Colorado River was similar
to that of wetlands along the western portion of the Delta. The shallow
and ephemeral Laguna Salada, along the western boundary of the Delta,
exhibited the highest waterbird abundance among our winter censuses
when it was flooded in 2000. The results of our study suggest that even
minimal levels of instream flows
would lead to habitat improvements for waterbirds in the
Delta
floodplain. A bi-national wetland management program for the Delta
should consider the impacts of flood control measures and diversions
for agricultural and urban uses to the health of wetland habitats on
both sides of the international border.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1910. Waterbird communities in managed wetlands of varying water depth.
Colwell, M. A. and Taft, O. W.
Waterbirds 23(1): 45-55. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 0738-6028
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat selection/ community composition/ species diversity/ aquatic
birds/ water depth/ environment management/ ecosystem management/
ecological distribution/ habitat utilization/ winter/ California/ Aves/
San Joaquin Valley/ birds/ behavior/ management/
Abstract:
Published accounts of interspecific differences in habitat use by
waterbirds predict that shallow wetlands should accommodate more
species and greater numbers of waterbirds than deep wetlands. We
evaluated this hypothesis by examining relationships between winter
(January/February) waterbird use (presence/absence, density and number
of species) and average depth, variation in depth and size of 25
wetlands in the northern San Joaquin Valley, California.
Bird densities correlated consistently with depth. Likelihood of use
increased in shallow wetlands for all nine wading birds (shorebirds and
ibis); densities of three dabbling duck species and Black-necked Stilt
(Himantopus mexicanus) also increased in shallow wetlands, whereas use
and densities of two diving birds increased in deep wetlands. We
observed no statistically significant relationship between depth and
densities of two other waterbird species. The number of species of
waterbird, dabbling duck, and wading bird increased in shallow
wetlands, whereas the number of species of diving bird increased in
deep wetlands. Wetland size and topographic variation inconsistently
predicted waterbird densities, but both characteristics correlated
positively with number of species. Our results provide general support
for shallow flooding of wetlands to provide habitat for more species.
We conclude that managers seeking to provide foraging habitat for a
diverse community of wintering waterbirds should flood wetlands to
average depths of 10-20 cm, where topography can provide a range of
depths attractive to a large number of species. However, this
prescription is region-specific and influenced by the great diversity
and abundance of waterfowl and shorebirds wintering in California's Central Valley.
© ProQuest
1911. Waterbird communities in rice fields subjected to different post-harvest treatments.
Day, John H. and Colwell, Mark A.
Colonial Waterbirds 21(2): 185-197. (1998);
ISSN: 0738-6028
Descriptors: community composition/ post harvest treatments/ rice fields/ habitat/ species richness/
wetland management
Abstract:
In California's Sacramento Valley, the potential value of rice fields
as habitat for waterbirds may vary with harvest method, postharvest
treatment of rice straw (chopped, burned, plowed), and extent of
flooding. Recent changes in rice harvesting methods (i.e., use of
stripper-headers) and a legislative mandate to decrease burning of rice
straw after harvest may alter habitat availability and use. Thus, we
investigated species richness and community composition of nonbreeding
waterbirds during October-March 1993-94 and 1994-95 in rice fields of
the northern Sacramento Valley. Most (85-91% of land
area) rice was conventionally harvested (i.e., cutter bar), and the
remainder was stripped. Rice straw was left untreated in more than half
of fields (52% in 1994 and 54% in 1995), especially in stripped fields
(56-70%). In fields where farmers treated straw, the most common
management methods were plowing (15-21%), burning (19-24%), and
chopping (3-5%). Fields became increasingly wet from October through
March as seasonal precipitation accumulated and farmers flooded fields
to facilitate straw decomposition and provide habitat for ducks.
Species richness of waterbirds was greater (P < 0.002) in
conventionally-harvested fields than in stripped fields; within harvest
methods, species richness was consistently greater (P < 0.01) in
flooded than non-flooded fields. By contrast, species richness did not
differ among straw treatments (P > 0.23). Species richness in
stripped fields probably was low because foraging opportunities were
limited
by tall dense straw, decreased grain density, and infrequent flooding.
We recommend that land managers wishing to provide habitat for a
diverse waterbird community harvest rice using conventional methods and
flood fields shallowly.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1912. Waterbird foods in winter-managed ricefields in Mississippi.
Manley, S. W.; Kaminski, R. M.; Reinecke, K. J.; and Gerard, P. D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 68(1): 74-83. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: foraging
carrying capacity/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ Oryza
saliva/ private-lands management/ rice/ shorebirds/ waterfowl/
agricultural land/ carrying capacity/ feeding ground/ rice/ waterfowl/
wildlife management/ winter/ Mississippi
Abstract: Ricefields
are important foraging habitats for waterfowl and other
waterbirds in primary North American wintering regions. We conducted a
large-scale experiment to test effects of post-harvest ricefield
treatment, winter water management, and temporal factors on
availabilities of rice, moist-soil plant seeds, aquatic invertebrates,
and green forage in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley
(MAV), Mississippi, USA, fall-winter 1995-1997. Our results
revealed
that a large decrease in rice grain occurred between harvest and early
winter (79-99%), which, if generally true throughout the MAV, would
have critical implications on foraging carrying capacity of ricefields
for migrating and wintering waterbirds. During the remainder of winter,
food resources generally were similar among treatment combinations. An
exception was biomass of aquatic invertebrates, which demonstrated
potential to increase by late winter in ricefields that remained
flooded. We offer revised calculations of foraging carrying capacity
for waterfowl in MAV ricefields and recommend continuing research and
management designed to increase availability of residual rice and
aquatic invertebrates in winter.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1913. Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown: Implications for the multispecies management of wetland mosaics.
Taft, O. W.; Colwell, M. A.; Isola, C. R.; and Safran, R. J.
Journal of Applied Ecology 39(6): 987-1001. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 00218901.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2002.00763.x.
Descriptors: diving
waterbirds/ habitat use/ moist-soil management/ non-breeding season/
shorebirds/ water depth/ waterfowl/ abundance/ avifauna/ human
activity/ species richness/ wetland management/ United States/ Anas/
Anas sp./ Anatidae/ Anser
Abstract:
1. The loss and human modification of wetlands world-wide underscores
the importance of efficient management. For wetlands that provide
habitats for non-breeding waterbirds, such management often aims to
support a rich and abundant waterbird community. 2. Among the world's
many seasonal, moist-soil managed wetlands, annual winter flooding is
followed by spring drawdown to encourage germination of waterfowl food
plants. Recommendations on how best to maintain flooded wetlands for
multiple species are mostly theoretical, and drawdown management
typically focuses on spring for migrating shorebirds. The benefits and
drawbacks of shallow-water management in winter have not been examined,
especially where sizeable populations of wintering shorebirds and
waterfowl occur together. 3. We considered The Grasslands Ecological
Area in California's Central Valley, USA, as a
model wetland complex in which to assess optimal winter flood-depth for
multi-species use. We also examined the relative benefits for each
waterbird group (e.g. shorebirds and waterfowl) of drawdowns conducted
in winter and spring. We experimentally dewatered wetlands of measured
topography in the winter and spring of 1994-95, documenting changes in
waterbird species richness and abundance associated with daily changes
in habitat diversity and availability. 4. Results indicated limited
regional availability of shallow-water habitat across the landscape in
winter but not spring, as use by shorebirds and teal increased on
drawndown wetlands in winter only. Use by deeper-water dabbling ducks
and diving waterbirds declined during the later stages of drawdown in
both seasons, but not until use by shorebirds and teal had peaked. The
maximum diversity and abundance of waterbirds occurred at average
depths of 10-20 cm on wetlands with topographic gradients of 30-40 cm.
5. This study has important implications for the winter management of
seasonal wetland complexes, especially moist-soil systems where
managers provide habitat for different waterbird groups (from
shorebirds to diving waterbirds) simultaneously. In general, where
topography is variable (e.g. a difference of 30-40 cm between the
deepest and shallowest zones), wetlands flooded to average depths of
15-20 cm should accommodate the greatest richness and abundance of
waterbirds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1914. Waterbird responses to hydrological management of Wetlands Reserve Program habitats in New York.
Kaminski, M. R.; Baldassarre, G. A.; and Pearse, A. T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 921-926. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [921:WRTHMO]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: moist-soil management/ New York/ restoration/ waterbird/ waterfowl/ wetland management/ Wetlands Reserve Program
Abstract:
The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) has restored nearly 600,000 ha of
wetlands in the United States since inception of the program in
1996. However, no research has evaluated postrestoration management of
WRP wetlands in relation to waterfowl and waterbird use. Therefore, we
conducted an experiment to compare waterfowl and waterbird abundance
and diversity between hydrologically managed (i.e., spring-summer
drawdown for vegetation regeneration) and nonmanaged WRP wetlands in
central New York, USA, in 2004. We surveyed waterfowl
and other waterbirds on 5 managed and 5 nonmanaged wetlands over 3
10-week periods (i.e., spring: 7 Mar-15 May; summer: 16 May-24 Jul;
autumn: 25 Jul-30 Sep). We detected a total of 36 taxa of these birds
across the 3 periods and both types of wetlands but observed 1.4-2.3
times more taxa on managed than on nonmanaged wetlands among periods.
Additionally, we recorded 0.8-13.2 times greater relative abundances (n
birds/ha of wetland) of waterfowl and other waterbirds on managed than
on nonmanaged wetlands during spring through autumn. We recommend
regular postrestoration hydrological management of WRP wetlands to
regenerate moist-soil and other emergent plants and promote waterfowl
and waterbird use of these restored habitats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1915. Waterbird
use of bayland wetlands in the San Francisco Bay
Estuary: Movements of long-billed dowitchers during the winter.
Takekawa, J. Y.; Warnock, N.; Martinelli, G. M.;
Miles, A. K.; and Tsao, D. C.
Waterbirds 25 (Special Publ.2): 93-105. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 07386028
Descriptors: Limnodromus
scolopaceus/ long-billed dowitcher/ radio telemetry/ San Francisco Bay/
wintering ecology/ biotelemetry/ estuarine ecosystem/ habitat use/
movement/ overwintering/ restoration ecology/ waterfowl/ wetland/
United States/ Calidris alpina/ Calidris mauri/ Himantopus mexicanus/
Limnodromus scolopaceus
Abstract: The San
Francisco Bay estuary is a migration and wintering
area for more than 1.5 million waterbirds on the west coast
of North America. Because the estuary is located in a metropolitan
area, development and diking of baylands (the region between the edge
of the bay and the historical high tide line) have greatly altered the
wetland landscape. Recently, conservation interests have promoted
restoration of diked baylands to tidal salt marshes for the benefit of
endangered native species. However, effects of tidal marsh conversion
on the existing community of waterbirds in the baylands are largely
unknown, especially in muted tidal marshes with restricted inflows and
in artificial salt evaporation ponds where high waterbird densities are
found. The first radio-marking study of the Long-billed Dowitcher
(Limnodromus scolopaceus) was conducted in November-December 2000 to
examine their use of baylands. We captured 32 birds by rocket netting
in a muted tidal marsh on the North Bay and radio-marked them with
1.2 g transmitters affixed with glue. Individuals were tracked for an
average of 20.3 d (±8.5 SD) and obtained 217 high tide and 195
low tide locations. Movements between tides (x̄ = 1.29 ± 1.48 SD km) and home range sizes (x̄ = 17.7 ± 16.0 SD km2)
were highly variable. Long-billed Dowitchers preferred open habitats
such as muted tidal marshes during the high tide, but the majority
(78.5%) also remained in these wetlands during low tide rather than
feeding at nearby mud flats. Their avoidance of mud flats contrasted
sharply with Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) but was similar to
Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus). Seven Long-billed
Dowitchers flew 110 km inland to Central Valley wetlands in
mid-December, a regional movement documented earlier for Dunlin
(Calidris alpina) wintering on the coast. However, unlike Dunlin, their
movements were not in response to rainfall but may have been in
response to a low pressure front or possibly predictable flooding of
fields in the Central Valley. Although the estuary is a major
wintering area supporting large numbers of waterbirds, some birds such
as Long-billed Dowitchers move inland to freshwater wetlands in the Central Valley.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1916. Waterfowl use of forested wetlands of the southern United States: An overview.
Fredrickson, L. H. and Heitmeyer, M. E.
In: Waterfowl in winter/ Weller, M. W.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988
pp. 307-323.
NAL Call #: QL696.A52W38
Descriptors: Anatidae/
wildlife management/ habitat exploitation/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest/
wetland/ United States, southern region/ wetland forests/ habitat
exploitation and wildlife management
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1917. Waterfowl use of managed and unmanaged beaver ponds in south-central Ontario.
Gabor, T. Shane; Murkin, Henry R.; and Ingram, Joel W.
Northeast Wildlife 57: 45-57. (2002)
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ ecology/ population dynamics/
predators/ habitat/ freshwater habitat/ lentic water/ land zones/ North
America/ Canada/ Aix sponsa/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Lophodytes cucullatus:
habitat management/ prey/ Invertebrata/ piscean prey/ Cyprinidae/ food
availability/ population density/ habitat utilization/ food resource
availability relationship/ beaver ponds/ Ontario/ Pisces,
Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes/ birds/ chordates/ fish/ invertebrates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
We studied waterfowl habitat use and resource availability on beaver
(Castor canadensis) ponds in south-central Ontario. We studied 6
types of natural beaver ponds (aquatic bed, emergent, forested,
scrub-shrub, unvegetated, seasonally flooded) and 1 managed beaver pond
(dewatered for >1 year to rejuvenate vegetation communities and then
re-flooded). Waterfowl use was determined from helicopter surveys for
breeding pairs and elevated platforms for broods. Invertebrate and
minnow abundance and biomass were determined using sweep net samples.
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) pair densities were higher (P = 0.001) on
emergent (0.16 ± 0.02 SE) and scrub-shrub (0.20 ± 0.03)
wetlands than on seasonally flooded (0.08 ± 0.02) ponds. Wood
duck (Aix sponsa) pair densities were higher (P = 0.0001) on forested
(0.20 ± 0.04), emergent (0.14 ± 0.03) and unvegetated
(0.23 ± 0.06) wetlands than on seasonally flooded ponds (0.01
± 0.01). Hooded merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) pair densities
were higher (P = 0.0001) on forested (0.10 ± 0.02) and
unvegetated (0.07 ± 0.01) ponds than on scrub-shrub (0.01
± 0.01) and seasonally flooded (0) wetlands. Differences in
brood densities were not detected between wetland classes for
mallard/black duck (P = 0.08), wood ducks (P = 0.17) and all species
combined (P = 0.44). Hooded merganser brood densities were higher (P =
0.02) on forested (0.66 ± 0.22) and unvegetated (0.59 ±
0.23) wetlands than on emergent (0) wetlands. In June, total
invertebrate biomass was higher (P = 0.008) in emergent (0.72 ±
0.32), forested (0.78 ± 0.30), scrub-shrub (0.75 ± 0.24),
and managed wetlands (0.70 ± 0.17) than in unvegetated ponds
(0.08 ± 0.05). In July, total invertebrate biomass was higher (P
= 0.009) in emergent (1.23 ± 0.38) and managed (0.99 ±
0.22) wetlands than in unvegetated ponds (0.07 ± 0.03). Managed
wetlands had similar productivity to natural vegetated wetlands and
therefore intensive water level management to increase waterfowl
productivity has limited potential. Waterfowl use in the region is
primarily affected by wetland availability. Beaver abundance and
distribution determine wetland availability and therefore, programs,
partnerships, and policy initiatives that consider both forestry and
beaver management will positively impact waterfowl in Canada's
forested regions.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1918. Weak correspondence between macroinvertebrate assemblages and land use in Prairie Pothole Region wetlands, USA.
Tangen, B. A.; Butler, M. G.; and Ell, M. J.
Wetlands 23(1): 104-115. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
macrofauna/ land use/ agricultural land/ aquatic communities/ aquatic
insects/ community composition/ species diversity/ biotic factors/
trophic relationships/ freshwater fish/ environmental impact/ ecosystem
disturbance/ agriculture/ environment management/ invertebrates/ fish/
population dynamics/ aquatic habitat/ Invertebrata/ pisces/ North
Dakota/
Prairie Pothole Region
Abstract:
To evaluate the potential development of a macroinvertebrate Index of
Biotic Integrity (IBI) for Prairie Pothole Region wetlands, we sampled
the aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in 24 semipermanent
wetlands located throughout Central North Dakota. Wetland basins were
selected to encompass a range of surrounding land-use, ranging from
100% grassland to 100% cropland. We used redundancy analysis (RDA) to
identify the influences of fish, and temporal and spatial variation on
the macroinvertebrate community. We also used RDA to look for
relationships between wetland macroinvertebrate communities and
land-use. Seventeen potential invertebrate metrics were tested by
graphical analyses. We identified a strong influence on the
macroinvertebrate community due to the presence of fish. A number of
invertebrate taxa decreased in abundance as the summer progressed, and
there was noticeable variation in the invertebrate community among
individual wetlands of the region. However, we detected no strong
relationships between the varying degrees of agricultural land-use in
the wetland catchments and the invertebrate community. Consequently, we
were unable to identify any effective IBI metrics indicative of
land-use disturbance. Lack of
correspondence
between land-use and macroinvertebrates in this habitat is most likely
due to a high degree of natural disturbance (e.g., presence of fish,
temporal changes) and a low diversity community of resilient taxa in
Prairie Pothole Region wetlands.
© ProQuest
1919. Wetland and aquatic habitats.
Mathias, M. E. and Moyle, P.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 42(1-2):
165-176. (1992)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809.
Notes: Special issue: Integrating conservation biol. &
agric. production.
Descriptors: wetlands/
riparian environments/ dispersal/ agricultural practices/ biological
diversity/ species diversity/ ecosystem management/ environmental
impact/ agriculture/ dispersion/ man-induced effects/ man-induced
effects/ dispersal/ agricultural practices/ biological diversity/
mechanical and natural changes
Abstract:
Riparian wetland areas often represent critical corridors for animal
and plant dispersion in wildland watersheds and downstream river
systems. It is essential that integrated management of riparian wetland
areas be developed to reverse the loss of biological diversity.
Agricultural and urban uses, and related water developments, have led
to a marked decline of stream-side wetland habitats. Six major ways are
discussed in which conventional agriculture alters wetlands and aquatic
habitats: wetland drainage, water diversions, stream channelization,
bank stabilization, grazing, and the release of agricultural
pollutants. This article discusses these practices and suggests ways
biological diversity can be protected, or even enhanced. In addition,
aquaculture is discussed as a new force which affects the diversity of
aquatic organisms. Aquaculture methods range in intensity of management
from low to high. Management for biological diversity as well as for
food production should be encouraged.
© ProQuest
1920. Wetland and riparian birds of West Virginia: Status, future research and guidelines for constructed wetlands.
Edinger, Bruce
West Virginia Academy of Science. Proceedings 72(1):
4-5. (2000); ISSN: 0096-4263
Descriptors: agricultural
practices/ biological indicators/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/
habitat alterations/ habitat islands/ riparian habitat/ rivers/ trophic
relationships/ urbanization/ wetland draining/ wetlands/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ West Virginia
Abstract: Birds,
along with amphibians, are excellent vertebrate indicators of
wetland functioning and values. Wetland birds, often specialist
predators high on the food web, indicate an intact trophic pyramid.
They are also sensitive to vegetation type and other landscape
parameters. The absence or rarity of wetland birds can indicate
problems with wetland quantity or quality. To determine the status
of West Virginia's wetland birds, a review of existing records
(Hall,
1983; Buckelew and Hall, 1994; lists assembled by bird clubs and state
and federal agencies, etc.) and of conservation and management
sources
(journal articles, Partners in Flight Abstracts of The Nature
Conservancy, Birds of North America, etc.) was conducted. Also, from
1996 through 1999, plot censuses of six natural and created wetland
habitats in north-central West Virginia and similar studies in
riparian communities along five rivers, allowed up to date (if local)
data on wetland bird densities. This study provides an overview of the
general status of wetland bird communities, important wetland habitat
characteristics, long-term population changes, problematic wetland
species, recommendations for future wetland bird research, and
recommendations for constructed wetlands. West Virginia wetland
communities are riverine, lacustrine (reservoirs and lakes), and
palustrine (wet meadow, emergent, shrub-scrub, forested, and beaver
pond) systems, and the bird community varied from one wetland type to
another. For example, isolated and ephemeral beaver ponds, support a
high diversity of secondary cavity nesters (high quantity of snags) and
black ducks (possibly lessened competition with ma1lards who threaten
hybridization and genetic swamping). Wetlands lacking a shrub layer,
either naturally or because a constructed wetland was in an early stage
of succession, lacked species such as Empidonax flycatchers. In
sum, West Virginia's wetland bird species were sensitive to
surrounding
habitat, type of wetland vegetation, proportion and depth of open
water, and availability of mud margin. Threats to wetland-dependent
birds in West Virginia continue to be habitat fragmentation, loss,
and degradation. Quantified, long-term studies of breeding and
non-breeding bird usage of some of West Virginia's larger wetlands
are needed to adequately assess population trends. Breeding Bird Survey
studies poorly monitor wetland species. At the same time, given the
high diversity of migratory wetland birds found in some West
Virginia wetlands, additional research is needed into the value of
these wetlands, despite their sma11 size, as stopover sites for
migratory species. Ecotonal and seasonal use of wetlands by
"non-wetland" bird species is a third area needing attention. In the
same way red-shouldered hawks have territories that allow feeding in
forested wetlands, but are also found in other habitats, several other
species of birds may be found to have "habitat mosaic" needs that
include wetlands. Finally, since constructed wetlands are a growing
part of the wetland mix in West Virginia, mitigation wetlands can be
improved as wetland bird habitat if they are sufficiently large,
hydrologically joined to rivers, allowed to undergo wetland succession
to develop shrub-scrub and organic soils, and surrounded by plant
communities complementary to the needs of wetland bird species.
© NISC
1921. Wetland birds: Habitat resources and conservation implications.
Weller, Milton W.
Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press; xv, 271 p., [26] p. of plates : ill., map. (1999).
Notes:
Contents note: Introduction -- Wetlands: what, where, and why -- Major
groups of birds that use wetlands -- Water and other resource
influences -- Foods, feeding tactics, strategies, and guilds -- Bird
mobility and wetland predictability -- Other behavioral and physical
influences on wetland living -- Spatial and structural patterns --
Habitat dynamics: water, plant succession, and time -- Population
consequences
of wetland abundance and quality -- How birds influence wetlands --
Conservation implications -- Measures of bird habitat use and quality
-- Current status
and some conservation problems -- Conservation and management strategies -- Outlook.
NAL Call #: QL698.95.W45 1999; ISBN: 0521633265.
Descriptors: Water birds---Ecology/ Wetland animals---Ecology/ Birds, Protection of
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1922. Wetland conservation and Ducks Unlimited: Real world approaches to multispecies management.
Tori, Gildo M.; McLeod, Scott; McKnight, Keith;
Moorman, Thomas; and Reid, Frederic A.
Waterbirds 25 (Special Publication 2): 115-121. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: biodiversity/
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ multispecies management/ applied and field techniques/
Ducks Unlimited/ biodiversity/ coastal wetlands/ development:
agricultural, industrial, urban/ habitat degradation/ habitat loss/
hydrological modification/ integrated habitat based landscape
management/ land conversion/ palustrine wetlands/ riverine wetlands/
sustainable ecosystems/ wetland conservation/ wetland management/
wetland restoration/ wetland associated uplands/ wildlife diversity
Abstract:
Conversion and loss of coastal, riverine, and palustrine wetlands to
agricultural, urban, and industrial developments have had significant
impacts on waterbirds. Degradation of wetlands and associated upland
habitats, and associated impacts on several duck and rail species are
well documented. Wetland restoration and management are essential for
wildlife diversity because of the magnitude of wetland destruction and
hydrological modification that has occurred in most of the United
States. Half of threatened and endangered species rely upon wetlands
for some portion of their life cycle, underscoring the importance of
wetlands to all wildlife. Ducks Unlimited, during its 65-year history
of conservation programs, has restored, protected, and enhanced nearly
4.05 million hectares of wetlands and associated uplands in North
America. Despite the accomplishments of Ducks Unlimited and its
private, state, provincial and federal partners, the perception remains
that our efforts benefit only waterfowl. However, wildlife inventories
on Ducks Unlimited projects indicate benefits to more than 900 species.
Herein, we promote an integrated, habitat-based landscape approach to
wetland restoration and management, rather than individual species
management, to achieve biodiversity and sustainable ecosystem
objectives. We discuss the development of wetland restoration and
management strategies for quality wetland complexes needed for
waterbirds during their annual life cycles. Further, we underscore the
importance of wetland management by our state, federal and private land
partners to manage wetland complexes to provide high quality habitat
for a wide array of wetland wildlife.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1923. Wetland management for shorebirds and other species: Experiences on the Canadian prairies.
Dickson, H. Loney and McKeating, Gerald
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 58: 370-377. (1993)
Descriptors: Aves/
habitat management/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands management/
multispecies
approach/ Canada/ Alberta/ Manitoba/ Saskatchewan/
multispecies approach to wetland management/
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1924. Wetland restoration in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America: A literature review.
Knutsen, G. A. and Euliss, N. H. U.S. Geological Survey; USGS/BRD/BSR 2001-0006, 2001. 54 p.
Notes: Literature review; U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Biological Science Report 2001-0006.
Descriptors: amphibians/
birds/ fishes, freshwater/ floods/ habitat management for wildlife/
land reclamation/ land use/ mammals/ prairie/ rehabilitation/ reptiles/
seeds/ vegetation/ water catchments/ water, chemical properties/ water,
physical properties invertebrates/ wetlands/ wetland restoration/
prairie potholes/ Prairie Pothole Region
Abstract:
In this report, prairie pothole region (PPR) literature is
categorized into five general sections: wildlife, vegetation,
invertebrates, fish, and physical and chemical characteristics of
restored wetlands. Each of the five sections includes a summary of
research and is divided into two parts: an overview of research and
findings, and regional case studies. It is noted that there is a
scarcity of research in the western and northern portions of the PPR
most studies having been conducted in Iowa, Minnesota, or South Dakota.
© NISC
1925. Wetland restoration thresholds: Can a degradation transition be reversed with increased effort?
Lindig-Cisneros, R.; Desmond, J.; Boyer, K. E.; and
Zedler, J. B.
Ecological Applications 13(1): 193-205. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: alternative-state
theory/ cordgrass/ fertilization effects/ irreversible transition/
management actions/ nitrogen addition/ restoration outcome, evaluating/
restoration threshold/ Spartina foliosa/ statistical design/ wetland
restoration, coastal/ coastal wetland/ degradation/ restoration
ecology/ wetland management/ Spartina foliosa
Abstract:
Previous attempts to reverse the degradation of a coastal wetland and
restore nesting habitat for an endangered bird showed that adding
nitrogen could temporarily increase the height of Spartina foliosa, but
not produce self-sustaining tall canopies. We asked if increased effort
(up to five years of N fertilization) would shift canopy attributes
across the hypothesized threshold. Thirty plots were treated with 0-5
yr of urea addition, and all were followed for 5 yr. Canopies were
robust while urea was being added, but Spartina reverted to short
stature soon after fertilization ended, supporting R. J. Hobbs and
D.
A. Norton's concept of an irreversible transition. However, specific
outcomes depended on thechoice of response variable (six comparisons),
the choice of reference data (initial conditions, same-year data, and
pooled data), and the choice of statistical design (repeated measures
vs. complete design), indicating the need to assess experiments
thoroughly before making strong recommendations for management.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1926. Wetland use by non-breeding ducks in coastal Texas, USA.
Anderson, James T.; Muehl, George T.; Tacha, Thomas C.; and Lobpries, David S.
Wildfowl 51: 191-214. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK351.W575; ISSN: 0954-6324
Descriptors: aquatic vegetation/ habitat use/ management priorities/ population density/ wetland types
Abstract:
Wetland use by nonbreeding ducks in coastal Texas in the areas
between Galveston Bay and the Rio Grande were studied,
September 1991 to March 1993, to determine the most important wetland
types based on density. Twenty-five species of ducks were observed
using wetlands on a stratified (based on dominant land use) random
sample of 64.75 ha (one-quarter section) plots. Ranks of density for
all ducks, as a group, were highest in lacustrine littoral emergent
nonpersistent wetlands. Anatini density ranks were greatest in wetlands
with scrub-shrub vegetation, but individual species' ranks varied.
Dendrocygnini and Aythyini density ranks were highest in lacustrine
littoral wetlands, particularly those with aquatic-bed vegetation.
Ducks depend on a wide array of wetland types (including 48 of 82
available subclasses), and management should provide complexes of
wetlands. Management should concentrate on protecting, enhancing,
and/or creating 15 of 1,201 wetland types occurring in the coastal
plains of Texas that were prioritized for management actions. These
wetlands were predominantly aquatic-bed, scrub-shrub, and
unconsolidated substrate types.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1927. Wetland use, settling patterns, and recruitment in mallards.
Krapu, G. L.; Greenwood, R. J.; Dwyer, C. P.; Kraft, K. M.; and Cowardin, L. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 736-746. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat selection/ aquatic birds/ ecosystem disturbance/ ponds/
population dynamics/ ducks/ populations/ wildlife management/
waterfowl/ habitats/ habitat utilization/ recruitment/ breeding sites/
Anas platyrhynchos/ mallard/ Minnesota/ North Dakota/ breeding pairs
Abstract: The
correlation between number of May ponds in the Prairie Pothole
Region (PPR) of North America and size of the continental mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos) breeding population the following spring weakened from
the 1950s to the 1980s, suggesting possible changes in suitability of
prairie ponds for meeting reproductive needs. We studied wetland use
and preferences of radioequipped female mallards by reproductive stage
(1988-90) in eastern North Dakota and westcentral Minnesota
and evaluated effect of land use on pair distribution in
eastern North Dakota (1987-91). May pond density varied among
years and
study areas, with changes in number of temporary and seasonal ponds
accounting for 93% of variation in total ponds. During all reproductive
stages, semipermanent basins were used most by females, but temporary
and seasonal ponds were preferred during prenesting and egg production.
Accounting for number of relocations, number of ponds used varied by
year, by reproductive stage and with pond density during egg
production. Numbers of breeding mallard pairs in stratum 46 in
eastern North Dakota increased as May ponds increased from 1963 to
1985,
but 33,659 fewer breeding pairs on average were present in 1971-85 than
in 1963-70. Number of breeding pairs declined relative to May ponds
from the 1960s to the 1980s, probably because fewer pairs settle in
temporary and seasonal ponds as the percent of landscape in cropland
increases. Waterfowl managers in the PPR should target efforts to
increase duck production on landscapes where non-cropped temporarily
and seasonally flooded wetland habitats are plentiful, thereby
increasing cost effectiveness of management actions taken to increase
nest success rate.
© ProQuest
1928. Wetlands Reserve Program.
Hussey, S. L.
Fisheries 19(8): 42-43. (1994)
NAL Call #: SH1.F54; ISSN: 0363-2415
Descriptors: wetlands/
fishery resources/ agriculture/ nature conservation/ legislation/
resources management/ environmental protection/ fisheries/ habitats/
wildlife conservation/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ stock assessment and
management/ law/ policy/ economics/ social sciences/ conservation/
wildlife management/ recreation/ water law and institutions/
environmental action/ United States
Abstract:
Historically, one of the greatest threats to wetlands has been drainage
for agricultural purposes. One-fourth of U.S. Cropland, more than 100
million acres, was obtained by clearing and draining wetlands. This
loss of wetland functions and terrestrial ecosystems. Three-fourths of
the nation's fish production depends on wetlands. A wetlands protection
program with tremendous potential is the Wetlands Reserve Program,
authorized by the food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of
1990. While not commonly associated with fisheries, this program offers
significant opportunities to improve fisheries habitats. The Wetlands
Reserve Program was established for the voluntary restoration and
protection of wetland by landowners through permanent or 30-year
easements on up to 1 million acres of wetlands previously modified for
agricultural production. The program is designed to take marginal
cropland out of production, providing landowners with the opportunity
to benefit by maintaining wetlands. Riparian areas are also eligible
for enrollment in the program. The prospect of habitat for fish and
wildlife is one national priority factor in determining eligibility for
enrollment.
© ProQuest
1929. Wildlife habitat on grazed or ungrazed small pond shorelines in south Texas.
Whyte, R. J. and Cain, B. W.
Journal of Range Management 34(1): 64-68. (1981)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume34/Number1/azu_jrm_v34_n1_64_68_m.pdf
Descriptors: grazing/
littoral zone/ vegetation/ ponds/ community composition/ vegetation
cover/ Aves/ Texas/ effects on/ environmental effects/ vegetation
cover
Abstract:
Three man-made ponds constructed in 1956 and fenced to exclude cattle
from the shoreline were selected to study the effects of cattle on
shoreline vegetation. These ponds were partially opened in 1977 to
allow grazing on one-half of the shoreline. In most areas the foliar
cover and vegetation height were reduced by cattle pressure. The stable
Longtom Community and the Knotgrass-Smartweed Community were more
affected by cattle pressure than the Transition Community which changed
as the water level rose or dropped. The seasonal Aquatic Community was
least affected by cattle pressure and thus maintained good stands of
waterfowl food plants. Carefully planned grazing which allows key rest
and grazing periods will control the impact of grazing on the shoreline
vegetation.
© ProQuest
1930. Wildlife responses to wetland restoration and creation: An annotated bibliography.
Rewa, C.
In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P;
Hohman,
W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute
(U.S.); Series: Technical Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI. Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management
Institute, 2000; pp. 135-150.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: wetlands/ constructed wetlands/ water quality/ wildlife habitats
1931. Wildlife use of mitigation and reference wetlands in West Virginia.
Balcombe, C. K.; Anderson, J. T.; Fortney, R. H.; and Kordek, W. S.
Ecological Engineering 25(1): 85-99. (2005)
NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 09258574.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.03.003.
Descriptors: anurans/
birds/ frogs/ habitat use/ mitigation/ mitigation success/ mitigation
wetland/ West Virginia/ wetland-dependent species/ biodiversity/
ecosystems/ Anuran densities/ mitigation/ reference wetlands/ wildlife/
abundance/ amphibians/ birds/ habitat use/ species diversity/ species
richness/ wetland/ West Virginia/ Anatidae/ Anura/ Aves
Abstract:
We evaluated avian and anuran communities in 11 mitigation and four
reference wetlands throughout West Virginia, USA. Avian
species richness (P = 0.711), diversity (P = 0.314), and abundance (P =
0.856) (expressed as mean ± S.E. per ha) were similar between
mitigation (richness: 11.3 ± 0.40; diversity: 3.1 ± 0.53;
abundance: 27.1 ± 2.2) and reference (richness: 11.2 ±
0.62; diversity: 2.8 ± 0.47; abundance: 28.5 ± 4.9)
wetlands. Waterbird (P = 0.013) and waterfowl (P = 0.013) abundance
were higher in mitigation (waterbird: 5.1 ± 1.5; waterfowl: 4.4
± 1.4) than reference (waterbird: 0.44 ± 0.23; waterfowl:
0.24 ± 0.21) wetlands. Anuran (frogs and toads) species richness
(P
= 0.023), Wisconsin index (WI) calling values (P < 0.001), and
abundance (P < 0.001) (expressed as mean ± S.E. per survey
point) were higher in mitigation (richness: 2.01 ± 0.09; WI:
0.52 ± 0.03; abundance: 4.75 ± 0.66) than reference
(richness: 1.47 ± 0.14; WI: 0.40 ± 0.17; abundance: 4.69
± 1.18) wetlands. Evidence suggests that avian and anuran
densities in mitigation wetlands are similar or in some cases higher
than in natural (reference) wetlands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1932. Winter aggregations, Dehnel Effect, and habitat relations in the Suisun shrew Sorex ornatus sinuosus.
Hays, Warren S. and Lidicker, William Z.
Acta Theriologica 45(4): 433-442. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 AC88; ISSN: 0001-7051
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ biometrics/ behavior/ social behavior/ ecology/ habitat
utilization/ habitat/ brackish habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Sorex ornatus sinuosus (Soricidae): habitat management/ weight/ body
mass/ aggregating behavior/ social organization/ distribution within
habitat/ habitat preference/ salt marsh/ tidal marsh habitat/
California/ Solano County/ Suisun Bay/ Rush Ranch/ winter aggregations/
Dehnel Effect/ habitat relations/ Soricidae/ Insectivora, Mammalia/
chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
A live-trapping study on Suisun shrews Sorex ornatus sinuosus Grinnell,
1913, an endangered subspecies, was performed during the non-breeding
season along the edge of a tidal marsh in California. During the
winter, these shrews lived in distinct social aggregations composed of
a single adult male, several adult females, and subadults. These groups
remained stable even when the adult male died. As the breeding season
approached, these groups were invaded by numerous adult males resulting
in a nearly complete change in group membership. At the end of the
breeding season, adult body mass declined by 30 to 40% (Dehnel Effect).
Shrews reached high densities along the marsh/grassland ecotone, but
the precise locations of social groups seemed unrelated to the presence
of particular plant species or to the amphipod food supply. Subadult
males wintered mostly outside of social groups in the marsh below high
tide level. Conservation efforts need to focus on preserving the tidal
marsh ecotone without promoting contact with the upland subspecies.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1933. Winter management of Californian rice fields for waterbirds.
Elphick, C. S. and Oring, L. W.
Journal of Applied Ecology 35(1): 95-108. (1998)
NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901
Descriptors: wetlands/
water management/ rice/ crop residues/ legislation/ burning/ waste
management/ stubble/ wild birds/ nature conservation/ flooding/
submergence/ incorporation/ water/ depth/ land use/ decomposition
Abstract: Recent
legislation designed to reduce air pollution has restricted
Californian rice-farmers from burning rice stubble after harvest.
Intentional flooding of fields during winter to speed straw
decomposition is becoming increasingly common as growers seek
alternatives to burning residual straw. The potential for flooded
fields to act as a surrogate for destroyed wetland habitat may be an
additional benefit in a region that hosts a large proportion
of North America's wintering water birds. The degree to which
water
birds use flooded fields and whether the method of flooding affects
their use was investigated. Intentionally flooded rice fields received
significantly greater use by 24 of 31 species studied. Only great blue
herons Ardea herodias and sandhill cranes Grus canadensis were
significantly more common in unflooded fields. Geese densities did not
differ between flooded and unflooded fields. There were no differences
in the densities of most bird species in flooded fields that received
different straw manipulations to improve decomposition rates.
Exceptions included several small shore birds which occurred at highest
densities in fields where straw was incorporated into the soil. For 14
species, it was tested whether preferred depths, suggested in the
literature, received disproportionately higher use. Most of these
species were more likely to be encountered within the suggested depth
ranges. Depth, however, was a poor predictor of bird density. Depths of
15-20 cm resulted in frequent use by the greatest number of species. It
is concluded that flooding rice fields increased suitable habitat for
most, but not all, species studied. Different straw manipulation
methods had little effect on most species. Water depth, however, was
important in determining species occurrence. During the first half of
the winter, water depths were greater than the median depths used by
most species.
© CABI
1934. Wintering shorebird assemblages and behavior in restored tidal wetlands in southern California.
Armitage, A. R.; Jensen, S. M.; Yoon, J. E.; and
Ambrose, R. F.
Restoration Ecology 15(1): 139-148. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00198.x.
Descriptors: behavior/ diversity/ habitat heterogeneity/ landscape matrix/ mudflats/ restoration/ shorebirds
Abstract:
Habitat restoration can partially compensate for the extensive loss of
coastal wetlands, but creation of functional habitat and assessment of
restoration success remain challenging tasks. To evaluate wintering
shorebird use of restored coastal wetlands, we quantified shorebird
assemblages and behavior of selected focal species at five restored
sites and paired reference sites in Mugu Lagoon, southern California, United States. The Shannon-Wiener index of
species diversity (for all birds in order Charadriiformes) was higher
in the restored than in the reference portion of three of the five
sites, higher in the reference portion of a fourth site, and similar
between reference and restored areas of the fifth site. Species
diversity was lower in sites closer to man-made structures. The four
most abundant species groups across the five sites were selected for
detailed analysis of site use and behavior: Willets (Catoptrophorus
semipalmatus), Marbled Godwits (Limosa fedoa), Dowitchers (Limnodromus
spp.), and Sandpipers (Calidris spp.) (Western, Least, and Dunlin).
Each focal species group exhibited distinct site preferences, and
densities in restored sites were often as high or higher than in
reference sites. Willets and Dowitchers preferred habitats with more
extensive tidal flats, a characteristic of restored sites. Godwits and
Sandpipers preferred heterogeneous habitats with a mix of water and
tidal flats. Most birds were engaged in feeding activities during the
ebb tides surveyed, and there were no apparent differences in behavior
between reference and restored sites. Though not all restored sites
were used equally by all species, the creation of multiple restored
sites with varied habitat characteristics attracted a diverse
assemblage of shorebirds and may have contributed to the integrity of
the regional wetland landscape. © 2007 Society for Ecological
Restoration International.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1935. Zooplankton,
benthic macroinvertebrate, and fish responses to drought and hydrologic
restoration of a pondcypress ecosystem in Tate's Hell Swamp, Florida.
Roberts, C. R. University of Florida, 2000.
Notes: Thesis (M.S.). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-202).
Descriptors: Freshwater zooplankton---Ecology---Florida/ Aquatic invertebrates---Ecology---Florida/ Fishes---
Ecology---Florida/ Wetland restoration---Florida
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1936. Zooplankton communities of restored depressional wetlands in Wisconsin, USA.
Dodson, S. I. and Lillie, R. A.
Wetlands 21(2): 292-300. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
watersheds/ zooplankton/ waterfowl/ agriculture/ sexual reproduction/
taxonomy/ daphnia/ ecosystems/ eutrophication/ turbidity/ surface
water/ environment management/ community structure/ environmental
restoration/ species richness/ agricultural land/ plankton/ ecosystem
disturbance/ nutrient enrichment/ restoration/ evaluation/ community
composition/ species diversity/ Cladocera/ Copepoda/ Wisconsin/ restoration/ water fleas/ copepods
Abstract: Wisconsin has lost approximately 2 million hectares of wetland
since statehood (1848). Through the combined efforts of state and
federal agencies and private groups focused primarily on wetland
restoration for waterfowl habitat management or compensatory
mitigation, a fairly substantial gain in wetland area has been
achieved. Much of the wetland restoration effort in Wisconsin has
occurred on formerly agricultural lands. However, due to the nature of
the past disturbance and possible residual effects not corrected by
simply returning surface waters to these lands, there is some question
regarding the resultant wetland quality or biological integrity. In an
effort aimed at developing tools to measure wetland gains in terms of
quality or ecological integrity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources (WDNR) initiated a study of biological communities on
restored wetlands in Wisconsin. In this paper, we report on the
community of microcrustaceans and arthropods that can be collected with
a plankton net in open water in wetlands. We examined zooplankton
community structure in restored wetlands in terms of richness,
taxonomic representation, and Daphnia sexual reproduction and related
these metrics to attributes on wetlands representing least-disturbed
conditions and agriculturally impacted wetlands. We sampled 56
palustrine wetlands distributed across Wisconsin. These wetland
sites were categorized as agricultural, least-impacted, and restored
(recently withdrawn from agricultural usage). The wetlands were
reasonably homogeneous in many ways, so that taxon richness was not
correlated with basin origin, presence of adjacent roads, presence or
absence of fish, water chemistry, or the size of the open water. We
identified a total of 40 taxa. Taxon richness was significantly lower
in agricultural sites (average of 3.88 taxa per site) compared to that
of least-impacted sites (7.29 taxa) and restored sites (7.21 taxa).
Taxon richness of restored sites was significantly correlated with time
since restoration. The data indicate that taxon richness changes from a
value typical of agricultural sites to the average richness of
least-impacted sites in about 6.4 years. The total taxon list for 8
agricultural sites (14 taxa) was significantly smaller than the average
value for randomly chosen sets of 8 least-impacted sites (20.4 taxa).
Agricultural and least-impacted sites tended to have the same common
taxa. Many taxa of chydorid cladocerans and cyclopoid copepods that
were rare in least-impacted sites did not occur in the agricultural
sites, nor did fairy shrimp occur in agricultural sites. Daphnia
populations only produced males in least-impacted and restored sites.
Further research is needed to identify the mechanism(s) responsible for
the reduced species richness and lack of sexual reproduction in
agricultural wetland sites. Likely factors include eutrophication,
turbidity, or chemical contamination. We conclude that restoration of
wetland watersheds works. Withdrawal of the watershed from agricultural
usage is followed by an increase in taxon richness, and the sites
resembled least-impacted sites in about 6-7 years.
© ProQuest
1937. Abundance and habitat associations of birds wintering in the Platte River Valley, Nebraska.
Davis, C. A.
Great Plains Research 11(2): 233-248. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 10525165
Descriptors: grassland
birds/ habitat association/ Nebraska/ Platte River Valley/ shrubland
birds/ wintering birds/ woodland birds/ avifauna/ community
composition/ habitat use/ overwintering/ relative abundance/ United
States/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Eremophila alpestris/ Junco hyemalis/
Parus atricapillus/ Spizella arborea/
Sturnella neglecta
Abstract:
The abundance and habitat associations of overwintering birds in Platte River Valley of central Nebraska may
influence their long-term survival. I observed a total of 51 species
over a three-year period in shrub-grassland, forest, grassland, and
cropland habitats during the winter. Grassland habitats had the lowest
abundance of wintering birds, while abundances in shrub-grassland,
forest, and cropland habitats were higher and similar. Species richness
was highest in forests (x̄ = 2.97 species) and lowest in grasslands (x̄ = 0.73 species) and croplands (x̄=
0.57 species). Overall, horned larks (Eremophila alpestris), American
tree sparrows (Spizella arborea), black-capped chickadees (Parus
atricapillus), dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), western meadowlarks
(Sturnella neglecta), and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)
were the most abundant wintering birds in
the Platte River Valley. American tree sparrows (34%)
accounted for most
of the birds in shrub-grasslands, while black-capped chickadees (18%),
dark-eyed juncos (11%), and American tree sparrows (10%) accounted for
most of the birds in forests. Grasslands were dominated by
American
tree sparrows (39%) and western meadowlarks (27%), and croplands were
dominated by horned larks (43%), red-winged blackbirds (25%), and
western meadowlarks (16%). The winter bird community in the Platte River Valley is dominated by
woodland-associated species. Many of the woodland-associated species
that overwinter in the Platte River Valley have
likely benefited from the development of woodlands in the region.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1938. Abundance
patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forests on the
Sacramento River, California, and U.S.A.
Gardali, Thomas; Holmes, Aaron L.; Small, Stacy L.;
Nur, Nadav; Geupel, Geoffrey R.; and Golet, Gregory H.
Restoration Ecology 14(3): 391-403. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ riparian forests restoration/
abundance patterns/ population size/ forest and woodland/ restored and
remnant riparian forests/ riparian habitat/ California/ Sacramento River/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Riparian vegetation along the Sacramento River-California's largest
river-has been almost entirely lost, and several wildlife species have
been extirpated or have declined as a result. Large-scale restoration
efforts are focusing on revegetating the land with native plants. To
evaluate
restoration success, we conducted surveys of landbirds on revegetated
and remnant riparian plots from 1993 to 2003. Our objectives were to
estimate population trends of landbirds, compare abundance patterns
over time between revegetated and remnant riparian forests, and
evaluate abundance in relation to restoration age. Of the 20 species
examined, 11 were increasing, 1 was decreasing (Lazuli Bunting
(Passerina amoena)), and 8 showed no trend. The negative trend for
Lazuli Bunting is consistent with information on poor reproductive
success and with Breeding Bird Survey results. There was no apparent
guild association common to species with increasing trends. Nine
species were increasing on revegetated and remnant plots, four were
increasing on revegetated plots only, three were increasing on remnant
plots only, the Lazuli Bunting was decreasing on both, and three
species were stable on both. Although many species were increasing at a
faster rate on revegetated plots, their abundance did not reach that of
the remnant plots. For revegetated plots, "year since planting" was a
strong predictor of abundance trends for 13 species: positive for 12,
negative for 1. Our study shows that restoration activities along
the Sacramento River are successfully providing habitat for a
diverse
community of landbirds and that results from bird monitoring provide a
meaningful way to evaluate restoration success.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1939. Addressing global warming and biodiversity through forest restoration and coastal wetlands creation.
Williams, J. R.
Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3): 1-9. (Oct. 1999)
NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697.
Notes: Special issue: Managing for biodiversity for the protection of nature.
Descriptors: wetlands/
habitat improvement/ climatic changes/ biodiversity/ environment
management/ global warming/ forests/ environmental restoration/
biological diversity/ greenhouse gases/ soil erosion/ wood wastes/
compost/ research programs/ Louisiana/ Mississippi River Valley/
research priorities/ habitats/ erosion control/ protective measures and
control/ environmental action/
air pollution
Abstract:
The Climate Challenge is a partnership between the Department of Energy
and the electric utility industry to reduce, avoid, and sequester
greenhouse gases. A portion of the initiative, the sequestration of
greenhouse gases, is the focus of this presentation. Over 4 million
acres of bottomland hardwood forests were cleared for agriculture in
the Mississippi River Valley in the 1970s.
Reestablishing these forests would improve depleted wildlife habitats,
serve as wildlife corridors, increase biodiversity, and decrease soil
erosion. Also, Louisiana is losing coastal wetlands at a rate of
approximately 25 square miles/year. This coastal erosion is due to a
number of factors and many efforts are currently underway to address
the matter. One such effort is the use of material generated in the
dredging of navigational canals; however, this material is low in
nutrient value, making the regeneration of marsh grasses more
difficult. In addition, bottomland hardwood forests and coastal wetland
grasses are excellent `carbon
sinks'
because they take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it in
living plant tissue. Entergy Services, Inc. is an electric utility with
a service territory that comprises portions of both
the Lower Mississippi River Valley and the Gulf of
Mexico
coastline. This provides an opportunity to positively address both
habitat losses noted above while at the same time addressing global
warming, forest fragmentation, and biodiversity. Entergy, through its
affiliation with the UtiliTree Carbon Company, is participating in
projects that will investigate the feasibility of using bottomland
hardwood reforestation on cleared marginal farmlands now managed by the
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and the US Fish and
Wildlife Service. Entergy has also begun a research project with the
Environmental Protection Agency and the state of Louisiana. The
research is a compost demonstration project that will utilize wood
waste generated through our tree-trimming program as a compost material
that will be mixed with low nutrient dredge material to create new
coastal wetlands. Taken together, Entergy's initiatives will be able to
address global warming through carbon sequestration, restore fragmented
forest habitats, reduce coastal erosion and improve the quality of a
vital coastal aquatic nursery habitat. Efforts will be made to manage
the created habitats for biodiversity. Pulling all these ideas together
creates an effect in which the whole is greater than the sum of the
parts. In such a synergy of ideas, there are no losers and the winners
are both industry participants and the environment.
© ProQuest
1940. Agricultural conservation: Status of programs that provide financial incentives.
General Accounting Office
Washington, DC: GAO; 60 p. (1995).
Notes: Report No.: GAO/RCED-95-169.
http://www.gao.gov/archive/1995/rc95169.pdf
Descriptors: economics/
land use/ agriculture/ conservation/ federal programs/ economic
analysis/ sociological aspects/ soil conservation/ erosion control/
environmental protection/ pollution control/ habitat improvement/
farms/ water pollution control/ wildlife conservation/ environmental
action/ protective measures and control/ watershed protection/ United
States
Abstract:
The Agriculture Department (USDA) administers 17 programs that
provide financial incentives to farmers and ranchers who use
conservation measures. Under 10 of the programs, USDA, through direct
payments or low-cost loans, helps defray the cost of implementing
conservation practices. Under the other seven programs, USDA purchases
easements or rents land in order to retire it from agricultural
production. The incentive-based conservation programs are intended to
encourage voluntary efforts to reduce soil erosion, lessen water
pollution, enhance fish and wildlife habitat, and address other
conservation concerns. This report provides information on these
incentive-based programs since fiscal year 1992, including information
on their budgets and levels of activity and on the primary purposes of
the conservation measures taken under the programs. GAO also identifies
potential options for consolidating them.
© ProQuest
1941. Agricultural land use patterns of native ungulates in south-eastern Montana.
Selting, J. P. and Irby, L. R.
Journal of Range Management 50(4): 338-345. (July 1997)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ]
Descriptors: Odocoileus
hemionus/ odocoileus virginianus/ antilocapra americana/ wild
animals/ habitat selection/ population density/ patterns/ seasonal
variation/ agricultural land/ Montana/ Conservation Reserve
Program lands
Abstract:
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (Odocolieus
virginianus), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) use of 6
agricultural land use categories in southeastern Montana were monitored
to identify use patterns at specific sites. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa
L.), bottom rangeland, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands, upland
rangeland, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stubble, and growing wheat were
observed during dawn, day, dusk, and night hours over a period of 12
months. Mule deer densities on alfalfa peaked in fall and again in
spring. The CRP lands were selected in all seasons. Rangeland sites
were most heavily used in winter and summer. White-tailed deer used CRP
lands in all seasons except fall. Alfalfa was selected in fall, spring,
and summer. Antelope densities on alfalfa were highest in spring and
fall, while growing wheat fields were used most in spring. Antelope in
the northern study area selected CRP land in all seasons except fall.
Densities of animals and patterns of use observed during this study
would be unlikely to produce significant impacts on forage or crops at
most of our study sites.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1942. Agricultural landscapes: Can they support healthy bird populations as well as farm products?
Peterjohn, B. G.
Auk 120(1): 14-19. (2003)
Descriptors: agricultural ecosystem/ avifauna/
nature conservation
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1943. Agriculture and wildlife: More than peacefully coexistent.
Johnson, Phyllis E.
Agricultural Research 51(10): 2. (2003)
NAL Call #: 1.98 Ag84 ; ISSN: 0002-161X.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/oct03/form1003.htm
Descriptors: agricultural
practices/ birds/ census-survey methods/ ecosystem management/ habitat
management/ insecticides/ livestock/ pesticides/ pollution/ plants/
public relations/ study methods/ wildlife/ Secale cereale/
Triticum spp./ Maryland
Abstract:
This article has notes about the relationship between agriculture and
wildlife. The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
(BARC) is home to diverse native wildlife. The 'Green Wedge'- the
30,000 plus acre natural area, which is shared with the U.S. Department
of the Interior's Patuxent Research Refuge harbors a native gene pool
of worldwide significance. The Agricultural Research Center Insect
Biocontrol Laboratory contributes to sustainable agricultural systems
by developing naturally derived pest control agents, decreasing the
amounts of synthetic insecticides used, reducing undesirable effects of
synthetic pesticides, and delaying development of resistance to
environmentally friendly insect control measures. Ten years ago, a
sustainable agriculture program was started, and ARS research results
were used to grow corn, soybean, wheat, rye, and other crops to feed
livestock. BARC scientists are doing agricultural research, and
Patuxent scientists are doing wildlife research, and they work together
quite nicely in these research projects. There are BARC scientists who
both on and off duty promote environmental causes like speaking to the
public, participating in Earth Day festivities, or working with
agriculture farmer groups. These employees participate on their own in
national bird surveys that document the birds of
BARC
and surrounding lands and contribute to scientific understanding of
birds and their migrations. The native flora and fauna at BARC contain
the heritage of the farm. Natural biocontrol agents from this gene pool
can help further reduce pesticide and fertilizer use on all farms.
© NISC
1944. The agroecology of carabid beetles.
Holland, J. M.
Andover, UK: Intercept; 356 p. (2002)
Descriptors: agricultural
land/ animal ecology/ biological control agents/ biological indicators/
crop husbandry/ cultivation/ diets/ habitats/ pest control/ predators/
predatory insects/ seed predation/ spatial distribution/ species
diversity/ survival/ weeds/ Carabidae/ insects
Abstract:
This book, divided into 11 chapters, provides an extensive
overview of the recent literature on the ecology and behaviour of
carabid beetles inhabiting agricultural land, their role in pest
control and in the diet of farmland wildlife, along with a summary of
their value as bioindicators. Emphasis is also given on carabid
survival, their spatial distribution in agricultural landscapes, their
use in agroecosystems and in weed seed predation, carabid assemblage
organization and species composition, and the impact of cultivation and
crop husbandry practices and of non-crop habitat management on carabid
beetles.
© CABI
1945. Agroforestry and wildlife management go together on small farms.
Core, J.
Agricultural Research 52: 18-19. (Dec. 2004)
NAL Call #: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: agroforestry/
wildlife management/ small farms/ wildlife habitats/ forest wildlife
relations/ lowland forests/ silvicultural practices/ Quercus/ frogs/
Ranidae/ toads/ Bufonidae/ songbirds/ birds of prey/ bats/ Chiroptera/
rabbits/ Leporidae/ water birds/ cover crops/ Missouri/ root production
method/ soil cultivation and cropping systems/ natural resources,
environment, general ecology, and wildlife conservation/ forestry
production artificial regeneration
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1946. Agroforestry and wildlife: Opportunities and alternatives.
Allen, A. W.
In: Agroforestry and sustainable systems symposium proceedings.
Fort
Collins, Colo.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station; pp.
67-73; 1995.
Notes: Literature review; Meeting held August 7-10, 1994, Fort Collins, Colorado. Includes references.
NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no.261
Descriptors: wildlife/ agroforestry/ ecosystems/ farm management/ land use/ land use planning/ habitats/ fragmentation/ fauna
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1947. American
black duck and mallard breeding distribution and habitat relationships
along a forest-agriculture gradient in southern Quebec.
Maisonneuve, C.; Belanger, L.; Bordage, D.; Jobin, B.; Grenier, M.; Beaulieu, J.; Gabor, S.; and Filion, B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(2): 450-459. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: aerial
survey/ agricultural landscape/ American black duck/ Anas
platyrhynchos/ Anas rubripes/ breeding/ habitat model/ mallard/
southern Quebec
Abstract:
Although the American black duck (Anas rubripes) has been designated a
priority species in eastern North America, no systematic survey has
been done in the agricultural lowlands of southern Quebec, where the
species is suspected to be relatively abundant and cohabits with the
mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), often considered as a competing species.
During the spring of 1998 and 1999, we surveyed breeding waterfowl in
343 4-km2plots
distributed in the lowlands of the St. Lawrence Valley
and Lac-Saint-Jean, Canada, and in agricultural areas
of Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Canada. American black duck
densities were higher in dairy farm and forested landscapes (>39
indicated breeding pairs [IBPs]/100 km2) than in cropland landscapes (8 IBPs/100 km2). Mallard densities were similar across all landscape types (30-43 IBPs/100 km2).
Habitat modeling using data derived from satellite imagery indicated
that the presence of black ducks decreased with increasing areas of
corn, ploughed fields, and deciduous forests, whereas it was favored in
areas where topography was undulating with slopes of 10-15%. The same
parameters had the opposite effect on mallard presence. The odds of
black ducks being present were doubled where mallards were present,
indicating that both species seem to be attracted to areas supporting
adequate habitats, which contradicts the hypothesis of competition
between these 2 species to explain for recent declines in the black
duck population. Results of our habitat analyses support the hypothesis
that habitat changes may be a primary factor leading to these declines.
Dairy farm landscapes are of great importance for black ducks, and the
conversion of this type of landscape toward a cropland landscape
represents a threat to an important portion of the population of this
species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1948. Amphibian responses to helicopter harvesting in forested floodplains of low order, blackwater streams.
Clawson, R. G.; Lockaby, B. G.; and Jones, R. H.
Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 225-235. (1997)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Amphibia: forestry/ helicopter harvesting effects on communities/
community structure/ population dynamics/ responses to helicopter
timber harvesting/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest and
woodland/ floodplain forested wetlands/ community
responses
to timber harvest/ Alabama/ community responses to helicopter
timber harvesting/ forested wetlands/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1949. The amphibians and reptiles of the Kissimmee River. II. Patterns of abundance and occurrence in hammocks and pastures.
Donnelly, Maureen A.; Baber, Matthew J.; and
Farrell, Christopher J.
Herpetological Natural History 8(2): 171-179. (2001);
ISSN: 1069-1928
Descriptors: terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: terrestrial habitat/ Hammocks/
abundance and occurrence/ grassland/ pasture/ Florida/ Kissimmee River/ pasture habitats/ Amphibia/ amphibians/
chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We sampled amphibians and reptiles in two habitats in the Kissimmee River basin using drift fence arrays from
March 1997-September 1998. Oak-cabbage palm hammocks and pastures were
sampled as part of a more inclusive study of the amphibians and
reptiles of the Kissimmee Basin. Hammocks mark the
limits of the floodplain, and pastures replaced floodplain vegetation
when the river was channelized. Twenty-one species were captured during
the study (ten frogs, four lizards, six snakes, and one turtle). An
additional species, Gopherus polyphemus, was observed near arrays but
not captured in traps. Species richness differed between habitats and
among sites. Twelve of the 21 species were captured only in oak-cabbage
palm hammock, nine species were collected in both habitats, and no
species was unique to the pasture habitat. Three species, Gastrophryne
carolinensis, Rana sphenocephala, and Scincella lateralis were captured
in all five sites. The greatest number of species were trapped in
Hammock C and the lowest number of species were trapped in Pasture C.
Patterns of species accumulation differed among sites but were
difficult to interpret because of flooding associated with the 1997-98
El Niiio Southern Oscillation Event. We found a significant difference
in amphibian and reptile abundance among months but no significant
difference in abundance between habitats. The abundance of amphibians
and reptiles was not associated with variation in rainfall.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1950. Animal
and habitat relationships in the South Platte Basin
with emphasis on threatened and endangered species.
Fitzgerald, J. P.
In:
Endangered Species Management: Planning Our Future, Proceedings of the
6th Annual 1996 South Platte Forum. Greeley, Colorado. Graf, D. and
Williams,
D. J. (eds.) Fort Collins, CO: Colorado Water Resources
Research Institute, Colorado State University; pp.
8; 1995.
Descriptors: United
States/ Colorado/ South Platte River Basin/
wildlife habitats/ river basins/ animal populations/ priorities/
wildlife management/ preservation/ spatial distribution/ species
diversity/ water development impacts
Abstract: A
minimum of 353 species of terrestrial vertebrates reside in or
make important seasonal use of habitats in
the South Platte River Basin in Colorado. The list
includes 252 birds, 69
mammals, 22 reptiles, and 10 amphibians. When species are tied to
habitat requisites, the most critical habitats in priority of
management needs/preservation are: 1. Grassland/Prairie; 2. Plains
Riparian/Wetlands; 3. Middle to High Elevation Forests. In a management
context the two most critical habitat types present the most serious
problems. Most of the eastern plains is in private ownership with few
incentives available to landowners for protection/habitat management.
Habitat is becoming fragmented with less than one-third still in
prairie. Water allocation and use patterns as well as human population
growth patterns are increasing pressures on remaining plains
landscapes, especially at the foothills/plains interface in the basin.
Agricultural patterns including increasing use of the Conservation
Reserve Program will also likely effect distributional patterns of
wildlife, perhaps to the detriment of some species.
© ProQuest
1951. Application
of logistic regression analysis of proportional hazard modelling for
investigating relationships between habitat and population dynamics of
bobwhite quail.
Call, E. M. University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002.
Notes: Wildlife Coop. Unit Report, Thesis
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ colinus/ Phasianidae/ Colinus virginianus/ bobwhite/
cover/ cultivated farmland/ grassland/ habitat/ habitat management for
wildlife/ modeling/ nests and nesting/ population dynamics/
productivity/ reproduction/ statistics/ survival
Abstract:
Objectives were to quantify bobwhite quail survival and
reproductive success, and to identify the major habitat factors
influencing bobwhite survival and reproductive success. Study was
conducted on Reform, Prairie Fork, and Whetstone Creek Conservation
Areas.
© NISC
1952. Applied disequilibriums: Riparian habitat management for wildlife.
Boyce, M. S. and Payne, N. F.
In: Ecosystem management: Applications for sustainable forest and wildlife resources/ Boyce, M. S. and Haney, A.
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997;
pp. 133-146.
Notes:
ISBN: 0-300-06902-2; Conference: Based on a symposium on ecosystem
management held at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 3-5
March, 1994.
Descriptors: forests/ resource management/ riparian forests/ riparian vegetation/ wildlife conservation/ North America
Abstract:
The role of riparian zone management is reviewed in the context
of ecosystem management, with particular reference to wildlife species
in North America. It is concluded that management to maintain or
restore disturbance regimes is fundamental to ecosystem management in
riparian areas.
© CABI
1953. Area requirements of grassland birds: A regional perspective.
Johnson, D. H. and Igl, L. D.
Auk 118(1): 24-34. (2001)
Descriptors: avifauna/
density/ grassland/ patch size/ prairie/ species occurrence/ United
States/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Ammodramus bairdii/ Ammodramus leconteii/
Ammodramus savannarum/ Circus cyaneus/ Cistothorus platensis/
Dolichonyx oryzivorus/ Geothlypis trichas/ Molothrus ater/ Passerculus
sandwichensis/ Spizella pallida/ Sturnella neglecta/ Tyrannus tyrannus/
Zenaida macroura
Abstract:
Area requirements of grassland birds have not been studied except in
tallgrass prairie. We studied the relation between both
species-occurrence and density and patch size by conducting 699
fixed-radius point counts of 15 bird species on 303 restored grassland
areas in nine counties in four northern Great Plains states.
Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis),
Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), Grasshopper Sparrow
(Ammodramus savannarum), Baird's Sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), Le
Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx
oryzivorus) were shown to favor larger grassland patches in one or more
counties. Evidence of area sensitivity was weak or ambivalent for
Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis
trichas), Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), and Western
Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius
phoeniceus) preferred larger patches in some counties, and smaller
patches in others. Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) and Brown- headed
Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) tended to favor smaller grassland patches.
Three species showed greater area sensitivity in counties where each
species was more common. Five species demonstrated some spatial pattern
of area sensitivity, either north to south or east to west. This study
demonstrates the importance of replication in space; results from one
area may not apply to others because of differences in study design,
analytical methods, location relative to range of the species, and
surrounding landscapes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1954. Assessing effects of alternative agricultural practices on wildlife habitat in Iowa, USA.
Santelmann, M.; Freemark, K.; Sifneos, J.; and White, D.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 113(1-4):
243-253. (2006)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2005.09.015.
Descriptors: butterflies/ future scenarios/ Iowa watersheds/ landscape change/ wildlife habitat
Abstract: A
habitat-change model was used to compare past, present, and future
land cover and management practices to assess potential impacts of
alternative agricultural practices on wildlife in two agricultural
watersheds, Walnut Creek and Buck Creek, in
central Iowa, USA. This approach required a habitat map for
each
scenario based on soil type and land cover, a list of resident species,
and an estimate of the suitability of each of 26 habitat classes for
every species. Impact on wildlife was calculated from median percent
change in habitat area relative to the present. Habitat classes with
the highest species richness for native vertebrates were ungrazed
riparian forest, upland forest and wet prairie. Differences in habitat
composition and configuration were evident among maps of the watersheds
for the past, present, and three alternative future scenarios
(Production, Water Quality, and Biodiversity). The Production scenario
ranked lowest in providing habitat for all native taxa. For most taxa,
changes in wildlife habitat due to land use changes in the
Biodiversity, Water Quality, and Past scenarios were similar, resulting
in greater habitat than either the present landscape or the Production
scenario. For native birds, amphibians, mammals, and rare species in
both watersheds, the Biodiversity scenario ranked highest in providing
habitat, and the Water Quality scenario was similar to or slightly
below the Biodiversity scenario. The Water Quality scenario was similar
to or slightly better than the Biodiversity scenario for reptiles and
butterflies in both watersheds, and both ranked higher than the
Production scenario for these taxa.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1955. Assessing effects of timber harvest on riparian zone features and functions for aquatic and wildlife habitat.
Taratoot, Mark
Research Triangle Park, N.C.: National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement;
Series: Technical bulletin 775. (1999)
NAL Call #: TD899.P3N34-no.775
Descriptors: logging/ riparian forests/ water pollution/ wildlife habitat/ aquatic habitat/ riparian zones
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1956. Assessing landowner activities related to birds across rural-to-urban landscapes.
Lepczyk, C. A.; Mertig, A. G.; and Liu, J.
Environmental Management 33(1): 110-125. (2004)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364152X
Descriptors: avian
ecology/ Breeding Bird Survey/ human dimensions/ human-dominated
landscapes/ private land/ social survey/ wildlife management/
fertilizers/ ocean habitats/ plants (botany)/ rural areas/ depredation/
habitat fragmentation/ avifauna/ landowner/ birds/ landscape/ wildlife
conservation/ natural resources conservation/ ownership/ Midwest,
United States
Abstract: Fluctuations
of bird abundances in the Midwest region of the United States have
been attributed to such factors as landscape
change, habitat fragmentation, depredation, and supplemental feeding.
However, no attempt has been made to estimate the collective role of
landowner activities that may influence birds across a landscape. To
investigate how landowners might influence birds when the majority
(> 90%) of land is privately owned, we surveyed all 1694 private
domestic landowners living on three breeding bird survey routes (~120
km) that represent a continuum of rural-to-urban landscapes in
Southeastern Michigan from October through December 2000. Our survey
was designed to investigate (1) the proportion of landowners involved
in bird feeding, providing bird houses, planting or maintaining
vegetation for birds, gardening, landscaping, applying fertilizer, and
applying pesticides or herbicides; (2) whether differences existed
between urban, suburban, and rural landowner activities; and (3)
whether landowners that carried out a given activity were
sociodemographically different from those who did not. Of the 968
respondents (58.5% response rate), 912 (94%) carried out at least one
of the activities on their land and the average landowner carried out
3.7 activities. A total of 65.6% fed birds, 45.7% provided bird houses,
54.6% planted or maintained vegetation for birds, 72.7% gardened, 72.3%
landscaped, 49.3% applied fertilizer, and 25.2% applied pesticides or
herbicides. Significant differences existed between the landscapes,
with rural landowners having more bird houses and applying pesticides
or herbicides in greater frequency. Similarly, urban landowners had a
greater density of bird feeders and houses, but planted or maintained
vegetation in the lowest frequency. Participation in activities varied
by demographic factors, such as age, gender, and occupation. Scaling
each activity to all landowners, including nonrespondents, across all
landscapes indicates that between 14% and 82% of landowners may be
engaged in a particular activity, with application of pesticides or
herbicides having the least potential involvement (13.9%-55.4%) and
gardening having the greatest potential involvement (40.1%-81.6%).
Taken collectively, our results indicate that landowners are both
intentionally and unintentionally engaged in a wide range of activities
that are likely to influence bird populations.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1957. Assessing the potential impacts of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics.
Rustigian, H. L.; Santelmann, M. V.; and Schumaker, N. H.
Landscape Ecology 18(1): 65-81. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1022936613275.
Descriptors: agriculture/
amphibians/ future scenarios/ Iowa/ landscape change/ population
dynamics/ spatially explicit population model/ conservation planning/
ecological impact/ individual-based model/ land use change/ landscape
ecology/ population dynamics/ United States
Abstract: An
individual-based, spatially explicit population model was used to
predict the consequences of future land-use alternatives for
populations of four amphibian species in two central Iowa
(Midwest USA) agricultural watersheds. The model included both
breeding and
upland habitat and incorporated effects of climatic variation and
demographic stochasticity. Data requirements of the model include life
history characteristics, dispersal behavior, habitat affinities, as
well as land use and landcover in geographic information systems
databases. Future scenarios were ranked according to change in breeder
abundance, saturation, and distribution, compared to baseline
conditions. Sensitivity of simulation results to changes in model
parameters was also examined. Simulated results suggest that while all
four species modeled are likely to persist under present and future
scenario conditions, two may be more at risk from future landscape
change. Although the study species are all widespread generalists
regarded as having a low conservation priority, they depend on wetlands
and ponds, increasingly endangered habitats in agricultural landscapes.
Broader conservation strategies in the region would ensure that these
currently common organisms do not become the endangered species of the
future.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1958. An
assessment of natural cavity abundance, nest box use, and management
recommendations for birds on the Ohio River Islands National
Wildlife Refuge, West Virginia.
Sacilotto, Karen A. West Virginia University, 2003.
Notes: Advisor: Anderson, James T.; Thesis/ Dissertation
Descriptors: birds/
nesting boxes/ erosion/ evaluation/ islands/ habitat management/
habitat restoration/ Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge/ Ohio
Abstract: Aquatic habitats connected with Ohio River islands and their back channels (areas where commercial
traffic is prohibited) provide quality habitats for bottomland hardwood wildlife. The back channel side (x̄ = 19.93 cavities/50-m radius plot, SE = 2.48) contained more cavities than the navigational channel side (x̄ = 11.58 cavities/50-m radius plot, SE = 1.73) (P P = 0.007) was
lower on the back channel side, while bird diversity
(P = 0.025) was higher on the back channel side in 2001. House wrens (Troglodytes aedon) (F = 12.91, P F = 4.82,
P
= 0.033), and bird species building moss nests (F = 5.59, P = 0.023)
appear to select nest sites based on total area of nest boxes visible.
Management should concentrate on restoration of bottomland hardwoods
and protection against erosion of the islands.
© NISC
1959. Attributes of golden-winged warbler territories in a mountain wetland.
Rossell, C. Reed; Patch, Steven C.; and
Wilds, Stephanie P.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(4): 1099-1104. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Parulidae/
Passeriformes/ Vermivora chrysoptera/ Fringillidae/ behavior/
conservation/ conservation status/ forest habitat/ forested wetlands/
geographic information system/ Graham County/ Tulula Creek/ ecosystems/
habitat characteristics/ habitat composition/ habitat types/ habitat
use/ land zones/ montane habitat/ mountain wetland/ mountain wetlands/
North Carolina/ population decline/ wetlands/ shrub habitat/ spatial
distribution/ successional habitat/ terrestrial ecology/ territorial
defense/ home range-territory/ territory characteristics/ U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service/ GIS/ neotropical migrant/ United States, southeastern
region/ territory/ early succession/ golden-winged warbler/ Appalachian
Mountains
Abstract:
The golden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) is currently under
status assessment for federal listing by the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service because of its continual decline in the southern
Appalachians and the northeastern United States. To date, no
studies have examined the spatial distribution of habitat
characteristics of golden-winged warbler territories. We describe the
habitat attributes of golden-winged warbler territories (n=10) in a
mountain wetland in North Carolina using a Geographic Information
System (GIS). We compared proportions of 4 habitat types (open, shrub,
forest, water), length of edge between forest and each habitat type,
and total length of edge between all habitat types among territories,
10-m zones around territories, and the study area. Habitat composition
among territories was diverse and included a wide range of areas
covered by each habitat type. Territories and the 10-m zones contained
less forest (P= 0.02, P= 0.037) and more total edge
(P=
0.006, P= 0.002) than the study area. The 10-m zones also contained
more edge between forest and open habitat than the territories (P=
0.014). All other attributes were similar between territories, 10-m
zones, and the study area. These results suggest that golden-winged
warblers select territories based on their degree of patchiness and
structural complexity. Territory boundaries also probably extend
farther than is typically delineated by song perches,
with peripheral areas likely providing important edge attributes for nesting. Management guidelines for golden-
winged
warblers should include maintaining a diverse mosaic of successional
habitat types, with particular attention to providing herbaceous
openings.
© NISC
1960. Avian abundance and diversity in CRP, crop fields, pastures, and restored and native grasslands during winter.
Morris, Kelly
Passenger Pigeon 62(3/4): 217-224. (2000);
ISSN: 0031-2703
Descriptors: birds/ crops/ conservation/ species diversity/ hibernation/ snow/ grass prairies/ meadows/ agricultural conservation programs
Abstract:
I compared grassland bird use of land set aside by the Conservation
Reserve Program (CRP), crop fields, pastures, and restored and native
prairies during winter in southern Wisconsin. Species diversity
was highest in crop fields, followed by restored prairie, CP2 (CRP
fields planted to native grasses), native prairie remnants, and
pastures. Avian abundance (number of individuals seen per hour of
observation) was highest in pastures, followed by restored prairie,
CP2, crop fields and native prairie. No birds were observed in CP1
fields (CRP fields planted to introduced grasses and legumes). Avian
abundance in crop fields and native prairie was higher during periods
of incomplete snow cover than during periods with 100% snow cover,
while the reverse was true for restored prairie and CP2 sites. The
variety of habitats used by grassland birds during winter should be
taken into account when management plans are being developed for these
species.
© NISC
1961. Avian communities on utility rights-of-ways and other managed shrublands in the northeastern
United States.
Confer, J. L. and Pascoe, S. M.
Forest Ecology and Management 185(1-2): 193-205. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127
Descriptors: habitat
selection/ nesting success/ rights-of-way/ shrubland birds/ shrubland
management/ succession/ biodiversity/ herbicides/ reforestation/
vegetation/ shrublands/ forestry/ avifauna/ community structure/
conservation management/ cutting/ habitat management/ herbicide/
prescribed burning/ right of way/ shrubland/ United States/ Molothrus
ater
Abstract:
We studied bird density and nesting success on utility rights-of-way
(ROW) managed primarily by selective herbicide application in New
York, Massachusetts and Maine. For comparison, we also
estimated bird density in ROW managed by cutting in New Hampshire
and New York and in shrublands managed by fire in the Finger Lakes
National Forest (FLNF), New York. On herbicide-managed ROW, we
detected a mean of 14.3 individuals and 12.2 species per point count,
including many species of early-succession habitat that are declining
throughout northeastern United States. Nesting success in forested
landscapes of New York, Maine, and Massachusetts was 55%
on the ROW, 69% in forests within 20 m of the ROW, and 63% in forests
more than 20 m from the ROW. Brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)
parasitized 5.3% of the nests and reduced host recruitment by even
less. This suggests that ROW in forested areas support high production
of shrubland birds and do not exert a measurably harmful effect on
forest-nesting birds. Selective herbicide application on ROW sustained
shrubland vegetation and supported high densities and high nesting
success. Mechanical cutting lowered the structural diversity of
vegetation the following spring and was associated with fewer
individual birds and species. Cool burns in early spring produced a
high structural diversity of herbs, shrubs and trees and supported a
high density of birds and bird species. Long-term maintenance of
shrublands by burning will require Supplemental cutting to remove
saplings. As reforestation continues to reduce shrubland habitat,
probably below pre-colonial levels, active management for
early-succession habitat will be necessary to sustain current
population levels of numerous species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1962. Avian community response to pine-grassland restoration.
Wood, D. R.; Wes Burger, L.; Bowman, J. L.; and
Hardy, C. L.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(3): 819-828. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0819:ACRTPR]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: landscape/
midstory removal/ Mississippi/ Picoides borealis/ pine-grassland
restoration/ prescribed fire/ red-cockaded woodpecker/ songbirds/
avifauna/ community structure/ coniferous forest/ grassland/ habitat
management/ habitat structure/ restoration ecology/ Homochitto National
Forest/ Mississippi/ Aimophila/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Aves/
Galliformes/ Icteria virens/ Passeri/ Passeridae/ Picidae/ Picoides/
Picoides borealis/ Vireo/ Vireo olivaceus/ Vireonidae
Abstract: Habitat
management for an endangered species may affect nontarget
communities. We examined avian community response to pine-grassland
restoration for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) and
traditional United States Forest Service pine sawtimber management at
Homochitto National Forest, Mississippi from 1994-1996. Thirteen
species were more abundant in pine-grassland restoration stands,
whereas 5 species were more abundant in traditionally managed pine
sawtimber stands. Mature restored pine-grassland stands had greater
avian species richness, total bird abundance, and avian conservation
value than traditionally managed pine sawtimber stands. We used
logistic regression models in an exploratory analysis to predict
occurrence of selected species using stand- and landscape-scale habitat
characteristics. Probability of red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus)
occurrence increased with increasing hardwood canopy cover, and
probability of yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) occurrence
increased with increasing grass ground cover. Species richness, total
avian abundance, and occurrence of red-eyed vireos and Bachman's
sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis) increased with increasing values
of Shannon's Habitat Diversity Index. Pine-grassland restoration
for
red-cockaded woodpeckers created vegetation composition and structure
at the stand and landscape scales that may benefit numerous avian
species of regional conservation concern.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1963. Avian
community structure associated with woodland habitats in fragmented and
unfragmented landscapes in western South Dakota.
Kelsey, K. W. South Dakota State Univeristy, 2001.
Notes: Project no. SD W-107-R/Study No. 1011; Wildlife Coop. Unit Report - Thesis
http://wfs.sdstate.edu/wfsdept/Publications/Theses/Kelsey,%20Kyle%20W.%20MS-2001.pdf
Descriptors: abundance/
birds/ grassland/ habitat/ habitat management/ population density/
population dynamics/ prairie/ species diversity/ transect survey/
vegetation/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ woodland climax/
South Dakota
Abstract:
Purpose was to conduct an intial inventory of prairie woodlands,
native and planted, in non-fragmented and fragmented landscapes in the
mixed-grass prairie region of western South Dakota. Objectives
were to:
(1)
determine if patch size, vegetation metrics, and landscape
characteristics had any effects on avian community structure (species
composition, richness, abundance, and density); and (2) evaluate if
exist in bird assemblages between planted and native woodlands.
The
question of whether planted woodlands create habitat for woodland birds
of management concern despite their degrading affects on grassland bird
habitat is addressed.
© NISC
1964. Avian population trends within the evolving agricultural landscape of eastern and central
United States.
Murphy, M. T.
Auk 120(1): 20-34. (Jan. 2003)
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ migratory birds/ CRP fields/ nesting success/ breeding
birds/ North America/ habitat/ grassland/ abundance/ songbirds
Abstract:
State-level Breeding Bird Survey (1980-1998) and U.S. Department of
Agriculture statistics were used to test the hypothesis that changes in
agricultural land use within the eastern and central U.S. have driven
population trends of grassland and shrub habitat birds over the past
two decades. The degree to which population trends differed between
grassland and shrub habitats was evaluated with respect to migratory
and nesting behavior. Grassland birds declined significantly between
1980 and 1999, but, on average, shrub habitat species did not.
Grassland-breeding, long-distance migrants exhibited the strongest
negative trends. Most species (78%; n = 63) exhibited at least one
significant association between population trends and changes in
agricultural land use, and in most, land use "explained" 25-30% of the
variation in population trends among states. Changes in the farmland
landscape accounted for more of the interstate variability of
population trends of short-distance migrants than of both long-
distance migrants and residents, and that variability was greater in
grassland than shrub species. Declines in the area of rangeland and
cover crops were followed by population declines and increases,
respectively, by many species. Increases of land in the Conservation
Reserve Program had negative associations with population trends of
some shrub species. The results indicate that grassland
birds have declined strongly over the past two decades,
and
that regardless of migratory behavior or nesting habits, avian
population trends are linked strongly to changes in agricultural land
use within North America.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1965. Beaver (Castor canadensis) in heavily browsed environments.
Baker, Bruce W.
Lutra 46(2): 173-181. (2003); ISSN: 0024-7634
Descriptors: Castoridae/
Rodentia/ Cervidae/ Artiodactyla/ Castor canadensis/ Cervus elaphus/
Cervus canadensis/ biogeography/ animal interactions/ interspecies
relationships/ intraspecies relationships/ heavily browsed environment/
Castor canadensis/ Cervus elaphus/ Colorado/ Douglas Creek and Rocky
Mountain National Park/ food supply/ foods-feeding/ interspecies
relationships/ Salix/ diets/ habitat use/ land zones/ nutrition/
American beaver/ wapiti/ food/ vegetation/ damage [forest]/ overuse/
habitat change/ den/ ecosystem
Abstract: Beaver
(Castor canadensis) populations have declined or failed to
recover in heavily browsed environments. I suggest that intense
browsing by livestock or ungulates can disrupt beaver-willow (Salix
spp.) mutualisms that likely evolved under relatively low herbivory in
a more predator-rich environment, and that this interaction may explain
beaver and willow declines. Field experiments in Rocky
Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA, found the interaction
of beaver and elk (Cervus elaphus) herbivory suppressed compensatory
growth in willow. Intense elk browsing of simulated beaver-cut willow
produced plants which were small and hedged with a high percentage of
dead stems, whereas protected plants were large and highly branched
with a low percentage of dead stems. Evaluation of a winter food cache
showed beaver had selected woody stems with a lower percentage of
leaders browsed by elk. A lack of willow stems suitable as winter
beaver food may cause beaver populations to decline, creating a
negative feedback mechanism for beaver and willow. In contrast, if
browsing by livestock or ungulates can be controlled, and beaver can
disperse from a nearby source population, then beaver may build dams in
marginal habitat which will benefit willow and cause a positive
riparian response that restores proper function to degraded habitat. In
a shrub-steppe riparian ecosystem of
northwestern Colorado, USA, rest from overgrazing of
livestock released herbaceous
vegetation initiating restoration of a beaver-willow community. Thus,
competition from livestock or ungulates can cause beaver and willow to
decline and can prevent their restoration in heavily browsed riparian
environments, but beaver and willow populations can recover under
proper grazing management.
© NISC
1966. Biodiversity and ecological value of conservation lands in agricultural landscapes of southern Ontario, Canada.
Milne, R. J. and Bennett, L. P.
Landscape Ecology 22(5): 657-670. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10980-006-9063-5.
Descriptors: anuran/
avian/ biodiversity/ connectivity/ ecological value/ integrated
assessment/ multifunctional/ patch size/ rarity/ sub-watershed
Abstract:
In eastern North America, large forest patches have been the
primary target of biodiversity conservation. This conservation strategy
ignores land units that combine to form the complex emergent rural
landscapes typical of this region. In addition, many studies have
focussed on one wildlife group at a single spatial scale. In this
paper, studies of avian and anuran populations at regional and
landscape scales have been integrated to assess the ecological value of
agricultural mosaics in southern Ontario on the basis of the
maintenance of faunal biodiversity. Field surveys of avian and anuran
populations were conducted between 2001 and 2004 at the watershed and
sub-watershed levels. The ecological values of land units were based on
a combination of several components including species richness, species
of conservation concern (rarity), abundance, and landscape parameters
(patch size and connectivity). It was determined that habitats such as
thicket swamps, coniferous plantations and cultural savannas can play
an important role in the overall biodiversity and ecological value of
the agricultural landscape. Thicket swamps at the edge of agricultural
fields or roads provided excellent breeding habitat for anurans.
Coniferous plantations and cultural savannas attracted many birds of
conservation concern. In many cases, the land units that provided high
ecological value for birds did not score well for frogs. Higher scores
for avian and anuran populations were recorded along the Niagara
Escarpment and other protected areas as expected. However, some private
land areas scored high, some spatially connected to the protected areas
and therefore providing an opportunity for private land owners to enter
into a management arrangement with the local agencies. © 2007
Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1967. Biodiversity of agricultural land: Habitats, species and hotspots.
Usher, M. B.
In: Biodiversity and conservation in agriculture proceedings of an international symposium. Stakis Brighton
Metropole Hotel, UK.
Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council;
pp. 1-14; 1997.
Notes: Literature review.
NAL Call #: SB599.B73-no.69; ISBN: 190139669X
Descriptors: agricultural land/ biodiversity/ species diversity/ genetic diversity/ community ecology/ landscape ecology/ habitats
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1968. Biodiversity
of southeastern Minnesota forested streams: Relationships between
trout habitat improvement practices, riparian communities and Louisiana waterthrushes.
Stucker, J. H. University of Minnesota, 2000.
Notes: Degree: M.S.
Descriptors: wildlife-habitat
relationships/ interspecies relationships/ habitat management/ policies
and programs/ ecology/ nests and nesting/ reproduction/ statistics/
habitat changes/ Minnesota/ Winona County/ Wabasha County/ Fillmore
County/ Houston County/ Olmsted County
Abstract:
Thesis is divided into the following chapters: (1) Louisiana
Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla) Ecology in Southeastern Minnesota;
(2) Trout Habitat Improvement
Projects
and Avian Communities of Southeastern Minnesota; (3) Trout Habitat
Improvement Projects, Macroinvertebrate Communities and Riparian
Physical Habitats of Southeastern Minnesota; and (4) Conservation and
Management Implications for Riparian Forests: Trout Habitat Improvement
and Louisiana Waterthrushes,
© NISC
1969. Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles.
Semlitsch, Raymond D. and Bodie, J. Russell
Conservation Biology 17(5): 1219-1228. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ behavior/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ Amphibia/ Reptilia:
habitat management/ buffer zones/ wetland habitat/ biological criteria/
migration/ terrestrial migration distances/ distribution within
habitat/ habitat utilization/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands/ biological
criteria/ riparian habitat/ amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Terrestrial habitats surrounding wetlands are critical to the
management of natural resources. Although the protection of water
resources from human activities such as agriculture, silviculture, and
urban development is obvious, it is also apparent that terrestrial
areas surrounding wetlands are core habitats for many semiaquatic
species that depend on mesic ecotones to complete their life cycle. For
purposes of conservation and management, it is important to define core
habitats used by local breeding populations surrounding wetlands. Our
objective was to provide an estimate of the biologically relevant size
of core habitats surrounding wetlands for amphibians and reptiles. We
summarize data from the literature on the use of terrestrial habitats
by amphibians and reptiles associated with wetlands (19 frog and 13
salamander species representing 1363 individuals; 5 snake and 28 turtle
species representing more than 2245 individuals). Core terrestrial
habitat ranged from 159 to 290 m for amphibians and from 127 to 289 m
for reptiles from the edge of the aquatic site. Data from these studies
also indicated the importance of terrestrial habitats for feeding,
overwintering, and nesting, and, thus, the biological interdependence
between aquatic and terrestrial habitats that is essential for the
persistence of populations. The minimum and maximum values for core
habitats, depending on the level of protection needed, can be used to
set biologically meaningful buffers for wetland and riparian habitats.
These results indicate that large areas of terrestrial habitat
surrounding wetlands are critical for maintaining biodiversity.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1970. Biological effects of agriculturally derived surface water pollutants on aquatic systems: A review.
Cooper, C. M.
Journal of Environmental Quality 22(3): 402-408.
(July 1993-Sept. 1993)
NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA].
Notes:
Paper presented at the USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center
Symposium XVII, "Agricultural Water Quality Priorities, A Team Approach
to Conserving Natural Resources," May 4-8, 1992, Beltsville, MD.
Includes references.
Descriptors: aquatic
environment/ surface water/ water quality/ sediment/ nutrients/ organic
wastes/ pesticides/ heavy metals/ pollution/ agriculture
Abstract:
Environmental manipulations and other human activities are major causes
of stress on natural ecosystems. Of the many sources of surface water
pollutants, agricultural activities have been identified as major
contributors to environmental stress, which affects all ecosystem
components. In water, agricultural contaminants are most noticeable
when they produce immediate, dramatic toxic effects on aquatic life
although more subtle, sublethal chronic effects may be just as damaging
over long periods. Aquatic systems have the ability to recover from
contaminant damage if not seriously overloaded with irreversible
pollutants. Thus, contaminant loading level is as important as type of
pollutant. Although suspended sediment represents the largest volume of
aquatic contaminant, pesticides, nutrients, and organic enrichment are
also major stressors of aquatic life. Stream corridor habitat traps and
processes contaminants. Loss of buffering habitat, including riparian
zones, accelerates effects of pollutants and should be considered when
assessing damage to aquatic life. Protection of habitat is the single
most effective means of conserving biological diversity. Current
available management practices and promising new technology are
providing solutions to many contaminant-related problems in aquatic
systems.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1971. Biophysical and ecological interactions in a temperate tree-based intercropping system.
Thevathasan, N. V.; Gordon, A. M.; Simpson, J. A.; Reynolds, P. E.; Price, G.; and Zhang, P.
Journal of Crop Improvement 12(1-2): 339-363. (2004); ISSN: 15427528.
Notes: doi: 10.1300/J411v12n01_04.
Descriptors: agroecosystems/
agroforestry/ biodiversity/ biophysical interactions/ carbon
sequestration/ sustainable agriculture/ Acer/ Aves/ Fraxinus/ Glycine
max/ Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare/ Juglans/ Mammalia/ Pheretima
sieboldi/ Picea/ Populus/ Quercus/ Thuja/
Triticum aestivum/ Zea mays
Abstract: Tree-based
intercropping is considered an excellent farming system and
can contribute much to our understanding of sustainable agriculture
practices. Our current research goals are to address and quantify the
numerous biophysical interactions that occur at the tree-crop interface
in order to enhance our understanding of the ecology of tree-based
intercropping (a form of agroforestry). In 1987, the University
of Guelph established a large field experiment on 30 ha of prime
agricultural land in Wellington county
southern Ontario, Canada to investigate various aspects of
intercropping trees with
agricultural crops. A variety of spacing, crop compatibility and tree
growth, and survival experiments were initiated at that time, utilizing
10 tree species within the genera Picea, Thuja, Pinus, Juglans,
Quercus, Fraxinus, Acer, and Populus. Two between row-spacings (12.5 m
or 15 m) and two within row-spacings (3 m, or 6 m) were utilized in
conjunction with all possible combinations of three agricultural crops
(soybean, corn, and either winter wheat or barley). Investigations over
the last decade have documented several complementary biophysical
interactions. Nitrogen (N) transfer from fall-shed leaves to adjacent
crops with enhanced soil nitrification as the proposed mechanism was
estimated to be 5 kg N ha-1. Soil organic carbon (C) adjacent to tree
rows has increased by over 1%, largely as a result of tree litterfall
inputs and fine root turnover. It is estimated that intercropping has
reduced nitrate loading to adjacent waterways by 50%, a hypothesized
function of deep percolate interception by tree roots. We have also
noticed increased bird diversity and usage within the intercropped area
as compared to mono-cropped adjacent agricultural areas, and have
recorded increases in small mammal populations. Earthworm distribution
and abundance was also found to be higher closer to the tree rows when
compared to earthworm numbers in the crop alleys. We speculate that
these are indicative of major changes in the flow of energy within the
trophic structure identified with intercropping systems. In light of
climate change mitigation processes, C sequestration and NO2 reduction
potentials in tree-based intercropping systems were studied and
compared to conventional agricultural systems. The results suggest that
sequestration of C was 5 times more in the former system than in the
latter. Competitive interactions between trees and crops for nutrients,
moisture and light were also studied. The tangible benefits that are
derived from properly designed and managed tree-based intercropping
systems this land management option above conventional
agriculture in terms of long-term productivity and sustainability.
© 2004 by The Haworth Press, Inc.
All rights reserved.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1972. Bird communities of prairie uplands and wetlands in relation to farming practices in Saskatchewan.
Shutler, D.; Mullie, A.; and Clark, R. G.
Conservation Biology 14(5): 1441-1451. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98246.x.
Descriptors: avifauna/ community composition/
farming system/ prairie/ wetland/ Canada/ Aves
Abstract: Modern
farm practices can vary in their emphasis on tillage versus
chemicals to control weeds, and researchers know little about which
emphasis has greater ecological benefits. We compared avifaunas of
uplands and wetlands in four treatments: conventional farms,
conservation farms (contrasting those that minimized frequency of
tillage [minimum tillage] with those that eliminated chemical inputs
[organic]), and restored or natural (wild) sites
in Saskatchewan, Canada. Of 37 different upland bird species
encountered during
surveys, one made greater use of farms, four made greater use of wild
sites, and the remaining species showed no preference. When all upland
species were combined, higher relative abundance occurred on wild than
on farm sites, and on minimum tillage than on conventional farms. Wild
upland sites also had more species than did conventional farms. Of 79
different species encountered during surveys of wetlands and their
margins, most had similar encounter probabilities among treatments,
although seven were more common on either organic farms or wild sites.
Higher relative abundances were documented in wetland habitat of wild
sites and organic farms than of minimum tillage or conventional farms.
Wetlands of wild sites had more species than did minimum tillage or
conventional farms. Overall, in terms of both avifaunal density and
diversity, small treatment effects could be ascribed to differences
between conventional and
conservation
farms, whereas larger effects were due to differences between farms and
wild sites. Wetlands were heavily used by birds in all treatments,
suggesting high conservation priority regardless of context.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1973. Bird observations in five agricultural field types of the Everglades agricultural area in summer and fall.
Pearlstine, Elise V.; Mazzotti, Frank J.; Rice, Kenneth G.; and Liner, Anna
Florida Field Naturalist 32(3): 75-84. (2004);
ISSN: 0738-999X
Descriptors: biodiversity/
biogeography: population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology,
environmental sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ restoration
planning/ applied and field techniques/ cane field/ fallow field/ sod
field
Abstract:
The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is a 280,000 ha segment of
former Everglades that was drained early in this century and
converted to agricultural cultivation. It is near natural Everglades habitat; however, the wildlife of this area remains
relatively unknown. We surveyed 18 sites in five agricultural field
types for bird presence and abundance from mid-June to December 1999.
We compared these EAA sites with four sites at the adjacent Arthur R.
Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge (LNWR) and tallied 4,005
individuals and 72 species within the 9 sites. Flooded habitats such as
rice and fallow flooded fields contained a larger numbers of birds and
higher species diversity than terrestrial habitats (cane, sod, fallow
fields) within the EAA. However, each field type supports a unique
assemblage of species and contributes to overall avian diversity of the
area. We recommend that flooded habitats be expanded within the EAA,
especially on idle lands. There is a need for further study and the
inclusion of wildlife in agricultural and restoration planning in the
area.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1974. Birds
on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: Partitioning effects
of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance.
Freemark, K. E. and Kirk, D. A.
Biological Conservation 101(3): 337-350. (2001)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00079-9.
Descriptors: bird
population declines/ Canada/ canonical correspondence analysis/
farmland birds/ habitat and practices/ Ontario/ organic farms/
variation partitioning/ abundance/ avifauna/ conservation management/
intensive agriculture/ population decline/ species richness/ Aves/
Galliformes
Abstract: Population
declines of farmland birds over recent decades in Europe, Canada
and the USA have been attributed to more intensive
agricultural management.
We counted birds during the 1990 breeding season on
72
field sites in southern Ontario, Canada, paired between
10 organic and 10 conventional farms for local habitat to enhance our
ability to detect effects of agricultural practices. Of 68 species
recorded, 58 were on organic sites, 59 on conventional. Species
richness and total abundance were significantly greater on organic than
conventional sites based on log-linear regression.Of 43 species
analyzed with log-linear regression, eight (18.6%) were significantly
(P < 0.05) more abundant on organic
than
conventional sites and four (9.3%) approached significance (0.05 < P
< 0.10). Eight of these 12 species had negative population trends
for 1967-1998 Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS) in this region. Two of the 43
species analyzed (4.7%) were significantly more abundant on
conventional than organic sites and three (7.0%) approached
significance. Two of these five species had negative BBS population
trends. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of 13 practices and
13 habitat variables explained 44% of total variation (TV) accounted
for in a detrended correspondence analysis of bird species composition
and abundance. Practices contributed 23.7% of TV, habitat 26%; habitat
and practices shared 5.7% with each other and 12% with farm ownership
(i.e. clustering of field sites within farms). CCA ordinations
indicated considerable mixing of organic and conventional sites across
a gradient from sites with many birds species associated with greater
habitat heterogeneity and more pasture, winter grain, farmstead and
other non-crop habitats (hedgerow, woodland) to sites with few bird
species associated with larger fields, more rowcrop and spring grain,
more passes and tilling, and use of herbicides and chemical
fertilizers. Our results re-emphasize the importance of non-crop
habitats, more permanent crop cover, and less intensive management
practices to the conservation of avian biodiversity on farmland.
[Canadian Crown Copyright]
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1975. Bobwhite quail myths.
White, Bill
Missouri Conservationist 65(8)(2004); ISSN: 0026-6515.
http://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2004/08/10.htm
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ agricultural practices/ birds/ fences/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ habitat use/ landowners/ management/
population ecology/ predators/ restoration/ wildlife/ northern bobwhite
quail/ Missouri
Abstract:
This article has notes about the myths related to quails declining
number. One of the common beliefs is that predators are eating all the
quail. The main reason behind this, though, is a lack of proper
habitat. A survey of landowners at a quail field day showed that 60
percent of the participants were managing their land for quail. Those
same 60 percent were seeing more quail on their property. Wooded fence
lines and draws not only crowd out quail friendly shrubs and weeds, but
they also provide an advantage for quail predators. A Mississippi
study found that quail near trees were most susceptible to avian
predators like great horned owls and Cooper's hawks. The invasion of
trees into quail habitat also has provided additional food sources and
dens to such predators as raccoons, skunks. A study shows that quail
numbers triple when habitat is managed in a quail-friendly manner.
Wooded fence lines and draws can be restored for quail by dropping the
trees with a chainsaw. Stumps of undesirable trees should be treated to
prevent resprouting. Valuable lumber and wildlife food trees should
remain uncut. If brome or fescue is present under these trees, those
grasses should be eliminated. The long-term increases in wild turkey
and deer populations are not the cause for the decline in quail. They
do, though, indicate the reason for the decline.
© NISC
1976. Breeding bird population changes in the Gila River Bird Area.
Shook, R. S.
NMOS Bulletin 32(2): 49-50. (2004).
Notes: Published by New Mexico Ornithological Society.
Descriptors: forests/ riparian habitat/ birds/ breeding/
Aves/ fencing/ cattle
Abstract:
The Gila River Bird Area, approximately 48 km west of Silver City,
Grant Co., New Mexico, was established in 1970 by the Forest
Service in order to preserve and restore prime riparian habitat.
From 1995 through 1999, eight wetlands were constructed for
stream bank stabilization and to create habitat for the endangered
(Southwestern) Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax trailii extimus).
Fencing was also constructed to manage cattle access.
Beginning in 1996 periodic avian strip censuses have been
conducted to measure changes in avian population numbers. Using
linear regression analysis, I compared the average number of detections
per km per breeding season for the years 1997 through 2003, for 21
breeding species chosen to represent diversity in both taxonomic and
habitat preference. The species chosen were: Mallard (Anas
platyrhynchos) Common Black-Hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus), Wild Turkey
(Meleagris gallopavo), Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), Yellow-billed
Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus),
Western Wood-Pewee (Contopus sordidulus), Southwestern) Willow
Flycatcher, Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans), Brown-crested Flycatcher
(Myiarchus tyrannulus), Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii), Lucy's Warbler,
Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis
trichas), Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), Summer Tanager
(Piranga rubra), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Red-winged
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus),
Bullock's Oriole (Icterus bullockii), and Lesser Goldfinch (Carduelis
psaltria). Results indicate significant increases in populations
of Western Wood Pewees, Brown-crested Flycatchers, Bell's Vireos,
Yellow-breasted Chats, and Northern Cardinals. The first two species
are forest birds while the remainder prefers dense underbrush.
Significant declines occurred in populations of Killdeer and
Red-winged Blackbirds owing to decreases in their preferred habitat.
© NISC
1977. Breeding bird response to riparian forest management: 9 years post-harvest.
Hanowski, JoAnn; Danz, Nick; and Lind, Jim
Forest Ecology and Management 241(1-3): 272-277. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Aves: forestry/ riparian
forest managment/ breeding species response/ forest and woodland/
Minnesota/ Pokegama Lake tributary streams/ breeding species/ response
to riparian forest management/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We previously examined the 3-year response of breeding bird communities
to timber harvest in riparian areas using two harvest techniques (full
tree harvest (GPL) and cut-to-length (CTL)) along first- to third-order
streams in northern Minnesota, USA. We revisited the same 12
sites 9 years post-harvest and compared community composition, total
abundance, species richness, and the abundance of bird guilds on
harvest plots randomly assigned to four treatments (three plots per
treatment). Analyses revealed a significant response of the bird
community to timber harvest in the riparian area. Nine years
post-harvest, bird communities in the uncut riparian buffers were
statistically indistinguishable from control bird communities.
Differences in bird communities between CTL and GPL treatments detected
3 years post-harvest in buffers were no longer evident after 9 years.
Breeding bird community composition in harvested buffers became more
similar to uncut and control buffer communities in species composition.
All treatment buffers continued to have more species and individuals
than control buffers; these bird species had affinities for
early-successional forests. No differences among forest interior
species or ground-nesting birds were evident between treatments 9 years
post-harvest. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1978. Breeding
pond selection and movement patterns by eastern spadefoot toads
(Scaphiopus holbrookii) in relation to weather and edaphic conditions.
Greenberg, Cathryn H. and Tanner, George W.
Journal of Herpetology 38(4): 569-577. (2004)
NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 0022-1511
Descriptors: Anura/
Lissamphibia/ Pelobatidae/ Aristida stricta/ eastern spadefoot/
longleaf pine/ Pinus palustris/ Scaphiopus holbrookii/ breeding pond
selection/ breeding pond selection/ wildlife movement patterns/
breeding grounds/ climate/ weather/ environmental factors/ habitat use/
Florida, Marion County/ Florida, Putnam County/ Ocala National Forest/
land zones/ North America/ reproduction/ breeding/ Aristida stricta/
Pinus spp./ wiregrass
Abstract: Eastern
Spadefoot Toads (Scaphiopus holbrookii) require fish-free,
isolated, ephemeral ponds for breeding but otherwise inhabit
surrounding uplands, commonly xeric longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and
wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana) ecosystem. Fire suppression in
the Florida sandhills has the potential to alter upland and pond
suitability through increased hardwood densities and resultant higher
transpiration. In this paper, we explore breeding and metamorphic
emigration movements in relation to weather, hydrological conditions of
ponds, and surrounding upland matrices. We use nine years of data from
continuous monitoring with drift fences and pitfall traps at eight
ephemeral ponds in two upland matrices: regularly burned, savanna-like
sandhills (N = 4), and hardwood-invaded sandhills (N = 4). Neither
adult nor metamorph captures differed between ponds within the two
upland matrices, suggesting that they are tolerant of upland
heterogeneity created by fire frequency. Explosive breeding occurred
during nine periods and in all seasons; adults were captured rarely
otherwise. At the landscape-level, an interaction between rainfall and
maximum change in barometric pressure were the top significant
predictors of explosive breeding. At the pond-level, rainfall and the
change in pond depth during the month prior to breeding were the top
significant predictors of adult captures. Metamorphic emigrations
occurred following transformation and usually were complete within a
week regardless of rainfall levels. Movement by adults and metamorphs
was directional, but mean directions of adult
emigrations and immigrations did not always correspond. Our results suggest that spadefoot toads are highly
adapted
to breeding conditions and upland habitat heterogeneity created by
weather patterns and fire frequency in Florida sandhills.
© NISC
1979. Buffered wetlands in agricultural landscapes in the Prairie Pothole Region: Environmental, agronomic, and economic evaluations.
Rickerl, D. H.; Janssen, L. L.; and Woodland, R.
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55(2):
220-225. (2000)
Descriptors: agriculture/
crop budgets/ farming systems/ Prairie Pothole Region/ regulations/
wetland buffer strips/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ wetlands/ agronomy/
buffering/ cropping practice/ nutrient cycling/ wetland/ United
States
Abstract:
A farm site with four seasonal wetlands was chosen in Lake
County, S.D. to examine agronomic, environmental, and economic
performance of cropped fields with buffered and non buffered wetlands.
Buffers were established in blocks around two of the wetlands in 1995.
In 1997 and 1998, soil/water/plants were analyzed for nutrient content
in the buffered and non buffered wetlands. Results showed that the
wetland buffer vegetation effectively removed nutrients, thus reducing
nutrient content in wetland soils and vegetation, and cycling captured
nutrients through hay and forage crops. Long term budgets were
developed for combinations of five wetland management scenarios and
three crop farming systems. Net returns from buffered wetland fields
were generally lower than net returns from maximum crop production. Net
returns were greatest for the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) or
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) scenarios, regardless of farming
system. The results suggest that enrolling wetlands in WRP or CRP has
both economic and environmental benefits.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1980. Burrowing owl nest success and burrow longevity in north central Oregon.
Holmes, Aaron L.; Green, Gregory A.; Morgan, Russell L.; and Livezey, Kent B.
Western North American Naturalist 63(2): 244-250. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7; ISSN: 1527-0904
Descriptors: Taxidea
taxus/ Mustelidae/ Carnivora/ Athene cunicularia/ Strigiformes/
Strigidae/ Speotyto cunicularia/ behavior/ terrestrial ecology/ burrow
destruction/ burrow longevity/ burrow reuse/ migratory population/ nest
success/ athene cunicularia/ predation/ foods-feeding/ burrows/ farming
and agriculture/ productivity/ habitat management/ livestock trampling
of burrows/ predators/ mammals/ minimization of burrow trampling by
livestock/ Morrow County/ mortality/ natural soil erosion/ nesting
success/ Oregon/ environmental factors/ Taxidea taxus/ habitat use/
wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/ conservation/
wildlife management/ diets/ disturbances/ land zones/ nutrition/
population ecology/ reproduction/ den/ fertility-recruitment/ habitat/
nest/ philopatry/ badger/ burrowing owl
Abstract:
We studied nest success, burrow longevity, and rates of burrow reuse
for a migratory population of Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in
north central Oregon from 1995 to 1997. Nest success varied
annually from 50% to 67%. Principal causes of nest failure were
desertion (26%) and depredation by badgers (Taxidea taxus; 13%). Reuse
of available nest and satellite burrows in subsequent years was 87% in
1996 and 57% in 1997. Reuse was highest at burrows in sandy soils,
which may indicate that nest-site availability is a limiting factor in
sandier soil types. Trampling by livestock resulted in the loss of 24%
of all burrows between one season and the next, and natural erosion
resulted in closure of 17%. Both causes of burrow failure occurred more
frequently in soils with a sand component due to their friable nature.
We recommend that habitat used by livestock be evaluated for use by
Burrowing Owls, that occupied areas be managed to minimize destruction
of burrows by livestock, and that predator-control efforts be revised
to exclude mortality of badgers.
© NISC
1981. Calhoun Point Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Project.
Miller, D.
In: Proceedings of the 2001 Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference. Hayes D.F. and
Hayes D.F. (eds.) Reno, NV; pp. 733-739; 2001. ISBN: 0784405816
Descriptors: agriculture/
dams/ dredging/ floods/ forestry/ project management/ rivers/
sediments/ bottomland forest/ habitat rehabilitation/ biodiversity
Abstract: The
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Management Program
(EMP) is a program for enhancing wildlife habitat in the
upper Mississippi River system. In recognition of the benefit of
balanced management of the multiple functions that the river performs,
the program is funded by the same legislation that provides for
improvements to navigation. Calhoun Point, at the confluence of
the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, is a key area
within the program; containing abundant bottomland forest, open water,
emergent wetlands, and scattered agricultural fields. The current
project includes berms to protect the 2,100-acre site from frequent,
sediment-laden floods, and to provide a means to perch water on the
interior to increase waterfowl habitation. The project also includes
stop log structures, sluice gates, and pump sites to move water into,
out of, and between the many lakes and sloughs inside the protected
area. There is also a dredging component to provide fisheries and
reverse some of the siltation that has occurred. The project is
currently under design with construction scheduled to begin in early
summer 2001. When construction has been completed the area will be
managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. This paper
describes the design of the project, including information about design
criteria, problems that were encountered and their solutions,
engineering tools, and coordination among the consultant, the
Department of Natural Resources, and the Corps of Engineers.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1982. Can cows and fish co-exist?
Fitch, L. and Adams, B. W.
Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78(2): 191-198. (1998)
NAL Call #: 450 C16; ISSN: 0008-4220
Descriptors: agriculture/ grazing management/
riparian ecosystem
Abstract:
Our paper provides an ecological perspective on the interrelationship
between livestock grazing and riparian areas through a review of
topical literature, We also describe the Alberta Riparian Habitat
Management Project (also known as "Cows and Fish"), and draw upon our
experience to provide a perspective on future riparian management
actions. Those actions should begin with an understanding that prairie
landscapes evolved with herbivores, in a grazing regime timed and
controlled by season and climatic fluctuations where grazing by native
grazers was followed by variable rest periods. Prevailing range
management principles represent an attempt to imitate the natural
system and describe ecologically based grazing systems. Traditionally,
range management guidelines have focused on grazing practices and
impacts in upland, terrestrial rangelands, with a lack of attention
devoted to riparian areas. Three decades of riparian investigation have
quantified the effect unmanaged livestock grazing can have on range
productivity and watershed function. We contend that suitable grazing
strategies for riparian areas will be developed first by understanding
the function of riparian systems and then by applying range management
principles to develop riparian grazing strategies. A key step towards
determining the fit of livestock grazing is an understanding of the
formation of riparian systems and their ecological function. We
describe riparian structure, function and process to provide linkages
between livestock grazing, riparian vegetation health and stream
channel dynamics. We summarize the effects of unmanaged livestock
grazing on riparian habitats and fish and wildlife populations. The
general conclusion is that unmanaged grazing results in overuse and
degradation of riparian areas. The literature provides several options
for the development of riparian grazing strategies. We provide an
overview of strategies suitable for riparian areas in Southern
Alberta which should maintain ecological function and sustained use.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1983. Cerulean warbler abundance and occurrence relative to large-scale edge and habitat characteristics.
Wood, Petra Bohall; Bosworth, Scott B.; and
Dettmers, Randy
Condor 108(1): 154-165. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422
Descriptors: human
ecology: anthropology/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ species abundance/ forest
fragmentation/ species occurrence/ edge effect/ mountaintop mining/
reclaimed mine landscape
Abstract:
We examined Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) abundance and
occurrence in southwestern West Virginia, where the coal-mining
technique of mountaintop removal mining-valley fill converts large
contiguous tracts of deciduous forest to forest patches surrounded by
early successional habitats. Our study objectives were to quantify
abundance and occurrence of Cerulean Warblers relative to (1) distance
from the edge of extensive reclaimed grasslands and (2) habitat
structure and landscape characteristics. Cerulean Warbler abundance
increased with distance from the edge and edge effects extended 340 m
into the forest. Percent occurrence did not vary with distance from
mine edge, suggesting a degree of tolerance to the extensive edge
occurring at the interface of forest and reclaimed lands. Abundance and
occurrence were greater on ridges and midslopes than in bottomlands;
consequently, disturbances such as mountaintop mining in which ridges
are removed may have a greater impact on populations compared to other
sources of fragmentation where ridges are not disturbed. Models based
on the information-theoretic approach indicated that Cerulean Warblers
were more likely to be present in productive sites on northwest to
southeast facing slopes, upper slope positions (midslope to ridgetop),
and forests with low sapling density. Cerulean Warbler abundance was
positively associated with more productive sites, higher snag density,
large blocks of mature deciduous forest, and low amounts of edge in the
landscape. In addition to outright loss of forested habitat,
mountaintop mining-valley fill alters the spatial configuration of
forested habitats, creating edge and area effects that negatively
affect Cerulean Warbler abundance and occurrence in the reclaimed mine
landscape.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1984. The challenge of conservation in agriculture and the role of entomologists.
Van Hook, T.
Florida Entomologist 77(1): 42-73. (Mar. 1994)
NAL Call #: 420 F662; ISSN: 0015-4040 [FETMAC].
Notes: Literature review; Symposium: Insect Behavioral Ecology--'93. Includes references.
Descriptors: arthropods/
conservation/ sustainability/ landscape ecology/ environmental
education/ legislation/ biodiversity/ endangered species act
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1985. Changes
in avian species composition following surface mining and reclamation
along a riparian forest corridor in southern Indiana.
Lacki, M. J.; Fitzgerald, J. L.; and Hummer, J. W.
Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(5): 447-457. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
zoogeography/ land zones/ Aves: industry/ surface mining/ impacts on
riparian forest corridor community dynamics and distribution/ habitat
management/ surface mining habitat reclaimation/ community structure/
species composition changes/ riparian forest corridor/ impacts of
surface mining and reclaimation/ distribution within habitat/ riparian
forest corridors role/ riparian habitat/ riparian forest corridors/
community dynamics and distribution/ dispersal/ Indiana/ Warrick
County/ Pigeon Creek watershed/ riparian forest corridor community
ecology and distribution/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Data on the response of bird communities to surface mining and habitat
modification are limited, with virtually no data examining the effects
of mining on bird communities in and along riparian forest corridors.
Bird community composition was examined using line transects from 1994
to 2000 at eight sites within and along a riparian forest corridor in
southwestern Indiana that was impacted by an adjacent surface
mining operation. Three habitats were sampled: closed canopy, riparian
forest with no open water; fragmented canopy, riparian forest with
flood plain oxbows; and reclaimed mined land with constructed ponds.
Despite shifts in species composition, overall bird species richness,
measured as the mean number of bird species recorded/transect route,
did not differ among habitats and remained unchanged across years. More
species were recorded solely on mined land than in either closed forest
or forested oxbow habitats. Mined land provided stopover habitat for
shorebirds and waterfowl not recorded in other habitats, and supported
an assemblage of grassland-associated bird species weakly represented
in the area prior to mining. A variety of wood warblers and other
migrants were recorded in the forest corridor throughout the survey
period, suggesting that, although surface mining reduced the width of
the forest corridor, the corridor was still important habitat for
movement of forest-dependent birds and non-resident bird species in
migration. We suggest that surface mining and reclamation practices can
be implemented near riparian forest and still provide for a diverse
assemblage of bird species. These data indicate that even narrow (0.4
km wide) riparian corridors are potentially valuable in a landscape
context as stopover habitats and routes of dispersal and movement of
forest-dependent and migratory bird species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1986. Changes in bird abundance in eastern North America: Urban sprawl and global footprint?
Valiela, I. and Martinetto, P.
Bioscience 57(4): 360-370. (2007)
NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 00063568.
Notes: doi: 10.1641/B570410.
Descriptors: habitat losses/ loss of birds
Abstract:
The abundance of birds recorded in the North American Breeding Bird
Survey decreased by up to 18 percent between 1966 and 2005. The
abundance of US and Canadian resident species decreased by 30 percent,
and that of migrants within the United States and Canada
decreased by 19 percent. By contrast, Neotropical migrants increased by
up to 20 percent. Land-cover changes in northern latitudes therefore
seem more consequential for bird populations than those occurring in
Neotropical habitats. Lower abundances were most marked for resident
breeding birds that used open, edge, and wetland habitats, the
environments most affected by human disturbances-particularly urban
sprawl-in northern latitudes. The abundance of resident and migrant
forest-dwelling birds increased (although trends va ried from species
to species), with the increases seeming to follow the 20th-century
expansion of forest area in northern latitudes, rather than the loss of
Neotropical forests. The geographic footprint of changes in bird
abundance linked to habitat changes in North America may thus be
extending southward, with negative effects on birds that use open
habitats and positive effects on forest birds. © 2007 American
Institute of Biological Sciences.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1987. Changes in land use in eastern Kansas,
1984-2000.
Applegate, Roger D.; Flock, Brian E.; and Finck, Elmer J.
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106(3-4): 192-197. (2003)
NAL Call #: 500 K13T; ISSN: 0022-8443
Descriptors: biodiversity/
conservation/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/
LANDSAT thematic mapper images/ brushland/ cropland/ grassland/ habitat
availability/ habitat modification/ lakes/ land use change/ landscape
ecology/ open water/ population declines/ rural landscape/
urbanization/ watershed ponds/ woodland
Abstract:
Populations of ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), cottontails (Sylvilagus sp.), greater
prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), and black-tailed jackrabbit
(Lepus californicus), have been declining in eastern Kansas for
40+ years. During the same timeframe populations of wild turkey
(Melagris gallopavo) and tree squirrels (Sciurus sp.) have increased.
We measured change in land use based on Landsat Thematic Mapper images
for spring, summer, and fall of 1984, 1992, and 2000. Open water
(lakes, watershed ponds) and woodland increased 17% and 23%
respectively during the 16 year period. Cropland declined 6% during the
16-year period. Grassland increased <1% due to CRP, and urbanization
permanently removed 26% of all other land uses in the study area. Loss
of open land habitat due to increases in woodland, open water, and
urbanization has modified habitat for brushland and grassland species
such as ring-necked pheasant, northern bobwhite, cottontails, greater
prairie-chicken, and black-tailed jackrabbit. At the same time, the
increase in woodland area along with increases in timber volume have
created additional habitats for wild turkey and squirrels.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1988. Changes to wildlife habitat on agricultural land in Canada, 1981-2001.
Javorek, S. K.; Antonowitsch, R.; Callaghan, C.; Grant, M.; and Weins, T.
Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87(2 Spec. Iss.):
225-233. (2007)
Descriptors: agroecosystems/ biodiversity/ Indicators/
land use change/ wildlife habitat
Abstract: Agricultural
land in Canada comprises cultivated land, hayland and
grazing land with associated riparian areas, wetlands, woodlands, and
natural grasslands. Although these agro-ecosystems support many species
of Canada's native fauna, agricultural land use is dynamic, and
changes in agricultural practices can have important implications for
biodiversity. We report on Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's
National Agri-environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program's
assessment of wildlife habitat on farmland in Canada. Habitat use
matrices were developed for 493 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and
amphibians associated with farmland habitat in Canada. We derived
patterns of land use from Statistics Canada's Census of Agriculture
data and applied them at the soil landscape polygon scale. We developed
a proportionally weighted Habitat Capacity index to relate habitat use
and land use. A 5% decrease in Habitat Capacity occurred
on Canada's agricultural land from 1981 to 2001, associated with
an
expansion in cropland and a decline in pasture. A regional pattern of
small decline in Habitat Capacity is evident in the Prairie
Provinces, where dramatic declines in the use of summerfallow had a
positive impact on Habitat Capacity. In eastern Canada, greater
decreases in Habitat Capacity occurred, associated with an increase in
agricultural intensification. Policies and programs designed to sustain
biodiversity should not be developed independently of socioeconomic
factors or policies favouring agricultural intensification. We
recommend a holistic approach to making policy decisions relevant to
environmental and economic sustainability in the Canadian agricultural
landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1989. Climate change and biodiversity conservation in Great Plains agroecosystems.
Guo, QinFeng
Global Environmental Change 10(4): 289-298. (2000); ISSN: 0959-3780
Descriptors: climatic
change/ habitats/ agricultural land/ landscape/ biodiversity/ land use/
ecosystems/ research/ wildlife conservation/ resource management
Abstract:
Global change and habitat fragmentation are considered with regard to
the unique features of the agroecosystems in the Great Plains. In
this region, croplands occupy the majority of the landscape, forming
mosaics with linear riparian zones and shelterbelts. These three
elements play different roles in the maintenance of biodiversity, and
their continued effectiveness under a changing climate is critical to
maintaining a healthy and productive agricultural ecosystem. This
article evaluates current research and discusses future directions. The
goal is to provide a scientific base for future conservation biology
and wildlife management.
© CABI
1990. Clustering and compactness in reserve site selection: An extension of the biodiversity management area selection model.
Fischer, D. T. and Church, R. L.
Forest Science 49(4): 555-565. (2003)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015749X
Descriptors: Integer
programming/ optimization/ reserve design/ site selection/
biodiversity/ ecosystems/ mathematical models/ planning/ biodiversity
management/ forestry
Abstract:
Over the last 15yr, a n umber of formal mathematical models and
heuristics have been developed for the purpose of selecting sites for
biodiversity conservation. One of these models, the Biodiversity
Management Area Selection (BMAS) model (Church et al. 1996a), places a
major emphasis on protecting at least a certain area for each
biodiversity element. Viewed spatially, solutions from this model tend
to be a combination of isolated planning units and, sometimes, small
clusters. One method to identify solutions with potentially less
fragmentation is to add an objective to minimize the outside perimeter
of selected areas. Outside perimeter only counts those edges of a
planning unit that are not shared in common with another selected
planning unit in a cluster, and, therefore, compact clustering is
encouraged. This article presents a new math programming model that
incorporates this perimeter objective into the BMAS model. We present
an application using data from the USDA Forest Service-funded Sierra
Nevada Ecosystem Project (Davis et al. 1996) and show that the model
can be solved optimally by off-the-shelf software. Our tests indicate
that the model can produce dramatic reductions in perimeter of the
reserve system (increasing clustering and compactness) at the expense
of relatively small decreases in performance against area and
suitability measures.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1991. Coastal fisheries enhancement through U.S. Department of Agriculture programs.
