EULOGY
ON PROF. ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE
LATE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY
BY
PROF. JOSEPH HENRY
Prepared
at the request of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution,
and also of
the National Academy of Sciences.
Alexander Dallas Bache, whose life and character form the subject
of the following eulogy, was the son of Richard Bache, one of
eight children of Sarah, the only daughter of Dr. Benjamin Franklin.
His mother was Sophia Burret Dallas, daughter of Alexander J.
Dallas, and sister of George M. Dallas, whose names are well
known in the history of this country, the former as Secretary
of the Treasury, and the latter as Vice-President of the United
States, and subsequently as minister to the Court of St. James.
The subject of our sketch was born in Philadelphia, on the 19th
of July, 1806. At an early age he became a pupil of a classical
school, and was distinguished by an unusual aptitude in the
acquisition of learning. Shortly before arriving at the age
of fifteen he was appointed a cadet at the National Military
Academy at West Point. Here, though the youngest pupil, he soon
attained a high grade of scholarship, which he maintained during
the whole of his course, and was finally graduated in 1825,
at the head of his class. His merit was in this case the more
conspicuous, inasmuch as the class is shown to have been one
of unusual ability, by having numbered no less than four successful
candidates for the honor of adoption into the Corps of Engineers.
It has been mentioned as a solitary instance in the history
of the Academy, noted for its rigid discipline, that young Bache
passed through the entire course of four years without having
received a mark of actual demerit, and, what is perhaps not
less uncommon, without having called forth the least manifestation
of envy on the part of his fellow-pupils. On the contrary, his
superiority in scholarship was freely acknowledged by every
member of his class, while his unassuming manner, friendly demeanor,
and fidelity to duty secured him the affection, as well as the
respect of not only his fellow-pupils, but also of the officers
of the institution. It is also remembered that his classmates,
with instinctive deference to his scrupulous sense of propriety,
forbore to solicit his participation in any amusement which
in the slightest degree conflicted with the rules of the Academy.
So far from this, they commended his course, and pride to themselves,
as members of his class, in his reputation for high standing
and exemplary conduct. His room-mate, older by several years
than he was, and by no means noted for regularity or studious
habits, constituted himself, as it were, his guardian, and sedulously
excluded all visitors or other interruptions to study during
the prescribed hours. For this self-imposed service, gravely
rendered as essential to the honor of the class, he was accustomed
jocularly to claim immunity for his own delinquencies or shortcomings.
But whatever protection others might require on account of youth
and inexperience, young Bache needed no guardian to keep him
in the line of duty. Impressed beyond his years with a sense
of responsibility which would devolve upon him as the eldest
of his mother’s family, entertaining a grave appreciation
of the obligations involved in his education at the National
Academy, he resolved from the first to exert his energies to
the utmost in qualifying himself for the duties which he might
be called upon to discharge, whether in professional or private
life. Nor was he uninfluenced in this determination by a consciousness
that as a descendant of Franklin he was, in a certain degree,
an object of popular interest, and that on this account something
more than an ordinary responsibility rested upon him. On a mind
constituted like his an influence of this kind could not but
exert a happy effect.
The character which he established for gentleness of manner
and evenness of temper was not entirely the result of native
amiability, for when a child he is said to have been quick-tempered,
and at later periods of his life, when suddenly provoked beyond
his habitual power of endurance, he sometimes gave way to manifestations
of temper which might have surprised those who only knew him
in usual state of calm deportment. These ebullitions were, however,
of rare occurrence, and always of short duration. His marked
characteristic was the control which he had acquired over his
passions and feelings, and it was this which enabled him to
suppress all tendency to self-indulgence, to pursue with unremitting
perseverance the course he had marked out, to observe an undeviating
regard for truth and justice, and to cherish habitually all
that would lead to exemplify the kindlier affections of the
heart.
Although young Bache was perhaps predisposed, from hereditary
influence, to form correct habits and adopt high moral principles,
yet these dispositions might have remained dormant had it not
been for the early training and the watchful eye of his noble
mother. From his earliest days she checked with gentle reproof
every indication of childish revolt against wholesome restraint,
and steadily carried out her system of discipline so gently
and yet so effectually that it met with scarcely any opposition,
and left the conviction that she was always in the right. Her
maternal solicitude did not end with his being placed under
military rule, but was continued through his whole course by
means of a ready pen. In the language of one who was permitted
to read her letters to her son while at West Point, “nothing
could be more admirable than the way in which, amid pleasant
gossip and family news, she would inspire her son with high
sentiments and encourage him to persevering industry.”
As an illustration of his persistency of purpose, it is related
that, when a recitation of more than common length or difficulty
was to be prepared for the morrow, it was no unusual practice
of his to place himself on a seat of unstable equilibrium, which
by giving way when volition was about to lose its power recalled
his flagging attention to the allotted task.
