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Even when using an Infinispan directory it's still recommended to use the JMS Master/Slave or JGroups backend, because in Infinispan all nodes will share the same index and it is likely that IndexWriters being active on different nodes will try to acquire the lock on the same index. So instead of sending updates directly to the index, it is recommended to send it to a JMS queue or JGroups channel and have a single node apply all changes on behalf of all other nodes.