Menzel, B. W.
In:
American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting of the Worldwide Decline of
Wild Fish Populations, Quebec, PQ, Canada; August
10-14, 2003.; Vol. 133.; pp. 60; 2003.
Descriptors: wildlife
management: conservation/ Natural Resources Conservation Service/ U. S.
Department of Agriculture/ aquatic habitat quality/ aquatic habitat/
coastal fisheries enhancement/ fisheries resources/
watershed management
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
1992. Colony choice in cliff swallows: Effects of heterogeneity in foraging habitat.
Brown, C. R.; Sas, C. M.; and Brown, M. B.
Auk 119(2): 446-460. (2002)
Descriptors: bird/
colony/ food availability/ foraging behavior/ habitat/ heterogeneity/
nesting/ United States/ Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Abstract:
One potential determinant of colony size in birds is the local
availability of food near a nesting site. Insectivorous Cliff Swallows
(Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska nest in
colonies ranging from 2 to over 3,000 nests, but they feed on so many
kinds of insects that direct sampling of food resources is impractical.
Instead, we investigated the degree to which swallow colony size was
correlated with the extent of different habitat types, land use
diversity, and plant species diversity in the colony's foraging range,
and used those parameters as indices of potential variation among sites
in food availability. Amount of flowing and standing water in the
foraging range was a significant predictor of mean colony size across
years at a site, with larger colonies associated with more water. The
same result held for most years when analyzed separately. The extent of
flowing water in the foraging range also was a significant predictor of
the frequency with which a site was occupied across years. In addition,
univariate tests suggested that the amount of cultivated cropland in
the foraging range varied inversely with colony size. Land use
diversity, as measured by Simpson's index, increased significantly with
colony size, and all of the sites with perennially very large colonies
(mean colony size >1,000 nests) were associated with foraging ranges
of relatively high land use diversity. Repeatability of colony size
across years differed significantly from zero across all sites, but
repeatabilities were significantly lower (colony sizes less similar
between years) for sites situated in low-diversity habitats and for
sites used less often. There was no strong effect of plant species
diversity within the foraging range on either colony size at a site or
likelihood of site use. We conclude that land use diversity per se (and
possibly the extent of water near a site) might influence insect
distribution and constrain formation of the larger colonies to certain
sites. These
findings
emphasize that colony choice in Cliff Swallows is complex, reflecting
both the socially mediated costs and benefits of group size that vary
among individuals and the effects of habitat heterogeneity that may
influence food availability at some sites.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1993. Comparative demography of burrowing owls in agricultural and urban landscapes in southeastern Washington.
Conway, Courtney J.; Garcia, Victoria; Smith, Matthew D.; Ellis, Lisa A.; and Whitney, Joyce L.
Journal of Field Ornithology 77(3): 280-290. (2006)
Descriptors: Strigidae/
Strigiformes/ Athene cunicularia/ burrowing owl/ Speotyto cunicularia/
annula fecundity/ biogeography/ clutch size/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ farmland/ ecosystems/ habitat use/ habitat management/ land
zones/ artificial structures/ nesting success/ population ecology/
reproduction/ productivity/ urban habitat/ Washington/ agriculture/
Athene cunicularia/ fecundity/ land use/ natal recruitment/
reproductive success/ shrub-steppe/ density/ brood-egg/
fertility-recruitment/ philopatry/ habitat/ settlement
Abstract: Anecdotal
evidence suggests that Burrowing Owls have declined in the
state of Washington. We examined the status of these owls in
agricultural and urban habitats to better understand the underlying
causes of these declines. Nest density was higher in the area dominated
by agriculture (0.67 nests/km(2)) than in the urban area (0.28
nests/km(2)), and re-use of nest burrows was more common in the
agricultural area. We found no difference in mean clutch size between
the two areas, but nesting success was higher in the agricultural area.
The mean number of fledglings per nesting attempt was higher in the
agricultural area (2.02 vs. 1.47), but we found no difference between
the two areas in the mean number of fledglings per successful nest (3.2
vs. 3.1). Both natal recruitment (4% vs. 8%) and annual return rate of
adults (30% vs. 39%) were lower in the agricultural area than in the
urban area, suggesting that the owl population in the agricultural area
may not be stable and may be a "sink" population. Due to high burrow
fidelity from year to year, and the tendency of some owls
in Washington to overwinter, we recommend that legal protection of
nest burrows be extended to the nonbreeding season.
© NISC
1994. Comparison of chlorpyrifos fate and effects in outdoor aquatic micro- and mesocosms of various scale and construction.
Leeuwangh, P.
In:
Freshwater Field Tests for Hazard Assessment of Chemicals/ Hill, I. R.;
Heimbach, F.; Leeuwangh, P.; and Mattiessen, P. Boca
Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1994; pp. 217-248.
Notes: Literature review; Conference: European Workshop on Freshwater Field Tests, Potsdam (Germany),
25-26 Jun 1992; ISBN: 0-87371-940-9.
Descriptors: pesticides/
fate/ pollution effects/ experimental research/ freshwater ecology/
aquatic communities/ fate of pollutants/ aquatic environment/
insecticides/ taxonomy/ water pollution effects/ chlorpyrifos/ aquatic
environments/ chlorpyrifos/ effects on organisms/ effects of pollution/
freshwater pollution
Abstract:
Various micro- and mesocosms simulating the natural environment
have been used to study the fate and effects of the insecticide
chlorpyrifos. Literature was reviewed to observe the influence of
scale, test design and meteorological conditions on the fate and
effects of chlorpyrifos. The disappearance of chlorpyrifos from water
is consistent in all studies, despite variation in system dimensions (9
to 450 m3)
and in physico-chemical and biological properties. In most studies
however, the product has no effect on the physico-chemical
characteristics of the water. It is possible that intermesocosm
variability, especially that due to the macrophyte biomass at the time
of application of the pesticide, obscures subtle effects. The primary
effects of chlorpyrifos were consistent in all studies, even though
wide differences were apparent in the composition of the main taxonomic
groups at the time of application of the pesticide. Indirect effects of
chlorpyrifos in micro- and mesocosms are much more variable, in both
direction and magnitude. In some, but not all studies, phytoplankton,
periphyton, rotifers, oligochaetes, some mollusc taxa and the isopod
Asellus have shown a tendency to increase in biomass or abundance.
Reductions in chlorpyrifos-sensitive invertebrate forage species
resulted in transient reduced growth of endemic larval fathead minnows.
The complexity of natural ecosystems and the lack of qualitative and
quantitative a priori information on trophic structure can make
prediction of indirect effects very difficult. In the reviewed
literature there were no indications of direct or indirect effects on
macrophytes, Coelenterata or Arachnida. No mention was made of other
taxa.
© ProQuest
1995. A comparison of raptor densities and habitat use in Kansas cropland and rangeland ecosystems.
Williams, C. K.; Applegate, R. D.; Lutz, R. S.; and
Rusch, D. H.
Journal of Raptor Research 34(3): 203-209. (2000)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 08921016
Descriptors: American
kestrel/ Buteo jamaicensis/ Circus cyaneus/ Cover type selection/
cropland/ density/ Falco sparverius/ line transect/ northern harrier/
rangeland/ red-tailed hawk/ arable land/ habitat selection/ population
density/ rangeland/ raptors/ species diversity/ United States
Abstract:
We counted raptors on line transects along roads to assess densities,
species diversity, and habitat selection of winter raptors between
cropland and rangeland habitats in eastern Kansas. We conducted
counts every 2 wk between September-March 1994-98. Species diversity
indices did not differ between the two habitats (P = 0.15). We
calculated density estimates and cover type selection for Red-tailed
Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus), and
American Kestrels (Falco sparverius). Red-tailed Hawks and Northern
Harrier densities were higher in cropland, while kestrel densities did
not differ between the two habitats. All three species across both
habitats had a general preference for idleland habitat. We believe
three factors could explain the higher raptor densities in cropland:
increased prey abundance, increased visibility of prey associated with
harvested agriculture fields, and/or a higher relative amount of
preferred hunting habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1996. A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife conservation, 1985-2000.
Heard, L. P.; Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.)
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, 2000.
Notes: "Technical Report, USDA/NRCS/WHMI-2000." "December 2000." Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Agricultural
law and legislation---United States/ Agricultural
conservation---Government policy---United States/ Wildlife habitat
improvement---United States/ Wetland agriculture
Abstract:
Contents: Conservation compliance and wetlands conservation
provisions of the Omnibus Farm Acts of 1985, 1990, and 1996/ Stephen J.
Brady; Grassland bird use of Conservation Reserve Program fields in the
Great Plains/ Douglas H. Johnson; Waterfowl responses to the
Conservation Reserve Program in the Northern Great Plains/ Ronald E.
Reynolds; Impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife
conservation in the Midwest/ Mark R. Ryan; Wildlife responses to the
Conservation Reserve Program in the Southeast/ Wes Burger; The value of
buffer habitats for birds in agricultural landscapes/ Louis B. Best;
Biological responses to wetland restoration: Implications for wildlife
habitat development through the Wetlands Reserve Program/ Charlie Rewa;
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program: A summary of accomplishments,
1998-1999/ Ed Hackett; Environmental Quality Incentives Program:
Program summary and potential for wildlife benefits/ Anthony Esser,
Robert T. Molleur, Paige Buck, Charlie Rewa; Wildlife responses to
wetland restoration and creation: An annotated bibliography/ Charlie
Rewa; An annotated bibliography for wildlife responses to the
Conservation Reserve Program/ Arthur W. Allen
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
1997. Conservation in America: State government incentives for habitat conservation.
Defenders of Wildlife
Defenders of Wildlife 1 (2002).
http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/pubs/CinAReport/Conservation_in_America.pdf
Descriptors: census-survey
methods/ conservation/ conservation education/ conservation programs/
Conservation Reserve Program/ ecosystem management/
endangered-threatened species/ funding/ game farms/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ land acquisition/ land use/ land,
private/ land, public/ landowners/ laws-law enforcement/ management/
monitoring/ planning/ population ecology/ preservation/ protection/
public relations/ restoration/ socio-economic studies/
species diversity/ wildlife/ incentives
Abstract:
The major cause for the extinction of various species is habitat
destruction, which needs to be controlled in order to preserve the
wildlife heritage of a country. The authors discuss the efforts
taken by the federal and state governments to encourage private
landowners in conserving the wildlife heritage. There are many
political and public objections to the purchase of private land by the
government and hence alternate conservation approaches for preserving
the diminishing habitats in privately owned lands need to be carried
out by the government. The approaches adopted were based on the
incentives given to the landowners for maintaining a healthy habitat.
The incentives include direct payments, education/technical
assistance, legal/statutory mechanisms, market institutions, property
rights tools, recognition programs, administrative streamlining, and
tax relief. A detailed description of these incentives by state
governments along with examples of successful programs, summarization
of the information collected from 50 states about 400 incentives and
programs and results of the research with the incentive type, number of
programs, and people involved in it, are listed in this article.
Accounts of the amount of land affected by the conservation programs
and various methods that need to be adopted by states to further
improve their efforts to conserve private lands have been suggested
here. Questionnaires, maps, tables, and charts that reveal the
data collected from the survey are presented. It was concluded
that the incentives for habitat conservation on private land need a
strong support by funding, field studies, data collection, and
coordinated planning.
© NISC
1998. Conservation of disturbance-dependent birds in eastern North America.
Hunter, W. C.; Buehler, D. A.; Canterbury, R. A.;
Confer, J. L.; and Hamel, P. B.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 440-445. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: birds/
disturbance/ early succession/ fire/ grasslands/ prairies/ savanna/
shrub-scrub/ avifauna/ population decline/ species conservation/ North America
Abstract:
Populations of most bird species associated with grassland, shrub-scrub
habitats, and disturbed areas in forested habitats (hereafter all
referred to as disturbance-dependent species) have declined steeply.
However, a widespread perception exists that disturbance-dependent
species are merely returning to population levels likely found by the
first European explorers and settlers. The fact that many
disturbance-dependent bird species and subspecies are now extinct,
globally rare, threatened, or endangered challenges that perception and
raises the question of balance between conservation efforts for birds
dependent upon disturbances and birds more closely associated with
mature forests. An overall understanding of the status and trends for
these disturbance-dependent species requires reconstruction of at least
thousands of years of Native American land use followed by 500 years of
post-European settlement. Interpretations herein on how to manage for
these disturbance-dependent species should support efforts to conserve
all landbirds in eastern North America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1999. Conservation of priority birds in sagebrush ecosystems.
Rich, T. D.; Wisdom, M. J.; and Saab, V. A.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 589-606.
Notes: Volume 2; ISSN: 0196-2094; Conference held 2002 March 20-24 in Asilomar, California.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/589-606.pdf
Descriptors: Artemisia,
Columbia Plateau/ conservation plans/ Great Basin/ greater
sage-grouse/ landbirds/ Partners in Flight/ population trends/ public
land/ sagebrush
Abstract: Sagebrush
ecosystems occupy over 62,000,000 ha of the western US.
However, they have been degraded or completely eliminated by
agricultural conversion, overgrazing by domestic livestock, invasion of
exotic plants, expansion of pinyon and juniper woodlands,
uncharacteristic wildfires, and fragmentation. This habitat loss has
led to an increasing number of special status species, including 630
plant and animal species of conservation concern. In this paper, we
focus on the 22 taxa of sagebrush associated birds that are priorities
in Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plans. These range from
sagebrush obligates--Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus
urophasianus), Gunnison Sage-grouse (C. minimus), Sage Thrasher
(Oreoscoptes
montanus), Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli), Brewer’s Sparrow
(Spizella breweri)--to grassland associates such as Short-eared Owl
(Asio flammeus) and Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus). Partners in
Flight has identified five of these species for the continental Watch
List--Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni), both sage-grouse, the
Short-eared Owl, and Brewer’s Sparrow--which places them among
the highest priority species for conservation action in North America.
We also examine the extent to which sage grouse may serve as classic
umbrella species for shrubsteppe avifauna. These species tended to
occur together--83 pairwise correlations of relative abundance were
significant (8.55 expected). Factor analysis of these data showed that
species formed groups based on habitat associations much as expected,
although sage-grouse aligned more closely with the Vesper Sparrow than
expected. Population trends for three major physiographic strata that
encompass sagebrush ecosystems--the Columbia Plateau, Wyoming Basin,
and Basin and Range--showed the Columbia Plateau to have many more
declining population trends. Habitat associations for declining species
included both sagebrush and grassland types. Historic (1850) and
current population sizes were estimated for 12 priority taxa in the
Interior Columbia Basin based on predicted areas of historic and
current source habitat. Estimated current population sizes are, not
surprisingly, drastically reduced from historic numbers. The Western
Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) showed the least percent reduction and
Grasshopper Sparrow the most. For six species that had significant or
near significant declines in the Columbia Plateau since 1966 and for
which we had historic and current habitat estimates, the estimated
historical declines were all remarkably similar to recent trends.
Trends and management activities on public lands
in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington that may be
contributing to
disproportionate declines in priority birds include an increase in the
area burned annually by wildfire, an increase in the biomass of grazing
cattle, and continued fencing and water development that spread
negative impacts over an ever greater portion of the landscape. We
suggest that conservation of sage-grouse populations in reasonable
numbers well distributed across their historical ranges also will
provide substantial benefits for many, or even most, other bird species
that cooccur with these grouse. Given that more than 57 percent of this
habitat is in public ownership and that concern for the future of
sage-grouse continues to build, we have all the information and
opportunity we need to take action. Indeed, if we cannot successfully conserve sage-grouse and the sagebrush
ecosystem
in the US given our theory, our knowledge, and our large blocks of
public land, then one wonders how we can succeed for other species
elsewhere.
2000. The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program.
Allen, Arthur W.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 115-132.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/
fish/ Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program/ landscape scale
Abstract:
The Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) reflects
advancement in U.S. Department of Agriculture agricultural policy by
addressing agriculturally related conservation on a multi-farm,
landscape scale and establishing funding support and partnerships with
state and non-governmental organizations. Underway in 25 states, with
more being planned, the CREP addresses environmental issues on the
farmed landscape with implications for environmental quality
potentially reaching thousands of miles away from where program
conservation practices are established. Most CREPs have been initiated
only within the last 4 years. Monitoring programs to evaluate CREP
performance have been established, but because of time needed to
establish vegetative covers, growing participation in the programs over
time, and the complexities of landscape-level analysis, quantifiable
results are limited. Environmental data related to CREP eff ects on
water quality and wildlife habitats are being collected for future
assessments and refinement of the program. By addressing
state-identified priorities, landowner needs, and social issues, the
CREP offers substantial promise to fully integrate economically viable
agricultural production and effective conservation.
2001. The Conservation Reserve Program and duck production in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region.
Reynolds, Ronald E.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 33-40.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: ducks/
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)/ conservation assessment/ Prairie
Pothole Region/ nest success/ mallard/ Anas platyrhynchos/ Gadwall/
Anas strepera/ blue-winged teal/ Anas discors/ northern shoveler/ Anas
clypeata/ northern pintail/ Anas aguta/ waterfowl production areas/
wetlands habitats/ wetlands conservation/ Great Plains/ North
Dakota/ South Dakota
Abstract:
The paper presents a summary the success of the CRP in the Prarie
Pothole Region. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North
America has historically been considered the most important area of the
continent for many species of waterfowl, particularly upland nesting
ducks. CRP cover in the PPR has resulted in significantly
increased productivity of ducks from the most important duck breeding
area in North America. Ducks produced in
the
PPR migrate to virtually every state, province, and territory in North
America, Mexico, and several countries in South America.
Waterfowl hunters and observers nationwide have been the beneficiaries
of the CRP. In order to maintain duck production levels in the PPR, at
least 5 million acres (2 million ha) of CRP will need to be targeted
toward areas of moderate to high duck density. To maximize duck
production and meet other regional migratory bird and upland bird
population goals, a total of 8 million acres (3.2 million ha) of CRP
cover is recommended (Wildlife Management Institute, 2001). Finally,
Swampbuster provisions of the Farm Bill must be continued to protect
wetlands habitat critical to breeding waterfowl and broods. Waterfowl
enthusiasts nationwide will be looking forward to continuing the
benefits of these landmark conservation initiatives.
2002. The Conservation Reserve Program in the Southeast: Issues affecting wildlife habitat value.
Burger, L. Wes
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 63-92.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: Conservation
Reserve Program/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife
habitat/ fish/ United States, Southeast/ cover crops/ forests
Abstract:
Provision of wildlife habitat is one of the statuary objectives
of the Conservation Preserve Program (CRP); however, the realized
wildlife habitat benefits vary regionally in relation to specific cover
crop, age, and management regimes. As of February 2005, 1,324,066 ha
were enrolled in the CRP in 12 southeastern states. Approximately 57%
of southeastern CRP was in 1 of 3 tree cover practices (CP3 new pine,
CP3a new hardwood, or CP11 existing trees); 19% as CP10 existing grass
(much of which was reenrolled CP1); 4% as CP1 cool-season grass; 3% in
CP2 native warm season grasses; and 12% in continuous-signup buffer
practices. Targeted conservation practices resulted in enrollment of
75,014 ha of longleaf pine within the longleaf practice and 2,850 ha of
hardwoods in the continuous bottomland hardwood practice. Plant
communities on CRP fields are not static, but change over time. In the
southeastern United States, natural succession progresses rapidly
because of fertile soils, long growing seasons, and substantial
rainfall. As such, the specific wildlife species that occur on CRP
stands will vary over the life of the contract. Wildlife populations at
a given point in time will be a function of conservation practice, age
of the stand, establishment methods, and mid-contract management
regimes. Provision and maintenance of wildlife habitat on CRP fields in
the South requires active management. Planned disturbance (disking or
fire) should be incorporated into the conservation plan of operation
for all grass plantings in the Southeast. Exotic forage grasses may
need to be eradicated to accrue substantive wildlife benefits. Tree
plantings also require active management. Most pine CP11 plantings are
now 15-17 years old and are characterized by closed canopies with dense
litter accumulation and little herbaceous ground cover. Th inning,
selective herbicide, and prescribed fi re would enhance the habitat
value of these stands. The CRP has had substantial impact on land use
and landscape composition in the Southeast. However, the wildlife
habitat value of fields enrolled in the CRP in the Southeast has been
diminished by selection of cover practices with short duration or
minimal habitat value (i.e., CP1, CP1 reenrolled as CP10, CP3, CP11).
Proactive management of extant CRP acreage and selective enrollment of
high-value cover practices (e.g. longleaf pine) will be required to
achieve the types of wildlife habitat benefits associated with the CRP
in other regions.
2003. The
Conservation Security Program: A new conservation program that rewards
historic land stewards who have applied and managed effective
conservation systems.
Henry, Hank
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 193-198.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ Conservation Security Program/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife
conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/ fish/ land stewardship
Abstract: The
Conservation Security Program (CSP) is a voluntary program
that provides financial and technical assistance to promote the
conservation and improvement of soil, water, air, energy, plant and
animal life, and other conservation purposes on tribal and private
working lands. Working lands include cropland, grassland, prairie land,
improved pasture, and rangeland, as well as forested land that is an
incidental part of an agriculture operation. In the first signup, CSP
was offered in 18 watersheds located in 22 states. In 2005, the program
is available in all 50 states, the Caribbean, and
the Pacific Basin. The program provides equitable access to
benefits to all
producers, regardless of size of operation, crops produced, or
geographic location.
2004. Conserving nature, but to what end? Conservation policies and the unanticipated ecologies they support.
Carolan, M. S.
Organization and Environment 19(2): 153-170. (2006); ISSN: 10860266.
Notes: doi: 10.1177/1086026606288061.
Descriptors: contemporary
evolution/ environmental management/ future of environmental sociology/
gene banks/ seed banks/ sustainable fishing/ trophy hunting
Abstract:
The author examines various cases of conservation policies in practice,
and the implication of those practices in terms of the ecologies they
support, showing, in the end, that the "nature" being preserved is not
always the one intended. In doing this, insights are also gleaned to
inform how we should do environmental sociology, and what lies in
environmental sociology's future if we work toward this end. The author
argues that environmental sociology needs to become more environmental:
to be willing to understand sociobiophysical relationships in all their
complexity, even in those cases that require a well-grounded
understanding of ecosystem processes. Thus, although retaining focus on
the historical subject, which shapes conceptions of and ultimately
practices toward ecology, we must also begin to view this subject as
also an ecological object. The implications of such an analytic move,
in terms of what it means for environmental sociology's future, are
then discussed.
© 2006 Sage Publications.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2005. Continuous Conservation Reserve Program: Factors influencing the value of agricultural buffers to wildlife conservation.
Clark, William R. and Reeder, Kathleen F.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 93-114.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ agricultural buffers/
wildlife/ fish/ Continuous Conservation Reserve Program
Abstract:
The Continuous Conservation Reserve Program (CCRP) principally
consists of linear buffer conservation practices designed to remove
highly erodible land from production and to improve water quality. The
extent of projects differentiates CCRP from the general signup CRP,
which focuses on whole-field enrollments. Small sizes and high edge to
area ratios have the potential to limit the usefulness of these
practices for wildlife. Careful planning and management are keys to
gaining the desired wildlife benefits from these plantings,
particularly with regard to the role of buffers in the landscape.
Evidence that the practices enrolled in the CCRP are used by wildlife
is mounting, although studies are still most heavily focused on the
avian community. Further study on reproductive success and survival is
needed on all species of wildlife using these plantings to determine
how the CCRP can best serve wildlife habitat functions.
2006. Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local populations of salamanders and wood frogs in agricultural landscapes.
Porej, D.; Micacchion, M.; and Hetherington, T. E.
Biological Conservation 120(3): 399-409. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: wetlands/
Akaike information criterion/ fish/ glaciated plateau/ habitat
preservation/ marbled salamanders/ predation/ red spotted newts/
smallmouth salamanders/ spotted salamanders/ tiger salamanders/ till
plains/ wood frogs/ amphibia/ conservation/ Ohio/ Notophthalmus
viridescens viridescens/ Rana sylvatica/ Ambystoma tigrinum/ Ambystoma
maculatum/
Ambystoma jeffersonianum
Abstract:
Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and terrestrial habitats to
complete their lifecycles, and preservation of both habitats is
necessary for maintaining local populations. Current wetland
regulations focus primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define
critical upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often
ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association between the presence
of seven pond-breeding amphibian species and the landscape composition
surrounding 54 wetlands located within the Till Plains and the
Glaciated Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified
landscape composition within 200 m of the wetland ("core terrestrial
zone") and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the wetland
("broader landscape context zone"). We constructed binary logistic
regression models for each species, and evaluated them using Akaike
Information Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma
maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. jeffersonianum) and
smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) was positively associated with the
amount of forest within the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana
sylvatica) was positively associated with the amount of forest within
the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader landscape
context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. tigrinum tigrinum) was
negatively associated with the cumulative length of paved roads within
1 km of the site, and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v.
viridescens) was negatively associated with the average linear distance
to the five nearest wetlands. Overall salamander diversity was
positively associated with the amount of forest within the core zone,
and negatively associated with the presence of predatory fish and
cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. Our results
confirm the strong association between the structure of surrounding
upland areas and amphibian diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the
importance of preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for
maintaining amphibian diversity.
© NISC
2007. Critical elements for biologically based recovery plans of aquatic-breeding amphibians.
Semlitsch, Raymond D.
Conservation Biology 16(3): 619-629. (2002)NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892 Descriptors: aquatic life/ amphibians/ ecosystems/ habitat management/ breeding/ habitat restoration/ habitat use
Abstract:
The global loss of biodiversity and the increasing number of threatened
or endangered species have focused attention on conservation and
species-recovery strategies. Because current evidence indicates that
some amphibians are experiencing population declines, range
constrictions, or extinctions, and federal and state agencies have
listed many species as threatened or endangered, it is essential to
develop sound principles upon which to base recovery plans for
different ecosystems, amphibian communities, or species if we are to
balance the conservation of amphibian diversity with economic
development and a growing human population. I present a framework of
biologically based principles that can be used for current species
conservation efforts. My goal is to provide the critical elements
needed to develop biologically based recovery plans for
aquatic-breeding amphibians in any region. This paper is organized in
three parts: (1) an overview of critical local population and landscape
processes required to maintain amphibian species and threats, (2) the
critical elements associated with successful recovery plans, and (3)
considerations for measuring success and long-term habitat management.
Clearly, we need more basic data on life-history requirements, special
adaptations, habitat use, dispersal behavior, and population biology,
especially factors influencing long-term persistence for many species.
Nevertheless, because some species are in urgent need of conservation
action, we cannot afford to wait for additional data; the most
important critical elements required to initiate effective recovery
efforts for amphibians are known. I hope my discussion will help
managers understand the importance of incorporating local population
and metapopulation factors into their recovery and restoration plans. I
also hope managers begin to think about ultimate recovery and
restoration strategies that consider connectivity among populations
across regions and state boundaries.
© NISC
2008. The culture of fire in the Southeast.
Palmer, W. E.; Robertson, K. M.; and Masters, R. E.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69: 354-368. (2004)
Descriptors: forest/ fire/ habitat management/ Red Hills region/ Florida/ Georgia
Abstract:
The paper reiterates the ecological importance of frequent fire for
management practices and maintenance of upland systems in the South,
presenting the Red Hills experience where fire use has remained the
dominant land management practice. Obstacles to conducting prescribed
fires are summarized. [from paper]
© NISC
2009. Deer herbivory as an ecological constraint to restoration of degraded riparian corridors.
Opperman, Jeff J. and Merenlender, Adina M.
Restoration Ecology 8(1): 41-47. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Ungulata (Mammalia): habitat management/ food plants/
feeding behavior/ grazing/ riparian woodlands/ corridor restoration/
forest and woodland/ California/ Mendocino County/
Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Ungulate herbivory can impact riparian vegetation in several ways, such
as by reducing vigor or reproductive output of mature plants, and
through increased mortality of seedlings and saplings. Much work has
focused on the effects of livestock grazing within riparian corridors,
while few studies have addressed the influence of native ungulate
herbivory on riparian vegetation. This study investigated the effect of
deer herbivory on riparian regeneration along three streams with
degraded riparian corridors in Mendocino County, California. We utilized existing stream restoration efforts by
private landowners and natural resource agencies to compare six deer
exclosures with six upstream control plots. Livestock were excluded
from both exclosure and control plots. Three of the deer exclosures had
been in for 15 years, one for 6 years, and two for 4 years. The
abundance and size distribution of woody riparian plant species such as
Salix exigua, S. laevigata, S. lasiolepis, Alnus rhombifolia, and
Fraxinus latifolia were quantified for each exclosure and control plot.
The mean density of saplings in deer exclosures was 0.49 ± 0.15/m2, while the mean density of saplings in control plots was 0.05 ± 0.02/m2.
Within exclosures, 35% of saplings were less than 1 m and 65% were
greater than 1 m; within control plots, 97% of saplings were less than
1 m in height. The fact that little regeneration had occurred in
control plots suggests that deer herbivory can substantially reduce the
rate of recovery of woody riparian species within degraded riparian
corridors. Exclusionary fencing has demonstrated promising results for
riparian restoration in a region with intense deer herbivory.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2010. Demographic limitations of the ability of habitat restoration to rescue declining populations.
Schrott, G. R.; With, K. A.; and King, A. W.
Conservation Biology 19(4): 1181-1193. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 08888892.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00205.x.
Descriptors: demographic
models/ extinction risk/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss/ migratory
birds/ neutral landscape models/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat
restoration/ migratory population/ population decline/ Aves/ Passeri
Abstract:
Habitat restoration is often recommended in conservation without first
evaluating whether populations are in fact habitat limited and thus
whether declining populations can be stabilized or recovered through
habitat restoration. We used a spatially structured demographic model
coupled with a dynamic neutral landscape model to evaluate whether
habitat restoration could rescue populations of several generic
migratory songbirds that differed in their sensitivity to habitat
fragmentation (i.e., severity of edge effects on nesting success).
Simulating a best-case scenario, landscapes were instantly restored to
100% habitat before, at, or after habitat loss exceeded the species'
vulnerability threshold. The vulnerability threshold is a measure of
extinction risk, in which the change in population growth rate (Δλ) scaled to the rate of habitat loss (Δh) falls below -1% (Δλ/Δh ≤ -0.01). Habitat restoration was most effective for species with
low-to-moderate edge sensitivities and in landscapes that had not
previously experienced extensive fragmentation. To stabilize
populations of species that were highly edge sensitive or any species
in heavily fragmented landscapes, restoration needed to be initiated
long before the vulnerability threshold was reached. In practice,
habitat restoration is generally not initiated until a population is at
risk of extinction, but our model results demonstrate that some
populations cannot be recovered at this point through habitat
restoration alone. At this stage, habitat loss and fragmentation have
seriously eroded the species' demographic potential such that halting
population declines is limited more by demographic factors than the
amount of available habitat. Evidence that populations decline in
response to habitat loss is thus not sufficient to conclude that
habitat restoration will be sufficient to rescue declining populations.
©2005 Society for Conservation Biology.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2011. Desert water harvesting to benefit wildlife: A simple, cheap, and durable sub-surface water harvester for remote locations.
Rice, W. E.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 99(1-3):
251-257. (2004)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 01676369.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10661-004-4030-6.
Descriptors: appropriate
technology/ micro-catchment/ water conservation/ water harvester
(guzzler)/ crops/ harvesters/ irrigation/ pipe/ polyvinyl chlorides/
precipitation (meteorology)/ desert water harvesting/ drinking trough/
drip irrigation/ mean annual precipitation (MAP)/ surface waters/
appropriate technology/ arid environment/ water management/ water
supply/ wildlife management/ water availability/ water management/ farm
crops/ harvesting/ irrigation/ piping/ polyvinyl chloride/
precipitation/ storage tanks/ Idaho/ Animalia/ Artemisia tridentata/
Aves
Abstract:
A sub-surface desert water harvester was constructed in the sagebrush
steppe habitat of south-central Idaho, U.S.A. The desert
water harvester utilizes a buried micro-catchment and three buried
storage tanks to augment water for wildlife during the dry season. In
this region, mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges between about
150-250 mm (6”-10”), 70% of which falls during the cold
season, November to May. Mid-summer through early autumn, June through
October, is the dry portion of the year. During this period, the
sub-surface water harvester provides supplemental water for wildlife
for 30-90 days, depending upon the precipitation that year. The desert
water harvester is constructed with commonly available, "over the
counter" materials. The micro-catchment is made of a square-shaped, 20
mL. "PERMALON" polyethylene pond liner (approximately 22.9 m ×
22.9 m = 523 m2)
buried at a depth of about 60 cm. A PVC pipe connects the harvester
with two storage tanks and a drinking trough. The total capacity of the
water harvester is about 4777 L (1262 U.S. gallons) which includes
three underground storage tanks, a trough and pipes. The drinking
trough is refined with an access ramp for birds and small animals. The
technology is simple, cheap, and durable and can be adapted to other
uses, e.g. drip irrigation, short-term water for small livestock,
poultry farming etc. The desert water harvester can be used to
concentrate and collect water from precipitation and run-off in
semi-arid and arid regions. Water harvested in such a relatively small
area will not impact the ground water table but it should help to grow
small areas of crops or vegetables to aid villagers in
self-sufficiency. © 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2012. Designs for protecting amphibians in managed headwater forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Olson, Deanna H.; Rugger, Cynthia; and Rundio, David
Northwestern Naturalist 87(2): 181. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733.
Notes:
2006 Annual Meetings of the Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology
and the Washington Chapter of the Wildlife Society, held jointly at
Evergreen State College, Washington, March 27-April 1, 2006.
Descriptors: Abies spp./ Douglas fir/ forests/ treatment/ thinning/ amphibians/ habitat/ Pacific Northwest
Abstract:
Headwaters comprise the majority of US Pacific Northwest forest
landscapes, and harbor a diversity of endemic species. Thinning of
young managed stands is being used on federal lands for wood
production, fuels reduction to reduce risk of severe fire, and
accelerated development of late-successional forest conditions.
Thinning with headwater-stream riparian buffers and upslope-leave
islands holds promise for species retention. Specifically, our research
examines the effects on instream, bank-dwelling, and upslope amphibians
of four riparian buffer widths (6, 15, 70, and 145 m on each side of
streams) and three sizes of upslope leave islands (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 ha
circular patches) within a thinned forest matrix (50 to 80 y), which
reduced Douglas- fir stands from about 600 trees ha (tph) to 200 tph.
Instream amphibians were not affected by joint buffers and upslope
thinning in years first and second post-treatment, while some effects
were seen on bank and thinned upslope salamander species
abundances. Larger leave islands retained habitats and fauna. We are tracking stream species' responses through
year five post-thinning and propose to follow the study through a second entry of thinning, reducing stands to about 80 tph.
© NISC
2013. Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada,
1987-90.
Hoffman, R. J.
Denver, Colo.: U.S.
Geol. Survey, Earth Science Information Center,
1994. USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report.
NAL Call #: GB701.W375 no.92-4024C
Descriptors: wetlands/
wildlife habitats/ water quality/ irrigation effects/ public health/
contamination/ toxicity/ heavy metals/ agricultural hydrology/ aquatic
life/ bioaccumulation/ water pollution effects/ Nevada/
Stillwater Wildlife Management Area
Abstract:
This report presents a summary of the detailed scientific study
of Stillwater Wildlife Management Area and other nearby wetlands in
west-central Nevada during 1987-90. The work was funded by the
National Irrigation Water Quality Program of the U.S. Department of the
Interior with the overall objectives of determining (1) the extent,
magnitude, and effects of selected water-quality constituents
associated with irrigation drainage on fish, wildlife, and human
health, and (2) the sources and exposure pathways that cause
contamination where adverse effects are documented. Much of the
information in this report was summarized from two previously published
interpretive reports that were completed to fulfill study objectives.
Where applicable, data for the study area from other published sources
also were utilized. The results of these studies indicate that the
aquatic biota in natural wetlands of the Carson Desert
are adversely affected by hydrological and geochemical sources and
processes in the Newlands Irrigation Project area. Reactions between
water and naturally occurring minerals in the shallow alluvial aquifer
increase concentrations of potentially toxic constituents in ground
water that eventually enters the wetlands. Once in the wetlands, these
constituents are further concentrated by evaporation and transpiration.
Water from some agricultural drains that enter Stillwater WMA was
acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. The drains in the agricultural
areas, which eventually discharge to the wetlands, were also implicated
as sites of uptake of selenium and mercury by aquatic organisms.
© ProQuest
2014. Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90 - Part B: Effect on biota in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management Areas, and other nearby wetlands.
Hallock, R. J. and Hallock, L. L.
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Water Resources Investigation Report: 92-4024B, 1993.
Descriptors: wetlands/
water pollution effects/ toxicity/ selenium/ dissolved solids/ water
quality/ waterfowl/ water control/ wildlife/ irrigation/ drainage/
pollution effects/ Nevada/ Stillwater
Abstract: A
water-quality reconnaissance study during 1986-87 found high
concentrations of several potentially toxic elements in water, bottom
sediment, and biota in and near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area
(WMA). This study prompted the U.S. Department of the Interior to
initiate a more detailed study to determine the hydrogeochemical
processes that control water quality in the Stillwater WMA, and other
nearby wetlands, and the resulting effects on biota, especially
migratory birds. Present wetland size is about 10% of historical size;
the dissolved-solids load in the water in these now-isolated wetlands
has increased only moderately, but the dissolved-solids concentration
has increased more than seven-fold. Wetland vegetation has diminished
and species composition in flow water has shifted to predominant
salt-tolerant species in many areas. Decreased vegetative cover for
nesting is implicated in declining waterfowl production. Decreases in
numbers or virtual absence of several wildlife species are attributed
to degraded water quality. Results of toxicity tests indicate that
water in some drains and wetland areas is acutely toxic to some fish
and invertebrates. Toxicity is attributed to the combined presence of
arsenic, boron, lithium, and molybdenum. Biological pathways are
involved in the transport of mercury and selenium from agricultural
drains to wetlands. Hatch success of both artificially incubated and
field-reared duck eggs was greater than/= 90 percent; no teratogenesis
was observed. Mercury in muscle tissue of waterfowl harvested
from Carson Lake in October 1987 exceeded the human health
criterion six-fold.
© ProQuest
2015. Detailed
study of selenium and selected elements in water, bottom sediment, and
biota associated with irrigation drainage in the middle Green River
Basin, Utah, 1988-90.
Stephens, D. W.; Waddell, B.; Peltz, A.; and Miller, J. B.
Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4084, 1992. 164 p.
Descriptors: wetlands/
bioaccumulation/ drainage water/ selenium/ water pollution effects/
water pollution sources/ ducks/ irrigation/ water birds/ waterfowl/
wildlife habitats
Abstract: Studies
completed at Stewart Lake Waterfowl Management Area,
lower Ashley Creek, Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, and
Pariette Wetlands, Utah identified several areas where selenium
was adversely affecting water quality and creating a hazard to
wildlife. The source of contamination at Stewart Lake is
drainwater and shallow groundwater from soils derived from Mancos
Shale. Median concentrations of selenium in all drainwater discharged
to Stewart Lake exceeded the State standard of 5
microg/L established for wildlife protection. Selenium concentrations i
all biological tissues sampled at Stewart Lake Waterfowl Management
Area were large compared to concentrations in biota from most other
sites in the middle Green River basin. Selenium
concentrations in Ashley Creek upstream of the City
of Vernal generally were less than 1 microg/L but 12 miles
downstream
averaged 73 microg/L. The source of the contamination was believed to
be from inflows of shallow groundwater and surface water originating as
seepage from a sewage-lagoon system that flows through Mancos Shale and
mobilizes selenium. Waterfowl from the area contained selenium
concentrations as large as 27.2 microg/g in muscle tissue, and an eared
grebe egg contained 71 microg/g. Selenium contamination of ponds at
Ouray National Wildlife Refuge was limited to a small area on the
western part of the refuge and was apparently due to seepage of shallow
groundwater into waterfowl ponds. Geometric mean concentrations of
selenium in plants, invertebrates, bird eggs, and fish from the North
and South Roadside Ponds were larger than concentrations known to cause
reproductive failure in mallards. (USGS)
© ProQuest
2016. The development of bottomland forest restoration in the lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley.
Hayes, R. J.
Ecological Restoration 22: 170-182. (Sept. 2004)
Descriptors: lowland
forests/ ecological restoration/ reforestation/ land use/ wetlands/
hardwood/ trees/ forest habitats/ forest policy/ history/ planting/
forest ecology/ forest wildlife relations/ forest management/
silvicultural practices/ Mississippi River/ United States, southeastern
region/ plant ecology/ aquatic biology and ecology general/ animal
ecology and behavior/ forest management/ land resources
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2017. Directing spatial patterns of recruitment during an experimental urban woodland reclamation.
Robinson, G. R. and Handel, S. N.
Ecological Applications 10(1): 174-188. (2000)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: clonal
growth/ dispersal/ experimental reclamation/ nucleation/ safe sites/
seed sources/ spatial pattern/ surrounding landscape/ habitat
restoration/ nucleation/ recruitment/ restoration ecology/ seed
dispersal/ spatial analysis/ woodland/ United States
Abstract:
Studies of biological invasions indicate that natural recruitment of
new species can occur as a 'nucleation' phenomenon, in which scattered
colonization foci spread and coalesce. Ecological reclamation of
damaged lands might make use of this potential for enhanced natural
dispersal, by inoculating sites with multiple small plantings to
attract animal dispersers and other mutualists from nearby remnants of
natural habitat. We conducted an experimental test of this proposition.
On a 6-ha section of an abandoned municipal landfill in the New Jersey
Meadowlands, we installed 16 clusters of 21 trees and shrubs in an
array of fenced plots. Clusters contained seven native species known
to: (1) attract bird dispersers to introduce propagules from remnants
of off-site habitat; (2) contribute propagules by virtue of high
reproductive output and clonal growth; and (3) accelerate woodland
succession on open, degraded habitats. Average plant size was varied,
with half the plots receiving larger trees and shrubs, to test whether
woody plant size would enhance any attractive function. An additional
eight empty plots were studied to estimate background rates of
recruitment and to test for a fencing effect. Site preparation included
the addition of 90 cm of fresh substrate, including organic matter, and
a cover crop of annual grasses. Recruitment of woody plants inside and
surrounding the experimental plots was examined for five years, and
results were compared on the basis of treatment and recruitment mode
(avian, wind, or clonal dispersal). Woody plant recruitment into
experimental plots was rapid and substantial, primarily via dispersal
from natural sources. Plots with larger plants attracted significantly
more recruits at the outset, but this difference diminished over time.
Fall seed rain samples yielded a mean estimate of 426 seeds/m2
within plots. However, size distributions of recruiting woody species
increasingly shifted toward larger individuals each year. Experimental
manipulations that opened seed beds for woody plant recruitment had
short-lived effects, indicating a narrow window of opportunity for
establishment. Spread of the planted species themselves was generally
weak, although clonal growth contributed substantially to spread on the
margins of plots. Most recruitment outside experimental plots was from
external sources. A strong proximity component was found for
bird-dispersed recruits, which were highly clustered near planted
plots, with the highest densities near source populations on the site
margin. Wind-dispersed trees and shrubs, by contrast, were not
associated with planted plots and were concentrated near one corner of
the site. Discounting plot interiors, total recruitment density for the
site after 5 yr was ~800 woody stems/ha, 36% via avian dispersal, 10%
via clonal spread, and the remainder via wind-borne propagules. New
recruits represented 26 woody plant species, all but four from external
sources, and only five common species contributed more than a few
recruits. We conclude that techniques for manipulating natural seed
dispersal hold promise for ecological restoration, provided that
background populations are available to supply colonists.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2018. Distinctiveness, use, and value of Midwestern oak savannas and woodlands as avian habitats.
Grundel, Ralph and Pavlovic, Noel B.
Auk 124(3): 969-985. (2007)
Descriptors: terrestrial
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ forest habitat/ migration/ woodland/ vegetation gradient/
oak savanna
Abstract:
Oak savannas and woodlands historically covered millions of hectares in
the midwestern United States but are rare today. We evaluated the
ecological distinctiveness and conservation value of savannas and
woodlands by examining bird distributions across a fire-maintained
woody-vegetation gradient in northwest Indiana encompassing five
habitats-open habitats with low canopy cover, savannas, woodlands,
scrublands, and forests-during migration, breeding, and overwintering.
Savannas and woodlands were significantly different in overall bird
species composition from open and forest habitats but were often
intermediate between open and forest in guild densities. Few bird
species were consistently and highly concentrated in savannas or
woodlands, and the Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus)
was the only species significantly more abundant in savannas and
woodlands than in open, scrub, and forest habitats. Fire frequency over
a 15-year interval was a significant predictor of bird community
composition and was positively related to species diversity, spring
transient migrant density, and density of the most threatened species.
Each habitat type had characteristics potentially important for avian
conservation. Scrub had the highest density of transient migrants,
which suggests it plays an important role as migration stopover
habitat. More species were significantly concentrated in open or forest
habitats than in the other habitats. Lack of species concentration and
intermediate community composition suggested that birds experienced
savannas and woodlands more as ecotones than as habitats distinct from
forests or grasslands. However, this intermediate character can benefit
conservation, as evidenced by savannas and woodlands having the highest
density of the most threatened species along this woody-vegetation
gradient.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2019. Distribution and composition of mammalian predators along the Snake River in southwestern Idaho.
Zoellick, B. W.; Ulmschnelder, H. M.; and Stanley, A. W.
Northwest Science 79(4): 265-272. (2005)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029344X
Descriptors: mammals/ birds/ predators/ nesting/ habitat management/ reduced river flows
Abstract:
In 1990-1992, we studied the distribution and composition of a
mammalian predator community to assess its potential to impact
ground-nesting waterfowl and songbirds on Snake River islands in Deer
Flat National Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Idaho. We used
scent-station and track-plot surveys to examine visits of mammalian
predators to riparian areas on the mainland and to 30 Refuge islands on
a 64-km reach of the river. Coyotes, mink, red foxes, raccoons, and
striped skunks were widely distributed. Visitation rates of mammalian
predators that frequently visited scent stations (coyotes, red foxes,
striped skunks, and feral cats) did not differ among upper, middle, and
lower segments of the study reach. Tracks of river otters were
primarily observed on the upper two-thirds of the study reach that had
less agricultural development. Badgers, bobcats, and mountain lions
were infrequently detected. Refuge islands provided relatively
mammalian predator-free habitat for nesting birds as visitation rates
of terrestrial predators to scent stations and track plots in riparian
areas on the mainland were generally 2-4 times those on islands at
river flows of 184.1 m3/s. Reducing Snake River flows has the potential
to increase visits to islands of four terrestrial carnivores (coyotes,
raccoons, red foxes, and striped skunks) that were widely distributed
on the mainland and important predators of nesting waterfowl. Because
mammalian predators were widely distributed, management actions to
prevent or reduce predator visits would need widespread application to
result in more than localized increases in waterfowl production on
Refuge islands. © 2005 by the Northwest Scientific Association.
All rights reserved.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2020. Distribution of bats in fragmented wetland forests of southeast Missouri.
Warwick, Adam; Fredrickson, Leigh H.; and
Heitmeyer, Mickey
Bat Research News 42(4): 187. (2001)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227
Descriptors: bottomland hardwood forests/ bats/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ remnant forests/
habitat management
Abstract:
Bottomland Hardwood wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV)
were gradually converted to row crops beginning in the mid-1800's.
Among states with wetland forests in the MAV, Missouri has
the most severe losses and modifications with about 40,000 ha of the
original one million ha remaining as small patches of remnant forests
in nine southeastern countries. Little is known about remnant
wildlife populations within this highly fragmented landscape and
foremost among these taxa is the order Chiroptera. Bats play an
important role in bottomland forests as prey for snakes, hawks, owls,
skunks, and opossums. Furthermore, bats serve agriculture by
controlling common crop pests. We report on the abundance and
species richness of bats in three landscapes of varying amounts of
forest cover. We also report on the distribution of bats among
natural forest remnants, and sites with agroforestry, buffer strips,
and windbreaks. The first field season of 5500 net hours and 200
detector hours has revealed that landscapes with medium forest cover
are used the most by bat species, with the highest abundance and
species richness occurring in buffer strips and natural forest patches.
Species of concern such as Myotis sodalis and M. grisescens have
been documented on some study sites. In addition, male little
brown bats M. lucifugus have been encountered in multiple forest
patches, implicating bottomland hardwood forests as important summer
habitat. These results are essential to develop landscape-level
predictions of bat abundance and species richness in relation to forest
cover and habitat type in disrupted floodplain systems.
© NISC
2021. Diversity
of neotropical migratory landbird species assemblages in forest
fragments and man-made vegetation in Los Tuxtlas, Mexico.
Estrada, A. and Coates-Estrada, R.
Biodiversity and Conservation 14(7): 1719-1734. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1007/s10531-004-0696-x.
Descriptors: agricultural
habitats/ avian diversity/ forest fragmentation/ Los Tuxtlas/ Mexico/
neotropical migrant birds/ forest/ habitat fragmentation/ migratory
species/ species diversity/ Veracruz/ Aves/ Capsicum frutescens/
citrus/ Pimenta dioica/ Theobroma cacao/ Zea mays
Abstract: We investigated the presence of Neotropical migratory landbirds in a 90-km2
landscape in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Using the fixed-radius count point procedure, migratory
landbirds were surveyed in 21 forest fragments and in four replicates
of shaded (coffee, cacao and mixed) and unshaded (citrus and allspice)
plantations, live fences, non-arboreal crops (corn and jalapeno chili
pepper) and pastures. The surveys resulted in the count of 4732 birds
representing 72 species. While forest fragments accounted for 65% of
the total species count, 73% of the birds were counted in the arboreal
man-made habitats. Pastures contributed to 10% of the species and to 1%
of the individuals counted. Live fences were particularly rich in
individuals, accounting for 28% of the birds counted. Rarefaction
analysis showed that forest fragments were the sites richest in
species, followed by shaded and unshaded plantations and by live
fences. Pastures were the habitats poorest in species, followed 1
by
non-arboreal crops. Species richness of Neotropical migratory landbirds
was associated to vertical and horizontal diversity of vegetation in
the habitats investigated. Shaded and unshaded plantations as well as
live fences were more similar to forest fragments in species
assemblages than non-arboreal crops and pastures. We discuss the
conservation value of arboreal agricultural
habitat
and of live fences in conjunction with forest fragments as temporary
habitats for Neotropical migratory landbirds that stop over or winter
in Los Tuxtlas. © Springer 2005.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2022. Does mallard clutch size vary with landscape composition?
Ball, I. J.; Artmann, M. J.; and Hoekman, S. T.
Wilson Bulletin 114(3): 404-406. (2002)
Descriptors: arable land/ clutch size/ grassland/ landscape structure/ waterfowl/ United States/ Anas platyrhynchos
Abstract:
We studied Mallards (Arias platyrhynchos) nesting in artificial nesting
structures in northeastern North Dakota and compared clutch size
between landscapes where proportion of cropland was either high (mean =
68.9%, cropland landscapes) or low (mean = 30.2%, grassland
landscapes). Mallard clutch size was significantly related to nest
initiation date and landscape composition. Mean clutch size, controlled
for nest initiation date, was 1.24 ± 0.33 SE eggs smaller on
cropland landscapes than on grassland landscapes. Generality of this
pattern across space, time, and type of nesting sites is unknown, as is
causation. Demographic importance of variation in clutch size may be
influenced by covariation with other demographic variables, such as
nest success and abundance of breeding pairs, which also are negatively
correlated with landscape proportion of cropland. We suggest that
researchers examine relationships between clutch size and landscape
composition in both structure-nesting and ground-nesting Mallards, in
other geographic areas, and in other duck species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2023. Dry
creek long-term watershed study: The effects of harvesting in
streamside management zones and adjacent uplands of riparian corridors
on avian communities in the coastal plain of Georgia.
Grooms, Merideth P.; Lanham, J. Drew; and
Wigley, T. Bently
In:
Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference, General Technical Report-SRS 92/ Connor, Kristina F.;
Asheville, NC: Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2006. pp. 21-25.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/23305
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: forestry/ riparian corridor tree harvesting/ community
structure/ habitat management/ riparian corridors/ tree harvesting/
forest and woodland/ Georgia/ Southlands Forest/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We evaluated the effects of Best Management Practices (BMPs)
harvesting on avian communities associated with headwater streams in
the Georgia Coastal Plain. Two watersheds served as references, with no
timber harvesting, and two treatment watersheds were clearcut with
retention of Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) according to Georgia
BMPs for forestry. Bird communities were surveyed in each watershed
before and after harvest by variable-distance transect surveys. The
bird community surveyed in each watershed was divided into foraging,
nesting, and disturbance guilds. A Partners In Flight (PIF) composite
score-based index was used to calculate the conservation value (CV) of
those communities. Among variables measured, disturbance guilds showed
the most apparent response to harvesting. This response, considered in
the context of the CV index response, indicated that there was some
changeover from high priority disturbance-sensitive species to
moderate/high priority disturbance-tolerant species resulting from
harvesting. We recommend the use of PIF scores and associated CV
indexes along with other bird community variables in investigations of
the value of SMZs for songbirds.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2024. Ecological approaches to reduce predation on ground-nesting gamebirds and their nests.
Jimenez, J. E. and Conover, M. R.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 62-69. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: avian
recruitment/ ducks/ ground-nesting birds/ integrated pest management/
predation/ predator-prey interactions/ wildlife damage management/
anthropogenic effect/ gamebird/ management practices/ predation/
predation risk
Abstract:
In human-modified environments, high predation rates on ground-nesting
birds and their eggs can be a serious problem. We reviewed the
literature to determine the effectiveness of ecological approaches to
improve recruitment of ground-nesting birds. Ecological approaches
reduce predation rates by modifying natural interactions among
predators, prey, and their habitats. These approaches include
modification of the predator community, associational defense, use of
alternative prey, and habitat or landscape manipulation. These
techniques can be applied successfully only under limited conditions
and for a specific array of species. Because of this, no management
practice is uniformly better than another to increase avian
recruitment; different techniques are complementary rather than
exclusive. Managers need to select the best technique(s) based on the
predator community, local topography, size of the area, the avian
species in need of protection, and economics.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2025. Ecological restoration on Area C of the James K. Herbert Wetland Prairie Preserve, Tulare County.
Kamansky, Bobby; Herbert, James K.; Hansen, Robert B.; and Combs, Carole K.
Grasslands 14(4): 1, 8-10. (2004); ISSN: 1540-6857
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ Sequoia Riverlands Trust/
wildlife conservation board/ floodplain management/ grassland
vegetation/ habitat restoration/ seasonal wetlands/ vegetation
management/ water quality/ wildlife enhancement/ wildlife habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2026. Ecological
restoration on Area C of the James K. Herbert Wetland Prairie
Preserve, Tulare County, Part II: Three-year Project Report.
Kamansky, Bobby; Hansen, Robert B.; and
Combs, Carole K.
Grasslands 16(2): 6-9. (2004); ISSN: 1540-6857.
http://www.cnga.org/library/journal/pdfs/GrasslandsSpring06.pdf
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ Sequoia Riverlands Trust/
wildlife conservation board/ floodplain management/ grassland
vegetation/ habitat restoration/ seasonal wetlands/ vegetation
management/ water quality/ wildlife enhancement/ wildlife habitat
2027. Ecology and management of scrub-shrub birds in New England: A comprehensive review.
Schlossberg, S. and King, D. I., 2007. 120 pp.
Notes: Submitted to the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Resource Inventory and Assessment Divisions.
ftp://ftp- fc.sc.egov.usda.gov /NHQ/nri/ceap/schlossbergkingreport.pdf
Descriptors: scrub-shrub habitats/ New England/ breeding birds/ early successional habitats/ habitat management/ wildlife management
Abstract: Scrub-shrub
habitats in New England contain a diverse and
varied breeding bird community. For instance, a shrubby power line
corridor may hold Chestnut-Sided Warblers and Eastern Towhees.
Clearcuts in coniferous forests may harbor White-throated Sparrows and
Magnolia Warblers, and shrubby wetlands may have breeding
Wilson’s Snipe and Yellow Warblers. Some shrubland birds, like
Golden-winged Warbler and Mourning Warbler, nest only in early
successional habitats and are rarely found in forests. Others, such as
Northern Cardinal or Carolina Wren will breed in closed forests with a
shrubby understory. To manage this diverse assemblage of birds and
their habitats, it is important to know just what species would
actually benefit from the creation of scrub-shrub habitat and which
would not. Here, we develop a list of core species breeding in New
England shrublands. This list serves as a basis for the literature
review and management recommendations that follow. The scope of this
review is the six states of New England -- Connecticut, Rhode
Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire,
and Maine. As mentioned above, the scrub-shrub bird community
varies
substantially across this region, and we will emphasize these
differences throughout this report.
2028. Economic evaluation of on-farm conservation practices in the Great Lakes region of North America.
Stonehouse, D. P.
Environmetrics 10(4): 505-520. (1999); ISSN: 1180-4009.
Notes:
Conference: Environmental Statistics: Proceedings of the Conference on
Environmetrics, Innsbruck (Austria), 4-8 Aug 1997.
Descriptors: soil
conservation/ farms/ cost benefit analysis/ benefits/ economic aspects/
water quality/ agricultural practices/ degradation/ wildlife habitats/
social aspects/ agriculture/ nature conservation/ costs/ riparian
vegetation/ pollution control/ soil erosion/ water quality control/
environmental protection/ socioeconomics/ North America/ Great Lakes/
environmental action
Abstract:
Agriculture has long been regarded as a major contributor to wildlife
habitat despoliation, soil degradation, and downstream watercourse
pollution. It would be possible to largely eliminate natural resource
degeneration through judicious application of on-farm conservation
practices. Farmers have little economic incentive to conserve because,
according to previous research, most conservation techniques have been
demonstrated to be unprofitable. The empirical research into three
alternative types of conservation practices for this study confirms
that two (conservation crops and riparian buffer strips) provide for
net costs to farmers, and that the third (conservation soil tillage) is
not profitable under all circumstances. At the same time, the research
shows that two out of the three sets of practices, namely riparian
buffer strips and conservation tillage, can be economically beneficial
to society as a whole. This raises the question of whether and to what
extent society, as economic gainers, should offer compensation to
farmers as economic losers. This study furthermore establishes that not
all conservation practices that result in reduced soil erosion will
lead to decreased sediment and phosphorus loadings into watercourses;
that not all reduced sediment and phosphorus loadings lead to improved
water quality; and that, even where an improvement to water quality in
chemical, physical, biological and aesthetic terms can be obtained, the
costs to society of achieving improvement may exceed the economic
benefits. Such outcomes can readily promote disagreements between
environmentalists and ecologists on the one hand and socio-economists
on the other.
© ProQuest
2029. Economic value of big game habitat production from natural and prescribed fire.
Gonzalez-Caban,
Armando; Loomis, John B.; Griffin, Dana; Wu, Elen; McCollum, Daniel;
McKeever, Jane; and Freeman, Diane Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest
Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture;
Research Paper-PSW 249, 2003. 38 p.
Notes: Pacific Southwest Research Station
Research Paper 249.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6907
Descriptors: contingent valuation/ deer hunting benefits/ fire economics/ prescribed burning costs/ travel cost method/ willingness-to-pay
Abstract:
A macro time-series model and a micro GIS model were used to
estimate a production function relating deer harvest response to
prescribed fire, holding constant other environmental variables. The
macro time-series model showed a marginal increase in deer harvested of
33 for an increase of 1,100 acres of prescribed burn. The marginal deer
increase for the micro GIS model was 16. An additional 3,710 acres of
prescribed burn would produce an additional eight deer harvested
regardless of the model. For an additional 3,700 acres more of
prescribed burn the marginal increase in deer harvested is four and
five deer respectively for the macro time-series and micro GIS models.
Using the Travel Cost Method the change in consumer surplus or net
willingness-to-pay was $257 per additional deer harvested due to the
additional trips in response to increasing deer harvest. The consumer
surplus estimate using the Contingent Valuation Method was $222.
Depending on the production function model used the initial deer
hunting benefit response to a prescribed burning of 1,100 acres ranges
from $3,840 to $7,920. An additional increase of 3,710 acres of
prescribed burning would produce benefits of $1,920 regardless of the
model used. An extra 3,700 acres more would produce only between
$960 and $1,200 depending on the model. When compared to the cost of conducting the prescribed burning, the
benefits derived from an increase in deer harvest represent no more than 3.4 percent of the total costs of the first
1,100 acres.
This citation is from Treesearch.
2030. Edge- and area-sensitivity of shrubland birds.
Rodewald, A. D. and Vitz, A. C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 681-688. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069 [0681:EAAOSB]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: area
sensitivity/ birds/ clearcut/ early-successional forest/ edge/ forest
management/ shrubland/ avifauna/ forest edge/ habitat management/
habitat use/ patch size/ sensitivity analysis/ shrubland/ North
America/ Ohio/ United States/ Arthropoda/ Aves/ Dendroica discolor/
Icteria virens/ Passerina cyanea/ Spizella pusilla/
Vermivora pinus
Abstract:
Populations of shrubland birds in eastern North America have
consistently declined since the 1960s, but conservation is hampered by
an inadequate understanding of the area requirements of most species.
We examined the sensitivity of shrubland specialists to (a) the area of
shrub stands and (b) proximity to mature-forest edges, and we evaluated
whether habitat characteristics, food resources, or productivity of
bird populations could have caused the relationships we identified. In
2002-2003, we used constant-effort mist-netting on 6 small (4-8 ha) and
6 large (13-16 ha) regenerating clearcuts that were 4-6 years
post-harvest in southern Ohio, USA. We placed 3 nets at 20,
50, and 80 m from the mature-forest edge (n = 9 nets per site), and we
sampled vegetation, fruit, and arthropods at each net. Seven of 8
shrubland specialists, particularly blue-winged warbler, prairie
warbler, yellow-breasted chat, indigo bunting, and field sparrow,
avoided mature-forest edges, with twice as many birds caught 80 m from
edges compared to 20 m. Abundances of most species, especially
yellow-breasted chats, were positively correlated with area, though the
combined area effect was not statistically significant. We found no
evidence of reduced avian productivity in small stands. Neither area
nor edge was associated with habitat characteristics, fruit abundance,
or arthropod biomass. Our results suggest shrubland birds avoid habitat
edges. Thus, small or narrow cuts may not provide optimal habitat for
this suite of declining species, and managers should consider options
to minimize edge and provide larger patches of shrubland habitats in
landscape-scale planning efforts.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2031. Effect
of anthropogenic disturbance and landscape structure on body size,
demographics, and chaotic dynamics of Southern High Plains amphibians.
Gray, Matthew James. Texas Tech University, 2002.
Notes: Advisor: Smith, Loren M.
Descriptors: amphibians/ wetlands/ playas/ prairies/ meadows/ precipitation/ rain/ habitat restoration/ body-size/ lowlands
Abstract:
Amphibian populations are declining globally. Anthropogenic
disturbance of landscapes surrounding wetlands may affect fitness,
demographics, and dynamics of amphibian populations. Spatial
positioning and relative connectedness of wetlands also may influence
population demographics. Thus, I examined the effect of anthropogenic
landscape use (cultivation vs. grassland) and structure on
postmetamorphic body size (a fitness correlate), demographics, and
dynamics of amphibians at 16 playa wetlands on the Southern High Plains
(SHP) of Texas during 1999 and 2000. Amphibian populations were
monitored using drift fence and pitfall traps, landscape structure was
quantified using spatial analysis software, and dynamics were assessed
using difference equations. Postmetamorphic body size of all amphibian
species and age classes generally was greater at grassland than
cropland playas, and in 1999 (i.e., a wetter year) than 2000. Abundance
of New Mexico and plains spadefoots (Spea multiplicata and S.
bombions) generally was greater at cropland than grassland playas, and
greater for barred tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) in
1999 than 2000. Mean daily abundance of amphibians also was positively
related to landscape structure indices representing geometric
complexity and spatial positioning of wetlands. In general, as
landscapes became more complex (e.g., numbers of edges increased) and
inter-playa distance decreased, mean daily abundance of amphibians
increased. Additional demographic analyses indicated that temporal
niche partitioning existed in SHP amphibian populations; however, no
differences existed between landuses. Lastly, biological chaos in the
amphibian assemblage existed at 1 of 8 cropland and 7 of 8 grassland
playas. A stochastic density-dependent Ricker function predicted
chaotic dynamics most accurately. Anthropogenic disturbance surrounding
wetlands affects body size, demographics, and dynamics of SHP
amphibians. Spatial positioning of wetlands and landscape complexity
may be as or more important than general landuse in affecting amphibian
demographics. Annual differences in body size and abundance suggest
rainfall may be important in influencing amphibian populations.
Although spadefoot abundance was positively influenced by anthropogenic
disturbance, I recommend retention and restoration of grasslands
surrounding playa wetlands because landscape cultivation decreased body
size and altered amphibian demographics and dynamics from an
undisturbed state. These results have important implications in
conservation biology, landscape ecology, and basic ecological and
mathematical theory.
© NISC
2032. The effect of supplemental prey and prescribed fire on success of artificial nests.
Jones, D. D.; Conner, M. L.; Warren, R. J.; and Ware, G. O.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1112-1117. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: alternative
prey/ artificial nest/ compensatory predation/ Georgia/ nest predation/
nest success/ predation management/ prescribed fire/ supplemental prey/
artificial nest/ nest predation/ nesting success/ prescribed burning
Abstract:
Nest predation hinders recruitment of avian species and may be affected
by availability of alternative prey and amount of nesting cover.
Therefore, we evaluated effects of food abundance (i.e., supplemental
prey) and time since prescribed fire on nest success of artificial
ground nests. We monitored the fate of 759 artificial ground nests from
June to July 2000. No interaction (P = 0.74) occurred between fire and
supplemental prey treatments. Nest success in prey-supplemented plots
(37.6%) did not differ (P = 0.70) from control plots (44.9%), and nest
success in burned plots (41.8%) did not differ (P = 0.86)
from
nonburned plots (40.7%). Motion-sensitive cameras placed on feeders
revealed that mesomammals accounted for >80% of visits to feeders,
indicating that supplemental prey was detected and consumed by
mesomammals. Nest predators differed as a function of food abundance,
with combined avian and small-mammal predation being greater in
prey-supplemented (46.5%) than in control (25.9%) plots. Nest predators
also differed as a function of prescribed fire. Avian predation of
nests was greater in burned (13.7%) than nonburned (9.9%) plots,
whereas small-mammal predation was greater in non-burned (30.9%) than
in burned (15.1%) plots. Altering food and cover to manage nest success
may result in compensatory predation. Further work to quantify the
extent of compensatory predation is needed to fully understand
trade-offs of various practices for managing nest predation.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2033. The effect of woodland proximity and wetland characteristics on larval anuran assemblages in an agricultural landscape.
Babbitt, K. J.; Baber, M. J.; and Brandt, L. A.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 84(4): 510-519. (2006)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ prey/ ecology/ predators/ terrestrial
habitat/ man-made habitat/ abiotic factors/ chemical factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ Anura: habitat management/ community structure/
piscean predators/ Gambusia holbrooki and Jordanella floridae/ Effect
on community structure/ agricultural landscape/ semiaquatic habitat/
wetlands habitat characteristics/ agriculture landscape/ forest and
woodland/ hardwood hammock patches/ proximity to wetland/ cultivated
land habitat/ External pH/ depth/ water depth/ Florida/ Highlands
County/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae/
amphibians/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Changes to landscapes for agricultural activities often result in
reduction and fragmentation of forested habitat. Land conversion for
cattle ranching in south-central Florida has resulted in increases
in pasture land interspersed with remnant patches of hardwood hammock.
To examine the importance of these hammocks to anurans, we sampled 78
seasonally inundated wetlands to examine the relative importance of
proximity of hardwood hammock patches (>20 ha) and wetland
characteristics and used generalized linear models to determine which
factors had a significant effect on larval anuran species richness or
abundance. Species richness was significantly influenced by pH,
conductivity, and water depth. Proximity to hammock did not influence
species richness; however, assemblage composition differed between
wetlands near hammocks and wetlands surrounded by pasture. Barking
treefrogs (Hyla gratiosa LeConte, 1856), pine woods treefrogs (Hyla
femoralis Bose in Daudin, 1800), and oak toads (Bufo quercicus
Holbrook, 1840) bred only in wetlands within 20, 50, and 200 m of
hammocks, respectively. Factors influencing tadpole abundances were
species-specific. Retention of seasonally inundated wetlands proximal
to large hammocks on ranchlands can provide important habitat for
supporting a diverse assemblage of anurans
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2034. Effectiveness of biodiversity indicators varies with extent, grain, and region.
Hess, G. R.; Bartel, R. A.; Leidner, A. K.; Rosenfeld, K. M.; Rubino, M. J.; Snider, S. B.; and Ricketts, T. H.
Biological Conservation 132(4): 448-457. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.037.
Descriptors: biodiversity hotspots/ extent/ grain/
indicator taxa/ scale
Abstract:
The use of indicator taxa for conservation planning is common, despite
inconsistent evidence regarding their effectiveness. These
inconsistencies may be the result of differences among species and
taxonomic groups studied, geographic location, or scale of analysis.
The scale of analysis can be defined by grain and extent, which are
often confounded. Grain is the size of each observational unit and
extent is the size of the entire study area. Using species occurrence
records compiled by NatureServe from survey data, range maps, and
expert opinion, we examined correlations in species richness between
each of seven taxa (amphibians, birds, butterflies, freshwater fish,
mammals, freshwater mussels, and reptiles) and total richness of the
remaining six taxa at varying grains and extents in two regions of the
US (Mid-Atlantic and Pacific Northwest). We examined four different
spatial units of interest: hexagon (~649 km2), subecoregion (3800-34,000 km2), ecoregion (8300-79,000 km2), and geographic region (315,000-426,000 km2).
We analyzed the correlations with varying extent of analysis (grain
held constant at the hexagon) and varying grain (extent held constant
at the region). The strength of correlation among taxa was context
dependent, varying widely with grain, extent, region, and taxon. This
suggests that (1) taxon, grain, extent, and study location explain, in
part, inconsistent results of previous studies; (2) planning based on
indicator relationships developed at other grains or extents should be
undertaken cautiously; and (3) planning based on indicator
relationships developed in other geographic locations is risky, even if
planning occurs at an equivalent grain and extent.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2035. The
effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of
insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard.
Nicholls, C. I.; Parrella, M.; and Altieri, M. A.
Landscape Ecology 16(2): 133-146. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1011128222867.
Descriptors: biological
control/ landscape ecology/ leafhoppers/ thrips/ vineyards/
biodiversity/ density gradient centrifugation/ egg/ environmental
economics/ habitat/ parasitism/ predation/ riparian zone/ species
abundance/ United States/ abundance/ dispersal/ habitat corridor/
insect/ landscape ecology/ spatial distribution
Abstract:
During 1996 and 1997, two adjacent 2.5 has organic vineyard blocks (A
and B) were monitored to assess the distributional and abundance
patterns of the Western grape leafhopper Erythroneura elegantula Osborn
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and its parasitoid Anagrus epos Girault
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), Western flower thrips Frankliniella
occidentalis (Pergande) and generalist predators. The main difference
between blocks was that block A was cut across by a corridor composed
of 65 flowering plant species which was connected to the surrounding
riparian habitat, whereas block B had no plant corridor. In both years,
leafhopper adults and nymphs and thrips tended to be more numerous in
the middle rows of block A and less abundant in border rows close to
the forest and corridor where predators were more abundant. The complex
of predators circulating through the corridor moved to the adjacent
vine rows and exerted a regulatory impact on herbivores present in such
rows. In block B all insects were evenly distributed over the field, no
obvious density gradient was detected from the edges into the center of
the field. Although it is suspected that A. epos depended on food
resources of the corridor, it did not display a gradient from this rich
flowering area into the middle of the field. Likewise no differences in
rates of egg parasitism of leafhoppers could be detected in vines near
the corridor or in the vineyard center. The presence of riparian
habitats enhanced predator colonization and abundance on adjacent
vineyards, although this influence was limited by the distance to which
natural enemies dispersed into the vineyard. However, the corridor
amplified this influence by enhancing timely circulation and dispersal
movement of predators into the center of the field.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2036. The effects of adjacent land use on wetland amphibian species richness and community.
Houlahan, J. E. and Findlay, C. S.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 60(9): 1078-1094. (2003)
NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X
Descriptors: wetlands/
aquatic animals/ forests/ habitats/ land use/ marshes/ nature
conservation/ nitrogen/ plant communities/ polluted water/ population
density/ roads/ roots/ species richness/ vegetation types/ water
pollution/ water quality/ animal communities
Abstract:
Habitat destruction and fragmentation have been identified as possible
causes of large-scale amphibian declines. Here, we examine the effects
of adjacent land use and water quality on wetland amphibian species
richness, abundance, and community composition in 74 Ontario
wetlands. Species richness was positively correlated with wetland area,
forest cover, and the amount of wetlands on adjacent lands and
negatively correlated with road density and nitrogen levels. The
land-use effects peak at 2000-3000 m. Amphibian abundance was
positively correlated with forest cover, distance to wetlands >20
ha, and amount of marsh habitat and negatively correlated with road
density. The effects of adjacent land use were strongest at around 200
m. Land-use and water quality effects varied widely across species,
although most species are positively correlated with forest cover and
amount of wetlands on adjacent lands and negatively correlated with
road density and water quality. These results suggest that the effects
of adjacent land use on amphibian communities can extend over
comparatively large distances. As such, effective wetland conservation
will not be achieved merely through the creation of narrow buffer zones
between wetlands and intensive land uses, but rather will require
maintaining a heterogeneous regional landscape containing relatively
large areas of natural forest and wetlands.
© CABI
2037. Effects of agricultural cultivation on demographics of Southern High Plains amphibians.
Gray, Matthew J.; Smith, Loren M.; and Brenes, Roberto
Conservation Biology 18(5): 1368-1377. (Oct. 2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: Amphibia/
farming and agriculture/ agricultural cultivation/ population
responses/ community structure/ population density/ agricultural
cultivation effects/ semiaquatic habitat/ Texas/ Southern High
Plains/ population responses to agricultural cultivation/
playa wetlands
Abstract: Anthropogenic
disturbance of landscapes surrounding wetlands is
considered a factor in local and global amphibian declines. Few data
exist on the effects of agricultural cultivation of wetland watersheds
on amphibians, and results from previous studies are contradictory. Our
objective was to test the effects of general anthropogenic land use
(cultivation vs. grassland) on the demographics of seven species and
three age classes of amphibians in the Southern High Plains
of Texas. We partially enclosed 16 playa wetlands (4 per land use
per
year) with drift fences and pitfall traps and monitored relative daily
abundance and diversity from 16 May to 17 October 1999 and 19 April to
18 August 2000. In general, relative abundance (i.e., average daily
capture) of New Mexico and plains spadefoots (Spea multiplicata,
S. bombifrons) was greater at cropland than grassland playas; the
abundance of other species and diversity of the amphibian assemblage
was not affected by land use. Also, abundance generally was greater in
1999 than 2000 for metamorph spadefoots and barred tiger salamanders
(Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium). Differences in spadefoot abundance
between land-use types may have been related to low species-specific
vagility, resulting in increased nestedness within disturbed landscapes
and reduced abundance of a potential keystone intraguild predator in
cropland playas. The yearly difference in amphibian abundance was
likely related to annual precipitation, which influenced wetland
hydroperiod. Agricultural cultivation surrounding wetlands is
associated with the increased abundance of some amphibian species, but
other demographic and fitness parameters-such as temporal demographics,
body size, and diet diversity-may be negatively affected.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2038. Effects of agriculture on raptors in the western USA: An overview.
Young, L. S.
In: Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop.Boise, Idaho, USA.)
Pendleton, B. G. (eds.) Washington, D.C.:
National Wildlife Federation;
pp. 209-218; 1989.
Notes:
ISSN: 1044-4971; Institute for Wildlife Research, National Wildlife
Federation, Scientific and Technical Series No. 12; xi + 317p.
Descriptors: prey
density/ foraging/ environmental disturbances/ habitat preservation/
enhancement/ conservation programs/ education/ Farm Bill/ animals/
birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/ Conservation
Resource management/ Agronomy
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2039. Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities.
Tewksbury, Joshua J.; Black, Anne E.; Nur, Nadav;
Saab, Victoria A.; Logan, Brian D.; and Dobkin, David S.
Studies in Avian Biology 25: 158-202 . (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves/ habitat fragmentation/ livestock grazing/ riparian
communities/ farming and agriculture/ habitat management/ riparian
habitats/ community structure/ United States, western/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: Deciduous
vegetation along streams and rivers provides breeding habitat
to more bird species than any other plant community in the West, yet
many riparian areas are heavily grazed by cattle and surrounded by
increasingly developed landscapes. The combination of cattle grazing
and landscape alteration (habitat loss and fragmentation) are thought
to be critical factors affecting the richness and composition of
breeding bird communities. Here, we examine the influence of land use
and cattle grazing on deciduous riparian bird communities across seven
riparian systems in five western
states: Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon
and California. These riparian systems
are embedded in landscapes ranging from nearly pristine to almost
completely agricultural. We conducted landscape analysis at two spatial
scales: local landscapes (all land within 500 m of each survey
location) and regional landscapes (all land within 5 km of each survey
location). Despite the large differences among riparian systems, we
found a number of consistent effects of landscape change and grazing.
Of the 87 species with at least 15 detections on two or more rivers, 44
species were less common in grazed sites, in heavily settled or
agricultural landscapes, or in areas with little deciduous riparian
habitat. The Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Song Sparrow (Melospiza
melodia), Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), Fox Sparrow
(Passerella iliaca), and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) were
all less common under at least three of these conditions. In contrast,
33 species were significantly more common in one or more of these
conditions. Sites surrounded by greater deciduous habitat had higher
overall avian abundance and 22 species had significantly higher
individual abundances in areas with more deciduous habitat. Yet, areas
with more agriculture at the regional scale also had higher total avian
abundance, due in large part to greater abundance of European Starling
(Sturnus vulgaris), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Brown-headed
Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica), all
species that use both agricultural and riparian areas. Grazing effects
varied considerably among riparian systems, but avian abundance and
richness were significantly lower at grazed survey locations. Fifteen
species were significantly less abundant in grazed sites while only
five species were more abundant therein. Management should focus on (1)
preserving and enlarging deciduous habitats, (2) reducing cattle
grazing in deciduous habitats, and (3) protecting the few relatively
pristine landscapes surrounding large deciduous riparian areas in the
West.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2040. Effects
of clearcutting and natural regeneration on breeding bird communities
of a baldcypress-tupelo wetland in South Carolina.
Mitchell, Laura J.; Lancia, Richard A.; Lea, Russ; and Gauthreaux, Sidney A.
In:
Proceedings of an International Symposium: Wetlands and River Corridor
Management. Charleston, South Carolina. Kusler, Jon A.
and Daly, Sally (eds.)
Berne, N.Y.: Association of Wetland Managers;
pp. 155-161; 520 p.; 1989.
NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3P75 1989
Descriptors: wetlands/ lowland forests/ clearcutting/ silvicultural practices/ environmental impact/ birds
2041. Effects of cropland conservation practices on fish and wildlife habitat.
Brady, Stephen J.
In: Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices, Technical Review 07-1; Bethesda, MD:
The Wildlife Society, 2007. pp. 9-23.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb2.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ conservation practices/ terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
A literature review of commonly applied cropland soil and water
conservation practices and their impact on fish and wildlife habitat is
presented. Agriculture has had the most extensive effect on wildlife
habitat of any human-induced factor in the United States. Any
practice that improves runoff water quality and/or reduces sediment
delivery will have beneficial effects to aquatic ecosystems. Many soil
and water conservation practices have additional benefits to wildlife
when applied in a habitat-friendly manner, but may have little or no
benefit when applied otherwise. Wildlife and agriculture can coexist if
land is managed to conserve sufficient biological integrity in the form
of plant communities and habitat elements compatible with the
surrounding landscape.
2042. Effects of fire and agricultural practices on neotropical ant communities.
Castano-Meneses, G. and Palacios-Vargas, J. G.
Biodiversity and Conservation 12(9): 1913-1919. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 09603115.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1024120600816.
Descriptors: Chamela/
succession/ tropical deciduous forest/ agricultural practices/ ants/
community structure/ ecological impact/ prescribed burning/ species
diversity/ Mexico/ Formicidae/ Hymenoptera
Abstract: Fire
is extensively used in agricultural management in Mexico.
There is little information on the effects of those practices on the
abundance and diversity of animals that live within these forest soils.
We studied the effect of slashing, burning and land use in a tropical
deciduous forest on ant communities in the State
of Jalisco, Mexico. The original vegetation (tropical
deciduous forest) was
modified into a corn field. Sampling was carried out in five stages:
before slashing, after slashing, after burning, after seeding and after
harvest. We found that very severe fires greatly reduced ant diversity.
The most important effect of fire was the reduction of ant density, and
the change of species composition and trophic guilds. These changes are
relevant in the recycling process of energy in the ecosystem.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2043. Effects of forest regeneration on songbird movements in a managed forest landscape of Alberta, Canada.
Robichaud, Isabelle; Villard, Marc Andre; and
Machtans, Craig S.
Landscape Ecology 17(3): 247-262. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973
Descriptors: ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Oscines
(Passeriformes): distribution within habitat/ habitat utilization/
forest and woodland/ riparian
habitat/ Alberta/ Calling Lake area/ riparian buffer/
corridor/ forest regeneration/
Passeriformes/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Recent studies have shown that barrier effects exist even in relatively
vagile species such as forest songbirds. The objectives of this study
were to determine whether a 560 x 100 m riparian buffer strip of mature
forest was used as a movement corridor by forest songbirds and, if so,
to what extent corridor effects persisted as woody vegetation
regenerated in the adjacent clearcut. Over a 4-yr period, juvenile
movement rates decreased in the riparian buffer strip and increased in
the regenerating clearcut. Adult movement rates increased in the
riparian buffer strip in the first year after logging, then gradually
decreased, while still increasing in the regenerating clearcut.
However, both juvenile and adult movement rates were higher in the
buffer strip than in an undisturbed control site. Results suggest that
most adults we captured held territories in the vicinity of the net
lanes, and that most of the juveniles captured were dispersing away
from their natal territory. Four years after harvest, juvenile movement
rates were higher in the regenerating clearcut than in the riparian
buffer strip, but several species had not yet been captured or detected
in the regeneration. Our results suggest that the use of the riparian
buffer strip as a movement corridor decreased with forest regeneration
for both adults and juveniles. However, the buffer strip still acted as
a movement corridor for the following species: Philadelphia and
Red-eyed Vireos, Red-breasted Nuthatch, and Ovenbird.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2044. The effects of grazing by Tule elk and cattle on the vegetation dynamics and spider community of coastal salt marshes.
Traut, Bibit H.
In:
87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the
14th Annual International Conference of the Society for Ecological
Restoration. Tucson, Arizona
August 04-09, 2002; 2002 .
Notes: Meeting abstract.
http://abstracts.co.allenpress.com/pweb/esa2002/ document/14803
Descriptors: estuarine
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management:
conservation/ agricultural open space/ coastal salt marshes/ community
structure/ fenced enclosures/ grazing effects/ marsh upland ecotone/
multiple use/ plant biomass/ plant cover/ species richness/ spider
diversity/ threatened habitat impacts/ vegetation dynamics/ vegetation
richness/ vegetation structure/ wildland areas
Abstract:
Salt marshes in the Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS) are
maintained both as wildland areas and agricultural open space. Yet, the
impacts of this
multiple
use is not well understood, and there is concern that grazing the
ecotone between the marsh and upland, the high salt marsh, may
negatively impact this threatened habitat. The goal of this study was
to determine if excluding cattle and Tule elk would result in increased
vegetation complexity (structure and richness) and subsequently affect
the spider community. Fenced exclosures were erected in the summer of
1999 at Home Bay (PRNS) and White Gulch (PRNS) to assess impacts of
grazing by cattle and Tule elk, respectively. Within each marsh, a 20m
x 5m mainplot of the high marsh was selected. Within each mainplot, 10
subplots (2m x 2m) were randomly selected, with 5 randomly established
as exclosures and the others 5 left unfenced as controls. After two
years, spider diversity and plant biomass, cover and height were
measured within the inner 1m x 1m area. Both Tule elk and cattle
grazing reduced plant biomass and height and led to increased
bareground. Plant richness was not significantly different between
cattle grazed and ungrazed plots, but individuals of plant species were
more evenly distributed in the exclosures. Whereas in those plots
grazed by Tule elk, species richness did increase in exclosures, but
without a shift in individual species distributions. I had expected to
see a response by the spider community to changes in vegetation
structure, but there were no significant differences in spider
diversity in any of the grazed or ungrazed plots. These results
indicate that trophic generalists in a transition zone, the high salt
marsh, may be responding to other factors than vegetation structure
alone. Furthermore, grazing in the high salt marsh ecotone shifts plant
community structure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2045. Effects of herbaceous competition control on wildlife habitat quality in piedmont pine plantations.
Keyser, P. D.; Ford, V. L.; and Guynn, D. C.
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27(1): 55-60. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 01484419
Descriptors: forage/
habitat/ herbaceous control/ herbicide/ pine management/ wildlife/
seed/ vegetation/ plants (botany)/ plantations/ plants/ seedlings
Abstract:
Wildlife biologists have become increasingly concerned about the
effects of herbaceous competition control in pine plantations on
wildlife habitats. Data from a study designed to test the effectiveness
of herbaceous weed control with different site preparation methods were
re-analyzed to assess effects on various measures of wildlife habitat
quality. Three rates of Oust® (0, 2, and 4 oz/ac) were applied in
mid-April the first year to planted loblolly pine seedlings at seven
locations (each a complete randomized block design) in the Virginia
Piedmont. Site preparation methods used were pile only (two locations),
burn only, chop and burn, pile and disk, and Velpar® and burn (two
locations). Results were re-analyzed to assess effects of these methods
on total herbaceous vegetation coverage, forage coverage, the ratio
offorage/cover, species richness, and species diversity. Although total
herbaceous coverage and species richness declined in the first year
after application on many locations, vegetation rebounded in the second
and/or third year. Few significant differences were observed in forage
coverage, the ratio offorage to cover, or species diversity. By the
third year,
few
differences remained among treatment levels. Mechanical site
preparation appeared to have less impact on all measures than chemical
site preparation. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):55-60.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2046. Effects of land use management on biotic integrity: An investigation of bird communities.
Glennon, M. J. and Porter, W. F.
Biological Conservation 126(4): 499-511. (2005)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.029.
Descriptors: community/
guild/ human impact gradient/ index of biotic integrity/ land use
management/ anthropogenic effect/ community dynamics/ index of biotic
integrity/ land management/ land use/ Adirondack Park/ New York [United
States]/ Aves
Abstract: We
examined the response of bird communities to a gradient of human
impact in the Adirondack Park of northern New
York State by testing the relationship of land use management
types to
an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) across the Adirondack
landscape. We created the IBI by placing birds into 12 different guild
categories and scoring study blocks according to relative
representation of specialist versus generalist guild types. We
investigated three questions relating to the effects of land use
management on biotic integrity in the Adirondacks: (1) are there
differences in biological integrity among the major land use types; (2)
if so, what characteristics of these land use types are associated with
high integrity bird communities; and, (3) to what degree is land
management regulation effective in maintaining biological integrity in
the Adirondack Park? We found significant differences in total,
functional, compositional, and structural integrity on five land use
types ranging from hamlet to wilderness. In all cases, integrity was
lowest in hamlet areas and increased along the gradient to its highest
level in wilderness areas. Biotic integrity showed strong groupings of
the five land use classes. We found that bird community integrity was
strongly related to roadlessness and that birds primarily responded to
the distinction between developed and undeveloped land types. In
contrast to roads and human development, forest management impacts in
the Adirondacks do not appear to be of a high enough intensity to
have significant negative impacts on breeding bird community integrity.
Clustering of development is a means by which integrity may be
safeguarded for the long term in the Adirondack Park.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2047. Effects of land use on nongame wetland birds in western South Dakota stock ponds, U.S.A.
May, Shawn M.; Naugle, David E.; and Higgins, Kenneth F.
Waterbirds 25(Special Publication 2): 51-55. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695
Descriptors: LANDSAT
TM imagery data/ National wetlands Inventory maps/ cattle grazing/
cropland landscapes/ grasslands/ habitat use/ land use change/
landscape types/ nesting habitat/ prairie landscapes/ stock ponds/
tillage agriculture/ vegetation cover/ wetlands
Abstract:
Tillage agriculture is expanding into western prairie landscapes
without knowledge of the effects of land use change on habitats used by
nongame wetland birds. In 1999-2000, we surveyed 196 stock ponds within
grassland (>95% grass) and cropland (>75% tillage) landscapes to
evaluate effects of land use on nongame wetland bird densities in
western South Dakota. Land use and wetlands were delineated from
Landsat TM imagery and National Wetlands Inventory maps. Sixteen
nongame wetland bird species used stock ponds in western South
Dakota, of which nine species were obligate wetland-nesting species.
Although densities of seven nongame obligate wetland bird species were
similar between landscape types, abundance of Wilson's Phalarope
(Phalaropus tricolor) was greater in grassland study areas where cattle
grazing limited growth of thick-stemmed emergent vegetation and reduced
overall vegetative cover in stock ponds. In contrast, the Red-winged
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Yellow-headed Blackbird
(Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) were more abundant in cropland
landscapes where stock ponds provide abundant over-water nesting
habitat (e.g., cattail). If grasslands continue to be converted to
cropland, Wilson's Phalarope numbers will likely decrease as blackbird
densities increase in stock ponds dominated by monotypic stands of
cattail. To circumvent such changes, we recommend that resource
managers conserve large tracts of grassland through aggressive easement
programs in landscapes at highest risk of agricultural tillage.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2048. Effects of livestock grazing on small mammals at a desert cienaga.
Hayward, Bruce; Heske, Edward J.; and
Painter, Charles W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 61(1): 123-129. (1997)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: conservation/ desert cienaga/ livestock grazing/ population abundance/ resource base/ small/ trophic level interaction
Abstract:
Livestock in arid regions often concentrate their grazing in riparian
areas, and this activity can have strong effects on native vegetation
and wildlife. Small mammals at a desert wetland (cienaga) in
southwestern New Mexico were more abundant on 2 1-ha plots from
which livestock were excluded over a 10-year period than on 2 similar
grazed plots (P = 0.025). However, species of small mammals differed in
the direction and degree of their responses to livestock exclusion.
Differences in mean abundance between grazed versus ungrazed plots
could not be demonstrated for any species of small mammal individually
because of strong annual variation in abundance and low statistical
power of tests. However, the cumulative effect was that small mammals
were 50% more abundant on plots from which livestock were excluded.
Because small mammals provide an important resource base for many
animals at higher trophic levels, even a few livestock exclosures of
moderate size could benefit a variety of species of wildlife in desert
wetlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2049. Effects of pesticides and other organic pollutants in the aquatic environment on immunity of fish:
A review.
Dunier, M. and Siwicki, A. K.
Fish and Shellfish Immunology 3(6): 423-438. (1993); ISSN: 1050-4648.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: pesticides/
organic compounds/ immunology/ disease resistance/ fish culture/
pollutants/ immunity/ effects on/ aquatic environment/ Pisces/ aquatic
environments/ organic/ Fish culture/ effects on organisms freshwater
pollution
Abstract:
In the present paper the effects of various pollutants from industry or
agriculture on the fish immune system are reviewed. The major
xenobiotics involved as immunomodulators are pesticides (insecticides,
herbicides, fungicides) and other organic pollutants such as
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and tributyltin (TBT). Immunotoxicology in mammals has become a
very active discipline, but there remains a scarcity of information
concerning fish immunotoxicology. This review gathers the data
available on the effects of certain pollutants in the aquatic
environment on the humoral and cellular immunity of fish.
© ProQuest
2050. The effects of postfire salvage logging on aquatic ecosystems in the American west.
Karr, James R.; Rhodes, Jonathan J.; Minshall, G. Wayne; Hauer, F. Richard; Beschta, Robert L.;
Frissell, Christopher A.; and Perry, David A.
Bioscience 54(11): 1029-1033. (2004)
NAL Call #: 500 Am322A; ISSN: 0006-3568
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: forestry/ watersheds/ habitat protection/
habitat management/ aquatic ecosystems/ ecology/ postfire salvage
logging/ forest and woodland/ United States, western region
Abstract:
Recent changes in the forest policies, regulations, and laws affecting
public lands encourage postfire salvage logging, an activity that all
too often delays or prevents recovery. In contrast, the 10
recommendations proposed here can improve the condition of watersheds
and aquatic ecosystems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2051. Effects of prairie and barrens management on butterfly faunal composition.
Swengel, Ann B. and Swengel, Scott R.
Biodiversity and Conservation 10(10): 1757-1785. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1B562; ISSN: 0960-3115
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Papilionoidea: habitat management/ community structure/ forest and
woodland/ pine oak barrens/ grassland/ prairie/ United States/ prairie
management/ barrens management/ faunal composition/ Papilionoidea/
Heteroneura, Glossata, Lepidoptera, Insecta/ arthropods/ insects/
invertebrates/ lepidopterans
Abstract:
During 1990-1997, we recorded 122,138 adult butterflies in transect
surveys at 125 pine-oak barrens in northern Wisconsin and 106
tallgrass prairies in six midwestern states grouped into three prairie
subregions. Before analysis, we classified the butterflies into three
ecological subgroups: specialist of native herbaceous vegetation,
grassland (widely occurring in native and degraded herbaceous
vegetation), and generalist. We analyzed this dataset both by
ecological subgroups and as total butterflies, and by relative density
and species richness, to investigate how these different ways of
ordinating the same dataset might affect the results. In multiple
linear regressions, density and richness of total butterflies and the
subgroups related significantly to many non-management factors. In
comparisons of more vs. less recent burning, all significant results
for most recent burning were negative. No significant negative
relationships were attributed to the longest period since burning. In
comparisons of burning vs. idling, all significant results in prairie
favored idling, but in barrens favored burning. In comparisons of
burning vs. mechanical cutting, all significant results in prairie
favored cutting, but no significant differences occurred in barrens. In
regressions including all management types, rotational burning (alone
or combined with cutting) was significantly positive most often for
generalists and never for specialists. Increasing years since last
management was always negative in barrens and the southern prairie
subregion but always positive in the two northern prairie subregions.
Significant management patterns occurred more often in prairie than
barrens, which were less fragmented. Specialists were favored by
grazing in one northern prairie subregion (but disfavored in the
other), haying, single wildfire (testable in barrens only), and
increasing years since last treatment in one northern prairie subregion
(but disfavored in barrens). Within subregion and subgroup, significant
management results for density and richness never conflicted, but
density had more significant results than richness. In no instances
were the signs opposite when total butterflies and/or any subgroup(s)
significantly related to the same management factor in the same type of
regression. But what was significant for one sample was often not for
another. Thus, management favorable for specialists and total
butterflies did not conflict, but the subgroups had varying degrees of
sensitivity, rather than opposite responses. Since the specialist (and
total) butterflies did not consistently favor one management type over
another among subregions, caution should be used in preserve
management, to avoid overreliance on one management type over others.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2052. Effects of prescribed burning on amphibian diversity in a southeastern U.S. National Forest.
Schurbon, J. M. and Fauth, J. E.
Conservation Biology 17(5): 1338-1349. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: abundance/ amphibians/ prescribed burning/ species diversity/ United States/ forest
Abstract:
Fire alters the abundance and diversity of many species, but its
effects on amphibians are poorly known. We tested whether prescribed
burning affected amphibian abundance and diversity within the Francis
Marion National Forest, South Carolina, by monitoring assemblages at 15
temporary ponds with five different burn histories: 0, 1, 3, 5, and 12
years after burns. We also monitored terrestrial and aquatic
environmental variables likely to influence amphibian diversity, such
as leaf-litter depth, pond water chemistry, and distance to neighboring
ponds. Fire had significant negative effects. Immediate effects
(burning during the study) explained 12.8% and 10.8% of the variation
in anuran and amphibian abundance, respectively, whereas short-term
effects explained 31.8% and 24.6% of variation in amphibian species
richness and evenness, respectively. Species richness increased and
evenness decreased with time since burn, primarily because salamanders
were rarely encountered at sites burned within 2 years. These sites had
the shallowest leaf litter and highest soil temperature variances.
Environmental factors unrelated to burning also significantly
influenced amphibian diversity. Water chemistry explained 31.1% of
variation in species richness, 32.2% of evenness, and >25% of
anuran, salamander, and total amphibian abundances. Salamanders were
most sensitive to water chemistry factors, particularly pH. Our results
suggest that decreasing the frequency of prescribed burns from the
current 2-3 years to 3-7 years will better maintain diverse amphibian
and plant assemblages. Substituting growing-season burns for the
current practice of winter and spring burns would avoid repeatedly
interrupting amphibian breeding and would maintain the desired longleaf
pine community. 1339.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2053. Effects
of prescribed fire, extended harvest, movement, and habitat management
on eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) survival.
Walker, John Matthew. Mississippi State University, 2004.
Notes: Degree: MS; Advisors: Leopold, Bruce D. and Burger, L. Wes
Descriptors: Sylvilagus floridanus/ prescribed fire/ habitat management/ breeding/ kernel ranges/ extended harvest
Abstract:
For a sample of 351 radio-collared cottontails (Sylvilagus
floridanus) monitored on Black Prairie Wildlife Management Area
(BPWMA), 1997-2003, I examined prescribed fire, extended harvest,
movement, and habitat management effects on survival. Breeding and
non-breeding season survival increased during the study, concomitantly
with increased management intensity. Hourly movement rates did not
substantively influence survival. I generated each cottontail's home
range kernel to evaluate prescribed burning effects on survival. for
both 50% and 95% kernel ranges, percentage of the range burned did not
affect cottontail survival. Survival of cottontails in treatment units
subjected to October-february harvest (0.36, SE = 0.08) did not differ
substantially from those subjected to October-january harvest (0.43 SE
= 0.09). Although the direction of the effect supported increased
additivity, the magnitude did not provide significant evidence for
this, and I concluded that late season harvest did not affect
significantly cottontail survival.
© NISC
2054. Effects of red-cockaded woodpecker management on bobwhite relative abundance.
Chamberlain, Michael J. and Burger, L. Wes
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59: 10-16. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ community structure/ population dynamics/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Colinus virginianus: relative
abundance/ population density/ endangered species habitat management
effects on relative abundance of declining gamebird/ forest and
woodland/ pine grassland communities/ grassland/ Mississippi/
Southwest/ Homochitto National Forest/ Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Loss of pine-grassland communities has contributed to declines in
populations of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus; hereafter,
bobwhite) and red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis; RCW).
However, evolving land management priorities on publicly-owned lands
managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) increasingly emphasize
restoration of historic cover conditions and habitat for endangered
species such as the RCW. These land use changes should benefit
pine-grassland species, including bobwhite, but effects are not well
understood. Therefore, we monitored abundance and distribution of
breeding bobwhites on the Homochitto National Forest of
southwestern Mississippi during 1994-1999. We quantified abundance
of breeding bobwhites using call counts in three landscapes that
differed in extent of land under management for RCWs (low = 7.5%,
intermediate = 46.7%, and high = 66.2%). Bobwhite abundance was closely
tied to intensity of management. Landscapes with an intermediate and
high proportion of stands dedicated to RCW management had relative
abundance of bobwhite 46.9% and 232% greater than that observed in
landscapes with a low extent of RCW management. RCW management likely
enhances bobwhite habitat through maintenance of pine-grassland
communities, and when applied to landscapes, has the potential to
improve bobwhite populations locally and regionally.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2055. Effects of rest, season-long, and delayed grazing of wetlands and adjacent uplands on cattle and waterfowl use.
Ruyle, G. B. University of California, Berkeley, 1980.
Notes: Thesis
Descriptors: habitat management/ grazing/ waterfowl/ wetlands
© NISC
2056. Effects of Rodeo and Garlon 3A on nontarget wetland species in central Washington.
Gardner, S. C. and Grue, C. E.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(4): 441-451. (1996)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268
Descriptors: wetlands/
herbicides/ toxicity/ effects/ weeds/ weed control/ aquatic organisms/
aquatic weeds/ control/ chemical control/ glyphosate/ triclopyr/
nontarget effects/ aquatic invertebrates/ Lythrum salicaria/ Daphnia/
rainbow trout/ Lemna
Abstract:
Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, is an invasive wetland
perennial that became established in northeastern North America in
the early 1800s. Despite its designation as a noxious weed, its
distribution has continued to expand. Treatment with herbicides is the
most widely used means of controlling purple loosestrife. This study
examined the nontarget effects of two herbicides, Rodeo [glyphosate]
and Garlon 3A [triclopyr amine], currently used or being considered for
use in controlling purple loosestrife in Washington State, resp. Growth
and/or survival of duckweed [Lemna spp.], Daphnia, and rainbow trout
were monitored for at least 24 h following an application of each
herbicide. Free-living water column and benthic invertebrates were
monitored 24 h and 7 d post-spray using activity traps and sediment
cores. Neither chemical was associated with significant decreases in
survival or growth of the bioassay organisms, with the exception that
growth of duckweed was reduced 48 h after exposure to Rodeo. Nor were
significant decreases in the abundance of free-living aquatic
invertebrates detected following the herbicide applications. Results
suggest that neither herbicide, at the application rates used, poses a
hazard to aquatic invertebrates in wetlands in central Washington.
However, Rodeo, because it is a broad-spectrum herbicide, may pose a
greater hazard to nontarget aquatic vegetation.
© CABI
2057. Effects of sheep grazing on a riparian-stream environment.
Platts, W. S. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
1981. 6 p. Research Note.
NAL Call #: A99.9 F764Un
Descriptors: grazing/ habitat alterations/ management/ research: rivers and streams/ riparian habitat
© NISC
2058. Effects of streamside forest management on the composition and abundance of stream and riparian fauna of the Olympic peninsula.
Raphael, Martin G.; Bisson, Peter A.; Jones, Lawrence L.; and Foster, Alex D.
In:
Congruent Management of Multiple Resources: Proceedings from the Wood
Compatibility Initiative workshop, General Technical Report-PNW 563/
Johnson, Adelaide C.; Haynes, Richard W.; and Monserud, Robert A.;
Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002.
pp. 27-40.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN).
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr563/gtr563a.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ freshwater habitat/ lotic
water/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Vertebrata: forestry/ timber
harvesting/ streamside forest management/ stream community/ riparian
community/ habitat management/ riparian buffer zones/ streamside forest
management regimes/ community structure/ stream fauna/ riparian fauna/
community composition/ forest and woodland/ community composition/
Washington/ Olympic Peninsula/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2059. Effects of timber management on pond-breeding salamanders.
Morris, Katrina M. and Maret, Timothy J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1034-1041. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Ambystomatidae/
Caudata/ Lissamphibia/ Ambystoma maculatum/ Ambystoma opacum/ forests/
ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat use/
Michaux State Forest/ oak-hickory forest/ Pennsylvania/ timber
harvesting/ wildlife-human relationships/ commercial enterprises/
disturbances/
land zones
Abstract:
Pond-breeding salamanders spend most of their lives in forested habitat
surrounding the vernal pools where they breed. Timber harvesting has
been demonstrated to have negative impacts on salamander populations
due to changes in soil temperature, soil compaction, and general
degradation of habitat. However, little is known about how long it
takes for harvested forest habitat to once again become suitable for
salamanders. Questions also remain as to whether salamanders will use
an area that has been harvested in recent years if an older intact
forest area is available. We used drift fences and pitfall traps to
capture adult spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum) and opacum)
migrating to 3 vernal ponds during their breeding seasons. The study
area contained tracts of forest that were marbled salamanders (A.
opacum) migrating to 3 vernal ponds during their breeding seasons. The
study area contained tracts of forest that werw clear-cut 11-12 years
prior to the study. All 3 ponds were surrounded by areas of clear-cut
and intact forest and drift fences were placed in both habitat types.
Similar numbers of spotted salamanders entered the ponds from clear-cut
and intact forest areas. The number of marbled salamanders migrating to
the ponds did not differ between areas of dear-cut and intact forest.
These results suggest that clear-cut habitats may become suitable for
adult pond-breeding salamanders after a relatively short regeneration
period.
© NISC
2060. Enhanced avian diversity in Wisconsin pine barrens through aggregated timber harvest.
Niemuth, Neal D. and Boyce, Mark S.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 65: 184-199. (2000)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ Aves: forestry/ habitat management/ forest and
woodland/ Wisconsin/ aggregated timber harvest/ species diversity/
birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2061. Enhancing riparian habitat for fish, wildlife, and timber in managed forests.
Newton, Michael; Willis, Ruth; Walsh, Jennifer;
Cole, Elizabeth; and Chan, Samuel
Weed Technology 10(2): 429-438. (1996)
NAL Call #: SB610.W39; ISSN: 0890-037X
Descriptors: conifer
(Coniferopsida)/ fish/ Pisces/ animals/ chordates/ fish/ gymnosperms/
nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/ spermatophytes/ vascular plants/
vertebrates/ conservation/ forestry/ riparian habitat
Abstract:
The productivity of riparian sites in managed forests can be focused to
provide productive fish and wildlife habitat while yielding most of its
productive capacity for other than amenity values. Establishment of
habitat protection goals and measures of achievement permit flexible
approaches for meeting them. Once the protection standards are set,
intensive management of the woody cover is logically dependent on
minimum disturbance methods, in general, for both vegetation management
and harvest. Several currently registered chemical products and
non-chemical methods are helpful and safe in achieving both yield and
protection goals.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2062. Environmental implications of excessive selenium: A review.
Lemly, A. Dennis
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 10(4): 415-435. (1997); ISSN: 0895-3988
Descriptors: selenium:
trace metals/ agricultural irrigation/ fossil fuel waste disposal/
human activities/ land management/ public health/ water management
Abstract:
Selenium is a naturally occurring trace element that is nutritionally
required in small amounts but it can become toxic at concentrations
only twice those required. The narrow margin between beneficial and
harmful levels has important implications for human activities that
increase the amount of selenium in the environment. Two of these
activities, disposal of fossil fuel wastes and agricultural irrigation
of arid, seleniferous soils, have poisoned fish and wildlife, and
threatened public health at several locations in the United States.
Research studies of these episodes have generated a data base that
clearly illustrates the environmental hazard of excessive selenium, It
is strongly bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms and even slight
increases in waterborne concentrations can quickly result in toxic
effects such as deformed embryos and reproductive failure in wildlife.
The selenium data base has been very beneficial in developing hazard
assessment procedures and establishing environmentally sound water
quality criteria. The two faces of selenium, required nutrient and
potent toxin, make it a particularly important trace element in the
health of both animals and man. Because of this paradox, environmental
selenium in relation to agriculture, fisheries, and wildlife will
continue to raise important land and water-management issues for
decades to come. If these issues are dealt with using prudence and the
available environmental selenium data base, adverse impacts to natural
resources and public health can be avoided.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2063. Environmental Quality Incentives Program contributions to fish and wildlife conservation.
Berkland, Mark W. and Rewa, Charles A.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 171-192.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/
fish/ Environmental Quality Incentives Program
Abstract:
The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) is a
voluntary program whereby the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides
technical and financial assistance to active farmers and ranchers to
address natural resource concerns such as soil conservation, water
quality and quantity, nutrient management, and fish and wildlife
habitat. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is working
with these landowners to maximize the environmental benefi ts gained
for the expenditures made in the program. Funding has expanded
significantly under the 2002 Farm Bill, with the amount of annual
funding authorized reaching $1.3 billion by fiscal year 2007. The EQIP
has been used to implement a wide variety of practices that are
considered beneficial to many species of fish and wildlife. The NRCS is
also beginning to use EQIP to address the needs of declining and other
at-risk fish and wildlife species. Few data are available that document
fish and wildlife response to EQIP. Program implementation to date is
summarized, and recent information on planning of practices with the
potential to benefit fish and wildlife resources is examined.
2064. Estimate of crappie entrainment through water discharge from a Nebraska irrigation reservoir.
Fryda, Nicolas J.; Koupal, Keith D.; and Hoback, W. Wyatt
Journal of Freshwater Ecology 21(4): 693-697. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ freshwater habitat/ lentic
water/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Pomoxis: farming and agriculture/
Irrigation system/ mortality/ population density/ reservoir/ Irrigation
reservoir/ entrainment estimate/ water supply system habitat/ Nebraska/
Sherman County/ Sherman Reservoir/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes,
Centrarchidae/ chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
From June to September in 2004 and 2005, we sampled twice per week from
the irrigation canal below the dam to determine entrainment of crappies
(Pomoxis spp.) from Sherman Reservoir, Sherman County, Nebraska. The estimated total loss from the reservoir was about
1.0 million crappies per year. During both years more crappies were
released during nighttime than daytime hours and there was a positive
relationship between water discharge and the number of crappies
collected. Furthermore, increase in water discharge over 8 m3/S
significantly increased the density of entrained crappies.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2065. Estimating wildlife habitat trends on agricultural ecosystems in the United States.
Brady, S. J. and Flather, C. H.
Proceedings from an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Expert Meeting:
156-167. (Nov. 2001).
Notes:
ISBN: 9264199209; Conference: Agriculture and Biodiversity: Developing
indicators for Policy Analysis held 5-8 November 2001 in Zurich, Switzerland.
Descriptors: agri-environmental indicators/ National Resources Inventory/ NRI/ wildlife habitat/ United States
Abstract:
Recent trends (1992-1997) in wildlife habitat on agricultural and
grazed ecosystems are reviewed using data from the 1997 National
Resources Inventory. Land use changes, the losses and gains of
wetlands, and reasons for wetland losses are described. Ecological
indices describing spatial pattern and fragmentation of cropland and
rangeland habitats are discussed, and geographically explicit summary
statistics are presented for the United States. The effect of the
Department of Agriculture’s Conservation Reserve Program is
described as an example of a multi-purpose habitat intervention scheme.
Because land resource planners need estimates of habitat quantity and
condition, the concept of wildlife habitat management as a secondary
use of agricultural lands is reviewed. The uses and limitations of
ecological indicators and habitat matrices, including statistical
estimates of precision and the need to establish relationships between
habitat-based indicators and direct measures of biodiversity, are also
discussed.
2066. Evaluating residual tree patches as stepping stones and short-term refugia for red-legged frogs.
Chan-McLeod, Ann C. Allaye and Moy, Arnold
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(6): 1836-1844. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Anura/
Lissamphibia/ Ranidae/ Rana aurora/ British Columbia/ forests/
ecosystems/ forestry practices/ habitat alterations/ habitat
management/ habitat use/ residual tree patch retention/ Vancouver
Island/ wildlife-human relationships/ Canada/ commercial enterprises/
conservation/ wildlife management/ disturbances/
land zones
Abstract:
Temperate pond-breeding amphibians are vulnerable to forest
fragmentation because they must access upland terrestrial sites during
the nonbreeding season but are prone to desiccation in hot, dry
environments without canopy cover. Harvesting techniques that retain
live trees in the cut block are advocated for sustaining forest
biodiversity, but the effects of these practices on amphibians are
unknown. We studied red-legged frogs (Rana aurora) in movement trials
to assess:
1)
how short-term use of residual trees was affected by tree patch size,
streams, and neighborhood features 2) whether residual tree patches
were used as stepping stones in negotiating cut blocks; 3) the effects
of patch size and patch proximity in altering movement paths; and 4)
the effects of retention level and patch size on interpatch distance.
Residual tree patches were potentially valuable short-term refugia but
their value was size dependent. Virtually all frogs released at the
base of single trees or inside small tree clusters left within 72
hours, but the proportion leaving decreased curvilinearly with
increasing patch size. Frogs were less likely to leave tree patches
with a running stream or where neighborhood stream density was high.
Residual tree patches did not systematically alter movement paths.
Frogs intercepted residual tree patches mostly at random and had to be
within 5-20 m of a tree patch before moving to it in greater
proportions than expected by chance. However, amphibian movements were
biased toward large (0.8 ha) patches and away from small (0.3 ha)
patches 50 m away. Our results indicated that residual trees should not
be retained singly but should be aggregated in groups between 0.8 ha
and 1.5 ha, preferably in stream locations.
© NISC
2067. Evaluation
of management practices and farming systems on Missouri wetland
wildlife areas: A survey of agricultural cropping systems and wetland
management practices on selected Missouri Department of Conservation
wildlife areas.
Graber, D. A. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1987. 20 p. Annual Report.
Descriptors: wetlands/
evaluation/ surveys/ cultivated farmland/ farms/ food crops/ habitat
management/ questionnaire/ fertilization, soil and water/ water
resources management/ plant control/ vegetation/ floods
© NISC
2068. Evaluation
of management practices and farming systems on Missouri wetland
wildlife areas: Determining the nutritional value of selected moist
soil seeds and wetland agricultural crops.
Graber, D. A. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1989. 13 p.
Descriptors: wetlands/
amino acids/ bioenergetics/ cultivated farmland/ evaluation/ farms/
floods/ food crops/ goose, Canada/ metabolism/ nutrients/ nutrition/
overwintering/ proteins/ seeds/ wildlife management areas/ Panicum
spp./ Polygonum amphibium/ smartweed/ Sorghum vulgare/ Missouri
Abstract:
Objectives were to determine: (1) by means of proximate analysis,
amino acid assay and gross energy assay, the nutrient content of
rowcrops and moist-soil plants (largeseed smartweed, milo, corn, wild
millet, nodding smartweed, rice cutgrass, nodding foxtail, beggarticks,
and soybean) regularly consumed by wintering Canada Geese in Missouri;
(2) the true metabolizable energy of these rowcrops and plants for
Canada geese; and (3) to what extent the gross energy of Canada goose
foods varies when exposed to non-flooded and flooded conditions for 30,
60, 90 and 15 days between September 1987 and March 1988.
© NISC
2069. Evaluation of supplemental forages and prescribed burning for white-tailed deer in the Ozarks of Missouri.
Jeffries, A. P.
Columbia, MO: University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000.
Notes: Degree: M.S.; Wildlife Coop. Unit Report
Descriptors: Odocoileus
virginianus/ supplemental feeding/ habitat management/ disturbed
habitat [fire]/ food supply/ fertilization, soil and water/ food crops
seasons/ food elements/ harvests/ mast/ nutrients/ vegetation/
Missouri/ Ozark Plateau region/ Crawford County
Abstract:
Thesis is divided into three chapter (study) topics: (1) An
Evaluation of Supplemental Forages for White-tailed Deer in the
Missouri Ozarks; (2) Effect of Prescribed Burning on Forage Production
and Nutrients; and (3) Diet, Nutrition, and Body Characteristics of
White-tailed Deer on Woodsvalley Farms, Missouri.
© NISC
2070. Exploring methods of selecting cropland for conservation.
Feather, P.; Hellerstein, D.; and Hansen, L.
Agricultural Outlook (AO)(No. AO-254): 21-24. (1998)
NAL Call #: aHD1751.A422
Descriptors: agricultural
land/ land use/ land management/ environmental protection/ evaluation/
land policy/ environmental policy/ methodology/ conservation/
recreation/ valuation/ economic analysis/ wildlife/ water quality/
erosion/ environmental impact/ attitudes/ hunting/ water recreation/
land diversion/ amenity and recreation areas/ outdoor recreation/ rural
recreation/ visitors/ access/ United States/ wildlife viewing
Abstract:
The way in which the environmental benefits index (EBI) operates with
respect to selecting land for inclusion in the US Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) is detailed. The construction of the EBI relies on the
judgements of natural resource experts and programme managers. The
scoring system is based on selected factors: wildlife habitat, water
quality, erodibility, retention of environmental benefits after
contracts expire, air quality and conservation priority areas. An
investigation into the value placed by the public on the enhanced
recreational benefits which results from the CRP is presented. The
analysis focuses on water based recreation, wildlife viewing and
pheasant hunting.
© CABI
2071. Factors affecting songbird nest survival in riparian forests in a Midwestern agricultural landscape.
Peak, Rebecca G.; Thompson, Frank R.; and
Shaffer, Terry L.
Auk 121(3): 726-737. (2004)
Descriptors: reproduction/
reproductive productivity/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial
habitat/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Oscines: fledgeing success/ nest
success/ influencing factors/ survival/ nest survival/ forest and
woodland/ riparian forest/ riparian habitat/ cultivated land habitat/
agricultural landscape/ Missouri/ Scotland/ Knox and Clark counties/
Aves, Passeriformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We investigated factors affecting nest Success of songbirds in riparian
forest and buffers in northeastern Missouri. We used an
information-theoretic approach to determine support for hypotheses
concerning effects of nest-site, habitat-patch, edge, and temporal
factors on nest success of songbirds in three narrow (55-95 m) and
three wide (400-530 m) riparian forests with adjacent grassland-shrub
buffer strips and in three narrow and three wide riparian forests
without adjacent grassland-shrub buffer strips. We predicted that
temporal effects would have the most support and that habitat-patch and
edge effects would have little support, because nest predation would be
great across all sites in the highly fragmented, predominantly
agricultural landscape. Interval nest success was 0.404, 0.227, 0.070,
and 0.186, respectively, for Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis),
Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Indigo Bunting (Passerina
cyanea), and forest interior species pooled (Acadian Flycatcher
(Empidonax virescens), Wood Thrush (Hylociclila mustelina), Ovenbird
(Seiurus aurocapillus), and Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus)). The
effect of nest stage on nest success had the most support; daily nest
success for Gray Catbird and Indigo Bunting were lowest in the laying
stage. We found strong support for greater nest success of Gray Catbird
in riparian forests with adjacent buffer strips than in riparian
forests without adjacent buffer strips. Patch width also occurred in
the most-supported model for Gray Catbird, but with very limited
support. The null model received the most support for Northern
Cardinal. Riparian forests provided breeding habitat for area-sensitive
forest species and grassland-shrub nesting species. Buffer strips
provided additional breeding habitat for grassland-shrub nesting
Species. Interval nest success for Indigo Bunting and area-sensitive
forest species pooled, however, fell well below the level that is
likely necessary to balance juvenile and adult mortality, which
suggests that when riparian forests are located within agricultural
landscapes, the potential even for wide riparian forests with adjacent
buffer strips to provide high-quality breeding habitat is severely
diminished for some species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2072. Factors influencing soil invertebrate communities in riparian grasslands of the central Platte River floodplain.
Davis, Craig A.; Austin, Jane E.; and Buhl, Deborah A.
Wetlands 26(2): 438-454. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/ physical
factors/ land zones/ invertebrata: habitat management/ river flow
management/ effect on wet meadow soil community structure/ community
structure/ wet meadow soil/ hydrology and topography effects/
conservation implications/ grassland/ wet meadows/ soil community
structure/ soil habitat/ wet meadows community structure/ physical
factors/ topography/ aridity/ water table depth/ climate and weather/
rain/ Nebraska/ Platte River Valley/ wet meadow soil community
structure/ invertebrates
Abstract: In
the Platte River Valley of
central Nebraska, USA, riparian grasslands (also known as wet
meadows) have been
severely impacted by a reduction in river flows, causing lower
ground-water levels and altered seasonal hydroperiods. The potential
impacts of these hydrologic changes, as well as the environmental
factors that influence wet meadow soil invertebrate communities, are
not well understood. An understanding of the ecological processes that
influence these invertebrate communities is crucial for maintaining and
restoring wet meadows along the Platte River. Our
objectives were to describe the soil invertebrate community of wet
meadows throughout the growing season and to examine the relative roles
of abiotic factors in determining patterns in invertebrate community
structure. We conducted the study in 12 wet meadows along
the Platte River during 1999 and 2000. We identified 73
invertebrate taxa; 39 were considered soil inhabitants. Total biomass
was primarily composed of earthworms, Scarabaeidae, Isopoda, and
Elateridae, with earthworms and Scarabaeidae accounting for >82%.
Differences in river flow and precipitation patterns influenced some
soil invertebrates. Earthworms and Scarabaeidae declined dramatically
from 1999 (wet year) to 2000 (dry year). The topographic gradient
created by the ridge-swale complex affected several soil invertebrate
taxa; Scarabaeidae, Diplopoda, and Lepidoptera biomasses were greatest
on drier ridges, while Tipulidae and Isopoda biomasses were greatest in
wetter sloughs. Responses of earthworm taxa to the topographic gradient
were variable, but generally, greater biomasses occurred on ridges and
mid-elevations. Water-table depth and soil moisture were the most
important variables influencing wet meadow soil invertebrates. Because
these communities are linked to the hydrologic processes of
the Platte River, future alterations of wet meadow hydrology
could shift the distribution patterns of many of these invertebrates
and possibly eliminate more moisture-tolerant taxa. To maintain wet
meadows and their biotic communities, flow management should focus on
regaining as much as possible of the former hydrograph through properly
timed flows that provide an adequate hydrologic regime for wet meadows.
In addition, restoration of wet meadows will depend on restoring the
natural topography of wet meadows.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2073. Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie pothole landscapes.
Krapu, G. L.; Pietz, P. J.; Brandt, D. A.; and Cox, R. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(2): 553-561. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: survival/
prairies/ wildlife management/ mathematical models/ juveniles/ clutch/
population dynamics/ Anas platyrhynchos/ mallard/ prairie pothole
landscapes
Abstract:
In order to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) production from
managed and unmanaged lands, waterfowl biologists need measurable
predictors of brood survival. We evaluated effects of percent of
seasonal basins holding water (WETSEAS), percent of upland landscape in
perennial cover (PERNCOVER), rainfall (RAIN), daily minimum ambient
temperature (TMIN), hatch date (HATCHDATE), brood age (BA; 0-7 or 8-30
days), age of brood females, and brood size on mallard brood survival
in prairie pothole landscapes, and developed a predictive model using
factors found to have significant effects. Sixteen of 56 radiomarked
broods experienced total loss during 1,250 exposure days. Our final
fitted model of brood survival contained only main effects of WETSEAS,
HATCHDATE, and RAIN. Total brood loss during the first 30 days of
exposure was 11.2 times more likely for broods hatched on areas with
<17% WETSEAS than those on areas with >59% WETSEAS. Total brood
loss was 5.2 times more likely during rainy conditions than during dry
periods, and the hazard of total brood loss increased by 5% for each
1-day delay in hatching between 17 May and 12 August. High survival of
mallard broods in landscapes where most seasonal basins contain water
underscores the importance of maintaining seasonal wetlands as a major
component of wetland complexes managed for mallard production. Because
early hatched broods have higher survival, we also suggest that
waterfowl managers focus their efforts on enhancing nest success of
early laid clutches, especially in wet years.
© ProQuest
2074. The farm as natural habitat: Reconnecting food systems with ecosystems.
Jackson, Dana L. and Jackson, Laura L.
Washington: Island Press; 296 p. (2002);
ISBN: 1559638478.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/
comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ habitat management/
agroecosystem management/ ecology/ agroecosystems/ cultivated land
habitat/ farmland/ agricultural system ecosystem reconnection/ natural
habitat potential
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2075. Farm Bill 2002: A discussion of the conservation aspects of the Farm Bill from a fisheries perspective.
Thomas, D. L.; Pajak, P.; McGuire, B.; Williams, C.;
Filipek, S.; and Hughes, R. M.