After graduating he was selected, on account of his scholarship,
to remain at the Academy as an assistant professor. In this
position, which gave him an opportunity to review his studies
and extend his reading, he continued one year; when, at his
own request, he was assigned to engineering duty under the late
General, then Colonel, Totten, at Newport, Rhode Island. Here
he remained two years, engaged in constructing fortifications,
devoting his extra hours to the study of physics and chemistry,
and, as a recreation, collecting and labeling the shells of
that region. But the most important event of this period of
his life, and that which, doubtless, contributed in a large
degree to his future success, was his becoming acquainted with
and subsequent betrothal to Miss Nancy Clarke Fowler, the daughter
of an old and highly-respected citizen of Newport. With the
stinted pay of a lieutenant of engineers, out of which his mother
and her younger offspring were to be provided for, marriage
was not to be thought of, excepting as an event in the remote
distance. Fortunately as unexpectedly, however, a change now
took place in his circumstances which enabled him to gratify
the earnest wish of his heart and to secure himself a companion
and helpmate who lavished upon him all her affections, and through
his life ardently devoted all her thoughts and energies to sustain,
assist, and encourage him. The change alluded to, and which
opened to him an uninterrupted career of usefulness during the
whole of his active life, was the result of an invitation to
the chair of natural philosophy and chemistry at the University
of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia. He accepted the position with
that unaffected diffidence which is the usual concomitant of
true, but untried merit, though, as might have been anticipated,
his eventual success was commensurate with the industry and
ability which had marked his previous progress. Having already
had some experience as a teacher, he the more readily gained
the entire confidence of the authorities of the university and
the affection of his pupils. He did not, however, rest satisfied
with the occupation of teacher, or with merely imparting knowledge
obtained by the labors of others, but sought to enlarge the
bounds of science by discoveries of his own. As auxiliary to
this, he became a member of the Franklin Institute, a society
then newly established for the promotion of the mechanical arts.
This society, which still maintains a vigorous existence, was
well calculated to exhibit his talents and develop his character.
It brought him into intimate association with the principal
manufacturers, engineers, and artisans of the city, and into
relations of friendship with a large number of young men destined,
in more advanced life, to exert and influence on public affairs.
He was appointed chairman of one of the most important of its
committees, and was chosen as expounder of the principles of
the institute at its public exhibitions. Facilities were thus
afforded him for the prosecution of science, which he could
not have well commanded in any other position. Workshops were
thrown open to him, and skillful hands yielded him ready assistance
in realizing the conceptions of his suggestive mind. His descent
from the illustrious statesman and philosopher whose name the
institute bears, and who is almost regarded as the tutelar saint
of Philadelphia, no doubt contributed to a prepossession in
his favor, but the influence which he acquired and maintained
was due to his own learning, industry, ability, and courtesy.
To these he owed the favor and distinction of having conferred
upon him the principal directorship of the scientific investigations
of the institute, and the opportunity which it afforded him
of so greatly contributing to the usefulness of the society
and to the advancement of his own reputation.
For a full account of the labors in which he was engaged in
his connection with the Franklin Institute we must here be content
with referring to the volumes of its journal from 1828 to 1835
inclusive. We may pause a moment, however, to notice the investigations
relating to the bursting of steam-boilers, of which he was the
principal director. The public mind had, at that epoch, been
so frequently and painfully called to this subject that the
institute was induced to organize a series of systematic researches
in regard to it, the importance of which was soon recognized
by the General Government in the form of an appropriation for
defraying the attendant expenses. In the prosecution of these
inquiries a large amount of information relative to explosions,
and suggestions as to their causes, was first collected by correspondence,
and on this was based, a series of well-devised experiments,
which were executed with signal address, and the results interpreted
with logical discrimination. The conclusions arrived at were
embodied in a series of propositions, which, after a lapse of
more than thirty years, have not been superseded by any others
of more practical value. The most frequent cause of explosion
was found to be the gradual heating of the boiler beyond its
power of resistance; and next to this, the sudden generation
of steam by allowing the water to become too low, and its subsequent
contact with the overheated metal of the sides and other portions
of the boiler. The generation of gas from the decomposition
of water as a cause of explosion was disproved, as was also
the dispersion of water in the form of spray through superheated
steam. These experiments were not unattended with danger, and
required , in their execution, no small amount of personal courage.
Accidents were imminent at almost every stage of the investigation;
and in some instances explosions were produced which alarmed
the neighborhood. So true is it that in the pursuit of science
dangers are oftentimes voluntarily encountered, exacting no
less courage or firmness of nerve than that which animates the
warrior in the more conspicuous but scarcely more important
conflicts of the battle-field.
The attention of Mr. Bache at this period was not exclusively
devoted to his labors in connection with the Franklin Institute.
He was also a member of the American Philosophical Society,
and, as such, in association with Hare, Espy, and others interested
in the pursuit of various branches of physics and chemistry.
He erected an observatory in the yard of his dwelling, in which,
with the aid of his wife and of his former pupil, John F. Fraser,
he determined with accuracy, for the first time in this country,
the periods of the daily variations of the magnetic needle,
and by another series of observations the connection of the
fitful variations of the direction of the magnetic force with
appearance of the aurora borealis.
