Agardy, T. (ed.). 1994. The Science of Conservation in the Coastal Zone: New insights on how to design, implement, and monitor marine protected areas. A Marine Conservation and Development Report. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. viii + 72 pp.

Agardy, M.T. 1994. Advances in marine conservation: the role of marine protected areas. TREE. 9:267-270.

Agardy, M.T. 1994. Closed areas: a tool to complement other forms of fisheries management. In: K.L. Gimbel (ed.). Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation. Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C.

Agardy, T. M. 1995. Critical Area Identification and Zoning in Coastal Biosphere Reserves: One Way to Make Conservation Work in Canada Pages 214-219 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management.

Canada's marine areas suffer from mismanagement, overuse, and chronic environmental degradation. Attempts to reverse the alarming trend in marine resource decline in the past have largely failed. New tools are needed to complement traditional management methods; biosphere reserves and other forms of protected area planning constitute one potentially effective method. The UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Programme provides a useful model to incorporate human needs into long term planning for conservation. Central to the model is multiple use zoning to protect sensitive habitats and critical ecological processes in core areas, while allowing managed use in buffer zones. This model has particular potential in coastal areas, where conventional "garrison reserve" measures to preserve nature or protect the environment are not compatible with the open, multi-jurisdictional, and common property nature of marine systems. The successful application of the biosphere reserve model in Canadian waters will require a functional perspective that recognizes all the important linkages between and within marine and terrestrial areas. A functional approach allows delineation of the outer boundaries of the protected area (making the managed area a functionally viable entity), as well as helping to highlight where critical processes that drive the system are concentrated. If such "vital organs" of a system can be protected, humans will be able to continue to reap its resources and derive benefits from its use, leading to greater economic and sociological sustainability. The following paper describes why biosphere reserve models may be useful in coastal and marine management in Canada, and how science can be harnessed effectively to create zoning that serves conservation and development needs simultaneously.

Alcala, A.C. 1988. Effects of protective management of marine reserves on fish abundance and fish yields in the Philippines. Ambio. 17:194-199.

Alcala, A.C. and G.R. Russ. 1990. A direct test of the effects of protective management on abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. J. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 46:40-47.

Alder, J., N.A. Sloan, and H. Uktolseya. 1994. A comparison of management planning and implementation in three Indonesian marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management. 24: 179-198.

Allard, J., Chadwick, M., and LaPierre L. 1995. The Model Ocean: An Experiment in Marine Resource Management. Pages 249-256 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management

The ocean with its marine resources and coastal areas is an important part of Canada's heritage, providing wealth, quality of life throughout our history, and the economic foundation of many coastal communities. Managed in a sustainable manner, the ocean will continue to ensure long-term, social and economic benefits by providing livelihood, transport, recreation, and tourism, and by supporting fish and marine wildlife. We propose a national network of Model Oceans. Each Model Ocean will be a working model of sustainable resource development that reflects the biological diversity and the full range of stakeholders within its region. The objectives of the Model Oceans will be: (a) to promote a balanced and sustainable development of all resources provided by the oceans; (b) to integrate management into a partnership of stakeholders, permitting all marine resources to be shared for maximum sustainable socio-economic benefit; (c) to develop successful strategies for coastal communities to acquire a suitable quality of life and standard of living.

Fisheries will be an important focal point of the Model Oceans program. Other ocean-related economic activities, however, will be brought to the fore, thereby ensuring long-term, sustainable growth to coastal communities. With regard to Atlantic fisheries, a strong emphasis will be placed on strategies that allow communities to maintain their economic prosperity despite biological variability and market uncertainty.

Anonymous. 1992. The case for marine fishery reserves in fisheries management. Volume I: Executive Digest. Unpublished Report available from Project Reefkeeper, Suite 1121, 16345 West Dixie Highway, Miami, Florida 33160.

Arculeo, M., G. Bombance, G. d'Anna, and S. Riggio. 1989. Evaluation of fishing yield in a protected and unprotected coastal area of NW Sicily. FAO Fish. Rep. 428:70-83.

Armstrong, D.A., T.C. Wainwright, G.C. Jensen, P.A. Dinnel, and H.B. Andersen. 1993. Taking refuge from bycatch issues: Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) and trawl fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 50:1993-2000.