Fisheries 26(11): 36-38. (2001)
NAL Call #: SH1.F54; ISSN: 03632415
Descriptors: wildlife
management/ Natural Resources Conservation Service/ U. S. Department of
Agriculture/ aquatic habitat quality/ coastal fisheries enhancement/
fisheries resources/ watershed management
Abstract:
During the spring of 2001, AFS asked members to work on an analysis of
the new Farm Bill. David Thomas, chief of the Illinois Natural History
Survey, volunteered to chair a committee and a fast-track schedule was
established. The mission of the group was to prepare a document
suitable for a column in Fisheries that briefly summarized the bill,
the implications to fisheries, and perceived deficiencies. The group
used as a starting point an earlier AFS document on "Aquatic Habitat
Conservation, Recommendations for the 1995 Farm Bill" based on Pajak et
al. 1994. A draft document was presented to the Fisheries
Administrators Section at the AFS Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona. Review comments were
provided
by AFS administrators as well as outside reviewers. This document
represents a consensus of opinions from a broad cross-section of AFS
members but is not a formal position paper of the Society.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2076. Feeding habitats of spring-migrating blackbirds in east-central South Dakota.
Sawin, Richard S.; Linz, George M.; Bleier, William J.; and Homan, H. Jeffrey
Prairie Naturalist 38(2): 73-84. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH540.P7; ISSN: 0091-0376
Descriptors: nutrition/
feeding behavior/ behavior/ social behavior/ aggregating behavior/
ecology/ habitat utilization/ land zones/ Icteridae: foraging/
flocking/ flock characteristics/ habitat preference/ South Dakota/
activity/ habitat use and behavior/ migratory staging area/ Aves,
Passeriformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Between 27 March and 21 April 1998, we monitored blackbird (Icteridae)
activity and habitat selection at a migratory staging area in
east-central South Dakota. We used fixed-area observation points
located within 201- km2
circular plots centered on four wetland basins that were used as night
roosts. Each roost was surveyed four times, with the surveys spread
evenly throughout the blackbird migration. We recorded the number of
blackbird flocks, flock size and composition, habitat used, and
behavior (e.g., loafing and feeding). Fifty percent (n = 242) of the
482 flocks recorded in the quadrats was observed loafing ill trees of
woodlots and shelterbelts. Feeding flocks preferred habitats classified
as Corn (e.g., disked, plowed, and stubble corn fields) over two other
foraging habitat categories (Cultivated and Grassland). A comparison of
proportional availability of Cultivated habitat (soybean (Lathynts
odoratus) and wheat (Triticum aestivium) stubble, inclusive) against
proportional use by feeding flocks indicated that this habitat was
avoided. Grassland habitat (hayfields, CRP, and pasture) was used
according to its availability. Intensity of Grassland use depended on
time of survey (AM and PM), with use greater during the PM survey. A
two-factor model (habitat, time, and the interaction term) provided the
best parsimonious fit of 15 a priori models tested with Akaike's
information criterion (AICC). Selection of foraging habitats by
blackbirds might reflect comparable strategies used by other early
migrating granivores. This knowledge could help wildlife managers
maximize the ment of corn field food plots for optimum benefit to
wildlife species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2077. Female American black bear use of managed forest and agricultural lands in coastal North Carolina.
Jones, Mark D. and Pelton, Michael R.
Ursus 14(2): 188-197. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL737.C27 I573; ISSN: 1537-6176
Descriptors: Ursus
americanus/ abundance/ agriculture/ American black bear/ dispersion/
ecological requirements/ habitat/ home-range/ silviculture/ Glucine
max/ Pinus spp./ Pinus taeda/ Triticum spp./ biotop/ home-range/
North Carolina
Abstract:
American black bear use of intensively managed forestry and
agricultural environments in the southeastern United States is
poorly understood. During 1992-94, we radiomonitored female black
bears (Ursus americanus) to determine home range and habitat use
characteristics in two managed agroforestry environments in the North
Carolina coastal plain. These areas represented opposite ends of
the land-management spectrum. The Big Pocosin (BP) area was
dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations and human activity
and development. The Gum Swamp (GS) area contained larger and
more numerous remnants of unmanaged forests including bottomlands,
mixed hardwoods, upland hardwoods, and pocosins. These unmanaged
forests were interspersed with pine plantations and relatively low
human activity. Home range and habitat analyses were conducted
seasonally and annually using land use-land cover data in a geographic
information system (GIS). Spring, summer, and fall home ranges of
black bears were larger in the BP than the GS, and GS home ranges were
among the smallest reported in the United States. Pocosins,
clearcuts, and marshes were frequently preferred over managed pine
plantations. Collared bears did not spend large amounts of time
in agricultural areas, but evidence from a companion study suggests
that bears depended heavily on crops for food obtained during short
feeding forays. Changes in crop rotation patterns from corn,
soybeans, and wheat to cotton may reduce agricultural food resources
for bears. The continued loss of pocosins and marshes to human
development may exacerbate the effects of reduced food crops.
Black bears appear to benefit from early-succession habitats
created by logging operations. We recommend the development of a
coalition of state and federal wildlife agencies, the forest industry,
and the agricultural community to discuss landscape effects on black
bears in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and implement strategies to address
future black bear habitat management in the region.
© NISC
2078. Field studies on pesticides and birds: Unexpected and unique relations.
Blus, Lawrence J. and Henny, Charles J.
Ecological Applications 7(4): 1125-1132. (1997)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: dicofol:
pesticide/ famphur: pesticide/ pesticide/ DDE: pesticide/ DDT:
pesticide/ bird (Aves)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman
vertebrates/ vertebrates/ eggshell thickness/ population stability/
productivity/ reproductive success/ survival/ trophic level
bioaccumulation
Abstract:
We review the advantages and disadvantages of experimental and field
studies for determining effects of pesticides on birds. Important
problems or principles initially discovered in the field include
effects of DDT (through its metabolite DDE) on eggshell thickness,
reproductive success, and population stability; trophic-level
bioaccumulation of the lipid-soluble organochlorine pesticides;
indirect effects on productivity and survival through reductions in the
food supply and cover by herbicides and insecticides; unexpected toxic
effects and routes of exposure of organophosphorus compounds such as
famphur and dimethoate; effects related to simultaneous application at
full strength of several pesticides of different classes; and others.
Also, potentially serious bird problems with dicofol, based on
laboratory studies, later proved negligible in the field. In refining
field tests of pesticides, the selection of a species or group of
species to study is important, because exposure routes may vary
greatly, and 10-fold interspecific differences in sensitivity to
pesticides are relatively common. Although there are limitations with
field investigations, particularly uncontrollable variables that must
be addressed, the value of a well-designed field study far outweighs
its shortcomings.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2079. Fire and aquatic ecosystems of the western USA: Current knowledge and key questions.
Bisson, P. A.; Rieman, B. E.; Luce, C.; Hessburg, P. F.;
Lee, D. C.; Kershner, J. L.; Reeves, G. H.; and
Gresswell, R. E.
Forest Ecology and Management 181: 213-229. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6025
Descriptors: forest/ fire/ habitat management/ waters/ ecosystem/ aquatic life/ ecological diversity
Abstract:
Understanding of the effects of wildland fire and fire management on
aquatic and riparian ecosystems is an evolving field, with many
questions still to be resolved. Limitations of current knowledge, and
the certainty that fire management will continue, underscore the need
to summarize available information. Integrating fire and fuels
management with aquatic ecosystem conservation begins with recognizing
that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are linked and dynamic, and
that fire can play a critical role in maintaining aquatic ecological
diversity. To protect aquatic ecosystems we argue that it will be
important to: (1) accommodate fire-related and other ecological
processes that maintain aquatic habitats and biodiversity, and not
simply control fires or fuels; (2) prioritize projects according to
risks and opportunities for fire control and the protection of aquatic
ecosystems; and (3) develop new consistency in the management and
regulatory process. Ultimately, all natural resource management is
uncertain; the role of science is to apply experimental design and
hypothesis testing to management applications that affect fire and
aquatic ecosystems. Policymakers and the public will benefit from an
expanded appreciation of fire ecology that enables them to implement
watershed management projects as experiments with hypothesized
outcomes, adequate controls, and replication.
© NISC
2080. Fire
and beaver in the boreal forest-grassland transition off
western Canada - A case study from Elk Island National
Park, Canada.
Hood, Glynnis A. and Bayley, Suzanne E.
Lutra 46(2): 235-241. (2003); ISSN: 0024-7634
Descriptors: Castoridae/
Rodentia/ Castor canadensis/ habitat use/ boreal forest-grassland
transition area/ prescribed
fire/ Alberta/ Elk Island National Park/
fires-burns/ habitat management/ lodge occupancy/
prescribed burning/ environmental factors/ Canada/ conservation/
wildlife management/ land zones
Abstract:
Prescribed fire is used as a management tool in many areas throughout
the world to restore vegetation communities, reduce fuel loading, and
enhance wildlife habitats. However, the effect of prescribed fire on
many wildlife species has not been well studied, especially on beavers
(Castor canadensis). The purpose of our study was to examine whether
prescribed fire influences beaver lodge occupancy in the aspen and
mixed-wood habitats of Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada. In particular, we examined whether lodges in
burned habitats experience lower occupancy levels than lodges in
unburned habitats, whether the frequency of burns influences lodge
abandonment, and whether the distance to suitable habitat potentially
accessible from those lodges abandoned following a burn, influence
beaver lodge occupancy. Since 1979, over 51% of Elk Island National Park (196 km2)
has been burned with the goal of restoring prairie plant communities.
We found that fire negatively affected beaver lodge occupancy, an
effect compounded with frequent burns. Though prescribed fire is
considered an important landscape restoration process, the frequency of
prescribed burning should be mitigated to ensure that flooding by
beavers can continue as a key process that maintains wetlands on the
landscape.
© NISC
2081. Fire and birds in the southwestern United States.
Bock, C. E. and Block, W. M.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 14-32. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 01979922
Descriptors: birds/
chaparral/ desert/ fire/ grassland/ mixed-conifer/ pine-oak/ prescribed
burning/ riparian/ savanna/ United States, southwestern region/
wildfire/ Aves/ Coniferophyta/ Juniperus/ Pinus edulis/ Pinus
ponderosa/ Poaceae
Abstract:
Fire is an important ecological force in many southwestern ecosystems,
but frequencies, sizes, and intensities of fire have been altered
historically by grazing, logging, exotic vegetation, and suppression.
Prescribed burning should be applied widely, but under experimental
conditions that facilitate studying its impacts on birds and other
components of biodiversity. Exceptions are Sonoran, Mojave, and
Chihuahuan desert scrub, and riparian woodlands, where the increased
fuel loads caused by invasions of exotic grasses and trees have
increased the frequency and intensity of wildfires that now are
generally destructive to native vegetation. Fire once played a critical
role in maintaining a balance between herbaceous and woody vegetation
in desert grasslands, and in providing a short-term stimulus to forb
and seed production. A 3-5 yr fire-return interval likely will sustain
most desert grassland birds, but large areas should remain unburned to
serve species dependent upon woody vegetation. Understory fire once
maintained relatively open oak savanna, pinyon-juniper, pine-oak,
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and low elevation mixed-conifer
forests and their bird assemblages, but current fuel conditions are
more likely to result in stand-replacement fires outside the range of
natural variation. Prescribed burning, thinning, and grazing management
will be needed to return fire to its prehistoric role in these
habitats. Fire also should be applied in high elevation mixed-conifer
forests, especially to increase aspen stands that are important for
many birds, but this will be an especially difficult challenge in an
ecosystem where stand-replacement fires are natural events. Overall,
surprisingly little is known about avian responses to southwestern
fires, except as can be inferred from fire effects on vegetation. We
call for cooperation between managers and researchers to replicate
burns in appropriate habitats that will permit rigorous study of
community and population-demographic responses of breeding, migrating,
and wintering birds. This research is critical and urgent, given the
present threat to many southwestern ecosystems
from
destructive wildfires, and the need to develop fire management
strategies that not only reduce risk but also sustain bird populations
and other components of southwestern biological diversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2082. Fire and shade effects on ground cover structure in Kirtland's warbler habitat.
Probst, J. R. and Donnerwright, D.
American Midland Naturalist 149(2): 320-334. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: fire/
habitat management/ passerines/ prescribed burning/ shading/
succession/ vegetation cover/ Arctostaphylos uva-ursai/ Comptonia
peregrina/ Prunus pumila/ Vaccinium angustifolium
Abstract:
Researchers and managers have suggested that a narrow range of
ground-cover structure resulting from fire might be necessary for
suitable Kirtland's warbler nesting conditions. Yet, Kirtland's
warblers have bred successfully in numerous unburned stands and there
is little direct evidence to indicate that ground cover structure is a
limiting factor for nest sites or habitat suitability within
appropriate landform-ecosystems. We documented the range of percent
cover for dominant ground-cover structural components in burned and
unburned habitat (stand ages 7-23 y) occupied by Kirtland's warblers.
The mean percent cover for the dominant ground-cover structural
components was lichen/moss (12.1%), blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium)
(9.5%), bare ground and litter (5.6%), sedge/grass (5.2%), deadwood
(4.3%), sand cherry (Prunus pumila) (3.3%), sweet fern (Comptonia
peregrina) (2.3%), coarse grass (1.8%) and bearberry (Arctostaphylos
uva-ursai) (1.2%). Burned sites had significantly more deadwood, sweet
fern and lichen/moss cover, while unburned sites had significantly more
bare ground and sedge/grass. We also investigated how fire,
shade-history (i.e., pre-fire tree crown cover approximated by tree
height and density) and succession influenced the percent cover of the
dominant ground-cover structural components from
1
to 5-y after wildfire disturbance. The magnitude of differences in
percent cover among shade-histories changed through time for the
ground-cover components sand cherry, deadwood, grass/sedge and coarse
grass. The percent cover of sweet fern, bearberry and bare ground was
significantly different between some shade-histories. All dominant
ground-cover components showed significant difference between at least
one shade-history when compared to an unburned harvested reference
stand. This suggests that more similarities exist among the three
burned sites than between the burned sites and the unburned reference
site. Our results suggest that fire, shade-history and succession
influence ground-cover, but that various ground-cover components are
affected differently by these factors. Because of the complex role
disturbance history plays in maintaining ground-cover in Kirtland's
warbler habitat, optimal management prescriptions are difficult to
specify, especially when aspects of Kirtland's warbler ecology other
than nest location are also considered. Although suitable ground cover
structure can result without fire, maintaining prescribed fire is still
desirable because this is a historically
fire-regulated
system. However, the range of ground-cover structures accepted by the
Kirtland's Warbler and its resilience to disturbance suggests that
suitable ground-cover for Kirtland's warbler could be maintained in
some stands without burning after every timber harvest.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2083. Fire ecology and bird populations in eastern deciduous forests.
Artman, V. L.; Hutchinson, T. F.; and Brawn, J. D.
Studies in Avian Biology (30): 127-138. (2005)
NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 01979922
Descriptors: eastern
deciduous forest/ fire history/ fire suppression/ forest-interior
birds/ maple/ oak/ prescribed fire/ savanna/ Acer/ Aves/ Quercus/
Sapindaceae
Abstract:
Eastern deciduous forests are located across the central portion of
eastern North America and provide habitat for a wide diversity of
bird species. The occurrence of fire in the region has been associated
with the presence of humans for over 10,000 yr. While pre-European fire
regimes are poorly understood, fire is widely thought to have promoted
and maintained large expanses of oak forest, woodland, and savanna
documented in original land surveys. Forest composition is
gradually shifting from fire-tolerant oaks (Quercus spp.) to other
species (e.g., maples [Acer spp.]) and suppression of fire has been
implicated as a primary cause. Prescribed fire has been used
successfully to restore and maintain oak savannas and has been
advocated to improve the sustainability of oak forests. Fire ecology
research has addressed short-term effects of prescribed fire on habitat
structure, breeding bird populations, and nesting productivity. In the
short term, prescribed fire reduces habitat suitability for
forest-interior birds that nest on the ground and in low shrubs but
provides more favorable conditions for disturbance-dependent birds
associated with savannas, woodlands, and early-successional forest. The
use of prescribed burning requires tradeoffs in terms of management and
conservation because some bird species benefit while others are
negatively affected, depending on the degree to which fire changes
habitat features. There is a critical need for long-term studies to
better understand the effects of different fire regimes on bird
populations in the eastern deciduous forest region.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2084. Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and fire-wildlife relations: An annotated bibliography.
Kirby, R. E.; Lewis, S. J.; and Sexson, T. N.
Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 146 p. Biological Report.
NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.88(1)
Descriptors: fire management/ wetlands/ wildlife/
North America
Abstract:
Provides an annotated bibliography of 319 citations that provide
specific research data, summaries of existing knowledge, or
site-specific management advice for North America. To this
bibliography is appended a supplemental bibliography of all articles
cited in the US Fish & Wildlife Service publication series,
Wildlife Review, years 1935 through the September 1987 issue (Number
206) that
discussed any aspect of wildlife management and ecology related to fire management, fire behaviour, or fire effects in
North
America. The 942 citations in the supplemental bibliography are
intended to provide a ready reference to the fire-wildlife literature
that can be used to evaluate past, current or proposed use of fire in
wildlife habitat management. -from Authors
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2085. Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs: 2000-2005 update.
Haufler, Jonathan B.; Galley Krista E. M.;
Rooney William R.
Bethesda, MD: Wildlife Society; Technical Review 05-2, 2005. 205 pp.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/ fish
Abstract:
This publication updates the Heard et al. (2000) report, which
summarized information concerning wildlife benefits derived from Farm
Bill conservation programs. Since that initial report, the best
researched and documented conservation program has been the
Conservation Reserve Program, which is discussed in this volume.
2086. Fish and wildlife benefits of the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program.
Gray, Randall L.; Benjamin, Sally L.; and Rewa, Charles A.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 155-169.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/ fish/ Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program
Abstract:
The Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP) is a voluntary
program that encourages the establishment and enhancement of a wide
variety of fish and wildlife habitats of national, state, tribal, or
local significance. Th rough voluntary agreements, the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides financial and technical
assistance to participants who installed habitat restoration and
management practices. Since 1998, nearly $150 million has been
dedicated to the program and over 2.8 million acres involving over
18,000 contracts have been enrolled. A wide range of
habitat-enhancement actions are cost-shared through the program,
affecting hundreds of target and non-target species. While few
quantitative data exist describing how fish and wildlife have responded
to terrestrial and aquatic habitats enrolled in the program, the
popularity of WHIP among participants and funding partners and
anecdotal evidence imply that tangible benefits to target species are
being realized. Additional studies are needed to better understand how
WHIP projects affect local habitat use by and population response of
target and non-target species.
2087. Fish and Wildlife response to Farm Bill conservation practices.
Boyer,
Kathryn L.; Brady, Stephen J.; Burger, Loren W.; Clark, William R.;
Franklin, Thomas M.; Ganguli, Amy C.; Haufler, Jonathan B.; Helinski,
Ronald; Johnson, Douglas; Jones-Farrand, D. Todd; Knight, Scott S.;
Manale, Andrew; Reeder, Kathleen F.; Rewa, Charles A.; and Ryan, Mark R.
Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society; Technical
Review 07-1, 2007. 118 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfball.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic
habitat/ conservation practices/ conservation programs/ Farm Bill/
terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This document is the second of two literature reviews focused on
fish and wildlife and the Farm Bill. It is a conservation
practice-oriented companion to the Farm Bill conservation
program-focused literature synthesis released in 2005 (Fish and
Wildlife Benefits of Farm Bill Conservation Programs: 2000-2005 Update,
The Wildlife Society Technical Review 05-2).
2088. Fish and wildlife response to Farm Bill conservation practices: Executive summary.
Haufler, Jonathan B.
In:
Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society , 2007. 5 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb1.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ conservation practices/ Farm Bill/ terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This summary describes the scope and purpose of the report Fish
& Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices. This
publication addresses conservation practices that can be used to
provide fish and wildlife benefits through the Farm Bill. It does not
specifically focus on investigations of actual Farm Bill funded
projects, but rather summarizes investigations that have addressed
various benefits or impacts to fish and wildlife resources associated
with the primary practices utilized for fish and wildlife objectives
within Farm Bill programs. The chapters in this volume do not attempt
to provide a complete review of all literature pertaining to these
practices, but rather to provide documentation of fish and wildlife
responses reported in the literature.
2089. Forest area and avian diversity in fragmented aspen woodland of North Dakota.
Grant, T. A. and Berkey, G. B.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(4): 904-914. (2000)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: area
requirements/ aspen woodland/ avian diversity/ grassland/ North Dakota/
avifauna/ community dynamics/ grassland/ habitat management/ vegetation
cover/ woodland/ United States/ Populus
Abstract: Aspen (Populus spp.) woodland is increasing within native
grasslands in north-central North Dakota, and this increase
concerns land managers. We examined avian associations in aspen groves
of various sizes on and near J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge
in 1995-96 to predict how bird communities change as woody plant cover
increases within a grassland-dominated landscape. Avian species
richness increased as aspen grove size increased, particularly for bird
species classified as forest interior, neotropical migrant, ground
nesting, or insectivorous. Large (i.e., >100-ha) aspen groves
provided suitable habitat for 12 area-sensitive species while also
meeting the requirements of more ubiquitous habitat generalists.
Conversely, small aspen groves did not support the number or diversity
of avian species and were occupied by edge-associated species. None of
53 species recorded in the study were restricted to small aspen groves.
We conclude that limiting the spread of aspen woodland into native
grassland and eliminating small (i.e., <5-ha) aspen groves where
feasible will not adversely impact woodland breeding bird communities.
Many avian species occur with greater frequency in aspen woodlands than
in eastern deciduous forest. Large woodlands contribute to local avian
diversity and may provide habitat for forest species that have shown
regional or continental population declines.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2090. Forest change and stream fish habitat: Lessons from 'Olde' and New England.
Nislow, K. H.
Journal of Fish Biology 67(Sb): 186-204. (Dec. 2005)
Descriptors: conservation/
deforestation/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/
environmental restoration/ fishery management/ forests/ freshwater
fish/ habitat improvement/ identification keys/ land use/ landscape/
migrations/ reforestation/ socioeconomic aspects/ species diversity/
streams/ United States, New England
Abstract: The North Atlantic region has a long history of land use change that has influenced and will continue to
influence
stream ecosystems and fisheries production. This paper explores and
compares the potential consequences of changes in forest cover for fish
production in upland, coldwater stream environments in New
England, U.S.A. and the British Isles, two regions which
share important similarities with respect to overall physical, biotic
and socio-economic setting. Both regions were extensively deforested
and essentially no extensive old-growth forest stands remain.
In New England, recovering forests, consisting almost entirely of
naturally-regenerated native species, now cover >60% of the
landscape. Associated with this large-scale reforestation, open
landscapes, common in the 19th and first half the 20th century, are
currently rare and declining in this region. In the British Isles,
forests still cover <20% of the landscape, and existing forests
largely consist of exotic conifer plantations stocked at high stand
densities and harvested at frequent rotations. While forest restoration
and conservation is frequently recommended as a fisheries habitat
conservation and restoration tool, consideration of the way in which
forests affect essential aspects of fish habitat suggests that response
of upland stream fish to landscape change is inherently complex. Under
certain environmental settings and reforestation practices, conversion
of open landscapes to young-mature forests can negatively impact fish
production. Further, the effects of re-establishing old-growth forests
are difficult to predict for the two regions (due to the current
absence of such landscapes), and are likely to depend strongly on the
extent to which critical ecosystem attributes (large-scale
disturbances, fish migrations, keystone species, large woody debris
recruitment) are allowed to be re-established. Understanding these
context-dependencies is critical for predicting fish responses, and
should help managers set realistic conservation, management and
restoration goals. Management may best be served by promoting a
diversity of land cover types in a way that emulates natural landscape
and disturbance dynamics. This goal presents very different challenges
in New England and the British Isles due to differences in current
and predicted land use trajectories, along with differences in
ecological context and public perception.
© ProQuest
2091. A
functional analysis of streamside habitat use by southern Appalachian
salamanders: Implications for riparian forest management.
Petranka, James W. and Smith, Charles K.
Forest Ecology and Management 210(1-3): 443-454. (2005)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Plethodontidae:
habitat management/ habitat utilization/ functional analysis/ habitat
management implications/ Tennessee/ riparian habitat/ North Carolina/
Southern Appalachians/ Amphibia, Lissamphibia, Caudata/ amphibians/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: The
appropriate management of streamside forests and use of riparian
strips is poorly resolved for many systems because of a lack of
understanding of the extent to which riparian forests function as
environmental buffers for aquatic species versus core (essential)
habitat for semi-aquatic and terrestrial species. We studied streamside
forests in western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee, USA, to help delineate their functional
value for plethodontid
salamanders. We established 30 m x 40 m plots at 17 sites (823-1716 m
in elevation) in unmanaged forests with closed canopies: Plots
contained a portion of a seep or first-order stream along one edge and
typically extended 36-38 m into the adjoining forest. We examined use
of stream and streamside habitats based on captures during
area-constrained searches of cover objects. We observed 6423
plethodontid salamanders belonging to 7 terrestrial-breeding and 12
aquatic-breeding species. Terrestrial-breeders (primarily Plethodon
spp.) comprised 37% of terrestrial specimens and were more abundant at
higher elevations. Aquatic-breeders (primarily Desmognathus spp.)
increased their proportionate use of terrestrial habitat, but declined
in overall abundance with elevation. Catches of aquatic-breeders were
greatest within 8 m of aquatic habitats (49% of total terrestrial catch
of aquatic-breeders), particularly at low elevation sites. The
terrestrial zone provided core habitat for one terrestrial-breeder (D.
wrighti) and six semi-aquatic species (Desmognathus spp., Gyrinophilus
porphyriticus and Eurycea wilderae) that were broadly distributed
throughout plots, and acted as an aquatic buffer for four highly
aquatic species (Desmognathus spp.). The remaining species were
terrestrial-breeders (Plethodon spp.) that were evenly distributed
across plots, suggesting that riparian strips would function as
important source populations for recolonization following timbering on
adjoining land. Because of the vulnerability of plethodontid
salamanders to edge effects, effective management of southern
Appalachian streamside,habitats may require the addition of a
terrestrial buffer to protect terrestrial core habitat that immediately
adjoins streams and seeps. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2092. Geospatial analysis of changes in river-channel position and riparian vegetation of the lower
Colorado River.
Norman, Laura M.; Webb, Robert H.; Gass, Leila;
Yanites, Brian; Howard, Keith A.; Pfeifer, E. D.; and
Beard, L. Sue
Proceedings, The Geological Society of America Denver Annual Meeting (Nov. 2004).
Notes: Conference held November 7-10, 2004,
Denver, CO; Poster no. 218-9.
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/ abstract_79745.htm
Descriptors: aerial
photography/ agriculture/ channelization/ climate change/ Colorado
River/ Colorado River delta/ conservation/ ecosystems/ fluvial
features/ future/ geomorphology/ habitat/ history/ human activity/
hydrology/ Lake Mead/ landform evolution/ landscapes/ Mexico/ models/
prediction/ processes/ remote sensing/ riparian environment/ sediments/
spatial data/ streamflow/ surface water/ variations/ vegetation
© American Geological Institute
2093. Grassland birds associated with agricultural riparian practices in southwestern Wisconsin.
Renfrew, R. B. and Ribic, C. A.
Journal of Range Management 54(5): 546-552. (2001)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: grasslands/ population density/ riparian grasslands/ rotational grazing/ species richness
Abstract:
Rotational grazing has been proposed as a Best Management Practice for
minimizing runoff in Wisconsin agricultural riparian areas. The
influence of this land management practice on grassland birds has not
been evaluated in relation to more traditional agricultural land
management systems in Midwestern riparian areas. This study compared
the grassland bird community in riparian areas in Wisconsin, USA that
were rotationally grazed to 2 common land use practices along streams
in Wisconsin: continuously grazed pastures and rowcrop fields with
10-m-wide ungrazed buffer strips located along the stream. We
calculated total number of birds, the Berger-Parker Index of Dominance,
and number of birds ha-1 for each site. Vegetation variables used were
height-density, litter depth, and percent bare ground. Bird species
richness, species dominance, and density did not differ among land use
types. In contrast, grassland bird species of management concern
(Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), Eastern Meadowlark
(Sturnella magna), and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)) were found on
continuous and rotational pastures but very rarely or never occurred on
buffer strips. Contrary to previous research, however, rotationally
grazed pastures did not support more of these species than continuously
grazed pastures. Bird density was related to vegetation structure, with
higher densities found on sites with deeper litter. Within the pasture
land use types, there were no consistent differences between species
richness and density near the stream (<10 m) and away (>10 m).
© CABI
2094. The Grassland Reserve Program: New opportunities to benefit grassland wildlife.
Wood, Floyd and Williams, Jim
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 147-154.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/
fish/ Grassland Reserve Program/ grasslands/ grazing
Abstract:
The Grassland Reserve Program (GRP) was established by the 2002
Farm Bill to provide assistance to landowners in conserving and
enhancing ecological value of grasslands while maintaining their
suitability for grazing and other compatible uses. In response to
long-term declines in grassland acreage and their associated benefits,
approximately 524,000 acres have been enrolled since fiscal year 2003
in a variety of long-term rental agreements and easements. The program
has proven popular with landowners. Whereas wildlife benefits have
likely accrued by protection, enhancement, and restoration of
grasslands enrolled, little effort has been made to quantify wildlife
response during the first 2 years of program operation. Additional
studies are needed to document wildlife benefits achieved.
2095. Habitat availability-preference relationships: Moose case study.
Osko, Terrance James. University of Alberta
(Canada), 2004.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Hudson, Robert J.
Descriptors: habitat management/ moose/ habitat preference/ habitat use/ Canada
Abstract:
Habitat management is driven by results from habitat selection
studies that assume the habitats animals select impart fitness to their
populations and are therefore required. Such assumptions are rarely
tested yet often are accepted without question and generally applied,
potentially leading to mismanagement of wildlife. General application
also implies that observed animal preferences for habitats are assumed
to be static. I used moose as a case study to investigate whether
changing relative abundance of habitat classes can influence the
habitat preferences of wildlife and examined how changes in relative
habitat abundance might exert that influence. I tested the hypothesis
that moose habitat preferences were fixed by comparing habitat use and
preferences between 2 groups of moose from the same ecosystem, but
which occupied areas differing in relative abundance of the same
habitat classes. I used single and multiple linear regression to
determine whether the observed preferences were descriptive of
moose-habitat relationships that were unique for each group, or whether
they were outcomes of a relationship that was common to both. I also
assessed whether home range or site selection differed between the same
2 groups in response to physical features in their environment. Both
habitat use and preference differed between the 2 moose groups, as did
responses to environmental features, suggesting that habitat
preferences were conditional upon availability. Regression results
supported the hypothesis that contrasting preferences resulted from a
common selection process, as well as the alternative, that moose in
each group behaved according to unique selection processes. These
opposing conclusions were reconciled by the possibility that unique
relationships observed at specific places and times can be consolidated
to describe comprehensive wildlife-habitat relationships (functional
responses) that are responsive to habitat change. Wildlife managers
must challenge past generalizations about wildlife-habitat
relationships by applying habitat prescriptions as experiments to test
hypotheses. Such testing of assumptions that drive habitat
prescriptions can improve the act of habitat management as much as the
prescriptions are intended to improve habitat. Future research should
also seek mechanistic understanding of habitat selection through
investigation of the trade-off decisions facing animals as habitat
availability changes.
© NISC
2096. Habitat conservation for birds in the Mississippi headwaters/tallgrass prairie ecosystem.
Koford, R. and Stallman, H.
Great Plains Research 12(1): 123-139. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 10525165
Descriptors: declining
species/ grassland birds/ habitats/ restoration/ wetlands/ avifauna/
ecosystem management/ grassland/ habitat conservation/ wetland/ United States
Abstract:
Land management agencies need to plan and prioritize their activities
to best use limited resources. To implement ecosystem management, the
US Fish and Wildlife Service has defined watershed-based planning
units, such as the Mississippi Headwaters/Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystem.
To identify important habitats for migratory birds in this ecosystem,
we ranked habitats according to their importance for breeding birds of
conservation concern, using rankings of the birds' conservation
priority within this ecosystem. Grasslands and wetlands were the
highest ranked habitats because 12 (46%) and 9 (25%), respectively, of
the species breeding in these habitats had "Partners in Flight" scores
greater than 19 (maximum 35). Shrub-sapling stands and lake habitats
ranked next, and forest habitats ranked lowest. The four highly ranked
habitats are widespread in the Great Plains. These habitats can
contribute to the conservation of a variety of high-priority bird
species, if the habitats are restored and managed for birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2097. Habitat fragmentation and the distribution of amphibians: Patch and landscape correlates in farmland.
Kolozsvary, Mary B. and Swihart, Robert K.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(8): 1288-1299.
(Aug. 1999)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301
Descriptors: Amphibia/
farming and agriculture/ agricultural fragmentation of forest and
wetland/ ecological effects/ community structure/ distribution within
habitat/ agriculturally fragmented forest and wetland habitats/
semiaquatic habitat/ agriculturally fragmented wetland ecology/ forest
and woodland/ agriculturally fragmented forest ecology/ cultivated land
habitat/ agriculturally fragmented forest and wetland/ ecology/
Indiana/ Tippecanoe and Warren Counties/ Indian Pine Natural Resources
Area/ agriculturally fragmented forest and wetland habitat ecology
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2098. Habitat fragmentation effects on birds in grasslands and wetlands: A critique of our knowledge.
Johnson, D. H.
Great Plains Research 11(2): 211-231. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 10525165
Descriptors: birds/
fragmentation/ grasslands/ habitat/ wetlands/ wildlife/ avifauna/
grassland/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss/ wetland/ Ammodramus
henslowii/ Ammodramus savannarum/ Circus cyaneus/ Dolichonyx
oryzivorus/ Passerculus sandwichensis
Abstract:
Habitat fragmentation exacerbates the problem of habitat loss for
grassland and wetland birds. Remaining patches of grasslands and
wetlands may be too small, too isolated, and too influenced by edge
effects to maintain viable populations of some breeding birds.
Knowledge of the effects of fragmentation on bird populations is
critically important for decisions about reserve design, grassland and
wetland management, and implementation of cropland set-aside programs
that benefit wildlife. In my review of research that has been conducted
on habitat fragmentation, I found at least five common problems in the
methodology used. The results of many studies are compromised by these
problems: passive sampling (sampling larger areas in larger patches),
confounding effects of habitat heterogeneity, consequences of
inappropriate pooling of data from different species, artifacts
associated with artificial nest data, and definition of actual habitat
patches. As expected, some large-bodied birds with large territorial
requirements, such as the northern harrier (Circus cyaneus), appear
area sensitive. In addition, some small species of grassland birds
favor patches of habitat far in excess of their territory size,
including the Savannah (Passerculus sandwichensis), grasshopper
(Ammodramus savannarum) and Henslow's (A. henslowii) sparrows, and the
bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Other species may be area sensitive
as well, but the data are ambiguous. Area sensitivity among wetland
birds remains unknown since virtually no studies have been based on
solid methodologies. We need further research on grassland bird
response to habitat that distinguishes supportable conclusions from
those that may be artifactual.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2099. A habitat network for terrestrial wildlife in the interior Columbia Basin.
Wisdom, Michael J.; Wales, Barbara C.;
Holthausen, Richard S.; Hann, Wendel J.;
Hemstrom, Miles A.; and Rowland, Mary M.
Northwest Science 76(1): 1-14. (2002)
NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X.
http://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu:8080/dspace/handle/2376/955
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Vertebrata:
habitat management/ endangered taxa/ habitat-network mapping/
endangered status/ forest and woodland/ grassland/ scrub/
conservation/ United
States/ Interior Columbia Basin/
endangered taxa/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Habitat managers need information about landscape conditions in
relation to the composite requirements of species that deserve
attention in conservation planning. Consequently, we characterized and
mapped a broad-scale network of habitats for five suites of terrestrial
vertebrates in the 58 million-ha Interior Columbia Basin (Basin). These five suites, referred to as Families, are
composed of 44 species whose habitats have declined strongly from
historical (circa 1850-1890) to current periods in the Basin, and thus
are of conservation focus. Two of the five Families consist of species
that depend on old forests. Species in another Family depend on
early-seral forests. Species in the remaining Families depend on
sagebrush-steppe or open canopy sagebrush and grasslands. For each
Family, we characterized current habitat conditions at the scale of the
watershed (mean size of 22 500 ha). Each watershed was classified as
one of three conditions. Watersheds in Condition 1 contained habitats
whose quality or abundance have changed little since the historical
period. By contrast, watersheds in Condition 2 or 3 contained habitats
that have changed from historical conditions, but in different ways.
Watersheds in Condition 2 had habitats of high abundance but moderate
resiliency and quality, whereas watersheds in Condition 3 contained
habitats of low abundance or low resiliency and quality. The majority
of watersheds (59-80%) were in Condition 3 for all five Families,
whereas the lowest percentage (5-25%) of watersheds was in Condition 2
for four of five Families. Connectivity among watersheds for all
Families appeared low in many parts of the Basin due to spatial gaps
associated with areas of habitat extirpation. Our condition maps
constitute a broad-scale network of habitats that could be useful for
developing multi-species research hypotheses and management strategies
for the Basin.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2100. Habitat selection and use of edges by striped skunks in the Canadian prairies.
Lariviere, S. and Messier, F.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(3): 366-372. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 00084301
Descriptors: edge effect/ foraging behavior/ habitat selection/ habitat use/ home range/ mustelid/ Canada/ Mephitis mephitis
Abstract:
During 1993-1994, we radio-tracked 21 female and 5 male striped skunks
(Mephitis mephitis) in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada, to
assess their patterns of habitat selection. Home ranges of both sexes
contained more areas managed for nesting waterfowl and less woodland
than the overall study area. When foraging within their home ranges,
striped skunks used more wetland and woodland and less cropland
relative to other habitat types (managed nesting areas, rights-of-way,
farmsteads). Patterns of habitat selection by striped skunks were
significantly but weakly correlated with abundance of insects and small
mammals. Striped skunks selected undisturbed habitats where ground
litter can accumulate, possibly because such habitats also harbor a
greater abundance of prey. Our results support the restoration of
grasslands for nesting waterfowl. Furthermore, the use of large habitat
patches by striped skunks decreased away from edges, suggesting that
large patches may serve as refuges for ground-nesting birds.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2101. Habitat
use and survival of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) in cropland
and rangeland ecosystems during the hunting season.
Williams, Christopher K.; Scott Lutz, R.;
Applegate, Roger D.; and Rusch, Donald H.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(9): 1562-1566. (2000)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301
Descriptors: ecology/
population dynamics/ man-made habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Colinus virginianus (Phasianidae): survival/ winter/ habitat
utilization/ winter cover/ cropland-rangeland comparisons/ terrestrial
habitat/ rangeland/ cultivated land habitat/ Kansas/ Lyon County/
survival/ Phasianidae/ Galliformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2102. Habitat use by meso-predators in a corridor environment.
Frey, S. N. and Conover, M. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 1111-1118. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70 [1111:HUBMIA]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: corridors/ habitat use/ linear habitat/ predators/ raccoon/ red fox/ striped skunk/ waterfowl
Abstract:
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and striped skunks
(Mephitis mephitis) are found throughout the United States,
wherever there is suitable denning habitat and food resources.
Densities of these predators have increased throughout the
Intermountain West as a consequence of human alterations in habitat.
Within the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge (hereafter, refuge), in
northern Utah, USA, upland nesting habitat for ducks is
limited to the levee banks and roadsides. Red foxes, raccoons, and
striped skunks, which prey on upland nesting birds, are also abundant
on the refuge. We studied red foxes, raccoons, and striped skunks' use
of levees and the edges associated with them within a wetland
environment. Red fox, raccoon, and striped skunk locations were
negatively correlated with distance to the nearest dike (-0.78, -0.69,
and -0.45, respectively). Animals incorporated more roads and/or levees
into their home ranges than expected by chance (x̄
= 2.6; Z < 0.001); incorporation of levees was greater during the
dispersal season than the rearing season (P = 0.03). Skunk home ranges
(average size, 3.0 km2) were oriented along roads and levees (P = 0.03), whereas raccoon (average size, 3.6 km2) and fox home ranges (average size, 3.5 km2) were not (P = 0.93,
P
= 0.13, respectively). Fox home ranges in the refuge were more oblong
in shape than reported elsewhere (P = 0.03). However, home-range shapes
of raccoons and striped skunks were similar to previous studies (P =
0.84,
P
= 0.97, respectively). The use of roads and levees within the refuge
increases the possible travel distance and penetration of predators
into wetland environments. This contributes to increased depredation of
waterfowl nests and to decreased recruitment. Managers of similar areas
might decrease depredation of waterfowl by disrupting the linear
pattern of corridors, thereby decreasing the congestion of animal roads
and levees. This would, then, decrease the encounter rates of predators
and prey.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2103. Habitat use, home ranges, and survival of swift foxes in a fragmented landscape: Conservation implications.
Kamler, J. F.; Ballard, W. B.; Fish, E. B.; Lemons, P. R.; Mote, K.; and Perchellet, C. C.
Journal of Mammalogy 84(3): 989-995. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 J823; ISSN: 0022-2372
Descriptors: animal
sciences/ habitat use/ home range/ survival/ swift fox/ Texas/ Vulpes
velox/ Joaquin kit foxes/ arid land foxes/ vulpes velox/ western
Kansas/ North America/ mortality/ macrotis/ rates/ size
Abstract:
Habitat loss might be one of the primary reasons for the decline of the
swift fox (Vulpes velox) in the western Great Plains of North America.
From 1998 to 2001, we monitored 42 swift foxes in a landscape
interspersed with native short-grass prairies, nonnative grasslands
enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program, irrigated agricultural
fields, and dryland agricultural fields. Survival estimates ranged from
0.52 to 0.66 for both adults and juveniles, and the primary causes of
death were vehicle collisions (42% deaths) and coyote (Canis latrans)
predation (33%). Annual home-range size was similar for males and
females (10.8 and 10.5 km(2), respectively). Within the study area,
swift foxes selected only short-grass prairies and had
lower-than-expected use or complete avoidance of all other habitat
types. Our results indicate swift foxes are more specialized in habitat
selection than other North American canids; thus, protection of native
short-grass prairies might be necessary for their long-term existence.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2104. Headwater riparian forest-floor invertebrate communities associated with alternative forest management practices.
Rykken, Jessica J.; Moldenke, Andrew R.; and
Olson, Deanna H.
Ecological Applications 17(4): 1168-1183. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Invertebrata:
forestry/ alternative forest management practices/ forest floor
communities/ headwater riparian zones/ community structure/ forest and
woodland/ forest floor habitat/ riparian habitat/ headwater stream
riparian zones/ Oregon/ Willamette National Forest/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Headwater streams and their riparian zones are a common, yet poorly
understood, component of Pacific Northwest, USA,
landscapes. We describe the ecological importance of headwater stream
riparian zones as habitat for forest-floor invertebrate communities and
assess how alternative management strategies for riparian zones may
impact these communities. We compared community composition of
forest-floor invertebrates at increasing distances along trans-riparian
(stream edge to upslope) transects in mature forests, clearcuts, and
riparian buffers of ≃30-m
width with upslope clearcuts. Invertebrates were collected using
pitfall traps in five replicate blocks of three treatments each in the
Willamette National Forest, Oregon, USA. We measured microclimate and
microhabitat variables at pitfall locations. Despite strong elevation
and block effects on community composition, community analyses revealed
a distinct "riparian'' invertebrate community within 1 m of the stream
edge in mature forest treatments, which was strongly related to cool,
humid microclimate conditions. Invertebrate community composition in
buffer treatments was far more similar to that of mature forests than
to clearcuts; a pattern mirrored by microclimate. These results suggest
that, within our study sites, forest floor invertebrate distributions
are strongly associated with microclimate and that riparian buffers of ≃30-m
width do provide habitat for many riparian and forest species. Riparian
reserves may serve as effective forest refugia and/or dispersal
corridors for invertebrates and other taxa, and their incorporation
into watershed management plans likely will contribute to meeting
persistence and connectivity objectives.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2105. Henslow's sparrow winter-survival estimates and response to prescribed burning.
Thatcher, Benjamin S.; Krementz, David G.; and
Woodrey, Mark S.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 198-206. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Emberizidae/
Passeriformes/ Ammodramus henslowii/ Fringillidae/ Laniidae/ Ammodramus
henslowi/ Henslow's sparrow/ Lanius ludovicianus/ loggerhead shrike/
Mississippi sandhill crane/ environmental factors/ burn season/ coastal
pine savanna/ coastal plain/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat
use/ fires-burns/ forests/ ecosystems/ grasslands/ habitat management/
methods and techniques/ pine savanna/ population ecology/ prescribed
burning/ radiotelemetry/ survival/ terrestrial ecology/ winter/ winter
survival estimates/ wintering habitat/ habitat/ landscape management/
fire/ fertility/ recruitment/ Pinus spp./ Mississippi
Abstract:
Wintering Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) populations rely on
lands managed with prescribed burning, but the effects of various burn
regimes on their overwinter survival are unknown. We studied wintering
Henslow's sparrows in coastal pine savannas at the Mississippi Sandhill
Crane National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson County, Mississippi, USA,
during January and February 2001 and 2002. We used the known-fate
modeling procedure in program MARK to evaluate the effects of bum age
(1 or 2 growing seasons elapsed), burn season (growing, dormant), and
calendar year on the survival rates of 83 radiomarked Henslow's
sparrows. We found strong evidence that Henslow's sparrow survival
rates differed by bum age (with higher survival in recently burned
sites) and by year (with lower survival rates in 2001 likely because of
drought conditions). We found some evidence that survival rates also
differed by bum season (with higher survival in growing-season sites),
although the effects of bum season were only apparent in recently
burned sites. Avian predation was the suspected major cause of
mortality (causing 6 of 14 deaths) with 1 confirmed loggerhead shrike
(Lanius ludovicianus) depredation. Our results indicated that recently
burned savannas provide high-quality wintering habitats and suggested
that managers can improve conditions for wintering Henslow's sparrows
by burning a large percentage of savannas each year.
© NISC
2106. Herbaceous
filter strips in agroecosystems: Implications for ground beetle
(Coleoptera: Carabidae) conservation and invertebrate weed seed
predation.
Menalled, Fabian D.; Lee, Jana C.; and Landis, Douglas A.
Great Lakes Entomologist 34(1): 77-91. (2002)
NAL Call #: QL461.M5; ISSN: 0090-0222
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ diet/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/
Carabidae: habitat management/ community structure/ cultivated land
habitat/ crop fields/ herbaceous filter strips/ effects on community
structure/ Michigan/ Midland County/ Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga,
Caraboidea/ arthropods/ beetles/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
A 9.3-ha crop field flanked by two filter strips was selected to: 1)
assess carabid beetle activity-density and community composition and 2)
assess post-dispersal weed seed predation by invertebrates in these
habitats. Overall during 1997 and 1998, 12,937 carabid beetles
comprising 58 species were collected. Greater species richness and
activity-density was observed in filter strips than in the field. A
multivariate ordination revealed that year of capture and habitat were
important variables conditioning carabid beetle communities. While two
omnivorous species known to eat weed seeds [Harpalus erraticus (Say),
Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (F.)] dominated the 1997 captures, two
carnivorous [Pterostichus melanarius (Ill), Pterostichus permundus
(Say)] were predominant in 1998. Two omnivorous species, Harpalus
pensylvanicus (DeG) and H. erraticus, were primarily captured in filter
strips. Weed seed removal was greater in filter strips than in the
field. This study shows that habitat management represents a feasible
approach to conserve beneficial organisms in farmlands.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2107. Herpetofaunal response to gap and skidder-rut wetland creation in a southern bottomland hardwood forest.
Cromer, Robert B.; Lanham, Joseph D.; and
Hanlin, Hugh H.
Forest Science 48(2): 407-413. (May 2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: Amphibia/
Reptilia/ forestry/ forest gaps/ skidder ruts/ wetland creation/
wetland conservation/ community response/ community structure/ forest
and woodland/ bottomland hardwood forests/ man-made habitat/ skidder
rut wetlands/ forest habitat/ community responses/ South Carolina/
Barnwell County/
Savannah River site
Abstract:
We compared herpetofaunal communities in recently harvested gaps,
skidder trails, and unharvested depressional wetlands to assess the
effects of group-selection harvesting and skidder traffic on reptiles
and amphibians in a southern bottomland hardwood forest. From January
1, 1997 to December 31, 1998 we captured 24,292 individuals
representing 55 species of reptiles and amphibians at the Savannah
River Site in Barnwell County, South Carolina. Forty-two
species (n = 6,702 individuals) were captured in gaps, 43 species (n =
8,863 individuals) were captured along skid trails between gaps and 43
species (n = 8,727 individuals) were captured in bottomland depressions
over the 2 yr period. Three vegetation variables and six environmental
variables were correlated with herpetofaunal abundance. Salamander
abundance, especially for species in the genus Ambystoma, was
negatively associated with areas with less canopy cover and pronounced
rutting (i.e., gaps and skidder trails). Alternatively, treefrog
(Hylidae) abundance was positively associated with gap creation.
Results from this study suggest that group selection harvests and
skidder rutting may alter the herpetofaunal species composition in
southern bottomland hardwoods by increasing habitat suitability for
some species while diminishing it for others.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2108. High offspring survival of the brown-headed cowbird in an invaded habitat.
Winfree, R.
Animal Conservation 7(4): 445-453. (2004);
ISSN: 13679430.
Notes: doi: 10.1017/S1367943004001544.
Descriptors: brood
parasitism/ habitat management/ host-parasite interaction/ passerines/
species conservation/ Aves/ Molothrus/ Molothrus ater
Abstract:
The brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) is considered
an important threat to bird conservation in North America because
it reduces the reproduction of its numerous host species. Prior to the
colonisation of America by Europeans, the cowbird was largely
confined to the North American prairie region, but it has since invaded
forests and other habitats and is now one of the continent's most
abundant breeding passerines. The objective of this study was to
examine cowbird reproduction with different host communities to
determine whether habitat-specific reproduction might contribute to the
cowbird's population expansion. Cowbird offspring survival was
estimated with hosts breeding in fragmented deciduous forest (a newly
invaded habitat) and old fields (a habitat more similar to the
cowbird's original range). Offspring survival was 1.8-3.1 times higher
in forest compared to old fields and was high enough to cause the
cowbird population to increase with most forest hosts. The results
suggest that increased offspring survival in an invaded habitat
facilitates cowbird population growth. Land management for extensive,
continuous forests, which cowbirds are known to avoid, could help
control the cowbird population and reduce parasitism levels for the
>140 species of cowbird hosts. © 2004 The Zoological Society of London.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2109. Highly erodible land and Swampbuster provisions of the 2002 Farm Act.
Brady, S. J.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 5-16.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/ fish/
Swampbuster/ Conservation Reserve Program/
Wetlands Reserve Program
Abstract:
The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 continued
provisions for the conservation of highly erodible land and wetlands
that had been enacted by the omnibus farm acts of 1985, 1990, and 1996.
The effects these provisions have on wildlife conservation are reviewed
in light of recent data and reports published about those programs.
Strong evidence supporting the conservation benefits of these programs
includes the significant reduction in cropland soil-erosion rates of
1.3 billion tons per year and the significant reduction in wetland
losses due to agriculture in recent periods. The latter is highlighted
by net wetland gains on agricultural lands during the period 1997-2002.
While these 2 provisions generally do not create wildlife habitat
directly, they play a very substantial role in supporting the
conservation gains made by other U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
conservation provisions. Additionally they provide strong motivation
for producers to apply conservation systems on their highly erodible
lands, to protect wetlands from conversion to cropland, and to apply
for enrollment in the other USDA conservation programs, especially the
Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve programs.
2110. Historical and present impacts of livestock grazing on fish and wildlife resources in western riparian habitats.
Ohmart, Robert D.
In: Rangeland wildlife/ Krausman, Paul R.
Denver, Colo.: Society of Range Management, 1996;
pp. 245-279.
Notes: Literature review.
NAL Call #: SK361.R36 1996
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ riparian habitat/
livestock grazing/ biological effects/ North America/ biological
effects of livestock grazing/ riparian habitats
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2111. The history, status and future needs of fish and wildlife management on private lands as related to USDA agricultural programs.
Heard, L. Pete; Allen, Arthur W.; Best, Louis B.;
Brady, Stephen J.; Burger, Wes; Esser, Anthony J.; Hackett, Ed; Helinski, Ronald R.; Hohman, William L.;
Johnson, Douglas H.; Pederson, Roger L.;
Reynolds, Ronald E.; Rewa, Charles; and Ryan, Mark R.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 66: 54-67. (2001)
NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355.
Notes:
Meeting: Sixty-sixth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources
Conference, Washington, DC, USA, March 16-20, 2001.
Descriptors: 1985
Food Security Act [Farm Bill]/ Conservation Reserve Program [CRP]/
Environmental Quality Incentive Program [EQIP]/ Wetlands Reserve
Program [WRP]/ Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program [WHIP]/ agricultural
programs/ compliance provisions/ highly erodable land/ land retirement
programs/ private land management/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife
management: future needs, history, status/ wildlife responses
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2112. How much habitat is enough? Guidelines for restoration and conservation of habitat in the Great Lakes.
Bryan, G. K.
International Association for Great Lakes Research Conference 49: 24-25. (2006).
Notes: Location: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
Descriptors: Great
Lakes/ habitats/ habitat management/ habitat rehabilitations/
restoration measures/ management strategies/ watershed management/
urbanization/ urban areas/ watersheds/ catchments/ rivers/ lakes/
policy/ management/ North America
Abstract:
How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Restoration
in Great Lakes Areas of Concern provides 18 guidelines regarding the
location, type, and quantity of forest, riparian, and wetland habitat
needed to provide for minimum viable wildlife populations. Envisioned
as a means to locate restoration projects within Canadian Areas of
Concern it is now also widely used as a conservation planning tool and
conservation biology primer. Over 40 Natural Heritage Strategies have
adapted or adopted Framework guidelines. In 2006 the report 'Area
Sensitive Forest Birds in Urban Areas' was released to address the
restoration of forest habitat in urbanizing watersheds. The report
identified and ranked forest bird 13 stressors, analyzed the loss of
forest birds in the Greater Toronto AOC, and discussed mitigation
measures. Mitigation measures for area sensitive forest birds in urban
watersheds are limited; retaining adequate forest cover and adequate
forest interior in much of the rapidly urbanizing lower Great
Lakes basin may be seen as a greater priority in terms of songbirds.
The report raises questions as to the foci of urban restoration efforts
and how new development is planned.
© NISC
2113. Impact of a wetland development project on grassland birds in Hardin County, Ohio.
Hoagstrom, Carl W.
Ohio Journal of Science 104(1): A17. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 Oh3; ISSN: 0030-0950
Descriptors: grassland birds/ constructed wetlands/ ponds/ lowlands/ bird populations/ habitat restoration/ Ohio
Abstract: Ohio Northern University and the Ohio Department of
Natural Resources are working together to establish a wetland complex
three miles north of Roundhead, Ohio. In light of the
concern for grassland bird populations, the impact of this development
on the bird of the fields in which the wetlands were established is of
interest. Eight walking surveys of the bird fauna were undertaken
in May, June and July of 2002 and repeated in 2003. Diking,
digging and seeding for the project were carried out in the spring,
summer and fall of 2003. The impact of those disturbances on the
grassland birds was explored by comparing the surveys of 2002 and 2003.
Estimates of the number of singing males of each species for each
year, with the estimate for 2002 given first, were - 15 and 13 Bobolink
(Dolichonyx oryzivorus); ten and eight Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella
magna); 12 and 14 Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum); two and
six Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii); two and two Vesper
Sparrows (Pooecetes gramineus); and six and six Savannah Sparrows
(Passerculus sandwichensis). Numbers were similar between the two
years for each species. Two of the new ponds were dug and diked
within the area occupied by the Bobolink colony with no meaningful
difference between years. The wetland development activities
appeared to have little effect on the bird populations.
© NISC
2114. Impact of crop harvest on small mammal populations in Brookings County, South Dakota.
Pinkert, Melissa K.; Meerbeek, Jonathan R.;
Scholten, George D.; and Jenks, Jonathan A.
Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science
81: 39-45. (2002)
NAL Call #: 500 So82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made
habitat/ land zones/ Insectivora/ Rodentia: farming and agriculture/
crop harvesting/ population density/ crop harvesting effects/
distribution within habitat/ grassland/ cultivated land habitat/
agricultural habitats/ South Dakota/ Brookings County/ Mammalia/
chordates/ Insectivores/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract:
In the Midwest, agricultural cropland provides the majority of
habitat available to small mammals. In some regions of the Midwest, cropland comprises as much as 70% of the landscape.
Importance of these agricultural habitats to small mammals pre- and
post-harvest is not well documented. The distribution of small mammals
was studied in shelterbelt, grassland, and adjacent cropland habitats
pre- and post-harvest in Brookings County, South Dakota
from 20 September (before crop harvest) to 15 November 2001 (after crop
harvest). Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) (n=30) and white-footed
mice (Peromyscus leucopus) (n= 29) were captured in relatively high
numbers when compared to the other species: short-tailed shrews
(Blarina brevicauda) (n=13), masked shrews (Sorex cinereus) (n=7),
prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) (n=4), meadow voles (Microtus
pennsylvanicus) (n=3), and northern grasshopper mice (Onychomys
leucogaster) (n=2). Deer mice and white-footed mice were the only
inhabitants of cropland. When compared to cropland, proportions of deer
mice using the grassland and white-footed mice using the shelterbelt
decreased after harvest. Competition among small mammals and predation
risks from the short-tail shrew in grasslands and shelterbelts may
force deer mice and white-footed mice into habitats such as cropland.
Alternatively, the abundance of waste grain after harvest may explain
the increased use of cropland. The prairie vole demonstrated a strong
use of grassland, while the white-footed mouse used shelterbelt
habitats. Cropland
habitats adjacent to shelterbelts and grasslands likely provide a relatively stable food source for small mammal populations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2115. Impact of riparian buffer guidelines on old growth in western boreal forests of Canada.
Lee, P. and Barker, T.
Forestry 78: 263-278. (July 2005)
Descriptors: riparian
buffers/ width/ old growth forests/ boreal forests/ forest management/
streams/ lakes/ fish/ simulation models/ guidelines/ riparian areas/
temporal variation/ spatial variation/ forest stands/ stand
composition/ forest succession/ forest ecology/ wetland conservation/
wildlife habitats/ Canada/ buffer width/ riparian area management/
forest canopy types/ plant ecology/ water resources and management/
natural resources, environment, general ecology, and wildlife
conservation/ forestry production general
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2116. Impacts
of flooding regime modification on wildlife habitats of bottomland
hardwood forests in the lower Mississippi Valley.
Klimas, C. V.; Martin, C. O.; and Teaford, J. W.
Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station; Technical Report El-81-13,
981. 200 p.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: flood
plain management/ floods/ forests/ wildlife habitats/ hardwood/ aquatic
animals/ logging/ land clearing/ Mississippi River
Abstract:
This is a literature review concerning the impacts of flooding
regime modification on bottomland hardwood forest wildlife habitats of
the lower Mississippi Valley. The composition and
structure of the bottomland forest are an important determinant of the
quality and type of wildlife habitat available. These forest
characteristics are largely influenced by the flooding regime.
Overstory diversity and perennial understory diversity and productivity
are lowest in near-permanently flooded habitats and increase in areas
flooded less frequently and for shorter periods of time. Nonflooded
areas are often, but not always, less diverse and productive than
infrequently flooded areas. Tree growth, regional habitat diversity,
and land clearance patterns may also be influenced by modifications to
the hydrologic regime. Bottomland forests are considered productive
wildlife habitat due to high soil fertility, abundant moisture, and the
diversity and abundance of wildlife food and cover. Modifications in
the magnitude, frequency, and duration of flooding are expected to
bring about a wide variety of impacts on different species. Impacts of
flooding regime modifications are discussed for mammals, birds,
reptiles, and amphibians. Aquatic and semiaquatic species are generally
adversely affected by flood reduction and are benefitted by normal
flooding conditions. Species that are principally terrestrial may be
severely impacted by major flooding events, but they may respond more
to secondary influences such as land clearing and logging. Where known,
both direct and indirect impacts of flooding regime modifications are
discussed by species or species groups occurring in the study area.
© ProQuest
2117. Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian habitat: A review of our knowledge.
Skovlin, J. M.; Platts, W. S.; Raleigh, R. F.;
Carpenter, L. H.; Malechek, J. C.; and Rittenhouse, L. R.
In:
Developing strategies for rangeland management/ National Research
Council; Series: Westview special studies in agriculture science and
policy.
Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984; pp. 1001-1166.
NAL Call #: SF85.3.D48
Descriptors: wetlands/ riparian habitats/ grazing/
North America/ rangelands
Abstract:
In the context of western North America, discusses the
effects of range livestock grazing on vegetation, watershed, and fish
and wildlife. Grazing strategies to improve habitats are proposed for
better decisions in allocating riparian zone uses.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2118. Impacts of waste from concentrated animal feeding operations on water quality.
Burkholder, J.; Libra, B.; Weyer, P.; Heathcote, S.;
Kolpin, D.; Thorne, P. S.; and Wichman, M.
Environmental Health Perspectives 115(2): 308-312. (2007)
NAL Call #: RA565.A1E54; ISSN: 00916765.
Notes: doi: 10.1289/ehp.8839.
Descriptors: ecology/ human health/ poultry/ swine/
water contaminants/ wildlife
Abstract:
Waste from agricultural livestock operations has been a long-standing
concern with respect to contamination of water resources, particularly
in terms of nutrient pollution. However, the recent growth of
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) presents a greater risk
to water quality because of both the increased volume of waste and to
contaminants that may be present (e.g., antibiotics and other
veterinary drugs) that may have both environmental and public health
importance. Based on available data, generally accepted livestock waste
management practices do not adequately or effectively protect water
resources from contamination with excessive nutrients, microbial
pathogens, and pharmaceuticals present in the waste. Impacts on surface
water sources and wildlife have been documented in many agricultural
areas in the United States. Potential impacts on human and
environmental health from long-term inadvertent exposure to water
contaminated with pharmaceuticals and other compounds are a growing
public concern. This workgroup, which is part of the Conference on
Environmental Health Impacts of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations:
Anticipating Hazards-Searching for Solutions, identified needs for
rigorous ecosystem monitoring in the vicinity of CAFOs and for improved
characterization of major toxicants affecting the environment and human
health. Last, there is a need to promote and enforce best practices to
minimize inputs of nutrients and toxicants from CAFOs into freshwater
and marine ecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2119. Implementing shorebird conservation on public lands.
Ciuzio, Elizabeth; Morton, R. Mike; and Ranalli, Nicole
Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 59:
183-190. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK1.S6; ISSN: 0276-7929
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ behavior/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Charadrii: habitat
management/ public lands conservation management for migratory species/
migration/ semiaquatic habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ Kentucky/
Aves, Charadriiformes/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Working toward fulfilling regional habitat objectives for migratory
shore-birds, the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
(KDFWR) constructed moist soil units on three Wildlife Management Areas
(WMA) to specifically be managed for stopover habitat. Units either
were converted from agriculture land and fitted with water pumps or
constructed at the base of a hill to collect rainwater. The most
commonly observed shorebirds using these sites and other available
habitat on the WMAs were killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), pectoral
sandpiper (Calidris melanotos), and lesser yellowlegs (Tringa
flavipes). Managing for shallow water habitat on public lands,
particularly during fall migration and/or drought years, is key to
ensuring that priority shorebirds arrive on the wintering or breeding
grounds in good condition. Recommendations include considerations of
spatial placement and topography of shorebird units, control of
vegetation, and monitoring protocols.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2120. Implications of food web interactions for restoration of Missouri Ozark glade habitats.
Van Zandt, Peter A.; Collins, Eboni; Losos, Jonathan B.; and Chase, Jonathan M.
Restoration Ecology 13(2): 312-317. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: Sauria/
Aster oblongifolius/ eastern redcedar/ Echinacea paradoxa/ Juniperus
virginiana/ northern fence lizard/ Rudbeckia missouriensis/ Sceloporus
undulatus/ Schizachyrium scoparium/ terrestrial ecology/ field survey/
soil/ food web interaction/ glade habitat restoration/ brush pile/
sceloporus undulatus/ trophic cascade/ biomanipulation/ Cedrus spp.
Abstract:
Ozark glades are gaps in forested areas that are dominated by grasses
and forbs growing in rocky, nutrient-poor soil. Historically, these
open, patchy habitats were maintained by natural and anthropogenic fire
cycles that prohibited tree encroachment. However, because of decades
of fire suppression, glades have become overgrown by fire-intolerant
species such as Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Current
restoration practices include cutting down invasive cedars and
burning brush piles, which represent habitat for Northern fence lizards
(Sceloporus undulatus). Because Sceloporus actively consumes
herbivores, we hypothesized that the presence of these lizards in and
around brush piles might result in a trophic cascade, whereby damage on
native plants is reduced. Field surveys across six Missouri glades
indicated that lizard activity was minimal beyond 1 m from habitat
structures. This activity pattern reduced grasshopper abundance by 75%
and plant damage by over 66% on Echinacea paradoxa and Rudbeckia
missouriensis near structures with lizards. A field transplant
experiment demonstrated similar reductions in grasshopper abundance and
damage on two other glade endemic species, Aster oblongifolius and
Schizachyrium scoparium. These results
demonstrate
that future glade restoration efforts might benefit from considering
top-down effects of predators in facilitating native plant
establishment.
© NISC
2121. Importance
of hydrologic and landscape heterogeneity for restoring bank swallow
(Riparia riparia) colonies along the Sacramento River, California.
Moffatt, K. C.; Crone, E. E.; Holl, K. D.; Schlorff, R. W.;
and Garrison, B. A.
Restoration Ecology 13(2): 391-402. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 10612971.
Notes: doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00049.x.
Descriptors: bank
swallow/ landscape/ metapopulation/ restoration/ riparian/ endangered
species/ heterogeneity/ human activity/ passerines/ restoration
ecology/ California/ Sacramento River/ Riparia
Abstract: Human
activities have degraded riparian systems in numerous ways,
including homogenization of the floodplain landscape and minimization
of extreme flows. We analyzed the effects of changes in these and other
factors for extinction-colonization dynamics of a threatened Bank
Swallow population along the upper Sacramento River, California, U.S.A.
We monitored Bank Swallow distributions along a 160-km stretch of the
river from 1986-1992 and 1996-2003 and
tested whether site extinctions and colonizations corresponded with
changes in maximum river discharge, surrounding land cover, estimated
colony size, temperature, and precipitation. Colonization probabilities
increased with maximum discharge. Extinction probabilities decreased
with proximity to the nearest grassland, decreased with colony size,
and increased with maximum discharge. To explore the implications for
restoration, we incorporated the statistically estimated effects of
distance to grassland and maximum discharge into simple metapopulation
models. Under current conditions, the Bank Swallow metapopulation
appears to be in continued decline, although stable or increasing
numbers cannot be ruled out with the existing data. Maximum likelihood
parameters from these regression models suggest that the Sacramento
River metapopulation could be restored to 45 colonies through moderate
amounts of grassland restoration, large increases in discharge, or
direct restoration of nesting habitat by removing approximately 10% of
existing bank protection (riprap) from suitable areas. Our results
highlight the importance of grassland restoration, mixed benefits of
restoring high spring discharge, and the importance of within-colony
dynamics as areas for future research. © 2005 Society for
Ecological Restoration International.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2122. Importance
of small isolated wetlands for herpetofaunal diversity in managed,
young growth forests in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina.
Russell, K. R.; Guynn, D. C.; and Hanlin, H. G.
Forest Ecology and Management 163(1-3): 43-59. (2002)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00526-6.
Descriptors: amphibians/
forest management/ herpetofauna/ reptiles/ small isolated
wetlands/ South Carolina coastal plain/ biodiversity/ ecology/
forestry/
hydrology/ management/ forest landscapes/ wetlands/
community
composition/ forest management/ herpetofauna/ species diversity/
wetland/ United States/ Amphibia/ Coniferophyta/ Reptilia
Abstract:
Freshwater wetlands support diverse and unique species assemblages, but
the contribution of the smallest of these habitats to regional
biodiversity continues to be underestimated, particularly within
managed forests. We assessed and compared the richness, abundance, and
diversity of herpetofauna at five small isolated wetlands (0.38-1.06
ha) imbedded within a commercial forest landscape in the South Carolina
Coastal Plain. Continuous drift fences with pitfall traps that
completely encircled the wetlands were used to sample entering and
exiting herpetofauna. We also deployed coverboards to sample
herpetofauna in the adjacent uplands. We captured 9186 individuals of
56 species (20 amphibians, 36 reptiles) from the five wetlands combined
between 1996 and 1998. Although species richness and community
composition were similar at the five sites, we found significant
differences in herpetofaunal abundance and diversity among wetlands.
These differences did not vary with wetland size but were related to
environmental and habitat attributes of the surrounding upland stands.
Amphibian abundance was positively correlated with basal area of upland
conifers but negatively correlated with presence and size of hardwoods,
relationships that appeared to be partially influenced by previous
stand management. Amphibian diversity (H') increased with conifer
diameter but decreased with increasing distance to nearest wetland.
Reptile diversity was negatively correlated with upland canopy closure.
Our data indicate that small isolated wetlands are focal points of
herpetofaunal richness and abundance in managed coastal plain forests
and contribute more to regional biodiversity than is implied by their
small size or ephemeral hydrology. By incorporating small wetland
values and functions into planning objectives, forest managers can
significantly enhance the contribution of extensive young-growth
forests to regional conservation of biodiversity.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2123. Increasing and declining populations of northern bobwhites inhabit different types of landscapes.
Veech, J. A.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 922-930. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70
[922:IADPON]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ cropland/ landscape composition/ National Resources
Inventory/ North American Breeding Bird Survey/ northern bobwhites/
population/ urbanization
Abstract:
Northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) have been declining in
abundance throughout their range for several decades, and perhaps a
century. Although wildlife biologists are well aware of this trend,
most attempts to understand the declines have examined only a few local
populations in a limited geographic area or have examined declines at a
very large scale without reference to specific populations. Few studies
use a standard protocol for examining trends in local populations
throughout the entire natural range of bobwhites. I used the National
Resources Inventory, a geographically extensive and intensive database
on land cover and use, to characterize the composition and
heterogeneity of landscapes inhabited by bobwhite populations that have
been increasing (43 populations), decreasing (468), or become locally
extinct (28). I tested bobwhite populations for overall positive or
negative change, over the past 10 years or more, using data from the
North American Breeding Bird Survey and a randomization test that
controls for observer effects. Landscapes occupied by increasing and
decreasing populations were, on average, different from one another in
composition but not heterogeneity. As predicted, landscapes of
decreasing populations tended to have a greater percentage of
nonuseable land (e.g., urban and forestland) and a lesser percentage of
useable land (e.g., cropland, pastures, and rangeland) as compared to
landscapes where bobwhites actually increased. Moreover, landscapes
where bobwhites had recently become extinct were different from those
where bobwhites were only declining. In particular, a very large
percentage of urban land characterized the landscapes of extinct
populations. To some extent, landscapes of large (above average) and
small (below average) populations also differed as predicted. The
results do not point to a single universal explanation for bobwhite
declines, but they do clearly show that declining populations inhabit
local landscapes that, on average, are very different from those
occupied by increasing populations. This knowledge may assist quail
biologists and land managers to recognize the general type of landscape
where the restoration of bobwhites may be most successful and where
extant populations may be most threatened.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2124. Indiana bats in the Midwest: The importance of hydric habitats.
Carter, Timothy C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 70(5): 1185-1190. (2006)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: forestry/
wildlife management: conservation/ seasonal variation/ snag/ riparian
forest/ maternity colony/ bottomland forest/ wetland forest/ day
roosting/
foraging resources
Abstract:
The endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) requires very specific
habitats to provide necessary day-roosting and foraging resources
during the spring and summer months throughout its distribution in the
eastern United States. Maternity colonies of Indiana bats are
almost always found under the exfoliating bark of dead or dying trees.
Furthermore, they switch frequently among multiple roosts within large
but still somewhat local areas. Therefore, habitats with large numbers
of snags or decadent trees are needed to support Indiana bat
maternity colonies. These habitats arise naturally and
anthropogenically in a variety of ways. However, these conditions often
are rare relative to other forest conditions. In the Midwest, such as
southern and central Illinois, USA, maternity colonies are
more commonly associated with bottomland, riparian, wetland, or other
hydric forest types. It is unclear if this occurs because areas with
large numbers of snags are more common in these habitats, if maternity
colonies prefer these habitats for their foraging resources, or if
decades of intensive agriculture have restricted colonies to these
habitats. Because many large maternity colonies have been observed in
hydric habitats of the Midwest, I hypothesize that these are
preferred maternity habitats. Moreover, very few large maternity
colonies have been located using upland forest habitats within the
region. Elsewhere, such as in the central and southern Appalachians, maternity colonies have been located in upland areas
where bottomland habitats are less extensive. However, these colonies
are usually characterized by small numbers of bats and ephemeral
persistence. Future conservation efforts for the Indiana bat
should focus on protecting and regenerating bottomland habitats along
the major river systems of the midwestern United States. It is
within these bottomland and riparian habitats that future large and
long-term maternity colonies will be established.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2125. Influence of agricultural landscape structure on a Southern High Plains, USA, amphibian assemblage.
Gray, Matthew J.; Smith, Loren M.; and Leyva, Raquel I.
Landscape Ecology 19(7): 719-729. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental
sciences/ wildlife management: conservation/ agricultural landscape
structure/ amphibian assemblage
Abstract:
Landscape structure can influence demographics of spatially structured
populations, particularly less vagile organisms such as amphibians. We
examined the influence of agricultural landscape structure on community
composition and relative abundance of the 4 most common amphibians in
the Southern High Plains of central USA. Amphibian populations
were monitored using pitfall traps and drift fence at 16 playa wetlands
(8 playas/year) in 1999 and 2000. We quantified landscape structure
surrounding each playa via estimating 13 spatial metrics that indexed
playa isolation and inter-playa landscape complexity. Multivariate
ordination and univariate correlations and regressions indicated that
landscape structure was associated with community composition and
relative abundance for 2 of the 4 amphibians. Spadefoots (Spea
multiplicata, S. bombifrons) generally were positively associated with
decreasing inter-playa distance and increasing inter-playa landscape
complexity. Great Plains toads (Bufo cognatus) and barred tiger
salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) usually were negatively
associated with spadefoots but not influenced by landscape structure.
Composition and relative abundance patterns were related to amphibian
body size, which can influence species vagility and perception to
landscape permeability. Spatial separation of these species in the
multivariate ordination also may have been a consequence of
differential competitive ability among species. These results suggest
agricultural landscape structure may influence abundance and
composition of spatially structured amphibian populations. This also is
the first applied documentation that inter-patch landscape complexity
can affect intra-patch community composition of amphibians as predicted
by metapopulation theory. In the Southern High Plains, landscape
complexity is positively associated with agricultural cultivation.
Agricultural cultivation increases sedimentation, decreases
hydroperiod, alters amphibian community dynamics, and negatively
impacts postmetamorphic body size of amphibians in playa wetlands.
Thus, conservation efforts should focus on preserving or restoring
native landscape structure, hydroperiod, and connectivity among playas
to maintain native amphibian populations and historic inter-playa
movement.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2126. Influence of deer, cattle grazing and timber harvest on plant species diversity in a longleaf pine bluestem ecosystem.
Brockway, Dale G. and Lewis, Clifford E.
Forest Ecology and Management 175: 49-69. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_brockway024.pdf
Descriptors: cattle/ grazing/ longleaf pine/ Pinus palustris/ deer/ understory/ thinning/ clearcutting
Abstract:
Despite a recent slowing in the negative historical trend, losses of
naturally-regenerated longleaf pine forests currently continue, largely
as a result of conversion to plantations of faster growing pine
species. Comparing the impacts of type conversion with silvicultural
approaches that maintain longleaf pine and ascertaining their
interaction with the influence of other resource management practices,
such as grazing, on plant species diversity are essential in discerning
the effects of these activities on the long-term sustainability of
these ecosystems. A flatwoods longleaf pine bluestem ecosystem, which
naturally regenerated following timber harvest during the early 20th
century, on the coastal plain of southern Alabama was thinned to a
residual basal area of 17 m2/ha
or clearcut, windrowed and planted with slash pine (Pinus elliottii)
seedlings in 1972 and then fenced in 1977 to differentially exclude
grazing by deer and cattle. Neither grazing by deer alone nor deer in
combination with cattle significantly altered vascular plant cover or
species diversity; however, substantial differences were noted between
the understory plant communities in the thinned forests and clearcut
areas. Woody understory vegetation steadily increased through time,
with woody plant cover in clearcuts (41%) dominated by the tree
seedlings of Pinus elliottii and Quercus spp. being greater than that
in thinned forests (31%) which were dominated by shrubs, principally
Ilex glabra. While grass cover dominated by Schizachrium scoparium and
Andropogon spp. remained stable (~81%), the foliar cover of all forbs
declined through time (from 42 to 18%) as woody plant cover increased.
Although the overall species richness and diversity declined and
evenness increased through time, understory species richness and
diversity were consistently higher in thinned forests than in
artificially-regenerated clearcuts. Despite a modest short-term decline
in this differential, indicating a partial recovery of the clearcut
areas over time, the disparity in understory plant diversity between
thinned forests and clearcuts persisted for at least a decade. Whether
grazing includes domestic cattle or is limited to native ungulates,
such as white-tailed deer, we recommend that longleaf pine forests not
be clearcut and replaced by plantations of other pines, if the
ecological diversity is to be conserved, high quality habitat is to be
maintained and longleaf pine ecosystems are to be sustained.
This citation is from Treesearch.
2127. Influence of financial incentive programs in sustaining wildlife values.
Straka, T. J.; Kilgore, M. A.; Jacobson, M. G.; Greene, J. L.; and Daniels, S. E.
Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12(3): 197-199. (2007); ISSN: 10871209.
Notes: doi: 10.1080/10871200701323173.
Descriptors: economic incentives/ wildlife sustainablity/ habitat management/ policy
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2128. Influence of fire on Bachman's sparrow, an endemic North American songbird.
Tucker, J. W.; Robinson, W. D.; and Grand, J. B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 68(4): 1114-1123. (2004)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068
[1114:IOFOBS]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Aimophila
aestivalis/ Alabama/ Bachman's sparrow/ fire ecology/ Florida/ habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ longleaf pine ecosystem/ Pinus
palustris/ prescribed fire/ endemic species/ growing season/ habitat
management/ habitat restoration/ passerines/ prescribed burning/
Alabama/ Blackwater River State Forest/ Conecuh National Forest/
Florida [United States]/ Aimophila/ Aimophila aestivalis/ Passeri/
Passeridae/ Pinus palustris
Abstract:
Bachman's sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis), a near endemic songbird of
the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem, is known to respond
positively to prescribed fires. The influence of season (growing vs.
dormant) and frequency (1 to ≥4 yr since burning) of fire on density
of Bachman's sparrows, however, is poorly understood. We examined
effects of fire on density of Bachman's sparrows in longleaf pine
forests at the Conecuh National Forest, Alabama, and Blackwater River State Forest, Florida, USA.
Density of Bachman's sparrows was greater the first 3 years after
burning than ≥4 years after burning, and season of burning had
little effect on the density of Bachman's sparrows. Percent coverage by
grass had a greater influence on density of Bachman's sparrows than
either season or frequency of burning. Percent canopy cover had a
strong negative effect on coverage of grass but had a weaker effect on
grass at stands burned frequently during the growing season.
Growing-season fires (Apr-Sep) did not adversely affect density of
Bachman's sparrows. Results from our study suggest that management and
restoration of longleaf pine communities probably can be accomplished
best by burning on a 2-3-year rotation during the growing season, when
most fires historically occurred. Suppression of fire, or burning at
intervals >4-5 years, will greatly reduce or eliminate habitat
required by Bachman's sparrows.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2129. The influence of forest management on headwater stream amphibians at multiple spatial scales.
Stoddard, Margo A. and Hayes, John P.
Ecological Applications 15(3): 811-823. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ abiotic factors/ land zones/ Ascaphus
truei/ Dicamptodon tenebrosus/ Rhyacotriton: forestry/ riparian
buffers/ habitat management/ habitat preference/ forest management
effects at multiple spatial scales/ stream/ headwater streams/ physical
factors/ Oregon/ Oregon Coast range/ Amphibia, Lissamphibia, Anura,
Leiopelmatidae/ amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Understanding how habitat structure at multiple spatial scales
influences vertebrates can facilitate development of effective
conservation strategies, but until recently most studies have focused
on habitat relationships only at fine or intermediate scales. In
particular, patterns of amphibian occurrence across broad spatial
scales are not well studied, despite recent concerns over regional and
global declines. We examined habitat relationships of larval and
neotenic Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), larval and
adult Pacific tailed frogs (Ascaphus truei) (hereafter "tailed frogs"),
and torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton spp.) at three spatial scales
(2-m sample unit, intermediate, and drainage). In 1998 and 1999, we
captured 1568 amphibians in 702 sample units in 16 randomly chosen
drainages in the Oregon Coast Range. We examined
species-habitat associations at each spatial scale using an
information-theoretic approach of analysis to rank sets of logistic
regression models developed a priori. At the 2-m sample unit scale, all
groups were negatively associated with proportion of small substrate
and positively associated with stream width or elevation. At the
intermediate scale, Pacific giant salamanders, adult tailed frogs, and
torrent salamanders were positively associated with presence of a 46-m
band of forested habitat on each side of the stream, and larval tailed
frogs were positively associated with. presence of forest > 105
years old. Aspect was important for Pacific giant salamanders and
larval tailed frogs at the intermediate scale. At the drainage scale,
all groups except torrent salamanders were positively associated with
proportion of stream length having forested bands >46 m in width,
but further analysis suggests narrower bands may provide adequate
protection for some groups. Population- and community-level responses
at broad spatial scales may be reflected in species-level responses at
fine spatial scales, and our results suggest that geophysical and
ecological characteristics, as well as measures of instream habitat,
can be used together to prioritize conservation emphasis areas for
stream amphibians in managed landscapes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2130. Influence of habitat on distribution and abundance of the eastern woodrat in Kansas.
Beckmann, Jon P.; Kaufman, Glennis A.; and
Kaufman, Donald W.
Great Plains Research 11(2): 249-260. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165
Descriptors: Neotoma
floridana/ mammals/ distribution/ status/ habitat use/ behavior/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ ecosystems/ forests/ grasslands/
farmland/ nesting sites/ nests-nesting/ hedgerows/ riparian habitat/
density/ habitat alterations/ agricultural practices/ eastern woodrat/
Kansas: Smith County/ Kansas: Osborne County/ Kansas:
Russell County
Abstract: Anthropogenic
modification of native woodlands and grasslands in the Great
Plains has altered the abundance and distribution of many
species of mammals. To study habitat effects on the eastern
woodrat (Neotoma floridana), the authors surveyed nests of the eastern
woodrat in woodlands, grasslands, and croplands along 77 km of
secondary roads in three counties in north-central Kansas.
All nests were located in woodlands (<2% of habitat), although
grasslands and croplands constituted 36% and 62% of habitat surveyed,
respectively. In this survey, nests were associated positively
with shelterbelts (3.6 nests per 100 m of road edge) but not with shrub
patches (1.1 nests per 100 m of road edge) or riparian woodlands (0.3
nests per 100 m of road edge). Consequently, the authors
specifically censused nests in an additional 12 riparian woodlands and
12 shelterbelts. Nests of eastern woodrats were less dense in
riparian woodlands (9.4 nests/ha) than in shelterbelts (55.5 nests/ha).
Density of woodrat nests decreased as width of a wooded area
increased. Further, nests per 100 m of length of woodland did not
increase as the width of woodland increased. These patterns
suggest that woodland edge, not woodland interior, is the primary
factor in abundance of eastern woodrats in this region. Although
the eastern woodrat has previously been considered a woodland species,
the authors' results suggest that this assessment is incorrect.
Their observations demonstrate that anthropogenic modification of
the Great Plains, in the form of planted shelter belts and
expanded riparian woodland, likely has increased the distribution and
abundance of eastern woodrats, compared to the mid-1800s.
© NISC
2131. Influence of headwater site conditions and riparian buffers on terrestrial salamander response to forest thinning.
Rundio, David E. and Olson, Deanna H.
Forest Science 53(2): 320-330. (2007)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Caudata: forestry/ thinning/ distribution and density impact and
influencing factors/ population density/ forest/ impact of forestry
thinning and influencing factors/ distribution within habitat/ forest
and woodland/ forestry thinning impact on distribution and density and
influencing factors/ Oregon/ Cascade Range and Coast Range/ Amphibia,
Lissamphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Although thinning of young, even-aged forests may accelerate the
development of characteristics associated with mature forests, in the
short term it may negatively affect some taxa, including terrestrial
salamanders. Preexisting site: conditions, including down wood, and
forest management measures, such as riparian buffers, may moderate
these effects, but these relationships are poorly understood. To
explore whether down wood and riparian buffer widths might influence
short-term responses to thinning, we sampled salamanders using ground
searches before and during the first 2 years after experimental
thinning at two 45- to 65-year-old headwater forest sites in western Oregon that differed in down wood volume. Prethinning
distributions of terrestrial salamanders overlapped one- and two-tree
height riparian buffers, and except for red-backed salamanders,
overlapped very little with narrower streamside or variable-width
buffers. At the site where down wood volume was low, captures of
ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii Gray) and western red-backed
salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum Cooper) both declined by 40% in
thinned areas. In contrast, captures of ensatina and Oregon
slender salamanders (Batrachoseps wrighti Bishop) were not
significantly affected by thinning at the site where down wood volume
was high. Our results suggest that site conditions, such as down wood
volume, and riparian buffers may influence the effect of thinning on
terrestrial salamanders, and demonstrate the tight linkage among
management of aquatic, riparian, and upslope resources in headwater
forests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2132. Influence of land use and climate on wetland breeding birds in the Prairie Pothole Region of Canada.
Forcey, G. M.; Linz, G. M.; Thogmartin, W. E.; and
Bleier, W. J.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 85(3): 421-436. (Mar. 2007)
NAL Call #: 470 C16D
Descriptors: birds/
wetlands/ nesting/ breeding/ wildlife habitat/ Prairie Pothole Region/
Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration/ Canada
Abstract:
Bird populations are influenced by a variety of factors at both small
and large scales that range from the presence of suitable nesting
habitat, predators, and food supplies to climate conditions and
land-use patterns. We evaluated the influences of regional climate and
land-use variables on wetland breeding birds in the Canada section
of Bird Conservation Region 11 (CA-BCR11), the Prairie Potholes. We
used bird abundance data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey,
land-use data from the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, and
weather data from the National Climatic Data and Information Archive to
model effects of regional environmental variables on bird abundance.
Models were constructed a priori using information from published
habitat associations in the literature, and fitting was performed with
WinBUGS using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Both land-use
and climate variables contributed to predicting bird abundance in
CA-BCR11, although climate predictors contributed the most to improving
model fit. Examination of regional effects of climate and land use on
wetland birds in CA-BCR11 revealed relationships with environmental
covariates that are often overlooked by small-scale habitat studies.
Results from these studies can be used to improve conservation and
management planning for regional populations of avifauna.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2133. Influence of perennial upland cover on occupancy of nesting structures by mallards in northeastern North Dakota.
Artmann, M. J.; Ball, I. J.; and Arnold, T. W.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 232-238. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: Anas
platyrhynchos/ mallards/ nesting structure/ North Dakota/ occupancy
rates/ perennial cover/ artificial nest/ waterfowl/ wildlife
management/ United States/ Anas platyrhynchos
Abstract: Artificial
nesting structures are considered to be most attractive to
nesting female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in areas where natural
nesting cover is scarce, leading to the management recommendation
to structures in agricultural landscapes with little perennial
upland cover. In 1997-1998, we compared occupancy rates of 260 nesting
structures installed on 13 10.4-km2
sites in northeastern North Dakota where amount of wetland habitat was
comparable but amount of perennial upland cover was either high (x̄ =44.8%, grassland sites) or low (x̄
=8.0%, cropland sites). Contrary to expectation, occupancy rates were
>4 times greater on grassland sites than on cropland sites (17.8 vs.
3.9%, P=0.003). The difference was largely a function of greater
average mallard densities on grassland versus cropland sites (15.2 vs.
9.2 pairs/km2,
P≤0.002). When pair density was controlled for statistically,
occupancy rates of structures did not differ between grassland and
cropland sites (14.5 vs. 7.9%, P=0.22). We conclude that placing
structures in areas with high mallard density is the most effective way
to maximize initial occupancy and that proportion of existing perennial
upland cover in a landscape has little direct effect on structure
occupancy.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2134. The influence of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of chemicals to aquatic biota.
Hall, L. W. and Anderson, R. D.
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 25(4): 281-346. (1995); ISSN: 1040-8444.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: salinity/
toxicity/ aquatic environment/ organophosphorus pesticides/ heavy
metals/ biota/ salinity effects/ lethal effects/ exposure tolerance/
pollution effects/ pesticides/ bioaccumulation/ food chains/ aquatic
organisms/ effects of pollution/ toxicology and health/ effects on
organisms/ environmental effects
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to review all available aquatic
toxicity literature regarding the effects of salinity on the toxicity
of various classes of inorganic and organic chemicals. Toxicity data
for studies in which toxicity was assessed at various salinities were
organized by chemical classes and trophic groups. Seventy percent of
the studies were conducted with either crustaceans or fish. The other
30% were with mollusks, annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton,
or fungi. Results from 173 data entries showed that negative
correlations (toxicity increasing with decreasing salinity) were
reported most frequently (55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and
positive correlations (18%). The toxicity of most metals such as
cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to
increase with decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to
the greater bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower
salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for the
toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one exception to
this was reported with organophosphate insecticides, the toxicity of
which appeared to increase with increasing salinity. Physiological
characteristics of the various test species were important in
determining the toxicity of the various classes of chemicals at a range
of salinities. Results from various studies showed that euryhaline
species were more resistant to toxic conditions at isosmotic salinities
due to minimization of osmotic stress. Specific examples showed that
fish were more resistant to toxic chemicals at middle salinities when
compared with either lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology
of test species were important factors to consider when interpreting
salinity/contaminant interaction data.
© ProQuest
2135. Information and farmers' attitudes about pesticides, water quality, and related environmental effects.
Lichtenberg, E. and Zimmerman, R.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 3:
227-236. (1999)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00053-5.
Descriptors: United
States, Mid-Atlantic states/ attitudes/ surveys/ agricultural
chemicals/ pesticides/ environmental quality/ wildlife/ drinking water/
information systems/ farms/ agricultural pollution/ sociological
aspects/ water quality/ environmental protection/ ecosystem
disturbance/ agriculture/ agrochemicals/ perception/ public concern/
occupational safety/ environmental impact/ information exchange/ United
States/ farmers' attitudes/ evaluation process/ behavior and fate
characteristics/
environmental action
Abstract:
This paper investigates the effects of information from different
sources on farmers' attitudes regarding the effects of pesticides and
other agricultural chemicals on environmental quality using a survey of
2700 farmers in three Mid-Atlantic States. Farmers' beliefs are
similar to those of the general public on average, but are distributed
more uniformly, suggesting that the farm community may be more
polarized on environmental issues than the general public. Farmers
regard first-hand sources of information such as direct field
observation and pesticide labels as being the most important. Chemical
dealers and extension rank next in importance. Farmers who attached
greater importance to information from news media and extension
expressed greater environmental concern. Farmers who found information
from chemical dealers more important expressed greater concern about
injury to wildlife and pesticides in drinking water but less concern
about general environmental quality problems associated with
agricultural chemicals.
© ProQuest
2136. Insect population responses to environmental stress and pollutants.
Pimentel, David
Environmental Reviews 2(1): 1-15. (1994)
NAL Call #: GE140.E59
Descriptors: Insecta/
animals/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates/ air pollution/ biosphere/
chemicals/ ecosystem/ fertilizers/ pesticides/ soil pollution/
water pollution
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2137. Insects as indicators of land use in three ecoregions in the prairie pothole region.
Anderson, D. J. and Vondracek, B.
Wetlands 19(3): 648-664. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212
Descriptors: wetlands/
grasslands/ aquatic insects/ prairies/ biological indicators/ roads/
ecology/ diversity relationships/ arable land/ land use/ aquatic
communities/ community ecology
Abstract:
Populations of insects in the prairie pothole region of North
Dakota, USA, were sampled to determine whether relationships
existed between community- or taxon-level indicators and 11 land-use
types. Insects were sampled with light traps at 126 wetland basins in 3
ecoregions. Sampling was conducted 3 times each year during the spring
and early summer of 1995 and 1996. Sites were selected based on the
proportion of cropland to grassland, hayland, and Conservation Reserve
Program land surrounding wetland basins at 50 and 400 m radii. Other
land-use types included in the analyses were woodland, roadways, and 5
wetland types: permanent, semi-permanent, seasonal, temporary, and
riverine. In both years, taxa richness, abundance, and diversity were
greater for the 2nd (June) and 3rd (July) sampling periods than for the
1st period (May), and indicators were greater in the Drift Plain and
Red River Valley ecoregions than in the Missouri Coteau ecoregion.
Several significant associations existed between insect indicators and
land-use types; however, rsuperscript 2 values were generally low. Much
more of the variance in insect measures was explained by temperature,
seasonal, and ecoregion effects. Several associations were significant
within individual ecoregions (i.e., abundance of aquatic insects,
Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, and Lepidoptera and number of Ephemeroptera
families). However, no indicators were found in common for all 3
ecoregions. Several significant associations with land use were
identified across all sites (i.e., all ecoregions combined). A small
number of the significant relationships found across all sites were
related to agricultural land use, and several indicated a negative
relationship with grasslands. However, several positive relationships
between the chosen insect indicators and riverine wetlands were
observed across sites
and
in the Red River Valley ecoregion for both years and
spatial scales (i.e., the abundance of Caenidae, Scarabaeidae,
Ceratopogonidae, Hydropsychidae, and Hydroptilidae).
© CABI
2138. Integrating wildlife management and agriculture: Conserving biodiversity through long-term partnerships.
Belding, R.; Giuliano, W. M.; Putnam, D.; and Taracido, J.
Proceedings of Conservation of Biological Diversity: A Key to the Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Beyond : 48-51. (2001)
Descriptors: agriculture/
bays/ biodiversity/ ecosystem management/ environment management/
environmental monitoring/ estuaries/ estuarine organisms/ freshwater
organisms/ habitat improvement/ land use/ nature conservation/
pollution control/ pollution monitoring/ restoration/ rivers/ species
diversity/ water quality control/ watersheds/ wetlands/ Chesapeake Bay/
Maryland, Susquehanna R./ Pennsylvania
Abstract: An
association of conservation organizations and private landowners,
working collectively under the title of Partners for Wildlife, is
implementing an innovative conservation and management program designed
to protect biodiversity in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and
throughout Pennsylvania. This program uses three approaches to
address
biodiversity issues. First, we are implementing habitat enhancement
programs on hundreds of farms in 15 counties, including 5 counties in
the Susquehanna River watershed. These programs include (1) the
establishment of native grasses in pastures and hay fields, (2) the
restoration and protection of wetlands and streams in agricultural
lands, and (3) the provision of edge manipulations on farm woodlots.
These habitat enhancement techniques are designed to improve
biodiversity by providing improved water quality and quantity, and
greater floral structure and diversity, which has led to a greater
abundance and diversity of fauna. Second, we are conducting extensive
research and monitoring to quantify the impacts of our habitat
enhancement on biodiversity and farm economics. And third, we are
educating landowners on the benefits, not only to the environment, but
also to themselves economically. Because these habitat management
techniques benefit landowners, many farmers have begun implementing
them on their own. This provides not only a long-term solution to
decreased biodiversity but also to the declining agricultural
community, a win-win situation.
© ProQuest
2139. Interaction of beaver and elk herbivory reduces standing crop of willow.
Baker, Bruce W.; Ducharme, Heather C.;
Mitchell, David C. S.; Stanley, Thomas R.; and
Peinetti, H. Raul
Ecological Applications 15(1): 110-118. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 1051-0761
Descriptors: Artiodactyla/
Castoridae/ Cervidae/ Rodentia/ Castor canadensis/ Cervus elaphus/
Colorado/ conservation/ wildlife management/ foods-feeding/ habitat
management/ herbivory/ intense browsing/ interspecies relationships/
riparian habitat/ ecosystems/ Salix lasiandra/ willow-beaver
restoration/ interspecies relationships/ intraspecies relationships/
diets/ habitat use/ land zones/ nutrition/ Salix spp.
Abstract:
Populations of beaver and willow have not thrived in riparian
environments that are heavily browsed by livestock or ungulates, such
as elk. The interaction of beaver and elk herbivory may be an important
mechanism underlying beaver and willow declines in this competitive
environment. We conducted a field experiment that compared the standing
crop of willow three years after simulated beaver cutting on paired
plants with and without intense elk browsing (≃85%
utilization rate). Simulated beaver cutting with intense elk browsing
produced willow that was small (biomass and diameter) and short, with
far fewer, but longer, shoots and a higher percentage of dead biomass.
In contrast, simulated beaver cutting without elk browsing produced
willow that was large, tall, and leafy, with many more, but shorter,
shoots (highly branched) and a lower percentage of dead biomass. Total
stem biomass after three years was 10 times greater on unbrowsed plants
than on browsed plants. Unbrowsed plants recovered 84% of their pre-cut
biomass after only two growing seasons, whereas browsed plants
recovered only 6%. Thus, the interaction of beaver cutting and elk
browsing strongly suppressed the standing crop of willow. We predict
that a lack of willow suitable as winter food for beaver can cause
beaver populations to decline, creating a feedback mechanism that
reduces beaver and willow populations. Thus, intense herbivory by
ungulates or livestock can disrupt beaver-willow mutualisms that
naturally occur in less competitive environments.
© NISC
2140. Interactions between forests and fish in the Rocky Mountains of the USA.
Fausch, K. D. and Young, M. K.
In: Fishes and forestry: Worldwide watershed interactions and management/ Northcote, T. G. and Hartman, G. F.
Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2004.
Notes: ISBN: 0632058099.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ land zones/ Pisces:
forestry/ habitat management/ forestry/ ecology/ forestry practices/
freshwater habitat/ United States/ Rocky Mountains/
chordates/ fish/ vertebrates
Abstract: This
paper discusses the linkages among forest ecology, forestry
practices and habitat for aquatic biota in the Rocky Mountains of
the USA, emphasizing the role of anthropogenic and natural
disturbances on large woody debris in forested streams due to its
fundamental role in producing fish habitat. Also discussed are the
other processes including sediment delivery and allochthonous input of
terrestrial invertebrates that affect habitat and fish
abundance including recommended research and management planning at landscape scales to sustain native fishes.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2141. Jarbidge Cooperative Elk Herd Carrying Capacity Study, 1999 Annual Report: Preliminary estimates of 1999 elk summer range carrying capacity.
Beck, Jeffrey L. and Peek, James M.
Idaho Technical Bulletins(2001/03): 2001-2003. (2001).
http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/info/publications/technical_bulletins/TB01-3.html
Descriptors: Cervus
elaphus/ aerial surveys/ arrow grass/ aspen/ balsam poplar/ behavior/
biomass/ biometrics/ browsing/ carrying capacity/ Ceanothus/
census-survey methods/ conservation/ curlleaf cercocarpus/ ecosystems/
environmental factors/ feeding sites/ food habits studies/ food supply/
foods-feeding/ grazing/ habitat alterations/ habitat management/
habitat surveys/ habitat use/ Kentucky bluegrass/ livestock/ mammals/
mountain mahogany/ nutrients/ nutrition/ population ecology/
precipitation/ proteins/ sagebrush/ sampling/ season/ shrub grasslands/
snow/ snowberry/ study methods/ techniques/ telemetry/ transect
surveys/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ wildlife-livestock
relationships/ winter/ elk/ Poa pratensis/ Populus balsamifera/ Populus
ssp./ Nevada: elko County
Abstract: The
preliminary estimates of carrying capacity for elk (Cervus elaphus)
in 1999, on the summer range within the Nevada Division of Wildlife
Hunt Unit 072 in Elko County, is provided in this annual
report. Elk summer habitat selection in
the Jarbidge Mountains is closely associated with the woody
communities of
aspen and curlleaf mountain mahogany and some selections are also based
on snowbrush ceanothus communities. The authors conducted a study
to investigate elk nutritional relationships, examine dietary overlap
among elk, livestock, and mule deer, and direct forage availability.
A subset of 11 key forage species were selected. The
authors analysed the diet of lactating cow elk and assessed their
requirement for crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE).
These requirements are more attainable through consumption of
forbs and shrubs; grasses tend to provide lower levels. The
dietary overlap between elk and other ungulates in summer and based on
the key forage species has been highest between elk and mule deer.
The two forage species, which occur in highest concentrations in
the summer diets of these ungulates, are lupines and snowbrush.
The calculation of the carrying capacity of elk was carried out
for the amount of forage remaining in aspen and mahogany communities
after seasonal livestock grazing was completed. A large portion
of the standing crop is lost due to factors other than direct grazing
such as trampling, fouling, and forage senescence. The healthy
stands of trees and shrubs including aspen, mountain mahogany, and
snowbrush will provide long-term support of viable elk and mule deer
populations in the Jarbidge Mountains summer range.
Throughout the summer these communities of plants provide
browsing and grazing ungulates with high yields of nutritious forbs,
graminoids, and shrubs.
© NISC
2142. Juvenile dispersal of Franklin's ground squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii) from a prairie "island".
Martin, Jason M. and Heske, Edward J.
American Midland Naturalist 153(2): 444-449. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031
Descriptors: ecology/
terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Spermophilus
franklinii: distribution within habitat/ juvenile dispersal from
prairie island within agricultural landscape/ grassland/ cultivated
land habitat/ Illinois/ Champaign County/ Urbana/
Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae/ chordates/ mammals/ rodents/ vertebrates
Abstract: Franklin's ground squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii) is declining
in the eastern portion of its range, and this decline is often
attributed to habitat fragmentation. However, the ability of S.
franklinii to disperse across an agricultural landscape is not known.
During spring 2002 we live trapped a small, apparently isolated,
population of Franklin's ground squirrels in a 12-ha tallgrass
prairie restoration located south of Urbana, Champaign
County, Illinois. This prairie "island" was surrounded primarily
by row-crop agriculture. We radio-tracked 14 juvenile Franklin's ground
squirrels (seven males and seven females) throughout dispersal to
determine how far dispersers traveled, the timing of dispersal, if
dispersal distance differed between sexes and if the agricultural
matrix surrounding the study site was a barrier to movements. Males
dispersed farther than females, but individuals of both sexes moved
>=1 km from the study site. The farthest. movement recorded was by a
male who traveled 3.6 km. Dispersal was age-dependent for both sexes,
occurring at 9-11 wk of age. Agricultural fields did not seem to hinder
movement, probably because dispersal occurred in late July and August
before row crops were harvested. Open areas such as roadways, however,
may be barriers for some individuals.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2143. Land cover and bobwhite abundance on Oklahoma farms and ranches.
Guthery, F. S.; Green, M. C.; Masters, R. E.;
DeMaso, S. J.; Wilson, H. M.; and Steubing, F. B.
Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 838-849. (2001)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: call-counts/
Colinus virginianus/ land use/ landscape/ northern bobwhite/ Oklahoma/
gamebird/ habitat management/ land use/ landscape ecology/ population
estimation/ United States/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract: To
test prevailing paradigms of habitat management for northern
bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), we analyzed relations between the
abundance of these birds, land-cover classes, and landscape metrics
on Oklahoma farms and ranches (200-ha areas; n = 78) during
1998-1999. Based on replicated call-count indices, bobwhites declined
(-0.03 to -0.07 males/ha; 95% confidence level here and below) with the
quantity of an area in mature woodland, and increased (0.02 to 0.05
males/ha) with the quantity of brushy prairie or early successional
woodland. We observed highest populations in the absence of cropland
agriculture. Bobwhites declined as Shannon diversity of cover
types (-6.0 to -0.01 males/Shannon unit), patch richness (-0.08 to
-0.02 males/patch), and the density of woody edge (-0.027 to -0.003
males/m/ha) increased. Bobwhites responded more strongly to the
composition of land-cover classes on areas than to the configuration of
these classes in areas. Our results did not support the patchwork
agriculture model of bobwhite abundance or the principle of edge.
Results were consistent with a hypothesis that predicts bobwhite
abundance is a nondecreasing function of usable space in time.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2144. Land
use and habitat gradients determine bird community diversity and
abundance in suburban, rural and reserve landscapes of Minnesota, USA.
Chapman, K. A. and Reich, P. B.
Biological Conservation 135(4): 543-557. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.050.
Descriptors: bird community/ development/ diversity/ habitat gradient/ land use/ regional conservation
Abstract: Bird
species' community responses to land use in the suburbanizing Twin
Cities, Minnesota, USA, were contrasted among
reserves, rural lands, and suburbs. For each land use type, bird
composition, diversity, and abundance were recorded for 2 years in
≈99 plots in three sampling units (each ≈4500 ha). A
habitat gradient defined by canopy structure (grasslands to savannas to
forests) was influenced by land use, so [≈300 plots were used to
characterize simultaneous variation in bird communities along land use
and habitat gradients. At broad scales (aggregate of 33 plots covering
≈4500 ha) suburbs supported the lowest bird richness and
diversity and rural landscapes the most, with reserves slightly below
rural. Although reserves were like rural lands in diversity of bird
communities, they supported more species of conservation concern,
particularly of grasslands and savannas. Differences among land use
types varied with habitat structure. Suburbs, rural lands, and reserves
had similar forest bird communities, but differed in grassland and
savanna bird communities. The extensive rural forests are important for
the region's forest birds. Suburban grasslands and savannas had low
shrub abundance, low native bird richness and high non-native bird
richness and abundance. However, total bird richness and diversity were
as high in suburban as in rural and reserve plots because high native
richness in suburban forests and high non-native species richness in
suburban grasslands and savannas compensated for lower native richness
in suburban grasslands and savannas. Bird conservation here and in the
Midwest USA should protect rural forests, expand grasslands and
savannas in reserves, and improve habitat quality overall.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2145. Landowner attitudes regarding wildlife management on private land in North Carolina.
Daley, S. S.; Cobb, D. T.; Bromley, P. T.; and
Sorenson, C. E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 32(1): 209-219. (2004)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: attitudes/
behavior/ human dimensions/ landowner/ North Carolina/ private
land/ telephone survey/ wildlife management/ attitudinal survey/ United States
Abstract:
Early-successional habitats across the southeast United States
have declined considerably in recent years amid rising human population
growth and associated development. Recognizing the declining wildlife
populations associated with early-successional habitats and the need
for influence over habitat on private land, the North Carolina Wildlife
Resources Commission established the Cooperative Upland Habitat
Restoration and Enhancement (CURE) Program in August 2000. The program
targets private landowners in 3 select regions of the state (Upper
Coastal Plain I, Upper Coastal Plain II, and Western Piedmont).
Survey research was conducted in the 3 CURE Program areas to 1)
evaluate demographic and landownership attributes of private landowners
and associated land-use characteristics, 2) assess regional differences
in landowner attitudes and behavior toward wildlife management on
private land, 3) identify landowner attributes related to regional
differences in attitude or behavior, and 4) evaluate how regional
differences will impact future CURE Program guidelines. Landowner
attitudes toward wildlife in North Carolina are closely linked to
property use and reliance on land for direct economic income (i.e.,
agricultural production). Landowners who depended on their property for
earned annual income were less likely to consider the aesthetic or
intrinsic value of wildlife on their land than those who did not rely
on their land for income. For some landowners, financial incentives
alone appeared sufficient to encourage participation in the CURE
Program. Other landowners were less interested in financial rewards.
For these landowners, alternative forms of encouragement, such as
partnerships with agencies and organizations, might be more effective.
Understanding variability in landowner attitudes and behavior toward
wildlife habitat is critical to the success of private-land wildlife
habitat management programs. In North Carolina the success of the
CURE Program will depend on tailoring the program to fit regional
differences in landowner values, attitudes, and behavior.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2146. Landscape changes and ecological studies in agricultural regions, Quebec, Canada.
Jobin, B.; Beaulieu, J.; Grenier, M.; Belanger, L.; Maisonneuve, C.; Bordage, D.; and Filion, B.
Landscape Ecology 18(6): 575-590. (2003)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1026047625427.
Descriptors: agricultural
landscapes/ conservation/ ecoregion/ landscape delineation/ NABCI/
Quebec/ wildlife habitat/ agricultural ecosystem/ conservation/
ecoregion/ land classification/ land use/ LANDSAT thematic mapper/
landscape ecology/ multivariate analysis/ remote sensing/ Canada/ North
America
Abstract:
Most landscape definitions in the western world are based on soil,
climatic, or physiographic features and do not integrate humans as an
integral part of the landscape. We present an approach where landscape
types have been delineated in southern Que?bec, Canada based on
current land use where anthropogenic and agricultural activities are
concentrated as a practical application of the holistic approach in
landscape definition. Landsat-TM satellite images were classified and
the 27 habitat classes were regrouped into 5 general land cover classes
(cash crop, dairy farming, forest, anthropogenic, wetlands) and
overlaid onto soil landscape polygons to characterize natural boundary
units. Cluster analyses were used to aggregate these polygons into
seven agricultural types of landscape forming a gradient from urban and
high-intensity cash crop farming activities to landscapes dominated by
a mosaic of agriculture and forested areas. Multivariate analyses of
raw data and of socio-economic and farming practices variables were
used to describe the defined types of landscape and these were
projected over three established land classification systems of
southern Quebec (Canadian ecoregions, North American Bird Conservation
Initiative regions and Corn Heat Unit regions) to compare their
similarity in terms of land cover and for planning of future ecological
studies. Because agricultural landscapes are highly dynamic, they are
bound to undergo changes in the near future. Our landscape delineation
may serve as an experimental setup where landscape dynamics and
wildlife populations and community structures could be monitored.
Because the information we used to delineate and characterize
agricultural landscape types is readily available in other countries,
our approach could easily be adapted to similar data sources under and
a wide variety of landscape types.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2147. Landscape characteristics affecting habitat use and productivity of avifauna on stock ponds in western South Dakota.
May, S. M. 2001.
Notes: Project Number: SD W-107-R/Study No. 1011; Wildlife Coop. Unit Report - Thesis
Descriptors: animals,
non-game/ birds, marsh-dwellers/ broods and brooding/ habitat/ habitat
management for wildlife/ ponds/ population density/ predators/
productivity/ statistics/ surveys/ utilization/ vegetation/ waterfowl/
wetlands/ wildlife-habitat relationships/ South Dakota, western region
Abstract:
The effects of local- and landscape-level characteristics
(specifically grassland fragmentation) on nongame wetland bird
occurrence and density, and waterfowl pair and brood density and rates
of productivity were evaluated in 1999 and 2000 in western South
Dakota.
© NISC
2148. Landscape correlates along mourning dove call-count routes in Mississippi.
Elmore, R. Dwayne; Vilella, Francisco J.; and
Gerard, Patrick D.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 422-427. (2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: wildlife management: conservation/ landscape/ call count route
Abstract: Mourning
dove (Zenaida macroura) call-count surveys
in Mississippi, USA, suggest declining populations. We used
available mourning dove call-count data to evaluate long-term mourning
dove habitat relationships. Dove routes were located in
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, Deep Loess Province,
Mid Coastal Plain, and Hilly Coastal Plain physiographic
provinces of Mississippi. We also included routes in the Blackbelt
Prairie region of Mississippi and Alabama, USA. We
characterized landscape structure and composition within 1.64-km
buffers around 10 selected mourning dove call-count routes during 3
time periods. Habitat classes included agriculture, forest, urban,
regeneration stands, wetland, and woodlot. We used Akaike's Information
Criterion to select the best candidate model. We selected a model
containing percent agriculture and edge density that contained
approximately 40% of the total variability in the data set. Percent
agriculture was positively correlated with relative dove abundance.
Interestingly, we found a negative relationship between edge density
and dove abundance. Researchers should conduct future research on dove
nesting patterns in Mississippi and threshold levels of edge
necessary to maximize dove density. During the last 20
years, Mississippi lost more than 800,000 ha of cropland while
forest
cover represented largely by pine (Pinus taeda) plantations increased
by more than 364,000 ha. Our results suggest observed localized
declines in mourning dove abundance in Mississippi may be related
to the documented conversion of agricultural lands to pine plantations.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2149. A landscape ecology perspective for research, conservation, and management.
Freemark, K. E.; Dunning, J. B.; Hejl, S. J.; and
Probst, J. R.
In:
Ecology and management of neotropical migratory birds: A synthesis and
review of critical issues/ Martin, T. E. and Finch, D. M.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1995; pp. 381-427.
Notes: ISBN: 0-19-508452-7.
Descriptors: wild
birds/ landscape ecology/ habitats/ forests/ wetlands/ riparian
vegetation/ urban areas/ temperate zones/ neotropical region/ nature
conservation/ wildlife management/ management/ wildlife conservation/ United States
Abstract: This
paper highlights key concepts of landscape ecology important
to the research, conservation and management of neotropical migratory
birds. A review is given of empirical studies related to the landscape
ecology of neotropical migratory birds in forests, farmland, wetlands,
riparian habitats and urban habitats of temperate breeding areas in
the USA, and to a more limited extent, on migration stopover areas
and
neotropical overwintering areas. Research, conservation and management
implications for neotropical migratory birds arising from a landscape
perspective are discussed.
© CABI
2150. Linkage
between riparian buffer features and regeneration, benthic communities,
and water temperature in headwater streams, western Oregon.
Newton, Michael and Cole, Elizabeth C.
In:
Productivity of Western forests: a forest products focus, General
Technical Report-PNW 642; Portland, OR: Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 2005. pp. 81-101.
Descriptors: freshwater
ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ conservation/ forestry/ water
temperature/ riparian forest/ headwater stream/ benthic community/
reforestation
Abstract:
Riparian forests can be managed using a range of harvesting and
regeneration methods to achieve multiple environmental and economic
objectives. In this study, seven low-elevation second- or third-order
streams were subjected to either patch clearcutting with no buffers or
one-sided narrow buffers divided by uncut reaches. Of these streams,
four were sites of intensive regeneration experiments, and the other
three evaluated only the effect of harvest pattern on water
temperature. Regeneration was successfully installed along four streams
with intensive planting experiments in which three clearcuts on each
spanned the stream for distances of 90 or 180 m. Regeneration cutting
in these drainages included clearcutting to the water's edge in
openings amounting to 25% of 1,500-m reaches. Planting tests evaluated
three species: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var.
menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and
western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn). Douglas-fir was represented by
two different stock types, bareroot plug+1 and 1+1 transplants on two
sites and bareroot 1+1 and 2+0 seedlings on the other two sites. All
regeneration efforts are on a path that will eventually result in
conifer-dominated riparian zones, with degree of success influenced by
choice of stock type, overtopping cover, animal damage and frost.
Damage from deer (Odocoilius hemionus columbianus Rich.), elk (Cervus
elaphus canadensis L.), beavers (Castor canadensis Kuhl.) and/or
mountain beavers (Aplodontia rufa Raf.) occurred on all four stream
systems. There were no patterns of beaver or mountain beaver damage
among the stock types; browsing on hemlock was minor. Growth status of
the plantations at age four was a function of overtopping vegetation
where there is low risk of frost damage; freezing temperatures were
limiting to seedling growth along one stream. All three of the primary
tree regeneration species studied exhibited decreased growth with
overtopping. As has been found on upland sites elsewhere, size of
seedlings had a strong influence on their competitive ability in
riparian zones.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2151. Livestock effects on reproduction of the Columbia spotted frog.
Bull, E. L. and Hayes, M. P.
Journal of Range Management 53(3): 291-294. (2000)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/Volume53/Number3/azu_jrm_v53_n3_291_294_m.pdf
Descriptors: Rana/
ponds/ ova/ grazing/ cattle/ aquatic plants/ surface area/ altitude/
depth/ fish/ habitats/ algae and seaweeds/ dissolved oxygen/ Oregon
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2152. Living on the edge: Field boundary habitats, biodiversity and agriculture.
Clark, R. G.; Boutin, C.; Jobin, B.; Forsyth, D. J.;
Shutler, D.; Leeson, J. Y.; Olfert, O.; and Thomas, A. G.
In:
Field boundary habitats: Implications for weed, insect and disease
management; Series: Topics in Canadian Weed Science 1. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec: Canadian Weed Science
Society, 2005; pp. 113-133.
Descriptors: biodiversity/
boundaries/ carbon sequestration/ erosion/ farming systems/ forage/
grazing/ habitats/ hay/ hedges/ insect pests/ landowners/ landscape
ecology/ livestock/ nature conservation/ pesticides/ plant pests/ soil
conservation/ surface water/ vertebrate pests/ weeds/ wetlands/
wildlife/ birds/ insects
Abstract:
In many agricultural regions of Canada, the most common
remnant natural areas are field boundaries, these habitats being linear
features or narrow areas located beside cropland. Boundaries are often
perceived to harbour noxious weeds, insects and birds that could
potentially damage crops or interfere with crop production. Therefore,
boundary habitat may be degraded by pesticides, fertilizers, tillage,
wind and water exposure, excessive burning, haying and grazing. One
conservation objective is to work with land owners to retain and
protect existing boundaries, a goal that could be achieved more readily
with evidence of benefits and practical ways of managing field margins.
Direct
services provided by boundary habitats include control of soil and
water erosion, protection (e.g., from agro-chemicals) of surface water
used by livestock and people, and provision of forage for livestock
through grazing or haying. Boundaries serve as refugia for plants,
insects or other animals that are either neutral or beneficial to
agriculture. Native plants often are more common farther from field
edges and in habitats abutting pastures and hayfields, whereas weeds
are more abundant in boundaries adjacent to intensively managed
agricultural fields, possibly as a result of competitive advantages or
outright loss of native species created by disturbance and agrochemical
use. Wildlife has been studied in several countries and under different
agricultural settings, but survival and reproductive rates of animals
occurring in boundaries are not well known. Relationships between
boundary width, height and composition and wildlife value, carbon
storage, and protection of surface waters are poorly quantified.
Answers to these questions will help land owners, conservation agencies
and policy-makers make better decisions about sustainable farm
practices.
© CABI
2153. Long-term effects of rights-of-way maintenance via the wire-border zone method on bird nesting ecology.
Yahner, R. H.; Ross, B. D.; Yahner, R. T.; Hutnik, R. J.;
and Liscinsky, S. A.
Journal of Arboriculture 30(5): 288-293. (2004)
NAL Call #: SB436.J6; ISSN: 02785226
Descriptors: breeding
birds/ handcutting/ herbicides/ nesting ecology/ vegetation/ avifauna/
ecological impact/ habitat management/ herbicide/ maintenance/ mowing/
nesting behavior/ right of way/ Allegheny Mountains/ Allegheny
Plateau/ Appalachian Plateau/ Aves/ Pipilo/ Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Abstract:
The long-term nesting ecology of birds was studied during 2002 and 2003
on the State Game Lands (SGL) 33 Research and Demonstration Area, which
is located along a 230-kV transmission right-of-way (ROW) of
FirstEnergy (Penelec) in the Allegheny Mountain Region, Centre County, Pennsylvania, U.S. The objectives of
this study were to compare nest abundance, success, and placement (1)
in handcut versus herbicide-treated study sites (units) and (2) in wire
versus border zones. In addition, results from this study were compared
to those obtained in a previous study conducted in 1991-1992 on the ROW
to better understand the long-term effects of vegetation maintenance
management on wildlife. Thirty-three and 26 nests of 10 bird species
were noted in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The most frequently
encountered nests in 1991-1992 and 2002-2003 were those of bird species
adapted to early successional habitats, for example, eastern towhee
(Pipilo erythrophthalmus), created by the wire-border zone method of
vegetation maintenance on the ROW. Thirteen (39%) of 33 nests of all
species combined fledged young in 2002 compared to 17 (65%) of 26 nests
in 2003. Nesting success in 2003 on the SGL 33 ROW was typical of most
studies of bird nesting success in a variety of habitats and was
comparable to that recorded in 1991-1992. The low-volume basal unit was
more important as nesting habitat than either handcut or mowing plus
herbicide units, with nine species nesting in the low-volume basal unit
versus only four species in each of the other two units. Thirty-five
(59%) of the 59 nests on the
ROW
were in wire zones, whereas 24 (41%) nests were in border zones. In
conclusion, mowing plus herbicide treatment on a ROW may be the best
application of the wire-border zone method in terms of resistance to
seedling invasion of undesirable trees, cover-type development in the
wire zone, and its value as wildlife habitat. Because early
successional habitat is becoming less common in the eastern United
States and because species dependent on
these
habitats are showing populations declines, the maintenance of a ROW via
the wire-border zone method is extremely valuable to the long-term
conservation of early successional bird species. © 2004
International Society of Arboriculture.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2154. Long-term monitoring and evaluation of the Lower Red River Meadow Restoration Project,
Idaho, U.S.A.
Klein, L. R.; Clayton, S. R.; Alldredge, J. R.; and
Goodwin, P.
Restoration Ecology 15(2): 223-239. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: channels/
ecosystems/ floodplains/ grasslands/ groundwater level/ habitats/
hydrodynamics/ meadows/ monitoring/ population density/ recovery/
riparian vegetation/ rivers/ slope/ species diversity/ streams/ water
temperature/ wild birds/ birds/ Salmonidae
Abstract:
Although public and financial support for stream restoration projects
is increasing, long-term monitoring and reporting of project successes
and failures are limited. We present the initial results of a long-term
monitoring program for the Lower Red River Meadow Restoration Project
in north-central Idaho, U.S.A. We evaluate a natural channel
design's effectiveness in shifting a degraded stream ecosystem onto a
path of ecological recovery. Field monitoring and hydrodynamic
modelling are used to quantify post-restoration changes in 17 physical
and biological performance indicators. Statistical and ecological
significance are evaluated within a framework of clear objectives,
expected responses (ecological hypotheses), and performance criteria
(reference conditions) to assess post-restoration changes away from
pre-restoration conditions. Compared to pre-restoration conditions, we
observed ecosystem improvements in channel sinuosity, slope, depth, and
water surface elevation; quantity, quality, and diversity of in-stream
habitat and spawning substrate; and bird population numbers and
diversity. Modelling documented the potential for enhanced
river-floodplain connectivity. Failure to detect either statistically
or ecologically significant change in groundwater depth, stream
temperature, native riparian cover, and salmonid density is due to a
combination of small sample sizes, high interannual variability,
external influences, and the early stages of recovery. Unexpected
decreases in native riparian cover led to implementation of adaptive
management strategies. Challenges included those common to most
project-level monitoring - isolating restoration effects in complex
ecosystems, securing long-term funding, and implementing scientifically
rigorous experimental designs. Continued monitoring and adaptive
management that support the establishment of mature and dense riparian
shrub communities are crucial to overall success of the project.
© CABI
2155. Mallard recruitment in the agricultural environment of North Dakota.
Cowardin, L. M.; Gilmer, D. S.; and Shaiffer, C. W.
Wildlife Monographs 92: 1-37. (1985)
NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173
Descriptors: Anas
platyrhynchos (Anatidae)/ wildlife management/ population recruitment/
agricultural land/ nesting site/ agricultural habitat/ breeding season/
nest initiation curves/ reproductive productivity/ population dynamics/
recruitment/ habitat preference/ nesting/ agricultural environment/
semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands/ grassland/ cultivated land habitat/
agricultural population recruitment and management/ North Dakota/
agricultural habitat
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2156. Mammalian toxicology of organophosphorus pesticides.