Again, in connection with his friend, Mr. Espy, he made a minute
survey of a portion of the track of a tornado, which visited
New Brunswick, in New Jersey, on the 19th of June, 1835, and
from the change of place and relative position of the trees
and other objects, as left by the wind, he succeeded in establishing
the fact, in accordance with the hypotheses of Mr. Espy, that
the effects of the storm were due to an ascending and progressive
column of air, by which all objects within the influence of
the disturbance, on either side of the track, were drawn inward,
and not due, as had been supposed, to a horizontal rotation
at the surface, which would tend to throw them outward by centrifugal
projection. In cooperation with Professor Courtenay, he also
made a series of determinations of the magnetic dip at various
places in the United States. Indeed, terrestrial magnetism was
with him a favorite subject, to which he continued to make valuable
contributions at intervals during his whole life. The phenomena
of heat likewise engaged much of his attention, and he was the
first to show, contrary to generally-received opinion, that
the radiation and consequent absorption of dark heat is not
affected by color. His investigations in this line were suddenly
brought to a close by an accident, which we may be allowed to
mention as furnishing an illustration of his self-control and
considerate regard for the feeling of others. After an expenditure
of money which he could ill afford, and of time withdrawn from
the hours due to repose, he had procured and arranged on a stand
a series of delicate instruments intended for a long-meditated
experiment on radiant heat. During his temporary absence his
mother, in hurriedly passing through the apartment, accidentally
caught in her dress the support of the apparatus and brought
the whole to the floor, a mass of mingled fragments. The author
of this disaster was so painfully affected by the destruction,
of which she had been the unintentional cause, as to be obliged
to leave to his wife the task of breaking the unwelcome tidings
to her son. On receiving the information, he stood for a moment,
perfectly silent, then hurried out into the open air to conceal
his emotion and tranquilize his feelings. After a short interval
he returned, calm, affectionate, and apparently cheerful, and
neither by word nor look gave any indication of the pain and
disappointment he had so severely experienced.
It should not be forgotten that the labors to which we have
alluded were performed in hours not devoted to his regular duties
as a professor in the university. To these he was obliged to
give three hours a day, besides other time to the preparation
of illustrations for his lectures, while several evenings of
the week were claimed by committees of the Franklin Institute
and the Philosophical Society. He was enabled to execute these
multifarious labors by a division of his time into separate
periods, to each of which was allotted its special occupation.
By a rigid adherence to this system he was always prompt in
his engagements, was never hurried, and found time, moreover,
to attend to the claims of friendship and society. He was a
zealous and successful teacher, to whom the imparting of knowledge
was a source of unalloyed and inexhaustible pleasure. His pupils
could not fail to be favorably impressed by his enthusiasm and
influenced by his kindness. He always manifested an interest
not only in their proficiency in study, but also in their general
welfare. They regarded him with affection as well as respect,
and while in other class-rooms of the university disorder and
insubordination occasionally annoyed the teachers, nothing was
to be witnessed in his, but earnest attention and gentlemanly
deportment.
His success as an instructor affords a striking confutation
of the fallacy which has not unfrequently been advocated in
certain quarters, that men devoted to original research and
imbued with habits of mind which it generates are not well qualified
for the office of instructors. So far is the proposition from
having any foundation in fact, that it is precisely among the
most celebrated explorers of science of the present century
that the most successful and noted teachers have been found.
In proof of this the illustrious names of Priestley, De Candolle,
Dalton, Davy, Oersted, Faraday, and a host of others, immediately
occur. At the same time it cannot be denied that it is questionable
economy to devote to the drudgery of drilling youth in the elements
of knowledge, a mind well qualified by nature and training to
enlarge the boundaries of thought and increase the stores of
knowledge. But it is equally clear that the practice of teaching
is, to a certain extent, not incompatible with the leisure and
concentration of mind requisite for original research; that
the latter must, in fact, act beneficially alike on the instructor
and instructed; the former gaining in clearness of conception
in the appreciation of the new truths he is unfolding by imparting
a knowledge of the character of others, while the latter catch,
by sympathy, a portion of the enthusiasm of the master, and
are stimulated to exertions of which they would otherwise be
incapable.
In 1836, when Professor Bache had just attained the thirtieth
year of his age, his attention and energies received a new direction,
constituting as it were, a new epoch in his life. This change
was caused by a movement on the part of the trustees of the
Girard College for Orphans, an institution munificently endowed
by a benevolent citizen of Philadelphia. Preparatory to organizing
this institution it was thought desirable to select a suitable
person as president, and send him abroad to study the systems
of education and methods of instruction and discipline adopted
in Europe. The eyes of the entire community were with one accord
directed to our professor as the proper man for this office.
He had, however, become enamored with the pursuit of science,
and it was with difficulty that he could bring himself to regard
with favor a proposition which might tend to separate him from
this favorite object. The consideration of a more extended field
of usefulness at length prevailed, and he accepted, though not
without some lingering regret, the preferred position. No American
ever visited Europe under more favorable circumstances for becoming
intimately acquainted with its scientific and literary institutions.
His published researches had given him a European reputation,
and afforded him that ready access to the intelligent and influential
classes of society which is denied the traveler whose only recommendation
is the possession of wealth. It cannot be doubted that he was
also favored in this respect by the admiration which in Europe
still attaches to the name of his renowned ancestor. * [* The
force of this sentiment was quaintly but strongly marked by
a slight incident which occurred when he was in Germany. An
elderly savant, on being introduced, clasped him in his arms,
saluted him with a kiss on either cheek, and greeted him with
the exclamation, “Mein Gott, now let me die, since I have
lived to see the with mine own eyes an emanation of the great
Franklin!” This compliment was perhaps more flattering
than agreeable, since the old professor in question was wont,
after the fashion of his day, to stimulate his lagging facilities
by frequent and profuse extractions from the snuff-box.] He
was everywhere received with marked attention, and from his
moral and intellectual qualities did not fail to sustain the
prepossessions in his favor and to secure the friendship and
esteem of the most distinguished savants of the Old World.