Concerns about possibly heavy impacts of bottom trawl fisheries on red king crab (Paralithodes camschaticus) pot fisheries in the eastern Bering Sea led in 1987 to an emergency closure of trawling in an area of adult and juvenile crab habitat. We examine the effectiveness of this bycatch refuge in protecting and possibly enhancing the crab resource using three approaches. First, bycatch of crab trawl fisheries is a small proportion of total estimated abundance throughout the southeastern Bering Sea but may be high relative to stock abundance within the closed area and relative to annual crab landings; recent regulations have diminished this apparent effect. Effects of direct bycatch on the stock are obscured by lack of evidence on indirect effects of trawling, including crushing of crab and degradation of juvenile habitat. Second, surveys inside and outside the refuge before and after closure show no significant changes in abundance of female and preecruit male crab. Third, important breeding and hatching grounds and juvenile habitat are not protected by the refuge, leaving long-term stock renewal subject to trawl impacts. We suggest that full consideration of the needs of all life history stages could lead to a more effective refuge design.

Attwood, C.G., and B.A. Bennett. 1994. Variation in dispersal of Galjoen (Coracinus capensis) (Teleostei: Coracinidae) from a marine reserve. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:1247-1257.

The dispersal of the surf-zone teleost galjoen (Coracinus capensis) from the De Hoop Marine Reserve, South Africa, was investigated. Over a period of 5.5 yr, 11 022 galjoen were tagged in the center of the reserve. Most of the 1008 recoveries were at the site of release, while the remainder covered a distance of up to 1040 km. There was no difference with the respect to age, sex or season between those that dispersed and those that did not. Six models were developed to test the hypothesis that (1) galjoen are polymorphic with respect to dispersal behavior, (2) nonreporting of tags masks a random dispersal process, and (3) the recovery distribution is the result of unequal movement rates in different areas. It is inferred from the likelihoods of the various models that the tagged population was polymorphic, with fish displaying either resident or nomadic behaviour. This conclusion is unaffected by a large uncertainty in the extent of nonreporting of recoveries, or by spatial variability of movement rates. The estimate of emigration from the reserve implies that the unharvested reserve population is restocking adjacent exploited areas with adult fish.

Ault, J.S. 1995. MAB/MACE Progress Report. Ecological and socio-economic impacts of alternative access management strategies in marine protected areas. I. Natural Resources -- Florida Keys. RSMAS, University of Miami 12 pages.

Auster, P.J., and R.J. Malatesta. 1995. Assessing the role of non-extractive reserves for enhancing harvested populations in temperate and boreal marine systems. Pages 82-89 in N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Habitat complexity in temperate and boreal low topography habitats is a combination of sedimentary features (e.g., gravel rock, sand ripple) and biogenic structure (e.g., emergent epifauna, amphipod tubes, biogenic depressions, shell, burrows). A framework for understanding the potential benefits of non-extractive reserves is based on the premise that habitat complexity will increase in areas which are not impacted by mobile fishing gear (e.g., increases in biogenic structure). Increased complexity would then result in increased survivorship of postlarval and early juvenile size classes, thus increasing recruitment to harvested populations. This approach requires development of survey protocols for habitat identification and mapping as well as understanding linkages between habitat level processes and population dynamics.

Auster, P.J. and N.L. Shackell. 1997. Fishery reserves. p. 157-164. In: J.G. Boreman, B.S. Nakashima, H.W. Powles, J.A. Wilson, and R.L. Kendall (eds.). Northwest Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Auster, P.J., L. Watling, and A. Rieser. 1997. Comment: The interface between fisheries research and habitat management. North Amer. Journal of Fish. Manag. 17:591-595.

Auster, P.J., C. Michalopoulos, P.C. Valentine, and R.J. Malatesta. In press. Delineating and monitoring habitat management units in a temperate deep-water marine protected area. In: Linking Protected Areas With Working Landscapes. SAMPAA, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Auster, P.J., C. Michalopoulos, R. Robertson, P.C. Valentine, K. Joy, and V. Cross. In press. Use of acoustic methods for classification and monitoring of seafloor habitat complexity: description of approaches. In: Linking Protected Areas With Working Landscapes. SAMPAA, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.