Sultatos, L. G.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 43(3):
271-289. (Nov. 1994)
NAL Call #: RA565.A1J6; ISSN: 0098-4108 [JTEHD6].
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: organophosphorus
pesticides/ toxicity/ adverse effects/ acetylcholinesterase/ enzyme
activity/ inhibition/ metabolism/ metabolites/ mammals/ toxicology/
carcinogenesis/ metabolic activation
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2157. Management of agricultural landscapes for the conservation of neotropical migratory birds.
Koford, R. R. and Best, L. B.
In:
Management of Midwestern landscapes for the conservation of neotropical
migratory birds, General Technical Report-NC 781/ Thompson, F. R.; St.
Paul, MN: North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1996. pp. 86-88.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/landscap/ index.htm
Descriptors: supporting science/ birds/ bird conservation/ landscape management
Abstract: Discussed management strategies for the management of avian habitat in agricultural landscapes.
2158. Managing for enhancement of riparian and wetland areas of the western United States: An annotated bibliography.
Koehler, D. A. and Thomas, A. E.
Ogden, UT: Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; General
Technical Report-RMRS 54, 2000. 369 p.
Notes: Rocky Mountain Research Station General Technical Report 54.
Descriptors: fisheries/
geomorphology/ grazing impacts/ hydrology/ riparian habitat/ riparian
restoration/ riparian vegetation/ watersheds/ wetlands
Abstract:
This annotated bibliography contains 1,905 citations from
professional journals, symposia, workshops, proceedings, technical
reports, and other sources. The intent of this compilation was to: (1)
assemble, to the extent possible, all available and accessible
publications relating to riparian management within a single source or
document; (2) provide managers, field biologists, researchers, and
others, a point of access for locating scientific literature relevent
to their specific interest; and (3) provide, under one cover, a
comprehensive collection of annotated publications that could
dessiminate basic information relative to the status of our knowledge.
This citation is from Treesearch.
2159. A mesofilter conservation strategy to complement fine and coarse filters.
Hunter, M. L.
Conservation Biology 19(4): 1025-1029. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: aquatic environment/ conservation/ ecosystems/ fires/ floods/ grasslands/ habitats/ hedges/ logs/ streams/ wetlands
Abstract:
Setting aside entire ecosystems in reserves is an efficient way to
maintain biodiversity because large numbers of species are protected,
but ecosystem conservation constitutes a coarse filter that does not
address some species. A complementary, fine-filter approach is also
required to provide tailored management for some species (e.g., those
subject to direct exploitation). Mesofilter conservation is another
complementary approach that focuses on conserving critical elements of
ecosystems that are important to many species, especially those likely
to be overlooked by fine-filter approaches, such as invertebrates,
fungi, and nonvascular plants. Critical elements include structures
such as logs, snags, pools, springs, streams, reefs, and hedgerows, and
processes such as fires and floods. Mesofilter conservation is
particularly appropriate for seminatural ecosystems that are managed
for both biodiversity and commodity production (e.g., forests managed
for timber, grasslands managed for livestock forage, and aquatic
ecosystems managed for fisheries) and is relevant to managing some
agricultural and urban environments for biodiversity.
© CABI
2160. A meta-analysis of forest cover, edge effects, and artificial nest predation rates.
Hartley, M. J. and Hunter, M. L.
Conservation Biology 12(2): 465-469. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: forests/ predation/ edge effect/ Aves/ birds
Abstract:
Landscape fragmentation has been among the most intensely studied
topics in conservation biology for decades. The influence of habitat
edge has often been investigated as an important feature in fragmented
areas, especially with respect to bird nesting success, as evidenced by
three recent reviews. Paton (1994) concluded that "current evidence,
although equivocal, suggests that predation and parasitism rates are
often significantly greater within 50 m of an edge." Andren (1995)
examined edge (or patch size) effects in a review of 40 papers and
concluded that "edge-related increase in predation seems to be most
commonly found inside forests surrounded by farmland and was rarely
found in forest mosaics." Major and Kendal (1996) showed that a
preponderance of studies "demonstrated a positive correlation between
predation rate and the degree of habitat fragmentation," but found
"more variable results" regarding edge effects. We believe that none of
these papers adequately addressed the issue of whether or not predation
rates and edge effects differ between deforested versus forested
landscapes. Thus, we decided to evaluate relationships between degree
of forest cover in a landscape and (1) avian nest success rates and (2)
the existence of elevated predation rates near habitat edges. We
combined data from 13 previous studies in 33 U.S. landscapes to
explore patterns of nest predation and landscape composition.
© ProQuest
2161. Model estimation of land-use effects on water levels of northern prairie wetlands.
Voldseth, R. A.; Johnson, W. C.; Gilmanov, T.; Guntenspergen, G. R.; and Millett, B. V.
Ecological Applications 17(2): 527-540. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: grassland
management/ grazing/ land use/ landscape condition/ Prairie Pothole
Region/ prairie wetland/ waterfowl management/ wetland ecology/ wetland
hydrology/ wetland modeling/ wetland water budget/ wetland water level
Abstract:
Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region exist in a matrix of grassland
dominated by intensive pastoral and cultivation agriculture. Recent
conservation management has emphasized the conversion of cultivated
farmland and degraded pastures to intact grassland to improve upland
nesting habitat. The consequences of changes in land-use cover that
alter watershed processes have not been evaluated relative to their
effect on the water budgets and vegetation dynamics of associated
wetlands. We simulated the effect of upland agricultural practices on
the water budget and vegetation of a semipermanent prairie wetland by
modifying a previously published mathematical model (WETSIM). Watershed
cover/land-use practices were categorized as unmanaged grassland
(native grass, smooth brome), managed grassland (moderately heavily
grazed, prescribed burned), cultivated crops (row crop, small grain),
and alfalfa hayland. Model simulations showed that differing rates of
evapotranspiration and runoff associated with different upland
plant-cover categories in the surrounding catchment produced
differences in wetland water budgets and linked ecological dynamics.
Wetland water levels were highest and vegetation the most dynamic under
the managed-grassland simulations, while water levels were the lowest
and vegetation the least dynamic under the unmanaged-grassland
simulations. The modeling results suggest that unmanaged grassland,
often planted for waterfowl nesting, may produce the least favorable
wetland conditions for birds, especially in drier regions of the
Prairie Pothole Region. These results stand as hypotheses that urgently
need to be verified with empirical data. © 2007 by the Ecological
Society of America.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2162. Modeling annual mallard production in the prairie-parkland region.
Miller, M. W.
Journal of Wildlife Management 64(2): 561-575. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: agriculture/
Anas platyrhynchos/ climate/ mallard/ modeling/ prairie-parkland
region/ production/ survey/ temperature/ wetlands/ biological
production/ environmental factor/ population modeling/ waterfowl/
wildlife management/ North America/ Anas platyrhynchos
Abstract:
Biologists have proposed several environmental factors that might
influence production of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) nesting in the
prairie-parkland region of the United States and Canada.
These factors include precipitation, cold spring temperatures, wetland
abundance, and upland breeding habitat. I used long-term historical
data sets of climate, wetland numbers, agricultural land use, and size
of breeding mallard populations in multiple regression analyses to
model annual indices of mallard production. Models were constructed at
2 scales: a continental scale that encompassed most of the
mid-continental breeding range of mallards and a stratum-level scale
that included 23 portions of that same breeding range. The production
index at the continental scale was the estimated age ratio of
mid-continental mallards in early fall; at the stratum scale my
production index was the estimated number of broods of all duck species
within an aerial survey stratum. Size of breeding mallard populations
in May, and pond numbers in May and July, best modeled production at
the continental scale. Variables that best modeled production at the
stratum scale differed by region. Crop variables tended to appear more
in models for western Canadian strata; pond variables predominated in
models for United States strata; and spring temperature and pond
variables dominated models for eastern Canadian strata. An index of
cold spring temperatures appeared in 4 of 6 models for aspen parkland
strata, and in only 1 of 11 models for strata dominated by prairie.
Stratum-level models suggest that regional factors influencing mallard
production are not evident at a larger scale. Testing these potential
factors in a manipulative fashion would improve our understanding of
mallard population dynamics, improving our ability to manage the
mid-continental mallard population.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2163. Modeling the ecological trap hypothesis: A habitat and demographic analysis for migrant songbirds.
Donovan, T. M. and Thompson, F. R.
Ecological Applications 11(3): 871-882. (2001)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: ecological
trap/ habitat quality/ landscape management/ neotropical migrant
songbirds/ population demography/ population dynamics/ source-sink/
anthropogenic effect/ assessment method/ conservation management/
habitat quality/ population modeling/ songbirds/ source-sink dynamics
Abstract:
Most species occupy both high- and low-quality habitats throughout
their ranges. As habitats become modified through anthropogenic change,
low-quality habitat may become a more dominant component of the
landscape for some species. To conserve species, information on how to
assess habitat quality and guidelines for maintaining or eliminating
low-quality habitats are needed. We developed a source-sink population
model that depicted the annual cycle of a generalized migratory
songbird to address these questions. We determined how demographic
factors, landscape composition (the percentage of high- and low-quality
habitat), and habitat selection interacted to promote population
persistence or extirpation. Demographic parameters, including adult and
juvenile survival, nesting success (probability of a nest successfully
fledging one or more young), number of nesting attempts, and number of
young fledged per nest, interacted to affect population growth. In
general, population growth was more sensitive to adult and juvenile
survival than to fecundity. Nevertheless, within typically observed
survival values, nest success was important in determining whether the
population increased, decreased, or was stable. Moreover, the number of
nest attempts by females and the number of young fledged per nesting
attempt influenced population stability. This highlights the need to
obtain more complete demographic data on species than simple nest
success to assess habitat quality. When individuals selected high- and
low-quality habitats in proportion to habitat availability, populations
persisted as long as low-quality habitat did not make up >40% of the
landscapes. However, when individuals preferred low-quality habitats
over high-quality habitats, populations were extirpated in landscapes
with >30% low-quality habitat because low-quality habitat functioned
as an ecological trap, displacing individuals from high-quality to
low-quality habitat. For long-term conservation, we emphasize the need
for basic information on habitat selection and life-history
characteristics of species throughout their range.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2164. Modeling the impact of edge avoidance on avian nest densities in habitat fragments.
Bollinger, E. K. and Switzer, P. V.
Ecological Applications 12(6): 1567-1575. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E23 ; ISSN: 10510761
Descriptors: avian
nest placement/ edge avoidance/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat
interior/ habitat patch/ model/ nest density/ patch size/ avifauna/
density/ edge effect/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat selection/ nest
site/
patch size
Abstract:
In fragmented landscapes, many species of birds are absent from, or
have reduced densities in, small habitat fragments. This pattern may
result, at least in part, because birds avoid placing their nests near
habitat edges where nest success often is low. We sought to clarify the
role played by edge avoidance in producing these patch size effects.
Using a numerical approach, we modeled nest densities in patches of
different sizes and shapes both for species displaying edge avoidance
(i.e., "edge-sensitive" species) and for those not displaying this
characteristic (i.e., "edge-insensitive" species). Edge avoidance in
our model was defined as a reduced probability of nest placement
occurring near a habitat edge. Our model produced the expected result
that edge avoidance reduced nest densities in patches of all sizes
compared to densities of edge-insensitive species. Surprisingly,
however, edge avoidance did not reduce nest densities in small patches
relative to large patches, and nest densities actually increased
exponentially as patch size decreased for edge-insensitive species.
Also unexpected was the result that nests of edge-sensitive species
were found in the edge habitat at frequencies only slightly below those
expected based on edge area, whereas edge-insensitive species actually
had higher than expected nest densities in edge habitat. However, in
our model, edge-sensitive species displayed a greater reduction in nest
densities near edges when their overall patch density was reduced by
half, suggesting that edge avoidance is density dependent. Finally,
both types of species showed marked increases in nest densities in
linear habitat patches compared to square patches. These patterns were
a direct result of our settlement rule that required a female's nest
location to be a minimum distance from other nests. This study suggests
that knowledge of the settlement rules used by female birds may be a
key to accurately demonstrating the existence and assessing the
potential consequences of edge avoidance. Detailed observations of
marked females immediately following arrival at habitat patches, as
well as a comparison of nest densities, territory sizes, polygyny
levels, and use of habitat off territory, would greatly help our
understanding of this interesting and important phenomenon.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2165. Modifying roadside vegetation management practices to reduce vehicular collisions with moose, Alces alces.
Rea, Roy V.
Wildlife Biology 9(2): 81-91. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK351.W663; ISSN: 0909-6396
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ population dynamics/
man-made habitat/ Alces alces: disturbance by man/ vehicular
collisions/ habitat management/ roadside vegetation management to
reduce vehicular collisions/ foraging/ roadside habitat/ Mammalia,
Artiodactyla, Cervidae/ chordates/ mammals/ ungulates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Vegetation management practices currently used within transportation
corridors are primarily aimed at minimising encroaching shrub and tree
growth in order to increase driver visibility and road safety. Such
practices create prime foraging habitat for ungulates such as moose
Alces alces by inhibiting forest succession and maintaining early seral
shrub communities. Increased foraging activity within the corridor
increases the likelihood of encounters between moose and motorists.
Moose-related vehicular collisions are costly in terms of material
damage claims and have significant negative impacts on public safety
and moose populations in many parts of their range. Although several
countermeasures have been developed in an attempt to reduce the
frequency of these collisions, few have proven effective and even fewer
have taken into consideration possible links between roadside
vegetation management, the quality of browse regenerating from cut
vegetation, and how moose use browse within the transportation
corridor. To better understand these relationships, I reviewed the
literature on ungulate-related vehicular collisions in combination with
literature on plant response to mechanical damage. Many authors
recognise the need to reduce the attractiveness of vegetation growing
within transportation corridors. To date, diversionary feeding, forage
repellents, establishment of unpalatable species and elimination of
roadside brush have been used. Unfortunately, such techniques are only
semi-effective or are not cost-efficient when applied across the
landscape. It has long been recognised that the ability of plants to
regenerate following mechanical damage is influenced by the timing of
damage. Current research suggests that the quality of regenerating
plant tissues for herbivores also depends on when plants are cut.
Plants cut in the middle of the growing season produce regrowth that is
high in nutritional value for at least two winters following
brush-cutting as compared to plants cut at other times of the year, and
uncut controls. Because roadside brush is generally cut during
mid-summer, possible links between the quality of regenerated browse
and increases in ungulate-related vehicular collisions during the
autumn and winter should be elucidated. Based on this review, I
recommend cutting brush early in the growing season and emphasize the
need for collaborative long-term research to properly address this
issue.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2166. Monitoring restoration of riparian forests.
Pollock, M. M.; Beechie, T. J.; Chan, S. S.; and Bigley, R.
In: Monitoring stream and watershed restoration/ Roni, P.
Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, 2005; pp. 67-96.
Descriptors: benefits/
ecosystem management/ environment management/ environmental monitoring/
fish/ habitat improvement/ habitats/ hardwood/ monitoring/
productivity/ restoration/ riparian vegetation/ riparian vegetation/
streams/ watersheds/ North America
Abstract:
Riparian forests are among the most biologically diverse portions
of the terrestrial landscape and provide numerous benefits to instream
habitat (Salo and Cundy 1987; Naiman et al. 1993; Nilsson et al. 1994;
Pollock et al. 1998). Among these important benefits are the transport
of large wood, fine organic material, nutrients, sediment, water, and
thermal energy to the stream network, such that a natural aquatic
environment is maintained. Alterations to riparian vegetation can alter
or disrupt these watershed processes, which affect instream parameters
such as stream productivity and the abundance of desirable fishes
(Swanson and Lienkaemper 1978; Bisson et al. 1987; Lienkaemper and
Swanson 1987). Riparian forest conditions largely determine instream
conditions. Riparian areas also are a necessary habitat component for
many wildlife species (Kondolf et al. 1987; Raedeke 1988). The loss of
riparian habitat throughout much of North America and elsewhere is
extensive, but the number of successful efforts to restore these
systems is growing (Boldt et al. 1979; GAO 1988; Mutz 1989; BLM 1991;
NRC 1992; Kattelman and Embury 1996; Wissmar and Beschta 1998).
Riparian restoration describes a suite of restorative management
techniques that can alter forest development in riparian areas for the
purpose of improving instream and riparian habitat conditions (Oliver
and Hinckley 1987; Berg 1990, 1995; Kohm and Franklin 1997).
© ProQuest
2167. Movement of forest birds across river and clearcut edges of varying riparian buffer strip widths.
Shirley, S. M.
Forest Ecology and Management 223: 190-199.
(Mar. 2006)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73
Descriptors: wild
birds/ wildlife habitats/ forest habitats/ riparian forests/ riparian
buffers/ habitat fragmentation/ British Columbia/ forest bird
movements/ Vancouver Island animal ecology and behavior/ plant
ecology/ aquatic biology and ecology general/ forestry related
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2168. Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. West Coast.
Meyer, C. B.; Miller, S. L.; and Ralph, C. J.
Landscape Ecology 17(2): 95-115. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 09212973.
Notes: doi: 10.1023/A:1016574928706.
Descriptors: Brachyramphus
marmoratus/ fidelity/ fragmentation/ landscape/ murrelet/ old-growth/
scale/ spatial/ temporal/ forest/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat
management/ nestling/ seabird/ spatial distribution/ temporal
distribution/ United States/ Aves
Abstract:
Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales
to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled
murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on
the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical
relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and
habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to
local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest
fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if
some nesting areas are more important than others due to their
proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for
nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds
were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a
matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to
occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other
nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation,
where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned
fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little to no murrelet
use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays,
river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with
consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤
800 ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest
landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most
limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large,
contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas
near productive marine habitat.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2169. The need to ground truth 30.5 m buffers: A case study of the boreal toad (Bufo boreas).
Goates, Michael C.; Hatcha, Kent A.; and Eggett, Dennis L.
Biological Conservation 138(3-4): 474-483. (2007)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: forestry/ wildlife management: conservation/ conservation buffer/ ground truthing
Abstract:
A buffer zone of 30.5 m is commonly used to protect species in riparian
and wetland systems. This 30.5 m standard was developed to protect
water quality, not biodiversity, and few studies have tested its
effectiveness for protecting riparian and wetland species. We tested
the standard implementation of 30.5 m buffers to determine if they
protect critical habitat for semi-aquatic vertebrate species, using the
boreal toad (Bufo boreas) as an example. Using radio telemetry of 84
toads in south-central Utah in 2003 and 2004, we found that the
standard implementation of 30.5 m buffers did not protect all critical
habitats for boreal toads. Managers should consider the following
factors when establishing buffer zones: (1) Buffer requirements may
vary by time of year. (2) A single year's observation may not be
sufficient to establish adequate buffers. (3) Buffer requirements may
differ by sex. Finally (4), sites should be ground truthed prior to
determining buffer zones. Critically, we found that many small streams
and seeps used by toads were outside of buffer zones due to low
resolution of GIS mapping layers. After ground truthing and extending
30.5 m buffers around these habitats, the average percentage of all
observations within 30.5 m buffers increased from 82.4% to 92.4%. Our
data
suggest
that ground truthing may be the most important factor in establishing
effective buffer zones. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2170. Nest-site selection and success of mottled ducks on agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana.
Durham, R. S. and Afton, A. D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2): 433-442. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: wetlands/
nesting behavior/ breeding success/ survival/ agricultural land/
habitat selection/ nesting/ breeding sites/ plant populations/
reproductive behavior/ population density/ grazing/ microhabitats/
environment management/ rice fields/ ecological distribution/
agriculture/ aquatic birds/ Anas fulvigula maculosa/ Oryza sativa/
Rubus trivialis/ Louisiana
Abstract:
Listing of the mottled duck (Anas fulvigula maculosa) as a priority
species in the Gulf Coast Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl
Management Plan, coupled with recent declines of rice (Oryza sativa)
acreage, led us to investigate the nesting ecology of this species on
agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana. We examined nest-site
selection at macro- and microhabitat levels, nest success, causes of
nest failures, and habitat features influencing nest success. We found
that female mottled ducks preferred to nest in permanent pastures with
knolls (53% of nests) and idle fields (22% of nests). Vegetation height
was greater at nests than at random points within the same macrohabitat
patch. Successful nests were associated with greater numbers of plant
species, located farther from water, and associated with higher
vegetation density values than were unsuccessful nests. We determined
that mammalian predators caused most nest failures (77% of 52
unsuccessful nests). Our results suggest that nest success of mottled
ducks on agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana could be improved by
1) locating large permanent pastures and idle fields near rice fields
and other available wetlands, 2) managing plant communities in these
upland areas to favor dense stands of perennial bunch grasses, tall
composites, dewberry (Rubus trivialis), and other native grasses and
forbs, and 3) managing cattle-stocking rates and the duration and
timing of grazing to promote tall, dense stands of these plant taxa
during the nesting season (March-June).
© ProQuest
2171. Neuroptera in agricultural ecosystems.
Stelzl, M. and Devetak, D.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74(1/3):
305-321. (June 1999)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes:
Literature review; Special issue: Invertebrate biodiversity as
bioindicators of sustainable landscapes/ edited by M.G. Paoletti.
Includes references.
Descriptors: neuroptera/
agricultural land/ ecosystems/ integrated pest management/ biological
control/ agriculture/ habitats/ beneficial insects/ predation/
communities/ endangered species/ field crops/ orchards/ indicator
species/ predators of insect pests
Abstract:
Due to their well known environmental needs, Neuroptera serve as
valuable indicator species for assessing the ecology of natural and
semi-natural habitats.
In
agricultural ecosystems some species of the families Chrysopidae,
Hemerobiidae, and Coniopterygidae are known as beneficial predators of
plant-sucking insect pests. Mass rearing and mass release of Chrysopids
therefore, have become standard methods of biological pest control. The
present paper summarizes information on biology and ecology of these
three most important Neuropteran families, followed by a description of
Neuropteran communities found in different natural and semi-natural
ecosystems, with special reference to agroecosystems. Two separate
sections deal with red lists of endangered species and integrated
control programs. Literature lists are provided for those who want to
study Neuroptera in more detail.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2172. New opportunities for bird conservation research.
Paul, Ellen and Cooper, Robert J.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 1008-1017.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation/
land zones/ Aves: conservation measures/ opportunities for conservation
research/ North America/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
It is accepted and acknowledged that effective conservation
requires a scientific basis, and it is accepted and acknowledged that
scientific research benefits conservation. However, there has been
little effort to bring together the resources of the research
communities-both academic and government-based-with the conservation
planning and implementation programs. Most scientific research is
driven by either the investigator's own research interests or, on the
government side, by the relatively
short-term,
relatively local management needs of natural resource managers. Also
lacking is a comprehensive system to bring new or existing science to
the conservation programs and resource managers. Developing a system to
help planners and managers find and apply existing data is a critical
need. And finally, there is a need to find funding for each of these
components-setting the research agenda, conducting the research, and
making it available to planners and managers. This session reviewed
several promising opportunities to knit together ornithological
research and bird conservation work.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2173. Northern bobwhite population and habitat response to pine-grassland restoration.
Cram, D. S.; Masters, R. E.; Guthery, F. S.; Engle, D. M.; and Montague, W. G.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1031-1039. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ Picidae/ bobwhite/ woodpeckers/ abundance/ dispersion/
ecological requirements/ silviculture/ habitat management/ Arkansas/ habitat restoration/ pine-grassland habitat
© NISC
2174. Odonata and wetland quality in southern Alberta, Canada: A preliminary study.
Hornung, J. P. and Rice, C. L.
Odonatologica 32(2): 119-129. (2003); ISSN: 0375-0183
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ land zones/ North
America/ Canada/ Ischnura verticalis: Alberta/ Brooks/
Insecta,
Odonata/ arthropods/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
The relationship between odon. and wetland quality was investigated in
Brooks, from May until Sept. 1999. Sixteen study sites were each
visited 7 times to survey adult dragonflies and aquatic
macroinvertebrates, record environmental parameters, collect water
samples, record vegetative characteristics, and assess beef cattle
grazing influences. 25 odonate spp. were recorded, of which Ischnura
verticalis is new to Alberta. A significant negative correlation
was detected between cattle presence (measured as percent stems grazed
surrounding the wetland) and odon. species richness (p=0.022; r2=0.322), teneral species richness (p=0.018; r2=0.337), and the Shannon-Weiner diversity indices (p=0.060; r2=0.230)
of the study sites. In addition, vegetation species richness and odon.
species richness show a positive correlation (p=0.066; r2=0.221).
A logistic regression establishes that the absence of Coenagrion
angulatum, Enallagma ebrium and Aeshna interrupta is associated with
high cattle impacts, or low vegetation species richness. This study
outlines the effect that cattle can have on wetland odon. species
diversity and recommends that measures are taken to protect wetlands,
while offering an incentive and reasonable cost/benefit ratio to both
rangeland and wetland mangers.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2175. Optimizing landscape configuratlion to enhance habitat suitability for species with contrasting habitat requirements.
Holzkaemper, Annelie; Lausch, Angela; and Seppelt, Ralf
Ecological Modelling 198(3-4): 277-292. (2006)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800
Descriptors: biogeography:
population studies/ models and simulations: computational biology/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife
management: conservation/ spatial optimization model/ mathematical and
computer techniques/ land use change/ habitat suitability
Abstract:
Heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes is supposed to be of
significant importance for species diversity in agroecosystems.
However, land use pattern changes may lead to an increase in suitable
habitat for some species, but to habitat deterioration for other
species with opposing habitat requirements. To investigate the effects
of land use changes on different species' habitat suitabilities and to
allow a trade off between management objectives, we applied a spatial
optimization model. in this paper we present a new approach that
integrates a neighbourhood dependent multi-species evaluation of land
use patterns into an optimization framework for generating goal-driven
scenarios. It is implemented using a genetic algorithm approach that
aims at maximizing habitat suitability of three selected bird species
(Middle-Spotted Woodpecker, Wood Lark, Red-Backed Shrike) by
identifying optimum agricultural land use patterns. The evaluation of
habitat suitability is based on landscape metrics calculated within the
species' home ranges to incorporate the effects of species responses to
landscape pattern on a territorial scale. The main focus of this study
is to explore the potential of this approach for conservation
management on the basis of a case study. We investigate where habitat
requirements oppose, where they coincide and how a landscape optimized
simultaneously for all target species should be characterized. We found
that all species would benefit from an increase of deciduous and
coniferous forest, a decrease of cropland and grassland in the study
area and more heterogeneous land use patterns (smaller patches, more
diversity of land use types). Habitat requirements of Red-Backed Shrike
contrast most to those of the other two species with respect to
landscape composition and configuration. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All
rights reserved.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2176. Participant observations on environmental and social effects of the Conservation Reserve Program: Results of a national survey.
Allen, Arthur W.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 199-205.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/nri/ceap/ fwbenefit.html
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife habitat/
Conservation Reserve Program/ program participants/ surveys
Abstract:
A national survey of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
contractees was completed to obtain information about environmental and
social effects of the program on participants, farms, and communities.
Over 75% of respondents believed CRP benefits to wildlife were
important. Seventy three percent of respondents observed increased
numbers of wildlife associated with CRP lands. A majority of
respondents (82%) believed the amount of assistance furnished by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture related to planning and maintaining
wildlife habitat associated with CRP lands was appropriate. The
majority of respondents reported CRP benefits, including increased
quality of surface and ground waters, improved air quality, control of
drifting snow, and elevated opportunities to hunt or simply observe
wildlife as part of daily activities. Income stability, improved scenic
quality of farms and landscapes, and potential increases in property
values and future incomes also were seen as program benefits. Negative
aspects, reported by less than 30% of respondents, included seeing the
CRP as a source of weeds, fire hazard, and attracting unwanted requests
for trespass.
2177. Patch
and landscape characteristics associated with the distribution of
woodland amphibians in an agricultural fragmented landscape: An
information-theoretic approach.
Weyrauch, S. L. and Grubb, T. C.
Biological Conservation 115(3): 443-450. (2004)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: wetlands/
landscape/ patches/ habitat fragmentation/ agricultural ecosystems/
ecological distribution/ conservation/ man-induced effects/ land use/
agriculture/ patchiness/ forests/ habitat/ nature conservation/
amphibia/ Ohio/ amphibians
Abstract:
In the Midwestern United States, agricultural landscapes with scattered
patches of fragmented forest are common. To investigate the
relationship between amphibian distributions and wetland, woodlot, and
landscape characteristics, we studied the pond-breeding amphibians
within a 15, 450-ha plot in rural north- central Ohio. We surveyed
25 woodlots and one area of continuous riparian forest for amphibians,
and each surveyed woodland contained at least one temporary wetland. We
used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to evaluate the effectiveness
of 13 a priori models in predicting total amphibian species richness,
anuran richness, caudate richness, and the presence of individual
species in woodlots. We identified 13 species of amphibians within the
study plot, and every woodlot contained at least one amphibian species.
The most important variable in predicting total amphibian and anuran
species richness was hydroperiod. For caudates, woodlot edge-to-area
ratio, hydroperiod, pH, and ammonia were important characteristics in
predicting species richness. Woodlots within agricultural landscapes
are important refuges for amphibians.
© ProQuest
2178. Patch characteristics and landscape context as predictors of species presence and abundance: A review.
Mazerolle, M. J. and Villard, M. A.
Ecoscience 6(1): 117-124. (1999)
NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 1195-6860.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: ecosystems/
ecotypes/ variability/ correlation analysis/ species diversity/
abundance/ aquatic organisms/ Reptilia/ Amphibia/ Pisces/ Gastropoda/
Invertebrata/ Vertebrata
Abstract:
Studies were reviewed which simultaneously considered landscape-scale
and patch-scale effects in order to answer the following question: does
the inclusion of landscape characteristics as explanatory variables
increase the ability to predict species presence and abundance when
local (i.e., habitat patch) conditions are known? The 61 studies
selected cover a wide array of taxa, landscape types, and explanatory
variables, but many (36%) focused on avain communities in forests
fragmented by agriculture. Patch-scale variables had a significant
effect on invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in
all landscape types. Landscape-scale characteristics also were
significant predictors of species presence and abundance for
vertebrates (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds etc.,) but not for the
majority of invertebrates (Gastropodaetc.,) in the studies reviewed.
Results indicate that both patch and landscape characteristics should
be included in models investigating the distribution and abundance of
animals, at least for vertebrates. Results from this review suggest
that the inclusion of landscape characteristics will enhance
conservation strategies if the landscape scale is properly defined with
respect to the taxon or taxa under investigation.
© ProQuest
2179. Perceptions of risk associated with use of farm chemicals: Implications for conservation initiatives.
Tucker, M. and Napier, T. L.
Environmental Management 22(4): 575-587. (1998)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X
Descriptors: risk/
assessment/ groundwater/ food safety/ agricultural chemicals/ water
quality/ food quality/ health/ environmental impact/ farmers'
attitudes/ nontarget effects/ pesticides/ agricultural entomology/ Ohio/ corn belt
Abstract:
Data were collected from 245 farmers within the Darby Creek
hydrologic unit in central Ohio to assess perceptions of risk
associated with use of farm chemicals. Farmers were asked to evaluate
the level of risk associated with use of agricultural chemicals for
water quality, food safety, food quality, health of applicator, health
of farm animals, wildlife, beneficial plants, beneficial insects, and
human health. Study findings revealed that respondents perceived use of
farm chemicals posed little or no threat to any of the assessed items.
A composite index was formulated from the responses to the nine items
and was titled Perceived Risk. Variance in the Perceived Risk index was
regressed against social learning variables. The findings revealed that
approximately 32% of the variance was explained by the predictive
variables included in the model. It was concluded that the theoretical
perspective was somewhat useful for understanding perceptions held
about agricultural chemical use at the farm level. The findings are
discussed in the context of future conservation and
educational-information programmes within the study region.
© CABI
2180. Pesticide toxicity endpoints in aquatic ecosystems.
Simon, D.; Helliwell, S.; and Robards, K.
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 6(2): 159-177. (1998)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3 J68; ISSN: 1386-1980.
Notes: Literature review; doi: 10.1023/A:1009920227241.
Descriptors: pesticides/
pollution effects/ nutrients (mineral)/ plankton/ toxicity tests/
bioassays/ ecosystems/ nutrients/ numerical analysis/ fuzzy logic/
model studies/ aquatic environment/ toxicity testing/ multispecies
testing/ methods and instruments/ effects of pollution/ toxicology and
health
Abstract:
To adequately protect aquatic ecosystems from impact by anthropogenic
perturbations it is necessary to distinguish what is safe from what is
not. This review examines approaches to this problem in relation to
primary and secondary effects of pesticides. Understanding nutrient -
plankton and plankton - plankton interrelationships on both spatial and
temporal scales is important if secondary or indirect effects are to be
assessed. Before defining or measuring a toxicity endpoint,
consideration must be given to whether to use single species or
multispecies tests. Each has its strengths and weaknesses and is
reviewed. In single species testing, toxicity endpoints can be more
clearly defined but extrapolation of effects to an ecosystem is more
difficult than with multispecies testing and can often lead to
incorrect conclusions. Interpretation of multispecies testing results
are challenging and numerical analysis techniques including methods
whose objectives are inference, classification and ordination are
required. Conceptual and fuzzy logic modelling techniques promise a
solution to the interpretation of multispecies tests.
© ProQuest
2181. Plant and small mammal diversity in orchard versus non-crop habitats.
Sullivan, T. P. and Sullivan, D. S.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 116(3-4):
235-243. (2006)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 01678809.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2006.02.010.
Descriptors: agroecosystems/
biodiversity/ non-crop and orchard habitats/ small mammals/ species
richness/ vegetation/ agricultural ecosystem/ agricultural land/
orchards/ riparian forest/ species richness/ vascular plant/ British
Columbia/ Canada/ North America/ summerland/ Artemisia tridentata/
Malus x domestica/ Mammalia/ Tracheophyta
Abstract:
This study was designed to determine the abundance and diversity of
vascular plant and small mammal communities in a mosaic of orchard and
non-crop habitats in an agricultural landscape. Study areas were
located at Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
where seven replicate habitats: old field, sagebrush, dwarf, and
conventional apple orchards, ponderosa pine forest, hedgerow, and
riparian were intensively sampled for vascular plant (1999) and small
mammal communities (1999-2003). Total plant species sampled included
104 herbs, 26 shrubs, and 9 trees. Mean crown volume index of herbs was
similar among sites. Hedgerow and riparian habitats had substantial
shrub layers, and the conventional orchard, pine forest, and riparian
habitats had the highest biomass of trees. Total mean species richness
of plants was similar, but did range from 12.3 species in old field
sites to 32.3 species in sage sites. Overall plant species diversity
and structural diversity were highest in the sage, hedgerow, and
riparian habitats. Total structural diversity was positively related to
total species richness and species diversity of vegetation. Mean total
abundance of small mammals ranged from 28.1 to 37.0 ha-1 across old
field, sage, and riparian habitats compared with a range of 6.2-16.7
animals/ha in the other habitats. Old field and sage habitats generally
had the highest levels of species richness and diversity of small
mammals, although the other non-crop habitats were similar to these in
some years. Structural diversity of vegetation appeared to be a
reasonable indicator of biodiversity, at least for vascular plants and
small mammals, and should be included in future assessments of
diversity in agroecosystems.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2182. Plant genotype affects long-term herbivore population dynamics and extinction: Conservation implications.
McIntyre, P. J. and Whitham, T. G.
Ecology 84(2): 311-322. (2003)
NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 00129658
Descriptors: Aceria
parapopuli/ arthropod galls/ cottonwoods/ Eriophyidae/ hybridization/
plant resistance/ plant-herbivore interactions/ population dynamics/
genotype/ herbivore/ hybridization/ plant-herbivore interaction/
population dynamics/ species conservation/ Acari/ Aceria/ Animalia/
Arthropoda/ Eriophyidae/ Populus angustifolia/ Populus berolinensis/
Populus fremontii
Abstract:
Few studies have linked long-term herbivore population dynamics with
plant genetics. In this study we present evidence that plant genotype
and hybridization influence the population dynamics of the poplar bud
gall mite, Aceria parapopuli. Using experimental transfers and a
five-year data set on mite abundance on two cottonwood species (Populus
fremontii and P. angustifolia) and their naturally occurring hybrids,
we demonstrated that hybrid trees exhibiting an F1 morphology were, on
average, extremely susceptible to A. parapopuli. The susceptibility of
these hybrids ranged several orders of magnitude and affected the
population dynamics of A. parapopuli across the five years of study.
Populations grew exponentially on susceptible hybrids in every year,
eventually reaching a mean of ~140 galls per tree. In contrast,
populations fluctuated around low densities (0.01-0.87 galls per tree)
on their parental host species. Low gall densities on parental trees
resulted in high annual extinction rates (mean = 62%) for mite
populations on individual parental trees, in contrast to low annual
extinction rates (mean = 7%) for mite populations on hybrid trees. We
detected significant differences in gall population growth rates
(intrinsic rate of increase, r) among hybrid genotypes across four
years of study, ranging from r = 0 to r = 1.5, demonstrating that plant
genotype influences a fundamental component of population dynamics. We
argue that plant genotype should also impact metapopulation dynamics,
because plant genotype affected the number of available colonists and
directly affected mite extinction rates. If other arthropod species
exhibit similar traits, these findings have important conservation
implications. Because mite population growth and extinction are so
closely tied to rare host genotypes, to conserve such species we must
preserve rare host genotypes, which would represent a major challenge
to current conservation practices that target species rather than
genotypes.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2183. Plasma
retinoid profile in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana, in relation to
agricultural intensity of sub-watersheds in the Yamaska River Drainage Basin, Quebec, Canada.
Berube, V. E.; Boily, M. H.; DeBlois, C.; Dassylva, N.; and Spear, P. A.
Aquatic Toxicology 71(2): 109-120. (2005);
ISSN: 0166445X.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.10.018.
Descriptors: 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic
acid/ all-trans-retinol/ amphibians/ pesticides/ retinol/ agricultural
practices/ frog/ pesticide residue/ plasma/ pollution effect/
population decline/ vitamin blood level/ Canada/ North America/ Quebec/
Yamaska River/ Amphibia/ Rana catesbeiana/ Vertebrata/ Zea mays
Abstract:
Amphibian populations are decreasing globally and the causes are
presently unclear. Retinoids have been extensively studied in other
vertebrate classes where they are associated with pleiotropic effects
such as susceptibility to disease (including cancer and parasitic
infections), deformities and reproduction. To investigate the
hypothesis that retinoid homeostasis is influenced by agricultural
activities, blood samples were collected from adult bullfrogs, Rana
catesbeiana, at each of six sub-watersheds chosen to represent a
gradient of agricultural intensity within the Yamaska River drainage basin. Samples of surface water were collected at
each of the study sites approximately 1 month after spraying and
analyzed for 53 pesticides. Male body weight was significantly
different (p < 0.001) between study sites with the smallest
bullfrogs captured from the Riviere a la Barbue sub-watershed
associated with high agricultural intensity. A significant linear
regression (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.176) was obtained between plasma
retinol and body weight. Plasma retinol concentrations were
significantly different between study sites (p < 0.001) being lowest
at both Riviere Noire and Riviere a la Barbue. More than 60% of the
land area in these sub-watersheds is under intensive corn-soya
cultivation and surface water contained the highest concentrations of
the herbicides atrazine, deethyl-atrazine, simazine, metolachlor,
dimethenamide, chlopyralide, dicamba and bentazone. Plasma
13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid was significantly different (p < 0.001)
between sub-watersheds, however this effect was apparently unrelated
to
agricultural intensity. Plasma retinol was negatively correlated (p =
0.026; r = -0.237) with plasma 13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid. These
results suggest that retinoid homeostasis in bullfrogs may be
influenced by agricultural practices.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2184. Postfledging survival and movement in dickcissels (Spiza americana): Implications for habitat management and conservation.
Berkeley, L. I.; McCarty, J. P.; and Wolfenbarger, L.
Auk 124(2): 396-409. (2007)
NAL Call #: 413.8 AU4 ; ISSN: 00048038.
Notes: doi: 10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124 [396:PSAMID]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: agriculture/
dickcissel/ fledgling stage/ grassland birds/ habitat use/
radiotelemetry/ Spiza americana/ survival analysis/ tallgrass
prairie
Abstract:
When land managers incorporate the habitat needs of grassland birds
into their planning, they typically rely on management recommendations
based on habitat use by adults during nesting. Habitat requirements for
other critical life stages are seldom known and may differ from those
of nesting adults. Using radiotelemetry, we examined survival and
habitat use by juvenile Dickcissels (Spiza americana) during the
postfledging period. In 2003 and 2004, we monitored 60 fledgling
Dickcissels for ≤30 days after they left the nest. Mortality rates
were highest during the first week after leaving the nest, and only 33%
of the fledglings survived the first four weeks after leaving the nest.
Estimated mean survival times were 16.9 ± 1.6 days after birds
left the nest. In both years, fledgling survival was positively
associated with dense vertical and horizontal structure of forbs at
nests. Survival tended to be positively associated with vertical grass
density on adult territories and negatively associated with patchily
distributed forbs on adult territories. Fledgling habitat use was
restricted to areas where Dickcissels nested and adjacent fields.
Habitats used included corn and soybean fields, grasslands, and
wetlands. Our results suggest that the fledgling period is a critical
stage for Dickcissels and that fledglings require habitat similar to
habitat used for nesting. © The American Ornithologists' Union, 2007.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2185. The potential of fruit trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico.
Foster, M. S.
Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45-61. (2007);
ISSN: 09592709.
Notes: doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554.
http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/prodabs/pubpdfs/ 6728_Foster.pdf
Descriptors: birds/ migration routes/ fruit trees/ habitat restoration/ forest shelterbelts/ Mexico
Abstract: Migration
routes used by Nearctic migrant birds can cover great
distances; they also differ among species, within species, and between
years and seasons. As a result, migration routes for an entire
migratory avifauna can encompass broad geographic areas, making it
impossible to protect continuous stretches of habitat sufficient to
connect the wintering and breeding grounds for most species.
Consequently, ways to enhance habitats converted for human use (i.e.
for pasture, crop cultivation, human settlement) as stopover sites for
migrants are especially important. Shelterbelts around pastures and
fields, if planted with species targeted to support migrant (and
resident) bird species that naturally occupy mature forest habitats and
that are at least partially frugivorous, could be a powerful
enhancement tool for such species, if the birds will enter the
converted areas to feed. I tested this approach for Nearctic migrant
birds during the spring migration through an area
in Chiapas, Mexico. Mature forest tree species whose fruits
are eaten by birds
were surveyed. Based on life form, crop size and fruit characteristics,
I selected three tree species for study: Cymbopetalum mayanum
(Annonaceae), Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae) and Trophis racemosa
(Moraceae). I compared the use of fruits of these species by migrants
and residents in forest with their use of the fruits of isolated
individuals of the same species in pasture and cropland. All three
plant species were useful for enhancing converted habitats for
forest-occupying spring migrants, although species differed in the
degree to which they entered disturbed areas to feed on the fruits.
These tree species could probably enhance habitats for migrants at
sites throughout the natural geographic ranges of the plants; in other
geographic areas for other target bird groups, other tree species might
be more appropriate. © BirdLife International 2007.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2186. Practical realities of conjunctive management: The middle Rio Grande as an example.
Dumars, C.
Technical Report: New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute 290: 119-122. (1995).
Notes:
The Future of Albuquerque and Middle Rio Grande Basin: Proceedings of
the 39th Annual New Mexico Water Conference, Albuquerque, NM (USA), 3-4
Nov 1994; New Mexico State University, New Mexico Water Resources
Research Institute.
Descriptors: United
States, New Mexico, Rio Grande River/ water rights/ management
planning/ water resources/ water supply/ water management/ legal
aspects/ riparian rights/ legal review/ conjunctive use/ river basin
management/ regional planning/ multiple use of resources/ techniques of
planning/ environmental action/ conservation, wildlife management and
recreation
© ProQuest
2187. Predation and ring-necked pheasant population dynamics.
Riley, T. Z. and Schulz, J. H.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 33-38. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: wildlife management/ predation/ population dynamics/ recruitment/ Phasianus colchicus/ Ring necked pheasant/ management
Abstract:
Because ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are an important
wildlife resource in agricultural ecosystems, we reviewed the role of
predators on pheasant population dynamics and suggest management
options to ameliorate predation. Predator reduction programs have the
potential to increase survival and recruitment, but these parameters
decrease once predator control ceases. Extensive application of
predator reductions may be ethically questionable, and habitat
management directed at moderating the effects of predators at the
landscape scale is expensive. An extensive distribution of cover during
the nesting and brood-rearing periods can increase pheasant
recruitment. Federal agricultural and conservation programs can be used
to accomplish many of these landscape habitat improvements, but federal
and state agencies must provide the technical assistance to deliver the
program options to producers. New federal farm programs aimed at
improving avian survival and recruitment must have an evaluation and
monitoring component built in to determine their effectiveness.
© ProQuest
2188. Predation of artificial nests in a fragmented landscape in the tropical region of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico.
Estrada, A.; Rivera, A.; and Coates-Estrada, R.
Biological Conservation 106(2): 199-209. (2002)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00246-4.
Descriptors: conservation/
edge effects/ forest fragmentation/ Los Tuxtlas/ Mexico/ neotropics/
nest predation/ artificial nest/ edge effect/ habitat fragmentation/
nest predation/ Mexico/ Aves/ Galliformes/ Mammalia
Abstract:
Predation rates of artificial nests were investigated in a fragmented
landscape in the lowlands of Los Tuxtlas in southern Mexico. Hen
and plasticine eggs were used to assess predation pressure in four
habitats: the interior of forest fragments, the forest-pasture edge,
corridors of residual forest vegetation and linear strips of live
fences across pastures. Three sites per habitat were used in three
experimental trials. Hen and plasticine ground nests with three eggs
each were alternated every 50 m along transects at each site. Predation
rates on each type of nest were monitored for 9 days. Survey of
potential avian and mammalian potential nest predators were conducted
at each site prior to the experimental trails. Readings of amount
of light illuminating the ground were taken by each nest at each site
to assess exposure of nests. In general, average predation rates were
significantly higher for both hen and plasticine nests in the
forest-pasture edge and in the corridors than in the interior of the
forest fragments. While birds and mammals were the principal predators
on hen eggs in the forests, mammals were responsible for the majority
(≥ 70%) of eggs damaged at the other habitats. Surveys of potential
nest predators showed that avian and mammalian potential nest predators
were significantly more common at the forest-pasture edges and at the
other habitats than in the forests. Readings of light reaching the
ground suggest that concealment of nests by the vegetation may play an
important role in predation risk. Our results are corisistent with
reports from other Neotropical rainforests indicating an increase of
artificial nest predation pressures from forest interior to open
habitats. Restoration of forest fragments, allowing the vegetation to
grow along the forest-pasture edge and the planting of arboreal crops
at the forest-pasture edges may be measures that could increase cover
and nest protection. © 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2189. Predicting bird response to alternative management scenarios on a ranch in Campeche, Mexico.
Wood, Paul A.; Dawson, Deanna K.; Sauer, John R.; and Wilson, Marcia H.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 101-106.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ land zones/ North America/ Aves: disturbance by man/
impact of alternative management scenarios on wintering migrants and
resident species/ habitat management/ population dynamics/ wintering
migrants and resident species/ impact of alternative management
scenarios/ Mexico/ Campeche/ Rancho Sandoval/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
We developed models to predict the potential response of
wintering Neotropical migrant and resident bird species to alternative
management scenarios, using data from point counts of birds along with
habitat variables measured or estimated from remotely sensed data in a
Geographic Information System. Expected numbers of occurrences at
points were calculated for 100 species of birds, under current habitat
conditions and under habitat conditions that would result from seven
alternative management scenarios for Rancho Sandoval, a cattle ranch
and private nature reserve in Campeche, Mexico. Most
bird species of conservation concern would benefit from management
scenarios that increase the amount of forest, but the highest priority
resident species would not. To balance the somewhat conflicting habitat
needs of these species andthe concerns of ranch managers, we recommend
that forest area and connectivity be increased, and pastures be
maintained but more efficiently managed to support cattle and the
priority resident and migrant birds that require open habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2190. Proceedings of the 1998 Prairie Fish Habitat Management Workshop.
Winnipeg, MB: Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Canadian
Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2522, 2000. 164 pp.
Descriptors: Conferences/
environment management/ environmental impact/ habitat/ man-induced
effects/ Canada, Alberta/ Canada, Manitoba/ Canada, Ontario/Canada,
Saskatchewan
Abstract: A
Prairie Fish Habitat Management Workshop was held at Hecla
Island, Manitoba on June 3-5, 1998. The workshop
was sponsored by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Habitat
Management Division (DFO-HM) with input and cooperation from the
provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba
and Ontario. Separate breakout sessions dealing with 15
pre-selected
topics were held involving 70 workshop participants. The workshop
topics centered on key issues and activities with the potential to
impact fishes and fish habitats in the four provinces. Participants
(12-15 persons)in each breakout session produced recommendations
addressing their assigned topic from a joint federal and provincial
perspective. Topics for the workshop included: 1) wild rice 2) applying
no net loss quantitatively 3) channelization 4) agricultural trends and
impacts 5) road crossings 6) cumulative effects 7) instream flow needs
8) biodiversity 9) whole lake destruction 10) pipeline crossings 11)
hydro peaking 12) gravel removal 13) timber harvesting impacts 14)
regional scale projects 15) habitat transfer.
© ProQuest
2191. Progress
towards understanding the structure, function, and ecological
significance of small stream channels and their riparian zones.
Moore, R. D. and Richardson, J. S.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33(8):
1349-1351. (2003)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 00455067.
Notes: doi: 10.1139/x03-146.
Descriptors: ecosystems/ vegetation/ wildlife/ ecology/ community structure/ ecosystem function/ forest management/ riparian zone/ stream
Abstract:
Incomplete knowledge of the ecological functions of small streams and
their riparian zones, particularly their roles in larger watershed and
landscape contexts, contributes to confusion and debate about the
levels of riparian vegetation retention required along small streams
for the purpose of protecting aquatic ecosystems, riparian wildlife,
and water quality. As a consequence, there are marked differences in
riparian forestry practices and management among jurisdictions
throughout North America. To aid in resolving these issues, a
symposium on small streams and their riparian zones was held at The
University of British Columbia from 19 to 21 February 2002, which
brought together scientists, managers, and practitioners and provided a
forum for the presentation and discussion of emerging research results.
This special issue includes a selection of papers presented at that
symposium as well as one solicited paper.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2192. Projecting
the bird community response resulting from the adoption of shelterbelt
agroforestry practices in eastern Nebraska.
Pierce, R. A.; Farrand, D. T.; and Kurtz, W. B.
Agroforestry Systems 53(3): 333-350. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD387.M8A3; ISSN: 0167-4366
Descriptors: bird
(Aves): community response, landscape variables/ tree (Spermatophyta)/
animals/ birds/ chordates/ nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/
spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ vertebrates/ agroforestry: shelterbelt
plantings
Abstract:
Evolving agricultural policies have influenced management practices
within agroecosystems, impacting available habitats for many species of
wildlife. Enhancing wildlife habitat has become an explicit objective
of existing agricultural policy. Thus, there is renewed focus on field
borders and the use of shelterbelt agroforestry systems to achieve
conservation goals in the Midwest. Two Representative Farms - a
283-ha dryland and 510-ha irrigated farm were created in Saunders County, Nebraska. The Habitat Analysis and
Modeling System (HAMS) was used to describe the composition and spatial
pattern of the existing farms and surrounding landscape, as well as for
the landscapes surrounding selected Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes.
Simulated land use changes resulting from the implementation of two
shelterbelt scenarios, Agricultural and Wildlife, were incorporated on
each Representative Farm and surrounding landscape. Landscape variables
which influence breeding bird species richness and community
composition as determined from BBS routes were measured on simulated
farm landscapes. A more heterogeneous landscape results from
implementing either scenario. The percent total woods was a significant
determinant of bird species richness on the BBS routes and was
important in influencing bird communities at the farm- and
landscape-level. Other landscape metrics which influenced the bird
community composition on BBS routes were woody edge percentages and
edge density values. Policies promoting shelterbelts create edge
habitats which ultimately favor birds within the Forest-edge/generalist
guild while bird species in need of conservation such as
grassland-field species would potentially be negatively affected.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2193. A quiet crisis: What does the future hold for our wildlife?
Madson, Chris
Wyoming Wildlife 65(9): 15-38. (2001); ISSN: 0043-9819
Descriptors: wildlife-livestock
relationships/ wildlife-human relationships/ wildlife-habitat
relationships/ wildlife/ wetland-wildlife relationships/ wetland
draining/ tuberculosis/ transmission of disease/ supplemental feeding/
roads/ reserves/ refuges/ parks/ population ecology/ plague/ parasites/
diseases/ overwintering/ oil-gas development/ movements/ migration/
management/ mammals/ habitat management/ habitat alterations/ food
supply/ fires-burns/ exotic species/ environmental factors/ drought/
corridors/ conservation/ chronic wasting disease/ buildings/
brucellosis/ birds/ behavior/ bacterial diseases/ Wyoming
Abstract: Several
species of Wyoming wildlife came back from the brink of
extinction when science and management were combined. But there are
many new problems facing today's conservationists. The author presents
a catalog of the problems faced by Wyoming wildlife and the
emerging challenges that conservationists need to meet. Several
species, including deer and pronghorns, survive on new shrubs
rejuvenated by burns. Fire suppression and grazing by domestic herds
have changed the shrub habitat. This affected the wildlife of the
region. The prolonged drought of the region affected the reproductive
success of many species. Balancing forage use and effective water
storage can soften the effects of long term droughts. The occurrence of
diseases like brucellosis, chronic wasting disease, and sylvatic plague
is another crisis faced by Wyoming wildlife. By 1990,
several new species were added to the federal listing of threatened and
endangered species in Wyoming. These include Preble's meadow
jumping mouse and the lynx. As federal government manages a majority
of Wyoming land, habitat management becomes difficult. Loss of
wetland habitat has affected Wyoming wildlife considerably.
Studies found that wetland types are difficult to re-create as they
require careful management of water levels. An increasing human
population in Wyoming has increased the demand for outdoor
recreation. Introduction of new technology, tools, and vehicles have
impacted management issues, ethics, and the public image of recreation.
Installation of new gas pipelines and development of natural gas fields
adversely affect the habitat. The introduction of exotic plant and
animal species is another area that requires attention by wildlife
managers.
© NISC
2194. RCA III effects of sediment on the aquatic environment: Potential NRCS actions to improve aquatic habitat.
Castro, Janine.; Reckendorf, Frank.; and United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources
Conservation Service, 1995. Working paper (United States.
Soil Conservation Service) No. 6.
Notes: Title from web page. "August 1995." Description based on content viewed May 3, 2002. Includes bibliographical references.
NAL Call #: aQH541.5.W3C37 1995
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/TECHNICAL/NRI/pubs/ wp06text.html
Descriptors: Aquatic
ecology---Environmental aspects---United States/ Aquatic resources
conservation---United States/ Soil erosion---United States/
Soil conservation---United States/ Sediment
transport---United States/ Aquatic organisms, Effect of
contaminated sediments on---
United States
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2195. Red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) abundance and habitat in a reclaimed mine landscape.
Balcerzak, Melissa J. and Wood, Petra Bohall
Journal of Raptor Research 37(3): 188-197. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 0892-1016
Descriptors: conservation/
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ standardized
broadcast call technique/ applied and field techniques/ aerial
photographs/ early successional grassland habitat/ forested habitat/
fragmented forest patches/ habitat characteristics/ habitat
preferences/ habitat use/ landscape ecology/ landscape fragmentation/
late successional forest habitat/ microhabitat/ mid successional shrub/
pole habitat/ reclaimed mine landscape/ relative abundance
Abstract:
Fragmentation of the landscape by large-scale mining may affect
Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) populations by reducing the amount
of forested habitat available in a landscape and by creating fragmented
forest patches surrounded by reclaimed mine lands. We examined habitat
characteristics and relative abundance of Red-shouldered Hawks in
reclaimed mine landscapes within four treatments: early-successional
grassland habitat, mid-successional shrub/pole habitat,
late-successional fragmented forest habitat, and late-successional
intact forest habitat. We quantified microhabitat characteristics
within an 11.3-m-radius plot centered on 156 vegetation plots
throughout the four treatments. We surveyed 48 stations on and adjacent
to three mines for Red-shouldered Hawks using standardized broadcast
call techniques during February 2000-January 2001 and measured
landscape characteristics within 1000-m buffer zones centered on each
station from digitized aerial photographs. Mean abundance of
Red-shouldered Hawks was significantly higher in the intact forest
(x=0.07 detections/point, SE=0.03) than the grassland (x=0.01, SE=0.01)
treatment, but did not differ from the fragmented forest (x=0.03,
SE=0.01) or shrub/pole (x=0.03, SE=0.01) treatments. Most microhabitat
characteristics in both fragmented and intact forest differed from
shrub/pole and grasslands. Amount of wetland was the most important
characteristic determining presence of Red-shouldered
Hawks
in a forest-dominated landscape. More wetlands in the landscape may
provide abundant amphibians and reptiles, which are important in the
diet of Red-shouldered Hawks.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2196. Regional analysis of associations between avian guilds and habitat variables.
Ross, Bradley D. and Yahner, Richard H.
Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 77(1):
7-14. (2003)
NAL Call #: Q11.J682; ISSN: 1044-6753
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ nutrition/ feeding behavior/ ecology/ habitat utilization/
habitat/ land zones/ Aves: habitat management/ guilds and habitat
associations/ regional analysis/ foraging/ community structure/ habitat
preference/ habitat/ Pennsylvania/ Centre County/ Ridge and Valley
Physiographic Province/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
We examined distributional patterns of avian guilds in relation to
habitat data in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province, Centre County, Pennsylvania. County-wide
avian data (migratory, habitat, and foraging guild classifications)
were obtained from the Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas (BBA), and
habitat data (cover types, roadways, and streams) were derived from
satellite imagery and the state transportation department. Based on
linear-regression analyses, certain guild types were positively
affected by extensive amounts of herbaceous grasslands (e.g.,
neotropical migrants) and herbaceous land (e.g., canopy-sallier
foragers) and negatively affected by herbaceous cultivated lands (e.g.,
deciduous forest species) and developed lands (e.g., trunk-bark
foragers). Neotropical migrats and canopy-sallier foragers were
positively associated with wooded land/herbaceous grassland and wooded
land/herbaceous land edges, respectively. However, deciduous and
coniferous forest species were negatively associated with herbaceous
land and developed land interfacing forest habitat, and trunk-bark
foragers were negatively associated by greater amounts of deciduous
wooded land/developed land edges. Differences in the abundance of nest
predators and brood parasites may be among the reasons why regional
species richness differs with various types of land uses or edges.
Birds associated with forested habitats were positively correlated with
the amount of forestland within BBA blocks; conversely, forest
associates were negatively affected by edge habitat. Thus,
professionals need to consider the amount and juxtaposition of
different land uses as well as the extent and types of edge habitat
when creating natural reserves and managing avian communities. Even
minor increases in the amount of forest fragmentation and associated
increase in edge can make habitat unsuitable for deciduous and
coniferous forest species.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2197. Regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid beetle communities: A matter of landscape features or cultivation intensity?
Brose, Ulrich
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 98(1-3):
163-167. (2003)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809
Descriptors: agriculture/
biodiversity/ ecology: environmental sciences/ cultivation intensity/
habitat heterogeneity/ landscape ecology/ landscape features/ landscape
structure/ macro ecology/ regional diversity/ species richness/
temporary wetland community
Abstract:
The challenge of finding applicable indicators for sustainable
agriculture requires evaluations at regional scales to lead to
policy-relevant results. In this study, the regional diversity of
temporary wetland carabid beetles was analysed for six landscapes of 10
km2
each. The relative importance of landscape features and cultivation
intensity for the regional diversity was compared. Total species
richness was correlated with the mean soil-indices that were used as
indicators of cultivation intensity. This is consistent with studies on
local scales, which emphasise the importance of cultivation intensity
for arthropod communities. The diversity of wetland and
habitat-specific species correlated with the temporary wetlands mean
duration of flooding and the density of temporary wetlands, but apart
from this, there was no impact of landscape features on diversity.
These results do not corroborate concepts of using indices of landscape
structure as biodiversity indicators, but the importance of cultivation
intensity cannot be too strongly emphasised.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2198. The relationship between productivities of salmonids and forest stands in northern California watersheds.
Frazey, Sharon L. and Wilzbach, Margaret A.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22(2): 73-80. (2007)
NAL Call #: SD388.W6; ISSN: 0885-6095
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ biometrics/ ecology/ land zones/ Salmonidae: habitat
management/ size/ body length/ biomass/ productivity/ forest stand
productivity relationships/ management implications/ small
watersheds/ California/ Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes/
chordates/
fish/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Productivities of resident salmonids and upland and riparian forests in
22 small watersheds of coastal northern California were estimated
and compared to determine whether: 1) upland site productivity
predicted riparian site productivity; 2) either upland or riparian site
productivity predicted salmonid productivity; and 3) other parameters
explained more of the variance in salmonid productivity. Upland and
riparian site productivities were estimated using Site Index values for
redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and red alder (Alnus rubra),
respectively. Salmonid productivity was indexed by back-calculated
length at age 1 of the largest individuals sampled and by total
biomass. Upland and riparian site indices were correlated, but neither
factor contributed to the best approximating models of salmonid
productivity. Total salmonid biomass was best described by a positive
relationship with drainage area. Length of dominant fish was best
described by a positive relationship with percentage of hardwoods
within riparian areas, which may result from nutrient and/or litter
subsidies provided by red alder. The inability of forest productivity
to predict salmon productivity may reflect insufficient variation in
independent variables, limitations of the indices, and the operation of
other factors affecting salmonid production. The lack of an apparent
relationship between upland conifer and salmonid
productivity
suggests that management of land for timber productivity and component
streams for salmonid production in these sites will require separate,
albeit integrated, management strategies.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2199. Relative abundance of bobwhites in relation to weather and land use.
Lusk, J. J.; Guthery, F. S.; George, R. R.; Peterson, M. J.; and DeMaso, S. J.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 1040-1051. (2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: artificial
neural network/ Colinus virginianus/ Index of abundance/ land-use
variables/ northern bobwhite/ relative abundance/ Texas/ weather/
birds/ land use/ population dynamics/ relative abundance/ weather/
United States/ Colinus virginianus
Abstract:
Weather and land use are important factors influencing the population
dynamics of northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) in Texas and
elsewhere. Using an artificial neural network, we studied the effects
of these factors on an index of bobwhite abundance (hereafter, index)
in 6 ecoregions in Texas. We used roadside-count data collected by
the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) during
1978-1997. Weather variables were June, July, and August mean maximum
temperatures, and winter (Dec-Feb), spring (Mar-May), summer (Jun-Aug),
and fall (Sep-Nov) rainfall. We also included the proportion of county
area in cultivation, the number of livestock per hectare of
noncultivated land, and the previous year's bobwhite count in the
analyses. The data were partitioned into training and validation data
sets prior to analyses. The neural model explained 65% of the variation
in the training data (n = 72) and 61% of the variation in the
validation data (n = 17). The most important variables contributing to
network predictions were July temperature, fall rainfall, cattle
density, and the previous year's bobwhite count. State-level simulation
results indicated that the bobwhite index decreased with increasing
June temperature and livestock density. The bobwhite index increased
with July and August temperature, fall rainfall, and the previous
year's bobwhite count. Bobwhite abundance increased with the proportion
of county area in cultivation up to approximately 20% cultivation and
then declined. Winter, spring, and summer rainfall had little effect on
the bobwhite index. Although many relationships appeared approximately
linear or were decelerating, proportion of county area in cultivation
and livestock density on noncultivated land showed strongly curvilinear
responses. Therefore, cultivation up to approximately 20% of county
area was beneficial, but the benefits disappeared as cultivation
increased beyond this level. Further, at low livestock densities,
between 0.15 and 0.40 head/ha, small increases in head/ha resulted in a
decrease in the bobwhite index of 156.4%/head/ha. The results also
indicated that a potential bias might exist in the survey protocol
resulting in artificially inflated counts under some weather conditions.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2200. Replacing sources with sinks: When do populations go down the drain?
Keagy, Jason C.; Schreiber, Sebastian J.; and
Cristol, Daniel A.
Restoration Ecology 13(3): 529-535. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: Icteridae/
Passeriformes/ Agelaius phoeniceus/ Fringillidae/ red-winged
blackbirds/ Boulder County/ ecosystems/ conservation/ wildlife
management/ grasslands/ habitat management/ habitat quality/ habitat
restoration/ land zones/ models and simulations/ prairie/ converted
hayfield/ marshes, salt/ source-sink model/ wetland mitigation/
restoration ecology/ source-sink dynamics/ wildlife populations/
habitat change/ wetlands/ mortality/ age/ loss of habitat/
reproduction/ Virginia/ Colorado
Abstract:
We investigate the scenario in which some amount of higher quality
habitat is destroyed and is then replaced by some undetermined amount
of lower quality habitat. We examined how much low-quality habitat
would need to be created to maintain the equilibrium population
abundance in the entire geographic area. Using a source-sink model, we
find that (1) the number of hectares of created habitat per hectare of
destroyed habitat must equal the ratio of the high-quality habitat's
productivity to the low-quality habitat's productivity, however, (2) if
the created habitat is a sink, then there is a threshold fraction of
destroyed high-quality habitat below which the initial population
abundance cannot be maintained through the creation of habitat. We
illustrate these results using data on red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius
phoeniceus) in two different regions where high-quality habitat is
being replaced by or converted into lower quality habitat.
© NISC
2201. Representation of landcover along breeding bird survey routes in the northern plains.
Niemuth, N. D.; Dahl, A. L.; Estey, M. E.; and Loesch, C. R.
Journal of Wildlife Management 71(7): 2258-2265.
(Sept. 2007)
NAL Call #: 410 J827
Descriptors: Breeding Bird Survey/ fragmentation/ grasslands/ landscape/ resolution/ roads/ wetlands
Abstract:
The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is used extensively to
make inferences about populations of many North American bird species
and is increasingly being used for avian conservation planning. How
well BBS routes represent the landscape is poorly known, even though
accuracy of representation could significantly affect inferences made
from BBS data. We used digital landcover data to examine how well
landcover within 400-m buffers around BBS routes represented the
surrounding landscape (the route neighborhood) for 52 routes in the
Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota and South Dakota.
Differences in composition between landcover along BBS routes and the
route neighborhood were not statistically significant for upland cover
classes. The area of temporary and seasonal wetland basins was
accurately represented by BBS routes in our study area, but the area of
semipermanent and permanent wetland basins was significantly
underrepresented along BBS routes. Number of wetland basins and upland
patches was higher along routes. Area of urban, forest, and hay
landcover classes was higher along routes, although differences were
not statistically significant. Amount of bias in landcover
representation was negatively correlated with the proportion of each
landcover type in the study area, but bias was not correlated with area
of the route neighborhoods. Differences between landcover along BBS
routes and the route neighborhood were primarily attributable to
increased anthropogenic activity along roads and siting of roads away
from relatively large, deep water bodies. Our results suggest that
inferences made from BBS data in our study region are likely biased for
species that are associated with deeper-water habitats or are strongly
influenced by landscape fragmentation. Inferences made from BBS data
for species associated with uplands or shallow wetlands are less likely
to be biased because of differences in landcover composition.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2202. Research on streamside issues through the wood compatibility initiative.
Bolton, Susan and Berman, Cara
In:
Congruent Management of Multiple Resources: Proceedings from the Wood
Compatibility Initiative workshop, General Technical Report-PNW 563/
Johnson, Adelaide C.; Haynes, Richard W.; and Monserud, Robert A.;
Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002.
pp. 93-99.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN); Literature review.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr563/gtr563a.pdf
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/
terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology: forestry/
forestry regimes/ streamside resources/ wildlife management/ habitat
management/ forest ecosystem management/ streams/ forest and woodland/
riparian forests/ riparian habitat
Abstract:
Through the Wood Compatibility Initiative (WCI), the Center for
Streamside Studies (now the Center for Water and Watershed Studies) at
the University of Washington has undertaken a series of
research efforts addressing production and protection of forest, fish,
wildlife, and other aquatic and riparian resources. These efforts
consist of micro-habitat and habitat-unit-scale mechanistic studies,
trans-scale studies exploring hierarchical linkages of structure and
function, as well as the development of a landscape classification
model linking physical and biological processes across scales and
integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem components. Wood
Compatibility Initiative funded projects have involved collaboration
with scientists at the Pacific Northwest Research Station, National
Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Weyerhaeuser
Company, the City of Seattle, the Lummi Nation and others. The
Center for Streamside Studies has addressed the role of large woody
debris in streams, including stream input processes and hydraulic and
biologic functions. Other studies have investigated freshwater habitat
condition and its relation to salmonid productivity and the role of
hyporheic flux in redd selection by salmonids. In collaboration with
others, historic riparian stand condition, specifically canopy cover
related to stream shading, has been investigated as well as the role of
geomorphic variability in affecting stream temperatures. This paper
summarizes the results from WCI studies initiated over the past four
years.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2203. Response of birds to fire in the American Southwest.
Bock, Carl E. and Block, William M.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 1093-1099.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ abiotic factors/ physical factors/ land zones/ Aves:
habitat management/ prescribed burning/ community structure/ fire
response/ United States, southwestern region/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Fire was a common prehistoric disturbance in most southwestern
grasslands, oak savannas, and coniferous forests, but not in Sonoran
and Mojave desertscrub, or in riparian ecosystems. Prescribed burning
should be applied, but under experimental conditions that facilitate
studying its impacts on birds and other components of biodiversity.
Fire plays a critical role in maintaining a balance between desert
grassland and Chihuahuan desertscrub, but unburned areas also are
important for birds dependent upon woody vegetation and/or heavy grass
cover. Understory fire probably once played a critical role in
maintaining relatively open oak (Quercus spp.), pinyon-juniper (Pinus-
Juniperus), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) woodlands and their
bird assemblages, while stand replacement fires sustained aspen groves
(Populus tremuloides) at higher elevations. Carefully controlled
prescribed burning, thinning, and grazing management will be needed to
return fire to its prehistoric role in these habitats. There is an
urgent need for cooperative effort between managers and researchers to
implement replicated burns to quantify avian responses in appropriate
habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2204. Response of reptile and amphibian communities to canopy gaps created by wind disturbance in the southern Appalachians.
Greenberg, C. H.
Forest Ecology and Management 148(1-3): 135-144. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 03781127.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00486-2.
Descriptors: coarse
woody debris/ gaps/ natural disturbance and herpetofauna/ salamanders/
Southern Appalachian herpetofauna/ southern Appalachian reptiles/
biodiversity/ turbulence/ wind/ amphibian communities/ ecosystems/
canopy gap/ community response/ herpetofauna/ relative abundance/
species richness/ windthrow/ United States/ Amphibia/ Amphiuma means/
Anura/ Bufo americanus/ Caudata/ Reptilia/ Serpentes/ Squamata
Abstract: Reptile
and amphibian communities were sampled in intact gaps created
by wind disturbance, salvage-logged gaps, and closed canopy mature
forest (controls). Sampling was conducted during June-October in 1997
and 1998 using drift fences with pitfall and funnel traps. Basal area
of live trees, shade, leaf litter coverage, and litter depth was
highest in controls and lowest in salvaged gaps. Percent cover, length,
and diameter of coarse woody debris (CWD) were significantly greater in
intact gaps than in salvaged gaps or controls. Coarse woody debris was
more decayed and had less bark in controls than gaps. The relative
abundance of salamanders and American toads, and species richness and
diversity of amphibians did not differ among treatments. In contrast,
relative abundance of two lizard species and (marginally) snakes, and
species richness and diversity of reptiles was higher in both gap
treatments than in controls. Results suggest that higher light in gaps
positively influenced reptile abundance, but CWD at the tested levels
was not an important determinant of habitat quality. The presence of a
partial canopy and other forest features in both gap treatments may
have adequately retained the microclimatic conditions required by
moisture-sensitive amphibians. Xeric study sites and an associated
assemblage of species that are pre-adapted to relatively warm, dry
conditions also might partially explain the absence of any significant
response by amphibians. In the closed canopy forests of the
southern Appalachians, I suggest that salamanders were
historically
dominant, whereas many reptile species occurred at low densities and
depended upon infrequent natural disturbance to create ephemeral
patches of suitable habitat. Further study is required to determine
what parameters of disturbance influence reptile and amphibian
communities, and how these effects might differ along a moisture
gradient and among species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2205. Response of riparian avifauna to percentage and pattern of woody cover in an agricultural landscape.
Perkins, M. W.; Johnson, R. J.; and Blankenship, E. E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 642-660. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: agriculture/
birds/ corridor/ fragmentation/ habitat/ landscape/ riparian/ woody
cover/ agricultural ecosystem/ avifauna/ community structure/
conservation management/ forest cover/ riparian zone/ United States/
Contopus virens/ Icterus galbula/ Myiarchus crinitus/ Populus
deltoides/ Vireo gilvus
Abstract:
To better understand bird response to percentage and pattern of woody
cover in agricultural areas, we recorded richness and abundance of
breeding birds in 500-m transects along 18 wooded streams in
southeastern Nebraska. Transects had differing amounts of woody
cover in the surrounding landscape (~2-39%) out to distances of 500,
1,000, and 2,000 m. We grouped bird species as woodland (22 species) or
edge (30 species) and analyzed results from the 1999 and 2000 breeding
seasons using information theoretic methods. Richness of the woodland
group increased with percentage of woody cover out to 500 m, but
abundance did not change. In contrast, richness of the edge group was
not affected by landscape variables, but abundance increased as
percentage of woody cover decreased out to 1,000 m. Eight species
increased in abundance and 5 decreased with increasing percentage of
woody cover in the landscape out to distances of 500, 1,000, or 2,000
m. The great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) was not present at
sites with ≤14.7% woody cover in the surrounding landscape out to
500 m, and the eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens), except for one
site, was not present at sites with ≤24% woody cover out to 500 m.
The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) and warbling vireo (Vireo
gilvus) apparently responded to the presence of large eastern
cottonwood (Populus deltoides) trees. Management for a diverse
avifauna
in fragmented agricultural landscapes should include both local- and
landscape-scale variables, including the amount and pattern of woody
cover in the surrounding landscape.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2206. Responses of elk and mule deer to cattle in summer.
Coe, P. K.; Johnson, B. K.; Kern, J. W.; Findholt, S. L.;
Kie, J. G.; and Wisdom, M. J.
Journal of Range Management 54(2): A51-A76. (2001)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X.
Notes: "Special Electronic Section".
Descriptors: animal
competition/ geographical information systems/ grazing/ pastures/
rangelands/ summer/ wild animals/ cattle/ Cervus elaphus/ Odocoileus
hemionus/ Pinus ponderosa/ Pseudotsuga menziesii/ red deer
Abstract: Cattle
graze seasonally on national forests in the western USA,
and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and/or elk (Cervus elaphus) are
sympatric with cattle in most of these areas. But the effects of
interspecific interactions in terms of both the resources selected and
animal distributions across landscapes are poorly understood. At
the USDA Forest Service Starkey Experimental Forest
and Range (Starkey), located in northeast Oregon, USA, elk
and mule deer were free ranging within a 78 km2
study area enclosed by a 2.4 m high fence while cattle were moved among
pastures in summer on a deferred-rotation schedule. Elk, mule deer, and
cattle were located with an automated telemetry system from 1993-96 and
locations were linked to a geographic information system of Starkey.
Our objective was to examine responses of elk and mule deer to cattle
at several spatial and temporal levels. We compared elk and mule deer
distributions, use of plant communities, and resource selection
functions in one cattle pasture (24 km2)
during early summer (cattle present in odd-numbered years) and late
summer (cattle present in even-numbered years). Elk and deer differed
in their spatial and temporal responses to presence of cattle. When
cattle were present, the proportion of elk locations within the pasture
decreased and use of the ponderosa pine/Douglas fir (Pinus
ponderosa/Pseudotsuga menziesii) plant community within the pasture
decreased in early summer and increased in late summer. The cattle
resource selection function variable for early summer was not a
predictor of elk distributions when cattle were present, but it was a
predictor on years when cattle were absent. In late summer, the cattle
resource selection function variable was a predictor of elk
distributions regardless of presence of cattle. For mule deer
distributions the cattle resource selection function variable was not a
significant predictor in early summer (cattle present or absent), or in
late summer when cattle were present, but it was a negative predictor
of mule deer distributions when cattle were absent in late summer. Mule
deer use increased or decreased in the opposite direction from elk use
in 3 of 4 season/year combinations for both pasture and ponderosa
pine/Douglas fir. Our results suggest that competition for forage could
occur between elk and cattle in late summer and that species
interactions may be stronger between elk and cattle than mule deer and
cattle.
© CABI
2207. Responses of isolated wetland herpetofauna to upland forest management.
Russell, Kevin R.; Hanlin, Hugh G.; Wigley, T. Bently; and Guynn, David C.
Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 603-617. (July 2002)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X
Descriptors: Amphibia/
Reptilia/ forestry/ upland forest management/ isolated wetland taxa
responses/ / habitat management/ community structure/ population
dynamics/ wetland taxa/ upland forest management/ semiaquatic habitat/
isolated wetland/ South Carolina/ Marion County/ Woodbury Tract/
wetland taxa community
Abstract:
Because many amphibians and reptiles associated with wetlands also use
adjacent terrestrial habitats to complete their life cycles, it has
been suggested that undisturbed upland areas are required to maintain
populations of these species. To date, however, measured responses of
wetland herpetofauna to upland silviculture include only retrospective
comparisons or anecdotes without true spatial and temporal references.
We used an experimental approach to measure responses of herpetofauna
at isolated wetlands in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA, to
disturbance of adjacent loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forests. We used
drift fences with pitfall traps to sample herpetofauna at 5 wetland
sites for 1 year before (1997) and 2 years after (1998-1999) the
following treatments were applied to the upland stands surrounding each
site: (1) reference (unharvested), (2) clearcutting, and (3)
clearcutting followed by mechanical site preparation. Although
silvicultural treatments significantly altered overstory and
ground-cover characteristics of upland stands, we did not observe any
treatment-related changes in the overall richness, abundance, or
community similarity of amphibian and reptile communities at the
wetlands. Turtles and snakes were less abundant adjacent to clearcut
and site-prepared stands 6 months after treatment but not after 1.5
years, possibly in response to physical disturbance of nest sites and
changes in ground cover. Fifteen of the 17 species of herpetofauna with
≥30 individual captures showed no effects of treatments. Bronze
frogs (Rana clamitans) entered the wetlands in proportionally higher
numbers from clearcuts and site-prepared stands 1.5 years after
treatment, possibly in relation to increased standing water in treated
stands. In contrast, site preparation appeared to reduce the abundance
of black racers (Coluber constrictor) 6 months after treatment. In the
short term at least, many species of isolated wetland herpetofauna in
the southeastern Coastal Plain may tolerate some disturbance in
adjacent upland stands. Responses of isolated wetland herpetofauna to
upland silviculture and the need for adjacent forested buffers likely
depend on the specific landscape context (e.g., natural disturbance
regimes) in which the wetlands occur and composition of the resident
herpetofaunal community.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2208. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: Science, technology, and public policy.
Committee
on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems - Science, Technology and Public
Policy and National Research Council Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 576 pp. (1992)
NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3N38 1992; ISBN: 0309092884.
http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/1807.html
Descriptors: wetlands/
environmental restoration/ aquatic ecosystems/ rivers/ lakes/
environment management/ United States/ environmental management/
aquatic environments/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/
environmental action/ basic approaches, concepts, and theory/
reclamation
Abstract:
This volume examines the prospects for repairing the damage
society has done to the USA's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and
streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a
national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical
recommendations covering both the desired scope and scale of projects
and needed government action. It features case studies of aquatic
restoration activities throughout the country. With a wealth of data
and commentary, the book examines key concepts and techniques used in
restoration; common factors in successful restoration efforts; threats
to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems; approaches to
evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project; and the
emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology--and how they
will contribute to better integration of restoration efforts.
Individual chapters provide an overview; a selective history of aquatic
ecosystem management; planning and evaluating ecosystem restoration;
lakes; rivers and streams; wetlands; integrated ecosystem restoration;
and a national restoration strategy. An appendix discusses restoration
case studies.
© ProQuest
2209. Restoration, reconciliation, and reconnecting with nature nearby.
Miller, James R.
Biological Conservation 127(3): 356-361. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207.
Notes: doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.07.021.
Descriptors: reconciliation ecology/ habitat restoration/ birds/ Aves/ habitat management/ land use gradient/ biodiversity
Abstract:
Biotic homogenization is in many ways a function of spatial and
temporal scale. Another aspect of this phenomenon that perhaps receives
somewhat less attention is related to "the scale of human experience",
particularly in the way that people view homogenization. Here, I
examine the relationship between scale and efforts to reverse the loss
of native species using two case studies in the Midwestern U.S. Both of
these are focused on the restoration of prairie, one in a rapidly
urbanizing area and one in a rural context. At a large reserve in a
rural area, it is possible to restore prairie at a scale that is
sufficient to accommodate populations of grassland obligate birds. This
is an unrealistic goal, however, for small reserves in the midst of
suburban development and rapidly escalating land prices. Small reserves
in this context may be suitable for taxa with smaller habitat
requirements, but also have a vital role in reversing biotic
homogenization by enabling people to experience nature directly. Not
only does this improve their quality of life, but may also foster
support for efforts to maintain biodiversity in more remote locations.
Thus, the goals of conservation and ecological restoration at various
points on the land-use gradient are somewhat different but
complementary and inter-related. Conservation scientists
have an obvious role in the restoration and management of large reserves,
but they also have an important part to play in restoring and
maintaining elements of biodiversity in cities and suburbs. (©
2006 Elsevier)
© NISC
2210. Restoring Iowa's wildlife.
Little, Terry W.
Iowa Conservationist 60(5): 22-31. (2001);
ISSN: 0021-0471
Descriptors: wildlife/
traps-trapping/ techniques/ stocking-transplanting/ restoration/
nets-netting/ management/ hunting and anti-hunting/ history/ habitat
use/ ecosystem management/ conservation programs/ conservation/ captive
animal care/ breeding/ DDT/ Iowa
Abstract: The
author discusses the history of wildlife restoration in Iowa.
The wildlife populations Iowa started declining 130 years ago. The
Department of Natural Rresources started a restoration program for
wild turkeys in the late 1970s. New cooperative programs by the
National Wild Turkey Federation for wild turkey restoration were also
begun. Nearly 75% of Iowa's remaining forestlands were filled with
turkeys by 1980s. The turkeys were traded for prairie chickens. The
prairie chickens on release in the wild, dispersed and moved from
wintering areas to spring mating grounds. The USDA's Conservation
Reserve Program planted cool-season grasses. Artificial mating grounds
were created and the prairie chickens were released at dawn for
breeding. This method proved successful and from 1987 to 1994 more than
549 prairie chickens were released. As the timber, which stands along
field edges in Iowa was being destroyed, the ruffed-grouse
population also declined. In 1979 an expanded effort was begun and
turkeys and pheasants were traded for grouse. In a span of eight years,
almost 1243 ruffed grouse were released in Iowa. Trapping
pressures and habitat degradation had eliminated river otters
from Iowa. Sixteen otters were flown in from Louisiana in
1985 and
over 15 years 286 other otters were released at 19 sites. By 1964 the
peregrine falcon had a small population due to the use of DDT. Young
chicks from breeders having genetically wild breeding stock were used
for restoration. The young were fed artificially. In 10 years, 100
falcons were released in urban locations. Trumpeter swans were severely
threatened by hunting, egging, and wetland drainage. In 1993, the DNR
began a recovery program. Swans obtained from zoos and flightless
breeding pairs were established. One hundred swans were produced from
these flightless pairs. Ospreys, bald eagle, bobcats, sandhill cranes
were also restored. Fees received from hunters and anglers are funding
the restoration and conservation efforts.
© NISC
2211. Restoring lepidopteran communities to oak savannas: Contrasting influences of habitat quantity and quality.
Summerville, Keith S.; Steichen, Renae M.; and
Lewis, Michelle N.
Restoration Ecology 13(1): 120-128. (2005)
NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971
Descriptors: conservation/ forestry/ tall grass prairie/ habitat disturbance/ savanna ecoregion
Abstract:
Ecological restoration is deemed important for the long-term
conservation of biodiversity, but ecologists still lack an
understanding of how habitat availability and habitat quality in a
restored system interact to determine species diversity. This problem
seems particularly apparent in Tallgrass Prairie and savanna
ecoregions, where restored management units represent the majority of
extant habitat. In this study, we tested three principal hypotheses,
each stating that the diversity of Lepidoptera would be greater in (1)
patches of savanna habitat that were larger; (2) patches that were of
higher habitat quality; and (3) patches that had greater connectivity
to management units of similar physiognomy. Lepidoptera were sampled in
2003 from 13 unmanaged woodland remnants within Neal Smith National
Wildlife Refuge, a 2,292-ha prairie and savanna reconstruction project.
We also measured 11 environmental variables within each site to assess
variation in habitat quantity and quality. Principal components
analysis (PCA) was used to identify major gradients of environmental
variation among the 13 sites. Our PCA differentiated among woodlands
along three environmental gradients, defined by (1) stand size, shape,
topography, and oak dominance; (2) degree of disturbance; and (3)
isolation. Total lepidopteran species richness, however, was only
predicted by variation in the first principal component. Species
richness of Lepidoptera known to be oak specialists was significantly
affected by variation along all three PCA gradients. Surprisingly, more
isolated woodland remnants contained a greater richness of oak feeders.
Our results suggest that approaches to restoring oak savannas should
emphasize aspects of both habitat quantity and quality. Beyond making
individual management units larger, priority sites for restoration
should possess a low importance of trees that are indicative of past
habitat disturbance (e.g., Honey locust, White mulberry) even if canopy
closure is substantial. Connectivity among restored habitats may
benefit savanna moth communities only when habitat linkages contain a
flora similar in composition to focal patches.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2212. Review
of 15 years of research on ecotoxicology and remediation of land
contaminated by agricultural drainage sediment rich in selenium.
Wu, L.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 57(3): 257-269. (Mar. 2004)
NAL Call #: QH545.A1E29; ISSN: 0147-6513
Descriptors: wetlands/
selenium/ land reclamation/ bioaccumulation/ wildlife/ food chains/
grasslands/ vegetation/ soil remediation/ water reservoirs/ sediment
pollution/ leaching/ ecotoxicology/ pollution effects/ pollution
control/ microorganisms/ salinity effects/ agricultural pollution/
habitats/ reservoirs/ water birds/ methylation/ drainage water/
sediment contamination/ remediation/ contamination/ nesting/ rooted
aquatic plants/ safety/ Gambusia affinis/ Kesterson Reservoir/ Central
Valley/ California/ western mosquitofish/ land pollution/ ecosystems
and energetics/ prevention and control/ effects of pollution/ water
quality/ soil pollution: monitoring, control, remediation
Abstract:
The consequences of elevated Se accumulation at the Kesterson Reservoir
National Wildlife Refuge in the Central Valley of California created
adverse effects on wildlife and led to extensive research on the
behavior of Se in both the wetland and upland ecosystems. Selenium
concentrations in water entering the Kesterson Reservoir averaged 300 ìgL-1.
In pond waters 20-30% of the Se was selenate, while only 2% was
selenite in the drainage water entering the reservoir. Submerged rooted
aquatic plants fed on by water birds were found to contain 18-390 mg Se
kg -1 dry weight. Mosquitofish collected from the San Luis Drain contained 332 mg Se kg-1, and those collected from the ponds ranged from 339 to 380 mg kg-1. Livers of water
birds had Se concentrations ranging from 19.9 to 127 mg kg-1.
The high concentrations of Se accumulation in the food chain of the
wetland strongly suggest that Se bioaccumulation was the cause of death
and deformity of embryos of the waterfowl nesting at the wetland
habitat. In June 1986, the Kesterson Reservoir was closed to
drain-water inputs, and the wetland was transformed to an upland
grassland. New remedial plans were proposed. These new plans involved
soil, water, and vegetation management to dissipate Se by
bioaccumulation and volatilization through soil microorganisms and
plants. The investigations of the potential transfer of Se from farm
land into the crop and vegetables in the Central Valley indicated that
plant tissue Se concentrations generally fall in a nonseleniferous
category, except that the highest Se concentration of cotton was at a
threshold where toxicity in animals could occur at a relatively low
frequency. At the Kesterson upland grassland habitat, average total Se
concentrations ranged from 500 to 8000 ìg kg-1 and water-extractable Se ranged from 10 to 700 ìg kg-1
in the top 15cm of soil and varied greatly, by a factor greater than
100, among soil samples. Uptake of Se by the plants was profoundly
affected by the soil available Se concentration, soil moisture, pH,
soil salinity, soil sulfate concentration, soil reoxidation condition,
kind of plant species, and soil-management practices. The rate of soil
Se dissipation at the Kesterson grassland system was from 1% (low
methylation rate) to 5% (high methylation rate) Se inventory per year
and it will take from 46 to 230 years to bring the soil Se down to a
normal level, 4mg Se kg-1
soil. However, the Kesterson upland grassland habitat had Se
bioaccumulation values less than 10% of those of the previous wetland.
The potential food-chain contamination at the existing Kesterson
grassland is much less problematic. No negative impact on wildlife has
been reported for the upland habitat. Plants may contribute to the Se
reoxidation process and be able to reduce the movement of Se in the
soil. At the Kesterson grassland, the distribution of soil Se is
extremely uneven; high levels of soil Se concentrated only in isolated
spots. Therefore, leaching of soil Se is not at an area level. It is
unlikely that problems of transport of Se from the Kesterson soil to
the adjacent uncontaminated environment by leaching can occur.
© ProQuest
2213. A review of factors affecting productivity of bald eagles in the Great Lakes region: Implications for recovery.
Bowerman, W. W.; Giesy, J. P.; Best, D. A.; and
Kramer, V. J.
Environmental Health Perspectives 103(4 Supp.):
51-59. (1995)
NAL Call #: RA565.A1E54; ISSN: 0091-6765.
Notes:
Conference: Work Session on Environmentally Induced Alterations in
Development: A Focus on Wildlife, Racine, WI (USA),
10-12 Dec 1993; Source: Wildlife Development., 1995; Editors: Rolland,
R. //Gilbertson, M. //Colborn, T.; Document number: NIH 95-218.
Descriptors: DDT/
reproduction/ Haliaeetus leucocephalus/ United States, Great Lakes/
pesticides (organochlorine)/ PCB/ TCDD/ PCB compounds/ birds/
mortality/ water pollution/ eggs/ environmental quality/
polychlorinated biphenyls/ aquatic birds/ freshwater pollution/
environmental impact/ toxicology and health/ pollution effects on
organisms
Abstract:
The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) population in North America
declined greatly after World War II due primarily to the eggshell
thinning effects of p,p'-DDE, a biodegradation product of DDT. After
the banning of DDT in the United States and Canada during the
early 1970s, the bald eagle population started to increase. However,
this population recovery has not been uniform. Eagles nesting along the
shorelines of the North American Great Lakes and rivers open to
spawning runs of anadromous fishes from the Great Lakes still
exhibit impaired reproduction. We have explored both ecological and
toxicological factors that would limit reproduction of bald eagles in
the Great Lakes region. Based on our studies, the most critical
factors influencing eagle populations are concentrations of
environmental toxicants. While there might be some continuing effects
of DDE, total PCBs and most importantly
2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) in fishes from
the Great Lakes and rivers open to spawning runs of anadromous fishes
from the Great Lakes currently represent a significant hazard to bald
eagles living along these shorelines or near these rivers and are most
likely related to the impaired reproduction in bald eagles living there.
© ProQuest
2214. Riparian and woodlot landscape patterns and migration of neotropical migrants in riparian forests of eastern South Dakota.
Swanson, David L.; Dean, Kurt L.; Carlisle, Heather A.; and Liknes, Eric T.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 541-549.
Notes: 0196-2094 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ Aves: habitat management/ riparian corridor woodlands and
farmstead woodlots for neotropical migrants/ community structure/
neotropical migrants in riparian corridor woodlands and farmstead
woodlots/ population censuses/ forest and woodland/ riparian corridor
woodlands and farmstead woodlots/ community structure of neotropical
migrants/ riparian habitat/ South Dakota/ Missouri and Big Sioux
rivers/ community structure of neotropical migrants in riparian
corridor woodlands and farmstead woodlots/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Woodland habitat types in the northern Great Plains compose
only a very small fraction of the total land surface. These woodlands
occur primarily as natural riparian forests or as scattered
anthropogenic woodlots and shelterbelts. Natural riparian woodlands
have been markedly reduced over the past century, but anthropogenic
woodlands have increased during this same period. In this paper, we
review and synthesize mist net and point count data from riparian
corridor woodlands (Missouri and Big Sioux rivers) and farmstead
woodlots in southeastern South Dakota to compare neotropical
migrant abundance, species richness, diversity, and community
similarity in these two habitats during spring and fall migrations. We
hypothesized that the larger and more contiguous woodland area and
greater vegetative diversity of riparian corridor woodlands relative to
woodlots would attract higher numbers and more species of neotropical
migrants. Point count abundances were higher in woodlots than in
riparian corridors in both spring and fall, whereas capture rates were
similar in spring, but higher in Missouri River woodlands than at
other sites in fall. Species richness and diversity were similar in
riparian corridors and woodlots at both seasons. Community overlap
between riparian corridors and woodlots was high in spring, but was
lower in fall. In general, these data suggest that overall abundance
and diversity of neotropical migrant communities are similar between
riparian corridors and farmstead woodlots, despite some differences for
individual species. In addition, recaptured migrants were capable of
gaining mass during stopover in woodlots. Farmstead woodlots appear to
effectively supplement natural riparian corridor woodlands as stopover
sites for neotropical migrants. Thus, conservation of even small
woodland parcels may benefit neotropical woodland migrants during
migration.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2215. Riparian buffers and thinning designs in western Oregon headwaters accomplish multiple resource objectives.
Olson, Deanna H.; Chan, Samuel S.; and
Thompson, Charles R.
In:
Congruent Management of Multiple Resources: Proceedings from the Wood
Compatibility Initiative workshop, General Technical Report-PNW 563/
Johnson, Adelaide C.; Haynes, Richard W.; and Monserud, Robert A.;
Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 2002.
pp. 81-91.
Notes: 0363-6224 (ISSN).
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ terrestrial habitat/ land
zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/ headwater riparian
and upland forests/ riparian buffer/ thinning/ multiple resource
management/ headwater streams/ forest density management/ buffer
design/ forest and woodland/ riparian habitat/ Oregon/ United
States, western region/ faunal responses to riparian buffers
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2216. Riparian
buffers within a forest thinning context: Effects on stream amphibians
and riparian microclimates in headwater drainages.
Olson, Deanna H.; Chan, Samuel S.; Ellenburg, Loretta; and Rugger, Cynthia
Northwestern Naturalist 84(2): 109. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL671.M8; ISSN: 1051-1733
Descriptors: amphibians/
forest management/ thinning/ streams/ aquatic habitat/ habitat
management/ microclimates/ temperature/ riparian buffers/ Oregon
Abstract:
Management of forested headwaters varies from little consideration of
aquatic-riparian resources to creation of subdrainage reserves.
Such contrasting approaches have resulted in examination of key
headwater resources and their responses to alternative forest
management scenarios. In managed forests of headwater
subdrainages in northwestern Oregon, we are examining the effects
on amphibians and riparian microclimates of 4 no-entry riparian buffer
widths (approximately 20, 50 to 75, 250, and 500 ft) in an upslope
thinning context (80 trees per acre
[tpa], thinned from a regenerated stand density of >300 tpa).
Although the dominant species generally persisted in reaches
within all four buffer widths in years one and two post-treatment,
several trends are emerging including both increases and decreases in
species' relative abundances. Riparian microclimate changes
post-thinning included about a 2 degree air temperature increase and
three to eight percent relative humidity decrease near the stream
within the 50 to 75 ft riparian buffer, during the warmest times of the
year. Use of multiple riparian buffer widths at project and stand
scales may hedge uncertainty regarding sensitive species' responses to
the joint effects of upslope and riparian forest management.
© NISC
2217. Riparian communities associated with Pacific Northwest headwater streams: Assemblages, processes, and uniqueness.
Richardson, J. S.; Naiman, R. J.; Swanson, F. J.; and Hibbs, D. E.
Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41(4): 935-947. (Aug. 2005)
NAL Call #: GB651.W315.
Descriptors: riparian areas/ streams/ aquatic habitat/ wildlife/ riparian ecology
Abstract: Riparian
areas of large streams provide important habitat to many
species and control many instream processes - but is the same true for
the margins of small streams? This review considers riparian areas
alongside small streams in forested, mountainous areas of
the Pacific Northwest and asks if there are fundamental ecological
differences from larger streams and from other regions and if there are
consequences for management from any differences. In the moist forests
along many small streams of the Pacific Northwest, the contrast
between the streamside and upslope forest is not as strong as that
found in drier regions. Small streams typically lack floodplains, and
the riparian area is often constrained by the hillslope. Nevertheless,
riparian-associated organisms, some unique to headwater areas, are
found along small streams. Disturbance of hillslopes and stream
channels and microclimatic effects of streams on the riparian area
provide great heterogeneity in processes and diversity of habitats. The
tight coupling of the terrestrial riparian area with the aquatic system
results from the closed canopy and high edge-to-area ratio for small
streams. Riparian areas of the temperate, conifer dominated forests of
the Pacific Northwest provide a unique environment. Forest
management guidelines for small streams vary widely, and there has been
little evaluation of the local or downstream consequences of forest
practices along small streams.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2218. Riparian
corridors of eastern Oregon and Washington: Functions and
sustainability along lowland-arid to mountain gradients.
Wissmar, Robert C.
Aquatic Sciences 66(4): 373-387. (2004); ISSN: 1015-1621
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ terrestrial
habitat/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology: habitat management/
riparian and fluvial systems along altitude gradient/ riparian
corridors and fluvial systems along altitude gradient/ conservation
aspects/ river/ fluvial systems along altitude gradient/ ecological
functions and stream/ riparian habitat/ riparian
corridors
along altitude gradient/ Oregon, eastern region/ ecology of
riparian corridors and fluvial systems along altitude gradient/ Washington
Abstract: Riparian
corridors of eastern Oregon and Washington, like
those in other regions, comprise small portions of river drainages but
provide disproportionately important ecosystem functions. However, most
riparian and fluvial (streams and rivers) systems have been greatly
altered. Degraded ecosystems commonly reflect influences of land-uses
(e. g., mining, logging, road construction, fire suppression, livestock
grazing), hydro-developments (e. g., dams, irrigation, flood control)
and other human actions. Some important consequences include:
degradation and fragmentation of habitats, changes in riparian plant
associations, isolated fish populations, and altered flow and sediment
regimes. This synthesis paper evaluates some major environmental
factors that can influence the sustainability of riparian corridors and
fluvial systems along lowland-arid to mountain gradients within river
drainages of eastern Oregon and Washington. Four tributary
rivers of the Columbia River, the Grande Ronde and John
Day Rivers in northeastern Oregon, and the Yakima
and Methow Rivers on the eastside of the Cascade Mountains
in Washington, provide perspectives on environmental conditions.
Factors evaluated include: a) dominant riparian plant associations and
distributions in relation to differences in precipitation and
temperature regimes along elevation gradients; b) ecological and
physiochemical functions of riparian and fluvial systems along
elevation gradients; c) long-term historical and contemporary
cumulative impacts of human actions; and d) management provisions that
could restore and sustain ecosystem functions. Ecological functions of
riparian and fluvial systems are viewed as being closely coupled
because of their dependence on hydrological (surface and sub-surface)
and sediment routing regimes. From a river landscape perspective,
achieving greater connectivity can be a key objective for analyzing and
integrating the management of riparian and fluvial ecosystems.
Effective management should include ensuring the delineation of major
limiting factors (e. g., erosion, water shortages and temperatures) and
identification of streamside and channel networks that link critical
habitats at multiple landscape scales (e. g., locations and spacing of
refuge habitats for fish and wildlife). Management actions should
encourage the connectivity of reaches and habitats and maintenance of
riparian and fluvial functions so interactions can occur. Efforts
should include renewal of natural flood and sediment routing regimes
and the reestablishment of habitats adjacent to ecologically intact
habitats.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2219. Riparian livestock exclosure research in the western United States: A critique and some recommendations.
Sarr, Daniel A.
Environmental Management 30(4): 516-526. (2002)
NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ man-made habitat/ land and
freshwater zones/ comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/
habitat management/ population dynamics/ livestock exclosures/
freshwater habitat/ riparian habitat/ cultivated land habitat/ riparian
farming areas/ United States, western region
Abstract:
Over the last three decades, livestock exclosure research has emerged
as a preferred method to evaluate the ecology of riparian ecosystems
and their susceptibility to livestock impacts. This research has
addressed the effects of livestock exclusion on many characteristics of
riparian ecosystems, including vegetation, aquatic and terrestrial
animals, and geomorphology. This paper reviews, critiques, and provides
recommendations for the improvement of riparian livestock exclosure
research. Exclosure-based research has left considerable scientific
uncertainty due to popularization of relatively few studies, weak study
designs, a poor understanding of the scales and mechanisms of ecosystem
recovery, and selective, agenda-laden literature reviews advocating for
or against public lands livestock grazing. Exclosures are often too
small (<50 ha) and improperly placed to accurately measure the
responses of aquatic organisms or geomorphic processes to livestock
removal. Depending upon the site conditions when and where livestock
exclosures are established, postexclusion dynamics may vary
considerably. Systems can recover quickly and predictably with
livestock removal (the "rubber band" model), fail to recover due to
changes in system structure or function (the "Humpty Dumpty" model), or
recover slowly and remain more sensitive to livestock impacts than they
were before grazing was initiated (the "broken leg" model). Several
initial ideas for strengthening the scientific basis for livestock
exclosure research are presented: (1) incorporation of meta-analyses
and critical reviews. (2) use of restoration ecology as a unifying
conceptual framework; (3) development of long-term research programs;
(4) improved exclosure placement/design; and (5) a stronger commitment
to collection of pre-treatment data.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2220. Risk assessment for conservation under ecological uncertainty: A case study with a stream-dwelling amphibian in managed forests.
Sutherland, Glenn Douglas. University of British Columbia (Canada), 2002.
Notes: Degree: PhD; Advisor: Bunnell, Frederick L.
Descriptors: ecological
uncertainty/ decision-making/ forest management/ habitat management/
amphibians/ tailed frog/ Ascaphus truei/ risk assessment
Abstract:
Quantifying risks of forest and habitat management options are
often limited by uncertainties in habitat associations, life history
and population trends for resident species. Using the tailed frog
Ascaphus truei , a headwater stream-dependent amphibian, I: (1)
developed hierarchical models of habitat relationships across this
species' range in British Columbia; (2) examined plausible life history
responses to habitat change, and (3) investigated population
persistence outcomes within and among streams to uncertain effects of
forest harvesting and disturbance scenarios. To develop habitat
association relationships I used classification and regression trees
(CART) together with simple and partial Mantel tests. Variables
describing biophysical setting at meso- and micro-scales had a greater
influence on occurrence and abundance of larval frogs than did adjacent
forest practices, possibly because most sampling sites were in
disturbed watersheds. Underlying geology was a consistently important
determinant of occurrence patterns, with fine-scale stream structure
more important in determining
abundance.
Using life stage-based population matrix models, I explored
consequences of different life history strategies and ranges of habitat
productivity and environmental variation on population persistence.
Persistence is decreasingly sensitive to changes in growth rates,
tadpole and adult survival, and fecundity. Populations also appear more
sensitive to changes in survivorship of in-stream stages (eggs,
hatchlings and tadpoles) than riparian stages (juveniles/adults).
Clinal, elevational, and local reductions in habitat productivity
(e.g., shorter growing seasons, reduced light penetration in mid-seral
forests) appear as dominant factors mediating how local fluctuations in
demographic rates determine risks of loss of small populations, even if
environmental variation is relatively low. Using a spatially explicit
metapopulation-landscape dynamics model, I explored six plausible
hypotheses linking habitat alterations to population dynamics in
response to forest harvesting and disturbances. Risks to populations
from disturbance depend strongly on assumptions about age at first
reproduction. Incremental effects of forest harvesting on risks were
small compared with those already incurred through stochastic events
(floods, debris flows, climatic variation) or state of the landscape.
Once extirpated, population recovery through dispersal appears
unlikely. However, key uncertainties about the impacts of harvesting
and forest succession on demographic rates render evaluation of
alternative riparian protection systems difficult with present
knowledge.
© NISC
2221. Risk-based multiattribute decision-making in property and watershed management.
Prato, T.
Natural Resource Modeling 12(3): 307-334. (1999);
ISSN: 0890-8575.
Notes: Literature review; Publisher: The Rocky Mountain Mathematics Consortium.
Descriptors: decision
making/ government policies/ sustainable development/ resource
management/ United States, Missouri/ risk/ watershed management/
farming/ agricultural watersheds/ river basin management/ regional
planning/ environmental protection/ resource conservation/ models/
MADM/ best management practices/ BMPs/ sustainable use/ watershed
protection/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ modeling,
mathematics, computer applications/ policy and planning/ techniques of
planning
Abstract:
Determining best management systems for properties and evaluating their
sustainability at the watershed scale are useful and important aspects
of integrated watershed management. Multiattribute decision-making
(MADM) is very useful for modeling the selection of best management
systems for properties in a watershed. This paper reviews four MADM
approaches including utility theory, surrogate worth tradeoff, free
iterative search and stochastic dominance with respect to a function
(SDWF). Emphasis is on determining how the first three methods could be
used to determine the best (most preferred) combinations of attributes
and associated management systems for a property. An application of the
expected utility method with risk neutral preferences is presented in
which farmer's preferences for five attributes are used to rank five
farming systems for an agricultural watershed in Missouri. A
framework is presented for assessing the sustainability of the best
management systems for all properties in a watershed and the
cost-effectiveness of policies for enhancing sustainable resource
management at the watershed scale.
© ProQuest
2222. Riverine floodplain forests of the southeastern United States: Invertebrates in an aquatic-terrestrial ecotone.
Smock, Leonard A.
In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.;
Rader, Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 137-165.
Notes: Literature review; ISBN: 0471292583.
NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58
Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/
life cycle/ riverine flood plain forest/ fauna life history
adaptations/ biomass/ productivity/ community structure/ population
density/ distribution within habitat/ semiaquatic habitat/ flood plain
habitat/ forest and woodland/ forested freshwater wetland/ flooding/
hydrologic cycle/ United States, Southeast
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2223. The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birds.
Brawn, J. D.; Robinson, S. K.; and Thompson, F. R.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 251-276. (2001); ISSN: 00664162.
Notes: doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114031.
Descriptors: fire/
flood pulse/ habitat selection/ silviculture/ successional habitats/
avifauna/ conservation management/ disturbance/ fire/ flooding/ habitat
creation/ population decline/ North America/ Aves/ Vertebrata
Abstract:
Natural ecological disturbance creates habitats that are used by
diverse groups of birds. In North America, these habitats or
ecosystems include grasslands or prairies, shrublands, savannas, early
successional forests, and floodplains. Whereas the extent of all
natural habitats has diminished significantly owing to outright loss
from agriculture and development, the suppression of disturbance by
agents such as fire and flooding has led to further losses.
Accordingly, the abundances of many bird species adapted to
disturbance-mediated habitats have declined as well. In North
America, these declines have been more severe and common than those of
species associated with less frequently disturbed habitats such as
mature or closed-canopy forests. Field studies consistently reveal the
direct role of disturbance and successional processes in structuring
avian habitats and communities. Conservation strategies involving the
management of disturbance through some combination of flooding,
application of fire, or the expression of wildfire, and use of certain
types of silviculture have the potential to diversify avian habitats at
the local, landscape, and regional scale. Many aspects of the
disturbance ecology of birds require further research. Important
questions involve associations between the intensity and frequency of
disturbance and the viability of bird populations, the scale of
disturbance with respect to the spatial structure of populations, and
the role of natural vs. anthropogenic disturbance. The effects of
disturbance and ensuing successional processes on birds are potentially
long-term, and comprehensive monitoring is essential.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2224. The role of earthworms for assessment of sustainability and as bioindicators.
Paoletti, M. G.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74(1/3):
137-155. (June 1999)
NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 [AEENDO].
Notes:
Literature review; Special issue: Invertebrate biodiversity as
bioindicators of sustainable landscapes/ edited by M.G. Paoletti.
Includes references.
Descriptors: earthworms/
indicator species/ sustainability/ evaluation/ monitoring/
environmental management/ environmental impact/ habitats/ agricultural
land/ urban areas/ industrial sites/ species diversity/ biomass/
taxonomy/ identification/ soil pollution/ pesticides/ heavy metals/
genetic engineering/ crops/ stress/ orchards/ polluted soils
Abstract:
Earthworms, which inhabit soils and litter layers in most landscapes,
can offer an important tool to evaluate different environmental
transformations and impacts. Agricultural landscapes, urban and
industrialized habitats have some earthworms that represent interesting
indicators to monitor different contaminations, to assess different
farming practices and different landscape structures and
transformations. Species number, abundance and biomass can give easily
measurable elements. Ecological guilds can help in comparing different
environments. Taxonomy is relatively well known, at least in temperate
areas, where species identification is in general easily solved. CD-ROM
based programs facilitate rapid identification of collected specimens.
The substantial amount of research carried out on these invertebrates
has made these soil organisms more promising for further improved and
accurate work in assessing sustainability of different environments. In
most cases earthworm biomass or abundance can offer a valuable tool to
assess different environmental impacts such as tillage operations, soil
pollution, different agricultural input, trampling, industrial plant
pollution, etc. In rural environments different farming systems can be
assessed using earthworm biomass and numbers.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2225. The role of spiders as predators of insect pests with particular reference to orchards: A review.
Bogya, S. and Mols, P. J.
Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 31(1-2): 83-159. (1996); ISSN: 0238-1249
Descriptors: predator-prey interactions/ pesticides/ biological control/ Araneae/ Insecta/ agriculture/
applied entomology
Abstract:
Spiders are well known predators of insects (including insect pests)
but about there role as biological control agents in agroecosystems
(particularly in orchards) little is known. In the last decade new
information (especially of the behaviour of spiders in different
agroecosystems) has become available and this increased expectations
about spiders as beneficial organisms. Spiders are a very heterogeneous
group of animals with different hunting tactics and therefore, they
play a different ecological role. At family level these tactics are
rather similar and one species of the group can be used as
representative example for ecological studies for the whole family. On
the other hand properties and behaviour found in different species of
one family can be seen as characteristic for the whole family. A
comprehensive review of spiders as natural enemies of pest species of
different crops is given offering information about the expected prey
spectrum per family. A qualitative evaluation of pest-spider
relationships has been carried out for a whole range of agroecosystems
and the results are transposed to spider groups inhabiting the orchard
ecosystem. The effect of pesticides on spiders, both from laboratory
and field experiments is discussed and it has been shown to be the most
important factor influencing spider occurrence and abundance in the
field. Thus the pest management system (conventional or IPM or
ecological) determines to a great extent the role of spiders can play
in controlling pest organisms. Only from a few species occurring in
different ecosystems quantitative information of their searching and
predatory potential is available resulting in functional response
relationships to prey density. A list of methods for further
quantitative evaluation of spider impact on pest in getting insight in
predation processes is presented.
© ProQuest
2226. Rural riparian restoration.
Small, Stacy
PRBO Observer (119): 4-5. (2000)
Descriptors: agricultural
crops/ agricultural practices/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat
management/ management/ orchards/ plantations/ plantings/ revegetation/
rice/ riparian habitat/ techniques/ wildlife/ California: Sacramento Valley
Abstract:
Information is presented on the need for riparian habitat management
for bird species in the Central Valley region of California.
© NISC
2227. Salamander abundance and amphibian species richness in riparian buffer strips in the Oregon coast range.
Vesely, David G. and McComb, William C.
Forest Science 48(2): 291-297. (2002)
NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ community structure/
terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Amphibia: forestry/
habitat management/ riparian buffer strips/ forestry technique/ species
richness/ species diversity/ forest and woodland/ Oregon/ Oregon Coast
Range/ species richness/ forestry management techniques/ evaluation/
Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract:
Logging and other forest practices are widely reported to be a threat
to some amphibian populations in the Pacific Northwest. Riparian
buffer strips are one conservation measure that may benefit amphibians
in managed forests. However, few amphibian surveys have been conducted
in buffer strips. We compared total salamander abundance, amphibian
species richness, and sampling proportions for five species of
salamanders between 17 managed stands and 12 unlogged, streamside
forests in the Coast Range of western Oregon. We also
identified relationships between buffer strip width and salamander
population indices. Surveys conducted on 20 [x] 40 m plots demonstrated
that torrent salamanders (Rhyacotriton spp.), clouded salamanders
(Aneides ferreus), Dunn's salamanders (Plethodon dunni), western
red-backed salamanders (Plethodon vehiculum), total salamander
abundance, and amphibian species richness were sensitive to forest
practices in riparian areas. We conclude that riparian buffer strips
are a useful habitat management strategy for several salamander
species. However, buffer strip widths currently requiredby state forest
practices regulations may not be adequate to prevent local declines in
the diversity of amphibian communities.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2228. Salmon Bay Natural Area pre-restoration monitoring 2004.
Toft, J.; Cordell, J.; and Starkhouse, B. Washington University; Rep. Fish. Res. Inst. Wash. Univ.
No. 0503, 2005.
Notes: Responsibility: School of Aquatic and Fishery Science, Fisheries Research Institute, Washington University.
http://www.fish.washington.edu/Research/Publications/ pdfs/0503.pdf
Descriptors: baseline
studies/ biological surveys/ coastal zone management/ habitat
improvement/ monitoring/ shoreline restoration/ Puget Sound/ benthic
invertebrates/ intertidal zone/ shoreline modifications/ overwater
structure/ juvenile salmon/ Salmon Bay/ Chinook salmon/ riparian
vegetation/ Washington
Abstract:
The Salmon Bay Natural Area (SBNA) is a planned restoration
project which will protect and enhance the last largely undeveloped,
wooded shoreline on Seattle's Salmon Bay. This is
an important location in the migration of endangered populations of
juvenile Chinook salmon, since it is directly downstream from the Hiram
M. Chittenden Locks. The overall objectives for restoring the shoreline
habitat are to improve riparian and upland vegetation, remove the
existing overwater structure and associated rip-rap, and enhance
intertidal habitat in order to improve rearing opportunities for
juvenile salmonids. Fieldwork was conducted during Spring and Summer
2004 at the overwater site and an adjacent reference site, sampling
benthic invertebrates, terrestrial insects, fish (via snorkel surveys),
and sediment grain size. The overwater site consisted of a recreational
house with a deck and an attached floating dock, while the reference
site was a stretch of adjacent beach. Two different tidal levels were
included in the sampling design, pertaining to the high tidal elevation
of the overwater structure at +8 Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) and the
low tidal elevation of the floating dock at +1 MLLW. All measurements
of total invertebrate densities showed significantly higher numbers at
the reference site as compared to the overwater site. This includes
benthic macroinvertebrates, harpacticoid copepods, and terrestrial
insects, all important juvenile salmonid prey items. The reference site
also had a greater number of taxa with significantly higher densities.
Taxa richness of benthic invertebrates was not limited by the overwater
structure, as number of taxa were similar at the two sites and even
greater at the low tidal elevation overwater structure site for benthic
macroinvertebrates. Taxa richness of insects was much higher at the
reference site.
© ProQuest
2229. Sampling
on private property to evaluate population status and effects of land
use practices on the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus.
Hermann, S. M.; Guyer, C.; Hardin Waddle, J.; and
Greg Nelms, M.
Biological Conservation 108(3): 289-298. (2002)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 00063207.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00123-4.
Descriptors: fire/
Gopherus/ land management/ private property/ status survey/ land
management/ population size/ private land/ sampling/ species
conservation/ United States/ Animalia/ Gopherus/ Gopherus polyphemus/
Polyphemus/ Testudinidae
Abstract:
Although private properties are predicted to play an increasingly
significant role in conservation, surveys of species of special concern
are rare on these lands. We created a template for a multi-county
survey of randomly selected sites and sampled for burrows of the gopher
tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) in south-central Georgia, USA.
Current land use was strongly correlated with tortoise population
condition. The highest densities of tortoise burrows were found on
lands with open-canopied pine stands that were managed with prescribed
fire, a practice associated with types of selection forestry and/or
wildlife management. Agricultural sites and unburned areas provided
poor habitat and pine plantations were only slightly better. Our
estimates of tortoise population densities indicated that the current
landscape supports less than 20% of the animals present before
implementation of modern land use practices. In addition, our estimate
for density of active burrows was approximately one third of that
projected for the entire state range 20 years ago by Auffenberg and
Franz [Auffenberg, W., Franz, R., 1982. The status and distribution of
the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). In: Bury, R. B. (Ed.), North
American Tortoises: Conservation and Ecology (US Fish and Wildlife
Service Wildlife Research Report 12). pp. 95-126]. However, some good
sites for gopher tortoises remain in south Georgia and our data also
suggested that extraordinary conservation actions may not be required
if ways can be developed to retain traditional land management
practices on private property.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2230. Seasonal
and habitat influences on avifauna of an agricultural impoundment in
southwest Florida: Results of a five-year monitoring program.
Main, Martin B. and Allen, Ginger M.
Florida Scientist 70(3): 219-240. (2007); ISSN: 0098-4590
Descriptors: ecology:
environmental sciences/ climatology: environmental sciences/
biogeography: population studies/ wildlife management: conservation/
wildlife habitat/ species diversity/ avifauna/ seasonal influence/
habitat influence/ avian assemblage/ agricultural impoundment
Abstract:
Agricultural impoundments represent potentially important habitat, but
little information is available on the use of these areas by wildlife
or how that use varies seasonally. We conducted weekly surveys during a
5-year period to document seasonal, annual, and habitat influences on
the avian community of a 10.5-ha agricultural impoundment in southwest
Florida. The impoundment included a mix of wetland and upland cover
types typical of impoundments in the region. We recorded approximately
113 of the 229 potential native resident and migratory avifouna known
to occur in the region, including 5 species of state or federally
listed wading birds. Of the 85 species documented, 65% nested in
southwest Florida, many of which were augmented by winter
migrants. The avian assemblage was relatively evenly distributed and 5
of the 7 defined guilds were represented among the 8 most abundant
species. Wetland cover types attracted the most species and birds, many
of the most abundant of which were species known to use wetlands with
relatively dense vegetation. Seasonal effects associated with changing
wetland conditions and migratory species were principal factors
influencing changes in the bird community. Numbers of species and birds
were inversely related to the rainy summer months and positively
associated with improved foraging conditions created by seasonal
changes in water level. Annual effects were less important but species
and numbers of birds declined during the year of lowest annual rainfall
Southwest Florida has thousands of hectares devoted to agricultural
impoundments, the collective contribution of which may be extremely
important for conservation of regional and migratory bird populations,
yet almost nothing is known about the value of these habitats in
working landscapes or how best to manage them for wildlife.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2231. Seasonal variation in waterfowl nesting success and its relation to cover management in the Canadian prairies.
Emery, R. B.; Howerter, D. W.; Armstrong, L. M.;
Anderson, M. G.; Devries, J. H.; and Joynt, B. L.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(3): 1181-1193. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0022-541X(2005)069[1181:SVIWNS]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Cover
management/ Initiation date/ mallard/ nesting success/ planted cover/
Prairie Pothole Region/ seasonal variation/ waterfowl/ habitat
management/ nesting success/ seasonal variation/ vegetation cover/
waterfowl/ wildlife management/ Canada/ North America/ Anas/ Anas
platyrhynchos/ Anatidae
Abstract:
Early hatched waterfowl are more likely to enter the breeding
population. Managers' primary tool to increase nesting success in the
Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America is managing upland
vegetation for duck nesting cover. To determine whether managed
covertypes affect early-season nesting success, we modeled seasonal
variation in nesting success using >17,000 duck nests found in
managed and unmanaged covertypes in prairie Canada from 1993 to
2000. Nesting success was higher in most managed covertypes than in
unmanaged covertypes early in the nesting season. Planted cover
appeared to be the best managed covertype for increasing early-season
nesting success as it had high early-season nesting success, and was
selected by nesting ducks in greater proportion than its availability;
however, nesting success in planted cover declined later in the nesting
season while nesting success in most unmanaged covertypes increased.
Nevertheless, even with reduced nesting success late in the season,
planted cover was more productive than surrounding unmanaged
covertypes. Future waterfowl management efforts should focus on
providing safe nesting cover early in the nesting season.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2232. Selection
of flooded agricultural fields and other landscapes by female northern
pintails wintering in Tulare Basin, California.
Fleskes, J. P.; Jarvis, R. L.; and Gilmer, D. S.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 793-803. (2003)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: environment-ecology/
Anas acuta/ California/ habitat selection/ northern pintail/ San
Joaquin Valley/ Tulare Basin/ San Joaquin Valley/ habitat use/
Sacramento Valley/ feeding ecology/ waterfowl/ ducks/ shorebirds/
movements/ wetlands
Abstract:
Habitat selection and use are measures of relative importance of
habitats to wildlife and necessary information for effective wildlife
conservation. To measure the relative importance of flooded
agricultural fields and other landscapes to northern pintails (Anas
acuta) wintering in Tulare Basin (TB), California, we radiotagged
female pintails during late August-early October, 1991-1993 in TB and
other San Joaquin Valley areas and determined use and selection of
these TB landscapes through March each year. Availability of landscape
and field types in TB changed within and among years. Pintail use and
selection (based upon use-to-availability log ratios) of landscape and
field types differed among seasons, years, and diel periods. Fields
flooded after harvest and before planting (i.e., pre-irrigated) were
the most available, used, and selected landscape type before the
hunting season (Prehunt). Safflower was the most available, used,
and-except in 1993, when pre-irrigated fallow was available-selected
pre-irrigated field type during Prehunt. Pre-irrigated barley-wheat
received 19-22% of use before hunting season, but selection varied
greatly among years and diel periods. During and after hunting season,
managed marsh was the most available, used, and, along with floodwater
areas, selected landscape type; pre-irrigated cotton and alfalfa were
the least selected field types and accounted for less than or equal
to13% of pintail use. Agricultural drainwater evaporation ponds, sewage
treatment ponds, and reservoirs accounted for 42-48% of flooded
landscape available but were little used and least selected. Exodus of
pintails from TB coincided with drying of pre-irrigated fallow,
safflower, and barley-wheat fields early in winter, indicating that
preferred habitats were lacking in TB during late winter. Agriculture
conservation programs could improve TB for pintails by increasing
flooding of fallow and harvested safflower and grain fields.
Conservation of remaining wetlands should concentrate on increasing the
amount and productivity of marsh that is shallow-flooded as
pre-irrigated grain fields dry. If pintails were provided with adequate
preferred field and marsh habitats, including hunt-day sanctuaries,
contaminant risks associated with exposure to drainwater evaporation
ponds probably should remain low for these waterfowl even if their
abundance in TB increased.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2233. Setting restoration goals for disturbed Great Lakes island ecosystems: Policy considerations after you've got the data.
Flaspohler, D. J. and Hurley, P. M.
In: 47th International Association for Great Lakes Research Conference; Vol. 2004.; pp. 44; 2004.