He remained in Europe two years, and on his return embodied
the results of his researches on education in his report to
the trustees of Girard College. This report forms a large octavo
volume, and is an almost exhaustive exposition of the scholastic
systems and methods of instruction in use at the time in England,
France, Prussia, Austria, Switzerland, and Italy. It has done
more, perhaps, to improve the theory and art of education in
this country than any other work ever published; and it has
effected this not alone by the statement of facts derived from
observation, but also by the inferences and suggestions with
which it abounds. The accounts which are given of the different
schools of Europe are founded on personal inspection; the results
being noted down at the time with the writer’s habitual
regard to accuracy.
After completing his report he was prepared to commence the
organization of the Girard College, but the trustees, partly
on account of the unfinished condition of the building, and
partly from a delay in the adjustment of the funds of the endowment,
were not disposed to put the institution into immediate operation.
In the mean time Professor Bache, desirous of rendering the
information he had acquired of immediate practical use, offered
his services gratuitously to the municipal authorities of Philadelphia,
to organize, on an improved basis, a system of public education
for that city. This offer was gladly accepted, and he commenced
the work with his usual energy and with the cordial support
of the directors and teachers of the common schools. At the
end of the year, finding that the trustees of the college were
still unprepared to open the institution, he relinquished the
salary, but retained the office of president, and devoted his
time mainly to the organization of the schools. He was now,
however, induced to accept from the city, as the sole and necessary
means of his support, a salary much less than the one he had
relinquished. The result of his labors in regard to the schools
was the establishment of the best system of combined free education
which had, at that time, been adopted in this country. It has
since been regarded as a model, and has been introduced as such
in different cities of the Union.
In 1842, having completed the organization of the schools, and
Girard College still remaining in a stationary condition, he
resigned all connection with it, and, yielding to the solicitations
of the trustees of the university, returned to his former chair
of natural philosophy and chemistry, in order that he might
resume the cultivation of science. Not that it is to be inferred
that in his devotion to the advancement of education he had
relinquished or deferred the scientific pursuits to which the
habit of his mind and the bent of his genius continually impelled
him, for during his travels in Europe he had been careful to
provide himself with a set of portable instruments of physical
research, and, as a relief from the labors imposed by the special
object of his mission, he instituted a connected series of observations
at prominent points on the Continent and in Great Britain, relative
to the dip and intensity of terrestrial magnetism. These observations
were made with the view of ascertaining the relative direction
and strength of the magnetic force in Europe and America, by
the comparison of parallel series of observations in the two
countries with the same instruments. They also served, in most
instances, to settle with greater precision than had previously
been attained the relative magnetic condition of the points
at which they were made.
Though the organization of the schools of such a city as Philadelphia
might seem sufficient to absorb all his energy and self-devotion,
yet even in the midst of this labor we find our late colleague
actively cooperating in the great enterprise of the British
Association to determine by contemporaneous observations, at
widely separated points, the fluctuations of the magnetic and
meteorological elements of the globe. This cooperation, in which
no doubt a feeling of national pride mingled itself with his
ardor for the advancement of science, consisted primarily in
the establishment of an observatory, to which the trustees of
Girard College contributed a full series of instruments, combining
all the latest improvements, and which was supported by the
American Philosophical Society, and a number of liberal and
intelligent individuals. The observations which were here continued
at short intervals, both by day and night, for five years, form
a rich mine of statistics, from which, until within the last
few years of his life, the professor drew a highly interesting
series of results, without exhausting the material. In addition
to these observation, he made during his summer vacations a
magnetic survey of Pennsylvania.
He was not destined to remain long in his old position in the
university. Before he had become fairly settled in it and had
renewed his familiarity with its duties, he was called in November,
1843, on the occasion of the death of Mr. Hassler, Superintendent
of the United States Coast Survey, to fill the important sphere
of public duty thus rendered vacant. His appointment to this
position was first suggested by the members of the American
Philosophical Society, and the nomination fully concurred in
by the principal scientific and literary institutions of the
country. In this movement he himself took no part, and indeed
regarded the position as one not to be coveted; for while it
opened a wide field for the exercise of talent and the acquisition
of an enviable reputation, it involved responsibilities and
presented difficulties of the gravest character. Professor Bache
was not one of those who, abounding in self-confidence, imagine
themselves equal to every exigency, or who seek the distinctions
and emoluments of office without any regard to the services
to be rendered or the duties to be discharged. On the contrary,
though early and continued success must have tended to increase
his self-esteem, each new position to which he was called was
entered upon with feelings of solicitude rather than of exultation.
He rightly judged that the proper moment for self-congratulation
is not at the beginning of an arduous and precarious enterprise,
but at the time of its full and successful accomplishment. Nor
can it be necessary to add that this characteristic contributed
largely to his success. In civil service as in the camp, the
leader to whom all look with confidence is not he who, with
blind and arrogant self-reliance, disdains caution as unworthy
of courage, but he who, sensitively alive to the dangers to
be encountered, exerts every faculty in calling to his aid every
resource which may tend to secure victory or facilitate retreat.
With whatever misgivings Professor Bache may have undertaken
the task to which he was assigned, it may be truly said that
no living man was so well qualified as himself to secure the
results which the nation and its commercial interests demanded.