Notes:
Location: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB),
(Formerly JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology), Pvt Bag 1015,
Grahamstown, 6140,
South Africa.
Descriptors: anthropogenic
alterations/ anthropogenic factors/ ecosystem approach/ ecosystem
health/ forest habitat/ Great Lakes/ habitat management/ habitat
restoration/ policy/ management/ forest environments/ conservation/
rivers/ lakes/ anthropogenic impact/ freshwater environments/ North
America
Abstract: Restoration
and maintenance of native forest biodiversity on Great Lakes
islands requires an understanding of past ecosystem
condition including measures of anthropogenic disturbance. To aid
restoration and management of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
(Michigan, USA we compared patterns of forest woody and herbaceous
plant species composition on two islands in northern Lake Michigan, one
with no history of white-tailed deer (South Manitou Island [SMI]), and
the other with historically (but not currently) high densities of
human-introduced deer (North Manitou Island [NMI]). We also compared
current to pre-European forest conditions using 19th century survey
data, and data collected in 2002. Current forest composition differs
substantially from the historic condition. Also, recovery from a period
of deer overabundance and excessive browse during the 1970s and early
1980s has progressed at a slow pace, if at all. For
example, Canada yew is functionally extirpated, and forest herbs
are either
absent or far less abundant on NMI than SMI. We believe that active
intervention will be necessary for the restoration of certain
biodiversity elements. We discuss the conservation and policy issues
related to our findings with a particular emphasis on the unique
vulnerability of Great Lakes islands to ecological disturbance.
© NISC
2234. Short duration grazing and duck nesting: A case history.
Evrard, J. O.; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; PUB-SS-745 2000, 2000.
Notes:
Research Management Findings 45, published Oct 2000 by the Bureau of
Integrated Science Services, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/es/science/publications/PUBL_RS_745_00.pdf
Descriptors: Bos taurus/ Anatinae/ ducks/ cattle/ habitat management/ prairie/ landscape management/ Wisconsin
© NISC
2235. Short-term
effects of timber harvest on abundance, territory characteristics, and
pairing success of ovenbirds in riparian buffer strips.
Lambert, J. Daniel and Hannon, Susan J.
Auk 117(3): 687-698. (2000)
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ reproduction/ reproductive behavior/ behavior/ ecology/
population dynamics/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/
Canada/ Seiurus aurocapillus (Parulidae): forestry/ timber harvesting/
abundance/ riparian forest/ pair formation/ pairing success/
territoriality/ territory characteristics/ population density/ forest
and woodland/ riparian buffer strips/ riparian habitat/ forest buffer
strips/ Alberta/ Parulidae/ Passeriformes, Aves/ birds/ chordates/
vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2236. The shortgrass prairie.
Gillihan, Scott W. and Carter, Michael F.
Birding 33(6): 546-551. (2001); ISSN: 0161-1836
Descriptors: adaptation/
agricultural practices/ birds/ conservation/ Conservation Reserve
Program/ ecosystems/ grazing/ habitat alterations/ mammals/ neotropical
migrants/ playas/ prairies/ riparian habitat/ semi-arid habitat/
wetlands/ wildlife-habitat relationships
Abstract:
The shortgrass prairie is at the western edge of the North American
grasslands, beginning just east of the Rocky Mountains. The birds
living in this region and adapted to the semi-arid climate, include
raptors that use cattle and bison bones for nest material, burrowing
owls, and sparrows that sing in flight. The Rocky Mountains, which
take moisture from Pacific storm-fronts, are responsible for the dry
climate of the prairie. The topography, the diverse vegetation, and the
climate present on the prairies are described in the article. Livestock
and prairie dog grazing plays an important role in the mosaic nature of
the prairie. The various habitat types present here are grasslands,
lowland riparian areas, wetlands, sand sage prairie, and playa lakes.
About 70% of the shortgrass prairie is privately owned, with the
remainder being under the jurisdiction of the states and the federal
government. The major conservation issues in the shortgrass prairie are
habitat loss and habitat alteration. Due to lack of proper irrigation,
most of the area is in grassland form only. The current focus of
conservation is on the decline of Neotropical migrant bird species,
which makes protecting grasslands the highest bird conservation
priority. The conservation of shortgrass prairie is under the control
of the North American Bird Conservation Initiative (NABCI). The details
of the various organizations involved in the prairie conservation and
their modes of functioning are discussed in the article.
© NISC
2237. Shrub regrowth, antiherbivore defenses, and nutritional value following fire.
Schindler, J. R.; Fulbright, T. E; and Forbes, T. D. A.
Journal of Range Management 57(2): 178-186. (2004)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82 ; ISSN: 0022-409X
Descriptors: chemical
composition/ controlled burning/ crude protein/ defence/ fibre content/
grassland management/ grasslands/ mowing/ nutrient content/ nutritive
value/ palatability/ plant composition/ plant height/ protein
digestibility/ sprouts/ tannins/ Acacia rigidula/ Celtis pallida/
Odocoileus virginianus/ Prosopis glandulosa
Abstract: Prescribed
fire is a commonly used as a follow-up procedure to
mechanical top growth removal methods such as mowing and roller
chopping, but the effects of fire on spinescence and tannin content of
shrub sprouts produced after mechanical top growth removal are unknown.
Following mowing, (1) height, spinescence, and tannin content in
sprouts produced after burning; (2) nutrient and fibre contents in
sprouts of the 3 study species; and (3) utilization of sprouts of each
species in burned and unburned plots were determined in each of
blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidula), honey mesquite (Prosopis
glandulosa), and spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida). The study was
located in Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge
in Texas, USA. Averaged across sampling periods, burned
blackbrush acacia
and honey mesquite had 54% and 94%, respectively, shorter thorns than
unburned plants. Burned and unburned spiny hackberry plants had similar
thorn lengths. Averaged across species, sprouts of burned plants had
similar tannin levels as unburned plants 6 and 12 weeks after burning.
Sprouts of burned blackbrush acacia had higher levels of tannin than
sprouts of unburned plants 34 weeks after burning. Leaf material from
sprouts of burned spiny hackberry plants had higher crude protein and
digestible protein than leaf material from unburned plants. Blackbrush
acacia sprouts in burned plots contained lower digestible dry matter
and digestible energy than plants in unburned plots. Honey mesquite
sprouts in burned plots contained higher digestible dry matter and
digestible energy than plants in unburned plots. Burning appears to be
a desirable follow-up treatment to mowing because it temporarily
increases nutritional value of shrub sprouts, decreases physical
defenses, and suppresses growth of shrub species that have low
palatability to white-tailed deer.
© CABI
2238. Site accessibility and prioritization of nature reserves.
Onal, H. and Yanprechaset, P.
Ecological Economics 60(4): 763-773. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH540.E26 ; ISSN: 09218009.
Notes: doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.01.011.
Descriptors: Conservation reserve/ Integer programming/ site accessibility/ species representation
Abstract:
Nature reserves not only protect habitat-stressed species but also
provide recreation and welfare services to people. Therefore, site
accessibility matters in reserve design. This study incorporates public
accessibility, determined by urban populations and distances between
urban areas and reserve sites, as an additional factor in conservation
reserve design besides species representation and economic
characteristics of individual sites. An optimization approach is
introduced to determine a reserve network with maximum accessibility
while satisfying specified representation targets under financial
constraints. The paper also presents an empirical application of this
approach to endangered/threatened birds in Illinois, USA, and
analyzes the tradeoffs between ecological, economic, and social
objectives of biological conservation. The results show that: i) the
conventional minimal representation approach would result in a small
reserve network, but this network would have poor accessibility; ii)
public accessibility can be improved significantly by selecting
alternative sites with the same amount of conservation budget; iii)
further improvement in accessibility can be achieved by enlarging the
network, but in this particular case the gains would be insignificant
after the first few additional sites; and iv) a regionally integrated
conservation plan, as opposed to decentralized conservation efforts, is
beneficial for both species protection and social welfare.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2239. Source
habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia Basin: Broad-scale trends and management
implications, Volume 1: Overview.
Wisdom, M. J.; Holthausen, R. S.; Wales, B. C.;
Hargis, C. D.; Saab, V. A.; Lee, D. C.; Hann, W. J.;
Rich, T. D.; Rowland, M. M.; Murphy, W. J.; and
Eames,
M. R. Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; General
Technical Report-PNW 485, 2000. 156 p.
Notes: 00929654 (ISSN).
Descriptors: cluster
analysis/ conservation/ forest management/ habitat/ habitat condition/
habitat management/ habitat trend/ Interior Columbia Basin/ Interior
Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project/ landscape analysis/
landscape ecology/ monitoring/ population viability/ rangeland
management/ restoration/ sink environment/ source/ source environment/
source habitat/ source habitats/ spatial analysis/ species groups/
species of focus/ terrestrial vertebrates/ validation research/
viability/ wildlife/ wildlife-habitat relations/ conservation
management/ ecosystem management/ habitat management/ habitat quality/
landscape ecology/ source-sink dynamics/ vertebrate/ United States
Abstract:
We defined habitat requirements (source habitats) and assessed
trends in these habitats for 91 species of terrestrial vertebrates on
58 million ha (145 million acres) of public and private lands within
the interior Columbia basin (hereafter referred to as the basin).
We also summarized knowledge about species-road relations for each
species and mapped source habitats in relation to road densities for
four species of terrestrial carnivores. Our assessment was conducted as
part of the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project
(ICBEMP), a multiresource, multidisciplinary effort by the USDA Forest
Service (FS) and the USDI Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to develop an
ecosystem-based strategy for managing FS and BLM lands within the
basin. Our results indicated that habitats for species, groups, and
families associated with old-forest structural stages, with native
grasslands, or with native shrublands have undergone strong, widespread
decline. Implications of these results for managing old-forest
structural stages include consideration of (1) conservation of habitats
in sub-basins and watersheds where decline in old forests has been
strongest; (2) silvicultural manipulations of mid-seral forests to
accelerate development of late-seral stages; and (3) long-term
silvicultural manipulations and long-term accommodation of fire and
other disturbance regimes in all forested structural stages to hasten
development and improvement in the amount, quality, and distribution of
old-forest stages. Implications of our results for managing rangelands
include the potential to (1) conserve native grasslands and shrublands
that have not undergone large-scale reduction in composition of native
plants; (2) control or eradicate exotic plants on native grasslands and
shrublands where invasion potential or spread of exotics is highest;
and (3) restore native plant communities by using intensive range
practices where potential for restoration is highest. Our analysis also
indicated that >70 percent of the 91 species are affected negatively
by one or more factors associated with roads. Moreover, maps of the
abundance of source habitats in relation to classes of road density
suggested that road-associated factors hypothetically may reduce the
potential to support persistent populations of terrestrial carnivores
in many subbasins. Management implications of our summarized road
effects include the potential to mitigate a diverse set of negative
factors associated with roads. Comprehensive mitigation of
road-associated factors would require a substantial reduction in the
density of existing roads as well as effective control of road access
in relation to management of livestock, timber, recreation, hunting,
trapping, mineral development, and other human activities. A major
assumption of our work was that validation research will be conducted
by agency scientists and other researchers to corroborate our findings.
As a preliminary step in the process of validation, we found high
agreement between trends in source habitats and prior trends in habitat
outcomes that were estimated as part of the habitat outcome analysis
for terrestrial species within the basin. Results of our assessment
also were assumed to lead to finer scale evaluations of habitats for
some species, groups, or families as part of implementation procedures.
Implementation procedures are necessary to relate our findings to local
conditions; this would enable managers to effectively apply local
conservation and restoration practices to support broad-scale
conservation and restoration strategies that may evolve from our
findings.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2240. Southeastern Arizona Turkey Management Plan.
Heffelfinger, J.; Wakeling, B.; MIllican, J.; Stone, S.; Skinner, T.; Fredlake, M.; and Adkins, M.
Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2000. 25 p.
Notes: Project Number: AZ W-053-M.
http://www.azgfd.gov/pdfs/h_f/management/ SoutheasternArizonaWildTurke%20ManagementPlan.pdf
Descriptors: burning/
control/ cutting/ diet, artificial/ fertilization, soil and water/
fire/ grazing/ habitat management for wildlife/ harvests/ history/
mast/ planning, strategic/ planting/ population distribution/
predators/ seedlings/ stocking-transplanting/ surveys/ turkeys/ water/
wildlife management/ Arizona/ Huachuca Mountains
Abstract:
The purpose of this plan is to provide guidance to agencies and
organizations involved in the conservation and management of turkeys
and their habitat. Strategies are listed for various management actions
which are based on research or management experience. Insufficient
information at this time precludes a more detailed implementation
schedule with specific projects and funding needs. The information and
strategies contained in this plan should help guide the development of
such specific actions. Specific projects are already being planned and
will be funded and implemented on an individual basis.
© NISC
2241. Species diversity, richness, and evenness of ground beetles in wheat fields and adjacent grasslands and riparian zones.
French, B. Wade and Elliott, Norman C.
Southwestern Entomologist 26(4): 315-324. (2001);
ISSN: 0147-1724
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/
man-made habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Carabidae: farming and
agriculture/ habitat management/ community structure/ grassland/
grasslands adjacent to wheat fields/ riparian habitat/ riparian zones
adjacent to wheat fields/ cultivated land habitat/ wheat fields/
Oklahoma/ Stillwater/ Carabidae/ Caraboidea, Adephaga, Coleoptera,
Insecta/ arthropods/ coleopterans beetles/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Natural habitats adjacent to or near agricultural fields harbor a
variety of beneficial arthropods that assist in pest control. Ground
beetles are polyphagous predators of various agricultural pests and
often colonize cereal fields from adjacent habitats. Our objective was
to measure the richness, diversity, and evenness of ground beetles in
the interiors and boundaries of winter wheat fields and adjacent
grasslands and riparian zones, and suggest strategies for managing
carabid diversity and abundance in agricultural landscapes. We used
pitfall traps to study ground beetles in winter wheat fields and in
adjacent riparian zones and grasslands from 1993 through 1997 in
north-central Oklahoma. During autumn, winter, and spring, species
richness, evenness, and diversity were generally higher in the natural
habitat interiors and the edges than in the interiors of wheat fields.
We suggest adding grassy strips to wheat fields and extending the saum
(zone of perennial herbs and grasses) adjacent to wooded riparian
habitats to supplement numbers and diversity of ground beetles in the
agricultural landscape.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2242. Species richness and nesting success of neotropical migrants in natural and anthropogenic woodlands.
Gentry, Dale J. and Swanson, David L.
South Dakota Academy of Science: Proceedings
80: 361. (2001)
NAL Call #: 500 SO82; ISSN: 0096-378X
Descriptors: woodlots/
nesting habitats/ Great Plains/ birds/ predation/ nesting success/
coastal habitat/ neotropical migrants/ rivers/ shelterbelts/ fragmented
habitats
Abstract:
Historic woodland nesting habitat for Neotropical migrant songbirds in
the Northern Great Plains consists primarily of riparian habitat
surrounding streams and rivers. These deciduous woodlands have
become narrower as trees were cleared to make the land available for
agriculture. Since then, new habitats for woodland nesting birds
have arisen in the form of anthropogenic woodlots and shelterbelts.
A decreased nesting success is associated with isolated and
fragmented habitats due to increased rates of both nest predation by
mammalian and avian predators, and brood parasitism by Brown-headed
Cowbirds at forest edges. We compared nesting success in the two
habitats to determine if Neotropical migrants are more successful
nesting in reduced natural habitats or in anthropogenic woodlots.
We also determined density and relative abundance of breeding
birds with point counts four times during the summer. A total of
46 nests were found. Calculation of Mayfield nesting success on
the nests in each habitat resulted in higher nesting success in the
anthropogenic woodlands (0.543) than in the riparian areas (0.249)
although we were not able to compare them statistically due to low
sample size. Density and relative abundance were compared between
habitats with an ANOVA and no significant differences were detected.
These results represent only one field season, two more are
planned before final results will be determined.
© NISC
2243. Spiders in decomposition food webs of agroecosystems: Theory and evidence.
Wise, D. H.; Snyder, W. E.; Tuntibunpakul, P.; and Halaj, J.
Journal of Arachnology 27(1): 363-370. (1999)
NAL Call #: QL451.J6 ; ISSN: 0161-8202.
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: decomposition/
conservation tillage/ grazing/ mineralization/ nutrients/ pastures/
predation/ predators/ prey/ productivity/ subsidies/ tillage/ ecology/
Araneae/ arthropods/ Arachnida/ invertebrates/ animals
Abstract:
The involvement of spiders in decomposition food webs has the potential
to affect agricultural productivity through two quite different types
of interactions (1) cascading, top-down effects of spider predation on
rates of nutrient mineralization - spider- initiated trophic cascades
in the detrital food web that could alter rates of decomposition and
release of nutrients to plants, and (2) a bottom-up linkage, through
spiders, between decomposition and grazing food webs - energy from the
detrital web contributing to elevated spider densities, which in turn
might reduce pests and enhance net primary production. Scant
experimental evidence exists to refute or support either hypothesis.
The first set of interactions is most likely to be of significance in
no-till and conservation tillage farming. In theory, spiders have the
potential to enhance productivity by increasing rates of
mineralization, but theory also predicts that spiders, by preying on
important detritivores and fungivorus, depress rates of litter
decomposition. Field experiments by Kajak et al. have uncovered such
negative effects of spiders in mown pastures. Although this negative
effect could reduce plant growth, the expected time lags in most types
of crops suggest that the overall impact of spiders on plant production
will be determined more by the interactions comprising the second
hypothesis. However, the later hypothesis, that bottom-up control
processes in the decomposition web affect crop productivity via energy
subsidies to spiders and other generalist predators in the grazing web,
remains conjecture without clear experimental confirmation. This
hypothesis should be tested in agroecosystems in which detritus-based
food webs can feasibly be manipulated.
© CABI
2244. Stop! Look! And listen!
Clawson, Rick
Missouri Conservationist 64(3): 23-27. (2003);
ISSN: 0026-6515.
http://mdc.mo.gov/conmag/2003/03/50.htm
Descriptors: birds/
census-survey methods/ communities/ conservation/ ecosystems/ habitat
alterations/ habitat management/ reserves/ refuges/ parks/ techniques/
wildlife-habitat relationships/ eastern meadowlark/ dickcissel/ gray
catbird/ common yellowbird/ cardinal/ rufous-sided towhee/
yellow-billed cuckoo/ eastern wood-pewee/ blue-gray gnatcatcher/ summer
tanager/ rose-breasted grosbeak/ great crested flycatcher/ Kentucky
warbler/ bobwhite quai/ mourning dove/ Missouri
Abstract: Ever
since the incorporation of Whetstone Creek Conservation
Area, Missouri, in 1977, several conservation department managers
have
strived to alter the landscape using a variety of land management
practices so as to attract a range of wildlife including songbirds.
Recent practices include controlled burning, grazing, haying, and grain
planting in the open lands, and timber cutting and thinning in the
forestlands. These changes in habitat result in changes in the array
and population of birds as diverse birds need diverse habitat for
survival. The Breeding Bird Survey, conducted by driving on roads and
recording the number of birds seen or heard, is an effective instrument
to examine the changes. One such survey was done in June 2002. The
population of grasshopper sparrows had declined as the required habitat
of sparse grassland was missing. Despite the presence of dense tall
grassland, a perfect environment for Henslow's sparrow, their numbers
are expected to be only one or two. The past trends showed their
absence despite a conducive environment. Contrary to the past figures
the numbers of mourning doves have declined. The bobwhite quail figure
has increased, confirming results of previous surveys. Red-winged
blackbirds adapt to a variety of habitats and thus the change in the
landscape has not reduced their numbers. The habitats of other birds
like yellow-breasted chats, indigo buntings, and field sparrows have
increased due to natural and deliberate insertion of fencerows and
field borders. Although this form of survey has its limitations and
thus should be used in conjunction with other measures, the results
strengthened the belief that changes in habitat does influence the
composition and number of birds.
© NISC
2245. Stream
buffer effectiveness: Macroinvertebrate and salamander species as
bioindicators of ecosystem stress, Coastal Plain, Georgia.
Muenz, Tara K.; Golladay, Stephen W.; and
Vellidis, George
Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Proceedings 87(2002)
NAL Call #: QH540.E365.
Notes:
87th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America and the
14th Annual International Conference of the Society for Ecological
Restoration, Tucson, Arizona, USA; August 04-09,
2002.
Descriptors: conservation/
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ best management
practices/ BMPs/ agricultural impacts/ ecosystem stress/ ground water
systems/ stream buffer/ water quality
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2246. Summary
of national standards and guidelines for pesticides in water, bed
sediment, and aquatic organisms and their application to water-quality
assessments.
Nowell, Lisa H.; Resek, Elizabeth A.; Geological
Survey (U.S.); and United States. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Geological Survey; vi, 115 p.: ill.; Series: U.S. Geological Survey open-file report
94-44. (1994).
Notes:
Open-File Report 94-44; Spine title: National standards and guidelines
for pesticides in water, bed sediment, and aquatic organisms. Includes
bibliographical references (p. 48-51).
NAL Call #: SB970.4.U6N69 1994
Descriptors: Pesticides---Government
policy---United States/ Pesticides---Law and
legislation---United States/ Pesticides---Environmental
aspects---United States/
Water---United States---Pesticide content
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2247. A survey of research on riparian responses to silviculture.
Cunningham, Patrick G.
In:
Congruent Management of Multiple Resources: Proceedings from the Wood
Compatibility Initiative workshop, General Technical Report PNW 563/
Johnson, Adelaide C.; Haynes, Richard W.; and Monserud, Robert A.,
eds.; Portland, OR: Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 73-79.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr563/gtr563a.pdf
Descriptors: conservation/
forestry/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/
riparian management/ applied and field techniques/ upslope forest stand
management/ applied and field techniques/ aquatic conservation
strategy/ Bureau of Land Management/ Northwest Forest Plan/ density
management studies/ observational studies/ riparian processes/ riparian
area processes/ riparian buffer studies/ riparian related questions/
silviculture: riparian responses/ upslope management activities:
riparian system impacts/ vegetation
Abstract:
Some of the most critical issues that federal land managers and
researchers are facing in the Pacific Northwest are centered
around riparian processes and management, and how upslope management
activities affect riparian systems. Researchers are developing a
literature on riparian-related questions dominated by observational
studies of riparian-area processes, vegetation, and wildlife species.
Some experiments were conducted, and more are on the way. Issues that
led to the development of the Northwest Forest Plan motivated many of
these past and present studies. Very few of these studies, however,
have examined the relation between upslope forest stand management and
its effects on riparian ecosystems. The Bureau of Land Management
density-management and riparian-buffer studies are among the few
exceptions to this development. Some questions are emerging from this
and other work that, when addressed, will help researchers and managers
better understand the interactions between upslope forest management
and riparian ecosystems.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2248. Survey of state programs for habitat, hunting, and nongame management on private lands in the United States.
Benson, D. E.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 354-358. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: access/
fee-hunting/ habitat management/ hunting/ leasing/ nonconsumptive use/
nongame management/ stewardship/ wildlife enterprises/ habitat
management/ private land/ wildlife management/
United States
Abstract:
I conducted a study of state wildlife agency administrators to document
access, leasing, and management programs of state wildlife agencies
that assist hunted and nonhunted wildlife and recreation management on
private lands. The study serves as a comparison with surveys about
access and management programs on private lands that were conducted
about 15 years earlier by other authors. Administrators (96%) believed
that access to private land was important for their organizations'
objectives. Access opportunities for hunting had decreased (45%) and
leasing of lands for hunting had increased (69.4%) over the past 15
years. Demands for access to view wildlife on private lands were minor
(66%). Habitat management on private lands that were leased either
increased (39%), remained the same (39%), or was unknown (22%). Habitat
management on lands that were not leased was believed to have increased
(42%), stayed the same (42%), or was unknown (16%). The 4 most
important management practices suggested for landowners who are
considering wildlife, habitat, and hunting on their lands were habitat
practices (69%), access and hunter management (12%), planning and
enterprise management (11%), and animal population management (8%).
More cooperation, empowerment of landowners, technical support,
educational assistance, and funding were identified goals for public
wildlife agencies and private landowners to effect proper management of
all wildlife, habitats, and users on private lands.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2249. Terrestrial movements of juvenile and adult tailed frogs in relation to timber harvest in coastal
British Columbia.
Wahbe, Tanya R.; Bunnell, Fred L.; and Bury, R. Bruce
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34(12):
2455-2466. (2004)
NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067
Descriptors: Anura/
Leiopelmatidae/ Lissamphibia/ Ascaphus truei/ timber harvest/
clearcutting/ forestry practices/ wildlife habitat/ habitat use/ tailed
frog/ Pacific Northwest/ North America
Abstract:
Tailed frog (Ascaphus truei Stejneger) populations are at risk in much
of the Pacific Northwest, and recolonization of sites may be slow
postlogging. To examine the terrestrial movements of Ascaphus in
clearcuts and old growth, we employed pitfall traps and drift-fence
arrays installed along streams and 100 m into upland habitat. In the
fall, we captured frogs farther from streams in old growth than in
clearcuts, and more frogs were captured ≤ 25 m from streams in
clearcuts. Stronger stream affinity in clearcuts was most evident with
juvenile frogs, which exhibited more upstream movements than adults.
Compared with inland sites where frogs remained close to streams (e.g.,
12 m), frogs at our coastal sites were captured at greater distances
from streams (≥100 m), having lower stream affinity than frogs at
inland sites. Long-distance overland movements appear more likely where
forested stands are present. Aggregations of Ascaphus at individual
streams may not represent distinct populations and should not be
managed as distinct units. Preserving groups of interconnected streams
within watersheds instead of individual streams will improve the
conservation status of Ascaphus. Population monitoring can ensure
conservation measures promote long-term persistence.
© NISC
2250. Threatened and endangered species on U.S. Department of Defense lands in the arid west, USA.
Tazik, D. J. and Martin, C. O.
Arid Land Research and Management 16(3): 259-276. (2002); ISSN: 15324982.
Notes: doi: 10.1080/153249802760284801.
Descriptors: desert
wildlife/ land management/ military lands/ species conservation/ arid
region/ endangered species/ habitat loss/ land management/ United
States/ riparia
Abstract:
Department of Defense (DOD) lands in the arid western United
States provide important habitat for many threatened and endangered
species (TES). We explore the status of these species and evaluate
threats to their survival and recovery. Thirty-two military sites
located in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mojave, and Great Basin
deserts collectively support 34 listed and candidate species and one
delisted species. We assess the relationship between the status of
these species and land degradation by categorizing species according to
major habitat type and enumerating the major threats to their survival
and recovery. Habitat loss and degradation due to increasing human
activities throughout the region are the most significant factors is
affecting these species. Urban and suburban development, agricultural
conversion, and overgrazing are most important among Arid
Grassland/Desert Scrub species, while hydrologic alternation is notable
among Riparian and Aquatic species. Nonnative species impact TES
through habitat modification, as well as direct predation and
competion. Specific conservation issues are discussed for selected
species. While military disturbances have the potential to impact many
of these species, poor watershed management practices of the past and
the influx of humans are primarily responsible for the current status
of TES and the ecosystems upon which they depend. Their continued
survival and recovery requires coordinated conservation activities at
the regional level.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2251. Two species in one ecosystem: Management of northern bobwhite and red-cockaded woodpecker in the Red Hills.
Engstrom R. T. and Palmer W. E.
In:
Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas:
Proceedings of the Third International Partners in Flight Conference,
General Technical Report-PSW 191/ Ralph, C. J. and Rich, T. D.; Albany,
CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2005. pp. 1151-1157.
Notes:
Volume 2; Responsibility: Pacific Southwest Research Station; U.S.
Forest Service General Technical Report series; ISSN: 0196-2094; Bird
Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas: Third
International Partners in Flight conference held 2002
March 20-24 in Asilomar, California.
http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/1151-1157.pdf
Descriptors: Colinus
virginianus/ bobwhite/ theory-model/ ecological requirements/ habitat/
forest/ habitat management/ landscape management/ Florida/ Georgia
Abstract:
Sport hunting for Northern Bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) is the
reason that approximately 300,000 acres of semi-wild lands still exist
in the Red Hills region of north Florida and south Georgia. Use of
fire for management and relatively large (400 to 4,000 ha), contiguous
land ownerships permitted populations of bobwhite and Red-cockaded
Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) to persist in the Red Hills as regional
populations of these two species declined precipitously. Three factors
play important roles in the habitat shared by these species: canopy
cover, canopy tree species composition, and ground cover composition.
These factors affect quality of fuel, which influences the occurrence
of fire (ecological stability) and the costs of land management
(economic stability). We used simple habitat models for these species
to examine tradeoffs that optimize habitat conditions for each species.
Maintaining conditions that enable healthy populations of both species
to co-exist into the 21st century will require innovative management
tools, including habitat restoration, and serious interest in
conservation within the community of landowners.
2252. Upland
game species use of no-till corn sites harvested by steers in a pasture
and agroforestry setting in east central Mississippi.
Manning, Dawn Holland. Miss. State University, 2006.
Notes: Advisor: Boyd, Michael E.
Descriptors: game
species/ no-tillage/ corn/ harvesting/ livestock/
pastures/ Mississippi/ mourning dove/ Zenaida macroura/
white-tailed deer/
Odocoileus virginianus/ eastern wild turkey/ Meleagris gallopavo
silvestris/ northern bobwhite quail/ Colinus virginianus/ wildlife/
nutrition
Abstract:
Due to vegetation conditions and waste grain availability, steers
harvesting corn planted using no-till technology may attract numerous
wildlife species. Using this technique in a pasture or agroforestry
setting creates desirable open foraging habitat providing: grain, soft
mast, and grass seeds available during and after steer harvesting. the
objective was to evaluate the utilization of corn fields harvested by
steers on Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), White-tailed Deer
(Odocoileus virginianus), Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo
silvestris), and Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus) numbers.
in Study I, 2 steer harvested sites (SHS) and 2 conventionally
harvested sites (CHS) were monitored measuring Mourning dove use. Study
II incorporated agroforestry techniques comparing: steer harvested
plots (SHP), unmanaged pine plots (UPP), and thinned pine plots (TPP)
contained on 2 different sites. Mourning dove numbers were
significantly greater on SHS and SHP in both studies. No significant
difference with respect to sites, but a significant difference with
respect to treatments within sites was detected. Deer numbers were
significantly greater on SHP. Steers grazing no-till corn attracted
wildlife by creating desirable habitat, optimum foraging conditions,
and a long-term food source (>6 months).
© NISC
2253. USDA conservation programs: A look at the record.
Hansen, L. and Claassen, R.
Agricultural Outlook (AO) 284: 22-25. (2001)
NAL Call #: aHD1751.A422
Descriptors: agricultural
sector/ conservation/ constraints/ environmental policy/ environmental
protection/ erosion/ evaluation/ habitats/ soil conservation/ wetlands/
wildlife
Abstract:
This paper reports on the findings of studies that examined the
performance of USDA conservation programmes. These studies, in general,
point to significant environmental benefits from soil conservation and
wildlife restoration: soil erosion is down; wildlife habitat has
improved; and wetlands are protected/restored. Remaining
agri-environmental problems that have to be addressed are discussed.
© CABI
2254. Use
of Maryland biological stream survey data to determine effects of
agricultural riparian buffers on measures of biological stream health.
Barker, Linda S.; Felton, Gary K.; and
Russek Cohen, Estelle
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 117(1-3):
1-19. (2006)
NAL Call #: TD194.E5; ISSN: 0167-6369
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ freshwater habitat/ lotic
water/ land zones/ comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/
agricultural riparian buffers/ Importance assessment/ use of stream
ecology survey data/ habitat management/ community structure/ streams/
survey data use to assess importance of agricultural riparian buffers/
environmental indicators/ stream ecology/ stream/ ecology/ Maryland/
Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions
Abstract:
This study was undertaken to determine the importance of riparian
buffers to stream ecology in agricultural areas. The original Maryland
Biological Stream Survey (MBSS) data set was partitioned to represent
agricultural sites in Maryland's Coastal Plain and Piedmont
regions. ANOVA, multiple linear regression (MLR), and CART regression
tree models were developed using riparian and site catchment landscape
characteristics. MBSS data were both stratified by physiographic region
and analyzed as a combined data set. All models indicated that land
management at the site was not the controlling factor for fish IBIs
(FIBI) at that site and, hence, using FIBI to evaluate site-scale
factors would not be a prudent procedure. Measures of instream habitat
and location in the stream network were the dominant explanatory
factors for FIBI models. Both CART and MLR models indicated that forest
buffers were influential on benthic IBIs (BIBI). Explanatory variables
reflected instream conditions, adjacent landscape influence, and
chemistry in the Coastal Plains sites, all of which are relatively site
specific. However, for Piedmont sites, hydrologic factors were
important, in addition to adjacent landscape influence, and chemistry.
Both Coastal Plain and Piedmont CART models identified several
hydrologic factors, emphasizing the dominant control of hydrology on
the physical habitat index (PHI). Riparian buffers were a secondary
influence on PHI in the Coastal Plain, but not in the Piedmont.
Between 40% and 70% of the variation in FIBI, BIBI, and PHI was
explained by the "easily obtainable" variables available from the MBSS
data set. While these are empirical results specific to Maryland,
the general findings are of use to other locations where the
establishment of forest buffers is considered as an aquatic ecosystem
restoration measure.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2255. The use of riparian forest strips by small mammals in a boreal balsam fir forest.
Darveau, Marcel; Labbe, Paul; Beauchesne, Patrick; Belanger, Louis; and Huot, Jean
Forest Ecology and Management 143(1-3): 95-104. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ terrestrial habitat/ land
and freshwater zones/ Canada/ Mammalia: forestry/ riparian forest/
habitat management/ forestry practices/ habitat utilization/ forest and
woodland/ riparian habitat/ habitat use/ Quebec/ Laurentian
Mountains/ La Foret Montmorency/ Mammalia/ chordates/ mammals/
vertebrates
Abstract:
Because riparian forest strips are perceived to buffer aquatic
ecosystems from logging-related disturbance, they are usually not
harvested. However, their value as refuges for terrestrial wildlife is
unknown. We conducted two live-trapping experiments in the riparian
zone adjacent to rivers in a boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea) forest
in Quebec. In the first experiment, we compared late summer use,
during 4 separate years, of different width riparian strips (20, 40, 60
m, and control [>300 m wide]), and different stand thinning
intensities (20 m intact and 20 m thinned of 1/3 of all trees) on
resident small mammals. We found no differences in the densities of the
most common species, Clethrionomys gapperi and Peromyscus maniculatus,
among strip types or among years (P>0.05). We also tested for edge
effects in large strips (60 m and controls). In controls, C. gapperi
was less abundant in the first 20 m adjacent to the river (P=0.004)
while P. maniculatus was more abundant (P=0.02) in that area. Neither
species, however, showed an edge effect in the 60 m-strips (P>0.10).
In the second experiment, we monitored small mammals over eight
consecutive weeks in a 160 m [x] 170 m quadrat enclosing a 20 m-thinned
forest strip and a clear-cut to investigate some aspects of the role of
riparian strips at the landscape scale. During that time, Microtus
pennsylvanicus, which was nearly absent from our study area in the
previous years, invaded the clear-cuts and apparently confined C.
gapperi and P. maniculatus to forest remnants such as 20 m-wide strips.
A conclusion that emerges from this study and related studies on birds
is that some species prefer larger strips or non-riparian habitats
whereas others prefer narrow strips along riparian habitats. We
recommend that managers ban the all-encompassing norms and manage for
heterogeneity at different scales. Because our study was conducted at
the stand scale and because it is not accompanied with an evaluation of
the socio-economic aspects of riparian management, we cannot determine
the proper mixture of strips in the landscape. However, our results
could help managers to enhance the key-role of riparian ecosystems in
maintaining regional biodiversity and contribute to the maintenance of
local biodiversity by creating refuges for terrestrial wildlife.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2256. Using adaptive management to meet conservation goals.
Franklin, Thomas M.; Helinski, Ronald; and
Manale, Andrew
In:
Fish and Wildlife Response to Farm Bill Conservation Practices; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2007. 11 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwfb8.pdf
Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ conservation practices/ terrestrial habitat/ wildlife species/ wildlife management
Abstract:
This publication provides natural resource professionals with
guidance on doing an effective job of managing natural resources. Their
decision-making process should produce the kind of results desired by
the public, elected officials, and their agencies’ leadership.
With billions of dollars spent each year on managing natural resources,
accountability is more important than ever. Producing results is the
key to success. Managers must have the necessary data to make
enlightened decisions during program implementation -- not just at the
conclusion of a program. Adaptive management is described as an
adapt-and-learn methodology as it pertains to implementing Farm Bill
conservation practices. Four regional case studies describe how
adaptive management is being applied by practicing fish and wildlife
managers. Indicators were identified to monitor and evaluate
contributions to fish and wildlife habitat for each of the case
studies. Data collected at each stage of the studies were used to make
mid-course adjustments that enabled leadership to improve or enhance
ongoing management actions.
2257. Using an IBI to assess effectiveness of mitigation measures to replace loss of a wetland-stream ecosystem.
Teels, B. M.; Mazanti, L. E.; and Rewa, C. A.
Wetlands 24(2): 375-384. (June 2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47
Descriptors: abundance/
aquatic habitat/ artificial wetlands/ baseline studies/ beavers/
biological surveys/ carnivores/ community composition/ construction/
dominant species/ ecosystem management/ ecosystems/ environmental
monitoring/ fish populations/ habitats/ impoundments/ indigenous
species/ lentic environment/ lotic environment/ man-induced effects/
monitoring/ natural resources/ reservoirs/ restoration/ species
diversity/ standards/ streams/ surveys/ watersheds/ Etheostoma/
Virginia
Abstract: Approximately
7.3 hectares of wetlands, composed of six separate cells,
were created to mitigate the loss of a 6-hectare, beaver-influenced,
wetland-stream complex destroyed by the construction of a multi-purpose
impoundment in the Cedar Run watershed in Fauquier
County, Virginia, USA. The mitigation action physically
replaced the
lost wetlands and was judged successful in meeting planned objectives
and regulatory requirements (which did not include standards for
biota). A pre-project fish survey conducted in 1974 in the
wetland-stream complex and three nearby streams provided a baseline
condition from which to assess project impacts on fish, as determined
from yearly surveys in the cells and the stream reach immediately
upstream. In addition, fish communities were sampled at 157 stream
locations within the northern Virginia Piedmont from 1997 to 1999 to
establish a regional Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) based on fish
assemblages. A modification of that IBI was developed to assess the
effectiveness of the mitigation based on 22 stream segments that were
heavily influenced by beaver. Pre- and post-project conditions were
assessed by gauging them against the wetland-stream complexes using
this IBI. The IBI score for the mitigation area dropped from the
pre-project 34 to 18 the first year after construction and ranged from
18 to 28 over the ten-year post-project monitoring period. A reduction
in the number of native species was observed, and there was a dramatic
shift in composition and relative abundance within key species groups.
In general, the mitigation benefited species favoring lentic
environments over those preferring lotic environments and had negative
effects on trophic and habitat specialists and less tolerant species.
Scores for the mitigation cells were lower than scores for the original
wetlands for the following IBI metrics: number of darter species,
number of minnow species, percent of the assemblage comprised of the
single most dominant species, percent of tolerant individuals, percent
of benthic invertivores, and percent of specialist carnivores minus
tolerants. Upstream reach IBI scores also diminished over the same
10-year period, although more gradually. The IBI showed that, despite
meeting all regulatory requirements, the mitigation failed to replace
the original fish community in the wetland-stream complex and adversely
impacted additional stream habitat. Using tools such as an IBI to
monitor biological condition can help planners effectively mitigate
unavoidable project impacts and avoid the unintended loss of important
natural resources caused by compensatory mitigation actions.
© ProQuest
2258. Using economic and regulatory incentives to restore endangered species: Lessons learned from three new programs.
Wilcove, D. S. and Lee, J.
Conservation Biology 18(3): 639-645. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 08888892
Descriptors: conservation banking/ endangered species/ incentives/ private land/ safe harbor
Abstract:
We studied three new incentive-based programs for restoring endangered
species on private lands in the United States: safe harbor,
Environmental Defense's Landowner Conservation Assistance Program, and
conservation banking. For each program, we gathered data on the number
of participating landowners, the number of species targeted for
assistance, and the cumulative acreage of enrolled land. Measured in
this way, both safe harbor and the Landowner Conservation Assistance
Program have been remarkably successful Landowners are drawn to three
aspects of these programs: (1) the removal of regulatory burdens
associated with attracting endangered species to their property; (2)
technical guidance on how to restore habitats for endangered species;
and (3) cost-share assistance for habitat restoration. Technical
guidance appears to be more important than either regulatory relief or
financial assistance in securing the cooperation of some landowners.
Assessing the success or failure of conservation banking proved more
difficult, given the relatively small number of banks created to date
and the lack of any centralized database on them. However, nearly half
of the 47 endangered-species conservation banks we surveyed have sold
credits, indicating some success in either acquiring or restoring
essential habitats.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2259. Using NatureServe information to assess conservation practice effects on at-risk species.
Natural Resources Conservation Service Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2007. 5 pp.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/ natureservesciencenote.pdf
Descriptors: conservation practices/ wildlife species/ geospatial models/ environmental impact/ aquatic species/ watersheds
Abstract:
This publications provides a summary of the NatureServe
pilot project to determine if existing datasets could be used to assess
effects of conservation practices on at-risk species. Natural Heritage
species-occurrence data and geospatial models for predicting species
distribution hold promise for assessing the effects of conservation
practices on at-risk species. Lack of comprehensive geospatial digital
data on conservation practice application hinders quantification of
practice effects on wildlife. If Missouri pilot project data can
be shown to apply to practice-to-species relationships nationwide, 89
percent of conservation practices nationwide have positive, neutral, or
mixed effects on most terrestrial wildlife and 79 percent have expected
positive or neutral effects on most aquatic biota.
2260. Using NatureServe information to assess Farm Bill practice effects on at-risk species and habitats.
Comer, P.; Diamond, D.; Sowa, S.; Goodin, K.; Purcell, D.; Butler, D.; Cook, E.; Hamilton, C.; Hammerson, G.;
Master, L.; Nigh, T.; Ormes, M.; True, D.; and White, B.
Arlington, VA: NatureServe, 2007. 94 p.
Notes: This study was funded by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service under agreement # 68-3A75-5-146.
Descriptors: conservation practices/ environmental impact/ wildlife species/ wildlife habitat/ Farm Bill/
conservation impact
Abstract: NatureServe,
in cooperation with USDA-NRCS, University of Missouri
Resource Assessment Partnership (MoRAP) and Missouri
Department of Conservation, completed a pilot research project to
develop and evaluate methods for assessing benefits of conservation
practices on at-risk wildlife species and habitats in Missouri.
Our key objective was to utilize NatureServe data and other data
sources to demonstrate processes that could both evaluate
the impacts of currently implemented conservation practices as well as help prioritize future Farm Bill program allocations.
2261. The value of buffer zones for the conservation of biodiversity.
Boatman, N. D.
In: Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases, 1998:
Proceedings of an International Conference. Brighton, UK; Vol. 3.
Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council;
pp. 939-950; 1998.
Notes: Literature review.; ISBN: 0-901396-52-5
Descriptors: biodiversity/
availability/ agricultural land/ habitats/ nutrients/ pesticides/
pollution/ sediment/ aquatic environment/ environment/ agricultural
entomology
Abstract:
Buffer zones can give conservation benefits by reducing pollution
of adjacent habitat, and by improving resource availability or habitat
value within the buffer zone itself. The effect of pollution of aquatic
and terrestrial non-crop habitats by sediments, nutrients and
pesticides are reviewed, and the potential for additional benefits
arising within buffer zones on farmland is considered, with particular
reference to management prescriptions supported by the various
Agri-Environment schemes.
© CABI
2262. The value of farm programs for providing winter cover and food for Minnesota pheasants.
Haroldson, Kurt; Giudice, John; Kruege, Wendy; and Krueger, W.
In:
Summaries of Wildlife Research Findings 2004/ Wingate, Paul J.; Kimmel,
Richard O.; Lawrence, Jeffrey S.; and Lenarz, Mark S.
St.
Paul, Minnesota: Department of Natural Resources Division of Fish
and Wildlife, Wildlife Populations and Research Unit, 2004; pp. 21-30.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/publications/wildlife/research2004.html
Descriptors: Phasianus
colchicus/ common pheasants/ ring-necked pheasants/ agriculture/
habitat/ abundance/ Minnesota/ winter habitat/ habitat management/
geographic information systems
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to determine how much winter habitat
is needed to sustain local populations of ring-necked pheasants
(Phasianus colchicus) over a range of winter conditions. We estimated
relative abundance of pheasant populations on 36 study areas using
roadside surveys. In addition, we estimated amounts of winter cover,
winter food, and reproductive cover on each study area by cover mapping
to a geographic information system (GIS). During 2003-2004, pheasant
indices varied in association with weather and habitat. A preliminary
evaluation indicated that mean pheasant indices were positively related
to habitat abundance in most, but not all, regions. Future work will
include continued pheasant surveys for at least three additional years,
improved estimates of habitat abundance, and more complex analysis of
the association between pheasant indices and habitat parameters. A
final product of this project will be a GIS habitat model that managers
can use to target habitat development efforts where they may yield the
greatest increase in pheasant numbers.
© NISC
2263. Variation in ant populations with elevation, tree cover, and fire in a pinyon-juniper-dominated watershed.
MontBlanc, E. M.; Chambers, J. C.; and Brussard, P. F.
Western North American Naturalist 67(4): 469-491. (2007)
NAL Call #: QH1.G7.
http://www.sagestep.org/educational_resources/bibliographies/articles/MontBlanketal2008.pdf
Descriptors: ants/ prescribed fire/ Great Basin/ ecosystem management/ altitude
Abstract:
Climate change and fire suppression have facilitated expansion of
pinyon-juniper woodlands into sagebrush-steppe ecosystems of the Great
Basin, USA, resulting in a loss of biological diversity. To assess
the effects of using prescribed fire in restoration efforts, ant
abundance, species richness, and composition were examined pre- and
post-burn along the elevation and tree cover gradients encompassed by a
pinyon-juniper woodland in a central Nevada watershed. Ants were
sampled using pitfall traps in 6 sites for the elevation study and in 2
sites for the tree cover study, representing paired burn and control
sites in a randomized block design. Vegetation and ground cover
variables were also sampled to determine how variation in ant
populations was correlated with differences in vegetation and ground
cover. Ant species richness remained unchanged for all treatments. Tree
cover had no significant effect on ant populations. Significantly more
ants were trapped after the burn treatment on burn plots. Variation in
ant populations was not directly correlated with any of the vegetation
or ground cover variables. According to ANOVA and multivariate
analyses, elevation had the greatest effect on changes in ant
communities, likely due to increased moisture availability. Our results
suggest that management for conservation of sagebrush-steppe ecosystems
in this and similar watersheds should include a range of elevations to
ensure maximum ant species diversity.
2264. Variation in terrestrial habitat use by four pool-breeding amphibian species.
Regosin, J. V.; Windmiller, B. S.; Homan, R. N.; and
Reed, J. M.
Journal of Wildlife Management 69(4): 1481-1493. (2005)
NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022541X
Descriptors: Ambystoma
laterale/ Ambystoma maculatum/ buffer zone/ density/ migration
distance/ Notophthalmus vindescens/ Rana sylvatica/ terrestrial
ecology/ vernal pool
Abstract:
We conducted a 2-year study of terrestrial habitat use by spotted
salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), blue-spotted salamanders (A.
laterale), wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), and eastern newts
(Notophthalmus viridescens) within blocks of forest enclosed by drift
fencing and pitfall traps in the vicinity of a single breeding pond.
Adult winter densities within forest habitat <100 m from the
breeding pond were low for all species (range 0.1-1.9 individuals/ 100 m2,
n = 6 enclosures). During our 2-year study, at least 40% of wood frogs,
52% of blue-spotted salamanders, and 60% of spotted salamanders
wintered >100 m from the breeding pond. Males tended to winter
closer to the breeding pond than did females. Adult wood frogs and
eastern newts were largely absent from upland forest adjacent to the
breeding pond during spring and summer, but they entered these areas in
significant numbers to winter. Analyses of net flow of amphibians
resulting from fall movement suggest that summer and winter densities
of Ambystoma salamanders remained similar, while there were large
increases in wood frog and eastern newt densities within terrestrial
habitats near the breeding pond during fall. These results support a
growing body of evidence that maintenance of suitable terrestrial
habitat beyond 100 m from breeding pools is important for maintaining
pool-breeding amphibian populations. Narrow protected buffer strips
around breeding ponds might be even less effective than previously
thought due to the disproportionate representation of males within
these areas.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2265. Vegetation
management and ecosystem disturbance: Impact of glyphosate herbicide on
plant and animal diversity in terrestrial systems.
Sullivan, Thomas P. and Sullivan, Druscllia S.
Environmental Reviews 11(1): 37-59. (2003)
NAL Call #: GE140.E59; ISSN: 1181-8700
Descriptors: glyphosate
herbicide: pesticide, soil pollutant, toxin/ Alces alces [moose]
(Cervidae): bioindicator/ Capreolus capreolus (Cervidae): bioindicator,
deer/ Lepus spp. [hare] (Leporidae): bioindicator/ Odocoileus spp.
(Cervidae): bioindicator, deer/ plant (Plantae): bioindicator/ animals/
Artiodactyls/ chordates/ Lagomorphs/ mammals/ nonhuman mammals/
nonhuman vertebrates/ plants/ vertebrates/ agro ecosystem/
biodiversity/ crop production/ forest ecosystem/ species richness/
temperate climate/ terrestrial ecosystem/ vegetation management/
weed control
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2266. Viewpoint: Benefits and impacts of wildlife water developments.
Rosenstock, S. S.; Ballard, W. B.; and DeVos, J. C.
Journal of Range Management 52(4): 302-311. (July 1999)
NAL Call #: 60.18 J82; ISSN: 0022-409X [JRMGAQ].
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: game
birds/ water resources/ arid lands/ predators/ wildlife management/
Ovis canadensis/ Odocoileus virginianus/ Odocoileus hemionus/
Chiroptera/ Antilocapra americana/ wild birds/ desert rodents/
Lagomorpha/ adverse effects/ reptiles/ water quality/ cost benefit
analysis/ duration/ experimental design/ Callipepla/ Zenaida
Abstract:
Resource managers in the western United States have long assumed
that water was a key limiting factor on wildlife populations in arid
habitats. Beginning in the 1940s-1950s, state and federal resource
management agencies initiated water development programs intended to
benefit game species and other wildlife. At least 5,859 such
developments have been built in 11 western states. Most state wildlife
management agencies in the western United States have ongoing
wildlife water development programs that vary greatly in extent.
Ranchers and range managers also have developed water sources for
livestock, many of which also are used by wildlife. Recently, critics
have suggested that wildlife water developments have not yielded
expected benefits, and may negatively impact wildlife by increasing
predation, competition, and disease transmission. Based upon a
comprehensive review of scientific literature, we conclude that
wildlife water developments have likely benefitted many game and
non-game species, but not all water development projects have yielded
expected increases in animal distribution and abundance. Hypothesized
negative impacts of water developments on wildlife are not supported by
data and remain largely speculative. However, our understanding of both
positive and negative effects of wildlife water developments is
incomplete, because of design limitations of previous research.
Long-term, experimental studies are needed to address unanswered
questions concerning the efficacy and ecological effects of water
developments. We also recommend that resource managers apply more
rigorous planning criteria to new developments, and expand monitoring
efforts associated with water development programs.
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2267. Water for wildlife: Improving access and reducing mortality for bats and other wildlife at livestock water developments.
Taylor, Daniel A. R. and Tuttle, Stuart R.
Bat Research News 47(4): 152. (2006)
NAL Call #: QL737.C5 B328; ISSN: 0005-6227.
Notes:
Papers presented at the 36th Annual North American Symposium on Bat
Research, Wilmington, North Carolina, 18-21 October 2006.
Descriptors: Chiroptera/
terrestrial ecology/ bat mortality/ water shortages/ livestock water
developments/ wildlife drinking water/ livestock troughs
Abstract:
Livestock water developments are often one of the few water sources
available to wildlife on arid western rangelands. Bats are especially
vulnerable to water shortages, sometimes losing up to 50% of their body
weight in evaporative water loss daily. Drinking rates of more than one
bat/sec are not uncommon at livestock troughs. Without proper wildlife
escape structures and maintenance, significant mortality to bats and
other wildlife can occur at livestock troughs. Recent evidence suggests
thousands of birds and mammals are drowned annually, including
protected species. We evaluated more than 370 livestock troughs from
several western states and conducted experiments on the effects of
water development configuration and water level on bat access. Although
wildlife escape structures are mandatory on most federal rangelands,
they were present in <7 percent of the trough we inspected and
>50 percent were obstructed by fencing or bracing. Bats required 3-6
times the number of approaches to successfully drink from troughs with
obstructions. The ratio of successful to unsuccessful drinking attempts
changed from 2:1 to 1:2 when water levels were lowered by 12" in
smaller troughs. Fortunately, wildlife escape structures can be built
and installed inexpensively and alternative fencing and bracing methods
can facilitate bat access while still meeting livestock management
objectives. To address these issues, BCI and the USDI-Natural Resources
Conservation Service initiated the water for Wildlife Project to raise
awareness among range and wildlife managers about the importance of
livestock waters to bats and other wildlife, to evaluate existing
conditions for wildlife at livestock waters, and to publish a
comprehensive manual on developing wildlife-friendly livestock waters.
© NISC
2268. Water,
water everywhere but not a for fish: Tackling water and fish
habitat management for productive fisheries in North America.
Taylor, W. W.; Hughes, S. M.; and Mueller, K. B.
Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 71: 131-149. (2006)
Descriptors: natural
resource management/ water management/ habitat conservation/ aquatic
habitat/ wildlife habitats/ Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program/
natural resource policy/ water policy/ water resources/ fish/
fisheries/ North America/ habitat management/ National Fish Habitat
Initiative
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2269. Waterbird communities and habitat relationships in coastal pastures of northern California.
Colwell, M. A. and Dodd, S. L.
Conservation Biology 9(4): 827-834. (1995)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5 ; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: pastures/
habitats/ coastal areas/ plant height/ grazing/ wild birds/ waterfowl/
grasslands/ permanent grasslands/ wetlands/ nature conservation/ wild
animals
Abstract:
Waterbird (including geese) assemblages (diversity, composition, and
species' densities) were examined in 20 pastures near Humboldt Bay,
California, in relation to habitat characteristics (vegetation height,
soil penetrability, water depth), abundance of invertebrates (worms and
other invertebrates), and presence of livestock. From October 1991 to
May 1992, 29 species and 10 776 birds were observed, most (78%) of
which foraged. Nonrandom pasture use by birds resulted in a highly
clumped spatial distribution. Habitat characteristics of pastures were
correlated with this nonrandom pattern: waterbird diversity and
densities of three sandpiper species and one gull species correlated
negatively with vegetation height; densities of two plover species
correlated negatively with soil penetrability; and waterfowl densities
correlated positively with water depth. Species composition varied
among pastures. Wading birds used pastures with tall vegetation,
shorebirds and gulls frequented short-grass pastures, and waterfowl
used flooded pastures. Both the presence of waterbirds and their
densities increased in association with livestock. In coastal areas
where much intertidal habitat has been reclaimed as pastureland,
pastures offered valuable habitats to nonbreeding waterbirds. It is
suggested that grazing in coastal pastures can be used to provide a
mosaic of vegetation heights, which would yield greater waterbird
diversity as well as higher densities of some species.
© CABI
2270. Wetland
mitigation and amphibians: Preliminary observations at a southwestern Illinois bottomland hardwood forest restoration site.
Mierzwa, Kenneth S.
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 107(3-4):
191-194. (2000)
NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ terrestrial habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Amphibia:
habitat management/ wetland mitigation/ forest habitat/ semiaquatic
habitat/
wetland/ habitat mitigation/ forest and woodland/ hardwood forest/ Illinois/ Mid America Airport/ a chordates/ vertebrates
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2271. Wild bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to surrounding land use in northern California.
Greenleaf, Sarah S. and Kremen, Claire
Biological Conservation 133(1): 81-87. (2006)
NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ nutrition/ diet/ associations/ mutualism/ man-made habitat/
land zones/ Anthophora urbana/ Bombus vosnesenskii: pollination/
Solanum lycopersicum/ land use/ tomato production/ California/ Insecta,
Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Apoidea, Apidae/ arthropods/
Hymenopterans/ insects/ invertebrates
Abstract:
Pollination provided by bees enhances the production of many crops.
However, the contribution of wild bees remains unmeasured for many
crops, and the effects of anthropogenic change on many bee species are
unstudied. We experimentally investigated how pollination by wild bees
affects tomato production in northern California. We found that
wild bees substantially increase the production of field-grown tomato,
a crop generally considered self-pollinating. Surveys of the bee
community on 14 organic fields that varied in proximity to natural
habitat showed that the primary bee visitors, Anthophora urbana
Cresson and Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski, were affected differently
by land management practices. B. vosnesenskii was found primarily on
farms proximate to natural habitats, but neither proximity to natural
habitat nor tomato floral abundance, temperature, or year explained
variation in the visitation rates of A. urbana. Natural habitat
appears to increase B. vosnesenskii populations and should be preserved
near farms. Additional research is needed to determine how to maintain
A. urbana. Species-specific differences in dependency on natural
habitats underscore the importance of considering the natural histories
of individual bee species when projecting population trends of
pollinators and designing management plans for pollination services.
Thus, to maintain an entire bee community, multiple approaches,
including maintaining natural habitat, should be implemented. ©
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2272. Wildfire, fuel reduction, and herpetofaunas across diverse landscape mosaics in northwestern forests.
Bury, R. Bruce
Conservation Biology 18(4): 968-975. (2004)
NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892
Descriptors: commercial
activities/ conservation measures/ ecology/ population dynamics/
freshwater habitat/ lotic water/ terrestrial habitat/ abiotic factors/
land zones/ forestry/ burning practices/ abundance/ habitat management/
population size/ streams/ forest fire/ forest and woodland/ United
States, northwestern region/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/
vertebrates
Abstract:
The herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) of northwestern forests
(US.A.) is diverse, and many species are locally abundant. Most forest
amphibians west of the Cascade Mountain crest are
associated with cool, cascading streams or coarse woody material on the
forest floor, which are characteristics of mature forests. Extensive
loss and fragmentation of habitat resulted from logging across
approximately 50% of old-growth forests in northern California and
approximately 80% of stands in Oregon and Washington. There
is a complex landscape mosaic and overlap of northern and southern
biotic elements in the Klamath-Siskiyou Region along the Oregon
and California border creating a biodiversity hotspot. The region
experiences many low-severity fires annually, punctuated by periodic
major fires, including the Biscuit fire, the largest in North
America in 2002. In the fire's northern portion, severe fire occurred
on >50% of stands of young, managed trees but on only about 25-33%
of old-growth stands. This suggests that the legacy of timber harvest
may produce fire-prone stands. Calls for prescribed fire and thinning
to reduce fuel loads will remove large amounts of coarse woody material
from forests, which reduces cover for amphibians and alters nutrient
inputs to streams. Our preliminary evidence suggests no negative
effects of wildfire on terrestrial amphibians, but stream amphibians
decrease following wildfire. Most reptiles are adapted to open terrain,
so fire usually improves their habitat Today, the challenge is to
maintain biodiversity in western forests in the face of intense
political pressures designed to 'Prevent" catastrophic fires. We need a
dedicated research effort to understanding how fire affects biota and
to proactively investigate outcomes of fuel-reduction management on
wildlife in western forests.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2273. Wildlife and fish conservation through the Farm Bill.
Gray, R. L. and Teels, B. M.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(4): 906-913. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [906:WAFCTT]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Conservation Security Program/
Environmental Quality Incentives Program/ Farm Bill/ Grassland Reserve
Program/ Sodbuster/ Swampbuster/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ Wildlife
Habitat Incentives Program
Abstract:
Private lands constitute 70% of the land base in the United States
and are important to the conservation of fish and wildlife. The last 4
Farm Bills established a variety of conservation programs that
integrate fish and wildlife habitat as an important consideration in
farm policy. These programs provide cost-sharing opportunities,
technical assistance, and other financial incentives to restore or
enhance habitats, and protect habitats through long-term or permanent
conservation easements. The programs are providing landscape-scale
habitat changes, resulting in increased populations of many species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2274. Wildlife benefits of the Wetlands Reserve Program.
Rewa, Charles A.
In:
Fish and wildlife benefits of Farm Bill conservation programs:
2000-2005 update, Technical Review 05-2/ Haufler, Jonathan B.,
editor; Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society, 2005. pp. 133-146.
ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NHQ/nri/ceap/fwbenefits8.pdf
Descriptors: conservation
programs/ USDA/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wetlands/ wildlife/
fish/ Wetlands Reserve Program/ NRCS/ conservation buffers/
wildlife habitat
Abstract:
Since its initial authorization in 1990, more than 1.6 million
acres of primarily drained or degraded wetlands on agricultural lands
have been enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). The Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) and its partners are working with landowners to restore
these lands to ecologically productive wetland and upland buffer
habitats. Numerous studies have documented the value of restored and
created wetlands to fish and wildlife resources. However, few objective
studies have been completed that document fish and wildlife response to
wetlands enrolled in and restored through WRP. Preliminary results of
some studies underway indicate that wildlife use of WRP sites is
comparable to or exceeds that of non-program restored wetland habitats.
In addition, anecdotal reports on some WRP restored wetland complexes
indicate that wildlife response has been greater than expected.
Additional studies are needed to enable WRP program managers and
participants to better understand how lands enrolled in the program aff
ect local fish and wildlife use and the landscape factors that affect
wildlife community dynamics and population trends influenced by the
lands enrolled. Elements of USDA’s Conservation Effects
Assessment Project are intended to begin addressing this need.
2275. Wildlife
damage management research needs: Perceptions of scientists, wildlife
managers, and stakeholders of the USDA/Wildlife Services program.
Bruggers, Richard L.; Owens, Richard; and
Hoffman, Thomas
International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 49(2-3): 213-223. (2002)
NAL Call #: QH301.I54; ISSN: 0964-8305
Descriptors: bird
(Aves): pest/ human (Hominidae)/ mammal (Mammalia): pest/ animals/
birds/ chordates/ humans/ mammals/ nonhuman mammals/ nonhuman
vertebrates/ primates/ vertebrates/ USDA/ APHIS Wildlife Services
Program/ administrative guidance/ agriculture/ aquaculture/
aviation/ invasive species/ legislative guidance/ livestock/
overabundant
populations/ research needs assessment/ scientist perceptions/
stakeholder perceptions/ timber/ wildlife damage management research/
wildlife manager perceptions/ wildlife borne diseases/ wildlife-human
conflicts
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of a nationwide research needs
assessment of the important wildlife-human conflict issues and
associated research needs of the USDA/APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS)
program and its stakeholders. Thirty-six WS State Directors, 23
WS/National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) scientists and 6 members of
the National Wildlife Services Advisory Committee (NWSAC) to the US Secretary of Agriculture responded to a request for
participation. This paper compares these current research needs with
previous regional and national research needs assessments for wildlife
damage management in the United States. Important national
problems identified included issues related to aviation, timber,
agriculture, aquaculture, and livestock industries, as well as
wildlife-borne diseases, invasive species, and overabundant
wildlife populations. This assessment provides useful input, along with
legislative and administrative guidance, to NWRC for allocating
resources to specific research projects that address the WS program's
needs for knowledge and new methods.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2276. Wildlife exposure to organophosphorus insecticides.
Sanchez Hernandez, J. C.
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 172: 21-63. (2001)
NAL Call #: TX501.R48; ISSN: 0179-5953 [RCTOE4].
Notes: Literature review.
Descriptors: organophosphorus insecticides/ exposure/ cholinesterase/ markers/ monitoring/ wildlife/
nontarget organisms
This citation is from AGRICOLA.
2277. Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program: A summary of accomplishments, 1998-1999.
Hackett, E.
In:
A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions to wildlife
conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P; Hohman, W. L.; Halloum, D. J.;
and Wildlife Habitat Management Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical
Report USDA/NRCS/WHMI.
Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management Institute, 2000; pp. 117-124.
NAL Call #: aS604.6 C66 2000
Descriptors: Wildlife
Habitat Incentives Program [WHIP]/ wildlife habitats/ wildlife
management/ endangered species/ ecological restoration/ landowners/
Colinus virginianus/ Salmo salar/ conservation programs
2278. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington.
Johnson, D. H. and O’Neil, T. A.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. (2001)
Descriptors: vertebrates/
habitat/ habitat change/ habitat management/ vegetation/ landscape/
topography/ agriculture/ silviculture/ settlement/ Washington/ Oregon
Abstract:
Book contains chapters on "Wildlife habitats: Descriptions,
status, trends, and system dynamics," "Wildlife of Agriculture,
Pastures, and Mixed Environs," "Wildlife of Riparian Habitats," "An
Overview of Models and Their role in Wildlife Management," "Decaying
Wood in Pacific Northwest Forests: Concepts and Tools for Habitat
Management," among others.
© NISC
2279. Wildlife issues for the 2002 Farm Bill.
Franklin, T. M. and Rowse, B. H.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 731-733. (2001)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648
Descriptors: agriculture/ Conservation Reserve Program/ Conservation Securities Act/ Farm Bill/ wildlife conservation/ wildlife management
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2280. Wildlife use of water catchments in southwestern Arizona.
O'Brien, C. S.; Waddell, R. B.; Rosenstock, S. S.; and Rabe, M. J.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3): 582-591. (2006)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 00917648.
Notes: doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34 [582:WUOWCI]2.0.CO;2.
Descriptors: Arizona/ catchment/ habitat improvement/ Sonoran Desert/ video monitoring/ water development
Abstract: Construction
of water developments has been used as a wildlife-habitat
improvement technique in desert environments since the 1940s. Use of
water developments by wildlife has been described in anecdotal
observations, through water-hole counts, and with triggered
still-cameras, but few studies have directly quantified wildlife use.
We used video surveillance equipment to document wildlife use of 3
water catchments located in the Sonoran Desert,
southwestern Arizona, USA, from June 2000 to November 2003.
For each
visitation, we recorded time of day, season of use, and activities
engaged in, and we correlated visits with temperature and relative
humidity. We logged 37,989 observation hours and documented 34 species
using the water catchments. Most of the species recorded visited water
catchments year-round with use peaking during June and July. The number
of visits by nongame species (i.e., bats, raptors, mammalian predators,
and rodents) exceeded the number of visits by game species (mule deer
[Odocoileus hemionus], doves [Zenaida spp.], and Gambel's quail
[Callipepia gambelii]). Visitation frequency for turkey vultures
(Cathartes aura), owls, diurnal raptors, mule deer, coyotes (Canis
latrans), and other mammalian predators increased with temperature.
Most visits culminated in the animal drinking water. Other activities
recorded were bathing, consumption of plant material and carrion, and
intraspecies and interspecies interactions. We
recorded 8 predation attempts: 4 by avian predators and 4 by bobcats (Lynx rufus). Although we documented that a
number
of species frequented water catchments, our observations do not prove
need. However, we believe our observations do provide support for
constructing water catchments that can accommodate a wide diversity of
species.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2281. Wildlife wins through the conservation seed program.
Crane, J.
Forest Landowner 60(2): 46-49. (2001)
NAL Call #: SD144.A15F67; ISSN: 10879110
Descriptors: agriculture/ carbohydrates/ nutritional tonnages/ forestry/ agriculture/ animals/ forestry/
seeds/ wildlife
Abstract:
The steps taken by hunters and outdoor enthusiasts to plant food plots
and cover strips to benefit wildlife and to improve hunting is
presented. The food plots planted in the correct places in a sufficient
percentage of total land acerage results in greater wildlife numbers.
These crops are shown to provide high amounts of carbohydrates
necessary for wildlife to maintain energy and body heat during the
winter months.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2282. Winter bird communities in afforestation: Should we speed up or slow down ecological succession?
Hamel, P. B.; Twedt, D. J.; Nuttle, T. J.; Woodson, C. A.; Broerman, F.; and Wahome, J. M.
In:
Proceedings of a Conference on Sustainability of Wetlands and Water
Resources: How Well Can Riverine Wetlands Continue to Support Society
into the 21st Century?, General Technical Report-SRS 50/ Holland,
Marjorie M.; Warren, Melvin L.; and Stanturf, John A.; Asheville, NC:
Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Southern Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, 2002. pp. 98-108.
http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs050.pdf
Descriptors: afforestation/
agricultural land/ alluvial land/ habitats/ plant succession/
population density/ species richness/ wild birds/ wildlife management/
winter/ birds
Abstract: Recent
assessments of afforestation on agricultural lands in
the Mississippi Alluvial Valley imply the importance of
quickly developing vertical forest structure to benefit wildlife.
Examining this assumption, we find that mammals and birds occur through
the full successional sere as targets of proactive management and
control. Different species of animals thrive in structures available at
different times during succession. Thus, forest managers' choices of
strategies favor species' success differentially. Early successional
species, particularly those avian communities occurring during winter,
have heretofore been considered only in passing. However, because they
occur in areas where herbaceous plants dominate vegetation structure,
these communities include species otherwise rare or absent from the
landscape. Extensive afforestation in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley provides ephemeral habitat for birds that
winter in herbaceous areas. To provide habitat
for
winter birds, managers may wish to consider maintaining large tracts in
herbaceous vegetation similar to that occurring 3 to 7 years after
cessation of farming activities.
© CABI
2283. Winter habitat use and survival of female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in southeastern North Dakota.
Homan, H. J.; Linz, G. M.; and Bleier, W. J.
American Midland Naturalist 143(2): 463-480. (2000)
NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 00030031
Descriptors: bird/ habitat use/ survival/ wetland/ United States/ Phasianus colchicus/ Typha
Abstract:
From 1992 to 1995 we used radiotelemetry to monitor winter habitat
selection and survival of female ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus
colchicus) in southeastern North Dakota. We captured 100 birds at
nine sites in six study blocks centered on cattail-dominated (Typha
spp.) semipermanent wetlands. Pheasants showed nonrandom habitat use at
two hierarchical scales. At the second-order scale (23-km2
blocks) semipermanent wetlands were preferred during two winters in
which habitat selection could be assessed (1992-1993 and 1994-1995). An
additional second-order preference for grass-covered uplands was shown
during the mild 1994-1995 winter. At the third-order scale (home-range)
pheasants preferred the edges of wetlands in 1992-1993 and 1994-1995.
The central portions of wetlands were preferred in 1992-1993 and used
proportionately in 1994-1995. Seasonal wetlands were avoided at the
third order scale during 1992-1993 and 1994-1995. The average winter
survival rate was 0.41, with rates ranging from 0.04-0.86 and differing
significantly among winters. Survival was lower during early winter and
midwinter periods for birds weighing less than 1090 g and for birds
captured in semipermanent wetlands under private ownership. A 1 C
increase in the mean weekly maximum temperature decreased the
probability of death by 0.06 and a 2.5 cm increase in new snow raised
the probability of death by 0.08.
© 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
2284. Wintering raptor use of hybrid poplar plantations in northeastern Oregon.
Moser, Brian W. and Hilpp, G. Keith
Journal of Raptor Research 37(4): 286-291. (2003)
NAL Call #: QL696.F3J682; ISSN: 0892-1016.
Notes: Translation by: Marquez, C.
Descriptors: conservation
measures/ ecology/ man-made habitat/ land zones/ Falconiformes/ Nyctea
scandiaca: habitat management/ habitat utilization/ winter use of tree
plantations/ habitat management implications/ cultivated land and shrub
steppe/ terrestrial habitat/ shrub steppe/ cultivated land habitat/
Oregon/ Columbia Basin/ Aves, Strigiformes, Strigidae/ birds/
chordates/ vertebrates
Abstract: We
studied wintering raptor use of hybrid poplar (Populus spp.)
plantations in comparison to surrounding cover types in
the Columbia Basin of northeastern Oregon. Diurnal
raptors
were surveyed in shrub-steppe, poplar plantations, and irrigated
croplands. Logistic regression analyses suggested that the three most
common raptors,
Red-tailed
Hawks (Balm jamaicensis), American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), and
Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) were associated with croplands,
interiors of 1-yr-old plantations, and plantation edges. Shrub-steppe
was also selected as a significant predictor of sites with American
Kestrels. The best model for the Northern Harrier also included the
interior of 2-yr-old plantations, but excluded croplands and edges of
older plantations. Plantations and plantation edges appeared to be used
by wintering raptors disproportionately to their availability. Our data
suggest that maximizing plantation edges and managing for a variety of
plantation ages within this landscape will likely provide suitable
habitat for wintering raptors in this region.
© Thomson Reuters Scientific
2285. Wolf habitat analysis in Michigan: An example of the need for proactive land management for carnivore species.
Gehring, Thomas M.; Potter, Bradly A.; and
Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(4): 1237-1244. (2005)
NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648
Descriptors: Canidae/
Carnivora/ Canis lupus/ Canis lupus/ gray wolf/ biogeography/
carnivore-human conflict/ conservation/ wildlife management/ habitat
use/ habitat analysis/ colonization/ habitat management/ integrated
management/ land zones/ livestock depredation/ Northern Lower
Peninsula/ potential recolonization/ proactive land management/
recolonization/ roads/ gray wolf/ carnivores/ habitat evaluation/
Michigan
Abstract:
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) likely will recolonize the northern Lower
Peninsula of Michigan (NLP). As such, land managers would benefit from
information on the amount, distribution, and quality of potential wolf
habitat in this region. We estimated that 2,198-4,231 km(2) of
favorable wolf habitat exist in the NLP, supporting an estimated
population of 40-105 wolves. Favorable habitat was fragmented by road
networks and was predominantly located in the northeastern part of the
state on private land. We discuss the management of wolves in the NLP
as a case study of wolf recolonization in a landscape that has a
relatively high road density and agricultural lands that likely will be
sources of conflict with wolves. We provide a hierarchical model for
consideration in proactively managing landscapes that already or likely
will contain several carnivore species concomitant with human land use.
We suggest that this case study and our hierarchical model offer
insight into how proactive land management should occur for wolves and
other carnivores in the northern Great Lakes Region and other
human-altered landscapes.
13-cis-4-oxo-retinoic acid 2183
15-meter river buffer 1504
1985 Food Security Act [Farm Bill] 2111
2002 Farm Bill 554
abdominal implants 1630
Abies amabilis 1263
Abies balsamea 865, 898, 1008
Abies falsamea 1170
Abies lasiocarpa 1318
Abies spp. 1170, 2012
abiotic conditions 1833
abiotic factors 148, 167, 219, 262, 304, 363, 365, 394, 415, 447, 448, 449, 477, 488, 489, 526, 581, 597, 599, 603, 646, 777, 786, 810, 812, 874, 877, 912, 941, 983, 986, 1026, 1028, 1053, 1137, 1183, 1259, 1279, 1347, 1405, 1437, 1458, 1465, 1466, 1486, 1489, 1511, 1513, 1517, 1537, 1546, 1601, 1641, 1678, 1684, 1699, 1779, 2033, 2072, 2129, 2203, 2272
Abitibi Lake Model Forest 932
Abitibi region 932
abundance 10, 33, 49, 87, 89, 98, 112, 140, 175, 188, 189, 210, 211, 239, 241, 261, 274, 276, 281, 317, 376, 421, 447, 449, 526, 537, 539, 545, 584, 601, 609, 636, 696, 726, 739, 755, 773, 794, 804, 831, 841, 845, 851, 875, 880, 886, 889, 953, 961, 982, 984, 989, 1008, 1015, 1016, 1031, 1037, 1068, 1075, 1096, 1097, 1103, 1105, 1122, 1136, 1139, 1178, 1179, 1205, 1218, 1221, 1224, 1229, 1235, 1257, 1261, 1278, 1297, 1338, 1359, 1366, 1373, 1389, 1398, 1405, 1430, 1434, 1455, 1467, 1504, 1512, 1531, 1563, 1621, 1622, 1698, 1772, 1778, 1811, 1847, 1875, 1886, 1896, 1913, 1931, 1963, 1964, 1974, 2035, 2052, 2077, 2173, 2178, 2235, 2257, 2262, 2272
abundance and activity 242
abundance and body condition 1136
abundance and occurrence 1949
abundance effects 1075
abundance estimation 26, 1000, 1594
abundance patterns 1877, 1938
Acacia 605
Acacia rigidula 2237
Acacia spp. 1182
Acadian flycatcher 993, 1023
Acadian flycatchers 1174
Acari 167, 2182
access 2070, 2248
Accipiter gentilis 956, 1241, 1305, 1329, 1331
Accipiter gentilis atricapillus 1305
Accipiter gentilis atricapillus: forestry 1344
Accipitridae 153, 746, 1241, 1305, 1331
accuracy 266
Acer 1189, 1971, 2083
Acer rubrum 933, 1024, 1182
Acer saccharum 898, 933, 1033
Acer spp. 1182
Aceria 2182
Aceria parapopuli 2182
acetylcholinesterase 2156
Achnatherum 490
Achnatherum hymenoides 490
Achnatherum spinosa 490
acidity 1790
acoustical sampling 1205
Acrididae 115, 144, 399, 625, 753, 789
Acrididae (Saltatoria): farming and agriculture 412
Actinopterygii 1549
active cavity 1112
active forest management 1230
activity 1336, 2076
activity budget 1613
activity cycle variation 271
activity patterns 179, 271, 529, 918, 970, 1036, 1633
Aculeata 637
Adair County 98
ADAPT 1377, 1394
adaptation 2236
adaptive kernels 152, 878
adaptive management 296, 1194, 1689
Adephaga 738
Adirondack Mountains 1465
Adirondack Park 2046
administrative guidance 2275
adult return rates 68
adverse effects 1685, 2156, 2266
Aedes 1596
aerial census 878
aerial invertebrates 1608
aerial photography 305, 316, 1717, 2092, 2195
aerial surveys 1901, 1947, 2141
Aeschnidae 1655
afforestation 107, 881, 1052, 1177, 1209, 1576, 2282
Aflexia rubranura 590
age 87, 739, 799, 1210, 2200
age class 1190
age class distribution 961, 1420
age distribution 797
age of trees 1024
age ratio 880
age-sex relationships 755, 878, 1261
age structure 907
Agelaius 1649
Agelaius phoeniceus 26, 55, 67, 93, 95, 139, 195, 250, 542, 544, 558, 1649, 1680, 1937, 1953, 2200
Agelaius phoeniceus [red winged blackbird] (Passeriformes) 21
Ageneotettix deorum 753
Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera): species 450
aggradation 1387
aggregated timber harvest 2060
aggregating behavior 415, 1538, 1932, 2076
agri-environmental indicators 2065
agrichemicals 1578, 1871
agricultural activity 1458, 1578, 1735
agricultural and urban land use patterns 1458
agricultural buffers 1, 114, 2005
agricultural catchment 1377, 1506
agricultural change 386
agricultural chemicals 1735, 1827, 2135, 2179
agricultural conservation 90
Agricultural conservation---Government policy---United States 1996
agricultural conservation programs 171, 316, 1960
agricultural crops 169, 2226
agricultural cultivation 2037
agricultural cultivation effects 2037
agricultural development 617, 1428, 1703
agricultural disturbance 616, 1740
agricultural drain 1909
agricultural drainage 1870
agricultural drainage and pesticide transport model (ADAPT) 1377, 1394
agricultural drainwater bypass 1405
agricultural economics 195, 291
agricultural ecosystem 84, 114, 522, 591, 616, 1130, 1380, 1580, 1582, 1882, 1942, 2146, 2181, 2205
agricultural ecosystems 47, 2177
agricultural entomology 5, 2179, 2261
agricultural environment 2155
agricultural expansion 1440
agricultural field border strips 30
agricultural field runoff control by drop pipe installation 1904
agricultural fields 276
agricultural fields: abandoned 485
agricultural fragmentation of forest and wetland 2097
agricultural grassland 819
agricultural habitats 2021, 2114, 2155
agricultural hydrology 2013
agricultural impacts 1691, 2245
agricultural impoundment 2230
agricultural irrigation 1583, 2062
agricultural land 26, 39, 67, 105, 189, 195, 224, 226, 247, 269, 276, 283, 362, 374, 778, 817, 1052, 1074, 1216, 1337, 1783, 1785, 1860, 1874, 1912, 1918, 1936, 1941, 1944, 1967, 1989, 2070, 2155, 2170, 2171, 2181, 2224, 2261, 2282
agricultural land use 19, 1435
agricultural lands 225
agricultural landscape 19, 1287, 1947, 2033, 2071
agricultural landscape riparian filter strips 516
agricultural landscape structure 2125
agricultural landscapes 516, 591, 817, 1400, 1442, 1751, 2146
Agricultural law and legislation---United States 1996
agricultural management 247, 311, 317
agricultural management practices 311
agricultural management systems 156
agricultural non point source pollution 1632
agricultural open space 2044
agricultural pollution 1390, 1559, 1688, 1890, 2135, 2212
agricultural ponds 1579
agricultural population recruitment and management 2155
agricultural practices 65, 75, 83, 104, 112, 141, 153, 172, 195, 208, 228, 239, 251, 271, 291, 323, 337, 392, 465, 469, 652, 1025, 1125, 1130, 1217, 1350, 1460, 1688, 1735, 1758, 1919, 1920, 1943, 1975, 2028, 2042, 2130, 2183, 2226, 2236
agricultural production 2, 147, 234
agricultural products 39, 953
agricultural programs 2111
agricultural regions 1485
Agricultural Resources Conservation Program 57
agricultural riparian buffers 2254
agricultural runoff 7, 1441, 1460, 1478, 1518, 1519, 1559, 1657, 1744, 1852
agricultural runoff effects on wetland community 1848
agricultural sector 2253
agricultural situation 234
agricultural streams 1513
agricultural system ecosystem reconnection 2074
agricultural vs intensively managed plantation landscapes 69
agricultural watersheds 1369, 1392, 1464, 1511, 1539, 2221
agricultural wetlands 1581, 1610, 1653, 1796
agricultural wetlands conservation goals 1581
agricultural wetlands conservation value and management 1581
agricultural wetlands management for conservation 1581
agricultural wildland matrix 179
agriculturally fragmented forest and wetland habitat ecology 2097
agriculture and food agricultural economics 240
agriculture and food agricultural equipment 57
agriculture and food agricultural equipment facilities and operations 190
agriculture field runoff control by drop pipe installation 1904
agriculture (general) 238
agriculture landscape 2033
agriculture, range management 511
agro ecosystem 571, 2265
agro-forestry 1089
agrochemicals 2135
agroecology 114, 172
agroecosystem health 521
agroecosystem management 2074
agroecosystems 15, 39, 84, 172, 629, 1547, 1971, 1988, 2074, 2181
agroforestry 708, 1239, 1945, 1946, 1971
agroforestry buffer zones 1352
agroforestry role 1121
agroforestry: shelterbelt plantings 2192
agronomic benefits 1584
agronomy 245, 1584, 1979, 2038
agronomy: agriculture 215, 246, 1473
Agropyron cristatum 715, 789
Agropyron smithii 1808
Agropyron spicatum 437
AIC 893
AIC model-selection 517
Aiken 833, 971, 1075, 1228
Aimophila 1962, 2128
Aimophila aestivalis 451, 721, 776, 1082, 1197, 1962, 2128
Aimophila aestivalis: habitat management 862
Aimophila botterii 334, 804
Aimophila cassinii 195, 331, 652, 804
air pollution 1939, 2136
Air quality 190, 191
air temperature 1004
Aix sponsa 1503, 1917
Akaike information criterion 2006
Akaike's information criterion 665, 893, 1280, 1309
Akaike weights 695
Akaiki's information criteria: mathematical and computer techniques 582
Alabama 837, 1065, 1148, 1213, 1214, 1222, 1285, 1293, 1437, 1471, 1521, 1948, 2128
Alachua County 219
Alberta 120, 251, 296, 401, 464, 747, 846, 871, 874, 1037, 1076, 1179, 1202, 1313, 1320, 1336, 1363, 1630, 1684, 1923, 2043, 2080, 2235
Alberta, Canada 627, 1218
Alces alces 909, 1100, 1140, 1303
Alces alces (Cervidae): forestry 1090, 1332
Alces alces: conservation measures 1301
Alces alces: disturbance by man 2165
Alces alces [moose] (Cervidae): bioindicator 2265
alfalfa 16, 92, 106
alfalfa crop habitats 363
alfalfa fields 363
algae 1827, 1882
algae and seaweeds 2151
algarrobo 805
Algonquin Provincial Park 1256
alien grass 322
Alkali Lakes Core Area 370
alkaline wetland 1637
all-trans-retinol 2183
Allegheny Mountains 2153
Allegheny Plateau 2153
Allegheny woodrat 1165
Allendale and Barnwell Counties 1075
alluvial land 2282
alluvial valley forests 1311
alluvium 1495
Alnus 1153
Alnus oregona 1357
Alnus rubra 884, 1153
Alnus spp. 1357
alteration of flow 1564
altered rangelands 299
alternative agriculture 84
alternative forest management practices 2104
alternative livestock grazing strategies 823
alternative planning 1591, 1894
alternative prey 2032
alternative-state theory 1925
alternative timber harvest practices 1092
altitude 741, 785, 2151, 2263
aluminum 1771
Amadina fasciata 1436
Amara 172, 1061
Ambrosia trifida 831
Ambrysus amargosus 1654
Ambystoma 820, 892, 1662
Ambystoma californiense 1636
Ambystoma gracile 838
Ambystoma jeffersonianum 1220, 2006
Ambystoma laterale 2264
Ambystoma maculatum 1655, 1662, 1690, 1844, 1845, 1850, 2006, 2059, 2264
Ambystoma opacum 1662, 2059
Ambystoma talpoideum 892, 904
Ambystoma texanum 1662
Ambystoma tigrinum 1579, 2006
Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium 1762
Ambystomatidae 892, 2059
Ambystomidae 904
Ameiurus melas 1867
Ameiurus nebulosus 1842
amenity and recreation areas 741, 2070
amensalism 437
American avocet 1667, 1872
American badger 218
American beaver 1965
American bittern 1849
American black bear 878, 1225, 2077
American black duck 1442, 1896, 1947
American bullfrog 1662
American coot 1849
American elk 398, 422, 700
American goldfinch 55, 93
American goldfinch (Passeriformes) 13
American kestrel 1995
American marten 1160
American redstart 1233
American robin 884, 1224
American shrew mole 1129
American toad 792, 1690
American tree sparrow (Passeriformes) 13, 17
American woodcock 1096
Ames 513
amino acids 2068
Ammodramus 317, 845
Ammodramus bairdii 141, 660, 671, 845, 1953
Ammodramus henslowi 2105
Ammodramus henslowii 50, 93, 208, 335, 527, 544, 574, 651, 672, 1059, 2098, 2105
Ammodramus henslowii: conservation measures 41
Ammodramus henslowii: habitat management 124
Ammodramus leconteii 563, 1953
Ammodramus maritimus 1649, 1698
Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis 1699
Ammodramus maritimus nigrescens 349
Ammodramus nelsoni 908
Ammodramus savannarum 55, 68, 93, 95, 175, 195, 205, 291, 309, 317, 331, 461, 527, 544, 606, 651, 660, 672, 721, 776, 845, 1953, 2098
Ammodramus savannarum floridanus 721
Ammodramus savannarum [grasshopper sparrow] (Passeriformes) 21
Ammodramus savannarum (Passeriformes) 17, 222
Ammodramus savannature 1729
Ammodrmus savannarum 600
Ammospermophilus nelsoni 650
Amphibia 109, 473, 591, 701, 832, 837, 838, 892, 894, 983, 1024, 1079, 1080, 1088, 1136, 1183, 1198, 1210, 1213, 1221, 1236, 1245, 1279, 1306, 1312, 1322, 1398, 1443, 1502, 1593, 1650, 1655, 1662, 1735, 1747, 1783, 1830, 1948, 1949, 1969, 2006, 2037, 2097, 2107, 2122, 2177, 2178, 2183, 2204, 2207, 2227, 2270, 2272
Amphibia: forestry 1136, 1502, 1948, 2227
Amphibia: habitat management 2270
Amphibia, Lissamphibia 2131
Amphibia, Lissamphibia, Anura, Leiopelmatidae 2129
Amphibia, Lissamphibia, Caudata 2091
Amphibia, Lissamphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae 950, 1540
amphibia [physiology] 1840
amphibian assemblage 2125
amphibian community 1662, 2204
amphibian conservation 1712
amphibian decline 1840
amphibian predator-prey base 473
amphibian predators 473
amphibians 109, 440, 473, 492, 832, 850, 854, 904, 950, 951, 961, 983, 1027, 1079, 1088, 1101, 1118, 1136, 1183, 1192, 1198, 1213, 1220, 1221, 1236, 1242, 1279, 1306, 1312, 1322, 1398, 1443, 1502, 1525, 1540, 1587, 1594, 1602, 1650, 1661, 1690, 1735, 1745, 1747, 1783, 1802, 1830, 1844, 1845, 1850, 1857, 1905, 1924, 1931, 1948, 1949, 1957, 1969, 2007, 2012, 2031, 2033, 2052, 2091, 2122, 2129, 2131, 2177, 2183, 2216, 2220, 2227, 2270, 2272
amphibians and reptiles 96, 419, 650, 658, 792, 838, 1155, 1424, 1555
amphibiotic species 1615, 1617, 1636, 1762, 1845, 1890
Amphipoda 1886
Amphispiza belli 530, 745, 763
Amphispiza belli ssp. belli 1348
Amphiuma means 892, 1312, 1662, 2204
anabat 970
anadromous fish 1501
anadromous species 1421, 1488, 1892
anahuac 678
analysis of models 1562
analysis of variance 1141
analysis of variance: mathematical and computer techniques 582
analysis technique and conservation relationships 1537
analytical method 173
Anapsida 1065
Anas 91, 162, 178, 402, 497, 537, 594, 618, 673, 818, 1177, 1580, 1670, 1673, 1805, 1839, 1899, 1913, 2231
Anas acuta 251, 323, 537, 1660, 1849, 2232
Anas acuta (Anatidae): farming and agriculture 1789
Anas aguta 2001
Anas clypeata 1660, 1808, 1839, 2001
Anas crecca 1839
Anas crecca carolinensis 1896
Anas cyanoptera 1667, 1886
Anas discors 45, 1660, 1808, 2001
Anas fulvigula maculosa 2170
Anas platyrhynchos 45, 218, 251, 276, 362, 1442, 1630, 1660, 1733, 1753, 1808, 1829, 1886, 1899, 1917, 1927, 1947, 2001, 2022, 2073, 2133, 2162, 2231
Anas platyrhynchos (Anatidae) 2155
Anas rubripes 362, 1442, 1896, 1947
Anas spp. 402, 1805, 1913
Anas strepera 323, 1660, 1808, 1886, 2001
Anatidae 159, 178, 218, 220, 323, 537, 673, 1177, 1580, 1584, 1649, 1673, 1785, 1789, 1805, 1822, 1839, 1872, 1899, 1913, 1916, 1931, 2231
Anatinae 2234
Anderson Mesa 813
androgens 1505
Andropogon 317, 574
Andropogon gerardii 294, 317
Andropogon sp.
Aneides ferreus 854
Aneides hardii 1101
angiosperms 741
angleworms 1764, 1847
angling 1538
animal (Animalia) 1881
animal behavior 620, 691, 1296, 1732, 1777, 1829
animal care 1750
animal communities 34, 1011, 2036
animal competition 2206
animal constructions 25, 667, 1026, 1469
animal ecology 722, 795, 987, 1285, 1944
animal ecology and behavior 452, 562, 612, 644, 651, 691, 717, 731, 753, 773, 778, 836, 1020, 1076, 1109, 1162, 1200, 1265, 1760, 2016, 2167
animal husbandry 433, 575, 642, 795
animal husbandry: agriculture 233
animal interactions 1965
animal morphology 1481
animal nutrition 651, 722
animal pests 20
animal physiology 795, 1845
animal populations 1398, 1950
animal preferences 722, 1074
animal production 691
animal science: animal nutrition 349
animal sciences 2103
animal tissues 1842
Animalia 299, 374, 450, 461, 504, 938, 1011, 1047, 1195, 1218, 1756, 2011, 2182, 2229
animals 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 60, 79, 152, 201, 222, 257, 268, 390, 740, 894, 913, 1012, 1047, 1303, 1304, 1378, 1395, 1478, 1528, 1533, 1593, 1672, 1812, 1840, 1881, 1891, 2038, 2061, 2078, 2136, 2192, 2243, 2265, 2275, 2281
animals (invertebrates) 1771
animals, non-game 443, 619, 2147
animals, wild 1303
Animas Valley 447
Annelida 78, 79, 201, 1597
Annelida, Oligochaeta 167, 207
Annelids 78, 167, 207
annual harvest area 1303
annual plant biomass 322
annual research report 1490
annula fecundity 1993
Anser 178, 537, 1177, 1580, 1673, 1839, 1899, 1913
Anser albifrons 1878
Anser caerulescens 1737
Anser caerulescens caerulescens 1580, 1785
Anser sp. 1580
Anseriformes 218, 673, 1789
ant-aphid mutualism 931
Antennaria dimorpha 609
Anthophora urbana 2271
anthropogenic 899
anthropogenic activities 644, 1200, 1760
anthropogenic alterations 2233
anthropogenic change 942
anthropogenic disturbances 837, 1740
anthropogenic effect 1543, 2024, 2046, 2163
anthropogenic factors 1466, 1468, 1592, 1671, 1737, 1772, 1890, 2233
anthropogenic habitat 1724
anthropogenic impact 2233
anthropogenic stress 1873
Anthus 845
Anthus spragueii 660, 671, 845
Antilocapra americana 345, 360, 373, 677, 1941, 2266
Antilocapra americana (Bovidae): farming and agriculture 813
Antilocapridae 373
Antrozous pallidus 691
ants 96, 2042, 2263
Anura 473, 591, 833, 958, 1011, 1163, 1597, 1617, 1662, 1783, 1844, 1845, 1931, 1978, 2066, 2204, 2249
Anura: habitat management 2033
anuran 1966
anuran call survey 1594
Anuran densities 1931
anurans 1931
APEX 708
Aphelocoma coerulescens 716
Aphelocoma coerulescens coerulescens: forestry 1032
APHIS Wildlife Services Program 2275
Apidae: farming and agriculture 127
Aplomado falcon 302
Apocrita 637
Aporrectodea 79
Aporrectodea caliginosa 79
Aporrectodea trapezoides (Oligochaeta): farming and agriculture 78
Aporrectodea turgida 167
Appalachia 959
Appalachian Mountains 1047, 1959
Appalachian Plateau 2153
Appalachian Region 1254, 1265
Appalachians 1297
Appanose 293
applied and field techniques: drift fence array 1643
applied and field techniques: electrofishing 1552
applied and field techniques: frog cell 1643
applied and field techniques: funnel trapping 1643
applied and field techniques: pitfall trapping 1643
applied entomology 83, 115, 2225
applied microbiology 210
appropriate technology 2011
aquaculture 162, 832, 987, 2275
aquaculture, aquariology and water use 1814
aquatic animals 1528, 1722, 1890, 2036, 2116
aquatic biology and ecology animals 1760
aquatic biology and ecology general 2016, 2167
aquatic birds 100, 220, 323, 483, 502, 579, 1582, 1614, 1617, 1626, 1633, 1667, 1670, 1700, 1708, 1722, 1737, 1763, 1786, 1814, 1865, 1874, 1896, 1910, 1927, 2170, 2213
aquatic communities 1404, 1470, 1758, 1888, 1918, 1994, 2137
aquatic conservation 1534
aquatic conservation strategy 2247
aquatic diving 1684
aquatic ecology 1445
Aquatic ecology---Environmental aspects---United States 2194
aquatic ecosystem 1027, 1532, 1545
aquatic ecosystems 1027, 1416, 1516, 1568, 1669, 2050, 2208
aquatic entomology 1669, 1794, 1860
aquatic environment 1406, 1423, 1439, 1470, 1970, 1994, 2049, 2134, 2159, 2180, 2261
aquatic environments 1994, 2049, 2208
aquatic faunal community 1516
aquatic habitat 1369, 1379, 1388, 1406, 1435, 1464, 1481, 1483, 1499, 1500, 1507, 1519, 1541, 1544, 1554, 1614, 1658, 1718, 1719, 1734, 1736, 1795, 1918, 1955, 1991, 2041, 2087, 2088, 2216, 2217, 2256, 2257, 2268
aquatic habitat quality 1541, 1991, 2075
aquatic habitat restoration 1574
aquatic insects 1411, 1422, 1449, 1464, 1482, 1483, 1654, 1669, 1759, 1772, 1794, 1811, 1847, 1871, 1882, 1883, 1890, 1918, 2137
aquatic invertebrates 1245, 1464, 1593, 1595, 1685, 1788, 1857, 2056
Aquatic invertebrates---Ecology---Florida 1935
Aquatic invertebrates---Environmental aspects---United States 1664
aquatic life 1379, 1908, 2007, 2013, 2079
aquatic macroinvertebrates 1400, 1402
aquatic mammals 1617
aquatic organisms 7, 1380, 1527, 1598, 1764, 1832, 1842, 2056, 2134, 2178
Aquatic organisms, Effect of contaminated sediments on---United States 2194
Aquatic organisms, Effect of water pollution on---United States 1496
aquatic plant management 1861
aquatic plants 1658, 1681, 1722, 1748, 1759, 1764, 1771, 1806, 1847, 2151
aquatic reptiles 1617
Aquatic resources conservation---United States 2194
aquatic science 23
aquatic species 2259
aquatic vegetation 1585, 1926
aquatic vegetation cover 1644
aquatic weeds 2056
aquifers 1817
arable land 1599, 1995, 2022, 2137
Arachnida 5, 235, 2243
arachnids 167, 846, 1067
Araneae 5, 83, 235, 846, 1029, 1067, 1105, 2225, 2243
Aransas National Wildlife Refuge 1607
Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge 558
Arceuthobium 842, 1237
Arctostaphylos uva-ursai 2082
area requirements 2089
area sensitivity 33, 844, 2030
arid ecosystems 432
arid environment 726, 1559, 2011
arid grasslands 447, 476, 610
arid land foxes 2103
arid lands 717, 1559, 1659, 2266
arid rangelands 301
arid regions 639, 1559, 2250
aridity 810, 2072
Arion lusitanicus 158
Aristida stricta 1978
Arizona 302, 308, 332, 378, 389, 471, 476, 505, 523, 613, 652, 691, 726, 728, 744, 804, 813, 853, 895, 901, 935, 1046, 1126, 1188, 1194, 1195, 1207, 1326, 1344, 2240, 2280
Arizona, central region 662
Arizona, northwestern 1176
Arizona strip 1046
Arkansas 778, 877, 948, 1079, 1113, 1137, 1142, 1148, 1178, 1201, 1280, 1282, 1319, 1338, 2173
Arkansas: Drew County 1035
Arkansas: Howard County 947
Arkansas: Pike County 947
armadillo 1093
arrival patterns 925
arrow grass 2141
arsenic 7, 1771
Artemisia 524, 557, 572, 659, 685, 718, 722, 747, 748
Artemisia cana 747
Artemisia, Columbia Plateau 1999
Artemisia filifolia 29, 615, 625
Artemisia spp 66, 381, 554, 733, 745, 758, 806
Artemisia tridentata 325, 408, 553, 609, 748, 935, 2011, 2181
arthropod biomass 482
arthropod community 72
arthropod conservation 621
arthropod galls 2182
Arthropoda 84, 399, 450, 621, 793, 1029, 2030, 2182
Arthropoda: farming and agriculture 211
Arthropoda: forestry 1075, 1250, 1267
Arthropoda: habitat management 489, 914
arthropods 5, 84, 94, 110, 127, 145, 154, 156, 167, 211, 235, 242, 254, 262, 271, 301, 304, 320, 365, 388, 394, 412, 415, 448, 477, 488, 489, 503, 513, 516, 567, 581, 637, 731, 736, 738, 760, 777, 782, 786, 846, 894, 914, 965, 986, 1026, 1029, 1040, 1067, 1075, 1077, 1091, 1092, 1103, 1114, 1137, 1145, 1228, 1250, 1267, 1678, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1984, 2051, 2106, 2136, 2174, 2241, 2243, 2271
artificial burrow installation 667
artificial canopy 1300
artificial cavity 1112
artificial freshwater habitat 1796
artificial nests 8, 479, 2032, 2133, 2188
artificial neural network 2199
artificial salt marsh island 1607
artificial structures 19, 875, 1192, 1247, 1993
artificial substrata 1874
artificial wetlands 1640, 1658, 1659, 1696, 1720, 1771, 2257
Artiodactyla 303, 306, 366, 373, 380, 389, 395, 416, 500, 599, 605, 630, 678, 737, 740, 755, 757, 758, 797, 812, 813, 909, 1010, 1166, 1239, 1303, 1965, 2139
Artiodactyla, Mammalia 1090, 1332
Artiodactyls 2265
Arundinaria gigantea 1066
Ascaphus truei 838, 1163, 1424, 1555, 2129, 2220, 2249
Ashley County 1137
aspen 1096, 1350, 2141
aspen dominated forest 997
aspen woodland 669, 801, 2089
assemblage structure 1382
assessment 848, 1380, 1509, 1519, 1593, 2179
assessment method 1428, 1568, 1791, 2163
associations 127, 254, 341, 986, 1250, 2271
Aster oblongifolius 2120
Astragalus malachus 609
Astragalus purshii 609
Athene cunicularia 29, 687, 1980, 1993
Athene cunicularia (Strigidae): habitat management 667
Atlantic Ocean 1706, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1765, 1778
atmospheric chemistry 868
Atriplex spp. 650
attitudes 2070, 2135, 2145
attitudinal survey 311, 2145
attractants 1168
auditory sense 1116
Aurora County 739
autecology 624
autumn 1074, 1715
autumn prescribed burn 1678
availability 1339, 2261
Avena sativa 265
Aves 15, 22, 25, 27, 38, 46, 60, 65, 84, 87, 95, 100, 106, 132, 136, 139, 204, 213, 251, 256, 257, 264, 278, 283, 288, 292, 311, 313, 317, 330, 334, 340, 341, 351, 355, 373, 374, 377, 386, 418, 451, 455, 461, 469, 504, 525, 526, 527, 537, 545, 547, 574, 589, 601, 618, 626, 641, 656, 666, 670, 673, 681, 726, 735, 750, 752, 773, 787, 793, 801, 804, 805, 806, 810, 823, 832, 839, 843, 845, 855, 857, 859, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 877, 880, 926, 930, 932, 938, 941, 956, 959, 968, 980, 984, 991, 993, 997, 999, 1011, 1028, 1039, 1050, 1051, 1059, 1064, 1068, 1095, 1097, 1102, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1130, 1142, 1144, 1153, 1161, 1170, 1171, 1177, 1181, 1189, 1192, 1195, 1196, 1198, 1204, 1211, 1218, 1224, 1233, 1235, 1238, 1244, 1245, 1259, 1260, 1264, 1275, 1288, 1292, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1313, 1327, 1342, 1346, 1347, 1359, 1436, 1582, 1604, 1605, 1609, 1611, 1612, 1620, 1626, 1629, 1633, 1647, 1649, 1673, 1699, 1737, 1748, 1756, 1763, 1781, 1784, 1786, 1789, 1838, 1839, 1863, 1874, 1875, 1906, 1910, 1923, 1929, 1931, 1938, 1962, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1985, 2010, 2011, 2021, 2030, 2039, 2043, 2046, 2081, 2083, 2108, 2153, 2160, 2168, 2172, 2188, 2189, 2196, 2209, 2214, 2223
Aves: avian prey 684
Aves, Charadriiformes 2119
Aves, Charadriiformes, Alcidae 912
Aves: conservation 534
Aves: conservation measures 293, 1260, 2172
Aves: disturbance by man 803, 1612, 2189
Aves, Falconiformes, Accipitridae 1344
Aves: farming and agriculture 25, 330, 396, 608, 636, 656, 735
Aves: forestry 223, 874, 877, 932, 971, 997, 1002, 1039, 1068, 1077, 1184, 1222, 1259, 1308, 1333, 1342, 1977, 2023, 2060
Aves, Galliformes, Phasianidae 69, 82, 135, 148, 272, 289, 293, 414, 556, 1034, 1258, 1323, 2054
Aves: habitat management 30, 86, 278, 292, 313, 338, 355, 405, 407, 626, 751, 843, 857, 859, 1161, 1294, 1610, 1938, 2196, 2203, 2214
Aves: industry 1985
Aves, Passeriformes 1069, 1293, 2071, 2076
Aves, Passeriformes, Corvidae 1032
Aves, Passeriformes, Emberizidae 41, 124, 597, 862, 1338
Aves, Passeriformes, Parulidae 879, 1075, 1113, 1319
Aves, Passeriformes, Troglodytidae 1248
Aves, Passeriformes, Turdidae 1185
Aves, Passeriformes, Tyrannidae 742
Aves, Piciformes 918, 1367, 1368
Aves, Piciformes, Picidae 1250, 1266
Aves, Strigiformes, Strigidae 1273, 2284
avian 1966
avian abundance 36, 719, 1209
avian assemblages 391, 2230
avian biodiversity 15
avian breeding productivity 959
avian communities
avian
communities: bird counts, nest density, nest monitoring, reproductive
success, riparian area livestock grazing impacts, species richness 719
avian community 33, 873, 1197, 1211, 1603, 1646
avian community responses 1233
avian conservation 15, 52
avian density 1089
avian diversity 686, 899, 1142, 1608, 2021, 2089
avian ecology 1186, 1956
avian habitat 1510
avian insectivory 176
avian nest ment 2164
avian population trends 19
avian populations 873
avian predator foraging efficiency 1075
avian predators 684, 1034, 1040, 1075, 1250
avian prey abundance 72
avian prey diversity 72
avian recruitment 2024
avian reproductive success 315
avian richness 1156
avian species 1790
aviary experiment 1033
aviation 2275
avifauna 15, 24, 26, 29, 166, 189, 261, 305, 309, 317, 319, 340, 386, 522, 544, 601, 660, 710, 763, 802, 831, 832, 841, 855, 869, 870, 872, 886, 917, 922, 926, 945, 968, 973, 984, 989, 998, 999, 1003, 1008, 1015, 1033, 1059, 1062, 1089, 1095, 1135, 1142, 1143, 1177, 1187, 1189, 1197, 1211, 1226, 1292, 1295, 1313, 1599, 1621, 1646, 1680, 1729, 1739, 1913, 1937, 1942, 1953, 1956, 1961, 1962, 1972, 1974, 1998, 2030, 2089, 2096, 2098, 2153, 2164, 2205, 2223, 2230
avifaunal composition 560
avifaunal recovery 560
Aythya 402
Aythya (Anatidae) 673
Bachman's sparrow 721, 776, 1082, 2128
BACI 1223
BACI study design 1414
Bacillus thuringiensis 959
backmarsh elevation 1648
backswimmers 1883
backwater 1387
bacteria 1390, 1521, 1700
bacteria (faecal) 1700
bacteria (microorganisms) 959, 1245
bacterial diseases 2193
bacterivore and fungivore populations 245
badger 1980
Baeolophus bicolor 973
Baiomys taylori 744
Baird's sparrow 141
Baja California Sur 632
Baker County 69
bald eagle 956
balsam poplar 2141
Bandelier National Monument 1114
Banff National Park 1202
bank erosion 1481
bank protection 1571
bank stabilization 1534
bank structure 785
bank swallow 2121
bank vole 852
bankfull 1387
Bankhead National Forest 1437
banks 1556, 1772
bark beetles 851, 1300
bark foragers 1222
Barnwell and Allendale Counties 971
Barnwell County 2107
barred owl 1192
barred tiger salamander 1762
barrens management 2051
barrens restoration 974
barrier islands 1905
barriers 531
Bartramia longicauda 141, 291, 956
basal area 340, 935, 1189, 1277
baseline studies 2228, 2257
basic approaches, concepts, and theory 2208
basins 1792, 1875
bat activity 967, 970
bat activity monitoring 1336
bat detector 967
bat foraging 1205
bat mortality 2267
bats 863, 939, 970, 1036, 1191, 1201, 1272, 1321, 1335, 1945, 2020
batture 1045
Bayesian analysis 1012
Bayesian model 1012
Bayou Lafourche 1078
bays 2138
Bear Creek 1514
Beaver Creek 1460
beaver lodges 987
beaver ponds 1917
beavers 368, 1357, 1374, 1749, 1790, 2257
bedforms 1549, 1550
beef cattle 505, 523
beef producers 1750
beehives 1168
beetle colonization 896
beetles 156, 172, 262, 271, 394, 525, 846, 851, 896, 914, 965, 1061, 1067, 1077, 1105, 1228, 1257, 1300, 2106
behavior 55, 66, 68, 69, 75, 97, 134, 179, 227, 238, 242, 271, 291, 358, 366, 384, 415, 419, 436, 493, 500, 507, 548, 549, 573, 600, 614, 635, 650, 658, 716, 746, 758, 773, 797, 803, 852, 881, 902, 903, 918, 924, 954, 971, 994, 1037, 1050, 1087, 1116, 1124, 1150, 1155, 1176, 1182, 1225, 1241, 1248, 1258, 1261, 1268, 1309, 1331, 1335, 1350, 1360, 1374, 1420, 1469, 1485, 1538, 1623, 1643, 1724, 1897, 1910, 1932, 1934, 1959, 1969, 1980, 2076, 2119, 2130, 2141, 2145, 2193, 2235
behavior and fate characteristics 2135
behavior conservation 104
behavior simulation models 1275
behavioral ecology 1337
behavioral research 1255
behavioral response 755, 1059
behavioral sex differences 262, 500
Bembidion 172
beneficial insects 2171
beneficial organisms 583
benefit cost analysis 191, 817
benefit of alternative livestock grazing strategies 823
benefits 2028, 2166
benthic community 1462, 1561, 1648, 2150
benthic community structure and trophic function 1397
benthic environment 1411, 1757
benthic fauna 1375, 1380, 1614
benthic invertebrates 1784, 2228
benthic macroinvertebrates 1494, 1568
benthos 1380, 1462, 1569, 1573, 1757, 1892
Benton 355
best management practices 1036, 1377, 1401, 1402, 1411, 1414, 1416, 1435, 1460, 1464, 1478, 1487, 1491, 1567, 1568, 2221, 2245
beta diversity index 1668
Betula alleghaniensis 898, 933, 1033
Betula lenta 1024
Betula papyrifera 865, 889
Betulaceae 1153
between-winter site fidelity 925
Bidens laevis 1769
big brown bat 967
big game 106
Big Sioux River Basin 739
bioaccumulation 7, 1771, 1842, 1871, 2013, 2015, 2134, 2212
bioassays 2180
bioassessment 1428, 1568
biocenosis 871, 880, 980, 993, 1125, 1233, 1359
biochemical oxygen demand 1380
biochemistry and molecular biophysics 246, 1632
biocides 170, 279, 1735
biodiversity 38, 72, 113, 198, 305, 326, 327, 375, 399, 426, 444, 576, 601, 616, 649, 688, 734, 817, 832, 834, 835, 840, 848, 867, 868, 873, 880, 894, 928, 949, 953, 978, 999, 1021, 1024, 1029, 1047, 1054, 1057, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1118, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1142, 1152, 1156, 1160, 1187, 1189, 1190, 1195, 1209, 1210, 1211, 1235, 1242, 1245, 1251, 1255, 1274, 1287, 1288, 1292, 1298, 1300, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1327, 1328, 1358, 1421, 1445, 1464, 1466, 1468, 1516, 1518, 1545, 1549, 1577, 1590, 1593, 1597, 1598, 1603, 1617, 1638, 1654, 1663, 1681, 1688, 1712, 1735, 1749, 1756, 1757, 1780, 1811, 1831, 1833, 1840, 1863, 1885, 1891, 1909, 1922, 1931, 1939, 1961, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1973, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 2035, 2122, 2138, 2152, 2181, 2197, 2204, 2209, 2261, 2265
biodiversity and succession in shrub vegetation islands 815
biodiversity comparisons 1294
biodiversity conservation 374
biodiversity hotspots 2034
biodiversity management 1990
biodiversity patterns 1534
biodiversity preservation 365, 1127
biodiversity protection 1881
bioenergetics 2068
biofuels 1059
biogeography 93, 253, 328, 555, 584, 1004, 1065, 1157, 1166, 1331, 1598, 1965, 1993, 2285
biogeography: population studies 358, 375, 540, 541, 943, 979, 1287, 1382, 1438, 1444, 1485, 1545, 1561, 1603, 1740, 1873, 1909, 1973, 2025, 2026, 2125, 2175, 2230
bioindicators 294, 305, 866, 1343, 1380, 1567, 1665, 1759, 1863
bioindicators of sustainable boreal forest management 1286
biological assessment 294, 1791
biological breakdown 1026, 1250
biological communities 1543, 1547
biological control 15, 172, 616, 1683, 2035, 2171, 2225
biological control agents 20, 1944
biological corridors creation to counteract habitat fragmentation 1121
biological criteria 1969
biological diversity 29, 58, 1190, 1651, 1919, 1939
biological effects 1378, 2110
biological effects of livestock grazing 2110
biological indicators 576, 848, 1566, 1593, 1920, 1944, 2137
biological integrity 1791
biological invasion 802
biological inventory 868
biological monitoring 1570, 1791
biological production 1676, 2162
biological sampling 1719, 1720, 1798
biological surveys 1708, 1722, 1737, 2228, 2257
biology 23, 108, 140, 155, 190, 791
biology and conservation assessment 41
biology, ecology 511
biomagnification 1812
biomanipulation 2120
biomarkers 1142
biomass 167, 210, 241, 330, 420, 450, 520, 547, 577, 615, 638, 646, 688, 717, 722, 731, 734, 753, 770, 789, 822, 1003, 1059, 1103, 1142, 1190, 1249, 1284, 1398, 1403, 1407, 1410, 1421, 1483, 1486, 1492, 1504, 1507, 1571, 1597, 1721, 1757, 1764, 1773, 1774, 1792, 1798, 1822, 1840, 2141, 2198, 2222, 2224
biomass: aboveground, belowground 1648
biomass and biodiversity 1885
biomass burning 525
biomass energy 1059
biomass structure 473
biomass yield 790
biometrics 632, 952, 1037, 1234, 1765, 1778, 1932, 2141, 2198
biomonitoring 294, 1570
biophysical interactions 1971
bioprocess engineering 1632
biosphere 2136
biosphere reserve 1673
biota 1549, 1550, 1564, 1764, 2134
biotechnology 210
biotelemetry 1915
biotic community 868
biotic factors 1482, 1669, 1759, 1918
biotic integrity 1473
biotic integrity index 1438
biotic resources 868
biotop 773, 2077
bird 166, 257, 568, 946, 1879, 1992, 2283
bird abundance 139, 993
bird (Aves) 9, 2078
bird (Aves): community response, landscape variables 2192
bird (Aves): pest 2275
bird breeding 571, 1750
bird communities 90, 316, 353, 452, 869, 870, 872, 873, 1135, 1189, 1218, 1327, 2144
bird community response 880, 1223
bird community structure 1033
bird conservation 495, 544, 1337, 2157
bird conservation: behavioral intentions, farmer attitudes 9
bird conservation regions 873, 1325
bird demography 926
bird density 683, 1729
bird diversity 24, 1868
bird eggs 100
bird-forestry relationships 873
bird group size 924
bird population declines 1974
bird population trends 37
bird populations 118, 873, 1015, 1868, 2113
Bird populations, Effect of agricultural conservation on 28
bird response 1224
bird species richness 884
bird-vegetation relationship 980
birds 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 41, 46, 47, 49, 53, 55, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 73, 75, 80, 82, 86, 87, 88, 97, 98, 104, 106, 120, 124, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 148, 152, 153, 155, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175, 181, 184, 187, 195, 203, 208, 209, 210, 213, 217, 218, 222, 223, 227, 228, 241, 256, 257, 264, 268, 272, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281, 283, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 313, 317, 329, 330, 332, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 351, 353, 355, 368, 370, 377, 392, 396, 405, 407, 413, 414, 418, 429, 434, 436, 439, 443, 451, 455, 456, 465, 469, 480, 482, 522, 526, 533, 534, 535, 547, 556, 568, 569, 589, 597, 600, 601, 602, 603, 608, 614, 619, 620, 626, 635, 636, 641, 648, 652, 655, 656, 659, 666, 667, 670, 672, 673, 674, 681, 684, 685, 726, 735, 742, 745, 746, 750, 751, 752, 773, 787, 791, 796, 801, 803, 804, 806, 810, 823, 828, 829, 835, 839, 843, 857, 858, 859, 861, 862,
868, 871, 874, 875, 877, 879, 880, 881, 883, 887, 888, 894, 902, 912, 915, 918, 930, 932, 934, 941, 946, 956, 971, 972, 976, 980, 984, 990, 992, 993, 997, 999, 1001, 1002, 1025, 1028, 1032, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1044, 1048, 1050, 1051, 1064, 1068, 1069, 1075, 1077, 1081, 1094, 1097, 1098, 1102, 1112, 1113, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125, 1134, 1142, 1152, 1161, 1169, 1171, 1176, 1181, 1184, 1185, 1189, 1192, 1195, 1198, 1203, 1209, 1215, 1217, 1222, 1224, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1248, 1250, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1263, 1264, 1266, 1273, 1275, 1293, 1294, 1296, 1303, 1304, 1308, 1310, 1319, 1323, 1327, 1333, 1337, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1347, 1359, 1366, 1367, 1368, 1431, 1593, 1600, 1602, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1619, 1620, 1621, 1623, 1628, 1629, 1633, 1646, 1661, 1665, 1684, 1699, 1730, 1737, 1743, 1748, 1755, 1763, 1781, 1786, 1789, 1801, 1809, 1829, 1849, 1853, 1868, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1879, 1891, 1905, 1910, 1917, 1920, 1924, 1931, 1938, 1943, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1963, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1985, 1992, 1998, 2019, 2023, 2030, 2038, 2039, 2040, 2043, 2054, 2060, 2071, 2076, 2078, 2081, 2098, 2101, 2119, 2132, 2152, 2154, 2157, 2160, 2172, 2185, 2189, 2192, 2193, 2196, 2199, 2203, 2205, 2209, 2213, 2214, 2226, 2235, 2236, 2242, 2244, 2275, 2282, 2283, 2284
birds and farmlands 15
Birds---Habitat---Conservation---South Dakota 16
Birds---Habitat---Nebraska 18
birds, marsh-dwellers 2147
Birds---Nests---South Dakota 16
birds of prey 1945
birds, passerines 443, 739, 773
Birds, Protection of 1921
birds (waterfowl) 1700
birdwatching 203, 829
birth 1332
bison 306, 366, 399, 416, 426, 509, 535, 814
Bison bison 306, 366, 368, 399, 416, 509, 535, 797
bison grazing 811
bivalve 1506
Bivalvia 1506
black bear 1045, 1225, 1862
black cottonwood 822
black crappie 1842
black duck 362
Black Hills 1288, 1362
Black Hills National Forest 995
Black Kettle National Grassland 603
black-necked stilt 1872
Black Prairie Wildlife Management
black rosy finch 956
black spruce 1124
black-tailed jackrabbit 373
black-tailed prairie dog 302, 531
black tern 1849, 1865
black-throated gray warbler 884, 1224
blackbirds 1680, 1809
blackbirds and cowbirds 281, 443, 773
Blackbody temperature 657
Blackfoot Clearwater Wildlife Management Area 519
blackwater forested wetlands 109
Blackwater River State Forest 2128
Blarina brevicauda 459, 591, 852, 933, 1269, 1280, 1283, 1297
Blarina carolinensis 1280
Blarina hylophaga 767
blood 948
blood chemistry 799
blue crab 1798
blue-gray gnatcatcher 2244
Blue Mountains 380, 876
Blue Ridge Mountains 1375
blue-winged teal 45, 2001
blueberry barrens 598
blunt-nosed leopard lizard 650
BMP effectiveness 1568
BMP evaluation 1416
BMPs 1036, 1297, , 1401, 1402, 1411, 1414, 1416, 1435, 1460, 1464, 1478, 1487, 1491, 1567, 2221, 2245
bobolink 93, 542, 543, 683, 696, 908, 1346
bobolinks (Passeriformes) 17
bobwhite 119, 165, 255, 359, 657, 829, 990, 1951, 2173, 2251
bobwhite quail 129, 130, 155, 187, 499, 714, 720, 723, 729, 864
body composition 1753
body condition 925, 1004, 1136
body length 2198
body mass 952, 1932
body size 400, 577, 925, 1037, 1109, 1531, 1674, 1762, 1816, 2031
body weight 1714
bog lemming 852
Bombus vosnesenskii: pollination 2271
Bombycilla cedrorum 884
Bonasa umbellus 1071, 1096, 1116, 1160, 1252, 1254
boom-bust population dynamics 624
bootstrap 1418
bootstrap technique 1305
boreal 1118, 1697
boreal birds 917
boreal forest 869, 906, 917, 1064, 1242, 1286, 1313, 1336, 1399
boreal forest communities 874
boreal forest-grassland transition area 2080
boreal forestry 844
boreal forests 898, 987, 1037, 1162, 1167, 1198, 1200, 1303, 1313, 2115
boreal lakes 1684
boreal mixed-wood 1218
boreal mixedwood forest 917, 1303
borrow pits 1901
Bos 399, 740
Bos bison 303, 306, 366, 669
Bos bison (Bovidae): food plants 599
Bos indicus 678
Bos taurus 328, 367, 373, 374, 377, 461, 507, 509, 548, 549, 634, 678, 773, 977, 1580, 1855, 2234
Bos taurus and Ovis aries 179
Bosmina 1867
Bostrichidae 1300
botanical composition 426, 442, 520, 576, 702, 722, 731, 1009, 1277, 1823
botany 155
Botaurus lentiginosus 1849
Bothriochloa 545
Botteri's sparrow 334, 804
bottom characteristics 1498
bottom topography 1770
bottom-up control 399
bottom-up effects 1882
bottomland forest 968, 1077, 1260, 1981, 2124
bottomland forested wetlands: habitat 1791
bottomland forests 881, 1052, 1277
bottomland hardwood forests 883, 857, 993, 970, 1078, 1089, 1111, 1215, 1228, 1230, 1264, 1306, 1311, 1323, 1324, 1625, 2020, 2107
bottomland hardwood group selected timber harvest 971
bottomland hardwood reforestation 1834
bottomland hardwood wetlands 1753, 1824
bottomlands 881, 1240
boulder cluster ment 1524
Boulder County 2200
boulders 1492
boundary 374, 844, 1336, 2152
Bouteloua 734
Bouteloua gracilis 734
Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths 734
Bouteloua spp. 728
Bovidae 303, 306, 366, 416, 599, 740, 797, 813
box turtle 792
Brachylagus idahoensis 328, 430
Brachyramphus marmoratus 2168
Brachyramphus marmoratus: disturbance by man 912
brackish habitat 1601, 1706, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1765, 1778, 1932
brackish water 100
brackish water environment 1671
brain sodium 1864
Branchiopoda 1883
branchiopods 1883
Brassica napus 172
breeding 66, 169, 335, 336, 339, 340, 413, 569, 600, 669, 883, 887, 888, 901, 908, 934, 991, 994, 1063, 1179, 1203, 1268, 1305, 1327, 1525, 1628, 1629, 1655, 1670, 1838, 1896, 1947, 1976, 1978, 2007, 2053, 2132, 2210
breeding activity 411, 1897
breeding areas 411, 1627
breeding behavior 457
breeding biology 68, 1319, 1872
breeding bird communities 885, 1227, 1233
breeding bird density 884
breeding bird species 526
Breeding Bird Survey 19, 49, 117, 214, 1177, 1849, 1956, 2201
breeding birds 214, 305, 337, 467, 886, 968, 1649, 1697, 1964, 2027, 2153
breeding community 338, 547, 997, 1838
breeding density 721, 1002
breeding distributions 597
breeding ecology 804, 1122, 1261
breeding grounds 203, 669, 901, 994, 1305, 1331, 1978
breeding habitat 420, 715, 1589
breeding occurrence 1588
breeding pairs 1927
breeding phenology 908
breeding s 226
breeding pond 1004
breeding pond selection 1978
breeding population 251, 305, 545, 547, 608, 884, 886, 889, 968, 1142, 1197, 1264, 1291
breeding productivity 993
breeding range 250
breeding season 261, 555, 672, 880, 1261, 1630, 1844, 1845, 2155
breeding site 100, 162, 323, 396, 405, 579, 603, 667, 742, 918, 1026, 1066, 1084, 1184, 1185, 1222, 1248, 1332, 1367, 1368, 1469, 1582, 1634, 1678, 1763, 1830, 1897, 1927, 2170
breeding species 1977
breeding species abundance 30
breeding species response 1977
breeding species richness 1264
breeding status 1603
breeding success 162, 220, 315, 407, 579, 726, 773, 1069, 1171, 1331, 1670, 2170
Brentidae 1300
Brevoortia patronus 1798
Brewer's sparrow 66
British Columbia 601, 830, 872, 903, 1026, 1039, 1090, 1099, 1106, 1107, 1164, 1184, 1212, 1219, 1221, 1248, 1262, 1273, 1294, 1340, 1360, 1420, 1462, 1474, 1490, 1524, 1537, 1745, 2066, 2167, 2181
British Columbia, Prince George area 1206
broad-leaved trees 1358
broad-scale 675
broad-winged hawk 1192
Bromus inermis 294, 544, 680
Bromus tectorum 745, 935
brood 387
brood-egg 302, 478, 773, 801, 980, 1233, 1309, 1310, 1687, 1993
brood parasites 341
brood parasitism 379, 385, 411, 530, 561, 671, 772, 946, 1135, 1216, 2108
brood rearing 554, 1253
brood-rearing habitat 1631, 1873
brood survival 192, 723, 1442
brooding 614
brooding behavior 152
broods 614, 747
broods and brooding 165, 739, 2147
brook char 1328
Brookings 459
Brookings County 238, 295, 711, 739, 2114
Brooks 2174
Brooks County 500
brown bullhead 1842
brown creeper 995, 1224
brown-headed cowbird 93, 95, 141, 291, 387, 561, 772, 773, 784
browse 1339
browse plants 878
browse shrub species 909
browsing 380, 605, 898, 938, 1111, 2141
browsing effect on food plant growth 380
browsing effect on plant growth 380
brucellosis 2193
brush control 249, 990
brush invasion [brush encroachment] 564
brush management timing 1090
brush mouse 1207
brush pile 2120
brushland 1987
brushland habitat 812
Bubalus 399
Bubo virginianus 153
Bubulcus ibis 1836, 1901
Bucephala albeola 1684
Buckingham County 1031
budget control 919
budgeting 919
Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge 804
buffer design 2215
buffer strips 1170
buffer width 2115
buffer zone 114, 340, 601, 817, 832, 872, 1008, 1208, 1245, 1399, 1969, 2264
buffering 1979
buffers 32, 139, 340, 817, 885, 1369, 1690
Bufo americanus 591, 792, 1594, 1690, 2204
Bufo cognatus 1762
bufo terrestris 1330
Bufonidae 1945
buildings 2193
bulldozing 771
bullfrogs 1735
bunch grass 506
Buprestidae 936, 1300
Bureau of Land Management
burn cycles 394
burn season 2105
burn techniques 1181
burned and unburned conifer dominated boreal forest 1179
burned forest 1179
burned forest habitat 1179
burned forest stand 1157
burning 279, 344, 376, 428, 487, 491, 506, 561, 574, 593, 611, 699, 718, 794, 812, 874, 991, 1031, 1103, 1279, 1822, 1875, 1933, 2240
burning and mechanical clearing 812
burning and mechanical understorey reduction 1269
burning and thinning 952
burning of upland oak forest 877
burning practices 2272
burrow destruction 1980
burrow longevity 1980
burrow patterns 475
burrow reuse 1980
burrowing activities 649
burrowing owl 392, 687, 1980, 1993
burrows 392, 667, 1980
Buteo jamaicensis 153, 1995
Buteo lagopus 746
Buteo lineatus 964
Buteo regalis 29, 956
butterflies 344, 960, 1954
butterfly abundance 32
cactus 990
cactus wren 804
CAFOs 1567
Calamospiza melanocorys 95, 166
Calathus ingratus 1257
calcareous grassland 623
Calcarius 845
Calcarius mccownii 1606
Calcarius ornatus 671, 715, 845
calcium 486, 546
CALFED Bay Delta Program 1854
Calidris alpina 1784, 1915
Calidris mauri 1915
California 168, 196, 245, 363, 475, 521, 529, 562, 596, 642, 709, 781, 809, 823, 828, 849, 941, 952, 1136, 1157, 1331, 1345, 1348, 1405, 1407, 1477, 1512, 1572, 1581, 1590, 1601, 1612, 1614, 1618, 1619, 1636, 1639, 1653, 1680, 1681, 1715, 1719, 1725, 1744, 1795, 1866, 1870, 1878, 1884, 1886, 1894, 1899, 1910, 1932, 1938, 2009, 2121, 2198, 2212, 2232, 2271
California, Central Valley 1599
California: Del Norte County 1310
California Forest Practice Rules 1331
California: Humboldt County 1120, 1310
California killifish 1719
California: Sacramento Valley 2226
California: San Joaquin Valley 650
California: Sierra Nevada 549
California tiger salamander 1636
California vole 781
call count route 2148
call-counts 2143
Callinectes sapidus 1721, 1798
Callinectes sapidus: habitat management 1707
Calling Lake area 2043
Callipepla 717, 2266
Callipepla squamata 373, 518, 550, 717
Calosoma frigidum 1257
calving site fidelity 1332
Campeche 2189
Campostoma oligolepis 1507
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus 804
Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge 542, 569
Canada 27, 120, 167, 172, 178, 189, 204, 247, 251, 296, 323, 362, 392, 522, 537, 594, 601, 665, 671, 747, 787, 830, 832, 843, 844, 845, 846, 852, 865, 871, 872, 873, 874, 880, 886, 889, 890, 903, 908, 914, 932, 950, 980, 992, 994, 997, 999, 1008, 1026, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1049, 1053, 1064, 1067, 1090, 1097, 1099, 1100, 1106, 1107, 1125, 1144, 1164, 1179, 1184, 1189, 1198, 1202, 1206, 1212, 1218, 1219, 1221, 1229, 1242, 1248, 1253, 1256, 1262, 1267, 1273, 1286, 1292, 1294, 1301, 1303, 1313, 1314, 1318, 1320, 1332, 1336, 1337, 1360, 1363, 1388, 1399, 1420, 1442, 1462, 1474, 1490, 1524, 1537, 1544, 1575, 1594, 1630, 1684, 1735, 1745, 1772, 1789, 1805, 1828, 1917, 1923, 1972, 1974, 2043, 2066, 2080, 2095, 2100, 2115, 2132, 2146, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2231, 2235, 2255
Canada, Alberta 1811, 2190
Canada, Alberta, Crowfoot Creek 1700
Canada, British Columbia 1391, 1556
Canada, British Columbia, Adam R. 1421
Canada, British Columbia, Big Silver Creek 1421
Canada, British Columbia, Englishman R. 1391
Canada, British Columbia, Fraser River 1658
Canada, British Columbia, Nicola R. 1391
Canada, British Columbia, Salmon R. 1422
Canada, British Columbia, Thompson R. 1391
Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver I., Keogh R.
Canada, British Columbia, Vedder-Chilliwack R.
Canada goose (Anseriformes) 13
Canada, Manitoba 2190
Canada, Nunavut 1634
Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I. 1634
Canada, Ontario 1592, 1736, 2190
Canada, Prince Edward Island 1390, 1896
Canada, Quebec 323
Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence R. 1806
Canada, Quebec, St. Lawrence R., Varenne I. 483
Canada, Saskatchewan 2190
Canada, St. Lawrence R. 323
Canadian federal bird management plans 1325
Canadian Prairie Pothole region 1789
Canadian Species at Risk Act 1325
canals 1717
Cancer magister 1892
cane field 1973
canid 150
Canidae 150, 1292, 2285
Canis familiaris 326
Canis latrans 141, 150, 218, 221, 326, 826
Canis lupus 2285
Canis lupus: damage to livestock 179
CANOCO 1689
canonical correspondence analysis 1974
canopy 348, 442, 505, 638, 762, 789, 833, 894, 935, 1080
canopy arthropod community 931
canopy cover 564, 587, 727, 1101, 1190
canopy cover relationships 325
canopy coverage 1065
canopy gaps 993, 1076, 1111, 1300, 1265, 2204
canopy growth 420
canopy height 994
canopy light penetration 1150
canopy shading 1477
canopy thinning 1061
Capra hircus 552
Capreolus capreolus (Cervidae): bioindicator, deer 2265
Capsicum frutescens 2021
captive animal care 2210
captive broodstock program 1440
capture rate 262, 1004
capturing methods 982
Carabidae 142, 172, 525, 738, 846, 1057, 1061, 1077, 1105, 1944, 2241
Carabidae: community structure 738
Carabidae: farming and agriculture 156, 271, 2241
Carabidae: forestry 1067, 1228
Carabidae: habitat management 394, 2106
Caraboidea 738
Caraboidea, Adephaga, Coleoptera, Insecta 1077, 2241
Carabus nemoralis 1257
Carabus sylvosus 1257
Caracara cheriway 372
carbohydrates 699, 2281
carbon 1009
carbon availability 1632
carbon cycle 1009
carbon:nitrogen ratio 1648
carbon sequestration 798, 1209, 1971, 2152
carcass composition 1714
carcass weight 948
carcasses 1422
carcinogenesis 2156
cardinal 2244
Carduelis tristis 55, 93
care and rearing of young 1261
Carex 638, 974
Carex lyngbyei 1671
Carex pensylvanica 974
caribou 1049, 1303, 1360
caribou: forestry 1164
caribou habitat supply 1303
Carnivora 570, 1042, 1087, 1193, 1199, 1225, 1261, 1303, 1361, 1980, 2285
carnivore-human conflict 2285
carnivores 82, 106, 179, 1204, 1320, 1363, 2257, 2285
Carolina Bay 1205
Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge 1169
Caroline County 1183
Carolinensis 1172, 1280
carp 1816
carrying capacity 161, 1196, 1633, 1634, 1753, 1907, 1912, 2141
Carter County 1016
Carya 1071
Carya cordiformis 898
Carya glabra 1024
Carya spp. 1016, 1254, 1330
Cascade Mountains 918
Cascade Range 887, 927
Cascade Range and Coast Range 2131
Cascades salamander 1555
case studies 34, 1380
Cassin's sparrow 195, 652, 804
Castor canadensis 368, 987, 1187, 1357, 1374, 1749, 1790, 1965, 2080, 2139
Castoridae 1193, 1965, 2080, 2139
catchment 1506, 1542, 2112, 2280
catchment areas 7, 1466, 1507, 1511, 1519, 1539, 1700
catchment hydrology 1558
caterpillar 528
Catharus bicknelli 865
Catharus fuscescens 879, 1185
Catharus guttatus 925, 945, 1185, 1292
Catharus ustulatus 831, 865, 999
cation exchange capacity 103
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus 141
cattails 1635, 1806, 1847
cattle 339, 347, 349, 350, 352, 367, 377, 381, 393, 401, 422, 424, 434, 438, 439, 444, 461, 486, 507, 515, 520, 548, 549, 575, 634, 645, 662, 698, 699, 700, 707, 740, 773, 794, 808, 814, 826, 948, 977, 1375, 1396, 1482, 1554, 1759, 1761, 1855, 1976, 2126, 2151, 2206, 2234
cattle exclusion 813, 1535
cattle grazing 323, 376, 389, 396, 412, 432, 459, 464, 468, 475, 476, 506, 674, 895, 907, 1434, 2047
cattle industry 429
cattle management 437
cattle management strategies 351
cattle management strategies applications 351
cattle production 442
cattle production systems 629
cattle ranch 727, 1897
cattle removal 726
cattle stocking 948, 1759
cattle stocking rate 411
Caudata 892, 894, 903, 957, 1000, 1312, 1507, 1579, 1636, 1690, 2059, 2204
Caudata: forestry 961, 2131
caves 1208
cavities 1195
cavity 896, 922, 998, 1112
cavity-dwelling bat species 1150
cavity-nester habitat 847
cavity nesters 1222
cavity nesting 985, 1001, 1102
cavity-nesting birds 1015, 1102, 1108, 1195, 1244, 1288, 1289
cavity tree 1112
Ceanothus 2141
Cedar Creek Natural History Area 503
Cedrus spp. 2120
cellular organisms 299
Celtis 605
Celtis pallida 2237
census-survey methods 120, 471, 829, 1234, 1943, 1997, 2141, 2244
center pivot irrigation 1743
Central America 374
Central Dissected Till Plains 1508
Central Flyway 1627
central United States 19
Central Valley 521, 1681, 1884, 1899, 2212
Central Valley Joint Venture 1878
Centre County 1322, 1498, 2196
Centre County, Barrens Grouse Management Area 1233
Centrocercus 748
Centrocercus minimus 143, 357, 703
Centrocercus spp. 357
Centrocercus urophasianus 263, 296, 299, 345, 357, 404, 408, 553, 554, 557, 572, 609, 627, 634, 680, 694, 703, 718, 733, 745, 747, 748, 799, 806
Centrocercus urophasianus (Phasianidae): farming and agriculture 641
Centrocercus urophasianus (Phasianidae): habitat management 659, 685
Cephalanthus occidentalis 1799
Cerambycidae 936, 1300
Ceriodaphnia (Cladocera) 1704
Ceriodaphnia dubia 1893
Certhia americana 884, 995, 1189, 1224
Certhiidae 563
certification 1130
Cervidae 306, 380, 389, 395, 500, 605, 630, 634, 678, 737, 755, 757, 758, 812, 909, 938, 1010, 1090, 1100, 1166, 1207, 1239, 1303, 1780, 1965, 2139
Cervus 1408
Cervus canadensis 306, 507, 508, 548, 699, 757, 1965
Cervus canadensis (Cervidae): farming and agriculture 737
Cervus elaphus 306, 345, 360, 380, 395, 417, 493, 507, 520, 634, 638, 700, 722, 758, 897, 1012, 1965, 2139, 2141, 2206
Cervus elaphus canadensis 505, 697
Cervus elaphus: habitat management 1202
Cervus elaphus Nelsoni 345, 398, 437, 506, 508, 548, 634
Chaetodipus hispidus 744, 800
Chamela 2042
Champaign County 2142
Champaign County, Illinois 1549, 1550
Champlain Valley 311
change in vegetation 366, 387, 801, 977
changes detrimental to wildlife 279, 281, 471
channel aggradation 1492
channel flow 1419, 1481, 1485
channel geometry 1549
channel incision 1381
channel morphology 1481, 1506, 1535, 1552, 1559, 1719
channel reconfiguration 1553
channel scouring 1492
channel types 785
channeled ephemeral drains 1208
channelization 1382, 1385, 1534, 1549, 2092
Channels 1393, 1415, 1497, 1550, 1556, 2154
Chaoboridae 1847
chaparral 2081
Chaparral Wildlife Management Area 573
Chapleau 1267
char 1557
characteristics and selection 1367
Charadrii: habitat management 2119
Charadriiformes 1884
Charadriiformes, Aves 184
Charadrius alexandrinus 1872
Charadrius melodus 370
Charadrius montanus 166, 168, 193
Charadrius vociferous 29, 1872
Charadrius vociferus 166, 1784, 1872, 1874
Chasmistes cujus 1431
Chelicerates 167, 846, 1067
Chelonia 1065, 1193
chemical analysis 699
chemical composition 2237
chemical control 2056
chemical factors 148, 219, 1279, 1546, 1779, 1848, 2033
chemical integrity 1791
chemical pollution 1578, 1583, 1752
chemicals 2136
Chen c. caerulescens 1880
Chen caerulescens 1737
Chen caerulescens atlantica 1634
Chen caerulescens caerulescens 1785
Chen rossii 1880
Chequamegon National Forest 1160
Chesapeake Bay 2138
chestnut-collared longspur 715
chi square 1410
Chiapas, Mexico 1130
Chicago 816
chick provisioning 1645
chickadees 1001, 1102
chicks 275
Chihuahua Province 373, 1880
Chihuahuan desertscrub 518
Chilcotin Plateau 1039
Chilliwack and Nooksack Drainage Basins 903
chinook salmon 1457, 2228
chipmunks 1016, 1056
Chippewa River 1539
chironomid 1667
chironomid deformity 1694
chironomidae 1482, 1483, 1640, 1669, 1792, 1847
Chironomus tentans (Chironomidae) 1704
Chiroptera 691, 967, 1006, 1037, 1150, 1205, 1208, 1336, 1945, 2266, 2267
Chiroptera: forestry 1191, 1272
chisel plowing 246
chisel-till 142
Chlidonias niger 1849, 1865
Chlordane 1842
chlorophyll 1422, 1820
chlorophyll a 1507
chlorpyrifos 1994
Choctawhatchee River 1471
choice of species 1052
cholinesterase 2276
Chondestes grammacus 331, 622
Chordata 268, 740, 894, 1521, 1528, 1549, 1593
chordates 2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 25, 30, 41, 60, 61, 69, 82, 86, 109, 124, 135, 136, 148, 152, 174, 179, 184, 222, 223, 257, 272, 278, 289, 292, 293, 295, 307, 313, 330, 338, 341, 351, 355, 363, 380, 389, 390, 395, 396, 397, 405, 407, 414, 447, 459, 473, 476, 500, 526, 534, 547, 556, 573, 589, 597, 599, 603, 608, 610, 626, 630, 632, 636, 641, 656, 659, 666, 667, 670, 672, 673, 678, 684, 685, 689, 692, 706, 711, 724, 735, 737, 742, 751, 752, 765, 766, 787, 803, 810, 813, 815, 816, 823, 828, 843, 857, 859, 862, 874, 877, 879, 912, 918, 930, 932, 940, 941, 950, 952, 961, 971, 983, 992, 997, 1002, 1019, 1028, 1032, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1046, 1053, 1068, 1069, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1088, 1090, 1113, 1123, 1136, 1161, 1164, 1181, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1191, 1198, 1202, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1222, 1236, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1264, 1266, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1294, 1299, 1301, 1306, 1308, 1319, 1320, 1322, 1323, 1332, 1333, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1347, 1349, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1378, 1383, 1403, 1420, 1426, 1452, 1458, 1469, 1474, 1489, 1490, 1502, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1537, 1538, 1540, 1544, 1546, 1574, 1601, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1684, 1699, 1706, 1709, 1747, 1765, 1778, 1781, 1789, 1861, 1885, 1891, 1917, 1932, 1938, 1948, 1949, 1969, 1977, 1985, 2009, 2023, 2033, 2038, 2039, 2043, 2054, 2058, 2060, 2061, 2064, 2071, 2076, 2078, 2091, 2099, 2101, 2114, 2119, 2129, 2131, 2140, 2142, 2165, 2172, 2189, 2192, 2196, 2198, 2203, 2214, 2227, 2235, 2255, 2265, 2270, 2272, 2275, 2284
Choristoneura fumiferana 898
Chowan River basin 1604
chromatography, gas 1812
chronic wasting disease 2193
chronology 362
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli 1237
Cicadellidae 590
Cichlasoma 1446
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum 1446
Cichlidae 1446
Ciconiiformes 141, 153, 746, 1241, 1305
Cinara 931
cinnamon teal 1744
circadian activity 179, 271
Circus cyaneus 146, 1953, 1995, 2098
Cirsium arvense 92
Cistothorus platensis 93, 217, 563, 606, 1059, 1953
citizen participation 34
citrus 2021
civil engineering 1548
cladocera 1758, 1847, 1886, 1936
Clarion County 672
classification 1451, 1480, 1495
classification by gender 878
Clay and Lowndes Counties 30
clay-colored sparrow 669, 683, 1346
clay soils 439
clay substrates 1643
Cle Elum 1068
Clean Water Act 1791
clear felling 1024, 1080
clearcut 917, 969, 1037, 1122, 1274, 1295, 2030
clearcut forested landscape 1308
clearcut habitat 1166
clearcut harvesting 957
clearcut logging 903, 957, 1179, 1218
clearcut matrix 1067
clearcutting 74, 838, 870, 945, 953, 958, 1067, 1135, 1163, 1210, 1218, 1264, 1295, 1306, 1308, 1312, 1313, 1596, 2040, 2126, 2249
clearcutting and patch retention harvesting 1264
cleared, thinned and unharvested forest 1037
Clemmys muhlenbergii 1731
Cleridae 1300
Clethrionomys gapperi 591, 852, 933, 1129, 1139, 1314
Clethrionomys gapperi: habitat management 1349
cliffline habitats 1208
climate 104, 369, 433, 734, 829, 878, 907, 1714, 1805, 1978, 2162
climate and weather 262, 777, 1465, 2072
climate change scenarios 1748
climate models 1748
climate warming 358
climatic change 734, 775, 1384, 1636, 1805, 1939, 1989, 2092
climatic regions 1478
climatology 957, 1302
climatology: environmental sciences 358, 369, 1682, 2230
climax communities 1024
climax community 1804
clipping 485
clonal growth 2017
Cloquet Forestry Center 1116
clover 84
cluster analysis 876, 2239
clutch 2073
clutch size 362, 713, 959, 1872, 1993, 2022
clutches 195
coal mine 544
coarse woody debris 904, 955, 999, 1018, 1095, 1274, 1276, 1300, 1318, 1354, 1686, 2204
coarse woody debris in forest 1349
coarse woody debris utilization 1026
coast defences 1892
Coast Range 1017
Coast Range Mountains
Coast Range, Tillamook Burn 1224
coastal areas 2269
Coastal Bend, Texas 510
coastal fisheries enhancement 1991, 2075
coastal forests 601, 1141
coastal geomorphology 1748
coastal habitat 1120, 2242
coastal headwater streams 1486
coastal inlets 1671
coastal marshes 1591, 1822
coastal mixed conifer forest 1221
coastal mountain ranges 1486
coastal pine savanna 2105
coastal plain 955, 1509, 1701, 2105
coastal plain and piedmont regions 2254
Coastal Prairie Conservation Initiative 707
coastal salt marshes 2044
coastal subshrub vegetation 1348
coastal waters 1815, 1859
coastal wetland fauna 1641
coastal wetlands 1641, 1739, 1796, 1839, 1922, 1925
coastal zone 953, 1421, 1501, 1671, 1822, 1837
coastal zone management 1803, 1837, 1859, 2228
coasts 1693, 1816, 1837
Coccinellidae 621
Coccothraustes vespertinus 1224
Coccyzus 831
Coconino County, Kaibab National Forest 895
coconut matting restoration techniques 1709
coexistence 865
coffee 1130
coffee agroecosystems 1130
Colaptes auratus 1102
Coleoptera 36, 172, 294, 374, 525, 621, 738, 965, 1029, 1061, 1076, 1105, 1257, 1300, 1886
Coleoptera: forestry 965
coleopterans 965, 1077
coleopterans beetles 738, 2241
Colfax County 341, 443, 773
coliform bacteria 1521
Colinus 657, 1007, 1951
Colinus virginianus 40, 47, 62, 85, 107, 119, 121, 123, 129, 130, 154, 165, 187, 228, 229, 255, 273, 333, 342, 359, 423, 439, 496, 499, 550, 566, 583, 593, 602, 624, 657, 675, 676, 713, 714, 720, 723, 729, 778, 795, 829, 990, 1007, 1025, 1063, 1178, 1951, 1975, 2123, 2143, 2173, 2199, 2251, 2252, 2277
Colinus virginianus: farming and agriculture 148, 272
Colinus virginianus: habitat management 69, 82
Colinus virginianus (Phasianidae): survival 2101
Colinus virginianus: Relative abundance 2054
collaborative management 613
collection method 485
Collembola 167
Collembola: farming and agriculture 110
Collembola: forestry 1137
colonies 1670, 1992
colonization 68, 1196, 1422, 1623, 1643, 1644, 1662, 1669, 1675, 1794, 1844, 1883, 2285
colony growth 661
colony size 1208
color-marking 250
Colorado 81, 134, 151, 193, 203, 301, 412, 448, 555, 635, 674, 765, 807, 824, 1217, 1374, 1489, 1726, 1893, 1950, 1965, 2139, 2200
Colorado, northeastern 75, 203
Colorado River 1046, 1673, 2092
Colorado River Delta 2092
Colorado, Sheep Creek 1563
Colorado, USA 558
Coluber constrictor 428, 792
Colubridae 428
Columbia Basin 430, 2284
Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit 430
Columbia Basin, Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge 985
Columbia River 1488
Columbia River and Basin 1371
Columbia River Basin 287
Columbia torrent salamander 1424
Columbian mouse 1129
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse 134, 151, 299
Columbiformes 373, 804
Comanche National Grasslands 448
combustion 891, 1059, 1255, 1313
commentary 768
commercial activities 25, 78, 109, 110, 127, 128, 148, 156, 167, 180, 184, 185, 207, 211, 219, 223, 245, 254, 262, 271, 272, 301, 330, 341, 351, 363, 389, 396, 412, 447, 459, 473, 476, 500, 521, 599, 608, 630, 632, 633, 636, 637, 641, 646, 654, 656, 670, 672, 673, 706, 724, 735, 737, 754, 777, 810, 813, 823, 830, 846, 874, 877, 930, 932, 940, 941, 944, 950, 952, 961, 965, 971, 983, 992, 997, 1002, 1017, 1019, 1022, 1026, 1032, 1039, 1046, 1053, 1067, 1068, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1085, 1090, 1092, 1113, 1121, 1127, 1136, 1137, 1146, 1147, 1157, 1164, 1167, 1181, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1191, 1198, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1222, 1228, 1236, 1248, 1250, 1256, 1259, 1264, 1266, 1267, 1269, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1306, 1308, 1322, 1332, 1333, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1352, 1356, 1363, 1375, 1383, 1426, 1452, 1458, 1486, 1502, 1504, 1537, 1538, 1684, 1789, 1889, 1948, 1977, 1985, 2023, 2039, 2050, 2058, 2060, 2064, 2074, 2104, 2110, 2114, 2129,
, 2140, 2174, 2202, 2219, 2227, 2235, 2241, 2254, 2255, 2271, 2272
commercial enterprises 19, 302, 430, 844, 876, 895, 901, 903, 909, 925, 948, 954, 957, 958, 980, 981, 993, 995, 1000, 1021, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1110, 1116, 1166, 1199, 1219, 1224, 1233, 1247, 1261, 1303, 1305, 1331, 1336, 1361, 1690, 1980, 2059, 2066
commercial fishing 1384, 1488
commercial forest management 1065
commercial thinning 954
common carp 1816
common garter snake 792, 1398
common juniper 555
common nighthawk 469
common pheasant 45, 132, 227, 279, 2262
common raccoon 1261
common snipe 141, 1874
common yellowbird 2244
common yellowthroat , 93, 413
common yellowthroat (Passeriformes) 17
communication 1116
communities 31, 55, 93, 98, 195, 210, 436, 469, 535, 699, 765, 773, 801, 804, 861, 871, 875, 880, 915, 976, 980, 993, 995, 1044, 1122, 1125, 1129, 1179, 1203, 1219, 1233, 1549, 1558, 1579, 1609, 1690, 1821, 1853, 1920, 2046, 2171, 2226, 2244
community comparisons 765
community composition 172, 189, 220, 361, 621, 855, 886, 907, 960, 1095, 1118, 1135, 1257, 1295, 1314, 1398, 1449, 1466, 1468, 1482, 1493, 1511, 1512, 1592, 1598, 1626, 1651, 1665, 1669, 1719, 1722, 1748, 1759, 1769, 1771, 1772, 1786, 1794, 1804, 1822, 1844, 1847, 1883, 1908, 1910, 1911, 1918, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1972, 2058, 2122, 2257
community development 1804
community diversity 322, 1522
community dynamics 590, 1189, 1867, 2046, 2089
community dynamics and distribution 1985
community ecology 420, 489, 564, 1006, 1024, 1675, 1967, 2137
community ecology and management 1866
community effects 1279
community function 1485
community-level diversity 1011
community patterns 1619
community response 294, 869, 884, 1430, 1443, 2107, 2204
community response to nutrient enrichment 1605
community responses 1465, 1486, 2107
community responses to fire 646
community responses to helicopter timber harvesting 1948
community responses to logging 1486
community responses to timber harvest 1948
community structure 25, 29, 30, 36, 82, 109, 110, 136, 156, 167, 180, 207, 219, 271, 289, 292, 294, 295, 301, 313, 330, 338, 394, 405, 412, 447, 449, 473, 476, 477, 488, 489, 503, 513, 526, 547, 558, 581, 591, 601, 637, 646, 670, 684, 711, 754, 760, 766, 782, 815, 846, 859, 870, 872, 874, 877, 914, 937, 960, 961, 965, 971, 983, 986, 997, 1002, 1011, 1019, 1022, 1039, 1061, 1062, 1067, 1077, 1079, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1114, 1133, 1135, 1137, 1161, 1162, 1189, 1213, 1221, 1222, 1226, 1228, 1249, 1250, 1259, 1264, 1267, 1269, 1270, 1279, 1280, 1282, 1293, 1294, 1300, 1306, 1322, 1328, 1342, 1380, 1383, 1397, 1405, 1429, 1437, 1451, 1458, 1462, 1474, 1484, 1485, 1486, 1502, 1513, 1514, 1524, 1570, 1596, 1604, 1605, 1611, 1612, 1641, 1662, 1669, 1677, 1684, 1709, 1747, 1757, 1759, 1765, 1771, 1774, 1779, 1791, 1804, 1807, 1825, 1838, 1844, 1848, 1885, 1889, 1904, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1962, 1985, 2023, 2033, 2037, 2039, 2042, 2044, 2051, 2054, 2058, 2072, 2097, 2104, 2106, 2107, 2191, 2196, 2203, 2205, 2207, 2214, 2222, 2227, 2241, 2254
community structure among restored riparian habitat 313
community structure and habitat use 1039
community structure and reproduction 25
community structure correlations 1513
community structure effects 477, 983, 1213, 1259, 1889
community structure in created vs. natural forest wetlands 1604
community structure in intensively grazed pasture 738
community structure in restored habitat 313
community structure in upland oak forest 877
community structure of neotropical migrants 2214
community structure relationship 1077, 1546
community structures and habitat use survey 1904
community studies 1582, 1815
commute distance 411
comparative studies 1617, 1626, 1669
comparison of different types of managed forests 1322
comparison of grazed and ungrazed grassland 765
comparison studies 1511, 1658
comparison with created freshwater marshes 1807
comparison with native prairie 711
comparison with other early successional habitats 859
comparisons 765
comparisons of grazed and ungrazed grassland 765
compatibility of management practices with ranching 706
compensatory mitigation 1712
compensatory predation 2032
competition 433, 507, 549, 565, 678, 891, 913, 948
competition control 1271
competitive suppression 909
complex history 995
complexity 710
compliance provisions 2111
composition 1059, 1102, 1597
compost 1939
compound disturbance 1274
comprehensive zoology 174, 823, 1752
comprehensive zoology: disturbance by man 1779
comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture 128, 185, 351, 521, 633, 654, 1352, 2074, 2110, 2219, 2254
comprehensive zoology: forestry 830, 944, 1017, 1121, 1127, 1146, 1147, 1167, 1356, 2050, 2202
comprehensive zoology: habitat management 815, 916, 937, 1013, 1180, 1562, 1725, 2215, 2218
comprehensive zoology: watershed land use 1677
compression 528
Comptonia peregrina 2082
computer and library sciences 1200
computer simulation 708, 1160
computer software 298
conceptual model 1863
condition 740, 948
condition factor 1778
cone of vulnerability 512
Conecuh National Forest 2128
confined animal feeding operations 1567
conflicts 1303
conifer (Coniferopsida) 2061
conifer-dominated boreal forest 1179
conifer forest 988
conifer plantations 909
Coniferales 27
Coniferophyta 204, 408, 1029, 1064, 1071, 1153, 1292, 1316, 1472, 2081, 2122
coniferous forest 601, 741, 867, 935, 1161, 1074, 1109, 1195, 1202, 1261, 1316, 1349, 1962
coniferous forest management 940
conifers 1076
conjunctive use 2186
Connecticut Valley 1838
connectivity 1143, 1775, 1826, 1966
conservation areas 121, 159, 161, 200, 238, 778
conservation assessment 41, 54, 2001
conservation banking 2258
conservation benefit of alternative livestock grazing strategies 823
conservation biology 136, 564, 761, 907, 1122, 1643
conservation buffers 116, 269, 647, 731, 817, 2169, 2274
conservation compliance 1652
conservation easement 1780
conservation ecology 664
conservation education 1997
conservation effectiveness: local factors, regional factors 1751
conservation impact 2260
conservation implications 136, 405, 815, 916, 1039, 1145, 1260, 1320, 1678, 2072
conservation interests 1881
conservation land acquisition 1881
conservation management 29, 139, 204, 317, 340, 541, 613, 621, 628, 705, 917, 920, 973, 1015, 1064, 1117, 1130, 1177, 1187, 1291, 1599, 1767, 1899, 1961, 1974, 2163, 2205, 2223, 2239
conservation of natural resources [history] 913
conservation of natural resources [legislation and jurisprudence] 913
conservation of natural resources [methods] 913, 1533, 1840
Conservation of natural resources---Nebraska 102
Conservation of natural resources---United States 56
conservation planning 63, 836, 1036, 1186, 1571, 1872, 1899, 1907, 1957
conservation plans 296, 1342, 1999
conservation planting 1010
conservation policy 1560
conservation programs 4, 31, 34, 48, 49, 55, 62, 66, 98, 125, 137, 163, 175, 195, 196, 228, 255, 274, 279, 280, 281, 739, 778, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2038, 2063, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2094, 2109, 2176, 2210, 2273, 2274, 2277
conservation reserve
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program 1372, 1516, 2000
Conservation Reserve Program
3, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 81, 85, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 106, 107, 108, 111, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146, 149, 151, 152, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 169, 174, 175, 186, 187, 188, 190, 192, 195, 199, 202, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 214, 222, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 240, 241, 246, 252, 255, 259, 260, 263, 266, 267, 270, 273, 275, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 297, 391, 455, 703, 704, 715, 790, 791, 1197, 1394, 1652, 1716,
1869, 1964, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2109, 2111, 2176, 2236, 2273, 2279
Conservation Reserve Program fields 86, 293
Conservation Reserve Program lands 1941
Conservation Reserve Program (U.S.) 16, 28
Conservation Reserve Program---United States 18, 43, 56
Conservation Reserve Programs 119, 194, 227, 238
conservation resource management 2038
conservation role of livestock grazing 630
Conservation Securities Act 2279
Conservation Security Program 703, 1394, 2003, 2273
conservation significance 128, 1604, 1885
conservation status 690, 785, 786, 1244, 1316, 1364, 1621, 1880, 1959
conservation strategies 666, 1535
conservation threats 534
conservation tillage 5, 42, 84, 201, 583, 2243
conservation tools 1127
conservation value 917, 1653
conspecifics 1762
constraints 2253
constructed wetland mesocosms 1704
constructed wetlands
, 1632, 1647, 1667, 1680, 1697, 1711, 1757, 1799, 1802, 1930, 2113
Constructed wetlands---United States 1728
Constructed wetlands---United States---Case studies 1656
construction 2257
consumer participation 1780
consumer surplus 268
contaminants 1893
contaminated sediments 7
Contaminated sediments---United States 1496
contamination 1842, 2013, 2212
contemporary evolution 2004
contingent valuation 2029
Continuous Conservation Reserve Program 2005
continuous grassland habitat maintenance 68
continuous grazed pastures 403
continuous grazing 510
Contopus virens 856, 1197, 1265, 2205
contracts 57
control 145, 531, 1157, 1531, 2056, 2240
controlled burning 1268, 2237
controlled study 734
controlling competing shrubs 909
controls 1549
conventional 25
conventional tillage 198
converted hayfield 2200
Cook County 803
cool season 89
cool season and warm season grass fields 136
Coosawhatchie River 1264
Coosawhatchie River floodplain 1774
Cope's giant salamander 1424
Copepoda 1483, 1847, 1936
copepods 1483, 1847, 1936
coppicing 858
cordgrass 1925
core 776
core area 1023
core use area 954
Corixidae 1847, 1886
corn 154, 166, 2252
corn belt 695, 2179
corporate timberlands 1065
correlated benefits 1560
correlation analysis 133, 2178
correspondence analysis 1689
corridor restoration 2009
corridor retention 953
corridor use by diverse taxa in experimentally fragmented forest 916
corridors 24, 62, 247, 835, 917, 955, 1023, 1321, 2043, 2102, 2193, 2205
Corvidae 716, 1124, 1175
Corvus brachyrhynchos 1175
Corynorhinus rafinesquii 1208, 1335
Corynorhinus townsendii 1208
cost analysis 196, 612, 1392
cost benefit analysis 1439, 1564, 1571, 2028, 2266
cost benefit balance 1428
cost effectiveness 891, 1392
cost minimization 1754
cost sharing land management program 798
Costa Rica 374, 629
costs 429, 1571,1590, 1780, 2028
Cottidae 1416
cotton 84
cotton-rat 244
cottontail rabbits 406
cottonwood 339, 1217, 1374, 1510
cottonwood plantations 1089
cottonwoods 1431, 2182
Coturnix 1154
count regression 1899
coupling 1275
course woody debris 1000
cove hardwood forest 1002
cove hardwoods 1312
cover 4, 45, 89, 125, 255, 281, 324, 376, 377, 471, 549, 739, 878, 1035, 1124, 1389, 1412, 1951
cover crop and nitrogen levels 167
cover crops 84, 1945, 2002
cover management 2231
cover, nesting 49, 165
cover quality 61
cover type 198, 214, 878
cover type selection 1995
coverboard clusters 957
covert 657
cowbird management 385
cowbird removal programs 411
cows 348
Cox proportional hazard 627
coyote 141, 221, 218, 662
crawfish management 1796
crawfish ponds 1796
Crawford County 2069
crayfish 1741
created ponds 1850
created standing dead tree use 918
created vs. natural forest wetland communities 1604
created wetland 1873, 1902
created wetland habitats use and community structures 1904
created wetlands: habitat 1643
creation of standing dead trees 918
creek drainages: habitat 1419
creeks 785
creeping vole 1129
Crenichthys baileyi baileyi 1446
Crepis modocensis 609
crested wheatgrass 715
Cricetidae 744, 781
Cricetinae 591, 1207, 1280
cricket 528
critical analysis 906
crop budgets 1979
crop damage 166, 202, 1337
crop field habitat 271
crop fields 13, 2106
crop harvesting
crop husbandry 1944
crop management 1616
crop pests 27, 166
crop plant 189
crop production 246, 2265
crop production potential 790
crop residues 271, 1777, 1933
crop trees 1314
crop yields 57
cropland 2, 51, 54, 73, 130, 186, 251, 280, 346, 537, 1516, 1852, 1987, 1995, 2123
cropland area 1820
cropland burning 103
cropland conversion 103
cropland landscapes 2047
cropland-rangeland comparisons 2101
cropping area extension 616
cropping practice 1979
cropping systems 142
crops 20, 1245, 1960, 2011, 2224
cross sections 1549
Crossett Experimental Forest 1137
crown volume 822
CRP 58, 89, 108, 129, 139, 212, 260, 263, 273, 287, 703, 1197
CRP databases 118
CRP fields 36, 210, 241, 1964
crude protein 486, 510, 638, 908, 2237
Crustacea 1651, 1709
Crustacea, Malacostraca, Eumalacostraca, Eucarida, Decapoda, Natantia 1721
Crustacea, Malacostraca, Eumalacostraca, Eucarida, Decapoda, Reptantia, Brachyura 1707
crustaceans 1707, 1709, 1721, 1798, 1886
Cryptodira 1065
Cryptoporus volvatus 896
CSP 703
Cuivre River State Park 984
Culex tarsalis 1882
Culicidae 1596, 1759
cultivated farmland 4, 125, 165, 238, 255, 274, 279, 281, 619, 739, 1951, 2067, 2068
cultivated land 44, 128, 803, 1758
cultivated land and shrub steppe 2284
cultivated land habitat 25, 30, 69, 78, 82, 86, 110, 127, 128, 145, 156, 167, 179, 180, 184, 185, 207, 211, 219, 242, 254, 262, 271, 272, 289, 292, 293, 330, 363, 503, 516, 521, 636, 678, 724, 828, 1581, 1610, 2033, 2071, 2074, 2097, 2101, 2106, 2114, 2119, 2142, 2155, 2219, 2241, 2284
cultivated soil habitat 78
cultivation 1772, 1944
cultivation intensity 2197
culture of other aquatic animals 162
culverts 1387
Cumberland Mountains 859
Cumberland Plateau 1213, 1222, 1293
Curcubita 127
Curculionidae 621, 936, 1300
curlleaf cercocarpus
2141
Custer State Park 897
cut-to-length
cutthroat trout 1457
cutting 281, 982, 999, 1016, 1165, 1297, 1846, 1961, 2240
Cyanocitta cristata 1175
cycling 1777
Cyclotrachelus constrictus 1061
Cygnus buccinator 1737
Cynodon 681
Cynomys ludovicanus: conservation 610
Cynomys ludovicianus 29, 302, 531
Cynomys ludovicianus: farming and agriculture 706
Cynoscion nebulosus 1798
Cynoscion regalis 1778
Cyprinidae 1446, 1917
Cypriniformes 1549
Cyprinodon latifasciatus 1512
Cyprinodon macularius 1512
Cyprinus carpio 1816
Cyrtonyx montezumae 1188
Cyrtonyx montezumae mearnsi 471
Dabbling ducks 162
Dactylis 317
Dactylis glomerata 317
daggerblade grass shrimp 1798
daily survival rate 994
dairy 769
dairy farming 311
Dakota 33
dam construction 1382, 1440
dam outflows 1820
dam removal 1501, 1564
damage 367, 1727, 1894
damage caused by animals 179
damage [forest] 977, 1965
dams 1371, 1404, 1439, 1488, 1501, 1523, 1554, 1564, 1854, 1890, 1981
dams and impoundments 1383
damselflies 1811
Daphnia 1764, 1936, 2056
dark-eyed junco 895
dark eyed junco (Passeriformes) 13
Dasypus novemcinctus 1093
data acquisition 216, 1142, 1288
data analysis 1097
data collection 1021, 1533, 1688, 1700, 1819, 1842
data quality control 216
data reduction 663, 1780
Davison County 739
Dawson Creek Forest District 1294
day roosting 2124
daytime 1633
DDE 1842
DDE: pesticide 2078
DDT 1813, 1842, 2210, 2213
DDT: pesticide 2078
dead standing trees 1108
dead tree characteristics 1068
dead tree use 1084
dead trees 932
dead wood 852, 898, 923, 980, 1050, 1080, 1290, 1470, 1495
dead wood density 1085
dead wood role in maintaining faunal diversity on forest floor 1250
dead wood use 1046, 1084
debris 904, 1018, 1472
debris deposition 1495
debris fans 1495
debris-jam frequency 1472
debris jams 1472
decadent tree 1263
Decapoda (Crustacea) 1756, 1788
decay development 896
deciduous foliage 1033
deciduous forest anhropods 959
deciduous forest management 1150
deciduous forest restoration 914
deciduous forest restoration treatments effect 914
deciduous forest restoration treatments effect on abundance and community structure 914
deciduous forests 741, 841, 870, 914, 994, 1024, 1135, 1231, 1261, 1324
deciduous forests: habitat 907
decision making 57, 1021, 1041, 1304, 1899, 2220, 2221
decision support systems 708
decision support techniques 1304
declines 1712
declining species 2096
decomposition 922, 1777, 1933, 2243
decreased fire frequency 597
deer 393, 592, 634, 1303, 2126
deer hunting benefits 2029
deer mouse 166, 584, 852, 988, 1099, 1129, 1207
deer movement 1166
deer, mule 324, 424, 431, 662
deer, white tailed 238
defence 2237
deferred rotation 437
deferred rotation grazing 95
deforestation 170, 1384, 1423, 1499, 1530, 2090
degradation 1477, 1817, 1925, 2028
degraded forests 1052
degraded land 1052
degraded pinon juniper 1114
degree of forestation 1247
Dehnel Effect 1932
Delaware Bay 1707, 1765, 1766, 1778
delayed hay cutting 571
The Delhi 167
Delmarva fox squirrel 1246
delphi survey 1192
Delphi survey approach 1192
delta 1673
delta habitat comparison implications 1725
demographic changes 1891
demographic characteristics 68
demographic effects 925
demographic models 2010
demographic parameters 907
demographic studies 69
demography 460, 926, 927, 1015, 1845
Dempsey Creek 1738
den 1045, 1237, 1965, 1980
Dendrobaena 79
Dendrobaena octaedra 79
dendrochronology 935
Dendroctonus 896
Dendroica caerulescens 992, 1033
Dendroica caerulescens: habitat management 879
Dendroica cerulea: forestry 1113
Dendroica cerulea: habitat management 1319
Dendroica coronata 1008, 1292
Dendroica discolor 1338, 2030
Dendroica kirtlandii 1196
Dendroica nigrescens 884, 1224
Dendroica pensylvanica 999, 1189, 1327
Dendroica petechia 558, 827, 1292
Dendroica pinus 973, 1197
Dendroica striata 831, 1008
Dendroica virens 999, 1033
denning 1045
dense nesting cover 323
density 25, 73, 169, 195, 221, 227, 309, 331, 387, 676, 721, 871, 880, 906, 927, 963, 976, 1000, 1089, 1203, 1346, 1361, 1491, 1507, 1773, 1953, 1993, 1995, 2130, 2164, 2264
density and distribution 363
density dependent matrix model: mathematical and computer techniques 928
density gradient centrifugation 2035
density management studies 2247
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada 1493
deposition 1378
depredation 221, 1956
depressional wetlands 1647, 1723
depth 1456, 1760, 1933, 2033, 2151
desert 388, 2081
desert cienaga 2048
desert cottontails 373
desert ecosystem 322
Desert Experimental Range 547
desert grasslands 332, 771, 804
desert habitat 478, 547, 637, 1261, 1360
desert river 1673
desert rodents 2266
Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area 322
desert water harvesting 2011
desert wildlife 2250
desertification 771
desertification reversal due to livestock watering 810
deserts 373, 462, 490, 662
Desha County 1113, 1319
Desmognathus 1312
Desmognathus aeneus 1312
Desmognathus monticola 1312
Desmognathus ocoee 1312
Desmognathus quadramaculatus 1312
DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge 730, 1238
detection 1783
detectors 863
deterioration 1481
detritus 1423, 1882
detritus feeders 1883
development 473, 1034, 1706, 1785, 2144
development: agricultural, industrial, urban 1922
development projects 1439, 1573
Diadophis punctatus 951
diameter 1277, 1340
diameter at breast height 1038
diameter-limit 1235, 1297
Dicamptodon 1424
Dicamptodon copei 1424
Dicamptodon tenebrosus 903, 1373, 1424, 1555, 2129
Dicamptodontidae 903
dickcissel 55, 73, 93, 97, 181, 291, 413, 2184, 2244
dickcissels (Passeriformes) 17
dicofol: pesticide 2078
dicotyledons 741
Dieldrin 1842
diet 71, 82, 127, 154, 156, 179, 380, 395, 407, 473, 599, 605, 630, 659, 669, 678, 684, 685, 736, 758, 813, 897, 909, 1034, 1040, 1075, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1109, 1199, 1207, 1250, 1273, 1320, 1326, 1326, 1361, 1645, 1674, 1684, 1714, 1778, 1917, 1944, 1965, 1980, 2009, 2033, 2106, 2139, 2271
diet, artificial 2240
diet quality 546
dietary composition 678
dietary protein 799
dietary structure 678
difference equation: mathematical and computer techniques 420
digestibility 417, 510
dike breach project
1702
diked areas 1601
dipnetting 1643
Dipodidae 933
Dipodomys 147, 562
Dipodomys ingens 650
Dipodomys merriami 744
Dipodomys nitratoides 650
Dipodomys spectabilis 462
Dipodomys stephensi 562
Diptera 1008, 1640, 1667
direct seeding 1239
disc of vulnerability 1178
discing 731
discrete time stochastic compartment model: mathematical and computer techniques 420
disease resistance 2049
diseases 709, 2193
dispersal 68, 235, 248, 531, 573, 839, 1048, 1196, 1679, 1775, 1826, 1919, 1985, 2017, 2035
dispersal along habitat corridors of diverse taxa 916
Dispersal in fragmented landscapes 397
dispersal patterns 250
dispersed retention system 1248
dispersion 119, 132, 416, 478, 549, 584, 755, 757, 797, 869, 880, 902, 954, 981, 1037, 1097, 1122, 1179, 1205, 1224, 1261, 1305, 1309, 1360, 1687, 1772, 1919, 2077, 2173
displays 203
dissolved materials 1521
dissolved oxygen 1512, 1521, 1739, 1771, 1852, 2151
dissolved solids 2014
distance 1165
distance measurement 1142
distance statistics 775
distribution 41, 66, 68, 134, 195, 221, 235, 325, 751, 752, 797, 829, 838, 844, 880, 903, 954, 957, 958, 976, 1122, 1165, 1166, 1205, 1316, 1366, 1424, 1555, 1622, 1818, 1829, 1880, 1884, 2130
distribution and density impact and influencing factors 2131
distribution and trophic structure 1383
distribution within habitat 30, 69, 135, 289, 363, 394, 397, 415, 573, 672, 777, 803, 916, 932, 971, 1022, 1026, 1034, 1164, 1258, 1262, 1293, 1308, 1383, 1465, 1469, 1538, 1601, 1641, 1738, 1932, 1969, 1985, 2097, 2114, 2131, 2222
distributional status in relation to fire management 786
disturbance-dependent species 1187
disturbance intensity 578
disturbance regimes 1245, 1274, 1534, 1831
disturbance severity 354
disturbance tolerance 460
disturbances 19, 302, 317, 399, 430, 495, 508, 584, 605, 709, 745, 761, 844, 876, 889, 895, 901, 903, 909, 925, 948, 954, 956, 957, 958, 980, 981, 993, 995, 1000, 1021, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1110, 1116, 1166, 1187, 1199, 1219, 1224, 1233, 1247, 1261, 1276, 1303, 1305, 1331, 1336, 1361, 1498, 1593, 1690, 1705, 1746, 1769, 1850, 1980, 1998, 2059, 2066, 2223
disturbed habitat [fire] 2069
disturbed land 356
disturbed sagebrush rangelands 815
ditching 1419
diurnal activity 271
diurnal rhythm 658, 902, 1350
diurnal variation 238, 1633, 1744
diverse taxa 916
diversification 243
diversionary food 1099
diversity 32, 172, 188, 195, 201, 306, 367, 732, 757, 761, 852, 875, 880, 980, 1050, 1334, 1359, 1934, 2144
diversity relationships 2137
diving waterbirds 1913
Dixie harrow 554
DNA fingerprinting 158
dogma 310
Dolichonyx oryzivorus 93, 309, 542, 543, 606, 660, 683, 779, 908, 1346, 1953, 2098
Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Passeriformes) 17
Dolly Varden trout 1457
domestic animal 734
domestic goat 552
domestic sheep 977
domestic species 326
domestic wastes 1384
dominant species 323, 1483, 1617, 1759, 2257
dominant substrate composition 1485
Dona Ana County, New Mexico 301
Douglas Creek and Rocky Mountain National Park 1965
Douglas-fir 838, 896, 927, 978, 1050, 1086, 1120, 1131, 1289, 1424, 2012
Douglas-fir forest 884, 1019, 1133
dove, mourning 125
downed wood in managed forest habitat 1212
dragonflies 1811
drainage 1549, 1591, 1616, 1651, 1676, 1749, 1772, 1851, 2014, 2212
drainage basins 1495, 1521, 1550, 1703
drainage channels 1487
drainage ditches 1483, 1548
drainage management 1833
drainage practices 1543
drainage water 1487, 1512, 1819, 1893, 2015, 2212
drawdown 1766, 1772
dredged material 1757
dredging 1384, 1757, 1852, 1981
drift 1762
drift-fence arrays 1312
drift plain prairie 526
driftless area 856
drinking 691
drinking trough 2011
drinking water 2135
drip irrigation 2011
drought 197, 203, 312, 373, 602, 709, 717, 727, 987, 1190, 1600, 1682, 1840, 1850, 2193
drought stress 1600, 1850
droughts 1615, 1626, 1845
drumming 1116
dry coniferous forests 1351
dry mixed-grass prairie 464
dry prairie 721, 776
dry weight biomass 785
dryland 166
dryland farming 166
Dryocopus pileatus 896, 1038, 1263
Dryocopus pileatus: forestry 1266
duck nests 73
duck populations 402
ducks 49, 76, 160, 220, 323, 401, 438, 464, 470, 502, 618, 818, 1622, 1695, 1716, 1742, 1744, 1785, 1927, 2001, 2015, 2024, 2232, 2234
Ducks Unlimited 1922
Dumetella carolinensis 1197
dunlin 1784, 1900
Dunn's salamander 1424, 1555
Dupuyer 395
Durango 1880
duration 731, 1265, 2266
Durham Regional Forest 914
dusky-footed woodrat 1120
dusky seaside sparrow 349
Duval County 96
Duwamish Waterway 1671
dynamic habitats 1897
dynamic programming 612
dynamic spatial structure 1348
dynamic zoning 1160
dynamics 1844
Dytiscidae 1886
early brood rearing 404
early succession 882, 1295, 1959, 1998
early-successional forest 2030
early successional grassland habitat 2195
early successional habitats 859, 1096, 1187, 1233, 2027
earthworms 79, 201, 347, 528, 1764, 1847, 2224
East Cascades 1068
eastern box turtle 1192
eastern Canada 204
eastern cottontails 406
eastern deciduous forest 868, 2083
Eastern Highland Rim Ecoregion 1521
eastern meadowlark 55, 93, 209, 542, 652, 2244
eastern pipistrelle 967
eastern red-backed salamander 1690
eastern redcedar 802, 2120
eastern small-footed bat 1208
eastern spadefoot 1978
eastern spadefoot toad 1617
eastern United States 19, 34
eastern wild turkey 258, 902, 1073, 2252
eastern wood-pewee 2244
eastern woodrat 2130
eastern Wyoming 517
Echinacea paradoxa 2120
echolocation 1205
ecolabeling 1130
ecological adaptations 628
ecological analysis 1710
ecological assessment 332
ecological associations 1640
ecological distribution 1512, 1748, 1910, 2170, 2177
ecological disturbance 933, 1775
ecological diversity 2079
ecological economic model 612
ecological economics 1130
ecological energetics 1725
ecological function 1162, 1167, 1487
ecological function considerations and new management paradigm 1167
ecological functions and stream 2218
ecological impact 326, 340, 802, 938, 945, 970, 989, 999, 1064, 1160, 1216, 1226, 1232, 1291, 1292, 1313, 1430, 1450, 1484, 1599, 1661, 1698, 1739, 1890, 1957, 2042, 2153
ecological impact assessment 1342
ecological impact of water development 1564, 1785
ecological impairment 1661
ecological importance of presence of hardwoods and habitat management implications 937
ecological indicators 1057
ecological integrity and timber production trade offs in old growth forests 1017
ecological land types 868
ecological modeling 568, 622, 1012, 1073, 1143, 1160, 1580, 1899
ecological monitoring 1780
ecological relationships 940
ecological requirements 125, 279, 302, 478, 839, 880, 924, 1038, 1120, 1179, 1192, 1303, 1305, 1309, 1687, 2077, 2173, 2251
ecological restoration 524, 649, 651, 935, 942, 1141, 1392, 1760, 1906, 2016, 2277
ecological services 183
ecological succession 717, 1804, 1883
ecological techniques 262, 1345, 1537
ecological trap 8, 334, 1023, 2163
ecological uncertainty 2220
ecological value 1966
ecological value of shrub vegetation islands 815
ecological zonation 1620
ecologically productive area 571
ecology and reproduction 1458
ecology: environmental sciences 616, 2197, 2230
ecology of riparian corridors and fluvial systems along altitude gradient 2218
econometric models 1209
economic analysis 40, 612, 1586, 1590, 1940, 2070
economic aspects 1696, 2028
economic attitudes 2
economic changes 1891
economic effects 196
economic evaluation 268
economic impact 57, 161, 232, 234, 297
economic incentives 910, 2127
economic reality 1750
economic valuation 1215
economic value 196
economics 246, 429, 798, 1333, 1377, 1814, 1928, 1940
economics of land development, land reform and utilization 259
ecoregion 1451, 2146
ecosystem analysis 1736
ecosystem approach 2233
ecosystem conditions 332
ecosystem conservation applications 735
ecosystem disturbance 991, 1380, 1398, 1413, 1449, 1466, 1482, 1586, 1650, 1705, 1719, 1764, 1811, 1832, 1851, 1890, 1918, 1927, 1936, 2090, 2135
ecosystem fire history 1027
ecosystem function 835, 1011, 1144, 1445, 1576, 2191
ecosystem health 2233
ecosystem integrity 432
ecosystem management 62, 80, 141, 303, 651, 731, 915, 921, 942, 976, 978, 991, 1011, 1012, 1021, 1070, 1134, 1141, 1144, 1153, 1176, 1197, 1240, 1241, 1398, 1423, 1580, 1633, 1634, 1737, 1760, 1764, 1775, 1782, 1786, 1793, 1816, 1830, 1834, 1851, 1859, 1874, 1910, 1919, 1943, 1997, 2096, 2138, 2166, 2210, 2239, 2257, 2263
ecosystem processes 1854
ecosystem productivity 1522
ecosystem rehabilitation 1381
ecosystem resilience 1564
ecosystem restoration 822, 1431, 1780, 1863
ecosystem service 798
ecosystem stress 2245
ecosystems and energetics 1803, 1859, 2212
ecotoxicology 1428, 2212
ecotypes 2178
edge 776, 2030
edge avoidance 844, 2164
edge contrast types 957
edge effect 401, 410, 464, 561, 618, 669, 776, 779, 945, 946, 962, 1023, 1154, 1172, 1216, 1307, 1729, 1899, 1983, 2100, 2160, 2164, 2188
edge effects patch size 926
edge habitat 97, 228, 1148
edge permeability 343
edge relation 222
edge species 1238
edges 949
Edmonton 1320
education 1817, 2038
effective trapping area 1284
effectiveness monitoring 964
effectiveness of habitat manipulation 1403
egg banks 1691
egg laying 1678
egg mass and larval abundances 1678
eggs 387, 1772, 1845, 2035, 2213
eggshell thickness 2078
Eglin Air Force Base 1141
Egretta thula 1836
Eire, Munster, Cork, Douglas R.
El Bajio 8
El Niño 1673
Elaphe obsoleta 792
Elasticity 379
electric fishing 1531
electric power generation 1059
electrical conductivity 79
element cycles 245
elevation 1045, 1550, 1769
elk 360, 393, 424, 444, 506, 507, 548, 634, 699, 722, 2141
Elk Island National Park 2080
elkhorn 437
Elliott State Forest And Northern Coast Range 1309
EMAP 216
Embarras River 1549, 1550
Emberizidae 68, 555, 669, 672, 715, 1699, 2105
Emberizinae 1649
embryonic development 1772
emergency grazing 143
emergency use 92
emergent aquatic vegetation 1905
emergent habitat pattern 1303
emergent multiple-predator effect 931
emergent vegetation 1811
emigration 916, 1825
Emigration Canyon 324
Empidonax 984
Empidonax difficilis 884, 1224
Empidonax hammondii 1224
Empidonax traillii 558, 827, 1673
Empidonax traillii extimus: disturbance by man 742
Empidonax traillii (Tyrannidae) 823
Empidonax virescens 968, 984, 993, 1023
empirical assessment 1538
Emydidae 1799
Emydoidea blandingii 1799
enclosures and exclosures 431
Encoptolophus costalis (Orthoptera): species 450
endangered avian predator relations 1250
endangered predator relationships 1250
endangered species 140, 147, 197, 349, 458, 491, 562, 612, 687, 721, 747, 776, 784, 795, 849, 912, 920, 974, 1117, 1196, 1245, 1255, 1321, 1654, 1673, 1799, 2121, 2171, 2250, 2258, 2277
Endangered Species Act 613, 911, 1984
endangered species habitat management effects on relative abundance of declining gamebird 2054
endangered species management 649
Endangered species---West---United States 1417
endangered status 304, 786, 1299, 2099
endangered taxa 2099
endangered-threatened species 153, 370, 430, 650, 1048, 1120, 1246, 1310, 1997
endemic species 1155, 1681, 2128
endemism 198
endophytic communities of prairie perennials 581
endophytic community 581
energetic cost 1714
energetics 657
energy crops 210, 241, 1059
energy demand and human activity 414
energy utilization 1059
engineering 1548
enhancement 2038
enhancement program 1440
enhancement through potential use of managed matrix vegetation 1069
Ensatina eschscholtzii 838, 854
entomology related 612, 731, 753, 1162
entrainment estimate 2064
environment design 817, 1472
environment-ecology 36, 73, 88, 89, 214, 1712, 2232
environment management 100, 256, 323, 726, 866, 1413, 1423, 1427, 1434, 1449, 1488, 1511, 1620, 1634, 1669, 1719, 1794, 1834, 1837, 1894, 1896, 1910, 1918, 1936, 1939, 2138, 2166, 2170, 2190, 2208
environmental action 866, 1564, 1665, 1837, 1928, 1939, 1940, 2028, 2135, 2186, 2208
environmental assessment 1894
environmental benefits 252
environmental changes 1764
environmental conditions 331, 1433, 1764
environmental degradation 474, 1470, 1479, 1551, 1561
environmental disturbance 299, 907, 1542, 2038
environmental economics 1584, 1590, 2035
environmental education 1984
environmental engineering 817, 1370, 1805, 1894
environmental factor 2162
environmental gradient 1429, 1534
environmental heterogeneity 1534
environmental impact assessment 1600
environmental indicators 637, 754, 1114, 1198, 1286, 1342, 1462, 1707, 1709, 2254
environmental influences 1513
environmental law 429
environmental legislation 1255
environmental management 34, 38, 39, 311, 653, 734, 758, 1568, 1571, 1600, 1822, 2004, 2208, 2224
environmental monitoring 39, 216, 734, 1380, 1665, 1672, 1805, 1845, 2138, 2166, 2257
environmental monitoring and assessment program 216
environmental monitoring [methods] 1533
environmental planning 39
environmental policy 126, 282, 866, 2070, 2253
environmental pollution and control 190
environmental quality 1483, 1554, 1564, 1763, 2135, 2213
Environmental Quality Incentives Program 116, 703, 2063, 2111, 2273
environmental regulations 1817
environmental restoration 46, 991, 1205, 1554, 1564, 1590, 1626, 1658, 1705, 1719, 1720, 1723, 1736, 1737, 1763, 1782, 1794, 1798, 1816, 1844, 1851, 1894, 1896, 1936, 1939, 2090, 2208
environmental stress 1380, 1600, 1741, 1890
environmental stress indicators 771
environmental surveillance 1871
environmental variables 1428, 1641
enzyme activity 2156
Ephemeroptera 1482
Epilobium angustifolium 1340
Eptesicus fuscus 967
EQIP 703
equations 1558
Equidae 1756
Equus caballus 977, 1756
Eragrostis 334
Eragrostis curvula 197, 800
Eragrostis intermedia 728
Eremophila 442, 845
Eremophila alpestris 29, 166, 331, 845, 1937
Eretettix simplex (Orthoptera): species 450
Erie Lake 1748, 1816
Eriophyidae 2182
erosion 104, 466, 741, 1370, 1387, 1396, 1461, 1470, 1479, 1527, 1542, 1549, 1556, 1573, 1591, 1823, 1859, 1958, 2070, 2152, 2253
erosion and sedimentation 1413, 1719
erosion control 116, 149, 177, 191, 231, 236, 1433, 1470, 1661, 1939, 1940
erosive soils 1542
error polygons 878
escapement 1421, 1854
Esox lucius 1816
Essigella 931
establishing translocated populations 1489
establishment 661
establishment and activities 941
establishment method 733
estimating 1837
estimation 1074, 1907
estimation method 906
estrogen 1505
estuaries 1384, 1591, 1658, 1673, 1815, 1835, 1836, 2138
estuaries: habitat 1645
estuarine dynamics 1892
estuarine ecology: ecology,
estuarine ecosystem 1756, 1836, 1868, 1915
estuarine environment 1620
estuarine organisms 2138
estuarine wetland restoration 1702
Etheostoma 2257
ethology 306, 508
Euarctos americanus 878
Euclidean distance 1414
Euclidean distance analysis 1321
Eugene area 736
euphorbia esula 161
Eupoda montana 130
European carp 1816
European starling (Passeriformes) 13
Eurycea 1312
Eurycea bislineata 1312
Eurycea cirrigera: disturbance by man 1540
eutrophication 1679, 1703, 1705, 1759, 1852, 1859, 1890, 1936
evaluation 175, 191, 840, 1017, 1553, 1556, 1723, 1763, 1936, 1958, 2067, 2068, 2070, 2224, 2227, 2253
evaluation of corridor use by diverse taxa 916
evaluation of value for enhancing fishery species populations 1721
evaluation process 1590, 2135
evaporation 1905
evaporation ponds 1864
evapotranspiration 1009
even-age management 870, 1096, 1135, 1187, 1324
even-aged reproduction stands 1327
even aged silvicultural systems 1136
even-aged vs. uneven-aged forest 1011
evening bat 967
evening grosbeak 1224
Everglades 1600, 1741, 1760, 1782, 1863, 1877, 1885
Everglades National Park 1699
Everglades, North 1848
evidence for success 1114
evolution 1804
excavation 1817
exclosure experiments 577
exclosure fencing 688
exclosures 444
exclusion experiment 265, 688, 1103
excretory products 1390
existing fescue hayfield conversion to switchgrass 724
exotic grass pasture 364
exotic grasses 334, 467, 518, 544
exotic grassland 295, 715
exotic plant 715
exotic plant invasion and management implications 1861
exotic species 650, 709, 794, 801, 1705, 1890, 2193
exotic woody plants 784
exotics 1679
expenditure 234
experiment 306, 552, 605, 812, 1359
experimental design 841, 1480, 1556, 2266
experimental forestry treatment 958
experimental reclamation 2017
experimental research 1994
exposure 2276
exposure tolerance 2134
extended harvest 2053
extended rotations 1156
extensive agriculture 4, 288
extent 2034
extermination-endanger 302, 924
external pH 2033
extinction risk 2010
extirpation 68, 392
Fabaceae 741
Fabales 741
facilitated succession 1013
facilitation 634
facilities and operations 57
faecal analysis 678
Fagus grandifolia 933
Fagus spp. 1038
Fairchild 567
Falco femoralis septentrionalis 302
Falco peregrinus 956
Falco sparverius 1995
Falconidae 302
Falconiformes 302, 1042, 1305, 1331, 2284
fall 699, 1613
fallow field 272, 1973
fallow field borders 82
fallow field management for brood habitat improvement 272
famphur: pesticide 2078
Farfantepenaeus aztecus 1721, 1798
Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program 703
Farm Bill 63, 137, 199, 229, 321, 554, 1652, 1716, 1898, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2038, 2063, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2094, 2109, 2176, 2260, 2273, 2274, 2279
Farm Bill of 1990 57
farm conservation 32
farm costs and returns surveys 64
farm crops 1245, 2011
farm habitat 82
farm income 64
farm management 57, 145, 374, 575, 1946
farm policy 229
Farm Service Agency 118
farm surveys 64
farmers 390, 1377
farmers' attitudes 285, 311, 2135, 2179
farming 232, 2221
farming and agriculture 19, 61, 302, 430, 637, 670, 895, 948, 1458, 1581, 1583, 1752, 1848, 1904, 1980, 2037, 2039, 2097
farming impact on wildlife 185
farming practices 78, 127, 363, 1419
farming practices effects 78
farming systems 25, 116, 235, 1972, 1979, 2152
farmland 6, 19, 62, 97, 107, 141, 169, 185, 187, 200, 204, 291, 371, 598, 829, 1337, 1609, 1755, 1993, 2074, 2130
farmland birds 27, 176, 189, 1974
farmland management for wildlife 185
farmland retirement 297
farms 4, 39, 155, 165, 245, 446, 1411, 1616, 1785, 1940, 2028, 2067, 2068, 2135
farmstead 1362
fat 948, 1714
fate of pollutants 1700, 1842, 1994
fauna 576, 852, 875, 880, 898, 966, 1050, 1076, 1233, 1426, 1598, 1946
fauna and abundance relationships 1322
fauna life history adaptations 2222
faunal composition 2051
faunal diversity 374
faunal responses 476, 1228, 1236
faunal responses to riparian buffers 2215
faunal survey 1322
fawn 596
fawn hiding cover 813
fecal analysis: analytical method 1645
fecal coliforms 1700
feces 981, 1680
fecundity 55, 136, 1993
federal conservation programs 703
federal partnership 1856
federal programs 6, 40, 55, 91, 97, 105, 126, 195, 279, 284, 291, 1780, 1940
fee-hunting 2248
feed industry 429
feeding 154, 728, 1035, 1613
feeding behavior 181, 341, 380, 389, 659, 678, 685, 828, 918, 937, 947, 1034, 1075, 1084, 1164, 1222, 1250, 1266, 1368, 1481, 1636, 1681, 1684, 2009, 2076, 2165, 2196
feeding characteristics 1485
feeding damage 1099
feeding ecology 1674, 2232
feeding efficiency 546, 1724
feeding ground 1912
feeding method 424
feeding preferences 383, 1340
feeding rate 1778
feeding sites 2141
feedlot runoff 1817
Felidae 1193, 1199, 1361, 1662
Felis catus 326
female 662, 807, 878, 902, 1074, 1258, 1630
femur 948
fence 306, 605
fenced enclosures 2044
fencerows 228, 522
fences 339, 424, 691, 1214, 1975
fencing 490, 750, 1379, 1531, 1558, 1976
feral organism 1756
ferrallitic soils 770
ferruginous hawk 956
fertility 227, 387, 2105
fertility-recruitment 773, 924, 977, 1305, 1310, 1980, 1993
fertilization 508
fertilization effects 1925
fertilization, soil and water 376, 794, 2067, 2069, 2240
fertilizer and pesticide pollution 1605, 1704
fertilizers 508, 1242, 1421, 1422, 1616, 1679, 1688, 1828, 1956, 2136
fertilizers and pesticides 148, 1279, 1605, 1704
fescue 376, 699, 794
fescue prairie grazing regimes 354
Festuca altaica 520
Festuca arundinacea 423, 544, 593
Festuca Idahoensis 437, 638
Festuca scabrella 437
fetch 1798
fiber debris 1018
fibers 1242
fibre content 2237
fidelity 2168
field border width 292
field border width effects on winter community structure 292
field connection 803
field crops 2171
field enlargement 803
field equipment 101
field experiment: experimental method 354
field experimentation 1480
field margin 27, 204, 247, 261, 522, 616
field method 458
field size 93, 464, 618
field sparrow 55, 93, 1233
field surveys 1783, 2120
field technique 584, 981, 993, 1097, 1205
fields 17, 33, 87, 214
fields management 86
Fillmore County 1968
filter feeders 1883
filter strip 32, 139, 647
filters 1726
fine-scale 675
fine sediment 1378
Finney 414
fir 1360
fire 148, 304, 312, 337, 365, 381, 394, 399, 415, 416, 447, 448, 451, 477, 488, 508, 526, 527, 581, 597, 603, 613, 646, 709, 718, 745, 757, 786, 797, 804, 812, 851, 871, 874, 877, 889, 899, 941, 960, 980, 983, 984, 986, 998, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1031, 1056, 1093, 1103, 1137, 1150, 1179, 1183, 1259, 1276, 1279, 1290, 1600, 1678, 1689, 1699, 1998, 2008, 2079, 2081, 2082, 2105, 2223, 2229, 2240
fire ants 88
fire behavior 935
fire ecology 249, 408, 524, 734, 753, 849, 987, 1061, 1231, 1265, 2128
fire economics 2029
fire-enhanced flowering 609
fire frequency 420, 525, 899, 1637
fire-grazing interaction 303
fire hazard reduction 849, 1231, 1265, 1285
fire hazards 190
fire history 1190, 1348, 2083
fire intensity 899
fire interval 325
fire-maintained ecosystems 1117
fire management 413, 423, 449, 504, 555, 700, 721, 960, 1027, 1347, 1574, 2084
fire management effect on distributional status 786
fire management relationships 786
fire regimes 366, 745, 1086
fire response 2203
fire rotation 524
fire rotation interval 1348
fire suppression 597, 899, 1064, 2083
fire suppression effects 942
fire surrogate 1284
firebreak management 1145
fires 426, 956, 987, 1027, 1029, 1064, 1103, 1195, 1226, 1822, 2159
fires-burns 62, 96, 300, 349, 366, 384, 416, 428, 445, 481, 493, 508, 535, 555, 658, 676, 716, 733, 758, 767, 792, 804, 871, 985, 1094, 1150, 1169, 1176, 1179, 1182, 1203, 1217, 1246, 1268, 1290, 2080, 2105, 2193
firewood extraction 907
first-order stream 1690
fish 7, 137, 307, 332, 1153, 1245, 1377, 1378, 1381, 1383, 1385, 1388, 1403, 1411, 1413, 1416, 1420, 1426, 1435, 1452, 1458, 1459, 1469, 1474, 1476, 1489, 1490, 1495, 1497, 1501, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1544, 1546, 1571, 1574, 1593, 1661, 1684, 1686, 1706, 1709, 1710, 1736, 1765, 1778, 1804, 1819, 1842, 1861, 1885, 1890, 1917, 1918, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2033, 2061, 2063, 2064, 2085, 2086, 2094, 2109, 2115, 2140, 2151, 2166, 2198, 2268, 2274
Fish and Wildlife Service 429
fish assemblages 1372, 1437, 1565
fish assemblages: stability 1543
fish bearing criterion 1452
fish bearing streams 1495
fish community composition 1518
fish culture 2049
fish ecology 1475, 1557
fish establishment 1720
fish habitat 1457
Fish Lake Natl. Forest 507
fish management 1481, 1529, 1816
fish movements 1535
fish passage 1387, 1418, 1501, 1564, 1816
fish population restoration 1854
fish populations 1453, 1475, 1499, 1511, 1519, 1720, 1804, 1816, 1842, 2257
fish production 1522
fish recruitment 1720
fish transportation 1418
fish use trends 1702
fisheries 1393, 1394, 1395, 1423, 1439, 1457, 1479, 1501, 1507, 1551, 1798, 1814, 1928, 2158, 2268
fisheries engineering 1816
fishery data 1432
fishery limnology 1421, 1422
fishery management 1377, 1393, 1421, 1422, 1433, 1463, 1477, 1529, 1657, 1671, 2090
fishery resources 1798, 1928, 1991, 2075
fishery sciences 1671
fishes 1245, 1370, 1404, 1411, 1439, 1448, 1470, 1528, 1548, 1672
Fishes---Ecology---Florida 1935
fishes, freshwater 1498, 1924
fishes [metabolism] 1812
fishes [physiology] 1395
fishing 1529
fishing, public 196
fishpass structure 1501
fishways 1816
fitness 627, 924
fixed point observations: survey method 1645
fixed-radius point counting 1247
flame retardants 1064
Flaming Gorge Dam [map] 1374
fledgeing success 25, 405
fledging 1230
fledging rate 908
fledgling stage 2184
fledglings per year 543
flexible conservation management 612
Flint Hills 492, 599, 646
flock characteristics 2076
flocking 2076
flood control 817, 1591
flood control measures 1909
flood plain habitat 2222
flood pulse 1535, 2223
flooded areas 1643
flooded conditions 1715
flooded rice 1878
flooding 1045, 1230, 1283, 1419, 1599, 1620, 1633, 1666, 1676, 1717, 1777, 1882, 1887, 1892, 1933, 2222, 2223
flooding impact 1637
floodplain forest 1576
floodplain forested wetlands 1948
floodplain grasslands: habitat 577
floodplain management 2025, 2026, 2116
floodplain restoration 1443
floodplain systems 1534
floodplains 7, 1387, 1439, 1487, 1603, 1631, 2154
floods 276, 741, 1187, 1439, 1753, 1760, 1834,1924, 1981, 2067, 2068, 2116, 2159
floral richness 797
Florida 15, 219, 272, 349, 488, 716, 1032, 1081, 1093, 1141, 1148, 1250, 1285, 1605, 1611, 1616, 1640, 1657, 1699, 1720, 1759, 1760, 1782, 1807, 1842, 1848, 1851, 1856, 1885, 1906, 1949, 2008, 2033, 2128, 2251
Florida grasshopper sparrow 721, 776
Florida habitat 1232
Florida, Marion County 1978
Florida, Putnam County 1978
flow 1374
flow regimes 1374
flow regulation 1429, 1430, 1534
flowing waters 1385
fluvial features 1423, 1549, 2092
fluvial geomorphology 710
fluvial morphology 1432, 1447, 1477, 1481, 1497, 1564, 1719
fluvial sedimentation 1549
fluvial systems along altitude gradient 2218
flying squirrels 1056
focal species 1192
foliage structure 1033
Fomitopsis cajanderi 847, 896
Fomitopsis pinicola 896
food 302, 306, 366, 416, 445, 549, 552, 605, 757, 812, 878, 913, 924, 948, 977, 1035, 1038, 1225, 1507, 1733, 1792, 1965
food abundance 1724
food availability 162, 181, 407, 472, 482, 603, 615, 625, 812, 813, 979, 1202, 1320, 1441, 1614, 1634, 1684, 1784, 1886, 1917, 1992
food chains 1413, 1814, 2134, 2212
food competition 948
food consumption 265, 416
food crops 4, 244, 279, 2067, 2068
food crops seasons 2069
food elements 2069
food habits 424, 431, 662, 1753
food habits studies 1038, 2141
food limitation 959
food plants 127, 630, 659, 685, 736, 813, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1250, 2009
food plots 265
food preferences 678
food quality 2179
food resource availability relationship 1917
food resource partitioning 1645
food resources 1907
food safety 2179
Food Security Act of 1985 57, 149, 2111
food supplementation 1099
food supply 279, 302, 384, 424, 471, 600, 614, 699, 729, 947, 948, 1035, 1134, 1165, 1176, 1199, 1350, 1361, 1965, 2069, 2141, 2193
food web interaction 2120
food web structure 1703
food webs 180, 1825, 1882
food webs and community composition 180
foods-feeding 96, 366, 377, 384, 416, 507, 548, 552, 605, 614, 669, 758, 844, 909, 924, 939, 1025, 1037, 1038, 1120, 1165, 1199, 1205, 1336, 1360, 1361, 1371, 1965, 1980, 2139, 2141
forage 345, 393, 444, 486, 638, 755, 783, 897, 1614, 2045, 2152
forage availability 755, 878
forage crops 311
forage growth modeling 708
forage management 437
forage production 722, 757
forage quality 722
foraging 380, 389, 433, 918, 937, 970, 1084, 1164, 1222, 1266, 1368, 1374, 1684, 1770, 1777, 1799, 1907, 2038, 2165, 2196
foraging activity 411
foraging areas 1006
foraging behavior 154, 819, 922, 970, 998, 1033, 1036, 1582, 1683, 1865, 1992, 2100
foraging behavior related to forest harvesting 1684
foraging carrying capacity 1912
foraging conditions 1065
foraging ecology 1645
foraging habitat quality 924
foraging habitat relationship 1205
foraging habitat use in fragmented habitat 570
foraging habits 1164, 1315
foraging habits and habitat use 1164
foraging pattern 1038
foraging performance 1724
foraging resources 2124
foraging selectivity 546
foraging site selection 758
forb availability 813
forb biomass 322
forbs 347, 404, 520, 722, 731, 1823
forest age 873
forest and tundra 1164
Forest and Vilas Counties 1308
forest and woodland 69, 109, 223, 488, 597, 636, 830, 843, 846, 857, 859, 862, 874, 877, 879, 912, 914, 916, 918, 930, 932, 937, 941, 944, 950, 952, 961, 965, 971, 983, 986, 992, 997, 1002, 1013, 1017, 1019, 1022, 1026, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1046, 1053, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1088, 1092, 1113, 1114, 1121, 1127, 1133, 1136, 1137, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1157, 1161, 1164, 1167, 1180, 1183, 1185, 1191, 1198, 1202, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1228, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1264, 1266, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1301, 1306, 1308, 1319, 1320, 1323, 1333, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1347, 1349, 1352, 1356, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1397, 1502, 1604, 1774, 1889, 1938, 1948, 1977, 2009, 2023, 2033, 2043, 2050, 2051, 2054, 2058, 2060, 2071, 2097, 2099, 2104, 2107, 2131, 2202, 2214, 2215, 2222, 2227, 2235, 2255, 2270, 2272
forest bird movements 2167
forest birds 1081, 1089, 1130, 1223, 1295
forest buffer strips 2235
forest burning and thinning 952
forest canopy 1098, 1507
forest canopy closure effect 1262
forest canopy types 2115
forest clearcuts 961
forest clearing management 1040
forest cohesion and agriculture edge density 1087
forest community ecology 1022
forest cover 1679, 2205
forest cutblocks 1206
forest damage 605, 851
forest density management 2215
forest dynamics 943
forest ecology 840, 848, 849, 978, 987, 1024, 1479, 2016, 2115
forest ecosystem 926, 942, 962, 966, 1086, 1103, 1111, 1141, 1197, 1295, 1364, 2265
forest ecosystem management 2202
forest edge 945, 2030
forest environments 837, 2233
forest fauna 1053, 1183
forest fire management 524, 849, 853, 935, 1265, 1285
forest fires 848, 853, 889, 1027, 1076, 1103, 1195, 1226, 1231, 1265, 1285, 1875, 2272
forest floor 854, 1105
forest floor communities 2104
forest-floor small mammals 1139
forest fragment 312
forest fragmentation 24, 848, 856, 1162, 1307, 1983, 2021, 2188
forest fringe 844, 1309
forest fuel reduction 1285
forest fuels 1231
forest gaps 994, 2107
forest grazing land 977
forest habitat association 1042
forest habitat characteristics and management strategies relations 1079
forest habitat management 1272, 1317
forest habitat retention practices 1221
forest habitats 118, 837, 975, 983, 999, 1075, 1076, 1081, 1141, 1148, 1162, 1200, 1231, 1259, 1265, 1285, 1345,1363, 1959, 2016, 2018, 2107, 2167, 2233, 2270
forest harvest 1227
forest harvest treatment 1361
forest harvesting 1160, 1399, 1493
forest harvesting intensity 992
forest health 894, 1061, 1334, 1343
forest health restoration practices 1042
forest history 1625
forest industry 1421, 1422, 1676, 1764, 1832
forest industry lands 1191
forest insects 1076, 1265
forest interior 1110
forest-interior birds 2083
forest inventory 868
forest litter 846, 935, 1076, 1080, 1133, 1231, 1265, 1283
forest litter arthropods 1105
forest management 34, 832, 834, 838, 840, 841, 844, 848, 850, 854, 863, 864, 867, 868, 870, 873, 884, 887, 888, 890, 898, 900, 901, 905, 906, 919, 920, 930, 943, 948, 953, 955, 956, 960, 962, 963, 964, 972, 974, 978, 989, 994, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1001, 1007, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1015, 1018, 1024, 1029, 1030, 1036, 1041, 1043, 1045, 1049, 1054, 1056, 1061, 1074, 1080, 1088, 1089, 1091, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1102, 1106, 1107, 1117, 1123,1131, 1132, 1138, 1142, 1143, 1149, 1153, 1156, 1160, 1163, 1178, 1185, 1187, 1189, 1198, 1200, 1201, 1210, 1211, 1218, 1220, 1224, 1225, 1233,1236, 1237, 1251, 1257, 1261, 1263, 1264, 1270, 1277, 1283, 1291, 1292, 1294, 1297, 1300, 1302, 1314, 1318, 1326, 1341, 1353, 1355, 1358, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1399, 1402, 1479, 1532, 1591, 1676, 1690, 2016, 2030, 2115, 2122, 2191, 2216, 2220, 2239
forest management activities 1342
forest management changes 1208
forest management effects 1089, 1185
forest management effects at multiple spatial scales 2129
forest management for wildlife 1147
forest management impact 1256
forest management impacts on wildlife habitat 1198
forest management implications 1046, 1367
forest management plan application 912
forest management practices 965, 1164, 1308
forest management strategies 1006, 1017, 1146
forest management treatments 1068
forest mensuration and description 935
forest operations 905
forest pests 898
forest plantations 107, 417, 840, 1009, 1024, 1052, 1141, 1210, 1251, 1339
forest policy 2016
forest practices 878, 881, 982, 1016, 1165, 1592, 1624
forest productivity 1274
forest products 1142
forest products industry 873
forest regeneration 938, 2043
forest regeneration treatment 1222
forest resource management plans 1552
forest restoration 1001, 1029, 1126, 1159, 1281
forest restoration programs 942
forest restoration treatments 1046
forest roads 1074, 1247
forest shelterbelts 2185
forest shelterwood harvesting and site preparation effects 950
forest soil 1022
forest songbirds 1218, 1313, 1328
forest stand productivity relationships 2198
forest stand structure 1026
forest stands 853, 924, 1006, 1074, 1076, 2115
forest stream riparian habitat 1502
forest streams 1502
forest strip 999
forest structural classes 876
forest structure 873, 1118, 1305
forest succession 880, 1076, 2115
forest taxa responses 1053
forest thinning 108, 849, 935, 1074, 1109, 1224, 1285
forest thinning effects on litter fauna 1133
Forest thinning---United States 56
forest treatment 1214
forest trees 935, 1076, 1109, 1265
forest type effect on stream benthic community structure and trophic function 1397
forest understory 1358
forest vegetation management 1251
forest-wetland-habitat relationships 1838
forest wildlife relations 853, 1109, 1231, 1265, 1945, 2016
forest zones 1245
forested 1858
forested buffers 1262, 1518
forested freshwater wetland 2222
forested habitat 2195
forested landscapes 1233, 1247, 1268, 2122
forested riparian wetlands 1603
forested stream ecosystems 1485
forested watersheds 1457, 1495
forested wetlands 1047, 1734, 1774, 1838, 1948, 1959
forestlands 1327
forestry 74, 170, 601, 708, 734, 832, 863, 866, 868, 873, 883, 886, 891, 904, 905, 910, 919, 943, 949, 953, 969, 970, 979, 993, 999, 1012, 1014, 1018, 1027, 1029, 1037, 1043, 1047, 1056, 1060, 1064, 1100, 1102, 1103, 1108, 1115, 1138, 1142, 1152, 1157, 1160, 1170, 1187, 1195, 1226, 1230, 1235, 1242, 1245, 1255, 1278, 1288, 1292, 1297, 1300, 1302, 1303, 1312, 1313, 1317, 1318, 1327, 1328, 1352, 1374, 1405, 1472, 1493, 1522, 1533, 1592, 1638, 1764, 1832, 1961, 1981, 1990, 2061, 2107, 2122, 2124, 2140, 2150, 2169, 2207, 2211, 2247, 2272, 2281
forestry disturbance 1262
forestry disturbance avoidance 1262
forestry [economics] 1021
forestry [history] 913
forestry impact and conservation relations 1537
forestry impact and conservation relationships 1537
forestry impact relationships 1537
forestry management 901, 1113, 1275, 1363, 1453, 1475
forestry management effects 1113
forestry management effects on habitat utilization and nest site selection 1185
forestry management implications 1363
forestry management techniques 2227
forestry methods 1304
forestry [organization and administration] 913
forestry policy 1209
forestry practice implications 1164
forestry practices 749, 838, 844, 871, 873, 875, 876, 880, 881, 901, 903, 909, 915, 921, 924, 925, 933, 939, 954, 957, 958, 967, 971, 976, 980, 981, 993, 994, 995, 1000, 1010, 1015, 1021, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1044, 1050, 1078, 1110, 1116, 1120, 1124, 1125, 1128, 1129, 1134, 1155, 1163, 1164, 1165, 1166, 1199, 1205, 1208, 1214, 1219, 1224, 1233, 1234, 1241, 1246, 1247, 1261, 1290, 1303, 1305, 1310, 1331, 1336, 1350, 1360, 1361, 1366, 1555, 1593, 1690, 1888, 2059, 2066, 2140, 2249, 2255
forestry practices effect 1077
forestry practices effect on riparian community structure and population density 1502
forestry production artificial regeneration 1109, 1945
forestry production general 1200, 2115
forestry production harvesting and engineering 1200
forestry production natural regeneration 524, 853, 935
forestry regimes 2202
forestry related 34, 836, 935, 1020, 1076, 1109, 1141, 1162, 1265, 1392, 1495, 2167
forestry strategies effect on prey abundance relations 1075
forestry strategies effects 1075
forestry technique 2227
forestry thinning impact on distribution and density and influencing factors 2131
forestry thinning techniques 1199
forestry treatments 958
forests 340, 620, 734, 741, 755, 757, 773, 801, 830, 833, 837, 851, 854, 875, 876, 878, 880, 881, 885, 894, 895, 898, 901, 903, 905, 909, 913, 918, 919, 921, 924, 925, 930, 932, 933, 937, 939, 941, 948, 954, 957, 958, 976, 980, 981, 985, 991, 993, 994, 995, 999, 1000, 1016, 1021, 1031, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1042, 1043, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1055, 1061, 1065, 1068, 1080, 1084, 1087, 1097, 1099, 1110, 1116, 1118, 1122, 1128, 1133, 1134, 1135, 1142, 1150, 1152, 1158, 1166, 1170, 1171, 1179, 1192, 1199, 1210, 1219, 1224, 1225, 1233, 1242, 1247, 1254, 1261, 1268, 1277, 1283, 1290, 1304, 1305, 1313, 1318, 1320, 1331, 1336, 1339, 1340, 1359, 1361, 1483, 1617, 1690, 1745, 1787, 1851, 1858, 1888, 1916, 1939, 1952, 1976, 2002, 2008, 2012, 2021, 2036, 2052, 2059, 2066, 2079, 2090, 2105, 2116, 2130, 2131, 2149, 2160, 2168, 2177, 2251
forests, boreal 871, 1124, 1125
forests, coniferous 838, 1094, 1120, 1129, 1176, 1241, 1350, 1357, 1360, 1424
forests, deciduous 861, 881, 1035, 1120, 1182, 1203, 1240, 1366
forests: habitat 1643
forests, mixed 902, 1035, 1125, 1203, 1310, 1350
forests, old-growth 1129, 1360, 1366
former agricultural land 405
Formicidae 88, 301, 637, 1029, 1343, 2042
Formicidae: farming and agriculture 301
Formicidae: forestry 1026
Formicidae: habitat management 488
Formicoidea 637
Formicoidea, Aculeata, Apocrita, Hymenoptera, Insecta 301
formulations 1102
Fort A.P. Hill 1183
Fort Lewis Military Reservation 1019
fossil fuel waste disposal 2062
fragmentation 29, 73, 391, 402, 495, 522, 530, 621, 664, 801, 820, 917, 1172, 1177, 1946, 2098, 2168, 2201, 2205
fragmented forest patches 2195
fragmented habitats 1331, 2242
fragmented landscapes 68, 397, 629, 916
fragmented pine forest 916
France 452
Franklin's ground squirrel 218
Fraser River Basin 1462
Fraxinus 1971
Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1005
free-living nematodes 347
frequency 426, 987
frequent cool ground fires 995
freshwater 100, 1411, 1530, 1533, 1780, 1840
freshwater crustaceans 1651, 1759, 1847, 1883, 1890
freshwater ecology 1439, 1579, 1675, 1820, 1994
freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences 101, 1230, 1382, 1438, 1444, 1467, 1473, 1485, 1493, 1516, 1522, 1535, 1543, 1561, 1638, 1703, 1854, 1856, 1873, 1897, 1922, 2125, 2150, 2245
freshwater environments 1396, 1427, 1471, 1506, 1655, 1759, 1814, 1890, 2233
freshwater fish 7, 1376, 1380, 1384, 1405, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1427, 1437, 1439, 1477, 1481, 1491, 1497, 1499, 1511, 1519, 1539, 1722, 1804, 1816, 1890, 1918, 2090
freshwater habitat 307, 473, 1375, 1383, 1397, 1403, 1420, 1426, 1452, 1462, 1465, 1474, 1486, 1489, 1490, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1524, 1537, 1540, 1546, 1562, 1574, 1677, 1684, 1725, 1779, 1796, 1858, 1861, 1917, 2058, 2064, 2129, 2140, 2202, 2215, 2218, 2219, 2254, 2272
freshwater molluscs 1669, 1890
freshwater mussels 1506
freshwater organisms 2138
freshwater pollution 1842, 1994, 2213
freshwater streams 1471
Freshwater zooplankton---Ecology---Florida 1935
Fringillidae 55, 66, 97, 141, 175, 195, 349, 555, 563, 669, 715, 745, 773, 993, 1082, 1175, 1959, 2105, 2200
frogs 1024, 1735, 1783, 1844, 1931, 1945, 2183
frost damage 909
Frugivory 1302
fruit consumption 1302
fruit-feeding butterflies 1130
fruit phenology 1302
fruit production 1302
fruit trees 2185
fruits 1302
fry 1422
Ft Lewis Military Reservation 1133
fuel break 960
fuel management 927, 1042
fuel reduction 1027, 1104, 1351
fuel reduction impact in forest habitat 1266
fuel reduction treatment 1057
fuel wood timber harvest 1032
fuels 1027, 1059
fuels management 1159
Fulica americana 1849
functional analysis 2091
functional equivalency 1724
functional feeding groups 1414
functional groups 856, 1343, 1679
functional insectivores 15
functions 996, 1108, 1509, 1576
fund allocation 1560
funding 153, 1240, 1997
Fundulus heteroclitus 1732
Fundulus parvipinnis 1719
Fundy National Park 886
Fungal inoculation 896
fungi 1109, 1245, 1326
future of environmental sociology 2004
future planning projected 57
future scenarios 1954, 1957
fuzzy logic 2180
gadwall 323, 1896, 2001
Galliformes 27, 62, 84, 119, 134, 153, 187, 227, 255, 268, 279, 317, 351, 357, 373, 377, 595, 614, 641, 676, 707, 733, 745, 959, 999, 1025, 1095, 1116, 1254, 1346, 1436, 1962, 1974, 2188
Galliformes, Aves 603, 659, 685, 2101
gallinaceous birds 359, 512
Gallinago gallinago 141, 1874
Galveston Bay 1721
Gambelia sila 650
Gambusia 1446
Gambusia affinis 1446, 2212
Gambusia holbrooki and Jordanella Floridae 2033
game animals 20, 631
game, big 424
game farms 1997
game management 65
game species 2252
gamebird 20, 112, 154, 296, 310, 359, 557, 615, 617, 624, 625, 644, 657, 675, 680, 694, 703, 713, 717, 718, 747, 748, 795, 1007, 1073, 1074, 1096, 1188, 1194, 1232, 1252, 2024, 2143, 2266
gamebird young 1034
gap sensitivity 917
gap size 968
gap vegetation 968
gaps 2204
Gastropoda 211, 1669, 1886, 2178
Gastropoda: habitat management 449
gastropods 1669
Gavia immer: forestry 1684
geese 1689
gender and microclimate 262
gene banks 2004
general environmental engineering 866
generalist 558
generalized linear mixed model 980
genetic diversity 1967
genetic engineering 20, 2224
genetic isolation 1373
genetic structure 158
genetics 1651
genotype 2182
geographic information systems 132, 266, 298, 820, 836, 864, 1021, 1516, 1650, 1701, 1785, 1823, 1959, 2206, 2262
geographic origin 251
geographical distribution 131, 1210, 1441, 1519, 1701, 1842
geographical range 1157
geographical variation 1616
geography 104, 1533
geologic sediments 1370
geological sedimentation 1404, 1558, 1573
geological terraces 1798
geology 1451, 1533, 1573
geomorphology 1432, 1466, 1481, 1497, 1535, 1549, 1550, 1552, 1577, 1748, 2092, 2158
Geomyidae 363
George Washington and Jefferson National Forests 1040
George Washington National Forest 724
Georgia 69, 84, 108, 123, 184, 242, 342, 862, 1051, 1082, 1083, 1148, 1197, 1204, 1499, 1504, 1507, 1591, 1764, 1908, 2008, 2023, 2032, 2251
geospatial models 2259
Geothlypis trichas 55, 93, 139, 544, 968, 1089, 1953
Geothlypis trichas (Passeriformes) 17
Geotrupes bayli 1257
germination 1271
gestagen 1505
giant kangaroo rat 650
giant salamander 1424
Gila National Forest 742, 1094
Gila River Bird Area 742
GIS 132, 266, 617, 1341, 1533, 1899, 1959
GIS, applied and field techniques 1516
GIS data 1021
gizzard mass 1714
glaciated plateau 2006
glade habitat restoration 2120
Glaucomys 820, 842, 1109, 1138
Glaucomys sabrinus 927, 978, 1019, 1138, 1157, 1256
Glaucomys volans 1256
global warming 170, 1939
globulin 948
Glucine max 2077
glucose 948
Glycine Fabaceae 583
Glycine max 67, 189, 583, 1971
glyphosate 423, 593, 1007, 1685, 1847, 1879, 2056
glyphosate herbicide 1100
glyphosate herbicide: pesticide, soil pollutant, toxin 2265
gnatcatchers 443
Gold Creek 758
golden-crowned kinglet 1224
golden-winged warbler 1959
Goodhue County 1517
goose, Canada 2068
Goosenset Ranger District 941
gopher tortoises 1058
Gopherus 2229
Gopherus berlandieri: habitat management 573
Gopherus polyphemus 1058, 1065, 2229
Gossypium 84
Gossypium hirsutum 84, 953
government agency 429
government policy 46, 65, 157, 208, 239, 1817, 2221
government regulations 1817
governmental programs and projects 259
governments 1845
GPS accuracy 1262
grading 1556
Graham County 1959
Graham County, Pinaleno Mountains 901
grain 4, 2034
grain size 1512
Grand Ronde basin 1562
grants 1785
Grantsburg soil
246
GRASIM 708
grass buffers 587, 1411
grass prairies 1960
grass riparian filter strip 1473
grass shrimp 1788
grass-shrub birds 1177
grass-shrubland habitats 389
grass sward 327
grasses 191, 259, 429, 431, 550, 681, 699, 722, 734, 762, 791, 1340, 1412, 1726, 1823
grasshopper 115, 399, 517, 721
grasshopper assemblage 450
grasshopper sparrow 55, 93, 95, 175, 195, 205, 291, 413, 461, 469, 696
grasshopper sparrow (Passeriformes) 17, 222
grassland and wetland population changes 355
grassland avifauna 332
grassland bird conservation 89
grassland birds 29, 33, 38, 140, 212, 241, 305, 332, 379, 465, 487, 527, 536, 538, 542, 544, 545, 598, 617, 647, 669, 686, 715, 730, 761, 776, 801, 802, 908, 1059, 1177, 1238, 1729, 1937, 2096, 2113, 2184
grassland community structure 412
grassland conservation 787
Grassland Easement Program 703
grassland ecosystems 790
grassland fire 450
grassland grazing 794
grassland habitat 68, 400, 402, 538, 571
grassland habitat management 584, 626
Grassland habitat quality improvement 148
grassland habitats 626
grassland management 453, 491, 497, 538, 539, 540, 543, 576, 588, 740, 1479, 1727, 1823, 2161, 2237
grassland management influence on populations of small taxa 724
grassland management strategy 666
grassland oak savanna 727
grassland plant community 395
grassland plants 730, 1238
grassland productivity 354
grassland reconstruction 540
grassland regeneration 540
Grassland Reserve Program 703, 705, 2094, 2273
grassland restoration 103, 205, 306, 536, 541, 690
grassland restoration effort success 315
grassland revegetation 733
grassland soils 770
grassland songbirds 311
grassland species 289, 405, 534, 803
grassland species abundance 135
grassland types 724
grassland vegetation 2025, 2026
grassland water district 1405
grassland watersheds 1574
grasslands 4, 10, 19, 30, 38, 46, 49, 51, 55, 61, 66, 68, 75, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 98, 118, 120, 125, 135, 136, 141, 146, 148, 153, 157, 163, 169, 195, 213, 214, 217, 239, 241, 243, 253, 256, 274, 279, 281, 287, 289, 291, 296, 298, 302, 304, 305, 306, 309, 310, 317, 320, 327, 331, 332, 338, 346, 355, 356, 365, 366, 368, 370, 377, 387, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 397, 402, 405, 407, 410, 412, 413, 414, 415, 428, 430, 447, 448, 449, 453, 456, 459, 462, 471, 475, 476, 477, 481, 482, 489, 490, 491, 497, 503, 504, 509, 513, 515, 526, 533, 534, 535, 537, 542, 544, 545, 556, 562, 567, 569, 576, 581, 584, 588, 595, 597, 599, 606, 608, 612, 614, 619, 620, 626, 628, 630, 635, 636, 641, 646, 648, 649, 652, 656, 659, 661, 664, 666, 669, 670, 672, 678, 685, 688, 692, 695, 703, 711, 712, 715, 721, 724, 731, 733, 734, 736, 738, 739, 740, 744, 751, 754, 760, 765, 766, 767, 777, 778, 781, 782, 786, 787, 792, 797, 801, 802, 803, 804, 810, 816, 908, 946, 1059, 1177, 1178, 1346, 1479, 1578, 1678, 1699, 1701, 1726, 1727, 1729, 1738, 1752, 1755, 1762, 1781, 1801, 1823, 1843, 1876, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1987, 1998, 2022, 2047, 2051, 2054, 2072, 2081, 2089, 2093, 2094, 2096, 2098, 2099, 2105, 2114, 2130, 2137, 2142, 2154, 2155, 2159, 2200, 2201, 2212, 2237, 2241, 2269
grasslands adjacent to wheat fields 2241
grasslands: habitat 479
grasslands: land use practices, native earthworm populations 578
grassy woodland 540, 541
Gratiot County 281
gravel 1407
gravel bed stream 1407
gravel mining 1440
gray catbird 2244
gray jay 1124
gray partridge 10
gray squirrel 864
gray-tailed voles 42
gray wolf 2285
grazed and ungrazed grassland 765
grazer 822
grazing
94, 95, 106, 161, 206, 296, 298, 300, 301, 302, 306, 312, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329, 333, 339, 342, 344, 345, 349, 350, 366, 367, 373, 378, 381, 385, 387, 393, 399, 401, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 438, 439, 441, 443, 444, 445, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 461, 462, 463, 469,
470, 471, 474, 486, 487, 490, 491, 493, 498, 502, 505, 507, 508, 515, 518, 523, 525, 535, 539, 545, 548, 549, 551, 552, 561, 562, 569, 576, 579, 580, 582, 585, 586, 588, 592, 600, 611, 613, 617, 624, 631, 634, 636, 638, 639, 640, 642, 648, 650, 652, 654, 658, 662, 677, 682, 693, 697, 699, 700, 702, 705, 709, 710, 720, 722, 725, 727, 728, 734, 740, 744, 746, 762, 764, 767, 769, 771, 773, 774, 780, 781, 783, 808, 819, 822, 824, 895, 947, 1188, 1190, 1340, 1379, 1385, 1386, 1396, 1433, 1434, 1446, 1447, 1449, 1461, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1479, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1498, 1500, 1531, 1551, 1554, 1559, 1563, 1634, 1636, 1681, 1727, 1759, 1761, 1791, 1801, 1811, 1823, 1856, 1929, 2009, 2055, 2057, 2094, 2117, 2126, 2141, 2151, 2152, 2161, 2170, 2206, 2236, 2240, 2243, 2269
grazing behavior 298, 490, 577, 604, 649
grazing effects 308, 420, 460, 814, 1648, 2044
grazing exclosures 422
grazing habitat deterioration 596
grazing impact on grassland plant community 395
grazing impact on small mammalian population size 599
grazing impacts 472, 2158
grazing intensity 348, 352, 416, 439, 442, 472, 520, 523, 628, 717, 759, 770, 775, 1457, 1479, 1727
grazing lands 225, 353, 441, 1453
grazing management 302, 472, 501, 551, 634, 690, 708, 735, 737, 775, 826, 1060, 1982
grazing management regimes 608
grazing management strategies 1457
grazing pastures 564
grazing practices 714
grazing pressure 411
grazing pressure management 1808
grazing recovery exclosure 354
grazing resources 678
grazing responses 785
grazing system: rotational, season long 668
grazing systems 236, 604, 639, 732, 770, 1573, 1727
Great Basin 592, 1999, 2263
great crested flycatcher 1169, 2244
great horned owl 153
Great Lakes 1641, 2028, 2112, 2233
Great Lakes coastal wetlands 1621
Great Lakes region 965
Great Plains 59, 112, 130, 141, 166, 266, 312, 455, 545, 735, 802, 2001, 2242
Great Plains grasslands 214
Great Plains Region United States 57
Great Plains toad 1762
greater prairie-chicken 192, 617, 694
greater sage-grouse 263, 296, 299, 381, 404, 554, 627, 747, 799, 806, 1999
greater snow goose 1634
greater white-fronted geese 1878
Green and Kenosha Counties 365
green frog 1662
Green Mountain National Forest 1247
Green Mountain Range 1000
green payments 1394
Green River 1374, 1376
Green River Game Land 1269
Green River Game Management Area 986
green space planning 1192
green-tailed towhee 555
green-tree retention 1289
green-up delay 1303
green-winged teal 1744, 1896
Greene, Morgan and Oconee Counties 184
greenhouse gases 1939
greentree reservoir management 1824
greentree reservoirs 1666
GRFs, field equipment 1473
grizzly bear 1168
ground beetles 225, 525
ground cover 197, 490, 491, 1080, 1197, 1252
ground dwelling community 965
ground dwelling taxa 965
ground level 262
ground nesters 1313
ground nesting 479
ground-nesting birds 387, 2024
ground squirrels 475, 669
ground truthing 2169
ground vegetation 759, 1231
ground vegetation density 994
ground water hydrology 1637
ground water systems 2245
groundwater 147, 190, 191, 1415, 1548, 1715, 1851, 2179
groundwater aquifers 1534
groundwater basins inland water environment 1415
groundwater flow 147
groundwater level 2154
groundwater recharge 1817, 1851
group selection 968, 1111, 1295
group selection forestry method 969
group selection opening size effects 969
group selection silviculture 970
group size 797, 924
grouse management 694
growing season 1061, 2128
growth 460, 881, 1277, 1706, 1827
growth and development 1533
growth and yield 1251
growth kinetics 1138
growth rate 1762
GRP 703
Gruidae 828
Gruiformes, Aves 828
Grus americana 427
Grus canadensis 427, 1737
Grus canadensis tabida 468
Grus canadensis tabida [greater sandhill crane] (Gruiformes) 2
Grus canadensis tabida (Gruidae): foraging 828
Gryllotalpa major: mating 415
guidelines 557, 2115
guild 467, 1144, 2046
guild composition 1909
guild structure 621
guilds and habitat associations 2196
Gulf Coast Chenier Plain 1698, 1822
gulf coastal plain 1739, 1796
gulf menhaden 1798
Gulf of Mexico 1709, 1721, 1739, 1839
Gulf of Mexico region 1141
gully 1661
gully erosion 1661
Gunnison sage-grouse 143
gymnosperms 2061
gypsy moth 959, 972
Gyrinophilus 1312
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus 1312
habitat amount 517
habitat analysis 2285
habitat and practices 1974
habitat assessment 216
habitat association 1437, 1937
habitat availability 555, 755, 862, 880, 920, 1188, 1430, 1847, 1849, 1987
habitat buffers 836
habitat buffers for upland birds 229
habitat change 4, 175, 279, 369, 387, 416, 564, 600, 619, 801, 954, 982, 1016, 1037, 1125, 1192, 1224, 1225, 1268, 1303, 1305, 1389, 1582, 1650, 1965, 1968, 2200, 2278
habitat changes invertebrates 1498
habitat characteristic effect 1287
habitat characteristics 472, 656, 1493, 1959, 2195
habitat characteristics and management strategies 1079
habitat choice 1645
habitat classification 119, 255
habitat clutter 1205
habitat colonization 489, 857, 1825
habitat colonization relations 857
habitat community 1671
habitat community studies 1413, 1617, 1794, 1830, 1834, 1845, 1858
habitat complexity 1471, 1791
habitat composition 1959
habitat conditions 1416, 2239
habitat configuration 517
habitat connectivity 1312
habitat conservation 58, 65, 296, 346, 386, 402, 408, 572, 594, 613, 687, 778, 787, 793, 910, 1000, 1205, 1784, 1799, 1906, 2096, 2268
habitat conservation benefit 823
habitat conservation value 86
habitat conservationist 571
habitat construction 1757
habitat corridor 24, 247, 809, 916, 917, 953, 1216, 2035
habitat creation 1587, 2223
habitat degradation 357, 690, 822, 1922
habitat density 152
habitat: description 1120
habitat destruction 342, 474, 732, 895, 1404, 1439, 1551, 1799
habitat differences 1645
habitat disturbance 499, 600, 729, 1783, 2211
habitat disturbance [fire] 427
habitat diversity 953, 1280
Habitat---Ecology---Modification---United States---Case studies 1656
habitat enhancement 1273, 1520
habitat evaluation 392, 924, 1225, 1303, 1533, 2285
habitat exploitation 765, 1916
habitat exploitation and wildlife management 1916
habitat features 924
habitat fragmentation 24, 38, 71, 343, 357, 360, 402, 522, 584, 618, 621, 664, 695, 763, 776, 779, 803, 809, 821, 834, 845, 917, 926, 955, 1062, 1076, 1122, 1143, 1154, 1162, 1174, 1287, 1291, 1650, 1775, 1956, 2010, 2021, 2039, 2098, 2164, 2167, 2168, 2177, 2188
habitat generalists 917
habitat gradient 2144
habitat guidelines 964
habitat heterogeneity 399, 1934, 2197
habitat improvement 162, 323, 1391, 1419, 1447, 1468, 1481, 1491, 1511, 1556, 1575, 1585, 1617, 1671, 1723, 1737, 1762, 1763, 1772, 1782, 1794, 1798, 1851, 1852, 1892, 1939, 1940, 2090, 2138, 2166, 2228, 2280
habitat improvement (biological) 991, 1433, 1640
habitat improvement (chemical) 1421, 1422
habitat improvement (physical) 100, 1441, 1640
habitat influence 2230
habitat interior 2164
habitat islands 75, 218, 871, 1920
habitat linkage 1087
habitat loss 68, 357, 402, 527, 617, 664, 748, 821, 872, 926, 1775, 1922, 1986, 2010, 2098, 2250
habitat loss and fragmentation 665
habitat management by short duration grazing 810
habitat management for fish 1389
habitat management for wildlife 4, 125, 165, 185, 255, 279, 524, 619, 644, 709, 739, 881, 902, 1109, 1147, 1165, 1924, 1951, 2147, 2240
habitat management implications 1039, 2091, 2284
habitat management practices 1354
habitat management success 1522
habitat manipulations 755
habitat mitigation 2270
habitat model 663, 1156, 1205, 1348, 1947
habitat modeling 1073, 1159
habitat modification 547, 1987
habitat monitoring program 1490
habitat mosaic 420, 660, 1303
habitat needs 571
habitat-network mapping 2099
habitat occupancy model 1158
habitat parameters 1516
habitat patch 924, 2164
habitat patchiness 1791
habitat preference 69, 115, 452, 480, 667, 722, 751, 752, 828, 862, 930, 965, 987, 1046, 1068, 1069, 1074, 1085, 1200, 1262, 1273, 1286, 1332, 1367, 1458, 1483, 1520, 1612, 1668, 1738, 1932, 2076, 2095, 2129, 2155, 2195, 2196
habitat preservation 2006, 2038
habitat profiles 785
habitat protection 827, 2050
habitat quality 258, 334, 372, 472, 501, 555, 568, 603, 737, 748, 906, 925, 958, 969, 993, 1038, 1054, 1061, 1188, 1215, 1305, 1328, 1378, 1428, 1515, 1709, 2163, 2200, 2239
habitat quality and reproductive behavior 1069
habitat recovery 560
habitat rehabilitation 1981, 2112
habitat related behavior 15
habitat relationships 744, 1126, 1234, 1326, 1729, 1932
habitat requirements 368, 785
habitat responses 1522
habitat restoration 287, 299, 379, 495, 511, 703, 711, 734, 736, 754, 766, 782, 784, 835, 1014, 1178, 1194, 1268, 1344, 1427, 1440, 1450, 1501, 1510, 1526, 1541, 1542, 1545, 1562, 1571, 1594, 1630, 1646, 1659, 1662, 1703, 1725, 1729, 1765, 1899, 1901, 1958, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2025, 2026, 2031, 2113, 2128, 2173, 2185, 2200, 2209, 2233
habitat restoration outcomes prediction 1725
habitat revegetation 733
habitat role of submerged aquatic vegetation in lakes 1861
habitat selection 67, 79, 210, 226, 238, 248, 497, 542, 553, 564, 566, 574, 617, 657, 836, 884, 925, 933, 958, 1045, 1066, 1072, 1073, 1116, 1188, 1207, 1215, 1252, 1261, 1296, 1305, 1324, 1329, 1339, 1531, 1575, 1614, 1620, 1629, 1674, 1731, 1732, 1738, 1786, 1829, 1899, 1910, 1927, 1941, 1961, 1995, 2100, 2164, 2170, 2223, 2232
habitat size 1000
habitat stability 1430
habitat structure 334, 359, 362, 512, 601, 608, 622, 802, 870, 999, 1033, 1062, 1072, 1102, 1229, 1326, 1471, 1532, 1783, 1962
habitat substrate 1465
habitat suitability 385, 513, 555, 663, 690, 862, 967, 1305, 1520, 1644, 1655, 2175
habitat suitability index 216, 392, 1225, 1276
habitat suitability modeling 1186, 1303
habitat supply 1303
habitat surveys 255, 392, 806, 921, 1350, 1533, 1555, 1755, 1821, 2141
habitat trend 2239
habitat type 72, 305, 309, 539
habitat types 1485, 1734, 1831, 1959
habitat typing 1495
habitat use
19, 26, 27, 66, 68, 93, 96, 97, 106, 139, 143, 150, 153, 169, 189, 203, 216, 218, 221, 228, 238, 265, 291, 306, 319, 366, 377, 384, 389, 419, 428, 430, 431, 436, 481, 508, 522, 549, 552, 555, 568, 570, 584, 600, 615, 625, 635, 650, 658, 660, 669, 676, 680, 716, 723, 746, 747, 758, 773, 797, 801, 804, 806, 829, 833, 844, 859, 863, 865, 876, 878, 880, 881, 882, 897, 901, 902, 903, 904, 915, 922, 924, 925, 939, 948, 954, 957, 958, 968, 970, 980, 981, 985, 993, 994, 995, 1000, 1025, 1036, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1048, 1055, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1073, 1085, 1087, 1094, 1095, 1100, 1102, 1104, 1116, 1122, 1150, 1155, 1158, 1166, 1176, 1179, 1182, 1192, 1194, 1199, 1205, 1215, 1219, 1224, 1225, 1233, 1234, 1237, 1241, 1247, 1254, 1261, 1268, 1288, 1295, 1305, 1309, 1321, 1335, 1336, 1350, 1357, 1360, 1361, 1365, 1366, 1424, 1436, 1442, 1555, 1557,
1579, 1585, 1646, 1680, 1690, 1734, 1744, 1768, 1770, 1784, 1808, 1818, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1884, 1897, 1899, 1913, 1915, 1926, 1931, 1937, 1959, 1965, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1993, 2007, 2030, 2047, 2059, 2066, 2080, 2095, 2100, 2102, 2103, 2105, 2130, 2139, 2141, 2184, 2195, 2210, 2232, 2249, 2255, 2283, 2285
habitat use and behavior 2076
habitat use and nesting responses 405
habitat use and nesting success relations 1338
habitat use patterns 954
habitat utilization 46, 69, 135, 179, 184, 278, 283, 293, 389, 405, 414, 489, 516, 589, 667, 724, 751, 752, 812, 813, 815, 828, 843, 857, 859, 862, 916, 918, 930, 932, 965, 971, 1026, 1039, 1046, 1068, 1069, 1084, 1085, 1113, 1157, 1161, 1164, 1184, 1185, 1206, 1212, 1222, 1248, 1250, 1260, 1262, 1266, 1273, 1286, 1293, 1301, 1319, 1320, 1332, 1338, 1349, 1356, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1458, 1489, 1520, 1538, 1582, 1612, 1620, 1633, 1719, 1738, 1763, 1774, 1861, 1865, 1874, 1904, 1910, 1917, 1927, 1932, 1969, 2043, 2076, 2091, 2101, 2129, 2196, 2255, 2284
habitat utilization by waterfowl 278
habits-behavior 153, 169, 203, 366, 829, 915, 939, 1025, 1048, 1150, 1165, 1169, 1234, 1241, 1357, 1366, 1424, 1555
Habplan 1156
hairy woodpecker 1224
Haliaeetus leucocephalus 956, 2213
hammocks 1949
Hammond's flycatcher 1224
handcutting 2153
Hankin Reeves Survey 1552
Hanson County 739
harbors 1483
hard mast species restoration 1239
hardwood-dominated watersheds 1472
hardwood forest habitats 1055, 1075
hardwood forest structural complexity enhancement 1000
hardwood forests 879, 925, 965, 1000, 1074, 1265, 1269, 1596, 1608, 2270
hardwood hammock patches 2033
hardwood removal 1093
hardwood stand area 1110
hardwood stands 1043
hardwoods 881, 970, 999, 1031, 1043, 1152, 1160, 1231, 1235, 1280, , 1312, 1328, 1472, 1507, 2016, 2116, 2166
hare, varying 982
harlequin duck 956
Harpalus 1061
harriers 146
Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge 609, 733
harvest 330, 340, 675, 869, 885, 996, 1503, 2069, 2240
harvest block proximity 1303
harvest block size 1303
harvest methods 109
harvest mice 584
harvest practices 1264
harvest scheduler 1156
harvest treatment 1361
harvested forest 995
harvested forest management 1191
harvesters 2011
harvesting 675, 870, 905, 919, 933, 953, 961, 970, 999, 1018, 1108, 1152, 1160, 1189, 1226, 1235, 1242, 1297, 1313, 1384, 1399, 1832, 2011, 2252
harvesting intensity 992
harvesting landscape 1274
hatching 959, 1845, 1872
hatching success 25
hay 67, 92, 160, 537, 908, 2152
hay cutting 908
hayfield management 571
hayfields 311, 543
haying 92, 160, 466, 537, 705
haying: management method 628
hayland 537
haymaking 107, 159
head 1792
headwater riparian and upland forests 2215
headwater riparian zones 2104
headwater stream riparian zones 2104
headwater streams 1452, 1522, 1690, 2129, 2150, 2215
headwaters 1483
health 2179
health hazard 1871
heart-rot fungi 1263
heat stress 624
heat sums 789
heathland 630
heavily browsed environment 1965
heavily grazed areas 472
heavily managed ecosystem 1854
heavy grazing regime 354
heavy metals 1771, 1970, 2013, 2134, 2224
hedgerow network 247
hedgerows 8, 27, 204, 247, 829, 2130
hedges 2152, 2159
height 442, 759
Helianthus annuus 176, 1879
helicopter harvesting effects on communities 1948
helminths 242, 1022
Helmitheros 984
Helmitheros vermivorus 984, 1265
Hemi-marsh 1606
Hemidactylium scutatum 1617
Hemileuca eglanterina: habitat management 1678
Hemileuca maia: habitat management 1145
Hemiptera 731
hen survival 362
Hendersonville 986
Henslow's sparrow 50, 93, 335, 696, 761, 2105
heptachlor 1813
herb 609
herbaceous biomass 734
herbaceous control 2045
herbaceous detrital resources 1791
herbaceous filter strips 2106
herbicide and prescribed fire management tools assessment 148
herbicide application 1279
herbicide control 909
herbicides 112, 408, 423, 593, 645, 755, 951, 973, 991, 1007, 1054, 1148, 1152, 1220, 1251, 1460, 1694, 1847, 1961, 2045, 2056, 2153
herbivore diversity 1091
herbivores 5, 323, 822, 987, 1100, 1482, 1634, 2182
herbivorous grazing 758
herbivory 577, 634, 814, 816, 938, 1111, 1239, 1374, 1648, 2139
hermit thrush 925
herpetile community 1278
herpetofauna 440, 591, 1398, 1443, 1802, 2122, 2204
Hesperotettix viridis 753
Heterocera: habitat management 760
heterogeneity 512, 761, 1211, 1992, 2121
Heteromyidae 632, 744
Heteroneura, Glossata, Lepidoptera, Insecta 2051
Heteroptera 1886
Hexapoda 15, 408, 621, 938, 1302, 1532, 1882
HGM 1577, 1639
Hiawatha National Forest 879
hibernacula 1208
hibernation 1960
hickory 1016
Hickory Corners 156
Hidalgo County 447
Hidden Valley 724
hierarchical modeling 696, 1303
hierarchy 664, 802
high elevation conifer forest 1219
high energy seed 1733
high-grading 1235
High Plains 112, 232
high-yield conservation 1251
highlands 401
Highlands County 2033
highly erodable land 2111
highway crossings 1791
highway underpass positioning 1087
highways 360
Himantopus mexicanus 1872, 1884, 1915
hispid cotton rat 584
historic 302
historical abundance 1444
historical account 1529, 1651, 1736
historical distribution 1444
historical ecology 1651, 1737
historical environmental conditions 420
historical nest areas 1329
historical range of variability 1186
historical record 785, 1190, 1316
history 57, 153, 281, 324, 384, 424, 524, 935, 1393, 1772, 2016, 2092, 2210, 2240
history, 20th century 913
Histrionicus histrionicus 956
holes 1195
Holt County 692
Holt County, Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge 481
home range 68, 69, 150, 151, 179, 248, 389, 500, 508, 549, 573, 574, 839, 903, 927, 954, 1082, 1083, 1102, 1104, 1165, 1225, 1258, 1309, 1738, 2077, 2100, 2103
home range patterns 954
home range size 152, 435, 500, 529, 878
home range size relationships 500
home range-territory 66, 549, 716, 902, 924, 954, 1087, 1225, 1241, 1246, 1261, 1268, 1309, 1331, 1959
home range use 1738
home range use and movement patterns 1738
home-range use relationships 1738
Homestead National Monument 754
Homestead Range Renewal Initiative 651
Homochitto National Forest 1962, 2054
Homoptera 590
honey mesquite 605
hooded warbler 993, 994
Hordeum vulgare 172
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare 1971
horned lark 469
horned lark (Passeriformes) 13
horned lizards 658
horse 977
host parasite interaction 411, 2108
host plants 1162
hosts 1091, 1250
house wren 876
household surveys 34
Houston and Fillmore Counties 1367
Houston area 1026
Houston County 1968
Howard and Pike Counties 948
Howard County 244
Huachuca Mountains 2240
Hudson R. 1384
human activity 299, 741, 827, 1549, 1593, 1891, 1913, 2062, 2092, 2121
human dimensions 1956, 2145
human disturbances 322, 995, 1428, 1597
human-dominated landscapes 1956
human ecology: anthropology 1467, 1983
human factors 1859
human health 2118
human impact 213, 956, 1764, 1803
human impact gradient 2046
human wildlife conflicts 2, 360
humans 2, 390, 1021, 2275
humidity 5, 262
hunting 40, 162, 234, 268, 424, 511, 1856, 2070, 2248
hunting and anti-hunting 228, 2210
hunting lease 409
Huntley Diversion 1538
Hutchinson County 739
Hutton's vireo 1224
Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) 1704
hybridization 2182
Hyde 82
Hydracarina 1847
hydraulic structures 1439
hydraulics 1478
hydrodynamics 2154
hydroelectric power plant 1450
hydrogen ion concentration 1764
hydrogeomorphic 1577
hydrologic alteration 1430
hydrologic connectivity 1445
hydrologic cycle 1775, 2222
hydrological data 1701
hydrological modification 1922
hydrological regime 1488, 1890
hydrological response 1805
hydrologically modified landscape 1897
hydrology 741, 1230, 1376, 1550, 1589, 1636, 1663, 1676, 1705, 1715, 1723, 1739, 1744, 1760, 1762, 1782, 1792, 1803, 1805, 1814, 1830, 1839, 1851, 1856, 1857, 1906, 2092, 2122, 2158
hydrology and topography effects 2072
hydroperiod 1643, 1712, 1741, 1857, 1873, 1877
Hydrophilidae 1883, 1886
hydrophytes 1595, 1691
Hyla cinerea 833
Hylidae 833
Hylochichla mustelina 963, 1003, 1089, 1364, 1365
Hylocichla mustelina 963, 984, 1041, 1185
Hymenoclea 490
Hymenoclea salsola 490
Hymenoptera 88, 637, 1008, 2042
hymenopterans 127, 211, 254, 301, 488, 637, 1026, 2271
hypersaline water 1864
hyporheic corridor concept 1535
hyporheic zone chemistry 101
hypothesis testing 779
Iberville 1323
IBI 1647
Icaricia icarioides fenderi (Lycaenidae): habitat management 736
ice storm impacted streams 1465
ichthyofauna 1429, 1430, 1565, 1867
Icteria virens 1089, 1175, 1338, 1962, 2030
Icteridae 1649, 2200
Icteridae: foraging 2076
Icterus 831
Icterus galbula 2205
Idaho 262, 329, 457, 473, 493, 586, 667, 725, 777, 1217, 1371, 1386, 2011
Idaho ground squirrel 384
Idaho, Summit Creek 1531
Idaho, West-central 384
identification 2224
identification keys 2090
identification of temperature sensitive streams 1537
IKONOS 663
Illinois 4, 47, 124, 155, 165, 181, 208, 213, 338, 365, 397, 477, 489, 568, 581, 803, 816, 1174, 1432, 1483, 1533, 1549, 1550, 1651, 1730, 1800, 2142, 2270
Illinois: south and west central 174
Imazapic 593
imazapyr 1007, 1694
immediate landscape scale impacts 1088
immigration 397, 1825
immunity 2049
immunology 2049
Imperial Valley 168
implementation 57
Impleta 968, 984
implications for prioritizing stream barrier removal 1469
implications for recovery of rangelands 815