His education and training at West Point, his skill in original
investigations, his thorough familiarity with the principles
of applied science, his knowledge of the world, and his gentlemanly
deportment, were all in a greater or less degree essential elements
in the successful prosecution of the survey. It would appear
as if the training and acquisition of every period of his life,
and the development of every trait of his character, had been
especially ordained to fit him in every respect to overcome
the difficulties of this position. Besides the qualifications
we have enumerated, he possessed rare executive ability, which
enabled him to govern and guide the diverse elements of the
vast undertaking with consummated tact and skill. Quick to perceive
and acknowledge merit in others, he rapidly gathered around
him a corps of men eminently well qualified for the execution
of the tasks to which he severally assigned them.
The Coast Survey had been recommended to Congress by President
Jefferson as early as 1807, but it was not until ten years afterward
that the work was actually commenced, under the superintendence
of Professor Hassler, an eminent Swiss engineer, whose plans
had been previously sanctioned by the American Philosophical
Society. Though the fundamental features of the survey had been
established on the most approved scientific principles yet so
frequent were the changes in the policy of the Government, and
so limited were the appropriations, that, even up to the time
of Professor Bache’s appointment, in 1843, little more
than a beginning had been made. The survey, so far as accomplished,
extended only from New York Harbor to Point Judith, on the east
coast, and southward to Cape Henlopen. The new Superintendent
saw the necessity of greatly enlarging the plan, so as to embrace
a much broader field of simultaneous labor than it had previously
included. He divided the whole coast line into sections, and
organized, under separate parties, the essential operations
of the survey simultaneously in each. He commenced the exploration
of the Gulf Stream, and at the same time projected a series
of observations on the tides, on the magnetism of the earth,
and the direction of the winds at different seasons of the year.
He also instituted a succession of researches in regard to the
bottom of the ocean within soundings, and the forms of animal
life which are found there, thus offering new and unexpected
indications to the navigator. He pressed into service, for the
determination of longitude, the electric telegraph; for the
ready reproduction of charts, photography; and for multiplying
copper-plate engravings, the new art of electrotyping. In planning
and directing the execution of these varied improvements, which
exacted so much comprehensiveness in design and minuteness in
detail, Professor Bache was entirely successful. He was equally
fortunate, principally through the moral influence of his character,
in impressing upon the Government, and especially upon Congress,
a more just estimate of what such a survey required for its
maintenance and creditable prosecution. Not only was a largely-increased
appropriation needed to carry out this more comprehensive plan,
but also to meet the expenses consequent upon the extension
of the shore-line itself. Our sea-coast, when the survey commenced,
already exceeded in length that of any other civilized nation,
but, in 1845, it was still more extended by the annexation of
Texas, and again, in 1848, by our acquisitions on the Pacific.
Professor Bache was in the habit of answering the question often
propounded to him by members of Congress, “When will this
survey be completed?” by asking, “When will you
cease annexing new territory?” a reply not less significant
at the present day than when it was first given, and which may
continue long to be applicable under the expansive tendencies
of our national policy.
When Professor Bache took charge of the Survey, it was still
almost in its incipient stage, subjected to misapprehension,
assailed by unjust prejudice, and liable, during any session
of Congress, to be suspended or abolished. When he died, it
had conquered prejudice, silenced opposition, and become established
on a firm ground as one of the permanent bureaus of the executive
Government. The importance of the work, which was always highly
appreciated by the mariner, became strikingly obvious to the
general public through the service which it rendered during
the late war, in furnishing accurate charts and sailing directions
for the guidance of our squadrons along the southern coast.
Nor was this alone; an active participation was also borne by
the officers of the survey in the attack of the United States
Navy on Sumter, Port Royal, Fort Fisher, Mobile, New Orleans,
and other strongholds, while constant aid was rendered by them
in the navigation of the inlets and channels, and in the avoidance
of hidden rocks or shoals with which none could be more minutely
acquainted. Though the value of the survey was signally conspicuous
on these occasions, it needs but little reflection to be convinced
of its essential connection with the general prosperity of the
country. Whatever diminishes the danger of departure from or
an approach to our shores facilitates commerce, and thus renders
more valuable the products of our industry, even in portions
of our land most remote from the sea-board. But the survey should
not be viewed alone in its economical relations, since, as an
enlightened and liberal people, we owe it to the great community
of nations and the cause of humanity to supply the world with
accurate charts of our precarious coast, as well as to furnish
it with all the other aids to safer navigation which the science
and experience of the age may devise.
Professor Bache, with his enlightened appreciation of the value
of abstract science, kept constantly in view the various problems
relative to the physics of the globe, which are directly or
even incidentally connected with the survey of the coast, and
ever cherished the hope of being permitted to complete his labors
by their solution. Among these was a new determination of the
magnitude and form of the earth, and the variations in the intensity
of terrestrial gravity at various points on the continent of
North America; the discussion of the general theory of the tides;
the magnetic condition of the continent; and the improvement
of the general map of the United States, by determining its
relation to the coastline, and the precise geographical positions
of the most important points in the interior. Though his hopes
in regard to these problems were not destined to be realized
by himself, fortunately for the cause of science they have been
left in charge of a successor in the person of his ardent friend
and collaborator, Professor Peirce, to whose genius and industry
we may confidently look for that full exposition of the work
which, while it entitles him to the highest approbation of the
scientific world, will render ample justice to the labors and
sagacity of his lamented predecessor.
Besides having charge of the Coast Survey, Professor Bache was
Superintendent of Weights and Measures, and in the exercise
of this function directed a series of investigations relative
to the collection of excise duties on distilled spirits, and
likewise superintended the construction of a large number of
sets of standard weights and measures for distribution among
the several States of the Union. He was also appointed one of
a commission to examine into the condition of the light-house
system of this country, and to report upon any improvements
calculated to render it more efficient. In the investigation
pertaining to this subject, involving, as they do, a knowledge
of a wide range of applied science, he took a lively interest,
and rendered important service in the organization of the admirable
system which was adopted and still remains in operation. This
commission of investigation was afterward merged in the present
Light-House Board, of which he continued a member until the
time of his death.
In 1846 he had been named in the act of incorporation as one
of the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and by successive
reelection was continued by Congress in this office until his
death, a period of nearly twenty years. To say that he assisted
in shaping the policy of the establishment would not be enough.
It was almost exclusively through his predominating influence
that the policy which has given the institution its present
celebrity was, after much opposition, finally adopted. The object
of the donation, it will be remembered, had been expressed in
terms so concise that its import could scarcely be at once appreciated
by the general public, though to the cultivators of science,
to which class Smithson himself belonged, the language employed
failed not to convey clear and precise ideas. Out of this state
of things it is not surprising that difference of opinion should
arise respecting the proper means to be adopted to realize the
intentions of the founder of the institution. Professor Bache
with persistent firmness, tempered by his usual moderation,
advocated the appropriation of the proceeds of the funds principally
to the plan set forth in the first report of the Secretary,
namely, of encouraging and supporting original research in the
different branches of science. Unfortunately this policy could
only be partially adopted, on account of the restrictions of
the enactment of Congress, by which provision was to be made
for certain specified objects. He strenuously opposed the contemplated
expenditure of a most disproportionate sum in the erection and
maintenance of a costly edifice; but failing to prevent this,
he introduced the resolution adopted by the board as a compromise,
whereby the mischief which he could not wholly avert might at
least be lessened. This resolution provided that the time of
the erection of the building should be extended over several
years, while the fund appropriated for the purpose, being in
the meantime invested in a safe and productive manner, would
serve in some degree to counterbalance the effect of the great
and unnecessary outlay which had been resolved on. It would
be difficult for the secretary, however unwilling to intrude
anything personal on this occasion, to forbear mentioning that
it was entirely due to the persuasive influence of the professor
that he was induced , almost against his own better judgment,
to leave the quiet pursuit of science and the congenial employment
of college instruction to assume the laborious and responsible
duties of the office to which, through the partiality of friendship,
he had been called. Nor would it be possible for him to abstain
from acknowledging with heart-felt emotion that he was from
first to last supported and sustained in his difficult position
by the fraternal sympathy, the prudent counsel, and the unwavering
friendship of the lamented deceased.
His demeanor in the board was quiet and unobtrusive, and his
opinions sought no support in elaborated or premeditated argument;
but when a topic likely to lead to difficulty in discussion
was introduced, he seldom failed, with that admirable tact for
which he was always noted, to dispose of it by some suggestion
so judicious and appropriate as to secure ready acquiescence
and harmonious action. The loss of such a man in the councils
of the Institution , when we consider the characteristics which
it has been our aim to portray, must, indeed, be regarded as
little less than irreparable.
As a vice-president of the United States Sanitary Commission
his influence was felt in selecting proper agents, and suggesting
efficient means for collecting and distributing the liberal
contributions offered for ameliorating the condition of our
soldiers during the war. But the services which he rendered
the Government during the recent struggle were not confined
to this agency, or to the immediate operations of the Coast
Survey. He was called into consultations to discuss plans of
attack on the part of the Navy, and for its cooperation with
the Army. He acted also as a member of a commission to which
various projects, professing to improve the art of war, were
referred, and in this capacity it is not too much to say that
his judicious counsel contributed to save the Government millions
of dollars by preventing the adoption of plausible though impracticable
propositions from which nothing but failure and loss could have
resulted.
One of the last acts of his life was an exemplification of the
devoted affection which he had always borne to his native city,
whither it was his cherished intention to return when he should
be at last released from official duty. At the request of the
governor of Pennsylvania, although overwhelmed with other public
labors, he planned lines of defense for Philadelphia, and to
a certain extent personally superintended their construction.
Unaccustomed for many years to direct exposure to the sun, this
work proved too much for his physical strength and brought on
the first indications of that malady which terminated his life.
Though apparently of a vigorous constitution, and capable, under
the excitement of official life, of bearing an unusual amount
of bodily fatigue, yet he was subject at intervals to “sick
headaches,” a disease which seems to have been hereditary,
and which perhaps conspired with other causes in terminating
his useful and distinguished career. Previous to the war he
had spent the warmer part of each summer in a tent, at some
point of the primary triangulation of the survey, whence he
directed the various parties in the field by correspondence;
and as the point was usually at the top of a mountain, or at
some elevated position, from which other stations of the survey
could be seen, he did not want for invigorating air. With this,
and the exercise of measuring angles he laid in a store of health
sufficient to enable him to carry on with interruption the arduous
duties of the remaining portion of the year. But after the commencement
of the war his presence was continually required in Washington
to give advice and information as to military and naval operations,
and to attend the meetings of the scientific commission to which
we have previously referred. He was, therefore, no longer able
to avail himself of the recuperating influence of mountain air,
and in view of this his valuable life may be said to have been
one of the sacrifices offered for the preservation of the Union.