implications of role as habitat in lakes 1861
implications of seasonal use of canopy gaps 1260
importance 1513
importance and ecological functions of woody detritus in boreal forests 1167
importance assessment 2254
important species changes 630
impoundments 1739, 1746, 1766, 1767, 1841, 2257
impoundments: habitat 1627
improvement 191
in-stream habitat improvement 1553
in stream restoration 1522
in vitro digestibility 638
incentives 594, 911, 1997, 2258
incineration 1875
incorporation 1933
increment 1277
index method 568, 906, 1515
Index of abundance 2199
index of biotic integrity 305, 1369, 1372, 1428, 1429, 1565, 2046
Indian Pine Natural Resources Area 2097
Indiana 224, 365, 477, 544, 1383, 1392, 1985, 2097
Indiana and Wisconsin 477
Indiana bat 1208
Indiana, South Bend, Juday Creek 1468
indicator bacteria 1396
indicator organism 1061
indicator species 294, 1596, 1665, 1759, 1811, 2171, 2224
indicator taxa 2034
indicators 580, 820, 1142, 1192, 1509, 1772, 1863, 1988
indigenous population 509
indigenous species 2257
indigo bunting 1233
Indigofera 968, 984, 1189
indirect competition 437
indirect pesticide effects 959
individual-based model 1957
individual tree selection silviculture 1344
industrial forestry 844, 1143
industrial sites 2224
INE, Canada, British Columbia, Georgia Basin 1892
INE, Washington, Everett 1892
INE, Washington, Puget Sound 1892
INE, Washington, Snohomish Estuary, Union Slough 1892
information exchange 2135
information systems 1533, 2135
information-theoretic model choice 402
information theory 1224
Infrared camera 1232
inhibition 2156
initial responses 1765
initial responses to overstory reduction and slash mulching treatment 1114
initial responses to salt marsh restoration 1765
initiation date 2231
injury 466
inland water environment 1890
innovative state 1856
insect 590, 621, 623, 1008, 1532, 2035
insect abundance 422, 1205
insect biomass 95, 1003
insect communities 621, 1162, 1675
insect community ecology 931
Insect conservation 183, 344
insect control 753, 789, 863, 1300, 1399
insect ecology 1076
insect pests 20, 753, 898, 1334, 2152
insect responses 628
Insecta 15, 110, 320, 365, 399, 408, 412, 448, 450, 461, 477, 504, 581, 621, 637, 738, 777, 782, 938, 965, 986, 1091, 1092, 1137, 1302, 1449, 1484, 1532, 1794, 1882, 2136, 2225
Insecta: biological control 145
Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea 156, 271, 394, 914, 1228, 2106
Insecta, Coleoptera, Adephaga, Caraboidea, Carabidae 262
Insecta: conservation 365
Insecta: habitat management 477, 581, 1040, 1091
Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Apoidea, Apidae 127, 2271
Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Apoidea, Megachilidae 254
Insecta, Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Formicoidea 488, 1026
Insecta, Lepidoptera 760
Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura 503, 513, 516, 1114
Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Bombycoidea, Saturniidae 1145, 1678
Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Noctuoidea, Noctuidae 304
Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Papilionoidea, Lycaenidae 567
Insecta, Lepidoptera, Glossata, Heteroneura, Papilionoidea, Nymphalidae 786
Insecta, Odonata 2174
Insecta, Orthoptera, Saltatoria 415
Insecta: pollination 986
insecticides 115, 1812, 1813, 1943, 1994
Insectivora 852, 2114
Insectivora, Mammalia 1932
insectivores 74, 459, 852, 1008, 1024, 1269, 1297, 2114
insectivorous birds 1033
insectivory 15, 1033
insects 110, 127, 144, 145, 156, 167, 211, 242, 254, 262, 271, 301, 304, 320, 365, 388, 394, 412, 415, 448, 477, 488, 503, 513, 516, 567, 581, 637, 736, 738, 760, 777, 782, 786, 846, 894, 898, 914, 965, 986, 1026, 1040, 1067, 1077, 1091, 1092, 1103, 1114, 1137, 1145, 1228, 1413, 1449, 1669, 1675, 1678, 1886, 1944, 2051, 2106, 2136, 2152, 2174, 2241, 2271
insert cavity 1112
Insertae and Sedis 1374
inshore transects: survey method 1645
instream flow 1488
instream habitat 1430, 1454
instream habitat and physical conditions 1513
instream large woody debris 1520
instream structures 1381
Integer programming 1990, 2238
integrated approach 1766, 1767
integrated assessment 1966
integrated habitat based landscape management 1922
integrated management 2285
integrated pest management 84, 1788, 2024, 2171
integrated restoration approach 1461
intense browsing 2139
intensity gradient 1130
intensive agriculture 27, 1974
intensive fire suppression 995
Intensive forest management 1242
intensive forestry 1280
intensive livestock farming 575
intensive silviculture 1251
intensively grazed dairy pastures 738
intensively grazed pastures 738
intensively managed pine landscape 1110
intensively managed pine stands 1034
interacting disturbances 366
interactions 425, 1675
interagency cooperation 1460
intercolony differences 1645
intercropping 5, 172
intercrops 176
Interior Columbia Basin 659, 685, 2099, 2239
Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project 2239
Interior Flatwoods Resource Area 1034, 1258
interior highlands 1880
Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System (INLAS) 1159
interior transects 1247
Interlachen Karstic Highland 488
intermediate forest stand thinning 1065
intermediate wheatgrass 92
intermittent streams 1452
internal decay 847
International Center for the Preservation of Wild Animals 689
interseasonal variation 1119
intersite differences 907
intersite variability 790
interspecies relationships 324, 377, 443, 493, 535, 548, 662, 709, 773, 948, 1965, 1968, 2139
interspecies relationships or intraspecies relationships 948
interspecific competition 678
interspecific differences 1770
interspecific interaction 865
interspecific relationships 699, 729, 1463
intertidal areas 1607, 1798
intertidal environment 1798
intertidal zone 2228
intertidal zone elevations 1702
intraguild predation 931
intraspecies relationships 366, 755, 1155, 1965, 2139
introduced species 20, 236, 1384, 1429, 1512, 1681, 1823, 1875, 1890
invasive species 205, 1780, 1831, 2275
Invertebrata 407, 450, 461, 504, 625, 1153, 1245, 1378, 1454, 1569, 1581, 1597, 1614, 1641, 1669, 1688, 1758, 1759, 1764, 1771, 1772, 1774, 1784, 1793, 1807, 1839, 1847, 1848, 1866, 1883, 1885, 1887, 1917, 1918, 2178
Invertebrata, Animalia 1485
Invertebrata: biomass 473
Invertebrata: forestry 1889, 2104
Invertebrata: habitat management 1133, 2072
Invertebrata: population density 1034
invertebrate 294, 404, 615, 966, 1003, 1378, 1451, 1773, 1839, 1886
invertebrate abundance 1900
invertebrate biomass 257, 615, 625
invertebrate conservation 616
invertebrate diversity 616
invertebrates 5, 78, 79, 110, 127, 145, 156, 167, 180, 201, 207, 211, 219, 235, 242, 245, 254, 262, 271, 275, 301, 304, 320, 327, 356, 365, 394, 407, 412, 415, 448, 449, 467, 473, 477, 488, 489, 503, 513, 515, 516, 567, 581, 614, 637, 646, 736, 738, 754, 760, 777, 782, 786, 846, 894, 914, 965, 986, 1022, 1026, 1034, 1040, 1067, 1075, 1077, 1091, 1092, 1098, 1114, 1133, 1137, 1145, 1153, 1228, 1250, 1267, 1351, 1375, 1397, 1411, 1451, 1462, 1465, 1486, 1507, 1514, 1524, 1546, 1597, 1614, 1633, 1640, 1658, 1672, 1678, 1688, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1747, 1758, 1759, 1764, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1800, 1819, 1827, 1839, 1847, 1885, 1886, 1889, 1908, 1917, 1918, 2051, 2072, 2104, 2106, 2136, 2174, 2241, 2243, 2271
invertebrates [physiology] 1395
Iowa 4, 73, 77, 93, 139, 226, 241, 261, 293, 306, 330, 355, 394, 513, 695, 731, 760, 782, 1238, 1514, 1626, 1729, 1763, 1786, 1821, 1957, 2210
Iowa and Lafayette Counties 670
Iowa, Big Spring 1415
Iowa County 355
Iowa watersheds 1954
irradiance 1820
irreversible transition 1925
irrigation 1444, 1459, 1744, 1819, 2011, 2014, 2015
irrigation and drainage 1487
irrigation canals 1538
irrigation districts 1717
irrigation effects 1744, 2013
Irrigation farming---West---United States 1417
irrigation practices 1744
irrigation reservoir 2064
irrigation system 2064
irrigation water 147, 1893
Irvine 1612
Ischnura verticalis: Alberta 2174
island biogeography 1598
islands 323, 348, 1958
isolated and integrated prairie reconstructions 513
isolated habitats 1541
isolated wetland 2207
isolated wetland taxa responses 2207
isolation 695
Isopoda 1597
isotope fractionation 1777
Issaquena County 857, 1077
IVDOM 510
IWEBP 155
Ixoreus naevius 1224
J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge 801
jack pine 974, 1196
jack pine plantations 1267
Jackson County 807, 1213, 1293
Jasper County 165, 1261
Jasper County, Mississippi 902
Jasper County, Walnut Creek Watershed 306
Jefferson County 584
Joaquin kit foxes 2103
joint venture 1177
Juglans 1971
jumping mouse 852
Junco hyemalis 446, 884, 895, 1235, 1937
Juncus effusus 1759
june bug 528
juniper 214, 391, 773
Juniperus 734, 2081
Juniperus communis 555
Juniperus monosperma 734
Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. 734
Juniperus osteosperma 935
Juniperus spp 316, 745
Juniperus virginiana 664, 802, 2120
juvenile dispersal from prairie island within agricultural landscape 2142
juvenile fish 1430
juvenile salmon 2228
juveniles 1436, 1452, 2073, 1557
Kaibab Plateau 1344
Kansas 14, 80, 97, 104, 112, 125, 192, 202, 239, 249, 275, 279, 291, 366, 399, 413, 414, 426, 428, 440, 525, 584, 599, 615, 625, 644, 646, 651, 754, 766, 786, 794, 946, 1708, 1726, 2101
Kansas and Nebraska 754
Kansas Army Ammunition Plant 766
Kansas Conservation Reserve Program 257
Kansas: Geary County 767
Kansas: Osborne County 2130
Kansas: Riley County 767
Kansas: Russell County 2130
Kansas: Smith County 2130
karsted upper watershed 1516
Katharine Ordway Preserve 488
Kearny and Hamilton Counties 414
Keetch-Byram drought index 749
Kelowna 1184
Kemper County 1034, 1258, 1279
Kentucky 1148, 2119
Kentucky bluegrass 2141
Kentucky warbler 993, 2244
Kern County 322
Kern National Wildlife Refuge 1744
kernel ranges 2053
Kesterson Reservoir 1870, 2212
keystone species 29, 1192, 1245, 1749
keystone species distribution 661
kidneys 948
killdeer 469, 1784, 1872, 1874, 1900
killifish 1719
King Ranch 500
Kingsbury County 238, 739
Kirtland's warbler 974
Kissimmee River 1949
Klamath National Park 941
Klamath River Basin 196
Know County 98
known fate models 1630
Knox and Clark Counties 2071
Knox County 55, 136, 274
Konza Prairie 399, 525, 754, 814
Konza Prairie Biological Station 366, 428, 599, 646
La Crosse County 1367
La Foret Montmorency 2255
La Grande 1266
Labette County 766
laboratory conditions 577
Labrador 889, 980
Labrador, Churchill Falls 980
Lac Saint-Jean area 844
ladder-backed woodpecker 804
Lagomorpha 373, 981, 1199, 1361, 2266
lagomorphs 265, 289, 1104, 2265
Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge 1768
Lake County 238, 739
lake drainage 1833
Lake Latonka 1546
Lake Mead 2092
lake reclamation 1852
lake recolonization 1833
lake restoration 1833, 1852
lakes 1118, 1328, 1374, 1471, 1548, 1597, 1677, 1684, 1779, 1861, 1893, 1987, 2112, 2115, 2208, 2233
Lampropeltis calligaster 792
land 266, 1705
land acquisition 1997
land and freshwater zones 25, 78, 86, 109, 136, 174, 184, 211, 242, 301, 341, 363, 365, 380, 389, 395, 412, 447, 477, 489, 500, 534, 547, 599, 603, 630, 632, 633, 636, 659, 667, 670, 672, 673, 678, 685, 735, 736, 738, 765, 777, 803, 823, 828, 857, 961, 965, 971, 992, 997, 1013, 1019, 1022, 1053, 1077, 1090, 1127, 1183, 1267, 1275, 1308, 1322, 1332, 1333, 1345, 1426, 1489, 1520, 1601, 1789, 1885, 1932, 1948, 2009, 2043, 2051, 2060, 2099, 2101, 2110, 2219, 2227, 2235, 2241, 2255, 2270
land areas 155
land banks 157, 159
land classification 2146
land clearing 2116
land conservation 57, 1796
land conversion 1922
land cover 123, 1122, 1521, 1542
land development, land reform, and utilization (macroeconomics) 55, 97, 195, 279, 291
land diversion 147, 149, 195, 234, 268, 284, 2070
land management 44, 64, 126, 118, 224, 279, 294, 299, 561, 610, 755, 878, 1012, 1211, 1298, 1377, 1472, 1665, 1705, 1837, 1845, 1874, 2046, 2062, 2070, 2229, 2250
land management practice 22
land, military 794
land owners role 1299
land ownership 57, 1787, 1810
land policy 259, 2070
land pollution 2212
land, private 62, 141, 175, 203, 238, 255, 881, 1997
land, public 1997
land reclamation 1705, 1722, 1816, 1837, 1924, 2212
land resources 409, 651, 1392, 1593, 2016
land restoration 731, 1665, 1705
land retirement programs 191, 2111
land stewardship 2003
land tenure 613
land trusts 1881
land type 868
land use 4, 34, 44, 47, 57, 125, 158, 162, 175, 177, 188, 190, 195, 234, 267, 281, 291, 346, 390, 454, 462, 493, 499, 537, 564, 613, 617, 663, 664, 729, 773, 796, 840, 921, 976, 1012, 1043, 1048, 1052, 1165, 1370, 1411, 1438, 1447, 1454, 1464, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1477, 1506, 1516, 1519, 1521, 1531, 1543, 1569, 1575, 1580, 1586, 1589, 1591, 1593, 1650, 1651, 1665, 1679, 1705, 1749, 1758, 1759, 1762, 1785, 1805, 1830, 1834, 1840, 1851, 1852, 1856, 1859, 1881, 1918, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1946, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2016, 2036, 2046, 2070, 2090, 2137, 2138, 2143, 2144, 2146, 2161, 2177, 2199, 2271
land use change 67, 178, 289, 326, 346, 775, 778, 1209, 1805, 1957, 1987, 1988, 2047, 2175
land use effect on shallow lake community structure 1779
land use gradient 1820, 2209
land use management 2046
land use planning 178, 1462, 1946
land use practices 656
land-use variables 2199
land zones 19, 30, 41, 68, 69, 82, 93, 124, 127, 135, 148, 156, 167, 179, 207, 219, 223, 245, 254, 262, 271, 272, 278, 289, 292, 293, 295, 302, 304, 306, 307, 313, 320, 330, 338, 351, 355, 357, 366, 394, 396, 397, 405, 407, 414, 415, 416, 428, 430, 448, 449, 459, 473, 476, 481, 488, 503, 513, 516, 521, 531, 555, 556, 567, 570, 573, 581, 584, 589, 597, 605, 608, 610, 626, 637, 646, 654, 656, 666, 669, 676, 684, 689, 692, 711, 715, 716, 724, 733, 737, 742, 751, 752, 754, 755, 758, 760, 766, 782, 786, 787, 797, 801, 804, 812, 813, 815, 816, 830, 833, 843, 844, 846, 859, 862, 874, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 895, 901, 903, 909, 912, 914, 916, 918, 924, 925, 930, 932, 937, 940, 941, 948, 950, 952, 954, 957, 958, 980, 981, 983, 985, 986, 993, 994, 995, 1000, 1002, 1017, 1021, 1026, 1028, 1032, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1040, 1042, 1046, 1055, 1065, 1067, 1068, 1075, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1110, 1113, 1114, 1116, 1122, 1123, 1133, 1136, 1137, 1145, 1146, 1150, 1157, 1158, 1161, 1164, 1166, 1179, 1180, 1181, 1184, 1185, 1191, 1192, 1198, 1199, 1202, 1205, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1219, 1221, 1222, 1224, 1225, 1228, 1233, 1236, 1247, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1254, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, 1264, 1266, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1294, 1299, 1301, 1303, 1305, 1306, 1309, 1319, 1320, 1323, 1331, 1336, 1338, 1344, 1347, 1349, 1356, 1361, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1375, 1383, 1397, 1403, 1420, 1452, 1458, 1462, 1465, 1469, 1474, 1486, 1490, 1502, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1524, 1537, 1538, 1540, 1544, 1546, 1562, 1574, 1579, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1677, 1678, 1684, 1690, 1699, 1709, 1725, 1747, 1779, 1861, 1884, 1889, 1917, 1938, 1949, 1959, 1965, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1985, 1993, 2023, 2033, 2039, 2050, 2054, 2058, 2059, 2064, 2066, 2071, 2072, 2076, 2080, 2091, 2104, 2106, 2114, 2119, 2129, 2131, 2139, 2140, 2142, 2172, 2174, 2189, 2196, 2198, 2200, 2202, 2203, 2214, 2215, 2218, 2254, 2271, 2272, 2284, 2285
landbird communities 1119
landbirds 726, 1599, 1999
landform evolution 2092
landform management 775
landforms 1102, 1142, 1312, 1495, 1787
LANDIS 1160, 1276
landowner 1780,
landowner assistance program effectiveness 919
landowner outreach 1440
landowner perception 798
landowners 34, 62, 90, 203, 228, 1255, 1780, 1956, 1975, 1997, 2145, 2152, 2277
LANDSAT 663
LANDSAT thematic mapper 1987, 2146
LANDSAT TM imagery data 2047
landscape
36, 123, 140, 251, 410, 522, 617, 621, 682, 695, 772, 839, 856, 900, 1059, 1102, 1122, 1125, 1126, 1142, 1160, 1189, 1192, 1211,
1451, 1542, 1593, 1621, 1712, 1782, 1783, 1785, 1786, 1956, 1962, 1989, 2090, 2092, 2121, 2143, 2148, 2168, 2177, 2201, 2205, 2278
landscape analysis 2239
landscape change 664, 1144, 1329, 1878, 1954, 1957
landscape characteristics 402, 1467, 1588
landscape characterization 374
landscape composition 93, 537, 618, 683, 1102, 1122, 1274, 2123
landscape composition: influence 173
landscape condition 2161
landscape configuration 1274
landscape connectivity 374, 917
landscape context 32, 1621
landscape delineation 2146
landscape dynamics 247, 664
landscape ecology 408, 616, 621, 1186, 1462, 1533, 1598, 1784, 1898, 1957, 1967, 1984, 1987, 2035, 2143, 2146, 2149, 2152, 2195, 2197, 2239
landscape effects 530, 1122
landscape experiment study 916
landscape factors 1247
landscape features 2197
landscape fragmentation 1729, 2195
landscape heterogeneity 1142
landscape level experiment 916
landscape level management 1053
landscape management 52, 584, 1150, 2105, 2157, 2163, 2234, 2251
landscape matrix 1934
landscape metrics 266
landscape model 1348
landscape modification 371
landscape pattern 391, 1122, 1160
landscape planning 817
landscape scale 1767, 2000
landscape-scale assessments 873
landscape-scale farming practices 128
landscape setting 1831
landscape spatial scale 1287
landscape structure 174, 400, 618, 629, 664, 723, 763, 1062, 1102, 1162, 1211, 2022, 2197
landscape survey 1781
landscape types 2047
landslides 1211, 1495
Laniidae 2105
Lanius ludovicianus 568, 763, 2105
lapland longspur (Passeriformes) 13
large fish communities 1877
large scale ecological research project 941
large scale forage conservation 1750
large scale forest management 1127
large woody debris [LWD] 1437, 1472, 1485, 1552
largemouth bass 1842
Larix spp. 1042, 1290
lark bunting 95
larvae 1491, 1845
Las Palomas Wildlife Management Area 1013
Lasionycteris noctivagans 967, 1037, 1336
Lasionycteris seminolus 967
Lasiurus borealis 967, 1036, 1182
late season grazing: avian response 318
late-seral forests 1138
late successional forest habitat 2195
latitude 741
latitudinal gradient 713
Lauderdale and Shelby Counties 1319
Laurentian Mountains 2255
law 1928
law, policy, economics and social sciences 1785
laws and regulations 1652
laws-law enforcement 1997
laws, legislation and regulations 199
Lawson aerator 554
LDI, laboratory techniques 1473
Le Conte's sparrow 563
leaching 2212
leaf chewing communities 1092
leaf litter 1128
leaf litter arthropods 1029
leaf morphology 1033
leaf retention 1522
leafhoppers 2035
leasing 2248
least desired index 1473
Lee County 489
legislation 149, 1391, 1590, 1654, 1817, 1928, 1933, 1984
legumes 259
Leiopelmatidae 1163, 2249
Leiostomus xanthurus 1778
leisure and sport 1538
lek 617, 718
lek behavior 203
Lemna 2056
lentic environment 1811, 2257
lentic systems 1535
lentic water 473, 1677, 1684, 1779, 1861, 1917, 2064
Leon County 272
leopard frog 1662
Lepidoptera 343, 504, 590, 621, 731, 894, 959, 960, 1162
Lepidoptera: forestry 1092
Lepidoptera: habitat management 320, 782
lepidopterans 304, 320, 503, 513, 516, 567, 736, 760, 782, 786, 1092, 1114, 1145, 1678, 2051
Lepidosauria 428, 481
Leporidae 373, 981, 1199, 1361, 1945
Lepus 1100, 1104
Lepus americanus 893, 981, 982, 1100, 1104, 1107, 1140, 1199, 1361
Lepus californicus 166, 265, 373
Lepus spp. [hare] (Leporidae): bioindicator 2265
Lepus townsendii 166, 289
lesser prairie chicken 130, 192, 615, 625, 664, 694
lesser snow geese 1785, 1880
lethal effects 1539, 2134
Leucosticte atrata 956
Lewis' woodpecker 1217
Liatris 504
Liatris scariosa 504
life cycle 473, 503, 736, 789, 1297, 1681, 1845, 2222
life cycle and development 503, 736, 1034, 1706
life history 736, 1532, 1598
life history attributes 503
life span 1615
light attenuation 1820
light grazing regime 354
light limitation 1820
light saturation 1820
Limnodromus scolopaceus 1915
limnology 1827
Limnothlypis swainsonii 993, 1066, 1072, 1324
Limosa fedoa 141
Line Creek Plateau 758
line transect 1995
linear elements 629
linear habitat 2102
Linn County 55, 98, 136, 274, 515
Linyphiidae 356
lipid 1714
Liquidambar styraciflua 1277
Liriodendron tulipifera 933
LISREL algorithm 621
Lissamphibia 473, 833, 903, 957, 958, 1000, 1163, 1978, 2059, 2066, 2249
Lissamphibia, Amphibia 961
Lithocarpus densifloris 1086
Litopenaeus setiferus 1798
Litopenaeus setiferus: habitat management 1721
litter 712, 904, 1105, 1875
litter accumulation 577
litter biomass 432
litter habitat 846, 1133
little brown bat 1182
Little Missouri National Grassland 1747
Little Snake River 1374
littoral environment 1662
littoral zone 1929
live trapping: monitoring method 435
livestock 20, 96, 206, 345, 377, 378, 384, 398, 421, 425, 427, 443, 463, 470, 471, 474, 494, 498, 499, 502, 514, 515, 518, 579, 585, 586, 592, 595, 600, 631, 634, 636, 640, 650, 658, 691, 697, 699, 709, 714, 720, 725, 729, 734, 756, 773, 783, 824, 947, 1168, 1188, 1350, 1379, 1408, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1500, 1551, 1554, 1559, 1563, 1759, 1823, 1943, 2141, 2152, 2252, 2275
livestock conflicts management 179
livestock depredation 2285
livestock exclosures 475, 727, 2219
livestock farming 639
livestock grazing 322, 334, 341, 388, 408, 447, 472, 473, 532, 560, 579, 607, 613, 630, 633, 637, 643, 719, 773, 777, 793, 899, 1398, 1426, 1602, 2039, 2048, 2110
livestock grazing effects 653, 975
livestock grazing exclusion 632
livestock grazing intensity 1637
livestock grazing management 1478
livestock grazing: plant community structure, soil health, soil quality 354
livestock grazing regime 314
livestock grazing systems 673
livestock impacts on herbaceous components of sagebrush habitat 641
livestock management 385
livestock nutrition 908
livestock trampling of burrows 1980
livestock troughs 2267
livestock water developments 2267
lizards 421
loading 1539
loam soil 1065
loblolly pine 934, 1035, 1132, 1205, 1215, 1278, 1330
loblolly pine plantations 223
local decision makers 390
local diversity 1485
local knowledge 374
localized flooding 1897
locomotion 1684
lodge occupancy 2080
lodgepole chipmunk 988
lodgepole pine 1100, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1184
log drives 1522
Logan County 765
logged forest 830
loggerhead shrike 1192, 2105
logging 830, 866, 874, 917, 933, 993, 1037, 1076, 1184, 1200, 1402, 1486, 1527, 1568, 1596, 1676, 1764, 1955, 2116
logging activity 1067
logging effects 1486, 1527
logging (forestry) 905
logging of riparian buffer zones 1504
logging residue pile use 1320
logging roads 1210
logging slash 734
logging (timber) 998, 1064, 1189
logistic exposure 543
logistic regression 214, 627, 680, 1073, 1783
logs 1245, 1392, 2159
Lomatium canbyi 609
Lomatium nevadense 609
Lomatium watsonii 609
Long and Hotophia Creeks 684
long-billed curlew 457, 1737
long-billed dowitcher 1915
long range time 190
long-tailed shrew 852
long-term changes 412, 1665, 1764
long term conservation 975
long term experiments 740
long term forest management plan 1345
long term impact of even aged timber management 1136
long term impact on abundance and body condition 1136
long-term records 1651
long term recovery 1637
long term research projects 1184, 1294
long term response to changes in wetlands and agriculture 1789
long-term study 399
long term trends 420
long term viability plans 1308
longleaf pine 368, 451, 1058, 1082, ,1115, 1169, 1197, 1205, 1978, 2126
longleaf pine ecosystem 2128
Lonicera japonica 1731
Lophodytes cucullatus: habitat management 1917
Los Tuxtlas 24, 2021, 2188
loss of birds 1986
loss of habitat 279, 839, 913, 2200
loss on ignition 103
losses 191, 234
losses from soil 1558
Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge 454
lotic environment 1378, 2257
lotic water 473, 1375, 1383, 1397, 1403, 1420, 1452, 1462, 1465, 1474, 1486, 1489, 1490, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1524, 1537, 1540, 1546, 1562, 1725, 2058, 2129, 2202, 2215, 2218, 2254, 2272
Louisiana 211, 383, 486, 574, 778, 857, 925, 934, 993, 1007, 1072, 1078, 1148, 1323, 1610, 1624, 1692, 1693, 1739, 1797, 1798, 1822, 1839, 1841, 1939, 2170
Louisiana and Mississippi 857
low biodiversity 1885
low density populations 777
low gradient streams 1485
low-impact silviculture 999
low input agriculture 1616
low shrub 547
low temperature effects 1416
low-tillage 166
Lower Coastal Plain 1110, 1264
Lower Flint River System 862
Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley 928
Lower Rio Grande Valley 1249
Lower San Joaquin River map 1405
lowland forests 1074, 1596, 1945, 2016, 2040
lowlands 576, 824, 1609, 1768, 2031, 2113
Lowndes County 148
Lucas 293
lumber 1160
lumber harvesting 907
Lumbricidae 79
Lumbricus 79
Lumbricus rubellus 79
Lumbricus terrestris 158
Lupinus sulphureus kincaidii 736
Luxapallila Creek 1427
Lycaeides melissa samuelis: habitat management 567
Lycaenidae 612, 736
Lymantria 959
Lymantria dispar 959, 972
Lymantriidae 959
lynx 893
Lynx canadensis 893, 1159, 1199, 1361
Lynx lynx 893
Lyon County 2101
Lythrum salicaria 2056
Mackinac County 879
Macon County 55, 98, 136, 274
macro ecology 2197
macrofauna 1482, 1598, 1669, 1793, 1794, 1883, 1908, 1918
macrohabitat 1287
Macroinvertebrata 1514, 1546, 1825, 2222
Macroinvertebrata: community structure 1465
Macroinvertebrata: disturbance by man 1747
Macroinvertebrata: farming and agriculture 646, 1375
Macroinvertebrata: food webs 1397
Macroinvertebrata: forestry 1486
Macroinvertebrata: habitat management 1462, 1524
macroinvertebrate abundance 1471
macroinvertebrate communities 1414
macroinvertebrate (Invertebrata): common, clinger, sprawler, swimmer 1485
macroinvertebrates 294, 769, 966, 1128, 1328, 1380, 1407, 1411, 1451, 1471, 1483, 1484, 1487, 1507, 1567, 1597, 1647, 1694, 1759, 1790, 1882, 1883
macrophytes 1827
Maculinea teleius 612
Madden Creek 1550
Madison Parish 857
MADM 2221
Madrean evergreen woodland 1188
Magnolia 933
Maine 254, 893, 958, 1361, 1690, 1757
Maine, northern region 982
maintenance 1772, 2153
Malacosoma disstria 1162
male 878, 954
mallard 45, 218, 251, 276, 362, 1442, 1630, 1666, 1744, 1753, 1899, 1927, 1947, 2001, 2073, 2133, 2162, 2231
Malus 189
Malus x domestica 2181
mammal (Mammalia): pest 2275
Mammalia 182, 220, 288, 295, 361, 373, 380, 389, 395, 399, 447, 476, 500, 525, 591, 599, 630, 632, 678, 711, 724, 737, 765, 766, 815, 832, 839, 938, 940, 953, 1100, 1191, 1192, 1198, 1207, 1245, 1249, 1270, 1272, 1280, 1282, 1286, 1297, 1303, 1971, 2009, 2114, 2181, 2188, 2255
Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae 1262
Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae 1164, 1202, 2165
Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae 179
Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae 1320, 1363
Mammalia: community structure 765
Mammalia: farming and agriculture 724, 810, 823
Mammalia: forestry 930, 940, 941, 1282, 1286, 2255
Mammalia: habitat management 295, 711, 766, 1270
Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae 459, 1269
Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae 397, 689, 816, 1046, 1212, 1349
Mammalia, Rodentia, Sciuridae 610, 706, 952, 1256, 2142
mammalian and reptilian predators 684
mammalian predators 82, 684
mammalian prey 179, 1320
mammalian prey abundance 1199, 1320
mammalian prey density and accessibility 1361
mammals 2, 74, 82, 141, 179, 218, 220, 238, 244, 288, 289, 295, 329, 332, 351, 363, 367, 376, 380, 384, 389, 390, 395, 397, 447, 459, 476, 493, 500, 507, 535, 548, 549, 599, 610, 630, 632, 635, 650, 669, 678, 684, 689, 706, 711, 724, 732, 737, 740, 764, 765, 766, 810, 813, 815, 816, 823, 839, 852, 854, 930, 939, 940, 941, 952, 982, 983, 1016, 1018, 1019, 1025, 1031, 1046, 1090, 1098, 1100, 1120, 1124, 1129, 1134, 1164, 1165, 1182, 1191, 1192, 1198, 1199, 1202, 1212, 1232, 1234, 1242, 1245, 1246, 1249, 1256, 1261, 1262, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1294, 1301, 1303, 1320, 1332, 1349, 1350, 1357, 1360, 1361, 1363, 1410, 1601, 1625, 1661, 1924, 1932, 1980, 2009, 2019, 2114, 2130, 2141, 2142, 2156, 2165, 2193, 2236, 2255, 2265, 2275
man-induced effects 323, 1398, 1421, 1422, 1432, 1441, 1488, 1512, 1529, 1592, 1651, 1671, 1723, 1764, 1772, 1794, 1803, 1859, 1919, 2177, 2190, 2257
man-made habitat 25, 30, 69, 78, 82, 86, 110, 127, 128, 145, 156, 167, 179, 180, 184, 185, 207, 211, 219, 242, 254, 262, 271, 272, 289, 292, 293, 330, 363, 503, 516, 521, 636, 678, 689, 724, 803, 828, 1610, 1611, 1778, 2033, 2064, 2071, 2074, 2101, 2106, 2107, 2114, 2119, 2142, 2165, 2219, 2241, 2271, 2284
man-made structures 1208
man-made wetland 1902
man made wetland site 1668
managed forest habitat 1322
managed forests 978, 1122, 1233, 1288, 1302, 1315
managed landscape 1233
managed pine landscape 1258
managed pinewoods 1110
managed thornscrub ecosystem 573
managed timberlands 1331
managed vs unmanaged marsh 1709
managed wetlands 1770
management 47, 48, 55, 62, 92, 97, 119, 120, 134, 141, 153, 162, 169, 175, 187, 194, 195, 205, 227, 228, 238, 239, 253, 255, 256, 279, 291, 390, 478, 507, 546, 557, 675, 694, 875, 881, 915, 939, 976, 1025, 1043, 1044, 1048, 1050, 1129, 1169, 1232, 1240, 1241, 1290, 1303, 1309, 1310, 1318, 1357, 1366, 1371, 1385, 1386, 1396, 1423, 1425, 1446, 1479, 1529, 1533, 1555, 1633, 1634, 1687, 1727, 1814, 1821, 1853, 1910, 1975, 1997, 2057, 2112, 2122, 2149, 2187, 2193, 2210, 2226, 2233
management actions 1925
management activities ecological impact assessment 1342
management burning 477
management effects on habitat utilization and nest site selection 1185
management impact on soil community ecology 1022
management implications 459, 930, 1167, 1319, 1323, 1338, 2198
management information systems 216
management method 485, 690, 1702
management of woody detritus 1167
management plan 1180
management planning 2186
management practices 311, 712, 978, 1003, 1112, 1131, 1132, 1151, 1168, 1204, 1244, 1255, 1322, 1570, 2024
management priorities 1926
management scheme 571
management strategies effect on species diversity 1079
management strategy 905, 1868, 2112
management techniques 834
managers 1302, 1749
managing for wildlife habitat in westside production forests 1146
Manistee National Forest 863
Manitoba 120, 296, 392, 1630, 1923
manure 1396, 1558
maple 2083
maple forests 1189
mapping 709, 1876
marbled godwit 141
marbled salamanders 2006
Mariana Lake region 1179
marine biology 1416, 1557
marine birds 1620
marine crustaceans 1798
marine ecology: ecology, environmental sciences 1909
marine environment 100, 1528, 1571
marine fishes 1528
marine pollution 1859
marine resources 1837
marine zones 1706, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1765, 1778
Marion County 2207
maritime shrub 1083
mark-recapture 492, 517, 1284
mark-recapture method 1326
markers 2276
market-based conservation 1130
marking 807, 1246
marsh endemic 1746
marsh management 1746
marsh monitoring program 1594
marsh process 1822
marsh terracing 1709
marsh upland ecotone 2044
marshes 579, 1591, 1620, 1628, 1649, 1650, 1658, 1692, 1695, 1698, 1736, 1748, 1793, 1797, 1798, 1804, 1806,1822, 1841, 1892, 2036
marshes, salt 2200
marshland management 458
marsupials 82
marten 1316
marten habitat supply 1303
Martes americana 1160, 1237, 1303, 1316
Martes americana: forestry 1363
Martha's Vineyard 1145
Maryland 127, 1464, 1565, 1617, 1629, 1731, 1943, 2254
Maryland, Susquehanna R. 2138
Mason County 338
Massachusetts 480, 1145, 1503, 1832, 1838
mast 1165, 2069, 2240
mast yield 1165
mastication 1029
mate attraction 198
mate fidelity 1268
maternal condition 799
maternity colony 2124
mathematical and computer techniques 198, 1603, 2175
mathematical biology: computational biology 1682
mathematical model 1682
mathematical models 39, 620, 663, 708, 795, 1012, 1108, 1160, 1211, 1377, 1990, 2073
mathematics and statistics 849, 987
mating 221, 1268
mating grounds 125
mating season 755
matrix effects 517
mature forest 1233, 1248
mature hardwood stands 1110
mature mixed wood forests 1294
mature vs harvested aspen forests 1294
mayflies 1482
MBSS 1565
McCurtain County 948
McHenry County 669
meadow mouse 1129
meadow vole 141, 852
meadowlark 10, 13, 17, 291, 413
meadowlarks, blackbirds and orioles 98
meadows 171, 569, 596, 1701, 1823, 1960, 2031, 2154
mean annual precipitation (MAP) 2011
meandering 1432
meanders 1549
measurement 1715
measurement method 512
mechanical and natural changes 1413, 1592, 1651, 1719, 1794, 1919
mechanical manipulation 755
mechanical restoration treatment 1190
mechanical thinning 1190
Medicago sativa 67, 92
medicine 140, 155, 190, 791
Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge 715
Mediterranean-climate streams 1472
Megadrili: farming and agriculture 207
Megascops asio 1081
Melampsorella caryophyllacearum 1237
Melanerpes 1095
Melanerpes erythrocephalus 1095
Melanerpes lewis 1217
Melanoplus 753
Melanoplus bowditchi 753
Melanoplus femurrubrum (Orthoptera): species 450
Melanoplus flavidus 753
Melanoplus gladstoni (Orthoptera): species 450
Melanoplus infantilis (Orthoptera): species 450
Melanoplus sanguinipes 789
Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera): species 450
Melanoplus sanguinipes (Saltatoria): farming and agriculture 777
Meleagris galloparvo: habitat management 1323
Meleagris gallopavo 826, 902, 1073, 1173, 1194, 1232
Meleagris gallopavo intermedia 499, 501
Meleagris gallopavo merriami 1194, 1362
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris 258, 902, 1034, 1073, 1074, 2252
Meleagris gallopavo silvestris: habitat management 1258
Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris 1040, 1173
Melospiza georgiana 446, 563
Melospiza lincolnii 558
Melospiza melodia 93, 139, 317, 386, 446, 558, 884
Mendocino County 2009
Mendon Ponds County Park 68
menhaden 1798
Mephitis 141
Mephitis mephitis 218, 570, 695, 2100
Mercer County 1546
mercury 7
mercury-197 7
Merriam's turkey 1362
Merriami's kangaroo rat 322
mesocosms 1669
mesoscale stratification 1303
meta-analysis 926, 1011
meta analysis: analytical method 432
metabolic activation 2156
metabolism 1575, 2068, 2156
metabolites 2156
metamorphosis 1845
metapopulation 1348, 1651, 2121
metapopulation dynamics 1712
meteorological conditions 1897
meteorology and climatology 1760
method 322, 1395
methodology 593, 718, 848, 1665, 2070
methods and instruments 2180
methods and techniques 101, 758, 980, 993, 1473, 1833, 2105
methyl parathion 1704
methylation 2212
metrics 1429, 1791
Metzger Marsh 1816
Mexican avifaunas 1244
Mexican spotted owl 1207
Mexican woodrat 1207
Mexico 8, 24, 373, 632, 678, 1244, 1673, 1880, 2021, 2042, 2092, 2185, 2188, 2189
Mexico: Baja California Sur 421
mice, deer 244, 982, 1016
mice, harvest 244
mice, white-footed 244, 1016, 1031
Michaux State Forest 2059
Michigan 87, 156, 281, 863, 879, 965, 1196, 1257, 1395, 1485, 1506, 1621, 1710, 2106, 2285
Michigan, Kalamazoo 1519
micro-basin scale 1401
micro-catchment 2011
Microarthropoda: farming and agriculture 167
Microchiroptera 1037, 1150, 1205, 1336
microclimate 262, 577, 657, 771, 894, 949, 1532, 2216
microclimate alteration 472
microcosms 1827
Microgadus tomcod 1384
microhabitat 472, 658, 762, 850, 894, 933, 1210, 1214, 1252, 1287, 1350, 1555, 1557, 2170, 2195
microhabitat association 1157
microhabitat preference 907
microhabitat use 435
Microlepidoptera 504
microorganisms 1688, 2212
Micropogonias undulatus: growth rate 1706
Micropogonias undulatus: habitat management 1778
Micropterus 1686
Micropterus salmoides 1455, 1686, 1842
Microtus 584, 1099, 1283
Microtus arvalis 158
Microtus californicus 781
Microtus canicaudus 42
Microtus chrotorrhinus 852
Microtus mexicanus 1207
Microtus montanus 1099
Microtus ochrogaster 459, 584, 767
Microtus ochrogaster: Emigration 397
Microtus oregoni 1129
Microtus pennsylvanicus 141, 459, 671, 852, 1617
Microtus pennsylvanicus: feeding behavior 816
Microtus pennsylvanicus: habitat management 689
Microtus richardsoni 580
Mid America Airport 2270
mid successional shrub 2195
Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie 568
midges 1380, 1482, 1614, 1669, 1759, 1847
Midland County 2106
midrotation pine management 1279
midstory 924
midstory control 1065
midstory removal 1962
Midwest 164, 1550
Midwest, United States 1956
midwestern United States 856
migrant communities 971
migrants 636
migration 881, 971, 1420, 1469, 1587, 1674, 1768, 1796, 1875, 1969, 2018, 2090, 2119, 2193
migration chronology 1898
migration distance 2264
migration ecology 1119
migration routes 2185
migratory birds 1141, 1302, 1773, 1862, 1964, 2010
migratory population 1980, 2010
migratory species 589, 831, 1143, 1564, 1633, 1673, 1874, 2021
migratory staging area 2076
migratory stock restoration efforts evaluation 1420
migratory waterfowl 1580
military lands 2250
Millard County 547
Mimidae 831
Mimosoideae 741
mine grasslands 544
mine reclamation 151, 790
mineral licks 1262
mineralization 2243
minimal effects 1577
minimization of burrow trampling by livestock 1980
minimum convex polygons 152
minimum habitat requirements 1489
minimum tillage and organic farmland 25
minimum tillage and organic farms 25
minimum tillage regime 198
mining 134, 1444, 1657
Minnesota 10, 31, 32, 38, 61, 70, 135, 179, 218, 259, 267, 289, 340, 503, 516, 885, 909, 1116, 1367, 1389, 1485, 1511, 1513, 1517, 1529, 1539, 1579, 1593, 1650, 1665, 1670, 1722, 1743, 1846, 1861, 1927, 1968, 1977, 2262
Minnesota and North Dakota 1513
Minnesota and Wisconsin 1367
Minnesota: Fillmore County 829
Minnesota, Houston County 1579
Minnesota, north central 1889
Minnesota River 1511
Minnesota River Basin and Red River 1513
Minnesota, southwestern 169
Minnesota, western 31
Minnesota, Winona County 1579
Mississippi 30, 148, 223, 292, 313, 386, 684, 723, 857, 864, 1022, 1034, 1036, 1063, 1065, 1073, 1074, 1077, 1148, 1258, 1261, 1278, 1279, 1304, 1359, 1427, 1584, 1595, 1618, 1704, 1904, 1912, 1962, 2054, 2105, 2252
Mississippi Alluvial Valley 276, 1045, 1171, 1584, 1625, 1753, 1862, 1907, 1912, 2020
Mississippi: central region 902
Mississippi Delta 1713
Mississippi, George L. 1834
Mississippi River 7, 1874, 2016, 2116
Mississippi River and Basin 1240
Mississippi River Valley 1014, 1939
Mississippi sandhill crane 2105
Missoula County 1349
Missouri 12, 55, 86, 98, 121, 131, 136, 210, 228, 244, 255, 273, 274, 481, 515, 692, 791, 984, 1016, 1020, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1123, 1134, 1150, 1270, 1355, 1508, 1887, 1945, 1975, 2068, 2069, 2071, 2244
Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers 2214
Missouri Coteau
402
Missouri: Dade County 792
Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project 1011
Missouri Ozarks 882, 1011
Missouri River 514, 1867
mist netting 1006
mistletoes 842
mitigation 1577, 1587, 1597, 1639, 1712, 1931
mitigation banks 1850
mitigation success 1931
mitigation wetland 1597, 1711, 1902, 1931
mixed and pine forest habitats 983
mixed-conifer 2081
mixed conifer forest 901, 952
mixed conifer forest: habitat 643
mixed-effects models 665
mixed forest habitat 1338
mixed forests 741, 987, 1024, 1080, 1178, 1184, 1277, 1339
mixed grass prairie 450, 608, 665, 669, 801
mixed grass prairie: prescribe burned 780
mixed models 402
mixed open pasture and mesquite stands 570
mixedwood boreal forest 869
Mniotilta varia 1265, 1327
mobility 374
model selection 665, 1284
model studies 1539, 1894, 2180
modeled effects and evaluation 659, 685
modeling 98, 117, 119, 196, 281, 392, 893, 902, 921, 1070, 1193, 1345, 1369, 1504, 1555, 1603, 1951, 2162, 2164
modeling framework 409
modeling, mathematics, computer applications 1782, 2221
models 89, 140, 188, 191, 298, 410, 1296, 1304, 1380, 1715, 1782, 1804, 1829, 2092, 2221
models and simulations 1303, 2200
models and simulations: computational biology 1682, 2175
models, biological 1533
models, theoretical 817, 1303, 1600
modernization 663
moist maritime forests 1127
moist-soil 276
moist-soil management 1595, 1773, 1913, 1914
moist-soil management practices 1633
Mojave Desert 637
Mokelumne River 1407
moldboard plowing 246
mole salamanders 904
Mollusca 211, 449, 1483
mollusks 211, 449, 1413, 1483
Molothrus 845, 2108
Molothrus aeneus 845
Molothrus ater 93, 95, 141, 291, 341, 558, 561, 671, 773, 826, 845, 856, 870, 945, 968, 989, 1175, 1189, 1197, 1216, 1953, 1961, 2108
Molothrus ater (Icteridae) 823
monitoring 153, 658, 751, 752, 848, 886, 894, 955, 1098, 1176, 1246, 1381, 1413, 1439, 1491, 1553, 1556, 1573, 1633, 1700, 1719, 1755, 1780, 1805, 1844, 1845, 1863, 1894, 1997,
2154, 2166, 2224, 2228, 2239, 2257, 2276
monitoring adaptive management in coniferous forest 1161
monitoring avian nest predators and brood parasite among restored riparian habitats 684
monitoring program 118
monitoring protocol 1835
monoculture 1009
Monroe and Wayne Counties 293
Monroe County, NY 68
Montana 122, 162, 370, 393, 395, 398, 418, 437, 514, 520, 548, 697, 699, 700, 715, 722, 737, 757, 758, 806, 981, 1042, 1168, 1199, 1349, 1371, 1538, 1893, 1941
montane forest management 981
montane forests 981, 1074, 1265, 1282, 1318
montane habitat 555, 1360, 1959
montane riparian system 314
montane shrew 1129
montane shrubland 555
Montezuma quail 1188
Monticola 1312
Moody County 739
moose 909, 1106, 1303, 2095
moose wintering habitat supply 1303
moraines 1481
Morella cerifera 1302
Morone saxatilis 1384
morphology 609, 709, 1037, 1554, 1719
Morrow County 1980
mortality 25, 221, 360, 396, 397, 443, 466, 481, 583, 692, 701, 709, 729, 789, 792, 829, 875, 959, 1063, 1109, 1247, 1268, 1310, 1350, 1523, 1539, 1836, 1893, 1980, 2064, 2103, 2200, 2213
mortality causes 1539, 1845
mortality rate 481, 692
Morton Arboretum 816
mosquito control 1746
mosquitoes 1759, 1882
mosquitofish 2212
mosses 898
moths 528, 1162
Mount Trumbull 1046
mountain areas 933, 1080
mountain bluebird 876
mountain caribou 1360
mountain forests 620, 933, 1080, 1347
mountain grasslands 580
mountain habitat 1282
mountain mahogany 2141
mountain plover 130, 168, 193
mountain wetlands 1959
mountains 437
mountaintop mining 1983
mourning dove 13, 125, 373, 469, 804, 2244, 2252
mouse, house 244
movement areas 1006
movement patterns 903, 1738
movements 203, 424, 496, 574, 584, 902, 1083, 1164, 1165, 1182, 1310, 1365, 1373, 1442, 1732, 1915, 2193, 2232
movements during dispersal 958
mowed trail effects 479
mowing 217, 480, 481, 485, 539, 542, 562, 569, 612, 647, 672, 746, 1238, 2153, 2237
mowing and fertilization 646
mowing and fertilization effects on tallgrass prairie soil communities 646
mowing: applied and field techniques 819
mowing: management method 628
mowing prior to summer burning 692
mowing versus fir 661
mu-basin 1494
mudflats 1757, 1934
Mugil cephalus 1798
mulching 5
mule deer 360, 445, 549, 783, 897, 1106
mullet 1798
multi disciplinary approach 1190
multi-disciplinary studies 1719
multifunctional 1966
multimetric 1570
multiple ecological consequences 407
multiple habitat qualitative sampling approach 1485
multiple interactive pathways 1534
multiple land ownership 1461
multiple regression 1820
multiple resource management 2215
multiple spatial scales 402
multiple use 2044
multiple use of resources 1463, 2186
multiscale analysis 123
multispecies approach to wetland management 1923
multispecies management 1922
multispecies testing 2180
multivariate analysis 189, 1380, 1428, 1454, 1429, 1719, 2146
multivariate analysis: analytical method 1724
municipal wastewater 1817
Muridae 584, 744, 781, 1207, 1601
murrelet 2168
muskrats 1806
mussels 1523, 1890
Mustela erminea: habitat management 1320
mustela nivalis 131
mustelid 1237, 2100
Mustelidae 570, 1042, 1303, 1980
Mustelinae
1316
mutualism 127, 254, 931, 986, 1056, 2271
Myadestes townsendi 1224
Mycophagy 927
Mycteria americana 1901
Myiarchus 1095
Myiarchus crinitus 1095, 1169, 1189, 2205
Myotis 691, 1182
Myotis austroriparius 1205
Myotis leibii 1208
Myotis lucifugus 1037, 1336
Myotis septentrionalis 1037, 1336
Myotis sodalis 1208, 1321
Myrica 1302
Myricaceae 1302
NABCI 2146
Nakina Forest Management Unit 1303
Napaeozapus insignis 852
narrow forest canopy breaks 1247
natal recruitment 1993
National Fire and Fire Surrogate Project 1285
National Fish Habitat Initiative 2268
national parks and reserves 135, 289, 441, 912
National Resources Inventory 35, 2065, 2123
National Wetlands Inventory maps 2047
native and restored tallgrass prairie 711
native fishes 1867
native grasslands 295, 454, 715
native groundcover 1197
native habitat 681
native prairie 686, 715
native riparian vegetation 1461
native species 326, 1061, 1429, 1574
native ungulate activity 306
native warm-season grasses 593
native woodland 1013, 1249
natural and altered communities 207
natural area preservation 390
natural bottomland forest 1668
natural channels 1559
natural disasters 1600
natural disturbance 873, 995, 1230, 1292
natural disturbance and herpetofauna 2204
natural flatwoods marshes 1807
natural grasslands 462, 620
natural habitat potential 2074
natural range of variation 942
natural regeneration 935, 1210, 1239, 1296
natural resource management 57, 155, 791, 1060, 2268
natural resource policy 1580, 2268
natural resources 2, 55, 155, 191, 216, 238, 279, 285, 291, 300, 349, 741, 773, 838, 881, 1285, 2257
natural resources and earth sciences 57, 190, 191, 791
natural resources and earth sciences natural resource management 140, 240
natural resources conservation 240, 1956
Natural Resources Conservation Service 375, 705, 1856, 1991, 2075
natural resources land resources 195
natural restored marsh comparisons: avifaunal food value, vegetation 1903
natural salt marsh island 1607
natural soil erosion 1980
natural system processes 1663
natural variability 1854
natural vegetation 1702
natural vs managed forest 932
natural vs restored sites 1778
natural wetlands 33, 1626, 1647
natural wood recruitment 1492
natural wood regimes 1552
natural woody hedgerow 204
Nature Conservancy's Tallgrass Prairie Preserve 415
nature conservation 100, 147, 178, 197, 291, 323, 327, 372, 453, 491, 576, 579, 580, 620, 726, 840, 848, 866, 1210, 1439, 1488, 1491, 1512, 1556, 1560, 1590, 1615, 1617, 1633, 1650, 1654, 1657, 1669, 1670, 1675, 1681, 1701, 1705, 1717, 1723, 1727, 1732, 1782, 1785, 1815, 1817, 1830, 1832, 1851, 1888, 1890, 1894, 1896, 1928, 1933, 1942, 2028, 2036, 2138, 2149, 2152, 2177, 2269
nature reserves 107, 159, 182, 490
NAWMP 1594, 1630
Nebraska 104, 377, 535, 536, 754, 1717, 1875, 1937, 2064, 2072
Nebraska, southeastern 222
nekton 1798
nekton assemblage composition 1709
nekton community structure 1709
Nelson Environmental Study Area 584
Nematoda 180, 245, 754
Nematoda: activity patterns 242
Nematoda: farming and agriculture 180, 219, 245, 754
Nematoda: forestry 1022
nematodes 180, 219, 242, 245, 754, 1022
Neotamias speciosus 988
Neotamias speciosus: forestry 952
Neotoma 1207
Neotoma floridana 2130
Neotoma fuscipes 1120
Neotoma lepida 632
Neotoma magister 1165
Neotoma mexicana 1207, 1281
neotropical migrant birds 784, 959, 1143, 2021
neotropical migrant songbirds 773, 963, 2163
neotropical migrants 316, 881, 968, 989, 1002, 1141, 1218, 1307, 1959, 2236, 2242
neotropical migrants in riparian corridor woodlands and farmstead woodlots 2214
neotropics 2149, 2188
Neotyphodium coenophialum 593
nephelometers 1413
nest abandonment 1331
nest basal area 994
nest boxes 1124, 1169, 1503, 1958
nest concealment 1247
nest density 195, 387, 403, 454, 1308, 2164
nest depredation 479, 1230
nest initiation curves 2155
nest initiation date 799
nest losses 25
nest parasitism 153, 291, 341, 773, 994
nest phenology 713
nest placement 793
nest predation 21, 75, 218, 379, 671, 713, 772, 799, 875, 946, 1003, 1124, 1135, 1154, 1169, 1170, 1204, 1216, 1217, 2032, 2188
nest predation rates 314, 1247
nest site 139, 359, 537, 553, 603, 622, 669, 680, 918, 922, 998, 1102, 1172, 1195, 1244, 1305, 1329, 1901, 2164
nest site characteristics 667, 901, 1331
nest-site selection 555, 994 1173, 1185, 1305, 1367, 1873
nest success 49, 68, 139, 193, 241, 314, 353, 403, 454, 461, 495, 527, 537, 542, 543, 555, 618, 665, 668, 683, 713, 715, 776, 856, 906, 949, 964, 1230, 1980, 2001, 2032, 2071
nest survival 192, 402, 530, 555, 668, 669, 979, 1003, 2071
nest survival rate 353, 555, 715
nest trees 1108, 1367
nesting 76, 91, 100, 160, 197, 227, 264, 335, 348, 350, 401, 423, 470, 483, 497, 498, 644, 655, 693, 723, 732, 747, 793, 818, 836, 858, 896, 989, 1065, 1095, 1108, 1171, 1253, 1263, 1628, 1698, 1743, 1992, 2019, 2132, 2155, 2170, 2212
nesting behavior 152, 671, 1865, 2153, 2170
nesting cover 346
nesting density 673
nesting ecology 2153
nesting habitat 260, 403, 566, 1305, 1315, 1368, 2047, 2242
nesting habitat availability 1637
nesting season 672
nesting season occupancy 672
nesting sites 97, 195, 392, 396, 667, 1025, 1120, 1176, 1184, 2130, 2155
nesting structure 2133
nesting success 21, 91, 136, 139, 251, 330, 362, 396, 402, 537, 542, 553, 622, 669, 673, 713, 772, 883, 895, 945, 989, 990, 1003, 1023, 1135, 1172, 1175, 1204, 1235, 1307, 1308, 1338, 1346, 1699, 1808, 1961, 1964, 1980, 1993, 2032, 2231, 2242
nesting success and fecundity 136
nesting waterfowl 1886
nestling diet 36
nestlings 1176, 2168
nests 25, 45, 80, 123, 125, 136, 157, 181, 197, 213, 220, 227, 249, 256, 283, 323, 350, 410, 498, 553, 667, 773, 803, 875, 1026, 1120, 1171, 1263, 1503, 1670, 1980
nests and nesting 49, 98, 125, 165, 274, 443, 471, 619, 773, 1951, 1968
nests-nesting 55, 75, 97, 195, 218, 291, 377, 392, 773, 1025, 1120, 1124, 1169, 1176, 1217, 1623, 2130
net primary productivity 306
nets-netting 2210
Neuroptera 2171
Neurotrichus gibbsii 1129
neutral landscape models 2010
Nevada 640, 698, 764, 1446, 1447, 2013, 2014
Nevada: Ash Springs 1446
Nevada: Brownie Spring 1446
Nevada: Elko County 2141
New Brunswick 852, 886, 992, 1038
New Brunswick, Canada 1783
New England 598, 1712, 2027
New Hampshire 957, 1033
New Hampshire, northern 875
New Hampshire: White Mountain National Forest
New Jersey 1384, 1707, 1765, 1778, 1855
New Mexico 194, 236, 301, 302, 308, 332, 341, 443, 447, 531, 610, 613, 652, 717, 742, 773, 836, 853, 1094, 1101, 1114, 1476, 1489, 1633, 1752, 1817
New Mexico, Vacas R. 1433
New York 68, 543, 738, 858, 1465, 1628, 1794, 1799, 1914, 2046
Newfoundland 980, 1170
Newfoundland, central region 1301
Newfoundland Small Stream Buffer Study, Phase 1 1493
Newton County 365
Newton County, Mississippi 902
Nicaragua 374
niche diversity 628
Nicolet National Forest 1308
Nicrophorus defodiens 1257
Nicrophorus sayi 1257
Nicrophorus tomentosus 1257
nighttime 1633
nighttime cover 1733
NIPFs 911
nitrate 1632
nitrate nitrogen 79
nitrogen 347, 416, 688, 1421, 1446, 1498, 1579, 1680, 1742, 1777, 2036
nitrogen addition 1925
nitrogen cycling 577
nitrogen fixation 1153
nitrogen mineralization function 245
nitrogen:phosphorus ratio 1648
nitrogen-protein 757
no net loss 1388
no-till 142, 406, 1494
no-tillage 201, 246, 264, 583, 2252
Noctuidae 590
nocturnal use 184
non-breeding season 1913
non-crop and orchard habitats 2181
non-industrial private forests 911, 920, 1255, 1354
non point pollution 1859
nonconsumptive use 2248
noncrop habitat 247
nongame management 2248
nongame wildlife 195
nonhuman 1571
nonhuman mammals 2265, 2275
nonhuman vertebrates 2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 60, 152, 222, 257, 1378, 1891, 2038, 2061, 2078, 2192, 2265, 2275
nonpoint pollution sources 1460, 1819
nonpoint source pollution 817, 1377, 1416, 1435, 1478, 1567, 1568, 1859
nontarget effects 2056, 2179
nontarget organisms 1599, 1685, 1813, 2276
nonvolatile suspended solids 1820
North America, Great Lakes 1491, 1705, 1748
North American Bird Conservation Initiative 1177
North American Breeding Bird Survey 60, 2123
North American grassland 36
North American Landbird Conservation Plan 1325
North American Waterfowl Management Plan 1177
North Atlantic 1706, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1765, 1778
North Carolina 82, 920, 924, 986, 1002, 1087, 1122, 1148, 1192, 1193, 1225, 1231, 1265, 1269, 1397, 1409, 1463, 1487, 1509, 1540, 1844, 1845, 1850, 1959, 2077, 2091, 2145
North Carolina, Chaney Creek 1554
North Dakota 25, 49, 53, 70, 79, 95, 122, 159, 161, 162, 217, 218, 241, 264, 297, 305, 336, 350, 370, 402, 442, 455, 456, 502, 600, 608, 618, 648, 656, 669, 673, 789, 801, 1513, 1635, 1646, 1670, 1747, 1758, 1761, 1847, 1849, 1918, 1927, 2001, 2089, 2133, 2155
North Everglades 1605
North West Atlantic 1707, 1765
northeastern Oregon 1602
northeastern United States 769, 1836
northern Aplomado falcon 302
northern bobwhite 85, 118, 123, 154, 183, 229, 273, 496, 566, 593, 602, 624, 663, 675, 713, 1007, 1178, 1192, 2123, 2143, 2199
Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative 229
northern bobwhite (Galliformes) 13
northern bobwhite quail 228, 1063, 1975, 2252
northern fence lizard 2120
northern flying squirrel 927
northern forested wetland 1638
northern goshawk 956, 1241, 1305, 1329
northern grassland 669
northern Great Plains 230, 250, 305
northern hardwood forests 1295, 1308, 1484
northern hardwoods 1033
northern harrier 1995
northern hawk owl 1179
northern interior wetbelt 830
northern lapwing 579
northern Lower Peninsula 2285
northern pike 1816
northern pintail 251, 323, 537, 1744, 2001, 2232
Northern Plains
Northern Plains States of USA 231
northern Rockies 1161
northern shoveler 276, 1744, 2001
northern spotted owl 954, 1120, 1309, 1310, 1315
northern three-toed woodpecker 844
northern tolerant hardwoods 1223
Northern Virginia 1372
northern white shrimp 1798
Northwest, Black Brook District 1038
Northwest Forest Plan 1525, 2247
northwestern Texas 227
northwestern United States 913
Notonectidae 1883
Notophthalmus 1312
Notophthalmus viridescens 1312, 1662, 1844, 2264
Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens 2006
Notropis hudsonius 1384
Notropis topeka 1455
Nova Scotia 120, 908
NRCS 705, 1856, 2274
NRI 2065
nuclear power plants 991
nucleation 2017
Nuevo Leon 678
Numenius americanus 457, 1737
numerical analysis 2180
numerical studies 1609
Nunn 412
nuthatches 1001
nutrient concentrations 1380, 1700, 1759
nutrient content 486, 2237
nutrient cycles 1822
nutrient cycling 1979
nutrient enrichment 688, 1680, 1936
nutrient enrichments effects on community 1848
nutrient load 1856
nutrient management 116
nutrient removal 1680
nutrient reserve 1714
nutrients 548, 699, 708, 734, 1521, 1558, 1700, 1759, 1814, 1859, 1970, 2068, 2069, 2141, 2180, 2243, 2261
nutrients (mineral) 1421, 1422, 1859, 2180
nutrition 82, 127, 156, 179, 242, 302, 341, 366, 380, 384, 389, 395, 407, 416, 473, 519, 599, 603, 605, 630, 659, 669, 678, 684, 685, 708, 736, 758, 799, 812, 813, 816, 828, 844, 909, 918, 924, 937, 947, 948, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1040, 1075, 1084, 1090, 1091, 1092, 1164, 1199, 1202, 1205, 1222, 1250, 1266, 1273, 1320, 1336, 1350, 1361, 1368, 1663, 1684, 1750, 1778, 1917, 1965, 1980, 2009, 2033, 2068, 2076, 2106, 2139, 2141, 2165, 2196, 2252, 2271
nutrition [physio./biochem.] 548
nutritional condition 948
nutritional quality 757
nutritional requirements 755
nutritional status 734
nutritional tonnages 2281
nutritional value 1090
nutritive value 325, 486, 722, 2237
Nyctea scandiaca: habitat management 2284
Nycticeius humeralis 967, 1150
Nycticorax nycticorax 1836
oak 324, 881, 984, 1016, 1031, 1182, 1203, 2083
oak forests 1092, 1367
oak herbivore diversity 1091
oak-hickory 1276
oak-hickory forest 989, 1222, 1293, 2059
oak regeneration 1181
oak savanna 475, 2018
oak woodlands 899
Oakwood Lakes Game Production Area 295
objective-driven 63
objectives 825, 840
observational studies 2247
Ocala National Forest 1978
occupancy rates 1627, 2133
occupational safety 2135
occurrence 627
occurrence data analysis and management implications 843
ocean habitats 1012, 1557, 1571, 1597, 1956
Ochrotomys nuttalli 1280
Odocoileus 417, 520, 1100
Odocoileus hemionus 166, 345, 360, 417, 431, 445, 493, 529, 549, 565, 897, 1012, 1100, 1140, 1408, 1941, 2206, 2266
Odocoileus hemionus californicus 596
Odocoileus hemionus (Cervidae): farming and agriculture 630
Odocoileus hemionus (Cervidae): food plants 380, 395
Odocoileus hemionus crooki: farming and agriculture 389
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus 445, 596
Odocoileus spp. (Cervidae): bioindicator, deer 2265
Odocoileus virginianus 166, 238, 265, 289, 382, 383, 486, 510, 546, 552, 605, 679, 755, 812, 826, 897, 898, 947, 1010, 1012, 1025, 1111, 1166, 1232, 1339, 1350, 1760, 1941, 2069, 2237, 2252, 2266
Odocoileus virginianus (Cervidae): farming and agriculture 500
Odocoileus virginianus texanus (Cervidae): food plants 678
Odonata 1811
Odontophoridae 62, 119, 187, 255, 1025
offshore transects: survey method 1645
Ohio 67, 207, 283, 689, 1380, 1466, 1566, 1662, 1723, 1804, 1816, 1958, 2006, 2030, 2113, 2177, 2179
Ohio River Islands National Wildlife Refuge 1958
Ohio, Southern 1203
Oiceoptoma noveboracensis 1257
oil-gas development 2193
Oklahoma 29, 130, 133, 214, 361, 391, 396, 407, 415, 416, 561, 603, 713, 753, 761, 778, 793, 797, 948, 1148, 1282, 2143, 2241
Oklahoma: McCurtain County 947
old field habitat 584
old field management strategy 184
old field pastures 564
old fields 80
old-forest specialists 917
old growth 900, 1625, 2168
old-growth attributes 1138
old-growth forest 848, 954, 1017, 1138, 1180, 1273, 1314, 2115
old growth forest availability 1273
old growth forest management plan 1180
old-growth forest specialization 844
old growth restoration 978
Oligochaeta 78, 79, 201, 1764, 1847
Oligochaeta (Metazoa) 1597
oligochaetes
1483, 1614, 1764, 1847, 1900
oligotrophic wetland biomass 1885
oligotrophic wetlands 1605, 1885
Olmsted County 1968
Olor buccinator 1737
Olympic Mountains 1520
Olympic Peninsula 2058
Omus cazieri 1105
Oncorhynchus 1391, 1436, 1501, 1658, 1671
Oncorhynchus aguabonita 1477
Oncorhynchus clarki 1436, 1557
Oncorhynchus clarki (Salmonidae): release and relocation programmes 1489
Oncorhynchus kisutch 1422, 1441, 1892
Oncorhynchus mykiss 1407, 1421, 1422, 1456, 1472, 1499
Oncorhynchus mykiss: forestry 1537
Oncorhynchus mykiss: habitat management 1469
Oncorhynchus nerka: conservation measures 1420
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1450, 1892
Ondatra zibethicus 1806
Ontario 167, 189, 880, 914, 932, 950, 964, 994, 1053, 1067, 1097, 1189, 1198, 1200, 1242, 1256, 1286, 1303, 1332, 1697, 1917, 1974
Ontario and Quebec 932
Ontario L. 1748
Ontario, northern 1267
Onychomys leucogaster 166
Opeia obscura (Orthoptera): species 450
open even-aged stands 995
open habitats: burning 628
open-marsh water management 1746
open space 559
open space planning 1192
open water 1987
open woodlands 1006
opening shape 969
opening size 969, 1187
Opequon Creek Watershed 1458
operational planning 873
Opheodrys aestivus 792
Ophisaurus attenuatus 792
Oporornis 984
Oporornis formosus 984, 993
opportunities for conservation research 2172
opportunity costs 234
optimization 559, 1200, 1899, 1990
Opuntia 990
orchards 2171, 2181, 2224, 2226
ordination tests 1791
Oreamnos americanus: habitat management 1262
Oregon 78, 380, 417, 434, 444, 585, 597, 638, 733, 736, 740, 855, 876, 896, 918, 921, 923, 954, 1017, 1105, 1109, 1158, 1224, 1266, 1290, 1305, 1309, 1315, 1329, 1408, 1469, 1482, 1495, 1502, 1562, 1678, 1784, 1980, 2104, 2129, 2131, 2151, 2215, 2216, 2227, 2278, 2284
Oregon, central 861
Oregon Coast Range 1289, 1309, 2129, 2227
Oregon, eastern region 2218
Oregon, northeastern 1104
Oregon, western 1555
Oregon, Willamette Valley 1737
Oreoscoptes montanus 530, 597, 745
organic 142, 2049
organic compounds 2049
organic farms 1974
organic matter 1483
organic wastes 1390, 1970
organismal community 1061, 1328, 1515
organochlorine compounds 1842
Organochlorine compounds---Environmental aspects---United States 1496
organochlorines 1812
organophosphorus insecticides 2276
organophosphorus pesticides 2134, 2156
original and reconstructed tallgrass prairie habitats 394
ornate box turtle 792
Orono, Dwight B. Demeritt and Penobscot Forests 958
Orthic Black Chernozemic: Udic Haploboroll 354
orthophosphates 1483
Orthoptera 115, 144, 294, 412, 450, 517, 621, 777, 811
Orthoptera: community structure 448
Oryctolagus cuniculus 328
Oryza rufipogon 1584
Oryza saliva 1912
Oryza sativa 1580, 1584, 1785, 1860, 2170
Oryzomys palustris 953
Osage and Washington Counties 407
Osage County 396
Osage County, Tallgrass Prairie Preserve 416
Osceola National Forest 1250
Oscines: fledgeing success 2071
Oscines: forestry 1293
Oscines (Passeriformes): distribution within habitat 2043
Osmerus mordax 1384
Osmia: farming and agriculture 254
Osteichthyes 1549
Ostracoda 1847, 1883, 1886
ostracods 1759, 1847, 1883
Ouachita Mountains 1280, 1282
Ouachita National Forest 1338
Ouachita Parish 1078
outdoor recreation 234, 2070
ova 2151
ovenbird 995, 1233
overabundant populations 2275
overfishing 1421
overgrazing 740, 1419
overstory 734, 849
overstory retention 1293
overstory tree retention 1213
overuse 1965
overwater structure 2228
overwinter survivorship 925
overwintering 446, 548, 574, 746, 1050, 1350, 1360, 1737, 1785, 1915, 1937, 2068, 2193
oviposition sites 1678
Ovis aries 977, 1757
Ovis canadensis 702, 2266
Owl River 1320
owls 853
ownership 1021, 1956
Owyhee Mountains 473
Oxford, Miss. 1704
oxygen 1521
Oxyura jamaicensis 1864
Ozark Forest 1092
Ozark Highlands 1276
Ozark National Forest 1201
Ozark Plateau region 2069
Ozark region 877
Ozarks 1088, 1091, 1123, 1270
Pacific Flyway 1818
Pacific giant salamander 903, 1373, 1424, 1555
Pacific Northwest 740, 872, 930, 937, 978, 1084, 1085, 1086, 1098, 1127, 1146, 1180, 1263, 1396, 1525, 1528, 2012, 2249
Pacific silver fir 1263
Pacific-slope flycatcher 884, 1224
Pacific states 1316
paddy 1882
paddy field 1882
painted bunting 1083
pair formation 1268, 2235
paired male 1714
pairing success 2235
Palaemonetes 1788
Palaemonetes pugio 1798
palatability 2237
paleolimnology 1703
Palouse region 262
palustrine wetlands 1922
Panicum 317
Panicum hemitomon 1759
Panicum spp.
Panicum Virgatum 241, 317, 1059
Panola County 684, 1904
Panthera pardus 1662
Papaipema eryngii 590
Papaipema silphii: habitat management 304
Papilio glaucus 820
Papilionoidea 374, 1130, 2051
Papilionoidea: community structure 516
Papilionoidea: habitat management 503, 513, 1114, 2051
Papilionoidea, Heteroneura, Glossata, Lepidoptera, Insecta 736
parasites 1815, 2193
parasites diseases and disorders 341, 684, 1091, 1250
parasitic habits 773
parasitism 2035
parasitism rates 643, 1307
parasitoids 1162
parental care 937
Paridae 1102, 1172
Paridae: habitat management 1069
parks 2193, 2244
partial cutting 979
partial cutting of forest 1039
partial harvesting 1218, 1235
partial harvests 1690
partial-regression analysis 1122
particle size 79, 1507
Partners in Flight 1177, 1304, 1999
partnership approach 594
partnerships 594
partridge 132
parturition 755
Parula americana 968
Parulidae 992, 994, 1033, 1158, 1303, 1959, 2235
Parus atricapillus 1288, 1937
Parus carolinensis 1172
Pascopyrum smithii 505
Passerculus sandwichensis 217, 309, 386, 446, 542, 543, 558, 563, 606, 660, 671, 683, 845, 908, 1346, 1729, 1953, 2098
Passerculus sandwichensis (Emberizidae): farming and agriculture 672
Passerella 1292
Passeri 38, 84, 311, 832, 845, 959, 1218, 1235, 1292, 1313, 1962, 2010, 2128
Passeridae 317, 334, 386, 461, 527, 574, 1292, 1962, 2128
Passeriformes 22, 55, 66, 68, 93, 97, 141, 169, 175, 195, 341, 348, 349, 442, 555, 563, 642, 669, 715, 716, 726, 745, 773, 804, 832, 845, 876, 880, 925, 974, 980, 985, 993, 994, 995, 1082, 1122, 1124, 1158, 1169, 1172, 1175, 1224, 1233, 1294, 1296, 1303, 1316, 1699, 1959, 2043, 2105, 2200
Passeriformes: agricultural activity 547
Passeriformes, Aves 672, 992, 2235
Passeriformes: farming and agriculture 341
Passeriformes: forestry 1181
Passeriformes: habitat management 526
Passerina ciris 1083
Passerina cyanea 860, 968, 984, 1089, 1189, 1197, 1233, 1265, 2030
Passerina cyanea: forestry 1338
passerines 22, 38, 67, 95, 139, 446, 574, 606, 721, 776, 779, 845, 865, 906, 963, 974, 999, 1066, 1154, 1172, 1196, 1316, 1324, 1348, 1364, 1599, 1698, 2082, 2108, 2121, 2128
passive-integrated-transponder tag 1418
pastoralism 649
pasture habitats 1949
pasture management 616, 670
pasture modeling 708
pasture streams 719
pastures 169, 291, 317, 347, 361, 382, 410, 423, 425, 498, 569, 575, 678, 681, 717, 719, 769, 829, 1060, 1296, 1415, 1516, 1558, 1759, 1949, 2206, 2243, 2252, 2269
pastures: continuously grazed, rotationally grazed 587
patch 220, 682, 1783, 2177
patch area 969
patch-burn mosaic 797
patch dynamics 845
patch isolation 926
patch retention harvesting 1264
patch size 220, 266, 400, 618, 683, 747, 845, 1400, 1953, 1966, 2030, 2164
patch use 154, 1621
patchiness 512, 1783, 1826, 2177
paternal behavior 181
path of pollutants 1460
pathogens 1334, 1845
patterns 1941
patterns and influences 573
Pawhuska 797
PCB compounds 2213
Peace River area 1037, 1336
peatland 1783
peatland drainage 1638
Pedioecetes phasianellus columbianus 151
Pelobatidae 1978
Pendleton 78
peninsular ranges 709
Pennsylvania 672, 738, 750, 759, 870, 1135, 1233, 1322, 1327, 1498, 1546, 1787, 2059, 2138, 2196
Pennsylvania and Vermont 738
Pennsylvania, Erie 1748
Pennsylvania, Lancaster Cty. 1415
percent fines: streambed 587
percent plant cover 785
perception 2, 2135
perception as distinct habitat 843
perched wetland 1867
perching 1387
Perciformes 1686
Perdix perdix 10, 132, 135, 289
peregrine falcon 956
perennial cover 2133
perennial forage 1750
perennial plant 504
perforation harvest patterns 1219
performance measure 1388, 1863
Perisoreus canadensis 1124
permanent grasslands 195, 259, 2269
Permanent non fire refugium management in fire managed sites 320
Perognathus flavus 744
Perognathus spinatus (Heteromyidae) 632
Peromyscus 1207, 1280, 1283, 1284, 1285
Peromyscus boylii 1046, 1207
Peromyscus eva (Muridae): farming and agriculture 632
Peromyscus leucopus 584, 767, 933, 1231, 1617
Peromyscus maniculatus 166, 459, 584, 591, 767, 800, 852, 933, 988, 1046, 1099, 1129, 1207, 1281
Peromyscus maniculatus: forestry 1212
Peromyscus oreas 1129
Peromyscus truei: forestry 1046
perrenial grasses 378
persistence 259, 627
personal satisfaction 1780
perturbation tests 1791
pest control 15, 83, 115, 235, 1099, 1944
pest damage 166, 1099
pest management 616
pest potential 20
pesticide residues 1828, 2183
pesticides 148, 170, 279, 1688, 1735, 1827, 1842, 1943, 1970, 1994, 2049, 2078, 2134, 2135, 2136, 2152, 2179, 2180, 2183, 2224, 2225, 2261
Pesticides---Environmental aspects---United States 1496, 2246
Pesticides---Government policy---United States 2246
pesticides (organochlorine) 1842, 2213
pests 20
pests of plants insects 753, 1162
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota 1992
pH 1521
PHABSIM 1430
Phacelia congesta 959
Phalaris arundinacea 348
Phalaropus tricolor 141, 1667
phantom midges 1847
Phasianidae 134, 151, 153, 227, 248, 268, 279, 299, 350, 351, 377, 595, 603, 625, 634, 641, 659, 676, 685, 707, 733, 739, 745, 748, 1071, 1116, 1177, 1254, 1951, 2101
Phasianidae: Galliformes, Aves 174
phasianus 739
Phasianus colchicus 10, 35, 45, 89, 112, 132, 135, 153, 227, 248, 267, 279, 289, 695, 739, 1879, 2187, 2262, 2283
Phasianus colchicus (Galliformes) 11, 17
Phasianus colchicus (Galliformes): female, male 152
Phasianus colchicus (Phasianidae) 61
Phasmatodea 399
Phasmida 399
pheasant, ring necked 281, 739
pheasants 149, 241, 268, 352
Phellinus pini 896
Phenology 609, 713, 908
Pheretima sieboldi 1971
Pheucticus 831
Pheucticus ludovicianus 999
philopatry 1268, 1980, 1993
Phlebiopsis gigantea 896
Phlox gracilis 609
Phlox longifolia 609
Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Orthoptera): species 450
phosphates 1605, 1657
phosphorus 79, 259, 347, 486, 546, 1421, 1422, 1579, 1680
phosphorus deficiency 624
photosynthetic parameters 1820
Phragmites australis 348
Phrynosoma cornutum 96, 658
Physella 1483
physical condition 948
physical disturbance 525
physical factors 148, 262, 304, 365, 394, 415, 447, 448, 449, 477, 488, 489, 526, 581, 597, 599, 603, 646, 777, 786, 810, 812, 874, 877, 941, 983, 986, 1026, 1028, 1053, 1137, 1259, 1279, 1347, 1465, 1486, 1513, 1517, 1537, 1601, 1678, 1684, 1699, 2033, 2072, 2129, 2203
physical habitat 1407, 1411, 1416, 1438, 1561
physical habitat: stream quality parameter 587
physical habitat structure 1522
physical integrity 1791
physical properties 1477, 1719
Physidae 1597
physiological condition 1136, 1778
physiological indices 948
physiological response 1735
physiology 948
physiology, biology, biochemistry 1405
phytophagous insects 1162
phytoplankton 1422
Piatt County, Illinois 1550
Picea 898, 1064, 1292, 1971
Picea engelmannii 901, 1318
Picea mariana 1124, 1292
Picea spp. 1116
Picidae 844, 924, 984, 1038, 1064, 1095, 1115, 1275, 1366, 1962, 2173
Picidae: habitat management 918, 1367, 1368
Piciformes 749, 804, 844, 924, 980, 985, 1038, 1115, 1224, 1275, 1366
Picoides 1064, 1962
Picoides arcticus 1064, 1242
Picoides borealis 451, 749, 920, 924, 929, 963, 973, 1041, 1112, 1115, 1117, 1178, 1250, 1255, 1275, 1365, 1962
Picoides pubescens 1102
Picoides scalaris 804
Picoides tridactylus 844, 1064
Picoides villosus 896, 1102, 1224, 1288
pied-billed grebe 1849
Piedmont region 967, 1031
piezometer 101
Pigeon Creek Watershed 1985
Piketon 207
pileated woodpecker 1192, 1263
Pimenta dioica 2021
Pimephales promelas 1893
Pimephales promelas (Cyprinidae) 1704
pine 902, 1016, 1261, 1277, 1764
pine and larch stands 1042
pine and mixed forest habitats 1259
pine density 924
pine flatwoods 1232
pine forest habitat 1137
pine forests 888, 1007, 1261
pine grassland communities 2054
pine-grassland habitat 2173
pine-grassland restoration 1178, 1962
pine litter 904
pine management 2045
pine matrix 1110
pine-oak 2081
pine oak barrens 2051
pine-oak forest 1083
pine plantation and hardwood forests 925
pine plantation management 953
pine plantations 258, 915, 953, 955, 994, 1023, 1072, 1215, 1279, 1280
pine regeneration treatments 1282
pine savanna 488, 1205, 2105
pine stands 108
pine timber management 905
pine trees 1764
pine woodland 985
Pinus 107, 108, 853, 953, 1043, 1074, 1138, 1152, 1277, 1764
Pinus banksiana 974, 1196, 1226
Pinus contorta 1099, 1100, 1104, 1138, 1229, 1314
Pinus echinata 749, 1080, 1143, 1178
Pinus edulis 734, 935, 2081
Pinus elliottii 342, 1330
Pinus palustris 342, 368, 383, 451, 574, 776, 929, 973, 1058, 1065, 1082, 1103, 1115, 1141, 1197, 1204, 1205, 1978, 2126, 2128
Pinus ponderosa 895, 897, 931, 935, 942, 956, 995, 1001, 1042, 1061, 1094, 1119, 1126, 1194, 1195, 1207, 1217, 1281, 1288, 1290, 1326, 2081, 2206
Pinus resinosa 863
Pinus spp. 368, 749, 864, 915, 924, 967, 985, 1016, 1094, 1110, 1116, 1217, 1290, 1330, 1978, 2077, 2105
Pinus strobus 1024
Pinus taeda 892, 904, 925, 934, 955, 1035, 1072, 1095, 1132, 1143, 1205, 1215, 1330, 1365, 2077
pinyon juniper forest: habitat 643
pinyon juniper woodland restoration 1190
pinyon pine 773
pipe 2011
pipelines 1404
Pipilio erythophthalmus 1135
Pipilo 1095, 2153
Pipilo chlorurus 555, 597
Pipilo erythrophthalmus 1095, 2153
piping 2011
piping plover 370
Pipistrellus subflavus 967
Piranga ludoviciana 1224
Piscataquis County 982
piscean predators 2033
piscean prey 1684, 1917
Pisces 7, 307, 1153, 1378, 1380, 1383, 1429, 1458, 1474, 1497, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1519, 1521, 1546, 1549, 1564, 1574, 1684, 1719, 1720, 1756, 1765, 1804, 1842, 1848, 1861, 1918, 2049, 2061, 2178
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes 1917
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes, Cyprinodontidae 2033
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Centrarchidae 2064
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Percidae 1538
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Sciaenidae 1706, 1778
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes 1403, 1452, 2198
Pisces, Actinopterygii, Salmoniformes, Salmonidae 1420, 1469, 1490, 1504, 1517, 1537, 1544
Pisces: biomass 1885
Pisces: community structure 1546
Pisces: conservation measures 1490
Pisces: disturbance by man 1508
Pisces: farming and agriculture 1426
Pisces: forestry 2140
Pisces: habitat management 307, 1474, 1513, 1514, 1574, 1709, 1765, 1861
Pisces: Industry 1383
Pisces: Urban land use patterns 1458
piscivory
1645
Pisgah National Forest 1122, 1225
Pisum sativum 172, 1454
pitch pine 1145
pitfall trap 525, 1105
pitfall trap capture rate 262
pitfall trapping 262, 525, 1029
Pittman Island 1077
plague 2193
plains 221, 316
planing 873
plankton 1936, 2180
planning 310, 848, 1439, 1785, 1990, 1997
planning, strategic 2240
Planorbidae 1597
plant animal interactions 577
plant biomass 1585, 1822, 2044
plant communities 204, 317, 426, 490, 544, 722, 731, 741, 762, 763, 814, 898, 1340, 1487, 1573, 1822, 2036
plant community restoration 816
plant competition 1340
plant composition 546, 2237
plant control 1847, 2067
plant cover 734, 1190, 2044
plant cover impacts 472
plant culture 1785
plant debris 166
plant diversity 204, 1679
plant ecology 259, 327, 349, 651, 731, 741, 849, 987, 1076, 2016, 2115, 2167
plant height 1009, 1727, 2237, 2269
plant-herbivore interaction 938, 1302, 2182
plant hosts 1091, 1250
plant introduction 20
plant invasions 802
plant invasions and management implications 1861
plant leaves 734
plant litter 401, 442, 575, 702, 717, 731, 734, 759
plant pests 898, 2152
plant (Plantae) 1881
plant (Plantae): bioindicator 2265
plant population change 732
plant populations 1477, 1592, 1620, 1771, 1803, 1834, 1847, 1896, 2170
plant production 773
plant production range and pasture grasses 452, 572, 651, 753
plant protection 697
plant residue 1683
plant resistance 2182
plant response 731
plant secondary metabolites 605
plant species composition 545
plant species composition arable land 356
plant species dominance 1603
plant species richness 204, 1603
plant species structure 1603
plant stand structure 1061
plant strata 442
plant succession 183, 491, 576, 741, 881, 1009, 1024, 1210, 1412, 1824, 2282
Plantae 22, 1047, 1764, 1824
plantation forestry 863
plantation silviculture 904
plantations 863, 886, 905, 953, 974, 1152, 1532, 2045, 2226
planted cover 2231
planted hedgerow 204
planting 107, 191, 881, 1271, 2016, 2240
planting management 1526, 1659
plantings 2226
plants 22, 601, 741, 873, 1047, 1102, 1245, 1327, 1592, 1672, 1764, 1819, 1821, 1824, 1827, 1871, 1881, 1943, 2045, 2061, 2192, 2265
plants, botany 190, 1100, 1245, 1302, 1327, 1749, 1780, 1822, 1956, 2045
plants, miscellaneous 709, 794
plasma 2183
plasticine egg 8
Platte River Valley 1937, 2072
Platynus decentis 1257
Platyrhynchos 251
playa lakes 1825, 1872
playa lakes colonization patterns 1825
playa lakes: habitat 1627
playa wetlands 1752, 2037
playas 1606, 1613, 1633, 1708, 1726, 1762, 1773, 1817, 1872, 1873, 1883, 2031, 2236
Plegadis falcinellus 1836
Plethodon 1312, 1424
Plethodon cinereus 951, 957, 1000, 1220, 1617, 1690
Plethodon cinereus: forestry 950
Plethodon dunni 1424, 1555
Plethodon glutinosus 1312
Plethodon jordani 1312
Plethodon serratus 1312
Plethodon spp. 1086
Plethodon vandykei 1424
Plethodon vehiculum 838, 1424
Plethodontidae 957, 1000
Plethodontidae: habitat management 2091
Poa pratensis 347, 669, 2141
Poaceae 139, 317, 334, 408, 734, 1173, 1340, 1533, 1584, 1823, 2081
Podilymbus podiceps 1849, 1865
Poecile 1172
Poecile atricapillus 1135, 1288
Poecile carolinensis 973, 1172
Poecilia 1446
Poecilia mexicana 1446
Poeciliidae 1446
Poecilus lucublandus 262
Poecilus scitulus 262
Poephila guttata 1154
point counts 305, 993, 1608
Point Coupee and St. Martin Parishes 1323
Pokegama Lake tributary streams 1977
pole habitat 2195
policies and programs 4, 49, 165, 238, 1968
policy 310, 705, 1255, 1590, 1785, 1928, 2112, 2127, 2233
policy and planning 2221
policy development 310
policy, management, education or information 1396
policy planning 296
policy tools 1388
Polk County 1269
pollination 127, 254
pollinator 682
pollinator conservation and agricultural significance 254
pollutants 1009, 1546, 1704, 2049
polluted soils 2224
polluted water 2036
pollution 1392, 1444, 1446, 1464, 1495, 1546, 1632, 1828, 1885, 1943, 1970, 2261
pollution assessment control and management 1428, 1444, 1543, 1632, 1703
pollution control 1392, 1539, 1940, 2028, 2138, 2212
pollution dispersion 1842
pollution effects 1380, 1539, 1688, 1735, 1859, 1890, 1994, 2014, 2134, 2180, 2183, 2212
pollution effects on organisms 2213
pollution environment 1859
pollution indicators 1380, 1759
pollution monitoring 1460, 1483, 1491, 2138
pollution monitoring and detection 1665
pollution (soil) 7
pollution (water) 7
polychlorinated biphenyls 1812, 2213
polyculture 172
Polygonum 1759
Polygonum amphibium 2068
Polyphemus 2229
polyvinyl chlorides 2011
Pomoxis: farming and agriculture 2064
Pomoxis nigromaculatus 1842
ponderosa pine 895, 927, 956, 985, 995, 1001, 1042, 1057, 1094, 1119, 1126, 1176, 1195, 1217, 1241, 1288, 1290, 1326, 1350, 1362
ponderosa pine forests 942, 1368
ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forest 1207
ponderosa pine savanna displacement 1190
ponding 1749
ponds 473, 1579, 1587, 1655, 1739, 1745, 1845, 1888, 1927, 1929, 2113, 2147, 2151
ponds: habitat 1627
Pooecetes 317
Pooecetes gramineus 537, 597, 669, 804
pools 1481
poor colonizers 1669
POPAN 492
Poplar Creek Preserve 803
poplars 741
population abundance 2048
population censuses 2214
population changes 355, 690
population composition 797
population control 1816
population decline 67, 217, 251, 386, 408, 557, 617, 664, 675, 687, 721, 747, 803, 1003, 1027, 1065, 1096, 1177, 1364, 1455, 1890, 1959, 1974, 1987, 1998, 2010, 2183, 2223
population demography 2163
population density 30, 78, 83, 91, 98, 105, 135, 136, 144, 165, 211, 242, 274, 276, 279, 289, 304, 323, 333, 363, 369, 386, 424, 434, 439, 442, 446, 448, 459, 462, 471, 476, 532, 547, 558, 562, 579, 606, 608, 632, 646, 662, 670, 673, 726, 751, 752, 753, 777, 786, 789, 803, 865, 907, 914, 963, 979, 982, 988, 1002, 1015, 1020, 1022, 1068, 1092, 1109, 1123, 1212, 1215, 1256, 1264, 1265, 1267, 1281, 1282, 1284, 1285, 1296, 1308, 1322, 1346, 1398, 1403, 1410, 1421, 1422, 1465, 1467, 1469, 1477, 1483, 1486, 1502, 1519, 1523, 1641, 1667, 1685, 1699, 1707, 1719, 1732, 1778, 1786, 1793, 1798, 1807, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1846, 1848, 1874, 1917, 1926, 1941, 1963, 1995, 2036, 2037, 2054, 2064, 2093, 2114, 2131, 2147, 2154, 2170, 2222, 2235, 2282
population density erosion 1498
population density impact 1256
population distribution 79, 1316, 1783, 2240
population dynamics 25, 30, 55, 69, 78, 83, 124, 127, 135, 136, 156, 167, 207, 211, 242, 245, 279, 289, 304, 355, 363, 365, 396, 397, 407, 408, 420, 442, 447, 448, 449, 459, 473, 476, 489, 502, 526, 547, 579, 599, 602, 608, 624, 632, 636, 646, 659, 670, 673, 684, 685, 688, 689, 692, 724, 734, 751, 752, 764, 777, 778, 786, 795, 803, 810, 811, 851, 859, 879, 914, 916, 950, 952, 961, 977, 986, 1002, 1019, 1022, 1034, 1053, 1068, 1075, 1092, 1099, 1123, 1126, 1136, 1138, 1139, 1161, 1212, 1221, 1229, 1256, 1264, 1267, 1282, 1286, 1303, 1304, 1308, 1320, 1322, 1323, 1326, 1338, 1395, 1403, 1413, 1420, 1421, 1432, 1465, 1469, 1474, 1486, 1488, 1499, 1502, 1504, 1533, 1538, 1540, 1610, 1634, 1670, 1672, 1678, 1684, 1699, 1706, 1707, 1721, 1741, 1744, 1760, 1765, 1772, 1775, 1778, 1789, 1830, 1840, 1845, 1849, 1917, 1918, 1927, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1957, 1963, 2054, 2064, 2071, 2073, 2101, 2114, 2131, 2155, 2163, 2165, 2182, 2187, 2189, 2199, 2207, 2214, 2219, 2235, 2272
population ecology 19, 68, 134, 144, 175, 203, 228, 384, 392, 428, 481, 555, 584, 669, 676, 778, 806, 833, 880, 924, 945, 957, 962, 985, 1000, 1042, 1063, 1117, 1176, 1203, 1219, 1224, 1247, 1254, 1268, 1285, 1361, 1714, 1760, 1884, 1975, 1980, 1993, 1997, 2105, 2141, 2193
population ecology birds 1233
population-environment relations 1764
population estimation 251, 1880, 2143
population expansion 1196
population genetics 1651
population growth 157, 963, 1196
population level processes 1854
population level response based evaluation of salt marsh restoration 1707
population levels 1433
population loss 279
population modeling 35, 1348, 2162, 2163
population number 1634
population projection models 379
population recovery 943, 1535
population recovery dynamics 1538
population recruitment 2155
population regulation 694
population responses 212, 1221, 2037
population responses to agricultural cultivation 2037
population restoration 1467
population size 156, 447, 449, 562, 684, 690, 717, 724, 731, 859, 950, 961, 978, 986, 1075, 1076, 1109, 1136, 1504, 1540, 1765, 1789, 1799, 1850, 1938, 2229, 2272
population stability 163, 2078
population statistics 688, 1138, 1328
population status 47, 208
population structure 323, 952, 961, 1212, 1376, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1482, 1511, 1617, 1707, 1759, 1786
population studies 19, 68, 450, 690, 925, 1467, 1775, 1854
population sustainability 411
population trends 36, 49, 53, 124, 214, 1233, 1999
population viability 627, 2239
population viability analysis 1348
populations 74, 89, 155, 157, 201, 557, 732, 791, 913, 1503, 1665, 1712, 1927, 2123
Populus 1971, 2089
Populus angustifolia 2182
Populus balsamifera 2141
Populus berolinensis 2182
Populus deltoides 741, 860, 1089, 1217, 2205
Populus deltoides wislizenii 1374
Populus fremontii 1431, 2182
Populus ssp. 120, 901, 1116, 1233, 2141
Populus tremuloides 565, 596, 669, 764, 801, 935, 1108, 1218, 1226, 1340
post-breeding 882
post harvest treatments 1911
postfire salvage logging 2050
postfire succession 676
Potamogeton 1771
potassium 79, 259, 347
potential effects on mortality rate 692
potential indicators 1198
potential livestock conflicts and management implications 179
potential oviposition sites 472
potential recolonization 2285
potential resources 133
potential use of managed matrix vegetation 1069
potential use of managed matrix vegetation to improve breeding success 1069
potential vegetation types 299
pothole habitat 1776
poultry 2118
power analysis 906
practice effects 1372
practices 1077, 1338
prairie biodiversity 1752
prairie birds 665
prairie chicken 153
Prairie Coteau 739
prairie dog colony 531
prairie ecology 527
Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration 2132
prairie farmland 198
prairie fragmentation: breeding bird nest success 484
Prairie Grassland Habitat Restoration Project 736
prairie grasslands 736, 1750
prairie grouse 212, 310, 1177
prairie habitat 304, 320, 477, 786, 1699
prairie habitat conservation 403
prairie insects 590
prairie kingsnake 792
prairie landscapes 2047
prairie management 489, 656, 2051
prairie marsh 1776
prairie-parkland region 2162
prairie perennials 581
prairie planting project 405
Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV) 403
prairie pothole landscapes 2073
Prairie Pothole Region 25, 76, 122, 160, 162, 220, 305, 402, 537, 618, 1630, 1716, 1729, 1758, 1772, 1781, 1849, 1869, 1898, 1918, 1924, 1979, 2001, 2132, 2161, 2231
prairie pothole wetlands 1805
prairie potholes 1691, 1924
prairie provinces 392
prairie reserve burning 365
prairie reserves 365
prairie restoration 485, 730
prairie sharp-tailed grouse 296
prairie vegetation 797
prairie vole 584
prairie wetland ecosystems 1578
prairie wetlands 33, 1781, 1805, 1865, 2161
prairie wildlife 206
prairies 4, 29, 45, 54, 71, 73, 75, 126, 130, 132, 146, 150, 153, 159, 171, 178, 218, 288, 296, 302, 304, 310, 316, 336, 348, 361, 366, 367, 368, 370, 376, 387, 392, 401, 407, 426, 442, 451, 469, 489, 508, 525, 533, 535, 569, 584, 590, 594, 608, 615, 619, 620, 621, 622, 635, 644, 649, 651, 660, 672, 692, 703, 705, 712, 723, 736, 767, 773, 789, 792, 793, 797, 801, 804, 811, 818, 845, 1144, 1238, 1623, 1651, 1678, 1695, 1700, 1701, 1752, 1755, 1758, 1772, 1786, 1811, 1827, 1876, 1924, 1953, 1963, 1972, 1998, 2031, 2051, 2073, 2137, 2200, 2234, 2236
prairies, meadows 221
pre-commercial thinning 1100, 1138, 1139, 1140
pre-Euro-American settlement 1186
prebasic molt 1753
precipitation 79, 580, 753, 785, 878, 903, 1004, 1283, 1636, 1682, 2011, 2031, 2141
precipitation intensity 602
precipitation (meteorology) 2011
precocious flowering oak use 1239
precommercial thinning 1199, 1314
precommercial tree thinning 981
precommercially thinned balsam fir stands 1301
predation 8, 153, 213, 235, 410, 443, 504, 619, 662, 669, 694, 695, 807, 809, 895, 1120, 1124, 1135, 1199, 1340, 1361, 1371, 1589, 1630, 1662, 1667, 1800, 1815, 1836, 1872, 1980, 2006, 2024, 2035, 2160, 2171, 2187, 2242, 2243
predation genetics 709
predation management 1081, 1204, 2032
predation risk 402, 657, 695, 1081, 1154, 2024
predation threat 1724
predator abundance 407
predator augmentation 176
predator control 100, 370, 1204
predator foraging efficiency 1075
predator-prey interaction 615, 695, 1207, 1667, 1886, 2024, 2225
predator-prey relationships 5, 218, 419, 694
predators 25, 82, 104, 153, 218, 220, 370, 407, 419, 669, 684, 695, 716, 1034, 1040, 1075, 1124, 1199, 1217, 1250, 1320, 1361, 1477, 1512, 1684, 1883, 1917, 1944, 1975, 1980, 2019, 2033, 2102, 2147, 2240, 2243, 2266
predators of insect pests 2171
predatory insects 1944
prediction 778, 1466, 1504, 1748, 2092
prediction using landscape models 1469
predictive modeling 1570
predictive models 1073
pregnancy 948
preliminary results 983
premature dispersal 1331
prescribed burn 960, 1029
prescribed burning 197, 205, 236, 249, 304, 342, 365, 399, 429, 448, 452, 486, 523, 524, 539, 572, 581, 590, 609, 613, 651, 701, 722, 730, 731, 734, 749, 753, 757, 758, 804, 811, 849, 853, 905, 935, 942, 973, 983, 984, 985, 987, 989, 1005, 1007, 1028, 1030, 1058, 1061, 1064, 1074, 1082, 1103, 1105, 1117, 1137, 1141, 1152, 1183, 1202, 1204, 1208, 1210, 1231, 1232, 1238, 1259, 1265, 1285, 1364, 1365, 1649, 1689, 1693, 1698, 1822, 1846, 1961, 2032, 2042, 2052, 2080, 2081, 2082, 2105, 2128, 2203
prescribed burning and thinning 983, 1259
prescribed burning: applied and field techniques 780, 1843
prescribed burning compatibility 365
prescribed burning costs 2029
prescribed burning effects 304, 1137
prescribed burns 42, 406, 440, 480, 700, 1201
prescribed fire 428, 488, 489, 495, 526, 598, 603, 609, 676, 721, 793, 988, 1007, 1027, 1061, 1065, 1105, 1152, 1178, 1204, 1232, 1278, 1351, 1746, 1962, 2032, 2053, 2080, 2083, 2128, 2263
prescribed fire and fire surrogates 986
prescribed fire history 526
prescribed forest burns 1150
prescribed grazing 393
presence of hardwood trees relationship 937
preservation 155, 1950, 1997
pretreatment 1558
prevention and control 2212
previous year mowing 672
prey 82, 179, 235, 407, 490, 684, 913, 1040, 1273, 1320, 1684, 1778, 1917, 2033, 2243
prey abundance 407, 1207
prey availability 732, 959, 1040, 1207
prey availability in brood habitat 1040
prey biomass 302
prey breeding success 407
prey choice 1645
prey density 2038
prey diversity 72
prey habitat 1207
prey resource selection 1034
prey type 1778
primary cavity excavators 1068
primary production 1422, 1466, 1820, 1822
primary productivity 1648
primates 2, 390, 2275
Prince Albert Model Forest Area 997
principal component analysis 173, 247, 1621
principal component analysis: PCA, mathematical method 587
principal components analysis 1521
principle component analysis: mathematical and computer techniques 775
principle response curves 885
priorities 1950
prioritization using landscape models of redd distribution and density 1469
private forestlands 1333
private land 63, 91, 276, 279, 372, 703, 878, 920, 1472, 1713, 1956, 2145, 2229, 2248, 2258
private land management 2111
private land use 2
private landowners 1168
private-lands management 1912
private nonindustrial forest management 919
private nonindustrial forestland 919
private ownership 91
private property 2229
private sector 1021
proactive land management 2285
probability 663, 1195
Procambarus alleni 1741
process domain concept 1535
processes 2092
Procyon 1204
Procyon lotor 141, 695, 826, 1204, 1261
Procyonidae 1261
production 4, 431, 662, 699, 2162
production forests 1146
productivity 5, 39, 87, 97, 120, 195, 218, 227, 281, 291, 306, 370, 404, 416, 669, 715, 716, 739, 757, 773, 812, 873, 875, 895, 948, 994, 1169, 1176, 1217, 1230, 1254, 1268, 1310, 1324, 1331, 1503, 1579, 1822, 1827, 1836, 1951, 1980, 1993, 2078, 2147, 2166, 2198, 2222, 2243
progestins 1505
program development 1780
program participants 2176
project management 1981
pronghorn 360, 373, 424, 677
proportion coefficient 1668
Prosopis 605, 741
Prosopis glandulosa 2237
Prosopis spp. 805
protected areas 1244
protection 134, 153, 191, 458, 1371, 1507, 1542, 1997
protection of forests 848
protective effect 322
protective measures and control 1564, 1665, 1782, 1798, 1939, 1940
protein digestibility 2237
proteins 416, 431, 546, 1714, 2068, 2141
prothonotary warbler 993
Protonotaria citrea 993
proximity to wetland 2033
Prunus pensylvanica 865
Prunus pumila 2082
Prunus serotina 933
Pseudacris crucifer 1594
Pseudoroegneria spicata 638
Pseudotriton 1312
Pseudotriton ruber 1312
Pseudotsuga menziesii 417, 838, 842, 896, 978, 1086, 1109, 1131, 1289, 2206
Pseudotsuga spp. 1050, 1424
Psittacidae 1244
Pterostichus adstrictus 1257
Pterostichus herculaneus 1105
Pterostichus melanarius 1257
Pterostichus melanarius: farming and agriculture 262
Pterostichus mutus 1257
Pterostichus pensylvanicus 1257
Pterostichus setosus 1105
Pterostichus tristis 1257
public attitude 1255
public concern 2135
public grazing lands 409
public health 2013, 2062
public land 878, 1999
public lands conservation management for migratory species 2119
public opinion 240
public recreation 1856
public relations 291, 1943, 1997
Puget Sound 2228
pumpkin 127
pumps 1404, 1616
pygmy rabbit 328
quail 62, 121, 359, 778, 990, 1025, 1177
quail, Mearns harlequin 471
quail populations 118
quality assurance 1597
quality habitat 1597
quantitative distribution 1806
Quebec 27, 348, 371, 591, 843, 844, 874, 890, 932, 999, 1049, 1125, 1253, 1337, 1442, 1544, 1735, 2146, 2183, 2255
queen snake 1398
Queets River 1520
Quercus 984, 989, 1080, 1188, 1204, 1277, 1364, 1945, 1971, 2083
Quercus alba 1024, 1091, 1092
Quercus gambelii 935, 1207
Quercus montana 1024
Quercus phellos 1043
Quercus rubra 1024
Quercus spp. 716, 1016, 1031, 1055, 1203, 1233, 1254, 1330
Quercus velutina 1091
Quercus vetulina 1092
Quiscalus major 1649
rabbits 1945
rabbits and hares 376
raccoon 141, 695, 1204, 2102
racer 792
radar 904
radio frequency identification 1799
radio marking 1317
radio-telemetry 1261, 1915
radiotelemetry 192, 566, 963, 1150, 1204, 1309, 1630, 1878, 2105, 2184
radiotelemetry: monitoring method 564
Rafinesque's big-eared bat 1208, 1335
rain 638, 734, 789, 878, 1327, 2031, 2072
rainbow trout 2056
rainfall 771, 1620, 1762, 1905
rainforest 24
Rainwater Basin Region 536
Raisin River 1506
raking 485
Rallus 1673
Rallus longirostris yumanensis 1673
Rana 2151
Rana aurora 838, 2066
Rana catesbeiana 1662, 1735, 2183
Rana clamitans 1594, 1662, 1783
Rana luteiventris 473
Rana pipiens 591, 1594
Rana pretiosa (Ranidae) 1738
Rana sphenocephala 1840
Rana sylvatica 591, 958, 1594, 1617, 1655, 1662, 1690, 1844, 1845, 1850, 2006, 2264
Ranavirus 1845, 1850
ranches 1168
ranching 326, 706, 707, 1447, 1681
Rancho Sandoval 2189
Randolph County 1166, 1185
randomization test 37
range and pasture grasses 773
range ecology 300
range expansion 661, 1196
range extension 66
range management 206, 236, 298, 300, 308, 347, 348, 383, 442, 452, 456, 490, 491, 520, 532, 572, 639, 648, 651, 655, 697, 753, 756, 789, 805, 825, 1398, 1447, 1761
range size 574
range use 1738
rangeland conservation 432
rangeland ecosystem conservation 735
rangeland ecosystems 299
rangeland grazing 735
rangeland habitat 351, 385, 654, 813
rangeland habitat management applications 351
rangeland management 501, 737, 1453, 1475, 2239
rangelands 80, 144, 298, 299, 329, 333, 350, 351, 367, 377, 418, 453, 455, 491, 506, 512, 548, 572, 602, 613, 631, 639, 651, 664, 676, 678, 698, 737, 761, 771, 777, 1448, 1500, 1551, 1995, 2101, 2117, 2206
Rangifer tarandus 1164, 1200, 1303, 1360
Rangifer tarandus [American term] 1303
Rangifer tarandus caribou 1360
Ranidae 473, 958, 1945, 2066
rapids sections 1522
raptors 106, 372, 1151, 1207, 1329, 1599, 1995
rare birds 1697
Rare fishes---Columbia River---Watershed 1536
rare species 956, 1488, 1512, 1615, 1636, 1681, 1832
rarity 1966
rat snake 792
rates 2103
rats, wood 1016, 1165
realtors 390
rearing location 937
recharging (underground waters) 1663
reclaimed coal mines 544
reclaimed mine landscape 1983, 2195
reclaimed surface mine lands 81
reclaimed surface mined habitats 689
reclaimed surface mines 335, 672, 859
reclaimed wet pasture 1702
reclamation 134, 1052, 1549, 1564, 1626, 1719, 1763, 1782, 1794, 1798, 1803, 1816, 1834, 1844, 1845, 1894, 2208
recolonization 489, 590, 628, 1775, 2285
recombinant DNA 20
reconciliation ecology 2209
recovery 784, 2154
recreation 57, 1928, 2070
recreational trails 582
recruitment 162, 227, 387, 397, 1005, 1420, 1615, 1669, 1772, 1792, 1845, 1875, 1927, 2017, 2105, 2155, 2187
Recurvirostra americana 1667, 1826, 1872, 1884
Recurvirostridae 1884
red alder 1153, 1357
red-backed mouse 852
red-backed vole 852
red bat 967, 1182
red-breasted nuthatch 995
Red Butte Canyon 324
red-cockaded woodpecker 749, 920, 924, 1041, 1112, 1115, 1117, 1178, 1962
red deer 2206
red-eyed vireo 959, 1233
red fox 141, 218, 695, 2102
Red Hills region 2008
red rice 1584
Red River 1513
Red River Valley 179
red-shouldered hawk 964
red spotted newts 2006
red squirrel 1124
red-tailed hawk 153, 1995
red-winged blackbird 55, 67, 93, 95, 195, 250, 413, 542, 2200
redback salamanders 957
redds 1469
reduced river flows 2019
redwood 1120
reference conditions 942
reference framework 1509
reference wetlands 1711, 1712, 1902, 1931
reference works 795
reforestation 905, 1014, 1078, 1961, 2016, 2090, 2150
reforestation strategy relations 857
reforestration strategies 857
refuge habitats 1076, 1715
refuge maintenance 489
refuges 468, 1767, 2193, 2244
regenerating forest 859
regeneration 893, 977, 1005, 1111
regeneration harvest 905
regenerators 1187
Regina septemvittata 1398
regional administration and planning 57
regional analysis 1380, 2196
regional assessment 216, 1835
regional conservation 2144
regional conservation programs 59, 99, 122, 230, 1869
regional diversity 2197
regional patterns 1485
regional planning 1380, 1785, 1837, 2186, 2221
regional surveys 259
regression 680
regression analysis 663, 1074, 1211, 1303, 1437, 1598, 1621
regression trees 561
regrowth 491
regulated flow 1374
regulated rivers 1488, 1564, 1890
regulations 1639, 1701, 1817, 1979
regulatory agencies 429
Regulus satrapa 884, 1224
rehabilitation 196, 881, 1052, 1389, 1439, 1470, 1481, 1491, 1658, 1719, 1842, 1894, 1924
reintroduction 661, 1382, 1517
reintroduction implications 1517
Reithrodontomys fulvescens 744
Reithrodontomys megalotis 166, 584, 744, 800, 1099
Reithrodontomys raviventris (Muridae): habitat management 1601
relative abundance 30, 82, 167, 289, 295, 330, 435, 574, 582, 646, 712, 951, 1019, 1104, 1111, 1207, 1220, 1228, 1269, 1280, 1282, 1506, 1937, 2195, 2199, 2204
relative habitat use 1140
relay stripcover 84
release and relocation programs 1517
release treatment 1054
remediation 2212
remnant forests 2020
remote sensing 266, 663, 778, 1755, 1876, 2092, 2146
removal 1523
remuneration 107
Rendell Creek Valley 1184
renesting 379, 799
replanted and secondary succession sites 1249
replication 683
reproduction 25, 41, 55, 68, 69, 91, 97, 98, 125, 136, 262, 274, 315, 317, 330, 341, 358, 387, 396, 405, 407, 415, 500, 555, 603, 667, 669, 670, 672, 673, 709, 713, 715, 716, 721, 742, 755, 773, 853, 878, 895, 901, 918, 924, 937, 948, 959, 962, 992, 994, 1026, 1045, 1069, 1084, 1123, 1185, 1222, 1235, 1248, 1254, 1261, 1268, 1296, 1305, 1308, 1310, 1319, 1323, 1327, 1331, 1332, 1338, 1367, 1458, 1469, 1579, 1615, 1636, 1678, 1699, 1714, 1762, 1845, 1850, 1951, 1968, 1978, 1980, 1993, 2071, 2200, 2213, 2235
reproduction and structure 380
reproduction biology 140, 791
reproduction: nest structure, nest site 1120
reproductive behavior 341, 396, 405, 415, 603, 667, 672, 742, 906, 918, 937, 1026, 1069, 1084, 1184, 1185, 1222, 1248, 1332, 1367, 1368, 1469, 1678, 2170, 2235
reproductive biology 1872
reproductive effort 1811
reproductive energy demand 529
reproductive performance 159
reproductive productivity 25, 69, 136, 330, 396, 405, 407, 670, 673, 992, 1069, 1123, 1308, 1323, 1338, 1699, 2071, 2155
reproductive success 222, 334, 618, 671, 715, 716, 721, 776, 841, 906, 969, 989, 992, 1123, 1215, 1216, 1268, 1331, 1579, 1686, 1836, 1872, 1993, 2078
reproductive success: brood parasitism, nest predation 484
reptiles 109, 440, 492, 573, 650, 684, 692, 701, 837, 951, 983, 1079, 1080, 1088, 1183, 1192, 1198, 1213, 1220, 1236, 1279, 1306, 1322, 1398, 1443, 1661, 1802, 1855, 1905, 1924, 1949, 1969, 2122, 2266, 2272
Reptilia 591, 684, 1312, 1398, 1443, 2107, 2122, 2178, 2204, 2207
Reptilia, Anapsida, Testudines, Cryptodira, Testudinidae 573
Reptilia: forestry 109, 983, 1079, 1183, 1198, 1213, 1236, 1279, 1306, 1322
Reptilia: habitat management 1088, 1969
Reptilia, Lepidosauria, Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae 692
Reptilia: terrestrial habitat 1949
reptilian predators 684
research needs assessment 2275
research priorities 1659, 1939
research programs 1433, 1939
research: rivers and streams 1385, 1386, 1425, 2057
reseeded grasslands 295
reserve design 559, 917, 1990
reserve site selection 1899
reserve size 917
reserves 57, 279, 913, 2193, 2244
reservoirs 1371, 1523, 1820, 2064, 2212, 2257
residence time 1520
resident birds 1141
residual grass 553
residual shape 1076
residual size 1076
residual tree patch retention 2066
residual tree retention 1218
residual trees 869, 870, 1327
residual vegetation cover 668
resource allocation 298
resource base 2048
resource conservation 57, 149, 231, 1593, 2221
resource management 697, 790, 808, 1047, 1428, 1451, 1463, 1468, 1593, 1636, 1676, 1837, 1952, 1989, 2221
resource managers 390
resource selection 924
resource selection and habitat use 924
resource selection function 1038, 1200
resources management 1477, 1590, 1928
response analysis 1229
response guilds 391
response to riparian forest management 1977
responses 842
responses to helicopter timber harvesting 1948
rest-rotation grazing 507, 604
rest rotation grazing system 737
resting eggs 1691
restoration 141, 153, 203, 228, 299, 344, 609, 939, 984, 1070, 1176, 1194, 1197, 1203, 1240, 1241, 1246, 1421, 1422, 1468, 1491, 1497, 1509, 1564, 1590, 1601, 1619, 1665, 1669, 1671, 1729, 1737, 1765, 1772, 1780, 1798, 1803, 1816, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1853, 1862, 1863, 1892, 1896, 1906, 1914, 1934, 1936, 1975, 1997, 2096, 2121, 2138, 2166, 2210, 2239, 2257
restoration assessment 1381
restoration ecology 509, 544, 609, 733, 748, 867, 942, 984, 1005, 1029, 1197, 1238, 1364, 1443, 1560, 1576, 1749, 1780, 1850, 1863, 1903, 1915, 1925, 1962, 2017, 2121, 2200
restoration management 541
restoration measures 2112
restoration outcome, evaluating 1925
restoration outcomes prediction 1725
restoration planning 1973
restoration projects 1522
restoration projects: implementation, monitoring, planning 1552
restoration sites 1780
restoration success 1522
restoration techniques: instream, riparian 1419
restoration threshold 1925
restoration treatments effect on abundance and community structure 914
restored and remnant habitats 760, 782
restored and remnant riparian forests 1938
restored and remnant tallgrass prairie 760, 782
restored field habitat: small mammal populations 788
restored grassland 405
restored habitats 684
restored native grassland 364
restored riparian habitat 313
restored salt marsh 1778
restored tallgrass prairie 711
restored wetland utilization by waterfowl 278
restored wetlands 278, 1644, 1902
resuspended sediments 1539
retention levels 1313
retention of corridors between habitat patches 916
retinoid 1735
Retinol 1735, 2183
Retinyl ester 1735
revegetation 149, 231, 490, 733, 991, 1558, 1673, 2226
revegetation programs 1013
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation 273
Reynolds County 1016
Rhinichthys 1446
Rhinichthys osculus 1446
rhizome expansion 1271
Rhyacotriton cascadae 1555
Rhyacotriton: forestry 2129
Rhyacotriton kezeri 1424
Rhyacotriton variegatus 1555
rice 276, 953, 1584, 1683, 1688, 1713, 1777, 1785, 1860, 1882, 1907, 1912, 1933, 2226
rice farming 1653
rice field aquaculture 1785
rice fields 1582, 1688, 1724, 1785, 1911, 2170
rice production 1795, 1841
rice straw 1777
rice sustainability 1683
ricelands 1818
richness estimation 517, 1211
Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province 2196
riffle step restoration 101
rifle and shotgun inoculation 847
right-of-way 951, 1220, 1961, 2153
Riley Brook Area 992
Riley County 97, 125, 291
ring-necked ducks 1896
ring-necked pheasant 10, 13, 17, 35, 89, 112, 117, 130, 153, 248, 260, 267, 2187, 2262
Rinker Lake Research Area 1067
riparia 139, 591, 601, 613, 832, 872, 1036, 1153, 1280, 1297, 1321, 1324, 1377, 1443, 1484, 1530, 1532, 1542, 1673, 2121, 2250
riparian 340, 784, 885, 900, 960, 1118, 1245, 1324, 1328, 1509, 1534, 1673, 2081, 2121, 2205
riparian and fluvial systems along altitude gradient 2218
Riparian animals---United States 743
riparian area management 2115
riparian area processes 2247
riparian areas 418, 585, 613, 719, 731, 750, 759, 1020, 1297, 1411, 1618, 2115, 2217
Riparian areas---United States 743
riparian bird community 884
riparian buffer management 587
riparian buffer strips 1514, 2227, 2235
riparian buffer studies 2247
riparian buffer type management 1517
riparian buffer width 884
riparian buffer zones 2058
riparian buffers 329, 434, 474, 575, 764, 1020, 1372, 1392, 1400, 1409, 1435, 1464, 1476, 1516, 1525, 1745, 2043, 2115, 2129, 2167, 2215, 2216
riparian community 2039, 2058
riparian corridor tree harvesting 2023
riparian corridor woodlands and farmstead woodlots 2214
riparian corridors 114, 1461, 2023
riparian corridors along altitude gradient 2218
riparian ecology 2217
riparian ecosystem 589, 1530, 1982
riparian environments 726, 785, 1171, 1398, 1434, 1449, 1466, 1511, 1531, 1559, 1563, 1569, 1764, 1919, 2092
riparian farming areas 2219
riparian fauna 2058
riparian filter strips 516
riparian floodplain 1776
riparian forest corridors 1985
riparian forest management 884, 1977
riparian forests 340, 601, 710, 741, 832, 872, 884, 887, 1020, 1153, 1210, 1283, 1297, 1392, 1479, 1484, 1593, 1952, 1955, 2071, 2124, 2150, 2167, 2181, 2202, 2235, 2255
riparian forests restoration 1938
riparian grasslands 139, 740, 1479, 1480, 1727, 1823, 2093
riparian habitat 62, 313, 355, 371, 380, 385, 516, 564, 565, 589, 596, 601, 636, 684, 742, 902, 1148, 1163, 1217, 1234, 1240, 1321, 1337, 1371, 1385, 1386, 1425, 1498, 1502, 1533, 1555, 1690, 1796, 1920, 1938, 1969, 1976, 1985, 2039, 2043, 2057, 2061, 2071, 2091, 2104, 2110, 2130, 2139, 2158, 2202, 2214, 2215, 2117, 2218, 2219, 2226, 2235, 2236, 2241, 2255
riparian habitat restoration 355, 1562
riparian land 1171, 1483, 1499, 1519, 1526, 1559, 1659
riparian management 587, 1553, 2247
riparian meadow system 560
riparian processes 2247
riparian related questions 2247
riparian restoration 1372, 1461, 2158
riparian restoration role in breeding habitat creation 742
riparian rights 2186
riparian strips 591
riparian timber harvesting 1690
riparian timber management 1690
riparian vegetation 726, 741, 820, 855, 1337, 1398, 1404, 1439, 1460, 1479, 1480, 1483, 1511, 1532, 1535, 1542, 1573, 1593, 1659, 1671, 1888, 1952, 2028, 2149, 2154, 2158, 2166, 2228
riparian waters 1526, 1659
riparian wetland 1873
riparian width 1443
riparian woodlands 686, 2009
riparian zone 74, 139, 319, 591, 809, 850, 1008, 1156, 1280, 1321, 1399, 1443, 1511, 1518, 1556, 1560, 1661, 1690, 1749, 1955, 2035, 2191, 2205
riparian zone proximity 1205
riparian zones adjacent to wheat fields 2241
riprap 1671
risk 20, 2179, 2221
risk assessment 849, 1341, 1380, 1600, 2220
risk modeling 849
Rita Blanca Natl. Grasslands 469
river banks 1433, 1550, 1556, 1559, 1563
river basin management 1466, 1491, 2186, 2221
river basin projects 1501
river basins 1415, 1429, 1468, 1488, 1499, 1511, 1515, 1516, 1737, 1950
river continuum concept 1535
river discharge 1421
river ecosystem 1451
river engineering 1564, 1719, 1890
river enhancement 1407
river fisheries 1422, 1497
river flow 1488
river flow management 2072
river management 1451, 1501, 1571
river regulation 1431
river restoration 1381
river sedimentation 1378
river valleys 1737
riverbank protection 820
riverine environments 1535
riverine fishes 1430
riverine flood plain forest 2222
riverine landscapes 1534
riverine wetlands 1922
rivers 196, 784, 1371, 1374, 1384, 1385, 1387, 1411, 1420, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1424, 1427, 1432, 1439, 1445, 1459, 1460, 1463, 1471, 1472, 1478, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1488, 1495, 1497, 1504, 1520, 1533, 1538, 1548, 1555, 1564, 1575, 1690, 1725, 1787, 1920, 1981, 2112, 2138, 2154, 2208, 2218, 2233, 2242
rivers and streams 1446
riverscapes 1535
road baiting 496
road construction 848
road edge habitat 1247
roads 956, 966, 1192, 1210, 1247, 1350, 1592, 1787, 2036, 2137, 2193, 2201, 2285
roadside environment 793
roadside habitat 2165
roadside survey: applied and field techniques 1627
roadside vegetation management to reduce vehicular collisions 2165
Roberts Creek Study Forest 1248
Robinia 935
Robinia neomexicana 935
Robson Valley surrounds 1262
Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge 1839
rocks 1297
Rocky Branch Watershed 1465
Rocky Mountain National Park 555
Rocky Mountains 674, 1347, 2140
Rodentia 302, 531, 584, 632, 669, 744, 781, 852, 901, 953, 1042, 1157, 1193, 1320, 1965, 2080, 2139
Rodentia: farming and agriculture 447, 476, 2114
Rodentia: habitat management 1249
Rodentia, Mammalia 363, 1019, 1601
rodents 29, 74, 244, 265, 376, 397, 441, 459, 476, 562, 610, 662, 688, 689, 706, 744, 816, 852, 952, 978, 1016, 1024, 1031, 1046, 1099, 1138, 1212, 1229, 1249, 1256, 1320, 1326, 1349, 1749, 2114, 2142
Roger Mills County 603
role as indicator 754
role as indicator of land use change 754
role of fallow land patches 521
role of grazing management 735
role of shrub vegetation islands 815
role of submersed aquatic vegetation as habitat 1861
rolling plains 232, 676
roost site 657, 1194, 1263
roosting 902, 918, 939, 1150, 1335
roosting preference 1150
roosting site selection 1150
roosts 657, 902, 939, 1150, 1263
root production method 1945
rooted aquatic plants 2212
rooting zone 246
roots 2036
Rosa woodsii 1808
rose-breasted grosbeak 2244
Ross's geese 1880
rotation 978, 1080
rotation grazing: applied and field techniques 780
rotational cattle grazing 403
rotational grazing 233, 323, 347, 350, 352, 398, 494, 497, 505, 514, 520, 575, 655, 679, 697, 698, 770, 789, 1456, 2093
rotationally grazed pasture 403, 543
Rotifera 347
rough green snake 792
roughskin newt 1555
row crop agroecosystems 207
rowcrop field 21
rowcrop fields: bird use 173
Rubus spectabilis 884
Rubus trivialis 2170
Rudbeckia missouriensis 2120
ruddy ducks 1744, 1864
ruffed grouse 1096, 1160, 1253
rufous-sided towhee 2244
ruminants 740
runoff 7, 1370, 1377, 1408, 1550, 1859
rural areas 234, 541, 1956
rural economies 234, 297
rural landscape 374, 1987
rural recreation 234, 2070
Rush Ranch 1932
RUSLE 273
Sabine National Wildlife Refuge 1709
Sacaton 334
Sacramento River 1938, 2121
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 1725
Sacramento Valley 828, 1619, 1795, 2232
safe harbor 2258
safe sites 2017
safety 2212
Safford, Arizona 390
sage grouse 553, 557, 607, 609, 640, 680, 694, 718, 768
sage grouse habitat restoration 733
sage sparrow 1348
sagebrush 381, 404, 553, 554, 557, 609, 627, 680, 718, 747, 796, 806, 807, 1999, 2141
sagebrush ecosystems 745
sagebrush habitat 357, 641, 758
sagebrush habitat management 758
sagebrush habitat use 758
sagebrush rangeland enhancement requirement 357
sagebrush rangelands 607, 815
sagebrush steppe 597, 659, 685, 733
sagebrush steppe restoration 659, 685
sagebrush vegetation 420
Saginaw Bay 1710
Saint Lucie County 716
salamanders 951, 1086, 1101, 1220, 1312, 1409, 1507, 1555, 1844, 2204
Salamandridae 1312, 1662
Salicaceae 741
Salicales 741
Salientia 1690
saline lakes 1872, 1873
salinity 1648, 1692, 1702, 1739, 1905, 2134
salinity effects 1512, 2134, 2212
Salix 434, 741, 764, 1043, 1340, 1470, 1673, 1965
Salix boothii and Salix geyeriana 380
Salix exigua 1374, 1431
Salix lasiandra 2139
Salix scouleriana (Scouler's willow) 1090
Salix spp. 558, 596, 2139
Salmo 1389, 1563
Salmo gairdneri 1531
Salmo salar 1544, 2277
Salmo trutta 1389, 1416, 1423, 1499, 1529, 1539
salmon 1407, 1488, 1556, 1658
Salmon Bay 2228
salmon fisheries 1391, 1421, 1422
Salmon fisheries---Columbia River---Watershed 1536
salmon restoration 1560
salmonid 1385, 1407, 1436, 1450, 1475, 1557, 1560
salmonid habitat recovery 822
Salmonidae 1385, 1389, 1407, 1416, 1421, 1433, 1436, 1472, 1481, 1489, 1520, 1531, 1575, 1892, 2154
Salmonidae: forestry 1452
Salmonidae: habitat management 1403, 1520, 2198
Salmoniformes, Actinopterygii, Pisces 1489, 1520
Salmoninae: forestry 1504
salt desert shrub community 435
salt encrustation 1864
salt evaporation ponds 1895
salt marsh 1591, 1620, 1648, 1707, 1709, 1721, 1732, 1756, 1765, 1769, 1778, 1803, 1835, 1837, 1932
salt marsh levee 1601
salt marsh restoration 1706, 1707, 1765, 1778
salt marsh restoration projects 1721
salt ponds 1895
salt toxicosis 1864
Saltatoria 412, 777
Salton Sea 1512
salvage logging 980, 1274
Salvelinus confluentus 1557
Salvelinus fontinalis 1328, 1404, 1434, 1529, 1531
Salvelinus fontinalis: habitat management 1517
Salvia 299, 748
sampling 262, 274, 515, 619, 773, 794, 982, 1138, 1482, 1491, 1640, 1708, 1883, 1907, 2141, 2229
San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge 1620
San Diego Bay 1719, 1894
San Diego County, California 1348
San Francisco Bay 1837, 1895, 1915
San Francisco County 1837
San Gabriel River 1572
San Joaquin antelope squirrel 650
San Joaquin kanagaroo rat 650
San Joaquin River Valley 650
San Joaquin Valley 1614, 1744, 1886, 1910, 2232
San Joaquin Wildlife Sanctuary 1612
San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge 1601
San Patricio County 605
San Pedro R. 726
sand 1523
sand fraction 79
sand prairie 567
sand prairie habitat mitigation and management case study 567
sand sagebrush 414, 615, 625
sand sagebrush habitat 414
sand shinnery 512
Sander canadensis: farming and agriculture 1538
sandhill crane 1737
sandhills 924, 1141
sandy loam soils 439
sandy soil 1065
Sangamon River 1550
Sangre de Cristo Mountains 773
Santa Cruz County 471
Santa Rita Experimental Range 389
Sapelo Island 1083
Sapindaceae 2083
Saproxylic 1300
saproxylic organism 1300
sapsuckers 1102
Saskatchewan 178, 251, 392, 465, 537, 671, 687, 787, 845, 874, 987, 997, 1630, 1772, 1923
satellite imagery 1645
saturated conditions 1715
Sauria 2120
savanna 628, 638, 734, 895, 1998, 2081, 2083
savanna ecoregion 2211
Savannah River National Environment Research Park 916
Savannah River Site 915, 976, 1260, 1302, 2107
Savannah River Site Nuclear Production Facility 1228
Savannah sparrow 217, 542, 543, 563, 683, 1346
Savannas Preserve State Park 716
scale 617, 664, 682, 1679, 2034, 2168
scale effect 621, 664
scaled quail 373
Scaphinotus rugiceps 1105
Scaphiopus holbrookii 1617, 1978
Sceloporus scalaris 419
Sceloporus undulatus 2120
Sceloporus woodi 1155
Schizachyrium scoparium 2120
Schizolachnus 931
Schoenoplectus acutus 1680
Schoenoplectus californicus 1680
scientific method 841
scientific soil nutrients 1274
scientist perceptions 2275
Scirpus 1771
Scirpus acutus 1811
Scirpus maritima 1671
Sciuridae 29, 147, 302, 531, 669, 901, 1019, 1042, 1138, 1157
Sciurus aberti 1126, 1326
Sciurus niger cinereus 1246
Scolopacidae 141, 184
Scolopax minor 1096
Scolopax minor (Scolopacidae): farming and agriculture 184
Scolytinae 936, 1300
Scotland 2071
Scott County, Mississippi 902
scour 1387
scrub 389, 573, 597, 603, 641, 734, 812, 1032, 1145, 2099
scrub jay 716
scrub oak barrens 1145
scrub-shrub habitats 2027
sea surface temperature 1645
seabirds 1906, 2168
seaside sparrow 349
seasonal abundance 1610, 1818
seasonal activities 238, 658, 902, 1261, 1350
seasonal and annual home ranges 1258
seasonal and semipermanent wetlands 1866
seasonal availability 757
seasonal changes 25
seasonal changes and influences 1320
seasonal checklist 1610
seasonal differences 1647
seasonal distribution and movements 1538
seasonal dynamics 420
seasonal forest pools 1857
seasonal forest wetlands 1889
seasonal habitat selection 1261
seasonal habitat use 1262
seasonal influence 2230
seasonal movements 151
seasonal ponds 1227
seasonal productivity 530
seasonal use of canopy gaps 1260
seasonal variation 105, 238, 722, 1339, 1549, 1720, 1744, 1772, 1941, 2124, 2231
seasonal wetlands 1619, 1715, 1808, 2025, 2026
seasonality 17, 189, 383, 437, 454, 529, 546, 728, 1257, 1867
seasons 238, 519, 797, 902, 1031, 1303, 1309, 1359, 1768, 2141
Seattle 1671
Secale cereale 1943
second-growth forests 954, 1492
secondary forests 838
secondary succession 623, 889
sedge wren 93, 217, 563, 696
sediment 741, 1370, 1404, 1456, 1495, 1523, 1527, 1539, 1549, 1558, 1703, 1757, 1819, 1827, 1839, 1852, 1970, 1981, 2092, 2261
sediment composition and accretion rates 1486
sediment contamination 7, 1726, 1842, 2212
sediment deposition 1495
sediment load 1413, 1539, 1564, 1890
sediment loading 1370
sediment loss 1190
sediment plugs 1669
sediment pollution 7, 1539, 1842, 2212
sediment texture 1512
sediment transport 1387, 1564
Sediment transport---United States 2194
sedimentation 1396, 1411, 1413, 1432, 1461, 1468, 1473, 1498, 1549, 1569, 1663, 1691, 1705, 1736, 1890
sedimentation rates 1493, 1852
seed addition 306
seed banks 1691, 1831, 2004
seed dispersal 2017
seed output 491
seed predation 485, 1944
seed sources 2017
seeding 165, 881
seedling emergence 306
seedling establishment 822
seedlings 1340, 2045, 2240
seeds 42, 170, 239, 306, 490, 1245, 1633, 1772, 1924, 2045, 2068, 2281
seining 1892
Seiurus 984
Seiurus aurocapillus 945, 949, 962, 984, 989, 995, 999, 1135, 1233, 1303
Seiurus aurocapillus (Parulidae): forestry 992, 2235
selection 964, 1362
selection criteria 284
selection cutting 1228
selection harvest 1223
selection logging 1484
selective felling 1080
selective forest logging 994
selective grazing 604
selective harvesting 1037, 1056
selective logging 993, 994, 999, 1484
selective timber harvest treatments 1306
selective withdrawal 1488
selectivity 678
selenium 1771, 1819, 1870, 2014, 2015, 2212
selenium concentration 1405
selenium: trace metals 2062
self design 1712
semi-arid habitat 652, 2236
semi arid landscape 1747
semiaquatic habitat 278, 355, 1578, 1583, 1604, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1641, 1704, 1738, 1747, 1752, 1774, 1781, 1789, 1838, 1848, 1866,
1885, 1887, 1889, 1904, 1916, 1923, 1948, 1969, 2033, 2037, 2097, 2119, 2155, 2207, 2222, 2270
semiarid region 624
semiarid shrublands: habitat 564
semiarid zones 333, 741
semidesert grasslands 518
seminatural wetland habitat 1724
Seminole bat 967
Seminole County 1032
sensitivity analysis 2030
Sequoia Riverlands Trust 2025, 2026
seral stages 717, 1024
serial continuity concept 1535
Serpentes 428, 481, 1436, 2204
set-aside land 113
set-aside program lands 212
Setophaga ruticilla 856, 1033, 1189
Setophaga ruticulla 1233
settlement 1125, 1192, 1993, 2278
Sewage---Purification---Biological treatment---United States---Case studies 1656
sex differences 262, 500, 1674, 1714
sexual aggregation 755
sexual dimorphism 755
sexual reproduction 1936
sexual segregation 755
sexual selection 1845
shade coffee 1130
shading 2082
shallow connected lake 1833
shallow lake community structure 1779
shallow lake species diversity 1677
shallow lakes 1779
shallow water 1806
shallow water habitats 1884
Shannon County 1016
Shannon diversity 1103
sharp-tailed grouse 81, 106, 203, 377, 463, 494, 595, 694, 756
shearing 1324
sheep 347, 417, 638, 677, 702, 1340
sheep grazing 356, 547
Sheeprock Mountains 431
sheetwater wetland 1733
Shelby County 98
shelterbelts 216, 2242
sheltered habitats 1441
shelterwood 964, 1181
shelterwood and selection silviculture 1256
shelterwood logging 995
Sherman County 2064
Sherman Reservoir 2064
shinnery oak habitat 603
shorebirds 168, 464, 1613, 1653, 1767, 1768, 1800, 1826, 1839, 1912, 1913, 1934, 2232
shoreline modifications 2228
shoreline restoration 2228
shores and banks 1389
shores and banks fences 1498
short-duration grazing 510, 727
short duration grazing use 810
short-tailed shrew 852
short term and continuous cattle grazing 500
short term breeding population responses 1264
short-term effects 1268
short term variations 760
shortgrass prairie 751, 752
Shortgrass Prairie Bird Conservation Region 751, 752
shrews 376, 982, 1031, 1297
shrimp 1788
shrub grasslands 430, 436, 555, 716, 758, 2141
shrub habitat 1959
shrub-removal 388
shrub-scrub 1998
shrub-steppe 1993, 2284
shrub-steppe habitat 430
shrub willow floodplain: habitat 318
shrubland 54, 118, 130, 480, 512, 609, 744, 772, 1187, 1961, 2030
shrubland birds 598, 1937, 1961
shrubland conditions 338
shrubland management 1961
shrubland matrix 755
shrubland restoration 338
shrubs 231, 638, 662, 728, 762, 878, 1265, 1313, 1412, 1556, 1823
shrubsteppe 263, 287, 530
Sialia currucoides 876
Sialia mexicana 1176
Sialia sialis 1265
Sicamous area 1219
Sichuan pheasants 260
Sierra de la Laguna 632
Sierra Nevada 596, 682, 823, 952
Sierra Nevada Mountains 988
Sierra Nevada, south 1157
Sigmodon fluviventer 744
Sigmodon hispidus 584, 688, 953
signals 1116
silt 1483, 1523
silt load 1852
siltation 1691
silver-haired bat 967
silvicultural management 1311
silvicultural management techniques 1273
silvicultural practices 1019, 1100 1149, 1267, 1272, 1355, 1945, 2016, 2040
silvicultural prescription 1319
silvicultural systems 842, 1080, 1187
silvicultural techniques 1273
silviculturally-accepted systems 1235
silviculture 155, 832, 839, 842, 844, 851, 878, 904, 913, 923, 924, 929, 945, 954, 968, 969, 970, 977, 978, 980, 981, 993, 999, 1000, 1003, 1015, 1035, 1037, 1038, 1050, 1052, 1064, 1089, 1100, 1124, 1125, 1127, 1175, 1179, 1187, 1189, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1233, 1242, 1261, 1273, 1277, 1283, 1291, 1303, 1305, 1314, 1318, 1336, 1360, 1365, 1366, 1690, 2077, 2173, 2223, 2278
silviculture guidelines 1189
silviculture impact on forest population density 1256
silviculture methods in forest habitat 1256
silviculture: riparian responses 2247
silvopasture 708
simulation 147, 839, 1051, 1143, 1276, 1305, 1497, 1590, 1754
simulation model: mathematical and computer techniques 420
simulation models 147, 298, 778, 849, 1160, 1200, 2115
single-tree selection cutting 999
single tree selection harvesting 1230
sink environment 2239
Sipsey Fork River 1437
Sistrurus catenatus 481
Sistrurus catenatus catenatus: habitat management 692
site accessibility 2238
site drainage 1702
site fidelity 68, 1082, 1268
site-occupancy model 1783
site preferences 937
site preparation 1054
site selection 80, 213, 256, 559, 622, 1150, 1237, 1614, 1990
Sitta canadensis 995, 1102, 1288
Sitta pusilla 973
size 500, 515, 807, 1389, 1412, 1765, 1778, 2103, 2198
size and weight relationships 632
skidder rut wetlands 2107
skidder ruts 2107
Skookumchuck Creek 1490
skunk 141
slash mulching 1190
slash pine 1330
slash pine forests 1356
slash pine timber production 1356
sleeping 1613
sleeping 902, 1150
slender glass lizard 792
slope 2154
sloughs 1805
slugs 528, 1669
small 2048
small farms 1945
small isolated prairie reserves 365
small isolated wetlands 2122
small mammal communities 1100
small mammals 106, 166, 243, 425, 575, 586, 591, 674, 725, 744, 759, 762, 832, 894, 933, 953, 988, 1024, 1118, 1214, 1231, 1278, 1280, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1314, 2181
small montane streams 1375
small-mouthed salamander 1662
small patch cut harvesting 1230
small taxa 295, 711, 765, 1270
small taxa abundance 1282
small taxa community responses 766
small taxa evaluation 1286
small taxa population responses to grassland management 724
small taxa responses to habitat restoration 766
small terrestrial fauna 940
small watersheds 2198
small wetlands 1594
smallmouth salamanders 2006
smartweed 2068
Smith County, Mississippi 902
smolts 1422, 1658
SMZ 1297
snag cavity use 1206
snag density 1288
snag-forest 980
snag retention 1206
snag variables 1288
snags 889, 896, 921, 922, 936, 967, 980, 998, 1001, 1048, 1094, 1095, 1129, 1169, 1195, 1263, 1288, 1289, 1290, 1318, 1368, 2124
snails 528, 1669, 1886
snake refugia 428
Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area 667
snakes 951, 1220
snap trapping 485
snow 981, 1960, 2141
snow goose 1737
snowberry 2141
snowfall 11
snowshoe hare 890, 981, 1104, 1107
snowy plover 1872
social aspects 919, 2028
social attitudes 2
social behavior 415, 755, 797, 878, 1155, 1538, 1932, 2076
social changes 1891
social effect 240
social organization 755, 1932
social sciences 1928
social survey 1956
societies and institutions 39
socio-economic studies 196, 1555, 1997
socioeconomics 390, 2028, 2090
sociological aspects 1586, 1814, 1940, 2135
sociology, general 511
Socorro County, New Mexico 301
sod field 1973
Sodbuster 2273
softwoods 905, 1043
soil and water 508
soil bulk density 354, 432
soil chemical properties 79
soil chemistry 734
soil chemistry and physics 1715
soil community 219, 771
soil community structure 2072
soil compaction 347
soil conservation 92, 149, 177, 191, 231, 285, 1495, 1727, 1940, 2028, 2152, 2253
Soil conservation---Government policy---United States 43
Soil conservation---United States 2194
soil contamination 7, 1842
soil cultivation and cropping systems 1945
soil depth 354
soil development 1648
soil erosion 133, 190, 215, 233, 246, 734, 1377, 1432, 1939, 2028
Soil erosion---United States 2194
soil exposure 1190
soil fauna 180, 770, 966
soil fertility 259, 347
soil fertility, fertilizers, and manures 259
soil food webs and community composition 180
soil habitat 78, 110, 167, 180, 242, 245, 646, 1022, 2072
soil losses 1411
soil management 219, 245, 775, 1633
soil microtopography 1190
soil moisture 354, 775, 1190
soil nutrient content 219
soil organic carbon changes 246
soil organic matter 79, 1274
soil parameters 577
soil pH 79, 259
soil physical properties 79
soil pollutants 1812
soil pollution 2136, 2224
soil pollution: monitoring, control, remediation 2212
soil population responses to tillage regime 167
soil properties 790, 1831
soil protection 375
soil remediation 2212
soil science 103, 191, 246, 1378
soil tamping 485
soil temperature 354, 850
soil transplantation 1794
soil type 763, 770
soil-water 1661, 1715
soil-water-plant relationships 1526, 1659
soils 699, 734, 785, 817, 907, 919, 948, 1377, 1451, 1591, 1842, 2120
Solano County 1932
Solanum lycopersicum 2271
solid wastes 1817
Solidago 544
song sparrow 93
songbird communities 1226
songbird conservation 411, 465, 1218
songbirds 84, 108, 311, 401, 442, 464, 465, 542, 671, 712, 726, 772, 773, 841, 882, 889, 906, 993, 1015, 1118, 1216, 1218, 1235, 1291, 1313, 1625, 1945, 1962, 1964, 2163
Sonoma County 809, 1601
Sonoran Desert 2280
Sora 1849
Sorensen's Similarity Index: mathematical and computer techniques 611
Sorex 852, 1283
Sorex cinereus 591, 1297
Sorex cinereus: farming and agriculture 459
Sorex dispar 1297
Sorex fumeus 591, 1269, 1297
Sorex hoyi 1269, 1297
Sorex longirostris: forestry 1269
Sorex monticolus 1129
Sorex ornatus sinuosus (Soricidae): habitat management 1932
Sorex trowbridgii 854, 1129
Sorex vagrans 1129
Sorghum 496
Sorghum vulgare 2068
Soricidae 1024, 1280, 1297, 1932
Soricids 1297
source environment 2239
source habitats 2239
source-sink 2163
source-sink dynamics 776, 2163, 2200, 2239
source-sink model 2200
sources and fate of pollution 1842
South Carolina 109, 833, 851, 916, 953, 955, 968, 971, 983, 991, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1075, 1110, 1111, 1148, 1169, 1205, 1228, 1259, 1260, 1264, 1300, 1324, 1330, 1333, 1335, 1596, 1774, 1840, 2107, 2207
South Carolina coastal plain 2122
South Carolina, western 915, 976
South Dakota 49, 89, 91, 104, 111, 122, 159, 162, 218, 237, 238, 248, 250, 295, 346, 459, 595, 704, 711, 897, 995, 1362, 1646, 1670, 1685, 1722, 1781, 1865, 1963, 2001, 2076, 2114, 2214
South Dakota: Butte County 66
South Dakota: eastern region 739
South Dakota: Pennington and Lawrence Counties 1350
South Dakota, western region 619, 2147
South Fork Edisto River 109
South Platte River 824
South Platte River basin 1950
South Platte State Wildlife Area 765
South Texas 467
Southeast 302
southeastern Myotis 1205
southeastern U.S. river 1430
southern Appalachian herpetofauna 2204
southern Appalachian Mountains 1002
southern Appalachian reptiles 2204
southern Appalachians 1312, 2091
Southern California 1298
southern Great Plains 664, 1817, 1825
southern High Plains 1606, 1613, 1633, 1726, 1752, 1762, 2037
Southern Iowa Drift Plain 330
southern leopard frog 1840
southern Olympic 1555
southern Ontario 1494
southern pine bluestem forests 948
southern plains states of USA 231
southern Quebec 1947
southern red-backed vole 1129
southern toad 1330
Southlands Forest 2023
Southwest 302, 784, 2054
southwestern willow flycatcher 784
sown grasslands 236
soybeans 154, 166, 276, 583
sparrow habitat 349
sparrows 98, 175
Spartina 1756
Spartina foliosa 1925
Spartina patens 1649
spatial 1542, 2168
spatial analysis 803, 1533, 2017, 2239
spatial arrangement 1271
spatial data 778, 1200, 1495, 2092
spatial distribution 79, 774, 775, 778, 779, 984, 1085, 1305, 1448, 1455, 1506, 1511, 1700, 1842, 1880, 1944, 1950, 1959, 2035, 2168
spatial distribution of low density populations 777
spatial distributions of male mating aggregations 415
spatial environment 526
spatial harvest planning model 1303
spatial heterogeneity 777
spatial isolation 1373
spatial models 1334, 1341
spatial optimization model 2175
spatial patterns 803, 2017
spatial scale 665, 790, 1162, 1831, 1877
spatial scaling 1535
spatial variability 540
spatial variables measurement 1142
spatial variation 247, 774, 1162, 1302, 1549, 1823, 1849, 1876, 2115
spatially explicit models 1309
spatially explicit population model 1957
spatially explicit simulation 1143
spatiotemporal analysis 1300
Spatula clypeata 276
spawning 1407, 1450, 1491
spawning ground 1686
Spea multiplicata 1762
species 195, 197
species abundance 13, 17, 21, 97, 198, 226, 257, 560, 643, 727, 785, 985, 1004, 1190, 1210, 1233, 1305, 1492, 1543, 1897, 1909, 1983, 2035
species accumulation 356
species accumulation curves 1142
species-area 1679
species-area relationships 872
species composition 13, 144, 182, 790, 832, 880, 1142, 1437, 1603, 1648, 1668, 1719, 1897
species composition changes 1985
species conservation 38, 296, 310, 509, 593, 664, 703, 718, 1177, 1218, 1255, 1263, 1337, 1998, 2108, 2182, 2229, 2250
species density 95, 385, 972, 1627, 1648
species differences 753
species distribution 385, 932, 1428
species diversity 15, 30, 55, 94, 98, 105, 120, 157, 161, 169, 172, 182, 195, 204, 226, 243, 244, 274, 295, 348, 361, 367, 376, 386, 405, 432, 447, 462, 490, 491, 509, 525, 575, 576, 582, 611, 635, 670, 702, 722, 731, 734, 741, 759, 762, 770, 780, 838, 861, 875, 881, 886, 898, 907, 936, 937, 951, 953, 955, 960, 961, 976, 995, 1002, 1007, 1009, 1016, 1020, 1024, 1050, 1076, 1079, 1091, 1100, 1103, 1111, 1129, 1139, 1162, 1197, 1210, 1220, 1228, 1234, 1250, 1257, 1264, 1265, 1280, 1294, 1312, 1313, 1398, 1407, 1422, 1443, 1464, 1466, 1511, 1521, 1579, 1592, 1598, 1617, 1620, 1633, 1638, 1643, 1651, 1654, 1661, 1662, 1677, 1681, 1729, 1748, 1752, 1757, 1759, 1763, 1772, 1773, 1823, 1830, 1833, 1838, 1844, 1875, 1883, 1885, 1908, 1910, 1918, 1919, 1931, 1936, 1944, 1950, 1960, 1963, 1967, 1995, 1997, 2021, 2042, 2052, 2060, 2090, 2122, 2138, 2154, 2178, 2224, 2227, 2230, 2257
species diversity relations 1079
species evenness 907
species extinction 1650, 1651
species groups 1011, 2239
species-habitat models 1899
species interactions: general 100
species interactions: parasites and diseases 1815
species loss 492
species management 460
species occurrence 1594, 1783, 1849, 1953, 1983
species of concern 1299
species of focus 2239
species presence 961
species productivity 198
species reintroduction 1061
species representation 2238
species retention 1206
species richness 24, 32, 87, 205, 243, 257, 388, 432, 449, 522, 525, 560, 576, 582, 601, 611, 790, 814, 831, 838, 855, 858, 872, 898, 936, 953, 972, 1029, 1054, 1089, 1119, 1142, 1143, 1190, 1211, 1228, 1233, 1244, 1257, 1277, 1283, 1287, 1295, 1312, 1398, 1470, 1506, 1515, 1592, 1597, 1621, 1668, 1681, 1740, 1757, 1759, 1823, 1833, 1868, 1875, 1883, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1931, 1936, 1974, 2036, 2044, 2093, 2181, 2197, 2204, 2227, 2265, 2282
species richness and diversity 1314
species-specific edge effects 1308
species survey and seasonal abundance 1610
species trait analysis use 782
species turnover 884
specific conductance 1428
Speotyto cunicularia 392, 1980, 1993
Spermatophyta 741
spermatophytes 2061, 2192
Spermophilus 1285
Spermophilus brunneus brunneus 384
Spermophilus franklinii 218
Spermophilus franklinii: distribution within habitat 2142
Spermophilus lateralis 1281
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus 166, 669
Speyeria idalia: habitat management 786
Sphaerium 1483
Sphaeroderus lecontei 1257
Sphyrapicus varius 1102
spider diversity 2044
spiders 528, 1105
Spilogale gracilis 570
Spiza 139, 527
Spiza americana 17, 21, 26, 55, 93, 97, 139, 181, 291, 527, 544, 946, 2184
Spizella 317
Spizella arborea 1937
Spizella arborea (Passeriformes) 17
Spizella breweri 66, 530, 745, 763
Spizella breweri: disturbance by man 597
Spizella pallida 660, 669, 671, 683, 845, 1346, 1953
Spizella passerina 317, 446, 973
Spizella pusilla 55, 93, 317, 446, 1175, 1233, 2030
Sporobolus wrightii 334
sport fishing 1529
spotted owl 913, 1056, 1120, 1268, 1309, 1310
spotted salamander 1655, 1690, 1844, 1845, 2006
spotted seatrout 1798
spring 520, 699, 1074, 1613, 1799
spring active assemblage composition 1067
spring bird migration 1311
Spring Creek 1524
spring migration 250
sprouting 1271
sprouts 2237
spruce forest management 1067
Squamata 428, 481, 2204
squash 127
Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge 692
squirrel, flying 1016
squirrels 978, 1109
St. John's River basin 349
St. Johns River Water Management District 1856
St. Landry Parish 1610
stabilization 1622
stable isotope ratios 1645
stable isotopes 251
stakeholder perceptions 2275
stakeholders 252
stand age 997
stand characteristics 1024, 1296
stand composition 2115
stand density 849, 935, 967, 1024, 1314
stand density index 929
stand development 1305
stand management 1115
stand structure 576, 849, 863, 935, 1009, 1076, 1100, 1142, 1277, 1296, 1314, 1318, 1823
standardized broadcast call technique 2195
standards 840, 2257
standing biomass 897
standing crops 699, 1389, 1507, 1535
standing dead trees 1195
standing stock 1563
Staphylinidae: forestry 846
starvation 1350
state conservation programs 12, 14, 53, 70, 77, 111, 122, 237, 270, 286, 704
state wildlife management areas 244
statistical analysis 117, 198, 1141, 1521, 1772, 1876
statistical design 1925
statistical method 1297, 1428, 1791
statistical models 987
statistics 49, 55, 98, 196, 274, 281, 443, 515, 902, 982, 1165, 1412, 1810, 1951, 1968, 2147
status 68, 134, 153, 279, 291, 428, 658, 797, 806, 833, 924, 925, 957, 976, 995, 1000, 1042, 1122, 1179, 1224, 1233, 1246, 1366, 1424, 1609, 1880, 1884, 2130
status survey 2229
steelhead 1472
steelhead trout 1457
Steens Mountain 597
stem density
1142
stems 638, 935
steppe 748
stewardship 594, 687, 787, 2248
Stillwater 2014, 2241
Stillwater State Forest 981
Stillwater Wildlife Management Area 2013
stimulus reaction 531
Stipa viridula 1808
stochastic dynamic programming 612
stochastic processes 612
stock assessment and management 1928
stock ponds 1602, 2047
stocking density 1759
stocking diagram 929
stocking intensity 948
stocking level 433
stocking (organisms) 1669
stocking rate 298, 352, 638, 780, 1408, 1759
stocking rate reduction 411
stocking-transplanting 153, 302, 1246, 2210, 2240
stocks 1759
stomach fullness 1778
stopover 831
stopover site 1674
storage tanks 2011
Storeria occipitomaculata 951
stormwater runoff 7
stormwater treatment wetlands 1611
strategic planning 873, 1043
strategies in agroecosystems 521
strategy 605, 1075
stratified tag-recapture 1418
straw 1777
straw disposal 1584, 1742
Strawberry Valley 680
stream agroecosystems 1401
stream amphibians 1245
stream bank protection 1571
stream bank stability 1419
stream banks 1398
stream barrier removal 1469
stream benthic community 1397
stream bioassessment 1462
stream biota 1529
stream buffer 2245
stream channel structure 1522
stream channelization 1508
stream channels 1487, 1495
stream classification 1495
stream communities 1328, 2058
stream community structure effects 1514
stream conditions 1516
stream corridors 1548
stream culverts 1373
stream depth 785
stream discharge 1481
stream ecology 1471, 2254
stream ecosystems 1369, 1501
stream enhancement 1522
stream erosion 1456
stream fauna 2058
stream flow 133, 1399, 1416, 1432, 1470, 1478, 1488, 1497, 1557
stream flow rate 1564
stream habitat 1402, 1440
stream habitat management 1537
stream habitat restoration 1492
stream habitats in urbanizing watersheds 1540
stream improvement 1498
stream inflows 1820
stream insect communities 1484
stream management 1451, 1452
stream morphology 1492
stream pollution 1415, 1460, 1519
stream processes 1522
stream quality 587, 1401, 1494
stream restoration 587, 1387, 1461, 1513, 1526, 1535, 1547, 1553, 1571
stream riparian habitat 1502, 1562
stream riparian interactions 1535
stream salamanders 1690
stream theory 1411
stream water quality 1478
streambank erosion 1571
streambank fencing 1398
streambank protection with rip rap 1474
streambanks 371, 1379
streamflow 1506, 1550, 1564, 2092
streams 340, 473, 575, 750, 866, 885, 1370, 1379, 1380, 1383, 1385, 1387, 1389, 1392, 1397, 1399, 1403, 1404, 1408, 1413, 1414, 1415, 1423, 1439, 1445, 1448, 1451, 1455, 1456, 1458, 1462, 1464, 1470, 1473, 1474, 1476, 1480, 1483, 1484, 1486, 1489, 1490, 1493, 1495, 1498, 1499, 1507, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1515, 1517, 1519, 1521, 1524, 1525, 1528, 1537, 1539, 1540, 1542, 1546, 1549, 1550, 1551, 1554, 1556, 1558, 1559, 1562, 1565,
1568, 1570, 1573, 1679, 2090, 2115, 2129, 2154, 2159, 2166, 2191, 2202, 2216, 2217, 2254, 2257, 2272
streams (in natural channels) 1511
streamside elevation 1648
streamside forest management 2058
streamside management zones (SMZ) 1280
streamside resources 2202
stress 1035, 2224
Strigidae 153, 823, 954, 1048, 1120, 1179, 1244, 1268, 1309, 1310, 1345, 1980, 1993
Strigiformes 153, 823, 913, 954, 1048, 1120, 1151, 1179, 1207, 1268, 1309, 1310, 1980, 1993
Strigiformes, Aves 667, 1345
strip cover 139
strip mowing 584
striped mullet 1798
striped skunk 218, 695, 2102
Strix nebulosa (Strigidae) 823
Strix occidentalis 836, 849, 853, 913, 954, 1048, 1120, 1268, 1309, 1315
Strix occidentalis caurina 954, 1151, 1309, 1310
Strix occidentalis caurina: forestry 1273
Strix occidentalis caurina (Strigidae): forestry 1345
Strix occidentalis lucida 1207
structural complexity 797, 1000
structural equation modeling 621
structural habitat attribute 1000
structural heterogeneity 775
structural marsh management 1692, 1746, 1822
structure 1483
structured cut-blocks 869
stub use patterns 1184
stubble 112, 505, 1933
stubble height 112
studies 1374
study methods 120, 806, 921, 1038, 1048, 1158, 1176, 1246, 1303, 1943, 2141
stump number 994
Sturnella 10, 29, 527
Sturnella: habitat management 135
Sturnella (Icteridae) 61
Sturnella magna 55, 80, 93, 209, 291, 309, 542, 544, 606, 651, 652
Sturnella neglecta 93, 166, 195, 606, 671, 845, 1937, 1953
Sturnella spp. (Passeriformes) 17
Sturnidae 745
sub-watershed 1966
subalpine fir 1360
subarctic forest 889, 980
sublethal effects 1539
submerged aquatic plants 1799
submergence 1933
subsidies 2243
substrates 1483
subsurface irrigation drainage 1583
subsurface layer 246
suburban 1809
suburban development 1192
suburban wildlife space planning 1192
success 73, 993, 1120
succession 66, 182, 228, 384, 392, 861, 880, 881, 893, 921, 968, 1120, 1125, 1129, 1134, 1143, 1160, 1187, 1233, 1290, 1292, 1359, 1360, 1533, 1585, 1772, 1883, 1961, 2042, 2082
succession in habitats 815
successional habitats 1959, 2223
successional old fields 503
sugarcane fields 211
Suisun Bay 1932
summer 279, 520, 1074, 1321, 1620, 1799, 2206
summer burning 481
summer distribution 1884
summer fallow 198
summer forage availability 1202
summer monsoon 1190
summer tanager 2244
Summerland, BC 1099, 2181
Sunflower County 292
sunflower damage 250
sunflower seed 1099
Superior National Forest 909
supplemental feeding 496, 2069, 2193
supplemental prey 2032
supporting science 2157
supports 1318
surface active community 110
surface area 2151
surface drainage 1817
surface-groundwater relations 1415
surface layer 246
surface mining 1985
surface mining habitat reclaimation 1985
surface water 1009, 1406, 1415, 1521, 1665, 1700, 1851, 1936, 1970, 2011, 2092, 2152
surface water level 1637, 1715, 1760, 1906
Surnia ulula 1179
surrogate species 464
surrounding landscape 2017
survey data use to assess importance of agricultural riparian buffers 2254
survey study 1322
surveys 79, 190, 196, 202, 240, 252, 279, 443, 619, 739, 740, 773, 778, 1288, 1472, 1629, 1682, 1713, 1774, 1787, 1810, 2067, 2135, 2147, 2162, 2176, 2240, 2257
survival 68, 79, 125, 153, 218, 220, 221, 235, 241, 248, 256, 362, 370, 379, 384, 402, 496, 569, 580, 590, 662, 669, 955, 963, 990, 1063, 1082, 1104, 1171, 1212, 1239, 1268, 1323, 1442, 1488, 1630, 1704, 1714, 1888, 1944, 1951, 2071, 2073, 2078, 2101, 2103, 2105, 2170, 2283
survival analysis 793, 2184
survival and nest success of females 1323
survival probability 1630
survivorship 466
suspended load 1539
suspended particulate matter 1539
suspended sediments 1370, 1377, 1413, 1460, 1539
suspended solids 1404, 1700
sustainability 39, 1009, 1011, 1334, 1478, 1984, 2224
sustainable agriculture 114, 1971
sustainable boreal forest management 1286
sustainable development 2221
sustainable ecosystems 1922
sustainable fishing 2004
sustainable forest management 1142
sustainable forest programs 1142
sustainable forestry initiative 1156
sustainable use 2221
Swainson's warbler 993, 1072, 1324
swamp sparrow 563
Swampbuster 1716, 2109, 2273
swamps 1616, 1851
swamps: habitat 1791
sweep sampling: applied and field techniques 611
Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge 1894
swift foxes 71, 221, 2103
swimming 1684
swine 2118
switchgrass 241, 330, 1059
switchgrass fields 790
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) 210
Sylvilagus auduboni 373
Sylvilagus floridanus 265, 406, 2053
Sylvilagus floridanus: habitat management 289
sympatric
species overlap 678
Symphoricarpos occidentalis 1808
Synaptomys cooperi 852
synecology 1024
synthesis of monitoring and research results 1180
Synuchus dubius 1061
Synuchus impunctatus 1257
systematic conservation 1899
systematics and taxonomy 1682
systems modeling 1580
tables data 191
tagging 203, 1246
tailed frog 1163, 1424, 1555, 2220, 2249
tall fescue hayland 246
Tall Timbers Research Station 272
Tallapoosa River 1430
tallgrass prairie 306, 312, 338, 344, 366, 415, 428, 440, 487, 525, 527, 561, 590, 611, 621, 730, 754, 766, 782, 788, 794, 797, 816, 1238, 1346, 1729, 2184, 2211
tallgrass prairie fire mosaic 797
tallgrass prairie habitat 599, 760, 782
tallgrass prairie management 407
tallgrass prairie preserve 396, 761
tallgrass prairie remnants 656
tallgrass prairie restoration 306, 760
tallgrass prairie soil community responses to fire 646
tallgrass prairie soils 646
Tama County 355
Tamaulipan Biotic Province 564
Tamias 1284, 1285
Tamias amoenus 1229
Tamias cinereicollis 1281
Tamias striatus 933, 1256
Tamias townsendii 978, 1019
Tamiasciurus douglasii 978
Tamiasciurus douglasii (Sciuridae): forestry 1019
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 842, 1124, 1138
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus: forestry 1256
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis 901
tan oak 1086
Taney County, Drury Conservation Area 1150
Tangipahoa Parish 925
tannins 2237
Tar Pamlico River Basin 1397
targeting 1560
targeting criteria 1560
Taricha granulosa 1555
tassel-eared squirrels 1126, 1326
taxation 919
Taxidea taxus 218, 250, 1980
taxon richness: areal, numerical 1791
taxonomy 709, 1936, 1994, 2224
Tayassu tajacu 826
TCDD 2213
Teakettle Experimental Forest 952
Tebuthiuron 554
techniques 120, 153, 175, 262, 302, 915, 939, 976, 1025, 1038, 1048, 1158, 1165, 1234, 1241, 1262, 1303, 1345, 1389, 1533, 1537, 1555, 1624, 2141, 2210, 2226, 2244
techniques of planning 1837, 2186, 2221
technology 1554
telemetry 153, 238, 657, 658, 807, 878, 1165, 1225, 1246, 1261, 1309, 1350, 1624, 2141
Teleostei 1549
telephone survey 2145
temperate climate 2265
temperate forests 849, 1690
temperate
mixedwood forests
843
temperate zones 1688, 2149
temperature 262, 785, 1493, 1517, 1537, 1632, 2162, 2216
temperature effects 1636
temperature, environment 1412
temperature, environment phosphorus 1498
temperature sensitive stream habitat identification 1537
temporal 1831, 2168
temporal analysis 1329
temporal distribution 1700, 2168
temporal heterogeneity 814
temporal patterns 1300
temporal scaling 1535
temporal spatial distribution 797
temporal variation 247, 261, 1302, 1849, 1883, 1886, 2115
temporarily flooded wetlands 1887
temporary ponds 1651, 1758, 1883
temporary water 1825
temporary wetland community 2197
temporary wetlands 1712, 1740, 1897
Tenebrionidae 1057
Tennessee 614, 859, 868, 1122, 1148, 1319, 1460, 1521, 2091
Tennessee River 1521
terraced sites 1643
terraces 26, 1798
Terrapene carolina 792
Terrapene ornata 792
terrestrial ecology 19, 68, 257, 303, 312, 314, 357, 366, 428, 481, 715, 733, 749, 755, 757, 758, 797, 804, 833, 844, 876, 895, 909, 925, 954, 958, 985, 995, 1006, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1110, 1122, 1150, 1224, 1225, 1233, 1239, 1247, 1261, 1268, 1305, 1309, 1336, 1959, 1980, 2105, 2120, 2264, 2267
terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences 72, 173, 315, 358, 364, 369, 375, 400, 450, 479, 485, 540, 541, 571, 578, 661, 790, 798, 969, 979, 1190, 1230, 1287, 1317, 1461, 1643, 1791, 1833, 1922, 1973, 1983, 1987, 2018, 2025, 2026, 2175, 2195, 2247
terrestrial ecosystem 2265
terrestrial habitat 1, 30, 69, 78, 86, 109, 110, 135, 136, 148, 167, 180, 223, 242, 245, 289, 295, 301, 304, 307, 313, 320, 321, 338, 351, 355, 365, 380, 389, 394, 395, 396, 397, 405, 407, 412, 414, 415, 447, 448, 449, 459, 476, 477, 488, 489, 503, 513, 516, 526, 534, 538, 547, 556, 567, 573, 581, 589, 597, 599, 603, 608, 610, 626, 630, 636, 637, 641, 646, 654, 656, 659, 666, 670, 672, 678, 684, 685, 692, 711, 724, 735, 736, 737, 738, 742, 751, 752, 754, 760, 765, 766, 777, 782, 786, 787, 803, 810, 812, 813, 815, 816, 823, 830, 843, 857, 859, 862, 874, 877, 879, 912, 914, 916, 918, 930, 932, 937, 941, 944, 950, 952, 961, 965, 971, 983, 986, 992, 997, 1002, 1013, 1017, 1019, 1022, 1026, 1032, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1046, 1053, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1088, 1092, 1113, 1114, 1121, 1123, 1127, 1133, 1136, 1137, 1145, 1146, , 1157, 1161, 1164, 1167, 1180, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1191, 1198, 1202, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1222, 1228, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1264, 1266, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1294, 1301, 1306, 1308, 1319, 1320, 1323, 1333, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1347, 1349, 1352, 1356, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1397, 1406, 1502, 1678, 1699, 1718, 1781, 1889, 1938, 1948, 1949, 1969, 1977, 1985, 2009, 2023, 2033, 2039, 2041, 2043, 2050, 2051, 2054, 2058, 2060, 2071, 2072, 2087, 2088, 2091, 2099, 2101, 2104, 2110, 2114, 2131, 2142, 2202, 2214, 2215, 2218, 2219, 2227, 2235, 2241, 2255, 2256, 2270, 2272, 2284
terrestrial migration distances 1969
terrestrial salamanders 1341
terrestrial vertebrates 2239
terrestrial wildlife 308
territorial defense 68, 716, 1268, 1331, 1959
territoriality 803, 1248, 2235
territory 68, 839, 903, 1230, 1268, 1959
territory characteristics 1959, 2235
territory density 1247
territory occupancy 1331
territory size 716, 925
Testudines 1065
Testudinidae 1065, 2229
Tettigoniidae 399
Texas 40, 65, 71, 96, 104, 130, 146, 150, 182, 197, 232, 265, 270, 333, 351, 382, 427, 438, 439, 469, 498, 499, 500, 501, 551, 566, 570, 573, 602, 605, 624, 676, 679, 681, 707, 714, 720, 729, 755, 778, 812, 826, 888, 990, 1013, 1148, 1173, 1249, 1306, 1598, 1613, 1620, 1633, 1693, 1721, 1726, 1752, 1768, 1785, 1817, 1868, 1872, 1883, 1929, 2037, 2103, 2199
Texas: Dimmit County 658
Texas High Plains 36
Texas horned lizard 96, 658
Texas: La Salle County 658
Texas, southern 195, 436, 658
Texas, southern High Plains 1598
Texas: Zavala County 552
Thamnophis sirtalis 428, 792, 1398
thematic mapper 517
Theobroma cacao 2021
theory-model 1051, 2251
thermal effects 1399
thermal pollution 1443
thermoregulation 657
thin leaf alder 822
thinned forest stand 1157
thinning 842, 863, 867, 883, 888, 897, 905, 942, 961, 973, 978, 1037, 1043, 1061, 1072, 1098, 1100, 1104, 1106, 1107, 1138, 1152, 1229, 1277, 1284, 1314, 1351, 1365, 2012, 2126, 2131, 2215, 2216
thirteen-lined ground squirrel 669
Thomomys bottae (Geomyidae): farming and agriculture 363
thornscrub ecosystems 564
threatened habitat impacts 2044
threatened species 562, 613, 853
threats to playa wetland habitats 1752
threshold effects 1560
threshold levels 1539
threshold limits 1539
thresholds 1126
thrips 2035
Thryothorus 1095
Thryothorus ludovicianus 1095
Thuja 1971
Thuja plicata 1263
Thunder Bay 1067
Thurston County 1019, 1738
tidal currents 1671, 1803
tidal effects 1803
tidal flow restoration 1702
tidal inundation 1648
tidal marsh habitat 1932
tidal marshes 1719
tidal restoration 1835
tides 1719, 1803
tiger salamanders 1579, 2006
tile drainage waters 1632
till plains 2006
tillage 5, 112, 201, 235, 244, 246, 583, 1691, 2243
tillage agriculture 2047
tillage and continuous cropping 180
tillage effect on pitfall trap capture rate 262
tillage systems 1494
tilled and untilled agroecosystems 242
tilling 485
timber 905, 919, 970, 1043, 1108, 1152, 1165, 1297, 1341, 2275
timber and wildlife resource compatibility analysis 944
timber harvest 109, 873, 993, 1015, 1166, 1230, 1246, 1276, 1452, 1570, 2249
timber harvest methods 1091
timber harvest objectives 1303
timber harvest practices 1221
timber harvesting 340, 1002, 1003, 1015, 1160, 1292, 1303, 1332, 1570, 1889, 2058, 2059, 2235
timber harvesting buffer zones 1889
timber harvesting constraints 1303
timber industry 1065
timber management 1003, 1043, 1200
timber production 928, 1017
timber supply 1200
time allocation 1724
time budgets 1753
time-series analysis 1225
timing of breeding 959
Tippecanoe and Warren Counties 2097
tissues 1842
toads 1945
tolerant hardwoods 964
Tom Green County, San Angelo 570
tomato production 2271
Tonto Basin 662
topographic effect 606
topography 426, 505, 907, 1045, 1305, 1803, 1831, 2072, 2278
topping 347
total beach habitat 1637
total plasma protein 799
total suspended solids 1516
Townsend's solitaire 1224
toxic effects 1704
toxic effects of methyl parathion 1704
toxicity 1827, 1828, 1871, 1893, 2013, 2014, 2056, 2134, 2156
toxicity testing 2180
toxicity tests 1539, 2180
toxicology 2156
toxicology and health 2134, 2180, 2213
Toxostoma rufum 860
trace elements 1771
Tracheophyta 525, 2181
Trachyrhachys kIowa (Orthoptera): species 450
track stations 695
tracking study 343
tracking techniques 1262
trade-off 1599
trait-mediated indirect interaction 931
trajectories 1894
trampling 425, 528, 649, 1558
transect surveys 165, 794, 963, 982, 1234, 1963, 2141
transgenic plants 20
transgenic soybean farming 110
transgenic soybean fields 110
translocation 690, 1489
transmission of disease 2193
transplantation 1669
transport 1378
trapping 807, 982, 1031
traps-trapping 203, 2210
travel cost method 2029
travel distance 152
treatment 2012
treatments effect on abundance and community structure 914
tree age 1190
tree cavity use 930
tree cavity use in relation to tree diameter and height 930
tree control 951, 1220
tree cover 1004
tree density 1004
tree establishment success 1010
tree growth 967, 1314
tree harvesting 2023
tree hole 1150
tree mortality 1265
tree plantings 686
tree recovery 822
tree (Spermatophyta) 2192
tree stem number 994
tree topping 847
treehole 1195
treelines 803
treelines between fields 803
trees 231, 247, 662, 734, 868, 878, 913, 999, 1170, 1303, 1304, 1672, 1832, 2016
trees and coarse woody debris used by wildlife 830
trees plants 191
trends 1566
Triangle region 1192
tribal lands 509
tribal peoples 890
Trichachne californicum 728
Trichaptum abietinum 847, 896
triclopyr 2056
Tridactylus 1064
Trifolium 84
Trifolium repens 347
Triticum aestivum 112, 144, 146, 1971
Triticum spp. 244, 1943, 2077
Troglodytes 831
Troglodytes aedon 876, 1172
Troglodytes troglodytes 884, 1059, 1095, 1172
Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus: forestry 1248
Troglodytinae 1172
trophic cascade 2120
trophic characteristics 1485
trophic ecology 1535
trophic interactions 1153, 1814
trophic level 1883
trophic level bioaccumulation 2078
trophic level interaction 2048
trophic levels 1413, 1883
trophic relationships 635, 1918, 1920
trophic structure 180, 219, 914, 1383, 1397, 1422, 1458, 1848, 1883
trophy hunting 2004
tropical deciduous forest 2042
tropical rain forests 24
trout 1370, 1404, 1423, 1477, 1481, 1499, 1529, 1554, 1557, 1798
trout, brown 1389, 1498
trout [physiology] 1395
Trowbridge's shrew 1129
trumpeter swan 1737
Tsuga heterophylla 978, 1263
Tsuga spp. 1004
tuberculosis 2193
Tulare Basin 2232
Tulula Creek 1959
tundra 1164
turbidimetry
1539
turbidity 587, 1413, 1516, 1527, 1539, 1936
turbulence 2204
Turdidae 925, 1292
Turdus merula 139, 250
Turdus migratorius 558, 884, 1224
Turdus migratorius: forestry 1185
turkeys 258, 498, 1074, 1173, 2240
turnover 1310
turtles 1220, 1731, 1799
two-aged regeneration 1297
Tyler County 1306
Tympanuchus 310
Tympanuchus cupido 153, 192, 527, 595, 617, 651, 694, 703
Tympanuchus cupido attwateri 707
Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus 253, 595
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 130, 192, 615, 625, 644, 664, 694, 703
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus: conservation measures 556
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus: disturbance by man 414
Tympanuchus pallidicinctus (Phasianidae): habitat management 603
Tympanuchus phasianellus 106, 151, 203, 296, 299, 377, 595, 694, 703
Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus 134, 151
Tympanuchus phasianellus Jamesi 595
Tympanuchus phasianellus (Phasianidae): farming and agriculture 673
Tympanuchus spp. 310
Typha 1673, 1685, 1792, 1806, 1847, 1879, 1896, 2283
Tyrannidae 993, 1169
Tyrannus tyrannus 1953
Tyrell and Wilson County 82
U.S. Department of Agriculture 19, 215, 233, 375, 1716, 1856, 1991, 2075
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1959
U.S. Forest Service 1208
ultra-infrasound 1205
ultrasonic detectors 863
ultrasonic devices 863
umbrella species 1192
uncertainty 1041
understory 1100, 1152, 1231, 1265, 2126
understory removal 1231
understory vegetation 1100, 1118
understory vegetation suppression 1190
undisturbed grassland effects 124
undisturbed grassland establishment 124
uneven-aged timber harvest 1004
ungrazed pastures 472
Ungulata 367, 621, 977, 1756
Ungulata (Mammalia): habitat management 2009
ungulate grazing 308
ungulates 289, 351, 367, 737, 740, 774, 813, 897, 938, 977, 987, 1012, 1164, 1202, 1262, 1301, 1756, 2165
Unionidae 1506
United States, eastern region 866
United States Farm Service Agency 215
United States Forest Service 690
United States, Great Lakes 2213
United States, Maritime Pacific Northwest 1028
United States, Mid-Atlantic states 2135
United States, Midwest 163, 449, 1497, 1828
United States, Minnesota 220
United States, Missouri 2221
United States, Montana 256
United States, New England 1803, 2090
United States, New Mexico, Rio Grande River 2186
United States, north central region 1578, 1755, 1812
United States, North Dakota 220
United States, northwestern region 2272
United States, Oregon 956
United States, South Dakota 220
United States, Southeast 1676, 2002, 2222
United States, southeastern region 48, 107, 290, 451, 1054, 1181, 1211, 1236, 1278, 1356, 1553, 1959, 2016
United States, southern region 1243, 1299, 1916
United States, Southwest 307, 1241, 1268
United States, southwestern region 332, 474, 942, 1426, 1574, 2081, 2203
United States, Washington 956
United States, western region 589, 633, 752, 1042, 1285, 1351, 1502, 1559, 1583, 2039, 2050, 2215, 2219
Universal Soil Loss Equation 1823
University of California 245
unpaved roads 1247
upland areas 497
upland birds 1697
upland dry forests 887
upland forest habitat 1213
upland forest management 2207
upland game 359
upland habitat 218, 614, 1755
upland landscape 1740
upland mesic forests 887
upland nesting 49
upland oak forest 877
upland pasture wetland mosaic 1738
upland region 1532
upland sandpiper 141, 291, 598, 696, 761, 956
upland streams: habitat 1492, 1552
upland wildlife habitat 174
uplands 681, 1776
Upper Adams River 1420
upper and lower coastal plain 223
Upper Butte Basin 828
upper coastal plain 1205
Upper Fraser and Skeena Rivers 1537
Upper Gila River 390
Upper Little Colorado River Watershed Partnership 1461
Upper Meadow Creek 380
upper piedmont 983, 1259
Upper St. Johns River 1901
Upper Wabash River Basin 1383
upslope forest stand management 2247
upslope management activities: riparian system impacts 2247
upslope thinning and headwater riparian reserves 1502
upstream-downstream linkage 1534
urban 772, 1809
urban and regional technology and development 57
urban areas 1464, 2112, 2149, 2224
urban development 326, 541
urban habitat 1192, 1993
urban landscapes 1751
urban planning 1817
urban population 1533
urban runoff 1591
Urbana 397, 2142
urbanization 37, 228, 559, 569, 821, 1350, 1384, 1441, 1519, 1565, 1740, 1854, 1920, 1987, 2112, 2123
urbanizing watersheds 1540
Ursidae 878, 1087, 1225
Ursus americanus 878, 1045, 1087, 1225, 2077
Ursus americanus luteolus 1862
Ursus arctos 1168
usable space 675, 1178
USDA 137, 1516, 1856, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2063, 2085, 2086, 2094, 2109, 2176, 2274, 2275
USDA Forest Service 785, 909
use by diverse taxa 916
use of crops 189
use of fuel wood timber harvest 1032
use of habitat corridors by diverse taxa 916
use of individual tree selection silviculture evaluation 1344
use of stream ecology survey data 2254
USGS 1521
Utah 143, 324, 357, 431, 470, 507, 547, 554, 630, 677, 680, 762, 783, 1030, 1551, 1793, 1819
utility right of way 859
utilization 165, 238, 431, 699, 878, 2147
utilization by waterfowl relationship 278
Vaccinium angustifolium 254, 974, 2082
Valeriana 1340
validation research 2239
valley streams: habitat 1492
valleys 497, 1737
valuation 268, 2070
values conflicts 509
Van Dyke's salamander 1424
Vancouver 1146
Vancouver Forest Region 1221
Vancouver Island 601, 872, 2066
Vancouver Island, British Columbia 2167
Vanderhoof 1090
Vanellus vanellus 579
variability 683, 1346, 2178
variable density thinning 1133
variable retention harvesting 1745
variable retention system 870
variable source areas 817
variation partitioning 1974
variations 2092
varied thrush 1224
vascular plants 2061, 2181, 2192
vegetated strips 820
vegetation 4, 36, 85, 89, 98, 125, 165, 214, 241, 243, 255, 274, 279, 281, 305, 306, 324, 335, 366, 376, 416, 431, 443, 491, 507, 515, 522, 577, 601, 605, 619, 644, 662, 680, 699, 731, 739, 757, 773, 791, 794, 801, 807, 812, 873, 891, 905, 948, 977, 993, 1035, 1038, 1059, 1100, 1102, 1108, 1153, 1245, 1292, 1327, 1359, 1412, 1415, 1483, 1550, 1573, 1591, 1647, 1663, 1669, 1690, 1705, 1764, 1787, 1806, 1810, 1811, 1924, 1929, 1961, 1963, 1965, 2045, 2067, 2069, 2092, 2147, 2153, 2181, 2191, 2212, 2247, 2278
vegetation analysis 544
vegetation changes 649, 1419
vegetation characteristics 1072
vegetation class 1589
vegetation composition 314, 1603
vegetation cover 323, 645, 717, 895, 991, 1433, 1436, 1477, 1511, 1640, 1771, 1799, 1803, 1834, 1851, 1929, 2047, 2082, 2089, 2231
vegetation damage 771
vegetation density 1643
vegetation dynamics 748, 1346, 2044
vegetation encroachment 1637
vegetation establishment 1659, 1824
vegetation gradient 2018
vegetation growth 1239
vegetation height 95
vegetation management 211, 409, 775, 2025, 2026, 2265
vegetation management in pine plantations 223
vegetation patterns 366, 1640
vegetation reestablishment 1856
vegetation removal 519
vegetation response 527
vegetation richness 2044
vegetation structure 17, 72, 86, 205, 301, 314, 359, 399, 401, 512, 525, 545, 558, 606, 802, 845, 1007, 1023, 1033, 1346, 1603, 1769, 2044
vegetation types 226, 564, 741, 855, 1479, 2036
vegetational composition 628
vegetational structure 21, 628
vegetative buffers 183
vegetative conditions 878
vegetative cover 432, 719
vegetative diversity 72
vegetative ground cover 727
vegetative physiognomy 72
vegetative structure 719
vehicular collisions 2165
Veracruz 2021
Veratrum californicum 596
Vermilion County 489
Vermilion River 1550
Vermivora celata 831, 1158
Vermivora chrysoptera 1959
Vermivora pinus 2030
Vermivora ruficapilla 831
Vermont 311, 347, 543, 738, 1000, 1247
vernal pool 1608, 1639, 1712, 2264
Vertebrata 328, 407, 832, 959, 1302, 1521, 1549, 1592, 1904, 2178, 2183, 2223
Vertebrata: disturbance by man 1299
Vertebrata: forestry 1053, 1085, 1206, 2058
Vertebrata: habitat management 1084, 2099
vertebrate pests 202, 2152
vertebrates 2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 25, 30, 41, 60, 61, 69, 82, 86, 109, 124, 135, 136, 148, 152, 174, 179, 184, 223, 257, 268, 272, 278, 289, 292, 293, 295, 307, 313, 327, 330, 338, 341, 351, 355, 363, 380, 389, 390, 395, 396, 397, 405, 407, 414, 447, 459, 473, 476, 500, 526, 534, 547, 556, 573, 589, 597, 599, 603, 608, 610, 626, 630, 632, 636, 641, 656, 659, 666, 667, 670, 672, 673, 678, 684, 685, 689, 692, 706, 711, 724, 735, 737, 740, 742, 751, 752, 765, 766, 787, 803, 810, 813, 815, 816, 823, 828, 843, 854, 857, 859, 862, 874, 877, 879, 894, 912, 918, 923, 930, 932, 940, 941, 950, 952, 961, 971, 983, 992, 997, 1002, 1019, 1028, 1032, 1034, 1039, 1040, 1046, 1053, 1068, 1069, 1075, 1077, 1079, 1084, 1085, 1088, 1090, 1113, 1123, 1136, 1161, 1164, 1181, 1183, 1184, 1185, 1191, 1198, 1202, 1206, 1212, 1213, 1221, 1222, 1236, 1242, 1248, 1249, 1250, 1256, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1264, 1266, 1269, 1270, 1272, 1273, 1275, 1279, 1282, 1286, 1293, 1294, 1299, 1301, 1306, 1308, 1319, 1320, 1322, 1323, 1332, 1333, 1338, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1347, 1349, 1363, 1367, 1368, 1378, 1383, 1403, 1420, 1426, 1452, 1458, 1469, 1474, 1489, 1490, 1502, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1528, 1537, 1538, 1540, 1544, 1546, 1574, 1592, 1593, 1601, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1684, 1699, 1706, 1709, 1747, 1765, 1778, 1781, 1789, 1861, 1885, 1891, 1917, 1932, 1938, 1948, 1949, 1969, 1977, 1985, 2009, 2023, 2033, 2038, 2039, 2043, 2054, 2058, 2060, 2061, 2064, 2071, 2076, 2078, 2091, 2099, 2101, 2114, 2119, 2129, 2131, 2140, 2142, 2165, 2172, 2189, 2192, 2196, 2198, 2203, 2214, 2227, 2235, 2239, 2255, 2265, 2270, 2272, 2275, 2278, 2284
vertical and horizontal habitat structure 999
vesper sparrow 537, 598, 669, 804
Vespertilionidae 967, 1037, 1150, 1205, 1208, 1336
viability 1109, 1348, 2239
video monitoring 2280
video tapes 1176
vineyards 809, 2035
Viola 816
violet-green swallow 899
Viperidae 481
Vireo 1962
Vireo bellii 860
Vireo gilvus 2205
Vireo griseus 968, 993, 1089, 1175
Vireo huttoni 1224
Vireo olivaceus 710, 870, 959, 1233, 1962
Vireonidae 959, 993, 1175, 1962
virgin forests 848
Virginia 119, 127, 286, 724, 1031, 1040, 1183, 1375, 1604, 2200, 2257
Virginia big-eared bat 1208
Virginia: Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge 1246
visual obstruction 512
visual obstruction reading (VOR) 403
vitamin A 624
vitamin blood level 2183
Vitis 189
vocalization 66, 829, 1205
voles 244, 982, 1099
volume 1009, 1715
voluntary conservation agreements 911
vulnerability 1615, 1636
Vulpes 147
Vulpes velox 71, 221, 2103
Vulpes vulpes 141, 218, 695
Wabasha County 1968
wader 1600, 1784, 1836, 1839, 1872, 1901
wading bird colonies 1901
wading birds 1600, 1653, 1767, 1836, 1839, 1863
Wake County 1540
walleye 1491
wallowing 366, 649
wapiti 306, 507, 508, 548, 757, 1965
warblers 1033
warm season 89
warm-season grasses 205
warm water stream 1435
warmwater fish 1370
Warrick County 1985
Wasatch Mountains 324
Washington 263, 287, 328, 430, 506, 530, 693, 838, 878, 887, 903, 921, 923, 939, 961, 985, 1019, 1068, 1129, 1133, 1146, 1158, 1290, 1305, 1371, 1385, 1486, 1520, 1525, 1542, 1671, 1738, 1993, 2058, 2218, 2228, 2278
Washington County, Albemarle-Pamlico Peninsula 1087
Washington, southeastern area 508
Washington, southwestern area 1357, 1424
Washington: Thurston County 1050
Washington, western area 1234
waste contamination 1516
waste disposal, fluid [methods] 1672
waste management 1933
wastewater treatment 1680, 1696, 1771
water 1391, 1505, 1933, 2240
water and plants 1592
water animals 1027
water availability 2011
water balance 1715
water birds 1614, 1945, 2015, 2212
Water birds---Ecology 1921
water boatman 1847
water budget 1488
water catchments 1924
water, chemical properties 1498, 1924
water chemistry 1376, 1483, 1644, 1779, 1790
water chemistry: stream quality parameter 587
water column 1507, 1759
water conservation 1528, 2011
water contaminants 2118
water control 1806, 1851, 2014
water deprivation 624
water depth 1428, 1614, 1739, 1770, 1820, 1910, 1913, 2033
water development 1890, 2280
water development impact on wetland communities 1747
water development impacts 1950
water distribution 442
water diversions 1854
water erosion 1495, 1823
water fleas 1758, 1847, 1936
water flow 1498, 1673, 1760
water harvester (guzzler) 2011
water law and institutions 1928
water level fluctuations 1806
water levels 1577, 1676, 1748, 1768, 1772, 1793, 1806
water management 276, 1459, 1487, 1511, 1554, 1591, 1600, 1715, 1744, 1782, 1806, 1933, 2011, 2062, 2186, 2268
water management projects 1230
water masses: delineation 1645
water measurement 1819
water movements 1530, 1601, 1641, 1805
water, physical properties 1498
water, physical properties invertebrates 1924
water policy 2268
water pollutant 1505
water pollutants, chemical 1505, 1812
water pollution 7, 1009, 1390, 1392, 1464, 1559, 1842, 1871, 1893, 1955, 2036, 2136, 2213
water pollution control 1460, 1940
water pollution effects 1539, 1696, 1827, 1994, 2013, 2014, 2015
water pollution: monitoring, control and remediation 1842, 1844, 1845
water pollution sources 1819, 1852, 2015
Water---pollution---United States 1496
water preservation 1831
water quality 44, 133, 191, 375, 741, 817, 820, 832, 1280, 1369, 1370, 1376, 1394, 1396, 1398, 1402, 1405, 1428, 1429, 1451, 1456, 1468, 1473, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1483, 1487, 1494, 1506, 1512, 1515, 1516, 1519, 1521, 1546, 1554, 1558, 1559, 1561, 1567, 1572, 1573, 1700, 1702, 1703, 1705, 1811, 1814, 1819, 1893, 1908, 1930, 1970, 2013, 2014, 2025, 2026, 2028, 2036, 2070, 2135, 2179, 2212, 2245, 2266
water quality and habitat characteristics relationship 1546
water quality control 866, 1413, 1460, 1657, 1719, 1845, 1894, 2028, 2138
water quality management 1553
Water quality management---United States 1728
water quality (natural waters) 1511, 1700, 1705
water quality protection 928
water quality standards 1539
Water quality---United States 1728
water quantity 1715
water recreation 2070
water reservoirs 2212
water resources 1528, 1539, 1671, 1888, 2186, 2266, 2268
water resources and management 1495, 1715, 1760, 2115
water resources and supplies 866
water resources development 1526, 1659
Water resources development---West---United States 1417
water resources management 196, 1526, 1659, 2067
water rights 2186
water runoff 215
water scavenger beetles 1883
water sheds 1472
water shortages 2267
water supply 1461, 1472, 1600, 2011, 2186
water supply system habitat 2064
water table 741, 1897
water table depth 2072
water table rise 1717
water temperature 991, 1399, 1416, 1499, 1517, 1702, 1739, 1764, 1799, 2150, 2154
water treatment 1663, 1680
water troughs 691
Water---United States---Pesticide content 2246
water use 1009, 1881
water yield 798
waterbird communities 1909
waterbirds 1631, 1692, 1766, 1891, 1895, 1914
waterbodies 1643
waterfowl 49, 76, 160, 178, 251, 276, 277, 346, 348, 362, 402, 537, 618, 693, 818, 1442, 1503, 1580, 1584, 1585, 1591, 1599, 1606, 1622, 1630, 1631, 1633, 1646, 1649, 1653, 1666, 1680, 1683, 1685, 1695, 1737, 1744, 1749, 1754, 1761, 1763, 1766, 1767, 1777, 1785, 1795, 1819, 1828, 1839, 1841, 1876, 1880, 1886, 1899, 1906, 1907, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1927, 1936, 2014, 2015, 2022, 2055, 2102, 2133, 2147, 2162, 2231, 2232, 2269
waterfowl broods 1790
waterfowl foraging 1683
waterfowl habitat 1595, 1683
waterfowl management 2161
waterfowl production areas 49, 2001
waters 1533, 1690, 2079
watershed hydrology 1487, 1495
watershed management 1392, 1406, 1416, 1435, 1472, 1511, 1526, 1528, 1529, 1541, 1566, 1572, 1693, 1991, 2075, 2112, 2221
watershed ponds 1987
watershed protection 44, 1529, 1665, 1940, 2221
watershed scale 1190
watersheds 7, 133, 210, 282, 580, 587, 708, 741, 817, 820, 1012, 1142, 1328, 1370, 1372, 1384, 1410, 1411, 1413, 1415, 1439, 1447, 1448, 1451, 1460, 1463, 1466, 1468, 1472, 1511, 1528, 1531, 1539, 1542, 1550, 1566, 1573, 1617, 1700, 1701, 1817, 1820, 1823, 1852, 1854, 1936, 2050, 2112, 2138, 2158, 2166, 2257, 2259
waterways 1549, 1787
Waushara County 405
weasels 131
weather 10, 11, 602, 699, 913, 1978, 2199
weed control 20, 112, 161, 1340, 1683, 1847, 1879, 2056, 2265
weed eating insects 20
weed management 1683
weeds 20, 576, 1340, 1944, 2056, 2152
weight 948, 952, 1778, 1932
weighted regression 1284
Weld County, Colorado 301
Wells Creek 1517, 1539
West side production forest 1271
West Virginia 127, 542, 569, 1166, 1185, 1458, 1597, 1920, 1931
West Virginia: Tucker County 1182
western bluebird 899, 1176
western Great Plains 666
western harvest mice 1099
western hemlock 1263
western jumping mouse 674
western Kansas 2103
western kingbird 899
western meadowlark 93, 195, 469
western mosquitofish 2212
western red-backed salamander 1424
western redcedar 1263
western tanager 1224
wet meadow soil 2072
wet meadow soil community structure 2072
wet meadows 1621, 2072
wet meadows community structure 2072
wet montane forests 1318
wet prairie grassland 1678
wet prairies 481, 1678
wetland agriculture 1996
wetland and waterbird management 1767
Wetland animals---Ecology 1921
wetland associated uplands 1922
wetland birds 1697
wetland buffer strips 1979
wetland buffer width 1004
wetland characteristics 1790
wetland communities 1641, 1751
wetland community response to nutrient enrichment 1605
wetland complex 1898
wetland condition 1691
wetland conservation 731, 1578, 1718, 1784, 1922, 2107, 2115
wetland conservation and management 1621
Wetland conservation---United States---Planning 1642
wetland construction 1597
wetland construction for nitrate removal vs wildlife requirements 1612
wetland creation 1587, 1712, 2107
wetland degradation 1691
wetland-dependent species 1931
wetland drainage 1382
wetland draining 1920, 2193
wetland ecology 2161
Wetland ecology---United States 1728
wetland fauna 1583
wetland forests 996, 1916, 2124
wetland functions 1577
wetland habitat 1687, 1749, 1909, 1969
wetland habitats created by drop pipe installation in field 1904
wetland hydrology 1805, 1897, 2161
wetland landscape 1900
wetland landscape planning 1784
wetland management 1595, 1621, 1711, 1714, 1718, 1742, 1766, 1773, 1826, 1878, 1902, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1922, 1925
wetland management program 1909
wetland mitigation 1588, 1662, 1711, 1902, 2200, 2270
wetland modeling 2161
wetland monitoring 1712
wetland plant community 1689
wetland prairie 1843
wetland recovery 1840
wetland restoration 278, 1526, 1594, 1625, 1629, 1646, 1659, 1710, 1711, 1741, 1776, 1856, 1901, 1922, 1924
wetland restoration, coastal 1925
wetland restoration ecology 1831
Wetland restoration---Florida 1935
wetland size 1897
wetland soils 1715
wetland taxa 2207
wetland taxa community 2207
wetland types 1926
wetland upland pasture mosaic 1738
wetland use 1790
wetland water budget 2161
wetland water level 2161
wetland-wildlife relationships 2193
wetlands
7, 137, 218, 244, 277, 305, 346, 468, 620, 719, 741, 817, 818, 866, 987, 1024, 1060, 1083, 1277, 1460, 1510, 1577, 1579, 1580, 1582, 1583, 1584, 1585, 1586, 1590, 1591, 1592, 1593, 1594, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1606, 1608, 1609, 1614, 1615,1618, 1622, 1623, 1626, 1630, 1631, 1633, 1634, 1636, 1639, 1640, 1646, 1650, 1651, 1657, 1662, 1663, 1665, 1666, 1669, 1671, 1673, 1675, 1676, 1679, 1681, 1685, 1688, 1690, 1692, 1693, 1694, 1695, 1700, 1701, 1705, 1708, 1717, 1719, 1722, 1723, 1726, 1730, 1737, 1741, 1743, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1755, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1766, 1767, 1768, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1775, 1777, 1780, 1782, 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1792, 1794, 1795, 1797, 1798, 1799, 1800, 1801, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1811, 1814, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1827, 1829, 1830, 1832, 1834, 1837, 1841, 1842, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, 1853, 1855, 1858, 1860, 1862, 1863, 1865, 1867, 1868, 1872, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1879, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1888, 1893, 1894, 1896, 1899, 1906, 1908, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1924, 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1936, 1939, 1959, 1969, 1972, 1979, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2031, 2036, 2040, 2047, 2055, 2056, 2063, 2067, 2068, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2094, 2096, 2098, 2109, 2117, 2122, 2132, 2137, 2138, 2147, 2149, 2152, 2155, 2158, 2159, 2162, 2170, 2177, 2200, 2201, 2208, 2212, 2232, 2236, 2253, 2269, 2270, 2274, 2283
wetlands condition 1856
wetlands conservation 2001
wetlands ecology 1603
wetlands excavation 1747
wetlands: function, structure 1648
wetlands: habitat 355, 1535, 1891, 2001
wetlands habitat characteristics 2033
wetlands management 1824, 1923
Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) 731, 1576, 1618, 1652, 1730, 1780, 1801, 1862, 1881, 1914, 1928, 1979, 2109, 2111, 2273, 2274
wetlands restoration 1824
wetlands treatment 1696
Wetlands---United States 1664
wetlands vegetation 1748
Weyerhauser's Grande Prairie Forest Management Area 1363
wheat 112, 243
wheat fields 2241
wheat stubble 112
white-eyed vireo 993
white-footed mice 584
White Mountain National Forest 957
white oak 861
white pine forest 950
White River area 880, 1286
white shrimp 1798
white spruce 1350
white-tailed deer 238, 265, 552, 605, 679, 755, 812, 864, 897, 948, 1010, 1025, 1111, 1232, 1350, 2252
Whittaker plot technique 790
whole animal physiology 1136, 1778
whooping crane 368
width 1456, 1787, 2115
wild animals 298, 327, 490, 491, 604, 795, 933, 1024, 1080, 1339, 1799, 1941, 2206, 2269
wild birds 55, 97, 105, 157, 195, 197, 199, 226, 249, 291, 348, 352, 452, 462, 490, 491, 523, 620, 651, 731, 773, 778, 849, 881, 1020, 1074, 1141, 1265, 1296, 1777, 1846, 1933, 2149, 2154, 2167, 2266, 2269, 2282
wild pollinator populations 127
wild turkey 499, 864, 902, 1232, 1362
wilderness 1117
wildfire 628, 645, 846, 849, 1005, 1057, 1195, 1231, 1268, 1284, 1292, 2081
wildife habitat 440, 444
wildland areas 2044
wildland fire 1027
wildland fire management 1265
wildlife 48, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64, 85, 90, 97, 104, 119, 120, 134, 137, 149, 153, 155, 157, 161, 169, 175, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195, 210, 216, 221, 224, 227, 228, 231, 232, 238, 240, 252, 255, 263, 273, 279, 284, 287, 291, 300, 329, 332, 456, 474, 507, 511, 514, 551, 585, 586, 631, 648, 654, 663, 698, 764, 808, 824, 840, 844, 875, 881, 900, 905, 915, 921, 939, 954, 976, 1009, 1025, 1030, 1035, 1043, 1044, 1047, 1048, 1050, 1054, 1056, 1098, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1149, 1152, 1153, 1160, 1169, 1170, 1174, 1195, 1232, 1234, 1240, 1241, 1255, 1276, 1278, 1290, 1302, 1303, 1309, 1310, 1340, 1350, 1351, 1355, 1357, 1366, 1371, 1500, 1533, 1555, 1579, 1597, 1615, 1663, 1696, 1702, 1710, 1760, 1797, 1809, 1821, 1828, 1853, 1863, 1931, 1943, 1946, 1975, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2045, 2063, 2070, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2094, 2098, 2109, 2118, 2135, 2152, 2191, 2193, 2210, 2212, 2217, 2226, 2239, 2252, 2253, 2274, 2276, 2281
wildlife abundance 1243
wildlife benefits 705
wildlife borne diseases 2275
wildlife communities 848, 1280
wildlife conservation 6, 55, 97, 105, 130, 137, 147, 157, 163, 170, 200, 234, 327, 571, 588, 795, 835, 898, 933, 1009, 1080, 1192, 1277, 1285, 1296, 1352, 1487, 1829, 1876, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1956, 1989, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2063, 2085, 2086, 2094, 2109, 2111, 2149, 2176, 2274, 2279
wildlife conservation board 2025, 2026
Wildlife conservation---Columbia River---Watershed 1536
Wildlife conservation---Nebraska 102
Wildlife conservation---United States 43
wildlife corridors 1174
wildlife cover 647
wildlife damage management 2024, 2275
wildlife density 90
wildlife distribution 171
wildlife diversity 1243, 1922
wildlife drinking water 2267
wildlife enhancement 2025, 2026
wildlife enhancement bonus programs 155
wildlife enterprises 2248
wildlife food habits 722, 1109
wildlife forage 647
wildlife habitat 3, 34, 42, 51, 63, 71, 92, 129, 130, 138, 164, 209, 233, 266, 269, 277, 282, 290, 336, 337, 373, 378, 401, 406, 413, 452, 562, 572, 595, 633, 651, 717, 722, 731, 745, 750, 778, 798, 817, 834, 853, 858, 887, 896, 905, 910, 919, 928, 934, 935, 987, 1006, 1014, 1020, 1043, 1074, 1101, 1106, 1107, 1115, 1141, 1159, 1192, 1193, 1200, 1231, 1253, 1265, 1285, 1314, 1318, 1358, 1377, 1392, 1461, 1487, 1526, 1533, 1580, 1590, 1618, 1628, 1635, 1652, 1666, 1730, 1750, 1760, 1776, 1797, 1799, 1800, 1802, 1827, 1838, 1870, 1894, 1930, 1945, 1950, 1954, 1955, 1988, 2002, 2013, 2015, 2025, 2026, 2028, 2065, 2115, 2116, 2132, 2146, 2167, 2176, 2230, 2249, 2260, 2268, 2274, 2277
wildlife habitat enhancement 1127, 1856
wildlife habitat improvement 300, 1353
Wildlife habitat improvement---United States 56, 1996
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program [WHIP] 790, 2086, 2111, 2268, 2273, 2277
wildlife habitat management 186, 1146, 1271
wildlife habitat management in production forests 1146
wildlife habitat preservation 594
wildlife-habitat relationships 55, 97, 98, 120, 175, 228, 279, 306, 324, 366, 370, 376, 377, 392, 424, 548, 619, 635, 644, 650, 652, 658, 792, 838, 852, 861, 871, 875, 878, 915, 921, 1044, 1050, 1094, 1120, 1124, 1125, 1155, 1165, 1217, 1241, 1246, 1290, 1357, 1360, 1371, 1424, 1555, 1755, 1920, 1963, 1968, 2130, 2141, 2147, 2193, 2236, 2239, 2244
wildlife-human conflicts 2275
wildlife-human relationships 19, 302, 430, 531, 844, 876, 895, 901, 903, 909, 925, 948, 954, 957, 958, 980, 981, 993, 995, 1000, 1021, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1110, 1116, 1166, 1199, 1219, 1224, 1233, 1247, 1261, 1303, 1305, 1331, 1336, 1361, 1690, 1980, 2059, 2066, 2193
wildlife-invertebrate relationships 401, 520, 614, 642, 697
wildlife-livestock relationships 324, 377, 424, 431, 469, 471, 493, 507, 508, 549, 552, 635, 652, 746, 767, 773, 947, 2141, 2193
wildlife management 1, 3, 11, 17, 51, 65, 68, 112, 116, 138, 140, 154, 162, 164, 177, 199, 222, 232, 236, 265, 277, 283, 285, 290, 296, 300, 302, 308, 310, 321, 323, 333, 342, 348, 357, 366, 370, 374, 382, 401, 430, 452, 454, 481, 505, 512, 520, 523, 524, 529, 531, 538, 555, 557, 562, 570, 584, 593, 594, 612, 615, 624, 642, 644, 660, 669, 674, 675,
, 697, 701, 702, 715, 716, 718, 733, 755, 758, 778, 793, 795, 801, 804, 806, 836, 849, 853, 861, 864, 876, 881, 896, 901, 903, 905, 909, 924, 925, 948, 967, 980, 981, 985, 990, 993, 994, 995, 1000, 1020, 1021, 1037, 1038, 1042, 1043, 1055, 1060, 1063, 1065, 1074, 1078, 1087, 1103, 1109, 1110, 1116, 1135, 1158, 1166, 1171, 1179, 1192, 1199, 1200, 1205, 1207, 1208, 1219, 1224, 1225, 1246, 1247, 1251, 1254, 1277, 1280, 1285, 1301, 1303, 1331, 1336, 1339, 1353, 1356, 1361, 1406, 1408, 1448, 1541, 1584, 1620, 1622, 1634, 1690, 1717, 1718, 1754, 1761, 1786, 1793, 1799, 1816, 1830, 1849, 1874, 1912, 1916, 1927, 1928, 1945, 1950, 1956, 1980, 1993, 2011, 2027, 2041, 2066, 2073, 2075, 2080, 2087, 2088, 2105, 2133, 2139, 2145, 2149, 2155, 2162, 2187, 2200, 2202, 2231, 2240, 2248, 2256, 2266, 2277, 2279, 2282, 2285
wildlife management areas 902, 1013, 1031, 2068
wildlife management: conservation 101, 103, 173, 198, 246, 315, 358, 364, 369, 400, 479, 484, 485, 540, 541, 571, 578, 616, 649, 661, 690, 788, 821, 943, 969, 979, 1271, 1287, 1317, 1382, 1440, 1444, 1467, 1493, 1522, 1545, 1632, 1682, 1702, 1740, 1750, 1751, 1775, 1791, 1854, 1856, 1922, 1973, 1983, 1991, 2018, 2025, 2026, 2044, 2124, 2125, 2148, 2169, 2175, 2230
wildlife management: future needs, history, status 2111
Wildlife management---Nebraska 102
wildlife manager perceptions 2275
wildlife models 1209
wildlife movement patterns 1978
wildlife populations 2200
wildlife preservation 390
wildlife refuges 1881
wildlife relationships 1134
wildlife response 163, 288, 2111
wildlife species 1, 118, 321, 538, 1406, 1718, 2041, 2087, 2088, 2256, 2259, 2260
wildlife sustainablity 2127
wildlife-tree management 1184
wildlife trees 1354
wildlife viewing 2070
Willamette National Forest 918, 2104
Willamette River 855
Willamette River Basin 1469
Willamette Valley 1678, 1784
Willapa Hills 961
willet 141
willingness-to-pay 2029
willow 1374, 1470, 1510
willow-beaver restoration 2139
Wilson's phalarope 141, 1667
Wilson's warbler 674
Wilsonia canadensis 1235
Wilsonia citrina 993, 994, 1075, 1265
Wilsonia pusilla 831
wind 569, 1187, 1276, 1327, 2204
windbreak 27, 200, 204, 216
windthrow 2204
wings 1037
Winona County 1968
winter 13, 239, 265, 279, 462, 508, 981, 1074, 1339, 1359, 1360, 1363, 1575, 1633, 1713, 1768, 1910, 1912, 2101, 2105, 2141, 2282
winter aggregations 1932
winter burns 1649
winter community structure 292
winter cover 2101
winter cover crops 211
winter feeding 423
winter flooding 276, 1584
winter foraging habitat 828
winter habitat 1742, 2262
winter habitat manipulation by livestock grazing 630
winter habitat preference 1361
winter habitat use 293, 981, 1363
winter habitat use implications 1363
winter high tides 1601
winter populations 1880
winter range habitat 653
winter survival estimates 2105
winter use of tree plantations 2284
winter weeds 1584
winter wheat 243
winter wren 884
wintering 925
wintering birds 184, 1937
wintering ecology 1915
wintering habitat 364, 1692, 2105
wintering migrants and resident species 2189
wintering waterbirds 1739, 1900
wire fences 360
wiregrass 1978
Wisconsin 209, 278, 304, 320, 352, 365, 405, 477, 567, 617, 626, 670, 816, 965, 1059, 1160, 1186, 1196, 1257, 1308, 1367, 1412, 1456, 1481, 1569, 1677, 1779, 1780, 1936, 2060, 2234
witches' brooms 842
wolf 2285
wood 1018, 1189, 1226, 1318, 1423
wood abundance 1485
wood buffer 587
wood debris 1472
wood distribution 1485
wood duck 1503
wood frog 1655, 1690, 1844, 1845, 2006
wood quality 1251
wood thrush 963, 1041
wood wastes 1939
woodborers 1300
Woodbury Tract 2207
wooded buffers 1411
woodland 773, 831, 1005, 1987, 2017, 2018, 2089
woodland and scrub 1145
woodland birds 1937
woodland climax 471, 1963
woodland density 1190
woodland jumping mouse 852
woodland restoration 1114
woodland salamander 1424
woodland vernal pools 1857
woodlots 1307, 2242
woodpeckers 924, 1001, 1102, 1108, 1366, 2173
woody browse 1090
woody cover 2205
woody debris 854, 904, 999, 1318, 1471, 1774
woody debris removal 1465
woody detritus in boreal forests 1167
woody plant encroachment 802
woody plant invasion 214
woody plants 200, 731, 802
woody riparian vegetation 1400
woody vegetation 669, 801
woody vegetation invasion 584
Wyoming 524, 553, 995, 1403, 1434, 1585, 1749, 1893, 2193
Wyoming: Crook and Weston Counties 1350
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 1865
xeric environment 432
xeric habitat 728
xeric scrub restoration 1032
Yamaska River 2183
Yampa River 1374
Yazoo River watershed 313
yearly crop rotation system 246
yellow-billed cuckoo 883, 2244
yellow-headed blackbird 1865
Yellowstone River 1538
yield 1009, 1054, 1242, 1251, 1558
Yolo County 363
young Douglas-fir forest thinning 1224
young forests 1309
young-growth management 1153
young montane and subalpine forests 1199
Yuma 1673
Zacotus matthewsii 1105
Zapus hudsonius 591, 820, 852
Zapus princeps 674
Zea mays 67, 189, 496, 1380, 1971, 2021, 2183
Zenaida 2266
Zenaida macroura 125, 166, 373, 804, 826, 1953, 2252
Zizania aquatica 1769
zonation 1601
zoning 1160
Zonotrichia albicollis 446, 906
Zonotrichia leucophrys 558
zoobenthos 1380, 1415, 1422, 1482, 1483, 1491, 1556, 1614, 1667, 1669, 1739, 1759, 1892, 1908
zoogeography 218, 1985
zoology 155, 791
zooplankton 1413, 1867, 1936
zooplankton production 1867
Zygoptera 1811, 366
Aadland, Luther P. 1382
Abel, Becky 666
Able, K. W. 1732, 1765
Able, Kenneth W. 1706, 1707, 1778
Abney, C. D. 1663
Achtziger, Roland 369
Ackerman, J. T. 1878
Ackers, Steven H. 1317
Acomb, D. 1440
Acosta, C. A. 1741
Adams, B. W. 1982
Adams, J. D. 1390
Adams, Jonathan S. 1881
Adams, Michael J. 1588
Adams, R. M. 1754
Adams, Richard M. 1562
Adkins Giese, C. L. 1108
Adkins Giese, Collette L. 1367
Adkins, M. 2240
Adler, Paul R. 790
Afton, A. D. 1649, 1693, 1698, 1739, 1822, 1839, 2170
Ager, A. 298
Aggett, J. 1156
Agouridis, C. T. 1478
Aillery, Marcel P. 1536
Akcakaya, H. R. 1348
Akers, D. 6
Akre, Tom 1840
Aldridge, C. L. 296, 627, 747
Alexander, John D. 1028, 1342
Allan, J. D. 1506
Alldredge, J. R. 2154
Allen, A. W. 3, 52, 92, 190, 212, 240, 282, 284, 1946
Allen, Arthur W. 51, 54, 130, 2000, 2111, 2176
Allen, C. D. 942
Allen, Craig D. 1190
Allen, Ginger M. 2230
Allen, James A. 1824
Allen Kurta, A. 1191
Allen, Tom J. 1254
Alshouse, Alan W. 1032
Alterman, Lynn E. 1338
Altieri, M. A. 2035
Amacher, A. J. 1023
Ambrose, R. F. 1934
Ammon, E. M. 1431
Ammon, Elisabeth 314
Andersen, D. C. 1374, 1680
Andersen, D. E. 945
Andersen, Mark C. 661
Anderson, C. S. 1389, 1529
Anderson, D. J. 2137
Anderson, J. T. 542, 1597, 1633, 1773, 1902, 1931
Anderson, James T. 1734, 1926
Anderson, M. G. 1630, 2231
Anderson, Michael G. 818
Anderson, R. C. 974
Anderson, R. D. 2134
Anderson, Roger A. 1155
Anderson, S. H. 404, 553, 808, 1749
Anderson, S. S. 1869
Anderson, Stanley H. 995
Andreu, Michael G. 1132
Andrew, Carrie 304
Andrews, Elizabeth S. 1795
Andrews, Kimberly M. 1840
Angelo, M. 1391
Annett, C. A. 1686
Anthony R. G. 940, 1109, 1871
Anthony, Robert 954
Anthony, Robert G. 1309
Antonowitsch, R. 1988
Apigian, K. O. 1029
Applegate, R. D. 310, 615, 625, 644, 675, 1995
Applegate, Roger D. 152, 1987, 2101
Aquilani, S. M. 989
Ardales, S. 1688
Argent, D. G. 1379
Argent, David G. 750
Arguelles-Mendez, Cerafina 421, 632
Armitage, A. R. 1934
Armitage, Brian J. 1641
Armitage, Patrick D. 1378
Armleder, Harold M. 1039
Armstrong, L. 1829
Armstrong, L. M. 2231
Armstrong, Llwellyn M. 818, 1789
Arnett, E. B. 1015
Arnett, Edward B. 1158
Arnold, P. M. 1828
Arnold, T. W 497, 2133
Arnold, Todd W. 818
Arocena, J. M. 1318
Arredondo, Juan A. 566, 602
Artman, V. L. 1364, 2083
Artman, Vanessa L. 1203
Artmann, M. J. 2022, 2133
Asherin, Lance A. 1344
Ashley, K. I. 1421
Ashley, M. C. 1667
Askins, Robert A. 368
Aspinall, R. J. 775
Asselin, H. 1274
Athearn, N. D. 1895
Atkinson, J. 1705
Atkinson, Philip W. 819
Aubrey, Doug P. 1150
Aubry, K. B. 900, 1263
Aubry, Keith B. 838
Ausband, David E. 981
Austin, D. D. 324, 453, 783
Austin, Dennis D. 431, 653
Austin, Jane E. 2072
Austin, Kelly A. 1158
Awawdeh, Muheeb Mohammad 133
Aycock, S. R. 1874
Azous, Amanda L. 1589
Babbitt, K. J. 1740, 2033
Babbitt, Kimberly J. 1740, 1897
Baber, Matthew J. 1740, 1949
Baber, M. J. 2033
Bachmann, P. 840
Bachmann, R. W. 1852
Backer, Dana 1574
Bailey, A. W. 445
Bailey, J. A. 389
Bailey, John 1462
Bailey, R. C. 1401, 1494
Bailey, Robert C. 1462
Baird, B. 1837
Bajema, R. A. 544
Baker, B. 126
Baker, Bruce W. 1965, 2139
Baker, Bryan Douglas 104
Baker, D. L. 439
Baker, F. A. 847
Baker, Frank H. 825
Baker, J. A. 964, 1242
Baker, James A. 1053
Baker, James L. 349
Baker, W. L. 524
Bakker, E. S. 577
Bakker, K. K. 686
Balcerzak, Melissa J. 2195
Balcombe, C. K. 1597, 1902, 1931
Balcombe, Collins K. 1711
Baldassarre, G. A. 1914
Baldwin, A. H. 1769
Baldwin, Heather Q. 563
Balent, Karla L. 68
Balfour, R. A. 5
Ball, H. 1705
Ball, I. J. 305, 387, 2022, 2133
Ballard, W. B. 150, 1339, 2103, 2266
Ballard, Warren B. 71
Bangsund, D. A. 234, 297
Banowetz, G. M. 42
Barber, David R. 1175
Barber, Rebecca N. 1546
Barbour, P. J. 386
Barbour, Philip J. 30
Barclay, Robert M. R. 1037, 1336
Bareiss, L. J. 498
Bareiss, Laura J. 729
Barker, G. M. 738, 769
Barker, Linda S. 2254
Barker, T. 2115
Barker, W. T. 456, 502, 673, 1761
Barlow, Rebecca Jo 864
Barnes, D. K. 259
Barnes, T. G. 423, 593
Barnett, J. P. 1356
Barnhart, S. K. 233
Barnum, D. A. 1744
Barraza, J. M. O. 1880
Barrington, M. R. 1480
Barron, Michael G. 943
Barrow, Wylie C. 563
Bart, J. 726
Bartel, R. A. 2034
Bartelt, G. A. 352, 1059
Bartley, D. M. 1439
Bartolome, J. W. 475
Bartolome, James W. 781
Bashore, Terry L. 531
Bass, K. L. 1487
Bassett-Touchell, C. A. 1072
Basurto, Xavier 706
Bateman, Heather L. 985
Bateman, Sheryl L. 815
Batt, B. D. 159, 162
Battle, J. 1908
Baty, G. Ross 981
Batzer, D. 1794
Batzer, D. P. 866, 1486, 1596, 1675, 1764
Batzer, Darold P. 1581, 1641, 1774, 1807, 1825, 1866, 1887, 2222
Batzli, George O. 397
Baughman, D. S. 1841
Baughman, W. M. 953
Baughman, William M. 1236
Baughman, William McKelvey 955
Baum, Sharon E. 1533
Baxter, A. 579
Baxter, C. V. 1535
Bay, J. M. 216
Baydack, R. K. 296, 694
Baydack, Richard K. 392
Bayless, Todd 954
Bayley, S. E. 987
Bayley, Suzanne E. 2080
Bayne, E. 997
Beam, J. A. 497, 1886
Bean, Michael J. 1881
Beard, L. Sue 2092
Beauchesne, Patrick 2255
Beaulieu, J. 1947, 2146
Bechtoldt, C. L. 574
Beck, Jeffrey L. 357, 607, 2141
Beckmann, Jon P. 2130
Bednarek, A. T. 1564
Bednarz, James C. 1338
Bedunah, D. J. 700
Bedunah, Don 395
Beebe, J. A. 1156
Beechie, T. 1439
Beechie, T. J. 1528, 2166
Beer, W. N. 1542
Begley, J. S. 927
Behan Pelletier, Valerie M. 354
Beier, P. 853, 1119
Beiser, J. A. 220
Beiser, Julia A. 25, 218
Belanger, L. 27, 204, 323, 348, 371, 483, 890, 1124, 1337, 1947, 2146
Belanger, Louis 2255
Belding, R. 2138
Bell, J. R. 588
Bell, P. R. F. 1859
Bellocq, M. Isabel 914, 1267
Belsky, A. J. 1559
Belsky, J. M. 1168
Belthoff, James R. 667
Benavidez, Gary V. 1094
Benda, L. E. 1495
Bender, L. C. 1012
Benjamin, Sally L. 2086
Bennatti, C. R. 1790
Bennett, D. R. 1700
Bennett, E. R. 1704
Bennett, H. H. 1454
Bennett, L. P. 1966
Bennett, S. 1556
Benson, D. E. 2248
Benson, T. J. 731
Benson, Thomas J. 355
Bentrup, G. 820
Berberet, Richard C. 225
Berdeen, James B. 184
Berendse, F. 577
Bergeron, Y. 1274
Bergeron, Yves 1125
Bergin, Timothy M. 173
Bergman, H. L. 1893
Berisford, C. W. 851
Berkeley, L. I. 2184
Berkey, G. B. 2089
Berkey, Gordon B. 669, 801
Berkland, Mark W. 2063
Berman, Cara 2202
Bernardo, Daniel J. 409
Berner, A. H. 10, 280, 288,289
Bernhardt, Emily S. 1553
Bernstein, B. 1854
Berrens, R. 58
Bertelsen, Sadie R. 901
Berthelsen, P. S. 65, 270
Berthelsen, Peter S. 195, 227
Bertram, R. C. 596
Berube, V. E. 1735, 2183
Beschta, Robert L. 2050
Best, D. A. 2213
Best, L. B. 22, 26, 139, 210, 226, 241, 261, 269, 2157
Best, Louis B. 13, 21, 173, 293, 330, 2111
Bestelmeyer, Brandon T. 301
Bethke, Raymond W. 1682
Bettinger, Pete 1017
Betts, M. G. 1102
Bevis, Kenneth R. 1068
Bhattarai, S. 1471
Bias, Michael L. 1601
Bicak, T. K. 457
Bich, Brian S. 441
Bidwell, Joseph R. 1647
Bidwell, T. G. 206
Bidwell, Terrance C. 409
Bidwell, Terrence G. 130, 603
Biedermann, Robert 369
Bigelow, P. E. 1495
Bigley, R. 2166
Bilby, R. E. 1528
Bilby, Robert E. 1467, 1469
Billig, S. C. 1018
Bilsland, D. 855
Bingham, R. L. 467, 496, 602
Bingham, Ralph L. 566
Binns, N. Allen 1403
Biondini, M. E. 456
Bird, J. A. 1742
Biron, P. M. 1481
Bishop, R. A. 1776
Bisson, P. A. 2079
Bisson, Peter A. 2058
Bissonette, J. A. 626
Bittner, Steve L. 1254
Bitzer, Royce J. 110
Bjugstad, Ardell J. 456, 648
Black, Anne E. 2039
Black, T. 143
Blackshaw, R. E. 172
Blackwell, B. F. 67
Blair, J. M. 646
Blake, J. G. 984
Blakesley, Jennifer A. 913
Blanchette, P. 1253
Blank, P. 205
Blankenship, E. E. 2205
Blankenship, L. H. 550
Blann, Kristen 1517
Bleich, Vernon C. 654
Bleier, W. J. 1635, 1847, 1879, 2132, 2283
Bleier, William J. 2076
Block, W. M. 1207, 1281, 1284, 2081
Block, William M. 1094, 1317, 2203
Blumton, A. K. 1104
Blus, Lawrence J. 2078
Boal, Clint W. 531
Boateng, J. O. 1100
Boatman, N. D. 2261
Bocetti, C. I. 1196
Bock, C. E. 99, 331, 334, 378, 728, 2081
Bock, Carl E. 419, 636, 727, 744, 2203
Bock, J. H. 378, 728
Bock, Jane H. 419, 727, 744
Bodie, J. Russell 1969
Boe, S. 1126
Boekhoff, M. 577
Bogenschutz, T. R. 35
Boggess, William G. 1562
Bogya, S. 2225
Bohall Wood, Petra 1185
Bohlen, P. J. 1759
Bohlen, Patrick J. 207
Bohn, C. C. 1408
Boily, M. H. 1735, 2183
Boisclair, Daniel 1544
Boisvert, J. H. 81, 151
Boland, S. P. 642
Boland, T. M. 375
Bolduc, F. 1739, 1839
Bolduc, Francois 1692
Boleyn, Pat 918
Bollinger, E. 213
Bollinger, E. K. 181, 2164
Bolte, John P. 1562
Bolton, Susan 2202
Bond, Monica L. 1268
Bonte, Anson C. 760
Booth, Barry 1294
Bordage, D. 1947, 2146
Borders, Bruce 928
Borman, M. M. 740
Bormann, Bernard T. 1180
Borysewicz, M. A. 922
Bosch, R. P. 756
Bosque Perez, Nilsa A. 262
Boss, Shelly M. 1684
Bosworth, S. C. 311
Bosworth, Scott B. 1983
Bott, T. L. 1530
Bottorff, J. 1354
Bouchard, A. 247
Boucher, Paul F. 742, 1094
Boudreau, Gregory W. 409
Boulanger, J. 927
Bouldin, J. L. 1704
Boulet, M. 1124
Boumans, R. M. 1803
Bourgeois, J. C. 1253
Bourque, Julie 992
Bouska, Wesley W. 459
Bouthillier, L. 890
Boutin, C. 189, 204, 371, 2152
Boutin, S. 832, 1118
Boutwell, J. E. 1771
Bovee, K. D. 1430
Bowen, Bonnie S. 454, 458
Bowen, Liessa T. 1260
Bowen, Z. H. 1430
Bowerman, W. 583
Bowerman, W. W. 2213
Bowers, C. F. 1443
Bowman, J. 1339
Bowman, J. L. 1045, 1962
Bowman, Jeffrey C. 852
Bowne, David R. 916
Bowyer, R. Terry 755
Boyce, M. S. 296, 627, 1952
Boyce, Mark S. 2060
Boyd, C. S. 408
Boyd, Chad S. 381, 603
Boyer, K. E. 1925
Boyer, Kathryn L. 1406, 2087
Boyland, Mark 930, 1085
Boyles, Justin G. 1150
Braccia, A. 1596
Braccia, Amy 1375, 1774
Bradford, David F. 637
Bradley, L. C. 382, 679
Brady, S. J. 1652, 2065, 2109
Brady, Stephen J. 2041, 2087, 2111
Brady, V. J. 1669
Braland, Malinda L. 93
Bramble, W. C. 951, 1220
Brandeis, T. J. 896
Brandt, D. A. 2073
Brandt, L. A. 2033
Branson, D. H. 450
Branton, M. A. 1556
Braster, M. L. 210
Bratton, G. F. 231
Braun, C. 1147
Braun, C. E. 185, 557, 654, 768
Braun, D. P. 1890
Brauner, Jody B. 1469
Brauning, Daniel 672
Brawn, J. D. 495, 841, 1800, 2083, 2223
Breck, S. W. 1374
Bredahl, R. 233
Breining, Greg 153
Breitbach, D. D. 259
Breneman, Dan H. 1485
Brenes, Roberto 2037
Brennan, E. K. 1875
Brennan, K. M. 1696
Brennan, L. A. 467, 602, 973, 1177
Brennan, Leonard A. 272
Brenner, Fred J. 1546
Brewer, M. J. 243
Bried, Jason T. 1668
Briers, R. A. 1532
Briggs, M. 1673
Brigham, R. M. 1226
Brightbill, R. A. 1415
Brinson, Mark M. 1509
Bristow, K. D. 518, 1188
Brock, B. L. 1455
Brockway, D. G. 734
Brockway, Dale G. 2126
Broerman, F. 2282
Bromley, P. T. 154, 285, 446, 2145
Bromley, Peter T. 82
Brooks, M. 490
Brooks, Matthew L. 322
Brooks, R. J. 1200
Brooks, R. P. 1787
Brooks, Robert T. 1857
Brookshire, E. N. 380
Brose, P. 1031
Brose, Patrick H. 1181
Brose, Ulrich 2197
Browder, S. F. 305
Brown, C. R. 1992
Brown, David R. 925
Brown, G. S. 1200
Brown, L. R. 1429
Brown, Larry R. 1428
Brown, M. B. 1992
Brown, Nicholas R. 1077
Brown, P. W. 1800
Brown, R. 34, 1854
Brown, R. L. 424, 471
Brown, S. C. 1794
Brown, Stephen C. 1903
Brown, Timothy K. 939
Brown, V. K. 356, 623
Bruggers, Richard L. 2275
Brunen, J. M. 1700
Brusati, Elizabeth D. 1645
Brussard, P. F. 2263
Brusven, M. A. 777
Brusven, Merlyn A. 532
Bryan, G. K. 2112
Bryan, J. C. 1901
Bryant, F. C. 232, 353, 382, 510, 551, 602, 679, 810
Bryant, Fred C. 351, 566
Bryant, L. D. 638
Bryant, M. D. 1153
Bub, B. R. 1328
Buchanan, J. B. 1151
Buck, P. 116
Buckelew, Lamar D. 110
Buckhouse, J. C. 1408, 1480
Buckingham, David 819
Buckley, N. J. 311, 543
Bucklin, R. 64
Buddle, Christopher M. 846
Buehler, D. A. 1998
Buehler, David A. 859, 1254
Buffington, J. M. 991
Buhl, Deborah A. 2072
Buhlmann, K. A. 1024
Buhlmann, Kurt A. 1840
Bukenhofer, George A. 749
Bull, E. L. 842, 956, 1104, 1237, 1351, 1602, 2151
Bull, Evelyn L. 1266, 1290
Bulluck, Lesley P. 859
Bumback, William 1504
Bumback, William R. 1499
Bunnell, Fred L. 930, 937, 1084, 1085, 1320, 2249
Bunnell, K. D. 680
Bunting C. S. C. 299
Burch, J. B. 1506
Burchell, M. R. 1487
Burchfield, J. A. 1168
Burdick, D. M. 1803, 1835
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Burger, W. 290
Burger, Wes 2111
Burgess, C. 117
Burhans, B. 1152
Burhans, D. E. 772, 882
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Burke, D. M. 1189
Burke, Dawn M. 979
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Burkholder, J. 2118
Burnett, K. M. 1495
Burnett, Kelly 1017
Burnett, P. A. 172
Burnham, K. P. 1531
Burns, E. G. 1683
Burrow, Anna L. 658
Burton, T. A. 1479
Burton, T. M. 1621, 1669
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Bury, R. Bruce 1588, 2249, 2272
Busby, William H. 786
Bush, R. O. 1765
Bush Thom, Christina S. 1709
Buskness, Natoma A. 336
Butler, D. 2260
Butler, Jack L. 441
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Byl, T. D. 1460
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Cable, T. T. 1708
Cade, B. S. 92
Cadman, M. D. 1189
Caffrey, P. 1749
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Campa, H. 87, 281
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Campbell, C. L. 39
Campbell, J. W. 986
Campbell Kissock, L. 550
Campbell, M. 425
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Carter J. H. 924
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Cartron, J. L. E. 308
Carver, A. Vince 272
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Castano-Meneses, G. 2042
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Castleberry, S. B. 904, 1111
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Cavigelli, M. A. 142
Cavitt, John F. 428
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Cezilly, F. 1815
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Champoux, O. 1481
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Chanasyk, D. S. 1700
Chandler, G. A. 1624
Channell, R. 482
Chapa-Vargas, Leonardo 1174
Chapman, B. R. 953, 970, 991, 1312
Chapman, Brian R. 976
Chapman, D. W. 1385
Chapman, E. W. 575
Chapman, K. A. 2144
Chapman, R. N. 545, 802
Charlton, R. E. 294
Chase, Jonathan M. 2120
Chavez, Andreas S. 179
Chavez-Ramirez, Felipe 368
Chen, X. 708
Chen, Z. 1057
Chi, R. 554
Chick, J. H. 1877
Chick, John H. 1885
Chimney, Michael J. 1611
Choiniere, L. 27, 204
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Christian, Donald P. 1349
Christian, Robert R. 1509
Church, James O. 1889
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Citta, J. J. 1630
Ciuzio, Elizabeth 2119
Claassen, R. 2253
Clapperton, M. Jill 354
Clark, A. A. 1104
Clark, Abe A. 1266
Clark, B. K. 361
Clark, B. S. 361
Clark, Bryon K. 767
Clark, D. 1797, 1841
Clark, J. E. 688
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Clark, S. 142
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Clarke, R. A. 1672
Clary, W. P. 329, 677, 764
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Clawson, R. L. 244, 841, 1011
Clawson, Richard L. 1123
Clawson, Rick 2244
Clayton, S. R. 2154
Cline, Gerald A. 119
Clippinger, Norman W. 582
Cloern, James E. 1725
Coates-Estrada, R. 24, 2021, 2188
Cobb, D. T. 2145
Cobb, Lynda E. 876
Cobb, T. P. 1226
Cochran, R. C. 814
Cockle, K. L. 74
Coe, P. K. 2206
Coelho, B. R. Ball 167
Coey, B. 1440
Coffin, P. D. 1727
Coffman, C. L. 65
Cohen, W. E. 382, 679
Colacicco, D. 191
Cole, E. C. 896, 1251
Cole, Elizabeth 2061
Cole, Elizabeth C. 2150
Cole, L. J. 1493
Coleman, David C. 242
Coles, Sophie 358
Collins, C. S. 1112
Collins, Eboni 2120
Collins, M. 717
Collins, Michelle 373
Colorado Division of Wildlife 203
Colwell, M. A. 1614, 1770, 1910, 1913, 2269
Colwell, Mark A. 1911
Combs, Carole K. 2025, 2026
Comer, P. 2260
Comiskey, J. 1782
Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems - Science, Technology, and Public Policy 2208
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Conklin, J. 1759
Conly, F. M. 1805
Connelly, J. W. 420, 557, 718, 768
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Conner, L. Mike 862, 1258, 1261
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Conner, W. H. 1676
Connerton, M. 1419
Connor, K. J. 1631
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Conoan, Christopher J. 782
Conover, M. R. 360, 2024, 2102
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Cope, R. S. 1490
Coppedge, B. R. 214, 391
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Cordell, J. 2228
Cordell, J. R. 1671
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Coria-Benet, Rocio 421, 632
Cormier, S. M. 1380, 1566
Corn, P. S 1027
Corson, M. S. 1143
Costello, C. A. 1295
Cote, S. D. 938
Coughenour, M. B. 774
Coulson, R. N. 1785
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Covington, W. W. 935
Cowan, Ernest M. 716
Cowardin, L. M. 1755, 1927, 2155
Cowley, David E. 1545
Cox, James A. 1082
Cox, Matt M. 1562
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Cox, S. A. 713
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Crain, Shelley 584
Cram, D. S. 1178, 2173
Crane, J. 2281
Crane, T. E. 308, 652
Crawford, J. A. 408, 720, 799
Crawford, Richard D. 403
Crespo, G. 770
Crete, M. 898
Crews, T. E. 645
Crim, S. A. 298
Crisman, T. L. 1640, 1657
Crisman, Thomas L. 1694, 1807
Cristol, Daniel A. 1604, 2200
Crivelli, A. 1815
Cromer, Robert B. 2107
Crompton, Bradley J. 995
Crone, E. E. 2121
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Crossley, D. A. 242
Crosswhite, D. L. 1080
Crosthwaite, K. A. 416
Crosthwaite K. W. 416
Crouch, G. L. 824
Crow, Thomas R. 1341
Crozier, G. E. 1600
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Cryer, K. J. 1076
Cullen, W. R. 588
Cully, A. C. 794
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Cunjak, R. A. 1575
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Cunningham, M. A. 38
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Curnutt, J. L. 1782
Currie, D. J. 1097
Curtin, Charles 610
Cushing, Paula E. 448
Cushman, S. F. 1565
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Czarnomski, N. M. 1245
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Dabbert, B. 197
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Dale, B. C. 465
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Damania, A. B. 521
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Danielson, Brent J. 516, 916
Danley, Robert F. 780
Danz, N. 340, 885, 1227
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DeCecco, J. A. 959, 972
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DeGraaf, Richard M. 875, 957, 969
DeGroot, J. 832
Deibert, E. J. 79
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Delisle, Jennifer M. 17, 18, 222
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Delphey, P. J. 1626
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Denisoff, C. 1837
Dennis, Ann 975
Dennis, Peter 775
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DeVault, T. L. 544
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DeYoung, Charles A. 500
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Dickson, H. Loney 1923
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Dietrich, Chris H. 489
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Dileanis, P. D. 1496
Diller, Lowell V. 1120, 1310
Dindal, D. L. 347
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Dinsmore, James J. 355, 1821
Dinsmore, S. J. 386
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Dixson, Marcie 1078
Dobkin, D. S. 99, 796
Dobkin, David S. 560, 636, 2039
Dobler, F. C. 763
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Dodd, S. L. 2269
Dodge, G. 205
Dodson, S. I. 1569, 1936
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Doherty, P. F. 1062, 1172
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Dolbeer, R. A. 67
Domon, G. 247
Donalty, S. 265
Donnelly, M. 873
Donnelly, Maureen A. 1949
Donner, D. M. 1196
Donnerwright, D. 2082
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Donovan, Therese M. 1000
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Dorcas M. E. 1409
Dorcas, Michael E. 1840
Doresky, John K. 943
Dorr, Brian 1065
Dougherty, D. S. 1043
Douglas, A. J. 196
Douglas, D. R. 1842
Douglas H. Johnson, D. H. 478
Douglass, Kristin S. 548
Douglass, L. W. 1629
Dovciak, A. L. 1451
Dowler, Robert C. 570
Downhower, J. F. 1364
Downhower, Jerry F. 1203
Doxey, M. 1487
Doxon, E. D. 275
Doyle, M. W. 1369, 1523
Doyon, F. 999
Dragt, W. J. 437
Drake, D. 920
Drapeau, Pierre 874, 932, 1125
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Drawe, D. Lynn 755
Drechsler, M. 612
Dreitz, V. J. 193
Drever, M. C. 1660
Drew, Emily K. 887
Drew Lanham, J. 170
Drewien, R. C. 1880
Dritz, D. A. 1882
Droege, S. 894
Drummond, F. A. 254
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Ducharme, Heather C. 2139
Duebbert, H. F. 264, 1808
Duffy, W. D. 1895
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Duguay, J. P. 1003, 1291
Duke, Steven D. 1158
Dumars, C. 2186
Dunbar, M. R. 799
Duncan, David C. 668
Duncan, Patrick 367
Duncan, Sally 921
Dunier, M. 2049
Dunning, J. B. 2149
Dunning, John B. 315
Dupuis, Linda A. 1221
Durblan, Francis E. 481
Durham, R. S. 2170
Durian, Francis E. 692
Dussault, C. 938, 1049
Dwyer, C. P. 1927
Eadie, J. M. 1683, 1742, 1899
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Eames, M. R. 2239
Easterla, D. A. 131
Eaton, B. 1118
Eaton, B. R. 832
Ebelhar, S. A. 246
Ebersole, Joseph L. 1562
Eccles, G. 1067
Edge, W. D. 298, 491, 1479, 1727
Edgerton, P. J. 506
Edgerton, Paul J. 508
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Edwards, C. J. 1527
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Edwards, John W. 1205, 1254
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Edwards, R. T. 1153
Edwards, Thomas C. 1086
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Eggett, Dennis L. 2169
Eichler, B. G. 1173
Eigenbrode, Sanford D. 262
Eisemann, J. 1809
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Ekstein, J. D. 1717
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Ellenberger, J. E. 170
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Ellenburg, Loretta L. 1555
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Elliott, A. G. 1283
Elliott, K. A. 1189
Elliott, Ken A. 979
Elliott, L. F. 1396
Elliott, Norman C. 225, 2241
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Elphick, Chris S. 1724
Emery, R. B. 2231
Emery, Robert B. 818
Emmingham, William H. 1272
Endrulat, E. G. 1071
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Engeman, R. M. 250
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Engle, David M. 130, 316, 396, 735, 749
Engstrom, R. T. 451, 1117, 2251
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Epstein, Lynn E. 578
Ernest, S. K. Morgan 447
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Erwin, R. M. 1746, 1767
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Eskew, Lane G. 1574
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Estes, R. A. 1587
Estey, M. E. 1898, 2201
Estey, Michael E. 1781
Estrada, A. 24, 2021, 2188
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Evans, D. L. 1640
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Evans, Keith E. 395
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Everett, D. D. 714
Everett, Kim T. 1206
Everhart, William R. 1677
Evrard, J. O. 45, 2234
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Faaborg, J. 841, 1011
Faaborg, John 484, 1123
Faeth, S. H. 422
Fahrig, L. 1097
Fair, W. Scott 96
Fairbairn, S. E. 1786
Falk, D. A. 942
Fantz, D. K. 1011, 1016
Fantz, Debby K. 1088, 1270
Farley, G. H. 482
Farmer, A. H. 107
Farrand, D. Todd 163
Farrand, D. T. 2192
Farrell, Christopher J. 1949
Farrell, J. M. 1806
Farris, Grace E. 127
Farris, J. L. 1704
Farris, K. L. 1285
Farris, Kerry L. 1368
Fausch, K. D. 1535, 2140
Fausch, Kurt D. 1489
Faust, Christina L. 1507
Fauth, J. E. 2052
Fay, Philip A. 611
Fearer, Todd 1055
Feather, P. 268, 2070
Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group 1547
Fedewa, Luke A. 1840
Fehmi, J. S. 475
Fehmi, Jeffrey S. 781
Feist, Blake E. 1467, 1469
Felix, Z. I. 1214
Fell, Richard D. 1040
Feller, Michael C. 1212
Felton, Gary K. 2254
Fernandez, L. 1590
Fernandez, Marie Kathryn 1768
Ferris, H. 245
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Fettig, C. J. 851
Fettig, S. M. 1114
Fettig, Stephen M. 1190
Fettinger, Jennifer L. 614
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Ffolliott, Peter F. 808, 1434, 1476, 1563
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Fieldin, Dennis J. 532
Fielding, Dennis J. 777
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Fierro, L. C. 783
Figert, Daniel E. 1254
Filion, B. 323, 483, 1947, 2146
Filip, G. M. 847, 896
Filipek, S. 2075
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Horejsi, R. G. 662
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Horne, E. A. 440, 492
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Hornung, J. P. 2174
Horwath, W. R. 1683
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Houde, Isabelle 930, 1084
Houghton, J. P. 1892
Houlahan, J. 1592
Houlahan, J. E. 1679, 2036
Houseman, G. R. 974
Houston, Alexandra 315
Hoving, C. L. 893
Howard, Amy 473
Howard, Daniel R. 415
Howard, J. H. 1731
Howard, Keith A. 2092
Howard, Melissa N. 75
Howard, Ronnie 566
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Howerter, David W. 818
Howery, L. D. 505
Howlin, S. 117
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International Lake Environment Committee 1806
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