The first indications of the insidious disease which gradually
sapped the citadel of life were numbness in the fingers of his
right hand, an, on one occasion, for a short time only, loss
of memory. Though these symptoms gave him some uneasiness, they
did not diminish his exertions in the line of his duty. Other
symptoms, however, exhibited themselves, which, though awaking
anxiety, did not much alarm his friends, until he was suddenly
deprived, in a considerable degree, of the power of locomotion
and of the expression of ideas; the result, it was supposed,
of a softening of the brain. But though the power of expression
was paralyzed, his memory appeared to retain all the impressions
of the past, and he evidently took much pleasure in having recalled
to him scenes and events of years gone by. For several months
he was very anxious as to the business of the Coast Survey,
and it was with difficulty he could be restrained from resuming
in full the duties of his office; but as the malady increased
his perception of external objects diminished. He took less
and less interest in passing events, and finally seemed to withdraw
his attention from the exterior world, with which he almost
ceased thenceforth to hold any active communication. It was
hoped that a voyage to Europe, through the excitements of shipboard
and the revival of old associations , would be of service to
him; but, notwithstanding an occasional manifestation of wonted
spirit of social and intellectual enjoyment at the encounter
of a friend of former times or distinguished associate in the
walks of science, he returned from a sojourn abroad of eighteen
months without having experienced any permanent abatement in
the progress of his malady. He lingered for a short time longer,
and finally resigned his breath at Newport, Rhode Island, on
the 17th of February, 1867, in the sixty-first year of his age.
It would be impossible to name an American distinguished on
purely scientific grounds to whom the enlightened sentiment
of his own countrymen and of foreign nations has awarded more
emphatic marks of admiration and esteem. The degree of Doctor
of Laws was conferred on him by the principal universities of
this country, and few of our leading societies were willing
to forego the honor of numbering him among their associates.
He was elected in succession president of the American Philosophical
Society, of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, and, of the National Academy of Sciences established
by Congress. Nor were foreigners less forward in acknowledging
his merit. He was a member of the Royal Society of London, of
the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, of the Institute
of France, the Royal and Imperial Geographical Society of Vienna,
the Royal Academy of Turin, the Mathematical Society of Hamburg,
the Academy of Sciences in the Institute of Bologna, the Royal
Astronomical Society of London, and of the Royal Irish Academy
of Dublin. In addition to these testimonies of appreciation,
several medals were awarded to him by foreign governments for
his distinguished services in the Coast Survey and in the cause
of science generally.
The life we have here sketched is eminently suggestive, both
from a philosophical and a practical point of view. It presents
an unbroken series of successful efforts, with no interruptions
in its sustained and constantly ascending course; all parts
follow each other in harmonious continuity; and not only is
each stage of its progress in advance of the one which preceded
it, but it furnishes the means of education for that which succeeded.
It is not merely curiosity, laudable as that might be, but a
sense of the importance of the inquiry, which prompts us to
ask, What were the mental and moral characteristics of the mind
which produced such results? And we say intentionally , the
mind which produced these results, for although it is true that
accident has in many cases a determining influence on the fortunes
of an individual, it will be clear from what precedes, or we
shall have greatly failed in the task which we proposed to ourselves,
that the element of casualty had but little to do with the success
which crowned the life to which the question at present relates.
From long acquaintance with him and critical study of the events
of his life, and the distinctive manifestations of his moral
and intellectual nature, we venture, though not with hesitation,
to present the following analysis of the character of one who
has performed so conspicuous a part, and in whose memory so
many are deeply interested.
Alexander Dallas Bache possessed, or we may perhaps say originally
inherited, a mind of strong general powers, with no faculty
in excess or in deficiency, but, as a whole, capable of unusual
expansion or development in any direction which early training
or the education of life might determine. He also possessed
strong passions, which, instead of exerting an unfavorable effect
on his character by their indulgence, became, under the restraining
influence to which they were in due season subjected, a reserved
energy, as it were, ready to manifest itself spontaneously and
at any time in the vindication of truth and justice. He was
likewise endowed with a power of will which, controlling all
his faculties and propensities, rendered them subservient to
those fixed purposes which had once received the sanction of
his deliberate judgment. Eminent among his characteristics,
and perhaps most conspicuous of all, was the social element
of refined humanity, a regard for his fellow-man, which craved
as an essential want of his nature fraternal sympathy, not only
with those within the wide circle of his daily associations,
but with those from whom he could expect no reciprocation of
the sentiment, the entire brotherhood of mankind. These characteristics,
with a nice perception of right and a conscience always ready
to enforce mandates, are, we think, sufficient to explain the
remarkable career we have described.
They were perhaps indicated by himself, though with an admission
not to be accepted without some reserve, in a conversation with
the writer of this sketch in reference to his entrance at West
Point. “I knew,” he said, “that I had nothing
like genius, but I thought I was capable by hard study of accomplishing
something, and I resolved to do my best, and if possible to
gain the approbation of the teachers, and, above all, to make
myself loved and respected by my classmates.”
To illustrate the progressive development of the individual
traits of his character, we may be allowed to dwell for a moment
on a few analytical details. The early period of his life, including
that which preceded his first call to Philadelphia, was almost
wholly devoted to the improvement of the mechanical, or the
“doing” faculties of his mind, and but little attention
was given to invention, or the exercise of original thought.
His final examination at the Academy, perfect as it was in its
kind, only exhibited his capacity for acquisition of knowledge
not the power to originate or apply it. When his efforts were
first turned in the latter direction, he evinced, as I well
remember, no especial aptitude for it that would indicate future
success; but in a short time, and under the stimulus of the
associations into which he was thrown in Philadelphia, the faculties
of investigation and of generalization were rapidly developed,
and had he not been partially turned aside from such pursuits,
I doubt not but that he would have still more highly distinguished
himself in the line of experimental research. Again, the change
in circumstances and relations of his life produced by his election
to the presidency of Girard College introduced him to a familiarity
with an entirely new class of ideas, which served to exercise
and expand another faculty of his mind, that, namely, which
observes and appreciates moral truths, though without impairing
his aptitude for physical research. In like manner, his foreign
mission with reference to popular education, by bringing him
into intimate and friendly association with minds of the first
order in the principal cities of Europe, afforded him an opportunity
for enlarging the sphere of his sympathies, as well as of studying
men under a great variety of social and mental peculiarities.
Again his long residence and high social position at the seat
of Government, his intimate acquaintance and friendly intercourse
with statesmen and politicians, imbued him with a thorough knowledge
of the working of the Government, such as few have ever possessed,
while his exertions to sustain the Coast Survey and improve
its condition served to call into active operation his power
to appreciate character, to discern motives, and, therefore,
to convince, persuade, and control men. His ability in this
latter respect was remarkable; a personal interview with an
opponent of the survey scarcely ever failed to convert perhaps
an active enemy into an influential friend. His success in this
respect often astonished those who frequently harassed Congress
with propositions covertly designed to promote their own interest
at the expense of the public utility; hence the exclamation
was not unfrequently heard, “Bache is certainly a wonderful
manager.” If that which is unusual, constitutes an element
of wonder, then the exclamation was not without truth, though
not in the sense of those by whom it was uttered, for he never
advocated any measure that was not just, expedient, and proper,
either as concerned the interests of the country or the welfare
of his species.
On the whole, if we would seek the real secret of his influence
over his fellow-men, it would be found, no doubt, to have consisted
in the singular abnegation of self which pervaded his whole
conduct; his great practical wisdom, his honesty of purpose,
and his genial though quiet and unobtrusive manner. In the exercise
of these characteristics, he was so far from the least appearance
of dissimulation, that no ever approached him without feeling
that it was equally impossible to doubt the purity of his intentions
as it was to elude the penetration of his quiet but thorough
scrutiny. His calmness served as a shield from within and without;
and as a guard against himself as well as a protection against
others. It enabled him to weigh the motives and observe the
character of those who consulted him with the view of securing
his influence or gaining his patronage. His genial nature enabled
him to descend gracefully from the heights of science and to
enter fully and frankly into the feelings of any company with
which he might be thrown. In this he was aided by a playfulness
of fancy and a quiet humor which banished any reserve that might
have been produced by a knowledge of his superior talents and
attainments. He was, though by no means gifted with those attractions
of person which influence at first sight, a favorite with all
ages, and particularly with the sex whose discrimination of
character is said to be least fallible. It seems almost superfluous
to say of such a man that his friendship was open and unwavering,
that his confidence once bestowed could be shaken by no mere
difference of opinion or conflict of personal interests. Severe
to himself under the responsibility of duty, and in the punctual
observance of his engagements, his indulgence was reserved for
the weak and the erring. Though his outer life was free from
disappointments or reverses, and though he walked as it were
in perpetual sunshine, all was not so within. Besides the anxiety
and solicitude incident to the responsible duties of his position,
occasions of trial and profound sorrow were not spared him.
He was called to mourn the untimely loss of a beloved brother,
who fell a victim to his zeal for the professor’s service
in the survey of the Gulf Stream; of another brother, the youngest
and last, also an officer of the Navy, and a general favorite,
who was drowned on the coast of California; and lastly of a
sister, whom he had adopted and cherished as a child. In these
seasons of affliction he found consolation in the steadfast
convictions of religious faith. Nurtured in the forms and principles
of the Episcopal church, he was a devout worshiper in the sanctuary,
though not bigoted in his attachment to the peculiar ordinances
of that communion. He fully recognized the union of science
and religion, and held with unwavering constancy the belief
that revelation, properly interpreted, and science, rightly
understood, must ultimately join in perfect accord in reference
to the great truths essential to the well-being of man.
As an evidence of his high appreciation of abstract science
derived from original investigation, he left his property in
trust to the National Academy of Sciences, the income to be
devoted to the prosecution of researches in physical and natural
science by assisting experimentalists and observers, and the
publication of the results of their investigations.
I here close this imperfect sketch, in which I am conscious
of having passed in silence many admirable traits of character
and conduct, and of having very inadequately portrayed others,
with the remark that, though our companion and brother has departed,
his works and his influence still remain to us; that, sorrow
as we must for his loss, we can still recall with pride and
satisfaction the example he has left us of all that, in heart,
in spirit, and in life, the true man of science ought to be.
Henry,
Joseph. 1872. “Eulogy on Prof. Alexander Dallas Bache.”
In: Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures, and Condition
of the Institution for the Year 1870. 42nd Congress, 1st Session}
House of Representatives{ Ex. Doc. No. 20. Pp. 91-108. Government
Printing Office, Washington.